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Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for between Jun 1997 and Oct 1997?

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#1

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

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Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for in Jan 1998?

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#2

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

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Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for in Dec 2000?

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#3

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

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Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for in Feb 2002?

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#4

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

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Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for between Dec 2003 and 2004?

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#5

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

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Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for in Apr 2005?

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#6

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

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Which team did Savvas Poursaitidis play for between Jul 2008 and Feb 2009?

/wiki/Savvas_Poursaitidis#P54#7

Savvas Poursaitidis Savvas Poursaitidis ( , born 23 June 1976 ) is a former professional footballer who was appointed manager of Cypriot First Division club APOEL in January 2021 . Poursaitidis played football , mainly as a right back , in his native Greece from 1994 to 2002 before moving to Cyprus where his playing career continued for a further ten years . In 2009 he received Cypriot citizenship and represented that country at international level . In 2016 , he began his senior managerial career , also in Cyprus . Early life . Savvas Poursaitidis was born in Eleftheroupoli , in the Kavala district of Greece . He has a twin brother , Sakis , and his parents kept a taverna in Orfani . Club career . Poursaitidis started his senior career at Doxa Drama . He also played for Veria , Olympiacos and Skoda Xanthi in Greece . Later , he moved to Cyprus to play for Digenis Morphou , Ethnikos Achna , Anorthosis and APOEL . APOEL . APOEL signed Poursaitidis in June 2008 , after the player was released from Anorthosis as a result from a failure in negotiations with his former club to renew his contract . In his first year with APOEL he continued to impress Cypriot football fans with his high level performances . In the end , he helped APOEL to be crowned champions after one unsuccessful season . The next season ( 2009–10 ) Poursaitidis helped APOEL to achieve the greatest success in its history and reach the UEFA Champions League group stage . He appeared in five group stage matches with APOEL . After he won the championship again in 2010–11 with APOEL , the Board of Directors renewed his contract , as they recognized that Poursaitidis was one of the key players that contributed greatly towards winning the Championship . In summer 2011 , he appeared in nine 2011–12 UEFA Champions League matches for APOEL , in the clubs surprising run to the quarter-finals of the competition . In May 2012 , Poursaitidis decided to retire from professional football , ending his four-year successful spell with the club . International career . In August 2009 he gained Cypriot nationality and made his debut with Cyprus national team in March 2010 in a friendly match against Iceland . He made 12 appearances with the national team . Scouting career . On 31 July 2012 , after retiring from his football career , Poursaitides became Chief Scout in APOELs newly created Scouting Department . On 7 June 2013 , APOEL announced that the club were not renewing his contract . Managerial career . Poursaitidis started his managerial career on 23 October 2016 , when he was appointed as the manager of the Cypriot First Division side Anagennisi Deryneia . On 25 January 2017 , after only three months in charge , he left the team to take over as the manager of Doxa Katokopias . On 30 April 2017 he left the team . He later became the manager of Nea Salamis Famagusta . He was appointed manager of APOEL in January 2021 . Honours . Olympiacos - Superleague Greece : 1998–99 , 1999–2000 - Greek Cup : 1998–99 Anorthosis Famagusta - Cypriot First Division : 2004–05 , 2007–08 - Cypriot Cup : 2006–07 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2007 APOEL - Cypriot First Division : 2008–09 , 2010–11 - Cypriot Super Cup : 2008 , 2009 , 2011

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Who occupied Théâtre Historique in late 1840s?

/wiki/Théâtre_Historique#P466#0

Théâtre Historique The Théâtre Historique , a former Parisian theatre located on the boulevard du Temple , was built in 1846 for the French novelist and dramatist Alexandre Dumas . Plays adapted by Dumas from his historical novels were mostly performed , and , although the theatre survived the 1848 Revolution , it suffered increasing financial difficulty and closed at the end of 1850 . In September 1851 the building was taken over by the Opéra National and renamed again in 1852 to Théâtre Lyrique . In 1863 , during Haussmanns renovation of Paris , it was demolished to make way for the Place de la République . The name Théâtre Historique was revived by some other companies in the late 1870s and early 1890s . Founding . Dumas tells the story behind the founding of the Théâtre Historique in his 1867 memoir Histoire de mes bêtes . His drama adapted from his novel The Three Musketeers had premiered on 27 October 1845 on the boulevard du Temple at the Théâtre de lAmbigu-Comique . On that occasion Dumas met the 21-year-old Duke of Montpensier , youngest son of the French king , Louis-Philippe . The Duke invited Dumas to his box at the end of the performance , and during their conversation , he offered to use his influence to help Dumas obtain a license to open a theatre . The Duke first approached the Minister of the Interior , Tanneguy Duchâtel , who declined saying that Paris already had enough theatres . The Duke then went directly to his father . By 14 March 1846 the privilège was assigned to Hippolyte Hostein ( former stage manager of the Ambigu-Comique ) , who had been designated by Dumas as the director of the new theatre . The license granted the right to present prose dramas and comedies , as well as lyric choral works for two months of each year . A company was formed on 24 March composed of Dumas , M . Védel ( pseudonym of Alexandre Poulet , former director of the Comédie-Française ) , the banker Auguste-Armand Bourgoin ( son of a celebrated actress ) , M . Ardoin ( principal proprietor of the Passage Jouffroy ) , and Hostein . Within a month the company purchased two sites on the boulevard du Temple , near its intersection with the rue du Faubourg du Temple : the former Hôtel Foulon and a small café-bar , the Epi-Scié , next to the Cirque Olympique . Together , the two sites cost about 600,000 francs . Work began almost immediately under the direction of the architect Pierre-Anne Dedreux and the architectural ( and stage set ) decorator-painter Charles Séchan . Building design . The awkward site , wedged between two buildings at the front , and wide at the back on the rue des Fossés du Temple , required great skill in adapting it to its new purpose . The facade on the boulevard du Temple was unusually tall and narrow , not more than in width . The entrance was flanked by two pairs of engaged fluted Ionic columns on a high base with two broad sculptured bands on the lower portion of each column . Two facing caryatides , presenting in profile to the boulevard and representing the muses of Tragedy and Comedy , supported the flat architrave at the front of a semicircular entryway with four equally spaced Ionic columns delimiting the curvature of the inside doorway . Above the entablature of the entrance was an unusual semicircular Corinthian balcony enclosed at the front by a thin balustrade surmounted with four lampposts . At the top of the two double-width flat pilasters bracketing the balcony were masks of Tragedy and Comedy , below which were engraved the names of six playwrights : on the left , Corneille , Racine , and Molière ; and on the right , Shakspere ( in 19th-century spelling ) , Schiller , and Lope de Vega . The balcony was covered with a semidome above a semicircular frieze . Both the cupola and the frieze were painted in fresco by Joseph Guichard . The central group of figures in the cupola represented Poetry , leading Comedy by the hand , and Tragedy , each carrying their respective attributes , the comic mask and the poniard . Below these to the right were Aeschylus , Sophocles , Euripides , Seneca , Shakespeare , Corneille , Racine , Voltaire , Schiller , Talma , Nourrit , Gluck , and Méhul , and to the left , Aristophanes , Menander , Plautus , Terence , Molière , Goethe , Lope de Vega , Cervantes , Regnard , Marivaux , Mlle Mars , Mozart , and Grétry . The panels in the frieze portrayed the Temple of Bacchus and scenes from Medea , Phèdre , Othello , Cinna , Le Misanthrope , Le Bourgeois gentilhomme , Faust , Mahomet , William Tell , and LAvare . Flanking the semidome on the front were pairs of figures representing on the left , Corneilles Cid and Chimène , and on the right , Shakespeares Hamlet and Ophelia . The central figure in the break in the circular pediment represented the Genius of Modern Art . All of the sculpture was the work of , also known for his sculpture work at the Fontaine Louvois . The entrance vestibule ( marked A in the plan ) was as narrow as the facade , only long and high . A foyer , located on the floor above the vestibule , provided access to the exterior balcony and was surprisingly warm with tones of white-gold enhanced with the dark red of the velvet coverings of the divans and chairs , and light from elaborate chandeliers of a fantastic and capricious design . The shape of the auditorium was quite different from most Parisian theatres of the time , being an ellipse the long axis of which was aligned parallel to the stage rather than perpendicular to it . This arrangement was reminiscent of Pallidios 16th-century theatre , the Teatro Olimpico , in Vicenza . The long axis , from the back of the boxes on one side to the other , was in length , while the short axis was . The exceptional width of the opening to the stage , at , was considered advantageous to the presentation of spectacle , while the shape of the house favored excellent sight lines and good acoustics , since it brought most of the spectators closer to the stage . The striking oval ceiling was designed and painted by Charles Séchan , Jules Diéterle and Édouard Desplechin . The scene in the center depicted Apollo on his chariot pulled by four horses , followed by Aurora , the Hours , the Muses , and Arts and Sciences , among others . Two chandeliers were suspended at opposite ends of this central oval , which was unlike most other Parisian theatres , where typically a single chandelier hung from the center of the ceiling and sometimes obstructed views of the stage from the galleries . Surrounding the scene with Apollo were painted in perspective a balustrade topped by a colonnade of double Corinthian columns . The colonnade was interrupted at the midpoints between the vertices by four thrones occupied by the muses of Painting , Comedy , Music , and Tragedy . The theatre was designed to accommodate two divergent types of audience , that of the working class common to the boulevard du Temple and that of the most brilliant society of Paris , on whom the directors of the theatre depended as their patrons . What was desired , therefore , was a building so arranged that the élite of Parisian society might find every provision for their comfort without in any way trenching upon that of the ordinary public of the theatres of the Boulevard . Three large balconies were flanked either side by Corinthian pavilions with two levels of stage boxes crowned with highly ornamented circular pediments . The lower box on the left ( C in the plan ) was especially luxurious and was originally intended for the use of the Duke of Montpensier . It was connected by a short passageway to an adjoining circular salon ( also C ) . The first tier was fronted with a balustrade and included dress-circle seating ( B ) in front of rows of boxes , each with its own small private sitting room behind it . Two large amphitheatres ( one of which is marked D ) extended back from the second and third tier balconies , providing a large number of less expensive seats . Finally , above the third tier , were two small lateral balconies , sometimes referred to as the gods . The capacity of the house was said to be about 2,000 . Name . Originally the theatre was supposed to be named after its primary patron , the Duke of Montpensier , but his father Louis-Philippe did not think it proper that a theatre should be named after his son . Dumas proposed Théâtre Européen as an alternative , but this triggered dissension among the other parties involved , and it was eventually decided that the name would be disrespectful of the Théâtre Français . Védel finally proposed Théâtre Historique , which was considered particularly appropriate as the repertory was to consist mainly of dramatizations of Dumass historical romances . This name was ratified by the government minister on 23 December 1846 . By this time Dumas had already departed on a trip to Spain , to attend the wedding of the Duke of Montpensier to the Queen of Spains fourteen-year-old sister , Luisa Fernanda , on 10 October , and then to North Africa , to gather material for writing a travel book intended to advertise the newly acquired French colonies in that region ( a project that had been initiated by the Minister of Education , Narcisse Achille de Salvandy ) . This left Hostein to assemble a company and begin preparations for the first productions , and when Dumas returned in January , these were already well underway . Opening . The opening , on 20 February 1847 with Dumass play adapted from his novel La Reine Margot , was an eagerly awaited event , and the duke and his new bride were also expected to attend . The audience for the galleries began forming queues 24 hours ahead , even though it was the middle of winter . It helped , however , there were soup-sellers and bakers with bread hot from the ovens , and bundles of straw which could be purchased by those who wished to lie down .

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Who occupied Théâtre Historique after Nov 1860?

/wiki/Théâtre_Historique#P466#1

Théâtre Historique The Théâtre Historique , a former Parisian theatre located on the boulevard du Temple , was built in 1846 for the French novelist and dramatist Alexandre Dumas . Plays adapted by Dumas from his historical novels were mostly performed , and , although the theatre survived the 1848 Revolution , it suffered increasing financial difficulty and closed at the end of 1850 . In September 1851 the building was taken over by the Opéra National and renamed again in 1852 to Théâtre Lyrique . In 1863 , during Haussmanns renovation of Paris , it was demolished to make way for the Place de la République . The name Théâtre Historique was revived by some other companies in the late 1870s and early 1890s . Founding . Dumas tells the story behind the founding of the Théâtre Historique in his 1867 memoir Histoire de mes bêtes . His drama adapted from his novel The Three Musketeers had premiered on 27 October 1845 on the boulevard du Temple at the Théâtre de lAmbigu-Comique . On that occasion Dumas met the 21-year-old Duke of Montpensier , youngest son of the French king , Louis-Philippe . The Duke invited Dumas to his box at the end of the performance , and during their conversation , he offered to use his influence to help Dumas obtain a license to open a theatre . The Duke first approached the Minister of the Interior , Tanneguy Duchâtel , who declined saying that Paris already had enough theatres . The Duke then went directly to his father . By 14 March 1846 the privilège was assigned to Hippolyte Hostein ( former stage manager of the Ambigu-Comique ) , who had been designated by Dumas as the director of the new theatre . The license granted the right to present prose dramas and comedies , as well as lyric choral works for two months of each year . A company was formed on 24 March composed of Dumas , M . Védel ( pseudonym of Alexandre Poulet , former director of the Comédie-Française ) , the banker Auguste-Armand Bourgoin ( son of a celebrated actress ) , M . Ardoin ( principal proprietor of the Passage Jouffroy ) , and Hostein . Within a month the company purchased two sites on the boulevard du Temple , near its intersection with the rue du Faubourg du Temple : the former Hôtel Foulon and a small café-bar , the Epi-Scié , next to the Cirque Olympique . Together , the two sites cost about 600,000 francs . Work began almost immediately under the direction of the architect Pierre-Anne Dedreux and the architectural ( and stage set ) decorator-painter Charles Séchan . Building design . The awkward site , wedged between two buildings at the front , and wide at the back on the rue des Fossés du Temple , required great skill in adapting it to its new purpose . The facade on the boulevard du Temple was unusually tall and narrow , not more than in width . The entrance was flanked by two pairs of engaged fluted Ionic columns on a high base with two broad sculptured bands on the lower portion of each column . Two facing caryatides , presenting in profile to the boulevard and representing the muses of Tragedy and Comedy , supported the flat architrave at the front of a semicircular entryway with four equally spaced Ionic columns delimiting the curvature of the inside doorway . Above the entablature of the entrance was an unusual semicircular Corinthian balcony enclosed at the front by a thin balustrade surmounted with four lampposts . At the top of the two double-width flat pilasters bracketing the balcony were masks of Tragedy and Comedy , below which were engraved the names of six playwrights : on the left , Corneille , Racine , and Molière ; and on the right , Shakspere ( in 19th-century spelling ) , Schiller , and Lope de Vega . The balcony was covered with a semidome above a semicircular frieze . Both the cupola and the frieze were painted in fresco by Joseph Guichard . The central group of figures in the cupola represented Poetry , leading Comedy by the hand , and Tragedy , each carrying their respective attributes , the comic mask and the poniard . Below these to the right were Aeschylus , Sophocles , Euripides , Seneca , Shakespeare , Corneille , Racine , Voltaire , Schiller , Talma , Nourrit , Gluck , and Méhul , and to the left , Aristophanes , Menander , Plautus , Terence , Molière , Goethe , Lope de Vega , Cervantes , Regnard , Marivaux , Mlle Mars , Mozart , and Grétry . The panels in the frieze portrayed the Temple of Bacchus and scenes from Medea , Phèdre , Othello , Cinna , Le Misanthrope , Le Bourgeois gentilhomme , Faust , Mahomet , William Tell , and LAvare . Flanking the semidome on the front were pairs of figures representing on the left , Corneilles Cid and Chimène , and on the right , Shakespeares Hamlet and Ophelia . The central figure in the break in the circular pediment represented the Genius of Modern Art . All of the sculpture was the work of , also known for his sculpture work at the Fontaine Louvois . The entrance vestibule ( marked A in the plan ) was as narrow as the facade , only long and high . A foyer , located on the floor above the vestibule , provided access to the exterior balcony and was surprisingly warm with tones of white-gold enhanced with the dark red of the velvet coverings of the divans and chairs , and light from elaborate chandeliers of a fantastic and capricious design . The shape of the auditorium was quite different from most Parisian theatres of the time , being an ellipse the long axis of which was aligned parallel to the stage rather than perpendicular to it . This arrangement was reminiscent of Pallidios 16th-century theatre , the Teatro Olimpico , in Vicenza . The long axis , from the back of the boxes on one side to the other , was in length , while the short axis was . The exceptional width of the opening to the stage , at , was considered advantageous to the presentation of spectacle , while the shape of the house favored excellent sight lines and good acoustics , since it brought most of the spectators closer to the stage . The striking oval ceiling was designed and painted by Charles Séchan , Jules Diéterle and Édouard Desplechin . The scene in the center depicted Apollo on his chariot pulled by four horses , followed by Aurora , the Hours , the Muses , and Arts and Sciences , among others . Two chandeliers were suspended at opposite ends of this central oval , which was unlike most other Parisian theatres , where typically a single chandelier hung from the center of the ceiling and sometimes obstructed views of the stage from the galleries . Surrounding the scene with Apollo were painted in perspective a balustrade topped by a colonnade of double Corinthian columns . The colonnade was interrupted at the midpoints between the vertices by four thrones occupied by the muses of Painting , Comedy , Music , and Tragedy . The theatre was designed to accommodate two divergent types of audience , that of the working class common to the boulevard du Temple and that of the most brilliant society of Paris , on whom the directors of the theatre depended as their patrons . What was desired , therefore , was a building so arranged that the élite of Parisian society might find every provision for their comfort without in any way trenching upon that of the ordinary public of the theatres of the Boulevard . Three large balconies were flanked either side by Corinthian pavilions with two levels of stage boxes crowned with highly ornamented circular pediments . The lower box on the left ( C in the plan ) was especially luxurious and was originally intended for the use of the Duke of Montpensier . It was connected by a short passageway to an adjoining circular salon ( also C ) . The first tier was fronted with a balustrade and included dress-circle seating ( B ) in front of rows of boxes , each with its own small private sitting room behind it . Two large amphitheatres ( one of which is marked D ) extended back from the second and third tier balconies , providing a large number of less expensive seats . Finally , above the third tier , were two small lateral balconies , sometimes referred to as the gods . The capacity of the house was said to be about 2,000 . Name . Originally the theatre was supposed to be named after its primary patron , the Duke of Montpensier , but his father Louis-Philippe did not think it proper that a theatre should be named after his son . Dumas proposed Théâtre Européen as an alternative , but this triggered dissension among the other parties involved , and it was eventually decided that the name would be disrespectful of the Théâtre Français . Védel finally proposed Théâtre Historique , which was considered particularly appropriate as the repertory was to consist mainly of dramatizations of Dumass historical romances . This name was ratified by the government minister on 23 December 1846 . By this time Dumas had already departed on a trip to Spain , to attend the wedding of the Duke of Montpensier to the Queen of Spains fourteen-year-old sister , Luisa Fernanda , on 10 October , and then to North Africa , to gather material for writing a travel book intended to advertise the newly acquired French colonies in that region ( a project that had been initiated by the Minister of Education , Narcisse Achille de Salvandy ) . This left Hostein to assemble a company and begin preparations for the first productions , and when Dumas returned in January , these were already well underway . Opening . The opening , on 20 February 1847 with Dumass play adapted from his novel La Reine Margot , was an eagerly awaited event , and the duke and his new bride were also expected to attend . The audience for the galleries began forming queues 24 hours ahead , even though it was the middle of winter . It helped , however , there were soup-sellers and bakers with bread hot from the ovens , and bundles of straw which could be purchased by those who wished to lie down .

hard

Who occupied Théâtre Historique after Jul 1862?

/wiki/Théâtre_Historique#P466#2

Théâtre Historique The Théâtre Historique , a former Parisian theatre located on the boulevard du Temple , was built in 1846 for the French novelist and dramatist Alexandre Dumas . Plays adapted by Dumas from his historical novels were mostly performed , and , although the theatre survived the 1848 Revolution , it suffered increasing financial difficulty and closed at the end of 1850 . In September 1851 the building was taken over by the Opéra National and renamed again in 1852 to Théâtre Lyrique . In 1863 , during Haussmanns renovation of Paris , it was demolished to make way for the Place de la République . The name Théâtre Historique was revived by some other companies in the late 1870s and early 1890s . Founding . Dumas tells the story behind the founding of the Théâtre Historique in his 1867 memoir Histoire de mes bêtes . His drama adapted from his novel The Three Musketeers had premiered on 27 October 1845 on the boulevard du Temple at the Théâtre de lAmbigu-Comique . On that occasion Dumas met the 21-year-old Duke of Montpensier , youngest son of the French king , Louis-Philippe . The Duke invited Dumas to his box at the end of the performance , and during their conversation , he offered to use his influence to help Dumas obtain a license to open a theatre . The Duke first approached the Minister of the Interior , Tanneguy Duchâtel , who declined saying that Paris already had enough theatres . The Duke then went directly to his father . By 14 March 1846 the privilège was assigned to Hippolyte Hostein ( former stage manager of the Ambigu-Comique ) , who had been designated by Dumas as the director of the new theatre . The license granted the right to present prose dramas and comedies , as well as lyric choral works for two months of each year . A company was formed on 24 March composed of Dumas , M . Védel ( pseudonym of Alexandre Poulet , former director of the Comédie-Française ) , the banker Auguste-Armand Bourgoin ( son of a celebrated actress ) , M . Ardoin ( principal proprietor of the Passage Jouffroy ) , and Hostein . Within a month the company purchased two sites on the boulevard du Temple , near its intersection with the rue du Faubourg du Temple : the former Hôtel Foulon and a small café-bar , the Epi-Scié , next to the Cirque Olympique . Together , the two sites cost about 600,000 francs . Work began almost immediately under the direction of the architect Pierre-Anne Dedreux and the architectural ( and stage set ) decorator-painter Charles Séchan . Building design . The awkward site , wedged between two buildings at the front , and wide at the back on the rue des Fossés du Temple , required great skill in adapting it to its new purpose . The facade on the boulevard du Temple was unusually tall and narrow , not more than in width . The entrance was flanked by two pairs of engaged fluted Ionic columns on a high base with two broad sculptured bands on the lower portion of each column . Two facing caryatides , presenting in profile to the boulevard and representing the muses of Tragedy and Comedy , supported the flat architrave at the front of a semicircular entryway with four equally spaced Ionic columns delimiting the curvature of the inside doorway . Above the entablature of the entrance was an unusual semicircular Corinthian balcony enclosed at the front by a thin balustrade surmounted with four lampposts . At the top of the two double-width flat pilasters bracketing the balcony were masks of Tragedy and Comedy , below which were engraved the names of six playwrights : on the left , Corneille , Racine , and Molière ; and on the right , Shakspere ( in 19th-century spelling ) , Schiller , and Lope de Vega . The balcony was covered with a semidome above a semicircular frieze . Both the cupola and the frieze were painted in fresco by Joseph Guichard . The central group of figures in the cupola represented Poetry , leading Comedy by the hand , and Tragedy , each carrying their respective attributes , the comic mask and the poniard . Below these to the right were Aeschylus , Sophocles , Euripides , Seneca , Shakespeare , Corneille , Racine , Voltaire , Schiller , Talma , Nourrit , Gluck , and Méhul , and to the left , Aristophanes , Menander , Plautus , Terence , Molière , Goethe , Lope de Vega , Cervantes , Regnard , Marivaux , Mlle Mars , Mozart , and Grétry . The panels in the frieze portrayed the Temple of Bacchus and scenes from Medea , Phèdre , Othello , Cinna , Le Misanthrope , Le Bourgeois gentilhomme , Faust , Mahomet , William Tell , and LAvare . Flanking the semidome on the front were pairs of figures representing on the left , Corneilles Cid and Chimène , and on the right , Shakespeares Hamlet and Ophelia . The central figure in the break in the circular pediment represented the Genius of Modern Art . All of the sculpture was the work of , also known for his sculpture work at the Fontaine Louvois . The entrance vestibule ( marked A in the plan ) was as narrow as the facade , only long and high . A foyer , located on the floor above the vestibule , provided access to the exterior balcony and was surprisingly warm with tones of white-gold enhanced with the dark red of the velvet coverings of the divans and chairs , and light from elaborate chandeliers of a fantastic and capricious design . The shape of the auditorium was quite different from most Parisian theatres of the time , being an ellipse the long axis of which was aligned parallel to the stage rather than perpendicular to it . This arrangement was reminiscent of Pallidios 16th-century theatre , the Teatro Olimpico , in Vicenza . The long axis , from the back of the boxes on one side to the other , was in length , while the short axis was . The exceptional width of the opening to the stage , at , was considered advantageous to the presentation of spectacle , while the shape of the house favored excellent sight lines and good acoustics , since it brought most of the spectators closer to the stage . The striking oval ceiling was designed and painted by Charles Séchan , Jules Diéterle and Édouard Desplechin . The scene in the center depicted Apollo on his chariot pulled by four horses , followed by Aurora , the Hours , the Muses , and Arts and Sciences , among others . Two chandeliers were suspended at opposite ends of this central oval , which was unlike most other Parisian theatres , where typically a single chandelier hung from the center of the ceiling and sometimes obstructed views of the stage from the galleries . Surrounding the scene with Apollo were painted in perspective a balustrade topped by a colonnade of double Corinthian columns . The colonnade was interrupted at the midpoints between the vertices by four thrones occupied by the muses of Painting , Comedy , Music , and Tragedy . The theatre was designed to accommodate two divergent types of audience , that of the working class common to the boulevard du Temple and that of the most brilliant society of Paris , on whom the directors of the theatre depended as their patrons . What was desired , therefore , was a building so arranged that the élite of Parisian society might find every provision for their comfort without in any way trenching upon that of the ordinary public of the theatres of the Boulevard . Three large balconies were flanked either side by Corinthian pavilions with two levels of stage boxes crowned with highly ornamented circular pediments . The lower box on the left ( C in the plan ) was especially luxurious and was originally intended for the use of the Duke of Montpensier . It was connected by a short passageway to an adjoining circular salon ( also C ) . The first tier was fronted with a balustrade and included dress-circle seating ( B ) in front of rows of boxes , each with its own small private sitting room behind it . Two large amphitheatres ( one of which is marked D ) extended back from the second and third tier balconies , providing a large number of less expensive seats . Finally , above the third tier , were two small lateral balconies , sometimes referred to as the gods . The capacity of the house was said to be about 2,000 . Name . Originally the theatre was supposed to be named after its primary patron , the Duke of Montpensier , but his father Louis-Philippe did not think it proper that a theatre should be named after his son . Dumas proposed Théâtre Européen as an alternative , but this triggered dissension among the other parties involved , and it was eventually decided that the name would be disrespectful of the Théâtre Français . Védel finally proposed Théâtre Historique , which was considered particularly appropriate as the repertory was to consist mainly of dramatizations of Dumass historical romances . This name was ratified by the government minister on 23 December 1846 . By this time Dumas had already departed on a trip to Spain , to attend the wedding of the Duke of Montpensier to the Queen of Spains fourteen-year-old sister , Luisa Fernanda , on 10 October , and then to North Africa , to gather material for writing a travel book intended to advertise the newly acquired French colonies in that region ( a project that had been initiated by the Minister of Education , Narcisse Achille de Salvandy ) . This left Hostein to assemble a company and begin preparations for the first productions , and when Dumas returned in January , these were already well underway . Opening . The opening , on 20 February 1847 with Dumass play adapted from his novel La Reine Margot , was an eagerly awaited event , and the duke and his new bride were also expected to attend . The audience for the galleries began forming queues 24 hours ahead , even though it was the middle of winter . It helped , however , there were soup-sellers and bakers with bread hot from the ovens , and bundles of straw which could be purchased by those who wished to lie down .

hard

What position did Dennis Chávez take before Sep 1923?

/wiki/Dennis_Chávez#P39#0

Dennis Chávez Dionisio Dennis Chávez ( April 8 , 1888November 18 , 1962 ) was an American politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1931 to 1935 , and in the United States Senate from 1935 to 1962 . He was the first Hispanic person elected to a full term in the US Senate and the first U.S . Senator to be born in New Mexico ( which was still a U.S . Territory at the time of his birth ) . Early life . Chávez was born in Los Chavez in the New Mexico Territory . His parents , David and Paz Chávez , were members of families that had lived in Los Chavez for generations . There was no school in that town . In 1895 , David Chávez moved his family to the Barelas section of Albuquerque , New Mexico to work on the railroad and Dennis attended school until 7th grade when financial hardships necessitated that he work . His first job was delivering groceries at the Highland Grocery store . Later on , he studied engineering and surveying at night , and worked as an engineer for the City of Albuquerque for several years . Denniss younger brother , David Chávez , served as the 34th Mayor of Santa Fe , a judge of the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico , and as a member of the New Mexico Supreme Court . Career . Early career . Chávez worked briefly as editor of a Belen weekly newspaper , as a court interpreter , and as a private contractor until 1916 , when he obtained temporary employment as a Spanish interpreter for Senator Andrieus A . Jones election campaign . In 1917 , he was offered a position as assistant executive clerk of the Senate in Washington , D.C . by Senator Jones . He accepted this position , passed a special admission exam at Georgetown University Law Center and studied law at night . He graduated from Georgetown in 1920 , and returned to Albuquerque to establish a law practice . He was successful in defending organized labor and as a defense counsel in high-profile murder cases , where he used his popularity to run for office . House . In 1922 , Chávez was elected to the New Mexico state legislature , but he did not seek another term . In 1930 , he was elected to New Mexicos one at-large seat in the United States House of Representatives as a Democrat , and was re-elected in 1932 . Chávez served as chairman of the House Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation . He did not seek re-election to the House in 1934 , becoming a candidate for the United States Senate . Senate . Chávez was the Democratic nominee for U.S . Senator from New Mexico in 1934 . He lost narrowly to Republican incumbent Bronson M . Cutting . However , Cutting was killed in an airplane crash on May 6 , 1935 , and five days later , Chávez was appointed to fill the vacancy pending a special election . In 1936 , Chávez was elected to the remaining four years of Cuttings term , and then won a full term of his own in 1940 , becoming the first person of Hispanic descent to be elected to a full term in the U.S . Senate . ( Octaviano Larrazolo , also from New Mexico , was the first Hispanic to be elected to the Senate , but he was only elected to the remainder of an unexpired term and never served a full term. ) Chávez was re-elected again in 1946 , 1952 and 1958 , and served until his death in 1962 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Public Works from 1949 to 1953 , and again from 1955 until his death . In 1954 , Senate Republicans attempted to remove Chávez from his seat , claiming that irregularities from the 1952 election meant the election results could not be trusted . A resolution that claimed no candidate had won the 1952 election , and therefore requiring the Republican governor of New Mexico to appoint a new senator , was defeated by a vote of 36-53 . Personal life . In 1911 , Chávez married Imelda Espinosa , a member of a prominent New Mexico family . In 1914 , they moved to Belen . The couple had three children : Dennis , Jr. , Gloria and Ymelda . Dennis Chávez died of cancer , attributed to his being a lifelong smoker , in Washington , D.C . on November 18 , 1962 , and was buried at Mount Calvary Cemetery in Albuquerque , New Mexico . Congress honored his memory with a minute of silence , and then-Vice-President Lyndon B . Johnson spoke at his funeral . At the time of his death , he was fourth-ranking in Senate seniority . Legacy . Chávez , only the second-ever Hispanic member of the US Senate , was the first US-born Hispanic elected to the Senate ( Octaviano Larrazolo was born in Mexico ) . He was also the first person born in New Mexico elected by the state to the Senate . By a large margin , he is the longest-serving Hispanic US senator . He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 35¢ Great Americans series ( 1980–2000 ) postage stamp . His daughter , Ymelda Chavez Dixon , wrote a successful womens column for the Washington Evening Star from 1965-1981 called Your Date with Ymelda . A granddaughter , Gloria Tristani , followed in public service , serving as chair of the New Mexico State Corporations Commission in 1996 , as a member of the Federal Communications Commission from 1997 to 2001 , and as the Democratic nominee for New Mexicos other U.S . Senate seat in 2002 where she lost to Senator Pete Domenici .

hard

What position did Dennis Chávez take in Jul 1934?

/wiki/Dennis_Chávez#P39#1

Dennis Chávez Dionisio Dennis Chávez ( April 8 , 1888November 18 , 1962 ) was an American politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1931 to 1935 , and in the United States Senate from 1935 to 1962 . He was the first Hispanic person elected to a full term in the US Senate and the first U.S . Senator to be born in New Mexico ( which was still a U.S . Territory at the time of his birth ) . Early life . Chávez was born in Los Chavez in the New Mexico Territory . His parents , David and Paz Chávez , were members of families that had lived in Los Chavez for generations . There was no school in that town . In 1895 , David Chávez moved his family to the Barelas section of Albuquerque , New Mexico to work on the railroad and Dennis attended school until 7th grade when financial hardships necessitated that he work . His first job was delivering groceries at the Highland Grocery store . Later on , he studied engineering and surveying at night , and worked as an engineer for the City of Albuquerque for several years . Denniss younger brother , David Chávez , served as the 34th Mayor of Santa Fe , a judge of the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico , and as a member of the New Mexico Supreme Court . Career . Early career . Chávez worked briefly as editor of a Belen weekly newspaper , as a court interpreter , and as a private contractor until 1916 , when he obtained temporary employment as a Spanish interpreter for Senator Andrieus A . Jones election campaign . In 1917 , he was offered a position as assistant executive clerk of the Senate in Washington , D.C . by Senator Jones . He accepted this position , passed a special admission exam at Georgetown University Law Center and studied law at night . He graduated from Georgetown in 1920 , and returned to Albuquerque to establish a law practice . He was successful in defending organized labor and as a defense counsel in high-profile murder cases , where he used his popularity to run for office . House . In 1922 , Chávez was elected to the New Mexico state legislature , but he did not seek another term . In 1930 , he was elected to New Mexicos one at-large seat in the United States House of Representatives as a Democrat , and was re-elected in 1932 . Chávez served as chairman of the House Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation . He did not seek re-election to the House in 1934 , becoming a candidate for the United States Senate . Senate . Chávez was the Democratic nominee for U.S . Senator from New Mexico in 1934 . He lost narrowly to Republican incumbent Bronson M . Cutting . However , Cutting was killed in an airplane crash on May 6 , 1935 , and five days later , Chávez was appointed to fill the vacancy pending a special election . In 1936 , Chávez was elected to the remaining four years of Cuttings term , and then won a full term of his own in 1940 , becoming the first person of Hispanic descent to be elected to a full term in the U.S . Senate . ( Octaviano Larrazolo , also from New Mexico , was the first Hispanic to be elected to the Senate , but he was only elected to the remainder of an unexpired term and never served a full term. ) Chávez was re-elected again in 1946 , 1952 and 1958 , and served until his death in 1962 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Public Works from 1949 to 1953 , and again from 1955 until his death . In 1954 , Senate Republicans attempted to remove Chávez from his seat , claiming that irregularities from the 1952 election meant the election results could not be trusted . A resolution that claimed no candidate had won the 1952 election , and therefore requiring the Republican governor of New Mexico to appoint a new senator , was defeated by a vote of 36-53 . Personal life . In 1911 , Chávez married Imelda Espinosa , a member of a prominent New Mexico family . In 1914 , they moved to Belen . The couple had three children : Dennis , Jr. , Gloria and Ymelda . Dennis Chávez died of cancer , attributed to his being a lifelong smoker , in Washington , D.C . on November 18 , 1962 , and was buried at Mount Calvary Cemetery in Albuquerque , New Mexico . Congress honored his memory with a minute of silence , and then-Vice-President Lyndon B . Johnson spoke at his funeral . At the time of his death , he was fourth-ranking in Senate seniority . Legacy . Chávez , only the second-ever Hispanic member of the US Senate , was the first US-born Hispanic elected to the Senate ( Octaviano Larrazolo was born in Mexico ) . He was also the first person born in New Mexico elected by the state to the Senate . By a large margin , he is the longest-serving Hispanic US senator . He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 35¢ Great Americans series ( 1980–2000 ) postage stamp . His daughter , Ymelda Chavez Dixon , wrote a successful womens column for the Washington Evening Star from 1965-1981 called Your Date with Ymelda . A granddaughter , Gloria Tristani , followed in public service , serving as chair of the New Mexico State Corporations Commission in 1996 , as a member of the Federal Communications Commission from 1997 to 2001 , and as the Democratic nominee for New Mexicos other U.S . Senate seat in 2002 where she lost to Senator Pete Domenici .

hard

What position did Dennis Chávez take after Feb 1957?

/wiki/Dennis_Chávez#P39#2

Dennis Chávez Dionisio Dennis Chávez ( April 8 , 1888November 18 , 1962 ) was an American politician who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1931 to 1935 , and in the United States Senate from 1935 to 1962 . He was the first Hispanic person elected to a full term in the US Senate and the first U.S . Senator to be born in New Mexico ( which was still a U.S . Territory at the time of his birth ) . Early life . Chávez was born in Los Chavez in the New Mexico Territory . His parents , David and Paz Chávez , were members of families that had lived in Los Chavez for generations . There was no school in that town . In 1895 , David Chávez moved his family to the Barelas section of Albuquerque , New Mexico to work on the railroad and Dennis attended school until 7th grade when financial hardships necessitated that he work . His first job was delivering groceries at the Highland Grocery store . Later on , he studied engineering and surveying at night , and worked as an engineer for the City of Albuquerque for several years . Denniss younger brother , David Chávez , served as the 34th Mayor of Santa Fe , a judge of the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico , and as a member of the New Mexico Supreme Court . Career . Early career . Chávez worked briefly as editor of a Belen weekly newspaper , as a court interpreter , and as a private contractor until 1916 , when he obtained temporary employment as a Spanish interpreter for Senator Andrieus A . Jones election campaign . In 1917 , he was offered a position as assistant executive clerk of the Senate in Washington , D.C . by Senator Jones . He accepted this position , passed a special admission exam at Georgetown University Law Center and studied law at night . He graduated from Georgetown in 1920 , and returned to Albuquerque to establish a law practice . He was successful in defending organized labor and as a defense counsel in high-profile murder cases , where he used his popularity to run for office . House . In 1922 , Chávez was elected to the New Mexico state legislature , but he did not seek another term . In 1930 , he was elected to New Mexicos one at-large seat in the United States House of Representatives as a Democrat , and was re-elected in 1932 . Chávez served as chairman of the House Committee on Irrigation and Reclamation . He did not seek re-election to the House in 1934 , becoming a candidate for the United States Senate . Senate . Chávez was the Democratic nominee for U.S . Senator from New Mexico in 1934 . He lost narrowly to Republican incumbent Bronson M . Cutting . However , Cutting was killed in an airplane crash on May 6 , 1935 , and five days later , Chávez was appointed to fill the vacancy pending a special election . In 1936 , Chávez was elected to the remaining four years of Cuttings term , and then won a full term of his own in 1940 , becoming the first person of Hispanic descent to be elected to a full term in the U.S . Senate . ( Octaviano Larrazolo , also from New Mexico , was the first Hispanic to be elected to the Senate , but he was only elected to the remainder of an unexpired term and never served a full term. ) Chávez was re-elected again in 1946 , 1952 and 1958 , and served until his death in 1962 . He served as chairman of the Committee on Public Works from 1949 to 1953 , and again from 1955 until his death . In 1954 , Senate Republicans attempted to remove Chávez from his seat , claiming that irregularities from the 1952 election meant the election results could not be trusted . A resolution that claimed no candidate had won the 1952 election , and therefore requiring the Republican governor of New Mexico to appoint a new senator , was defeated by a vote of 36-53 . Personal life . In 1911 , Chávez married Imelda Espinosa , a member of a prominent New Mexico family . In 1914 , they moved to Belen . The couple had three children : Dennis , Jr. , Gloria and Ymelda . Dennis Chávez died of cancer , attributed to his being a lifelong smoker , in Washington , D.C . on November 18 , 1962 , and was buried at Mount Calvary Cemetery in Albuquerque , New Mexico . Congress honored his memory with a minute of silence , and then-Vice-President Lyndon B . Johnson spoke at his funeral . At the time of his death , he was fourth-ranking in Senate seniority . Legacy . Chávez , only the second-ever Hispanic member of the US Senate , was the first US-born Hispanic elected to the Senate ( Octaviano Larrazolo was born in Mexico ) . He was also the first person born in New Mexico elected by the state to the Senate . By a large margin , he is the longest-serving Hispanic US senator . He was honored by the United States Postal Service with a 35¢ Great Americans series ( 1980–2000 ) postage stamp . His daughter , Ymelda Chavez Dixon , wrote a successful womens column for the Washington Evening Star from 1965-1981 called Your Date with Ymelda . A granddaughter , Gloria Tristani , followed in public service , serving as chair of the New Mexico State Corporations Commission in 1996 , as a member of the Federal Communications Commission from 1997 to 2001 , and as the Democratic nominee for New Mexicos other U.S . Senate seat in 2002 where she lost to Senator Pete Domenici .

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Regina Doherty took which position in Jul 2014?

/wiki/Regina_Doherty#P39#0

Regina Doherty Regina Doherty ( ; born 26 January 1971 ) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has served as Leader of Seanad Éireann and Leader of Fine Gael in the Seanad since June 2020 . She has been a Senator since June 2020 , after being nominated by the Taoiseach . She previously served as Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection from 2017 to 2020 and Government Chief Whip from 2016 to 2017 . She was a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Meath East constituency from 2011 to 2020 . Political career . Doherty was a member of the Meath County Council for the Dunshaughlin local electoral area from 2009 to 2011 . She was a member of the Oireachtas committees for Health , Finance and the implementation of the Good Friday Agreement during the 31st Dáil . She was also a member of the Constitutional Convention , and was the Chairperson of the Fine Gael committee for health and children . In May 2015 , following the claims of IRA involvement of the cover-up of sexual abuse by Máiría Cahill , she was provided with names of a number of alleged abusers which she passed on to the Gardaí who are investigating the issue . She was re-elected to the Dáil at the 2016 general election . She was appointed to the new Dáil reform committee on 22 March 2016 . Following the formation of a Fine Gael minority government in May 2016 , Doherty was appointed as Government Chief Whip in attendance at cabinet . In July 2017 , Doherty confirmed that she had lodged a complaint with the Garda Síochána against political blogger and academic Catherine Kelly . Kelly said that she was cautioned by Gardaí about her social media posts and online articles , which referenced Regina Doherty . In the Dáil , it was stated that a U.S.-based academic experienced a sinister and chilling experience in an Irish airport where she was detained by gardaí and told not to tweet about Doherty or publish any material relevant to her again . On 14 June 2017 , she was appointed Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection , by Taoiseach Leo Varadkar . In September 2017 , it was revealed that she was going to repay an unlawful allowance of €15,800 that she received as Government Chief Whip in direct contravention of the law which states that no allowance can be paid to a party whip if the person is a Minister or Minister of State . In January 2018 , Doherty announced the launch of the consultation process under the review of the Gender Recognition Act 2015 , to further expanding the Gender Recognition Act to include those under 18 and non-binary people . In May 2018 , Doherty participated in the Opening Plenary Session - Listening Today for Better Social Policies Tomorrow , in the OECD Policy forum in Canada . In January 2019 , Doherty briefed the Irish Cabinet , warning that while her department was well fixed to pass emergency legislation to continue social welfare payments in the event of Brexit , the UK may not be . It is understood that the British Government has agreed in principle to continue all payments , although the then Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , Amber Rudd , has been unable to guarantee that the necessary legislation will be passed by 29 March 2019 . Also in January 2019 , Doherty was appointed director of elections for Fine Gael for the 2019 European elections. COVID-19 response . Doherty was appointed to the Cabinet Sub-Committee on COVID-19 , it published a National Action Plan on 16 March . On 16 March 2020 , Doherty announced the COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment of €350.00 , which would be available for six weeks . On 19 March 2020 , Doherty announced that all welfare would be distributed each fortnight instead of the traditional weekly , so as to limit the number of people gathering in post offices . On 17 April , she announced that the General Register Office has put arrangements in place for parents to send in their birth registration forms by email or post . Up to then , parents could only register the births of their children by visiting a General Register Office in person , a practice in place since 1864 , when the first birth was registered . Seanad Éireann . In June 2020 , she was nominated by the Taoiseach Micheál Martin , and also appointed Leader of the Seanad . Move to Dublin Fingal . In September 2020 , it was announced that Doherty would seek Fine Gaels nomination to contest the next general election in the Dublin Fingal constituency . According to Doherty , she has connections to the area , with family in North County Dublin and having bought her first home in Swords , Dublin . Business . In January 2013 , her IT consultancy company went into liquidation with debts of €280,000 , including €60,000 due to the Revenue Commissioners . External links . - Regina Dohertys page on the Fine Gael website

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Regina Doherty took which position in Aug 2016?

/wiki/Regina_Doherty#P39#1

Regina Doherty Regina Doherty ( ; born 26 January 1971 ) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has served as Leader of Seanad Éireann and Leader of Fine Gael in the Seanad since June 2020 . She has been a Senator since June 2020 , after being nominated by the Taoiseach . She previously served as Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection from 2017 to 2020 and Government Chief Whip from 2016 to 2017 . She was a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Meath East constituency from 2011 to 2020 . Political career . Doherty was a member of the Meath County Council for the Dunshaughlin local electoral area from 2009 to 2011 . She was a member of the Oireachtas committees for Health , Finance and the implementation of the Good Friday Agreement during the 31st Dáil . She was also a member of the Constitutional Convention , and was the Chairperson of the Fine Gael committee for health and children . In May 2015 , following the claims of IRA involvement of the cover-up of sexual abuse by Máiría Cahill , she was provided with names of a number of alleged abusers which she passed on to the Gardaí who are investigating the issue . She was re-elected to the Dáil at the 2016 general election . She was appointed to the new Dáil reform committee on 22 March 2016 . Following the formation of a Fine Gael minority government in May 2016 , Doherty was appointed as Government Chief Whip in attendance at cabinet . In July 2017 , Doherty confirmed that she had lodged a complaint with the Garda Síochána against political blogger and academic Catherine Kelly . Kelly said that she was cautioned by Gardaí about her social media posts and online articles , which referenced Regina Doherty . In the Dáil , it was stated that a U.S.-based academic experienced a sinister and chilling experience in an Irish airport where she was detained by gardaí and told not to tweet about Doherty or publish any material relevant to her again . On 14 June 2017 , she was appointed Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection , by Taoiseach Leo Varadkar . In September 2017 , it was revealed that she was going to repay an unlawful allowance of €15,800 that she received as Government Chief Whip in direct contravention of the law which states that no allowance can be paid to a party whip if the person is a Minister or Minister of State . In January 2018 , Doherty announced the launch of the consultation process under the review of the Gender Recognition Act 2015 , to further expanding the Gender Recognition Act to include those under 18 and non-binary people . In May 2018 , Doherty participated in the Opening Plenary Session - Listening Today for Better Social Policies Tomorrow , in the OECD Policy forum in Canada . In January 2019 , Doherty briefed the Irish Cabinet , warning that while her department was well fixed to pass emergency legislation to continue social welfare payments in the event of Brexit , the UK may not be . It is understood that the British Government has agreed in principle to continue all payments , although the then Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , Amber Rudd , has been unable to guarantee that the necessary legislation will be passed by 29 March 2019 . Also in January 2019 , Doherty was appointed director of elections for Fine Gael for the 2019 European elections. COVID-19 response . Doherty was appointed to the Cabinet Sub-Committee on COVID-19 , it published a National Action Plan on 16 March . On 16 March 2020 , Doherty announced the COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment of €350.00 , which would be available for six weeks . On 19 March 2020 , Doherty announced that all welfare would be distributed each fortnight instead of the traditional weekly , so as to limit the number of people gathering in post offices . On 17 April , she announced that the General Register Office has put arrangements in place for parents to send in their birth registration forms by email or post . Up to then , parents could only register the births of their children by visiting a General Register Office in person , a practice in place since 1864 , when the first birth was registered . Seanad Éireann . In June 2020 , she was nominated by the Taoiseach Micheál Martin , and also appointed Leader of the Seanad . Move to Dublin Fingal . In September 2020 , it was announced that Doherty would seek Fine Gaels nomination to contest the next general election in the Dublin Fingal constituency . According to Doherty , she has connections to the area , with family in North County Dublin and having bought her first home in Swords , Dublin . Business . In January 2013 , her IT consultancy company went into liquidation with debts of €280,000 , including €60,000 due to the Revenue Commissioners . External links . - Regina Dohertys page on the Fine Gael website

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Regina Doherty took which position after Apr 2018?

/wiki/Regina_Doherty#P39#2

Regina Doherty Regina Doherty ( ; born 26 January 1971 ) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has served as Leader of Seanad Éireann and Leader of Fine Gael in the Seanad since June 2020 . She has been a Senator since June 2020 , after being nominated by the Taoiseach . She previously served as Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection from 2017 to 2020 and Government Chief Whip from 2016 to 2017 . She was a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Meath East constituency from 2011 to 2020 . Political career . Doherty was a member of the Meath County Council for the Dunshaughlin local electoral area from 2009 to 2011 . She was a member of the Oireachtas committees for Health , Finance and the implementation of the Good Friday Agreement during the 31st Dáil . She was also a member of the Constitutional Convention , and was the Chairperson of the Fine Gael committee for health and children . In May 2015 , following the claims of IRA involvement of the cover-up of sexual abuse by Máiría Cahill , she was provided with names of a number of alleged abusers which she passed on to the Gardaí who are investigating the issue . She was re-elected to the Dáil at the 2016 general election . She was appointed to the new Dáil reform committee on 22 March 2016 . Following the formation of a Fine Gael minority government in May 2016 , Doherty was appointed as Government Chief Whip in attendance at cabinet . In July 2017 , Doherty confirmed that she had lodged a complaint with the Garda Síochána against political blogger and academic Catherine Kelly . Kelly said that she was cautioned by Gardaí about her social media posts and online articles , which referenced Regina Doherty . In the Dáil , it was stated that a U.S.-based academic experienced a sinister and chilling experience in an Irish airport where she was detained by gardaí and told not to tweet about Doherty or publish any material relevant to her again . On 14 June 2017 , she was appointed Minister for Employment Affairs and Social Protection , by Taoiseach Leo Varadkar . In September 2017 , it was revealed that she was going to repay an unlawful allowance of €15,800 that she received as Government Chief Whip in direct contravention of the law which states that no allowance can be paid to a party whip if the person is a Minister or Minister of State . In January 2018 , Doherty announced the launch of the consultation process under the review of the Gender Recognition Act 2015 , to further expanding the Gender Recognition Act to include those under 18 and non-binary people . In May 2018 , Doherty participated in the Opening Plenary Session - Listening Today for Better Social Policies Tomorrow , in the OECD Policy forum in Canada . In January 2019 , Doherty briefed the Irish Cabinet , warning that while her department was well fixed to pass emergency legislation to continue social welfare payments in the event of Brexit , the UK may not be . It is understood that the British Government has agreed in principle to continue all payments , although the then Secretary of State for Work and Pensions , Amber Rudd , has been unable to guarantee that the necessary legislation will be passed by 29 March 2019 . Also in January 2019 , Doherty was appointed director of elections for Fine Gael for the 2019 European elections. COVID-19 response . Doherty was appointed to the Cabinet Sub-Committee on COVID-19 , it published a National Action Plan on 16 March . On 16 March 2020 , Doherty announced the COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment of €350.00 , which would be available for six weeks . On 19 March 2020 , Doherty announced that all welfare would be distributed each fortnight instead of the traditional weekly , so as to limit the number of people gathering in post offices . On 17 April , she announced that the General Register Office has put arrangements in place for parents to send in their birth registration forms by email or post . Up to then , parents could only register the births of their children by visiting a General Register Office in person , a practice in place since 1864 , when the first birth was registered . Seanad Éireann . In June 2020 , she was nominated by the Taoiseach Micheál Martin , and also appointed Leader of the Seanad . Move to Dublin Fingal . In September 2020 , it was announced that Doherty would seek Fine Gaels nomination to contest the next general election in the Dublin Fingal constituency . According to Doherty , she has connections to the area , with family in North County Dublin and having bought her first home in Swords , Dublin . Business . In January 2013 , her IT consultancy company went into liquidation with debts of €280,000 , including €60,000 due to the Revenue Commissioners . External links . - Regina Dohertys page on the Fine Gael website

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Which team did Lomana LuaLua play for before May 1998?

/wiki/Lomana_LuaLua#P54#0

Lomana LuaLua Trésor Lomana LuaLua ( ; born 28 December 1980 ) is a Congolese professional footballer who last played as a striker . He is currently the attacking coach for Spalding United . LuaLua was born in Kinshasa , but moved to England at a young age . After impressing in a college football match , he signed for Colchester United . There he scored a total of 21 goals in 68 appearances which prompted Newcastle United to sign him . However , the competition for places meant he was less of a regular in the first team , and after four seasons and 88 appearances , he transferred to Portsmouth , the club that had previously loaned him for three months while at Newcastle . He remained there for three seasons , but his spell was marred by disciplinary problems and malaria . After leaving Portsmouth , he moved teams frequently , representing sides in Greece , Qatar , Cyprus and Turkey , in addition to a brief return to English football at Blackpool . LuaLua received his first of 31 international caps in 2002 , and scored seven goals in an eleven-year international career . He represented his national team at four Africa Cup of Nations tournaments . LuaLua is also known for setting up the LuaLua Foundation , which provides care for orphans in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and for being a patron for the Haslar Visitors Group . His brother Kazenga , and cousins Trésor Kandol and Yannick Bolasie , all became footballers as well . Early life . LuaLua was born Trésor Lua Lua Lomana – Lua Lua , his grandfathers given name , was passed to him and his brother Kazenga – in Kinshasa , Zaire ( now Democratic Republic of the Congo ) , in 1980 , but moved to England as a young boy in 1989 . His family settled in Forest Gate in London ; there , he attended Forest Gate Community School and started to play football at the age of 16 , while also being involved in gymnastics . His activity in gymnastics was the base of his trademark goal celebration , seven back flips and a backward somersault . LuaLua represented his school at football after he was spotted kicking a tennis ball around in the playground . He was playing for Leyton Sixth Form College , where he studied performing arts , when he was spotted at the age of 17 by second division side , Colchester United . Geoff Harrop , a scout for Colchester Colleges football team , was impressed by LuaLuas performance , He was taking on the whole team by the end of the game and it wasnt hard to pick him out among 22 young 17-year-olds . Harrop invited the striker for a trial at Colchester United and he was signed by the club . His brother , Kazenga LuaLua , is also a professional footballer , and two of his cousins also play professionally ; Yannick Bolasie , and Trésor Kandol . Club career . Colchester United . LuaLua joined Colchester United in September 1998 . Initially , he struggled to adapt and he preferred going to nightclubs over playing for Colchester , Harrop says , It took a lot of hard work by the staff at Colchester . Micky Cook , the director of youth , had to spend endless hours with him and [ manager ] Steve Wignall and then [ the next manager ] Steve Whitton had to spend a lot of time with him talking him through the tactical side of the game and what his role was within the team . LuaLua scored within four minutes of his debut where he appeared as a substitute in a 3–1 defeat to Chesterfield . In two seasons , he made 68 league and cup appearances for Colchester , 44 starts and 24 substitute appearances , scoring a total of 21 goals . His performances attracted the attention of several Premiership clubs and despite manager Steve Whittons denial that LuaLua was for sale , LuaLua joined Newcastle United in September 2000 for a fee of £2.25 million . An earlier offer by Newcastle of £300,000 for LuaLua made by former manager , Ruud Gullit , had been rejected , but the much increased bid offered financial security and assistance towards a new ground and was one that Colchester felt they could not turn down . Newcastle United . LuaLua had been brought to the attention of Newcastle manager , Bobby Robson , by Mick Wadsworth , assistant-manager at Newcastle United , who was a former manager of Colchester . Robson watched LuaLua before deciding to negotiate the transfer , and said , I see [ LuaLua ] as a special talent . He has to learn how to play with the other players but hes a special new talent . He has to be nursed and cherished and taught . But we are buying long-term a very promising talent , a very promising player . LuaLua signed a five-year contract with the club . He made his first-team debut in a 1–0 home defeat to Charlton Athletic in September 2000 and made 23 league and cup appearances for Newcastle in the 2000–01 season without scoring . He scored twice in Newcastles Intertoto Cup campaign at the beginning of the 2001–02 season but his first Premiership goal did not come until April 2002 , when he scored a last-minute winner in a 3–2 away win against Derby County . He scored a further two goals in the remaining four games of the season . LuaLuas goalscoring form continued to the beginning of the 2002–03 season when he scored three goals in his first four games . Tougher competition for a first-team place meant that LuaLua made only 22 appearances in this season . In January 2003 , LuaLua urged Robson to rotate the squad , saying , I think I deserve a chance now , as do many of the lads on the fringes of the team . Although some people might have the idea that those of us not in the team like sitting on the bench and getting paid good money , nothing could be further from the truth . Im not in this for the money , I want to play for the first team and show what I can do on a regular basis . LuaLua also spent much of the beginning of the 2003–04 season on the bench and in November 2003 , complained about his lack of first-team football and indicated that he would consider leaving Newcastle . In the Newcastle Chronicle , Robson responded , saying he would not take advice from a player about how to manage the side : How dare he say this ? I run this football club.. . LuaLua has been a pretty poor professional about all this . What he should do is keep his mouth shut and get out there and do what he is paid for . In the end , he made 88 league and cup appearances for Newcastle , scoring nine goals , having started 21 games and made 67 appearances as a substitute . Portsmouth . In February 2004 , after returning from the 2004 African Cup of Nations , he joined Portsmouth on a three-month loan deal with a view to a permanent deal at the end of the season . LuaLua scored on his debut for Portsmouth in a 4–3 away defeat to Tottenham Hotspur in February 2004 . During this loan spell he scored in the 89th minute in a 1–1 draw for Portsmouth against parent club Newcastle . The result lifted Portsmouth out of the bottom three of the Premiership . This also lead to a change in legislation for the FA introducing standard rules meaning a player on loan could not play against their parent club . He scored four goals in 15 appearances for Portsmouth as they finished in mid-table in their debut season in the Premiership . Manager Harry Redknapp was sufficiently impressed with LuaLuas performances that when his loan spell ended at the end of the 2003–04 season , he signed LuaLua permanently at a cost of £1.75 million . LuaLua made 26 league and cup appearances , scoring six goals , including two against local rivals Southampton , in the 2004–05 season . The season was marred by a groin injury at the beginning and a hamstring injury in May 2005 . Disciplinary problems led to charges by the Football Association of abusive behaviour in December 2004 and improper conduct after he was sent off against Blackburn Rovers in January 2005 , for which he received an extra one-match ban and a fine of £5,000 in addition to a three-match ban for the dismissal . He made 26 appearances in the 2005–06 season , scoring seven goals , but missed several games in the autumn after contracting malaria on a visit to Africa to play for DR Congo . He also missed several games due to international duty at the 2004 African Cup of Nations and missed games in April 2006 after damaging his foot while doing his acrobatic goal celebration during a game against Arsenal . His disciplinary problems continued when he was warned by the Football Association over his future conduct ; this came after he admitted a charge of improper conduct in relation to comments made about referee Uriah Rennie after a 3–1 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur in December . LuaLua signed a new three-year contract in July 2006 ; it was set to keep him at Portsmouth until 2009 . An ankle injury suffered in a pre-season friendly led to LuaLua missing the beginning of the 2006–07 season . He struggled to break back into the first-team , making only eight starts out of 24 appearances , and scored only two goals in that season . Manager Harry Redknapp warned him that he needed to ...start performing and that he had to ...start producing next season . However , he joined Greek club Olympiacos in August 2007 and Redknapp admitted that , Lua wants to move on.. . Ive no doubt hell go away and be a great player for Olympiacos . He wants a change , he wants to play in a role behind the strikers and he wants to move abroad . He will get to play in the Champions League by moving to Greece . He has been a top Premier League player and hell be a top player for them . Olympiacos . On 12 August 2007 , LuaLua signed a three-year contract with Olympiacos for an estimated fee of £2.8 million ( €4.1 million ) . He made his league debut on 2 September , in a 0–0 draw against Panathinaikos . His Champions League debut came on 18 September in a 1–1 draw against Lazio . LuaLua scored his first two goals on 23 September in a 6–2 win over OFI . On 16 January 2008 , LuaLua opened the scoring with a 30-yard volley in the Greek Cup fifth round , which saw Olympiacos progress to the quarter-finals in a 4–0 win against Panathinaikos . LuaLua missed both the knockout stages against Chelsea , having suffered from ankle injuries and a dislocated shoulder , the latter of which he received in a 1–1 draw against Asteras Tripolis . As a result , he missed most of the season , but returned on 20 April 2008 to help Olympiacos win their fourth Super League Greece title , beating Iraklis 3–1 . Before the 2008 Greek Cup Final on 17 May , LuaLua fell out of favour and was deemed surplus to requirements . In total , he made 30 appearances for Olympiacos , scoring six goals . Al-Arabi . Following his injury spell at Olympiacos , LuaLua joined Qatari based club Al-Arabi on a one-year contract in July 2008 . On 30 October , Al-Arabi won the Sheikh Jassim Cup , beating Al-Rayyan Club 3–0 in the final with LuaLua scoring one goal in the seventh minute . In the 21st week of the 2008–09 season , on 20 February 2009 , LuaLua scored his first league goal for the club in a 4–2 defeat to Al-Khor . His only other goal for that season came in a 1–0 win over Al-Kharitiyath on 16 April . Return to Olympiacos . During December 2009 , LuaLua left Al-Arabi by mutual consent and rejoined Olympiakos on a six-month contract with an option for the club to extend the contract for two years . LuaLua scored his first goals upon return to Olympiakos , with two against Asteras Tripolis . Omonia . LuaLua signed a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee with Omonia in July 2010 , reuniting with Takis Lemonis for the second time since Olympiakos in 2008 . He scored his first goal on his league debut on 18 September 2010 in a 4–0 win against Alki Larnaca , coming on as a substitute for Georgios Efrem . On 18 May 2011 , LuaLua won the Cypriot Cup with Omonia after winning 4–3 on penalties against Apollon Limassol . Return to England . In September 2011 , after his release by Omonia , LuaLua trained with League One club Hartlepool United , where he linked with former Newcastle United assistant-manager Mick Wadsworth . However , he was offered a contract by Blackpool who play a level above in the Championship . After two substitute appearances , Lualuas first start saw him score twice in Blackpools 5–0 win over Leeds United at Elland Road , Leeds joint-heaviest home defeat. . On 2 January 2012 , he scored his first goal of the new year against Middlesbrough . For the second time in his Blackpool career he was on the score sheet as Blackpool beat Fylde coast neighbours Fleetwood Town 5–1 in the third round of the FA Cup . During a fourth-round FA Cup match against Sheffield Wednesday held on 7 February 2012 , LuaLua scored an impressive right-footed goal from just inside the top-left corner of the 18-yard box into the top-right corner of the goal . Karabükspor . On 24 May 2012 , it was confirmed that LuaLua had turned down a new contract at Blackpool and had signed a two-year deal with Turkish side Kardemir Karabükspor . He is considered one of the best players in first half of Turkish league . Akhisar Belediyespor . On 2 February 2015 , LuaLua signed a contract with Akhisar Belediyespor . He left the club in the winter 2016 . Şanlıurfaspor . On 20 January 2016 , LuaLua signed a contract with Şanlıurfaspor . He left the club in May 2016 . Northern Cyprus . On 12 May 2017 , LuaLua signed a contract with Turkish Cypriot club Merit Alsancak Yeşilova . He played his first friendly game against Bostancı Bağcıl on 11 August . LuaLua ended the 2017–18 KTFF Süper Lig season with nine goals in 23 appearances . After leaving the club in 2018 , LuaLua played for English non-league side Tilbury in July ; featuring for the second half of a 1–0 friendly win versus Hashtag United . For the 2018–19 campaign , LuaLua returned to Northern Cyprus to play with Süper Lig teams Doğan Türk Birliği and Gìrne Halk Evì . Peterborough Sports . On 13 November 2019 , Southern League Premier Division Central side Peterborough Sports announced the signing of LuaLua . He made his debut for the club in January 2020 , coming off the bench in a league match against Hitchin Town . International career . 2002 and 2004 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua was first named by the DR Congo national team in the preliminary squad for the African Nations Cup finals in Mali in January 2002 . He played in the 0–0 draw with Togo , 1–0 loss to Cameroon , 3–1 win over Ivory Coast and the quarter-final match against Senegal , which DR Congo lost 2–0 amid some controversy . LuaLua blamed the referee Domenico Messina for the defeat , We had a lot of fouls which the referee didnt give and there was a penalty right in front of him but he just let the match go on , sometimes they [ the Senegalese ] fell over without being touched , screamed and the referee just gave the foul to them . DR Congos qualifying campaign for the 2004 African Nations Cup in Tunisia began six months after the 2002 tournament ended , with a match against Libya on 8 September , Libya won the match 3–2 . LuaLua initially indicated that he might not play in the match , but did so reluctantly after threats were made to his family , which caused him to reconsider his international career . Robson commented , He didnt want to go and play in that match . But he said he had to go because his grandmother had been threatened . He played in the 2–0 win over Botswana in October 2002 , when he scored inside five minutes but was later sent off for dissent . He was suspended for two matches and his next appearance was in the 0–0 draw with Botswana in July 2003 , which secured qualification for the finals of the competition . LuaLua initially expressed doubts that he would take part in the finals due to club commitments . He was , however , included in the squad and named as captain in the absence of regular captain , Shabani Nonda , who missed the tournament due to a knee injury . LuaLua said on being named as captain , When Shabani plays , it takes the pressure off me but now everyones now looking to me for leadership and I feel honoured . He appeared in the first match of the tournament , a 2–1 defeat to Guinea , but in the next match against the hosts Tunisia , he was sent off , reacting angrily and taking several minutes to leave the pitch . DR Congo went on to lose the match and were eliminated from the tournament . Following his sending off , LuaLua considered giving up international football and criticised the behaviour of the Tunisia players during the match and the organisation of the tournament . He later criticised the national football federation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Congolese Association Football Federation , blaming them for the poor state of the national side , but said that he would continue to be available for international selection because I can never turn my back on my country . I play for Congo because I am proud to do it , and apologised to his country for his sending off against Tunisia . 2006 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua received a four-match suspension for the sending-off and missed several 2006 World Cup qualifying round matches during the summer of June 2004 . He was selected for the World Cup qualifier against South Africa in September , but missed the match due to injury , and was dropped for the next qualifier against Ghana in October . He missed the 1–1 draw with Ghana in March 2005 after a dispute with the DR Congo football association but committed himself to the match against Uganda in June . He scored in a friendly against Guinea played in Paris in August , a match used as preparation for the World Cup qualifying matches the following month . LuaLua played for DR Congo in the 2–1 win over Cape Verde in September but contracted malaria and missed the final World Cup qualifier against South Africa in October . LuaLua was recalled to the DR Congo squad for a friendly against Tunisia played near Paris in November 2005 , as part of the countries preparation for the 2006 African Nations Cup held in Egypt in January and February 2006 . He was unable to play , however , after he was one of several players refused a visa by French immigration authorities . He was named as the captain of DR Congo for the tournament in place of Shabani Nonda who was injured for a second successive Nations Cup . He then delayed his departure to be available to his club Portsmouth for a crucial league match , missing a friendly with Senegal . Despite a pay dispute leading to the DR Congo players threatening to boycott the match , which was only resolved shortly before the kickoff , he returned to the side for DR Congos opening match of the tournament against Togo , assisting in one goal and scoring the other in a 2–0 win . He appeared against Angola and Cameroon as DR Congo qualified for the quarter-finals stage of the tournament , only to be beaten by the hosts Egypt . LuaLuas 18-month-old son died while he was playing in the tournament . Later international career . In the 2008 African Nations Cup qualifier against Ethiopia in April 2007 , LuaLua scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory ; the result extended their lead at the top of their group . He did not travel to Ethiopia for the away fixture in June , which DR Congo lost , as the authorities failed to send LuaLua his travel documents in time . Following the failure of DR Congo to qualify for the tournament in October , the DR Congo sports minister , Pardonne Kaliba , suspended the manager , Henri Depireux , and removed the captaincy from LuaLua . LuaLua returned to the DR Congo squad in the 2010 World Cup qualifier against Egypt in June 2008 . After returning to Greece , he complained of severe stomach pain and was rushed to hospital to have his appendix removed , ruling him out of subsequent matches for several weeks , as DR Congo moved to the top of Group 12 in the second round . Despite topping the group at that point , DR Congo were later eliminated at this stage and therefore failed to progress to the third round of qualifying . In February 2012 , national manager Claude Le Roy confirmed that he was with LuaLua in the aim of him returning to the national team for their Cup of Nations qualifier against Seychelles . He did not play that game , but in December , LuaLua was named for his fourth Africa Cup of Nations in South Africa in 2013 . He started all three matches—all draws—as the team exited from Group C . Personal life . In 2005 , LuaLua became patron of the Haslar Visitors Group , a charity that works with detainees in an immigration removal centre . In the following year , he set up the LuaLua Foundation , building a hostel , sport and education complex in Kinshasa to provide care and education for orphaned children in DR Congo . He is also actively involved in the Show Racism The Red Card campaign and was involved in the launch of a new video entitled A Safe Place , which features Premiership footballers talking about their experiences with racism . LuaLua is a born-again Christian and his former teammate at Portsmouth , Linvoy Primus , was quoted saying We are not scared to say we pray together before games . About 45 minutes before a game we link our arms and just pray that we can glorify God . LuaLua wrote the foreword in You Can Have Chips , the autobiography of his former manager Steve Wignall . External links . - Lomana LuaLua at BBC Sport

hard

Which team did Lomana LuaLua play for in Jun 2001?

/wiki/Lomana_LuaLua#P54#1

Lomana LuaLua Trésor Lomana LuaLua ( ; born 28 December 1980 ) is a Congolese professional footballer who last played as a striker . He is currently the attacking coach for Spalding United . LuaLua was born in Kinshasa , but moved to England at a young age . After impressing in a college football match , he signed for Colchester United . There he scored a total of 21 goals in 68 appearances which prompted Newcastle United to sign him . However , the competition for places meant he was less of a regular in the first team , and after four seasons and 88 appearances , he transferred to Portsmouth , the club that had previously loaned him for three months while at Newcastle . He remained there for three seasons , but his spell was marred by disciplinary problems and malaria . After leaving Portsmouth , he moved teams frequently , representing sides in Greece , Qatar , Cyprus and Turkey , in addition to a brief return to English football at Blackpool . LuaLua received his first of 31 international caps in 2002 , and scored seven goals in an eleven-year international career . He represented his national team at four Africa Cup of Nations tournaments . LuaLua is also known for setting up the LuaLua Foundation , which provides care for orphans in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and for being a patron for the Haslar Visitors Group . His brother Kazenga , and cousins Trésor Kandol and Yannick Bolasie , all became footballers as well . Early life . LuaLua was born Trésor Lua Lua Lomana – Lua Lua , his grandfathers given name , was passed to him and his brother Kazenga – in Kinshasa , Zaire ( now Democratic Republic of the Congo ) , in 1980 , but moved to England as a young boy in 1989 . His family settled in Forest Gate in London ; there , he attended Forest Gate Community School and started to play football at the age of 16 , while also being involved in gymnastics . His activity in gymnastics was the base of his trademark goal celebration , seven back flips and a backward somersault . LuaLua represented his school at football after he was spotted kicking a tennis ball around in the playground . He was playing for Leyton Sixth Form College , where he studied performing arts , when he was spotted at the age of 17 by second division side , Colchester United . Geoff Harrop , a scout for Colchester Colleges football team , was impressed by LuaLuas performance , He was taking on the whole team by the end of the game and it wasnt hard to pick him out among 22 young 17-year-olds . Harrop invited the striker for a trial at Colchester United and he was signed by the club . His brother , Kazenga LuaLua , is also a professional footballer , and two of his cousins also play professionally ; Yannick Bolasie , and Trésor Kandol . Club career . Colchester United . LuaLua joined Colchester United in September 1998 . Initially , he struggled to adapt and he preferred going to nightclubs over playing for Colchester , Harrop says , It took a lot of hard work by the staff at Colchester . Micky Cook , the director of youth , had to spend endless hours with him and [ manager ] Steve Wignall and then [ the next manager ] Steve Whitton had to spend a lot of time with him talking him through the tactical side of the game and what his role was within the team . LuaLua scored within four minutes of his debut where he appeared as a substitute in a 3–1 defeat to Chesterfield . In two seasons , he made 68 league and cup appearances for Colchester , 44 starts and 24 substitute appearances , scoring a total of 21 goals . His performances attracted the attention of several Premiership clubs and despite manager Steve Whittons denial that LuaLua was for sale , LuaLua joined Newcastle United in September 2000 for a fee of £2.25 million . An earlier offer by Newcastle of £300,000 for LuaLua made by former manager , Ruud Gullit , had been rejected , but the much increased bid offered financial security and assistance towards a new ground and was one that Colchester felt they could not turn down . Newcastle United . LuaLua had been brought to the attention of Newcastle manager , Bobby Robson , by Mick Wadsworth , assistant-manager at Newcastle United , who was a former manager of Colchester . Robson watched LuaLua before deciding to negotiate the transfer , and said , I see [ LuaLua ] as a special talent . He has to learn how to play with the other players but hes a special new talent . He has to be nursed and cherished and taught . But we are buying long-term a very promising talent , a very promising player . LuaLua signed a five-year contract with the club . He made his first-team debut in a 1–0 home defeat to Charlton Athletic in September 2000 and made 23 league and cup appearances for Newcastle in the 2000–01 season without scoring . He scored twice in Newcastles Intertoto Cup campaign at the beginning of the 2001–02 season but his first Premiership goal did not come until April 2002 , when he scored a last-minute winner in a 3–2 away win against Derby County . He scored a further two goals in the remaining four games of the season . LuaLuas goalscoring form continued to the beginning of the 2002–03 season when he scored three goals in his first four games . Tougher competition for a first-team place meant that LuaLua made only 22 appearances in this season . In January 2003 , LuaLua urged Robson to rotate the squad , saying , I think I deserve a chance now , as do many of the lads on the fringes of the team . Although some people might have the idea that those of us not in the team like sitting on the bench and getting paid good money , nothing could be further from the truth . Im not in this for the money , I want to play for the first team and show what I can do on a regular basis . LuaLua also spent much of the beginning of the 2003–04 season on the bench and in November 2003 , complained about his lack of first-team football and indicated that he would consider leaving Newcastle . In the Newcastle Chronicle , Robson responded , saying he would not take advice from a player about how to manage the side : How dare he say this ? I run this football club.. . LuaLua has been a pretty poor professional about all this . What he should do is keep his mouth shut and get out there and do what he is paid for . In the end , he made 88 league and cup appearances for Newcastle , scoring nine goals , having started 21 games and made 67 appearances as a substitute . Portsmouth . In February 2004 , after returning from the 2004 African Cup of Nations , he joined Portsmouth on a three-month loan deal with a view to a permanent deal at the end of the season . LuaLua scored on his debut for Portsmouth in a 4–3 away defeat to Tottenham Hotspur in February 2004 . During this loan spell he scored in the 89th minute in a 1–1 draw for Portsmouth against parent club Newcastle . The result lifted Portsmouth out of the bottom three of the Premiership . This also lead to a change in legislation for the FA introducing standard rules meaning a player on loan could not play against their parent club . He scored four goals in 15 appearances for Portsmouth as they finished in mid-table in their debut season in the Premiership . Manager Harry Redknapp was sufficiently impressed with LuaLuas performances that when his loan spell ended at the end of the 2003–04 season , he signed LuaLua permanently at a cost of £1.75 million . LuaLua made 26 league and cup appearances , scoring six goals , including two against local rivals Southampton , in the 2004–05 season . The season was marred by a groin injury at the beginning and a hamstring injury in May 2005 . Disciplinary problems led to charges by the Football Association of abusive behaviour in December 2004 and improper conduct after he was sent off against Blackburn Rovers in January 2005 , for which he received an extra one-match ban and a fine of £5,000 in addition to a three-match ban for the dismissal . He made 26 appearances in the 2005–06 season , scoring seven goals , but missed several games in the autumn after contracting malaria on a visit to Africa to play for DR Congo . He also missed several games due to international duty at the 2004 African Cup of Nations and missed games in April 2006 after damaging his foot while doing his acrobatic goal celebration during a game against Arsenal . His disciplinary problems continued when he was warned by the Football Association over his future conduct ; this came after he admitted a charge of improper conduct in relation to comments made about referee Uriah Rennie after a 3–1 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur in December . LuaLua signed a new three-year contract in July 2006 ; it was set to keep him at Portsmouth until 2009 . An ankle injury suffered in a pre-season friendly led to LuaLua missing the beginning of the 2006–07 season . He struggled to break back into the first-team , making only eight starts out of 24 appearances , and scored only two goals in that season . Manager Harry Redknapp warned him that he needed to ...start performing and that he had to ...start producing next season . However , he joined Greek club Olympiacos in August 2007 and Redknapp admitted that , Lua wants to move on.. . Ive no doubt hell go away and be a great player for Olympiacos . He wants a change , he wants to play in a role behind the strikers and he wants to move abroad . He will get to play in the Champions League by moving to Greece . He has been a top Premier League player and hell be a top player for them . Olympiacos . On 12 August 2007 , LuaLua signed a three-year contract with Olympiacos for an estimated fee of £2.8 million ( €4.1 million ) . He made his league debut on 2 September , in a 0–0 draw against Panathinaikos . His Champions League debut came on 18 September in a 1–1 draw against Lazio . LuaLua scored his first two goals on 23 September in a 6–2 win over OFI . On 16 January 2008 , LuaLua opened the scoring with a 30-yard volley in the Greek Cup fifth round , which saw Olympiacos progress to the quarter-finals in a 4–0 win against Panathinaikos . LuaLua missed both the knockout stages against Chelsea , having suffered from ankle injuries and a dislocated shoulder , the latter of which he received in a 1–1 draw against Asteras Tripolis . As a result , he missed most of the season , but returned on 20 April 2008 to help Olympiacos win their fourth Super League Greece title , beating Iraklis 3–1 . Before the 2008 Greek Cup Final on 17 May , LuaLua fell out of favour and was deemed surplus to requirements . In total , he made 30 appearances for Olympiacos , scoring six goals . Al-Arabi . Following his injury spell at Olympiacos , LuaLua joined Qatari based club Al-Arabi on a one-year contract in July 2008 . On 30 October , Al-Arabi won the Sheikh Jassim Cup , beating Al-Rayyan Club 3–0 in the final with LuaLua scoring one goal in the seventh minute . In the 21st week of the 2008–09 season , on 20 February 2009 , LuaLua scored his first league goal for the club in a 4–2 defeat to Al-Khor . His only other goal for that season came in a 1–0 win over Al-Kharitiyath on 16 April . Return to Olympiacos . During December 2009 , LuaLua left Al-Arabi by mutual consent and rejoined Olympiakos on a six-month contract with an option for the club to extend the contract for two years . LuaLua scored his first goals upon return to Olympiakos , with two against Asteras Tripolis . Omonia . LuaLua signed a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee with Omonia in July 2010 , reuniting with Takis Lemonis for the second time since Olympiakos in 2008 . He scored his first goal on his league debut on 18 September 2010 in a 4–0 win against Alki Larnaca , coming on as a substitute for Georgios Efrem . On 18 May 2011 , LuaLua won the Cypriot Cup with Omonia after winning 4–3 on penalties against Apollon Limassol . Return to England . In September 2011 , after his release by Omonia , LuaLua trained with League One club Hartlepool United , where he linked with former Newcastle United assistant-manager Mick Wadsworth . However , he was offered a contract by Blackpool who play a level above in the Championship . After two substitute appearances , Lualuas first start saw him score twice in Blackpools 5–0 win over Leeds United at Elland Road , Leeds joint-heaviest home defeat. . On 2 January 2012 , he scored his first goal of the new year against Middlesbrough . For the second time in his Blackpool career he was on the score sheet as Blackpool beat Fylde coast neighbours Fleetwood Town 5–1 in the third round of the FA Cup . During a fourth-round FA Cup match against Sheffield Wednesday held on 7 February 2012 , LuaLua scored an impressive right-footed goal from just inside the top-left corner of the 18-yard box into the top-right corner of the goal . Karabükspor . On 24 May 2012 , it was confirmed that LuaLua had turned down a new contract at Blackpool and had signed a two-year deal with Turkish side Kardemir Karabükspor . He is considered one of the best players in first half of Turkish league . Akhisar Belediyespor . On 2 February 2015 , LuaLua signed a contract with Akhisar Belediyespor . He left the club in the winter 2016 . Şanlıurfaspor . On 20 January 2016 , LuaLua signed a contract with Şanlıurfaspor . He left the club in May 2016 . Northern Cyprus . On 12 May 2017 , LuaLua signed a contract with Turkish Cypriot club Merit Alsancak Yeşilova . He played his first friendly game against Bostancı Bağcıl on 11 August . LuaLua ended the 2017–18 KTFF Süper Lig season with nine goals in 23 appearances . After leaving the club in 2018 , LuaLua played for English non-league side Tilbury in July ; featuring for the second half of a 1–0 friendly win versus Hashtag United . For the 2018–19 campaign , LuaLua returned to Northern Cyprus to play with Süper Lig teams Doğan Türk Birliği and Gìrne Halk Evì . Peterborough Sports . On 13 November 2019 , Southern League Premier Division Central side Peterborough Sports announced the signing of LuaLua . He made his debut for the club in January 2020 , coming off the bench in a league match against Hitchin Town . International career . 2002 and 2004 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua was first named by the DR Congo national team in the preliminary squad for the African Nations Cup finals in Mali in January 2002 . He played in the 0–0 draw with Togo , 1–0 loss to Cameroon , 3–1 win over Ivory Coast and the quarter-final match against Senegal , which DR Congo lost 2–0 amid some controversy . LuaLua blamed the referee Domenico Messina for the defeat , We had a lot of fouls which the referee didnt give and there was a penalty right in front of him but he just let the match go on , sometimes they [ the Senegalese ] fell over without being touched , screamed and the referee just gave the foul to them . DR Congos qualifying campaign for the 2004 African Nations Cup in Tunisia began six months after the 2002 tournament ended , with a match against Libya on 8 September , Libya won the match 3–2 . LuaLua initially indicated that he might not play in the match , but did so reluctantly after threats were made to his family , which caused him to reconsider his international career . Robson commented , He didnt want to go and play in that match . But he said he had to go because his grandmother had been threatened . He played in the 2–0 win over Botswana in October 2002 , when he scored inside five minutes but was later sent off for dissent . He was suspended for two matches and his next appearance was in the 0–0 draw with Botswana in July 2003 , which secured qualification for the finals of the competition . LuaLua initially expressed doubts that he would take part in the finals due to club commitments . He was , however , included in the squad and named as captain in the absence of regular captain , Shabani Nonda , who missed the tournament due to a knee injury . LuaLua said on being named as captain , When Shabani plays , it takes the pressure off me but now everyones now looking to me for leadership and I feel honoured . He appeared in the first match of the tournament , a 2–1 defeat to Guinea , but in the next match against the hosts Tunisia , he was sent off , reacting angrily and taking several minutes to leave the pitch . DR Congo went on to lose the match and were eliminated from the tournament . Following his sending off , LuaLua considered giving up international football and criticised the behaviour of the Tunisia players during the match and the organisation of the tournament . He later criticised the national football federation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Congolese Association Football Federation , blaming them for the poor state of the national side , but said that he would continue to be available for international selection because I can never turn my back on my country . I play for Congo because I am proud to do it , and apologised to his country for his sending off against Tunisia . 2006 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua received a four-match suspension for the sending-off and missed several 2006 World Cup qualifying round matches during the summer of June 2004 . He was selected for the World Cup qualifier against South Africa in September , but missed the match due to injury , and was dropped for the next qualifier against Ghana in October . He missed the 1–1 draw with Ghana in March 2005 after a dispute with the DR Congo football association but committed himself to the match against Uganda in June . He scored in a friendly against Guinea played in Paris in August , a match used as preparation for the World Cup qualifying matches the following month . LuaLua played for DR Congo in the 2–1 win over Cape Verde in September but contracted malaria and missed the final World Cup qualifier against South Africa in October . LuaLua was recalled to the DR Congo squad for a friendly against Tunisia played near Paris in November 2005 , as part of the countries preparation for the 2006 African Nations Cup held in Egypt in January and February 2006 . He was unable to play , however , after he was one of several players refused a visa by French immigration authorities . He was named as the captain of DR Congo for the tournament in place of Shabani Nonda who was injured for a second successive Nations Cup . He then delayed his departure to be available to his club Portsmouth for a crucial league match , missing a friendly with Senegal . Despite a pay dispute leading to the DR Congo players threatening to boycott the match , which was only resolved shortly before the kickoff , he returned to the side for DR Congos opening match of the tournament against Togo , assisting in one goal and scoring the other in a 2–0 win . He appeared against Angola and Cameroon as DR Congo qualified for the quarter-finals stage of the tournament , only to be beaten by the hosts Egypt . LuaLuas 18-month-old son died while he was playing in the tournament . Later international career . In the 2008 African Nations Cup qualifier against Ethiopia in April 2007 , LuaLua scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory ; the result extended their lead at the top of their group . He did not travel to Ethiopia for the away fixture in June , which DR Congo lost , as the authorities failed to send LuaLua his travel documents in time . Following the failure of DR Congo to qualify for the tournament in October , the DR Congo sports minister , Pardonne Kaliba , suspended the manager , Henri Depireux , and removed the captaincy from LuaLua . LuaLua returned to the DR Congo squad in the 2010 World Cup qualifier against Egypt in June 2008 . After returning to Greece , he complained of severe stomach pain and was rushed to hospital to have his appendix removed , ruling him out of subsequent matches for several weeks , as DR Congo moved to the top of Group 12 in the second round . Despite topping the group at that point , DR Congo were later eliminated at this stage and therefore failed to progress to the third round of qualifying . In February 2012 , national manager Claude Le Roy confirmed that he was with LuaLua in the aim of him returning to the national team for their Cup of Nations qualifier against Seychelles . He did not play that game , but in December , LuaLua was named for his fourth Africa Cup of Nations in South Africa in 2013 . He started all three matches—all draws—as the team exited from Group C . Personal life . In 2005 , LuaLua became patron of the Haslar Visitors Group , a charity that works with detainees in an immigration removal centre . In the following year , he set up the LuaLua Foundation , building a hostel , sport and education complex in Kinshasa to provide care and education for orphaned children in DR Congo . He is also actively involved in the Show Racism The Red Card campaign and was involved in the launch of a new video entitled A Safe Place , which features Premiership footballers talking about their experiences with racism . LuaLua is a born-again Christian and his former teammate at Portsmouth , Linvoy Primus , was quoted saying We are not scared to say we pray together before games . About 45 minutes before a game we link our arms and just pray that we can glorify God . LuaLua wrote the foreword in You Can Have Chips , the autobiography of his former manager Steve Wignall . External links . - Lomana LuaLua at BBC Sport

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Which team did Lomana LuaLua play for between Sep 2002 and May 2003?

/wiki/Lomana_LuaLua#P54#2

Lomana LuaLua Trésor Lomana LuaLua ( ; born 28 December 1980 ) is a Congolese professional footballer who last played as a striker . He is currently the attacking coach for Spalding United . LuaLua was born in Kinshasa , but moved to England at a young age . After impressing in a college football match , he signed for Colchester United . There he scored a total of 21 goals in 68 appearances which prompted Newcastle United to sign him . However , the competition for places meant he was less of a regular in the first team , and after four seasons and 88 appearances , he transferred to Portsmouth , the club that had previously loaned him for three months while at Newcastle . He remained there for three seasons , but his spell was marred by disciplinary problems and malaria . After leaving Portsmouth , he moved teams frequently , representing sides in Greece , Qatar , Cyprus and Turkey , in addition to a brief return to English football at Blackpool . LuaLua received his first of 31 international caps in 2002 , and scored seven goals in an eleven-year international career . He represented his national team at four Africa Cup of Nations tournaments . LuaLua is also known for setting up the LuaLua Foundation , which provides care for orphans in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and for being a patron for the Haslar Visitors Group . His brother Kazenga , and cousins Trésor Kandol and Yannick Bolasie , all became footballers as well . Early life . LuaLua was born Trésor Lua Lua Lomana – Lua Lua , his grandfathers given name , was passed to him and his brother Kazenga – in Kinshasa , Zaire ( now Democratic Republic of the Congo ) , in 1980 , but moved to England as a young boy in 1989 . His family settled in Forest Gate in London ; there , he attended Forest Gate Community School and started to play football at the age of 16 , while also being involved in gymnastics . His activity in gymnastics was the base of his trademark goal celebration , seven back flips and a backward somersault . LuaLua represented his school at football after he was spotted kicking a tennis ball around in the playground . He was playing for Leyton Sixth Form College , where he studied performing arts , when he was spotted at the age of 17 by second division side , Colchester United . Geoff Harrop , a scout for Colchester Colleges football team , was impressed by LuaLuas performance , He was taking on the whole team by the end of the game and it wasnt hard to pick him out among 22 young 17-year-olds . Harrop invited the striker for a trial at Colchester United and he was signed by the club . His brother , Kazenga LuaLua , is also a professional footballer , and two of his cousins also play professionally ; Yannick Bolasie , and Trésor Kandol . Club career . Colchester United . LuaLua joined Colchester United in September 1998 . Initially , he struggled to adapt and he preferred going to nightclubs over playing for Colchester , Harrop says , It took a lot of hard work by the staff at Colchester . Micky Cook , the director of youth , had to spend endless hours with him and [ manager ] Steve Wignall and then [ the next manager ] Steve Whitton had to spend a lot of time with him talking him through the tactical side of the game and what his role was within the team . LuaLua scored within four minutes of his debut where he appeared as a substitute in a 3–1 defeat to Chesterfield . In two seasons , he made 68 league and cup appearances for Colchester , 44 starts and 24 substitute appearances , scoring a total of 21 goals . His performances attracted the attention of several Premiership clubs and despite manager Steve Whittons denial that LuaLua was for sale , LuaLua joined Newcastle United in September 2000 for a fee of £2.25 million . An earlier offer by Newcastle of £300,000 for LuaLua made by former manager , Ruud Gullit , had been rejected , but the much increased bid offered financial security and assistance towards a new ground and was one that Colchester felt they could not turn down . Newcastle United . LuaLua had been brought to the attention of Newcastle manager , Bobby Robson , by Mick Wadsworth , assistant-manager at Newcastle United , who was a former manager of Colchester . Robson watched LuaLua before deciding to negotiate the transfer , and said , I see [ LuaLua ] as a special talent . He has to learn how to play with the other players but hes a special new talent . He has to be nursed and cherished and taught . But we are buying long-term a very promising talent , a very promising player . LuaLua signed a five-year contract with the club . He made his first-team debut in a 1–0 home defeat to Charlton Athletic in September 2000 and made 23 league and cup appearances for Newcastle in the 2000–01 season without scoring . He scored twice in Newcastles Intertoto Cup campaign at the beginning of the 2001–02 season but his first Premiership goal did not come until April 2002 , when he scored a last-minute winner in a 3–2 away win against Derby County . He scored a further two goals in the remaining four games of the season . LuaLuas goalscoring form continued to the beginning of the 2002–03 season when he scored three goals in his first four games . Tougher competition for a first-team place meant that LuaLua made only 22 appearances in this season . In January 2003 , LuaLua urged Robson to rotate the squad , saying , I think I deserve a chance now , as do many of the lads on the fringes of the team . Although some people might have the idea that those of us not in the team like sitting on the bench and getting paid good money , nothing could be further from the truth . Im not in this for the money , I want to play for the first team and show what I can do on a regular basis . LuaLua also spent much of the beginning of the 2003–04 season on the bench and in November 2003 , complained about his lack of first-team football and indicated that he would consider leaving Newcastle . In the Newcastle Chronicle , Robson responded , saying he would not take advice from a player about how to manage the side : How dare he say this ? I run this football club.. . LuaLua has been a pretty poor professional about all this . What he should do is keep his mouth shut and get out there and do what he is paid for . In the end , he made 88 league and cup appearances for Newcastle , scoring nine goals , having started 21 games and made 67 appearances as a substitute . Portsmouth . In February 2004 , after returning from the 2004 African Cup of Nations , he joined Portsmouth on a three-month loan deal with a view to a permanent deal at the end of the season . LuaLua scored on his debut for Portsmouth in a 4–3 away defeat to Tottenham Hotspur in February 2004 . During this loan spell he scored in the 89th minute in a 1–1 draw for Portsmouth against parent club Newcastle . The result lifted Portsmouth out of the bottom three of the Premiership . This also lead to a change in legislation for the FA introducing standard rules meaning a player on loan could not play against their parent club . He scored four goals in 15 appearances for Portsmouth as they finished in mid-table in their debut season in the Premiership . Manager Harry Redknapp was sufficiently impressed with LuaLuas performances that when his loan spell ended at the end of the 2003–04 season , he signed LuaLua permanently at a cost of £1.75 million . LuaLua made 26 league and cup appearances , scoring six goals , including two against local rivals Southampton , in the 2004–05 season . The season was marred by a groin injury at the beginning and a hamstring injury in May 2005 . Disciplinary problems led to charges by the Football Association of abusive behaviour in December 2004 and improper conduct after he was sent off against Blackburn Rovers in January 2005 , for which he received an extra one-match ban and a fine of £5,000 in addition to a three-match ban for the dismissal . He made 26 appearances in the 2005–06 season , scoring seven goals , but missed several games in the autumn after contracting malaria on a visit to Africa to play for DR Congo . He also missed several games due to international duty at the 2004 African Cup of Nations and missed games in April 2006 after damaging his foot while doing his acrobatic goal celebration during a game against Arsenal . His disciplinary problems continued when he was warned by the Football Association over his future conduct ; this came after he admitted a charge of improper conduct in relation to comments made about referee Uriah Rennie after a 3–1 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur in December . LuaLua signed a new three-year contract in July 2006 ; it was set to keep him at Portsmouth until 2009 . An ankle injury suffered in a pre-season friendly led to LuaLua missing the beginning of the 2006–07 season . He struggled to break back into the first-team , making only eight starts out of 24 appearances , and scored only two goals in that season . Manager Harry Redknapp warned him that he needed to ...start performing and that he had to ...start producing next season . However , he joined Greek club Olympiacos in August 2007 and Redknapp admitted that , Lua wants to move on.. . Ive no doubt hell go away and be a great player for Olympiacos . He wants a change , he wants to play in a role behind the strikers and he wants to move abroad . He will get to play in the Champions League by moving to Greece . He has been a top Premier League player and hell be a top player for them . Olympiacos . On 12 August 2007 , LuaLua signed a three-year contract with Olympiacos for an estimated fee of £2.8 million ( €4.1 million ) . He made his league debut on 2 September , in a 0–0 draw against Panathinaikos . His Champions League debut came on 18 September in a 1–1 draw against Lazio . LuaLua scored his first two goals on 23 September in a 6–2 win over OFI . On 16 January 2008 , LuaLua opened the scoring with a 30-yard volley in the Greek Cup fifth round , which saw Olympiacos progress to the quarter-finals in a 4–0 win against Panathinaikos . LuaLua missed both the knockout stages against Chelsea , having suffered from ankle injuries and a dislocated shoulder , the latter of which he received in a 1–1 draw against Asteras Tripolis . As a result , he missed most of the season , but returned on 20 April 2008 to help Olympiacos win their fourth Super League Greece title , beating Iraklis 3–1 . Before the 2008 Greek Cup Final on 17 May , LuaLua fell out of favour and was deemed surplus to requirements . In total , he made 30 appearances for Olympiacos , scoring six goals . Al-Arabi . Following his injury spell at Olympiacos , LuaLua joined Qatari based club Al-Arabi on a one-year contract in July 2008 . On 30 October , Al-Arabi won the Sheikh Jassim Cup , beating Al-Rayyan Club 3–0 in the final with LuaLua scoring one goal in the seventh minute . In the 21st week of the 2008–09 season , on 20 February 2009 , LuaLua scored his first league goal for the club in a 4–2 defeat to Al-Khor . His only other goal for that season came in a 1–0 win over Al-Kharitiyath on 16 April . Return to Olympiacos . During December 2009 , LuaLua left Al-Arabi by mutual consent and rejoined Olympiakos on a six-month contract with an option for the club to extend the contract for two years . LuaLua scored his first goals upon return to Olympiakos , with two against Asteras Tripolis . Omonia . LuaLua signed a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee with Omonia in July 2010 , reuniting with Takis Lemonis for the second time since Olympiakos in 2008 . He scored his first goal on his league debut on 18 September 2010 in a 4–0 win against Alki Larnaca , coming on as a substitute for Georgios Efrem . On 18 May 2011 , LuaLua won the Cypriot Cup with Omonia after winning 4–3 on penalties against Apollon Limassol . Return to England . In September 2011 , after his release by Omonia , LuaLua trained with League One club Hartlepool United , where he linked with former Newcastle United assistant-manager Mick Wadsworth . However , he was offered a contract by Blackpool who play a level above in the Championship . After two substitute appearances , Lualuas first start saw him score twice in Blackpools 5–0 win over Leeds United at Elland Road , Leeds joint-heaviest home defeat. . On 2 January 2012 , he scored his first goal of the new year against Middlesbrough . For the second time in his Blackpool career he was on the score sheet as Blackpool beat Fylde coast neighbours Fleetwood Town 5–1 in the third round of the FA Cup . During a fourth-round FA Cup match against Sheffield Wednesday held on 7 February 2012 , LuaLua scored an impressive right-footed goal from just inside the top-left corner of the 18-yard box into the top-right corner of the goal . Karabükspor . On 24 May 2012 , it was confirmed that LuaLua had turned down a new contract at Blackpool and had signed a two-year deal with Turkish side Kardemir Karabükspor . He is considered one of the best players in first half of Turkish league . Akhisar Belediyespor . On 2 February 2015 , LuaLua signed a contract with Akhisar Belediyespor . He left the club in the winter 2016 . Şanlıurfaspor . On 20 January 2016 , LuaLua signed a contract with Şanlıurfaspor . He left the club in May 2016 . Northern Cyprus . On 12 May 2017 , LuaLua signed a contract with Turkish Cypriot club Merit Alsancak Yeşilova . He played his first friendly game against Bostancı Bağcıl on 11 August . LuaLua ended the 2017–18 KTFF Süper Lig season with nine goals in 23 appearances . After leaving the club in 2018 , LuaLua played for English non-league side Tilbury in July ; featuring for the second half of a 1–0 friendly win versus Hashtag United . For the 2018–19 campaign , LuaLua returned to Northern Cyprus to play with Süper Lig teams Doğan Türk Birliği and Gìrne Halk Evì . Peterborough Sports . On 13 November 2019 , Southern League Premier Division Central side Peterborough Sports announced the signing of LuaLua . He made his debut for the club in January 2020 , coming off the bench in a league match against Hitchin Town . International career . 2002 and 2004 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua was first named by the DR Congo national team in the preliminary squad for the African Nations Cup finals in Mali in January 2002 . He played in the 0–0 draw with Togo , 1–0 loss to Cameroon , 3–1 win over Ivory Coast and the quarter-final match against Senegal , which DR Congo lost 2–0 amid some controversy . LuaLua blamed the referee Domenico Messina for the defeat , We had a lot of fouls which the referee didnt give and there was a penalty right in front of him but he just let the match go on , sometimes they [ the Senegalese ] fell over without being touched , screamed and the referee just gave the foul to them . DR Congos qualifying campaign for the 2004 African Nations Cup in Tunisia began six months after the 2002 tournament ended , with a match against Libya on 8 September , Libya won the match 3–2 . LuaLua initially indicated that he might not play in the match , but did so reluctantly after threats were made to his family , which caused him to reconsider his international career . Robson commented , He didnt want to go and play in that match . But he said he had to go because his grandmother had been threatened . He played in the 2–0 win over Botswana in October 2002 , when he scored inside five minutes but was later sent off for dissent . He was suspended for two matches and his next appearance was in the 0–0 draw with Botswana in July 2003 , which secured qualification for the finals of the competition . LuaLua initially expressed doubts that he would take part in the finals due to club commitments . He was , however , included in the squad and named as captain in the absence of regular captain , Shabani Nonda , who missed the tournament due to a knee injury . LuaLua said on being named as captain , When Shabani plays , it takes the pressure off me but now everyones now looking to me for leadership and I feel honoured . He appeared in the first match of the tournament , a 2–1 defeat to Guinea , but in the next match against the hosts Tunisia , he was sent off , reacting angrily and taking several minutes to leave the pitch . DR Congo went on to lose the match and were eliminated from the tournament . Following his sending off , LuaLua considered giving up international football and criticised the behaviour of the Tunisia players during the match and the organisation of the tournament . He later criticised the national football federation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Congolese Association Football Federation , blaming them for the poor state of the national side , but said that he would continue to be available for international selection because I can never turn my back on my country . I play for Congo because I am proud to do it , and apologised to his country for his sending off against Tunisia . 2006 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua received a four-match suspension for the sending-off and missed several 2006 World Cup qualifying round matches during the summer of June 2004 . He was selected for the World Cup qualifier against South Africa in September , but missed the match due to injury , and was dropped for the next qualifier against Ghana in October . He missed the 1–1 draw with Ghana in March 2005 after a dispute with the DR Congo football association but committed himself to the match against Uganda in June . He scored in a friendly against Guinea played in Paris in August , a match used as preparation for the World Cup qualifying matches the following month . LuaLua played for DR Congo in the 2–1 win over Cape Verde in September but contracted malaria and missed the final World Cup qualifier against South Africa in October . LuaLua was recalled to the DR Congo squad for a friendly against Tunisia played near Paris in November 2005 , as part of the countries preparation for the 2006 African Nations Cup held in Egypt in January and February 2006 . He was unable to play , however , after he was one of several players refused a visa by French immigration authorities . He was named as the captain of DR Congo for the tournament in place of Shabani Nonda who was injured for a second successive Nations Cup . He then delayed his departure to be available to his club Portsmouth for a crucial league match , missing a friendly with Senegal . Despite a pay dispute leading to the DR Congo players threatening to boycott the match , which was only resolved shortly before the kickoff , he returned to the side for DR Congos opening match of the tournament against Togo , assisting in one goal and scoring the other in a 2–0 win . He appeared against Angola and Cameroon as DR Congo qualified for the quarter-finals stage of the tournament , only to be beaten by the hosts Egypt . LuaLuas 18-month-old son died while he was playing in the tournament . Later international career . In the 2008 African Nations Cup qualifier against Ethiopia in April 2007 , LuaLua scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory ; the result extended their lead at the top of their group . He did not travel to Ethiopia for the away fixture in June , which DR Congo lost , as the authorities failed to send LuaLua his travel documents in time . Following the failure of DR Congo to qualify for the tournament in October , the DR Congo sports minister , Pardonne Kaliba , suspended the manager , Henri Depireux , and removed the captaincy from LuaLua . LuaLua returned to the DR Congo squad in the 2010 World Cup qualifier against Egypt in June 2008 . After returning to Greece , he complained of severe stomach pain and was rushed to hospital to have his appendix removed , ruling him out of subsequent matches for several weeks , as DR Congo moved to the top of Group 12 in the second round . Despite topping the group at that point , DR Congo were later eliminated at this stage and therefore failed to progress to the third round of qualifying . In February 2012 , national manager Claude Le Roy confirmed that he was with LuaLua in the aim of him returning to the national team for their Cup of Nations qualifier against Seychelles . He did not play that game , but in December , LuaLua was named for his fourth Africa Cup of Nations in South Africa in 2013 . He started all three matches—all draws—as the team exited from Group C . Personal life . In 2005 , LuaLua became patron of the Haslar Visitors Group , a charity that works with detainees in an immigration removal centre . In the following year , he set up the LuaLua Foundation , building a hostel , sport and education complex in Kinshasa to provide care and education for orphaned children in DR Congo . He is also actively involved in the Show Racism The Red Card campaign and was involved in the launch of a new video entitled A Safe Place , which features Premiership footballers talking about their experiences with racism . LuaLua is a born-again Christian and his former teammate at Portsmouth , Linvoy Primus , was quoted saying We are not scared to say we pray together before games . About 45 minutes before a game we link our arms and just pray that we can glorify God . LuaLua wrote the foreword in You Can Have Chips , the autobiography of his former manager Steve Wignall . External links . - Lomana LuaLua at BBC Sport

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Which team did Lomana LuaLua play for between Dec 2005 and Apr 2006?

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Lomana LuaLua Trésor Lomana LuaLua ( ; born 28 December 1980 ) is a Congolese professional footballer who last played as a striker . He is currently the attacking coach for Spalding United . LuaLua was born in Kinshasa , but moved to England at a young age . After impressing in a college football match , he signed for Colchester United . There he scored a total of 21 goals in 68 appearances which prompted Newcastle United to sign him . However , the competition for places meant he was less of a regular in the first team , and after four seasons and 88 appearances , he transferred to Portsmouth , the club that had previously loaned him for three months while at Newcastle . He remained there for three seasons , but his spell was marred by disciplinary problems and malaria . After leaving Portsmouth , he moved teams frequently , representing sides in Greece , Qatar , Cyprus and Turkey , in addition to a brief return to English football at Blackpool . LuaLua received his first of 31 international caps in 2002 , and scored seven goals in an eleven-year international career . He represented his national team at four Africa Cup of Nations tournaments . LuaLua is also known for setting up the LuaLua Foundation , which provides care for orphans in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and for being a patron for the Haslar Visitors Group . His brother Kazenga , and cousins Trésor Kandol and Yannick Bolasie , all became footballers as well . Early life . LuaLua was born Trésor Lua Lua Lomana – Lua Lua , his grandfathers given name , was passed to him and his brother Kazenga – in Kinshasa , Zaire ( now Democratic Republic of the Congo ) , in 1980 , but moved to England as a young boy in 1989 . His family settled in Forest Gate in London ; there , he attended Forest Gate Community School and started to play football at the age of 16 , while also being involved in gymnastics . His activity in gymnastics was the base of his trademark goal celebration , seven back flips and a backward somersault . LuaLua represented his school at football after he was spotted kicking a tennis ball around in the playground . He was playing for Leyton Sixth Form College , where he studied performing arts , when he was spotted at the age of 17 by second division side , Colchester United . Geoff Harrop , a scout for Colchester Colleges football team , was impressed by LuaLuas performance , He was taking on the whole team by the end of the game and it wasnt hard to pick him out among 22 young 17-year-olds . Harrop invited the striker for a trial at Colchester United and he was signed by the club . His brother , Kazenga LuaLua , is also a professional footballer , and two of his cousins also play professionally ; Yannick Bolasie , and Trésor Kandol . Club career . Colchester United . LuaLua joined Colchester United in September 1998 . Initially , he struggled to adapt and he preferred going to nightclubs over playing for Colchester , Harrop says , It took a lot of hard work by the staff at Colchester . Micky Cook , the director of youth , had to spend endless hours with him and [ manager ] Steve Wignall and then [ the next manager ] Steve Whitton had to spend a lot of time with him talking him through the tactical side of the game and what his role was within the team . LuaLua scored within four minutes of his debut where he appeared as a substitute in a 3–1 defeat to Chesterfield . In two seasons , he made 68 league and cup appearances for Colchester , 44 starts and 24 substitute appearances , scoring a total of 21 goals . His performances attracted the attention of several Premiership clubs and despite manager Steve Whittons denial that LuaLua was for sale , LuaLua joined Newcastle United in September 2000 for a fee of £2.25 million . An earlier offer by Newcastle of £300,000 for LuaLua made by former manager , Ruud Gullit , had been rejected , but the much increased bid offered financial security and assistance towards a new ground and was one that Colchester felt they could not turn down . Newcastle United . LuaLua had been brought to the attention of Newcastle manager , Bobby Robson , by Mick Wadsworth , assistant-manager at Newcastle United , who was a former manager of Colchester . Robson watched LuaLua before deciding to negotiate the transfer , and said , I see [ LuaLua ] as a special talent . He has to learn how to play with the other players but hes a special new talent . He has to be nursed and cherished and taught . But we are buying long-term a very promising talent , a very promising player . LuaLua signed a five-year contract with the club . He made his first-team debut in a 1–0 home defeat to Charlton Athletic in September 2000 and made 23 league and cup appearances for Newcastle in the 2000–01 season without scoring . He scored twice in Newcastles Intertoto Cup campaign at the beginning of the 2001–02 season but his first Premiership goal did not come until April 2002 , when he scored a last-minute winner in a 3–2 away win against Derby County . He scored a further two goals in the remaining four games of the season . LuaLuas goalscoring form continued to the beginning of the 2002–03 season when he scored three goals in his first four games . Tougher competition for a first-team place meant that LuaLua made only 22 appearances in this season . In January 2003 , LuaLua urged Robson to rotate the squad , saying , I think I deserve a chance now , as do many of the lads on the fringes of the team . Although some people might have the idea that those of us not in the team like sitting on the bench and getting paid good money , nothing could be further from the truth . Im not in this for the money , I want to play for the first team and show what I can do on a regular basis . LuaLua also spent much of the beginning of the 2003–04 season on the bench and in November 2003 , complained about his lack of first-team football and indicated that he would consider leaving Newcastle . In the Newcastle Chronicle , Robson responded , saying he would not take advice from a player about how to manage the side : How dare he say this ? I run this football club.. . LuaLua has been a pretty poor professional about all this . What he should do is keep his mouth shut and get out there and do what he is paid for . In the end , he made 88 league and cup appearances for Newcastle , scoring nine goals , having started 21 games and made 67 appearances as a substitute . Portsmouth . In February 2004 , after returning from the 2004 African Cup of Nations , he joined Portsmouth on a three-month loan deal with a view to a permanent deal at the end of the season . LuaLua scored on his debut for Portsmouth in a 4–3 away defeat to Tottenham Hotspur in February 2004 . During this loan spell he scored in the 89th minute in a 1–1 draw for Portsmouth against parent club Newcastle . The result lifted Portsmouth out of the bottom three of the Premiership . This also lead to a change in legislation for the FA introducing standard rules meaning a player on loan could not play against their parent club . He scored four goals in 15 appearances for Portsmouth as they finished in mid-table in their debut season in the Premiership . Manager Harry Redknapp was sufficiently impressed with LuaLuas performances that when his loan spell ended at the end of the 2003–04 season , he signed LuaLua permanently at a cost of £1.75 million . LuaLua made 26 league and cup appearances , scoring six goals , including two against local rivals Southampton , in the 2004–05 season . The season was marred by a groin injury at the beginning and a hamstring injury in May 2005 . Disciplinary problems led to charges by the Football Association of abusive behaviour in December 2004 and improper conduct after he was sent off against Blackburn Rovers in January 2005 , for which he received an extra one-match ban and a fine of £5,000 in addition to a three-match ban for the dismissal . He made 26 appearances in the 2005–06 season , scoring seven goals , but missed several games in the autumn after contracting malaria on a visit to Africa to play for DR Congo . He also missed several games due to international duty at the 2004 African Cup of Nations and missed games in April 2006 after damaging his foot while doing his acrobatic goal celebration during a game against Arsenal . His disciplinary problems continued when he was warned by the Football Association over his future conduct ; this came after he admitted a charge of improper conduct in relation to comments made about referee Uriah Rennie after a 3–1 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur in December . LuaLua signed a new three-year contract in July 2006 ; it was set to keep him at Portsmouth until 2009 . An ankle injury suffered in a pre-season friendly led to LuaLua missing the beginning of the 2006–07 season . He struggled to break back into the first-team , making only eight starts out of 24 appearances , and scored only two goals in that season . Manager Harry Redknapp warned him that he needed to ...start performing and that he had to ...start producing next season . However , he joined Greek club Olympiacos in August 2007 and Redknapp admitted that , Lua wants to move on.. . Ive no doubt hell go away and be a great player for Olympiacos . He wants a change , he wants to play in a role behind the strikers and he wants to move abroad . He will get to play in the Champions League by moving to Greece . He has been a top Premier League player and hell be a top player for them . Olympiacos . On 12 August 2007 , LuaLua signed a three-year contract with Olympiacos for an estimated fee of £2.8 million ( €4.1 million ) . He made his league debut on 2 September , in a 0–0 draw against Panathinaikos . His Champions League debut came on 18 September in a 1–1 draw against Lazio . LuaLua scored his first two goals on 23 September in a 6–2 win over OFI . On 16 January 2008 , LuaLua opened the scoring with a 30-yard volley in the Greek Cup fifth round , which saw Olympiacos progress to the quarter-finals in a 4–0 win against Panathinaikos . LuaLua missed both the knockout stages against Chelsea , having suffered from ankle injuries and a dislocated shoulder , the latter of which he received in a 1–1 draw against Asteras Tripolis . As a result , he missed most of the season , but returned on 20 April 2008 to help Olympiacos win their fourth Super League Greece title , beating Iraklis 3–1 . Before the 2008 Greek Cup Final on 17 May , LuaLua fell out of favour and was deemed surplus to requirements . In total , he made 30 appearances for Olympiacos , scoring six goals . Al-Arabi . Following his injury spell at Olympiacos , LuaLua joined Qatari based club Al-Arabi on a one-year contract in July 2008 . On 30 October , Al-Arabi won the Sheikh Jassim Cup , beating Al-Rayyan Club 3–0 in the final with LuaLua scoring one goal in the seventh minute . In the 21st week of the 2008–09 season , on 20 February 2009 , LuaLua scored his first league goal for the club in a 4–2 defeat to Al-Khor . His only other goal for that season came in a 1–0 win over Al-Kharitiyath on 16 April . Return to Olympiacos . During December 2009 , LuaLua left Al-Arabi by mutual consent and rejoined Olympiakos on a six-month contract with an option for the club to extend the contract for two years . LuaLua scored his first goals upon return to Olympiakos , with two against Asteras Tripolis . Omonia . LuaLua signed a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee with Omonia in July 2010 , reuniting with Takis Lemonis for the second time since Olympiakos in 2008 . He scored his first goal on his league debut on 18 September 2010 in a 4–0 win against Alki Larnaca , coming on as a substitute for Georgios Efrem . On 18 May 2011 , LuaLua won the Cypriot Cup with Omonia after winning 4–3 on penalties against Apollon Limassol . Return to England . In September 2011 , after his release by Omonia , LuaLua trained with League One club Hartlepool United , where he linked with former Newcastle United assistant-manager Mick Wadsworth . However , he was offered a contract by Blackpool who play a level above in the Championship . After two substitute appearances , Lualuas first start saw him score twice in Blackpools 5–0 win over Leeds United at Elland Road , Leeds joint-heaviest home defeat. . On 2 January 2012 , he scored his first goal of the new year against Middlesbrough . For the second time in his Blackpool career he was on the score sheet as Blackpool beat Fylde coast neighbours Fleetwood Town 5–1 in the third round of the FA Cup . During a fourth-round FA Cup match against Sheffield Wednesday held on 7 February 2012 , LuaLua scored an impressive right-footed goal from just inside the top-left corner of the 18-yard box into the top-right corner of the goal . Karabükspor . On 24 May 2012 , it was confirmed that LuaLua had turned down a new contract at Blackpool and had signed a two-year deal with Turkish side Kardemir Karabükspor . He is considered one of the best players in first half of Turkish league . Akhisar Belediyespor . On 2 February 2015 , LuaLua signed a contract with Akhisar Belediyespor . He left the club in the winter 2016 . Şanlıurfaspor . On 20 January 2016 , LuaLua signed a contract with Şanlıurfaspor . He left the club in May 2016 . Northern Cyprus . On 12 May 2017 , LuaLua signed a contract with Turkish Cypriot club Merit Alsancak Yeşilova . He played his first friendly game against Bostancı Bağcıl on 11 August . LuaLua ended the 2017–18 KTFF Süper Lig season with nine goals in 23 appearances . After leaving the club in 2018 , LuaLua played for English non-league side Tilbury in July ; featuring for the second half of a 1–0 friendly win versus Hashtag United . For the 2018–19 campaign , LuaLua returned to Northern Cyprus to play with Süper Lig teams Doğan Türk Birliği and Gìrne Halk Evì . Peterborough Sports . On 13 November 2019 , Southern League Premier Division Central side Peterborough Sports announced the signing of LuaLua . He made his debut for the club in January 2020 , coming off the bench in a league match against Hitchin Town . International career . 2002 and 2004 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua was first named by the DR Congo national team in the preliminary squad for the African Nations Cup finals in Mali in January 2002 . He played in the 0–0 draw with Togo , 1–0 loss to Cameroon , 3–1 win over Ivory Coast and the quarter-final match against Senegal , which DR Congo lost 2–0 amid some controversy . LuaLua blamed the referee Domenico Messina for the defeat , We had a lot of fouls which the referee didnt give and there was a penalty right in front of him but he just let the match go on , sometimes they [ the Senegalese ] fell over without being touched , screamed and the referee just gave the foul to them . DR Congos qualifying campaign for the 2004 African Nations Cup in Tunisia began six months after the 2002 tournament ended , with a match against Libya on 8 September , Libya won the match 3–2 . LuaLua initially indicated that he might not play in the match , but did so reluctantly after threats were made to his family , which caused him to reconsider his international career . Robson commented , He didnt want to go and play in that match . But he said he had to go because his grandmother had been threatened . He played in the 2–0 win over Botswana in October 2002 , when he scored inside five minutes but was later sent off for dissent . He was suspended for two matches and his next appearance was in the 0–0 draw with Botswana in July 2003 , which secured qualification for the finals of the competition . LuaLua initially expressed doubts that he would take part in the finals due to club commitments . He was , however , included in the squad and named as captain in the absence of regular captain , Shabani Nonda , who missed the tournament due to a knee injury . LuaLua said on being named as captain , When Shabani plays , it takes the pressure off me but now everyones now looking to me for leadership and I feel honoured . He appeared in the first match of the tournament , a 2–1 defeat to Guinea , but in the next match against the hosts Tunisia , he was sent off , reacting angrily and taking several minutes to leave the pitch . DR Congo went on to lose the match and were eliminated from the tournament . Following his sending off , LuaLua considered giving up international football and criticised the behaviour of the Tunisia players during the match and the organisation of the tournament . He later criticised the national football federation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Congolese Association Football Federation , blaming them for the poor state of the national side , but said that he would continue to be available for international selection because I can never turn my back on my country . I play for Congo because I am proud to do it , and apologised to his country for his sending off against Tunisia . 2006 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua received a four-match suspension for the sending-off and missed several 2006 World Cup qualifying round matches during the summer of June 2004 . He was selected for the World Cup qualifier against South Africa in September , but missed the match due to injury , and was dropped for the next qualifier against Ghana in October . He missed the 1–1 draw with Ghana in March 2005 after a dispute with the DR Congo football association but committed himself to the match against Uganda in June . He scored in a friendly against Guinea played in Paris in August , a match used as preparation for the World Cup qualifying matches the following month . LuaLua played for DR Congo in the 2–1 win over Cape Verde in September but contracted malaria and missed the final World Cup qualifier against South Africa in October . LuaLua was recalled to the DR Congo squad for a friendly against Tunisia played near Paris in November 2005 , as part of the countries preparation for the 2006 African Nations Cup held in Egypt in January and February 2006 . He was unable to play , however , after he was one of several players refused a visa by French immigration authorities . He was named as the captain of DR Congo for the tournament in place of Shabani Nonda who was injured for a second successive Nations Cup . He then delayed his departure to be available to his club Portsmouth for a crucial league match , missing a friendly with Senegal . Despite a pay dispute leading to the DR Congo players threatening to boycott the match , which was only resolved shortly before the kickoff , he returned to the side for DR Congos opening match of the tournament against Togo , assisting in one goal and scoring the other in a 2–0 win . He appeared against Angola and Cameroon as DR Congo qualified for the quarter-finals stage of the tournament , only to be beaten by the hosts Egypt . LuaLuas 18-month-old son died while he was playing in the tournament . Later international career . In the 2008 African Nations Cup qualifier against Ethiopia in April 2007 , LuaLua scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory ; the result extended their lead at the top of their group . He did not travel to Ethiopia for the away fixture in June , which DR Congo lost , as the authorities failed to send LuaLua his travel documents in time . Following the failure of DR Congo to qualify for the tournament in October , the DR Congo sports minister , Pardonne Kaliba , suspended the manager , Henri Depireux , and removed the captaincy from LuaLua . LuaLua returned to the DR Congo squad in the 2010 World Cup qualifier against Egypt in June 2008 . After returning to Greece , he complained of severe stomach pain and was rushed to hospital to have his appendix removed , ruling him out of subsequent matches for several weeks , as DR Congo moved to the top of Group 12 in the second round . Despite topping the group at that point , DR Congo were later eliminated at this stage and therefore failed to progress to the third round of qualifying . In February 2012 , national manager Claude Le Roy confirmed that he was with LuaLua in the aim of him returning to the national team for their Cup of Nations qualifier against Seychelles . He did not play that game , but in December , LuaLua was named for his fourth Africa Cup of Nations in South Africa in 2013 . He started all three matches—all draws—as the team exited from Group C . Personal life . In 2005 , LuaLua became patron of the Haslar Visitors Group , a charity that works with detainees in an immigration removal centre . In the following year , he set up the LuaLua Foundation , building a hostel , sport and education complex in Kinshasa to provide care and education for orphaned children in DR Congo . He is also actively involved in the Show Racism The Red Card campaign and was involved in the launch of a new video entitled A Safe Place , which features Premiership footballers talking about their experiences with racism . LuaLua is a born-again Christian and his former teammate at Portsmouth , Linvoy Primus , was quoted saying We are not scared to say we pray together before games . About 45 minutes before a game we link our arms and just pray that we can glorify God . LuaLua wrote the foreword in You Can Have Chips , the autobiography of his former manager Steve Wignall . External links . - Lomana LuaLua at BBC Sport

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Which team did Lomana LuaLua play for between Oct 2007 and Dec 2007?

/wiki/Lomana_LuaLua#P54#4

Lomana LuaLua Trésor Lomana LuaLua ( ; born 28 December 1980 ) is a Congolese professional footballer who last played as a striker . He is currently the attacking coach for Spalding United . LuaLua was born in Kinshasa , but moved to England at a young age . After impressing in a college football match , he signed for Colchester United . There he scored a total of 21 goals in 68 appearances which prompted Newcastle United to sign him . However , the competition for places meant he was less of a regular in the first team , and after four seasons and 88 appearances , he transferred to Portsmouth , the club that had previously loaned him for three months while at Newcastle . He remained there for three seasons , but his spell was marred by disciplinary problems and malaria . After leaving Portsmouth , he moved teams frequently , representing sides in Greece , Qatar , Cyprus and Turkey , in addition to a brief return to English football at Blackpool . LuaLua received his first of 31 international caps in 2002 , and scored seven goals in an eleven-year international career . He represented his national team at four Africa Cup of Nations tournaments . LuaLua is also known for setting up the LuaLua Foundation , which provides care for orphans in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and for being a patron for the Haslar Visitors Group . His brother Kazenga , and cousins Trésor Kandol and Yannick Bolasie , all became footballers as well . Early life . LuaLua was born Trésor Lua Lua Lomana – Lua Lua , his grandfathers given name , was passed to him and his brother Kazenga – in Kinshasa , Zaire ( now Democratic Republic of the Congo ) , in 1980 , but moved to England as a young boy in 1989 . His family settled in Forest Gate in London ; there , he attended Forest Gate Community School and started to play football at the age of 16 , while also being involved in gymnastics . His activity in gymnastics was the base of his trademark goal celebration , seven back flips and a backward somersault . LuaLua represented his school at football after he was spotted kicking a tennis ball around in the playground . He was playing for Leyton Sixth Form College , where he studied performing arts , when he was spotted at the age of 17 by second division side , Colchester United . Geoff Harrop , a scout for Colchester Colleges football team , was impressed by LuaLuas performance , He was taking on the whole team by the end of the game and it wasnt hard to pick him out among 22 young 17-year-olds . Harrop invited the striker for a trial at Colchester United and he was signed by the club . His brother , Kazenga LuaLua , is also a professional footballer , and two of his cousins also play professionally ; Yannick Bolasie , and Trésor Kandol . Club career . Colchester United . LuaLua joined Colchester United in September 1998 . Initially , he struggled to adapt and he preferred going to nightclubs over playing for Colchester , Harrop says , It took a lot of hard work by the staff at Colchester . Micky Cook , the director of youth , had to spend endless hours with him and [ manager ] Steve Wignall and then [ the next manager ] Steve Whitton had to spend a lot of time with him talking him through the tactical side of the game and what his role was within the team . LuaLua scored within four minutes of his debut where he appeared as a substitute in a 3–1 defeat to Chesterfield . In two seasons , he made 68 league and cup appearances for Colchester , 44 starts and 24 substitute appearances , scoring a total of 21 goals . His performances attracted the attention of several Premiership clubs and despite manager Steve Whittons denial that LuaLua was for sale , LuaLua joined Newcastle United in September 2000 for a fee of £2.25 million . An earlier offer by Newcastle of £300,000 for LuaLua made by former manager , Ruud Gullit , had been rejected , but the much increased bid offered financial security and assistance towards a new ground and was one that Colchester felt they could not turn down . Newcastle United . LuaLua had been brought to the attention of Newcastle manager , Bobby Robson , by Mick Wadsworth , assistant-manager at Newcastle United , who was a former manager of Colchester . Robson watched LuaLua before deciding to negotiate the transfer , and said , I see [ LuaLua ] as a special talent . He has to learn how to play with the other players but hes a special new talent . He has to be nursed and cherished and taught . But we are buying long-term a very promising talent , a very promising player . LuaLua signed a five-year contract with the club . He made his first-team debut in a 1–0 home defeat to Charlton Athletic in September 2000 and made 23 league and cup appearances for Newcastle in the 2000–01 season without scoring . He scored twice in Newcastles Intertoto Cup campaign at the beginning of the 2001–02 season but his first Premiership goal did not come until April 2002 , when he scored a last-minute winner in a 3–2 away win against Derby County . He scored a further two goals in the remaining four games of the season . LuaLuas goalscoring form continued to the beginning of the 2002–03 season when he scored three goals in his first four games . Tougher competition for a first-team place meant that LuaLua made only 22 appearances in this season . In January 2003 , LuaLua urged Robson to rotate the squad , saying , I think I deserve a chance now , as do many of the lads on the fringes of the team . Although some people might have the idea that those of us not in the team like sitting on the bench and getting paid good money , nothing could be further from the truth . Im not in this for the money , I want to play for the first team and show what I can do on a regular basis . LuaLua also spent much of the beginning of the 2003–04 season on the bench and in November 2003 , complained about his lack of first-team football and indicated that he would consider leaving Newcastle . In the Newcastle Chronicle , Robson responded , saying he would not take advice from a player about how to manage the side : How dare he say this ? I run this football club.. . LuaLua has been a pretty poor professional about all this . What he should do is keep his mouth shut and get out there and do what he is paid for . In the end , he made 88 league and cup appearances for Newcastle , scoring nine goals , having started 21 games and made 67 appearances as a substitute . Portsmouth . In February 2004 , after returning from the 2004 African Cup of Nations , he joined Portsmouth on a three-month loan deal with a view to a permanent deal at the end of the season . LuaLua scored on his debut for Portsmouth in a 4–3 away defeat to Tottenham Hotspur in February 2004 . During this loan spell he scored in the 89th minute in a 1–1 draw for Portsmouth against parent club Newcastle . The result lifted Portsmouth out of the bottom three of the Premiership . This also lead to a change in legislation for the FA introducing standard rules meaning a player on loan could not play against their parent club . He scored four goals in 15 appearances for Portsmouth as they finished in mid-table in their debut season in the Premiership . Manager Harry Redknapp was sufficiently impressed with LuaLuas performances that when his loan spell ended at the end of the 2003–04 season , he signed LuaLua permanently at a cost of £1.75 million . LuaLua made 26 league and cup appearances , scoring six goals , including two against local rivals Southampton , in the 2004–05 season . The season was marred by a groin injury at the beginning and a hamstring injury in May 2005 . Disciplinary problems led to charges by the Football Association of abusive behaviour in December 2004 and improper conduct after he was sent off against Blackburn Rovers in January 2005 , for which he received an extra one-match ban and a fine of £5,000 in addition to a three-match ban for the dismissal . He made 26 appearances in the 2005–06 season , scoring seven goals , but missed several games in the autumn after contracting malaria on a visit to Africa to play for DR Congo . He also missed several games due to international duty at the 2004 African Cup of Nations and missed games in April 2006 after damaging his foot while doing his acrobatic goal celebration during a game against Arsenal . His disciplinary problems continued when he was warned by the Football Association over his future conduct ; this came after he admitted a charge of improper conduct in relation to comments made about referee Uriah Rennie after a 3–1 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur in December . LuaLua signed a new three-year contract in July 2006 ; it was set to keep him at Portsmouth until 2009 . An ankle injury suffered in a pre-season friendly led to LuaLua missing the beginning of the 2006–07 season . He struggled to break back into the first-team , making only eight starts out of 24 appearances , and scored only two goals in that season . Manager Harry Redknapp warned him that he needed to ...start performing and that he had to ...start producing next season . However , he joined Greek club Olympiacos in August 2007 and Redknapp admitted that , Lua wants to move on.. . Ive no doubt hell go away and be a great player for Olympiacos . He wants a change , he wants to play in a role behind the strikers and he wants to move abroad . He will get to play in the Champions League by moving to Greece . He has been a top Premier League player and hell be a top player for them . Olympiacos . On 12 August 2007 , LuaLua signed a three-year contract with Olympiacos for an estimated fee of £2.8 million ( €4.1 million ) . He made his league debut on 2 September , in a 0–0 draw against Panathinaikos . His Champions League debut came on 18 September in a 1–1 draw against Lazio . LuaLua scored his first two goals on 23 September in a 6–2 win over OFI . On 16 January 2008 , LuaLua opened the scoring with a 30-yard volley in the Greek Cup fifth round , which saw Olympiacos progress to the quarter-finals in a 4–0 win against Panathinaikos . LuaLua missed both the knockout stages against Chelsea , having suffered from ankle injuries and a dislocated shoulder , the latter of which he received in a 1–1 draw against Asteras Tripolis . As a result , he missed most of the season , but returned on 20 April 2008 to help Olympiacos win their fourth Super League Greece title , beating Iraklis 3–1 . Before the 2008 Greek Cup Final on 17 May , LuaLua fell out of favour and was deemed surplus to requirements . In total , he made 30 appearances for Olympiacos , scoring six goals . Al-Arabi . Following his injury spell at Olympiacos , LuaLua joined Qatari based club Al-Arabi on a one-year contract in July 2008 . On 30 October , Al-Arabi won the Sheikh Jassim Cup , beating Al-Rayyan Club 3–0 in the final with LuaLua scoring one goal in the seventh minute . In the 21st week of the 2008–09 season , on 20 February 2009 , LuaLua scored his first league goal for the club in a 4–2 defeat to Al-Khor . His only other goal for that season came in a 1–0 win over Al-Kharitiyath on 16 April . Return to Olympiacos . During December 2009 , LuaLua left Al-Arabi by mutual consent and rejoined Olympiakos on a six-month contract with an option for the club to extend the contract for two years . LuaLua scored his first goals upon return to Olympiakos , with two against Asteras Tripolis . Omonia . LuaLua signed a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee with Omonia in July 2010 , reuniting with Takis Lemonis for the second time since Olympiakos in 2008 . He scored his first goal on his league debut on 18 September 2010 in a 4–0 win against Alki Larnaca , coming on as a substitute for Georgios Efrem . On 18 May 2011 , LuaLua won the Cypriot Cup with Omonia after winning 4–3 on penalties against Apollon Limassol . Return to England . In September 2011 , after his release by Omonia , LuaLua trained with League One club Hartlepool United , where he linked with former Newcastle United assistant-manager Mick Wadsworth . However , he was offered a contract by Blackpool who play a level above in the Championship . After two substitute appearances , Lualuas first start saw him score twice in Blackpools 5–0 win over Leeds United at Elland Road , Leeds joint-heaviest home defeat. . On 2 January 2012 , he scored his first goal of the new year against Middlesbrough . For the second time in his Blackpool career he was on the score sheet as Blackpool beat Fylde coast neighbours Fleetwood Town 5–1 in the third round of the FA Cup . During a fourth-round FA Cup match against Sheffield Wednesday held on 7 February 2012 , LuaLua scored an impressive right-footed goal from just inside the top-left corner of the 18-yard box into the top-right corner of the goal . Karabükspor . On 24 May 2012 , it was confirmed that LuaLua had turned down a new contract at Blackpool and had signed a two-year deal with Turkish side Kardemir Karabükspor . He is considered one of the best players in first half of Turkish league . Akhisar Belediyespor . On 2 February 2015 , LuaLua signed a contract with Akhisar Belediyespor . He left the club in the winter 2016 . Şanlıurfaspor . On 20 January 2016 , LuaLua signed a contract with Şanlıurfaspor . He left the club in May 2016 . Northern Cyprus . On 12 May 2017 , LuaLua signed a contract with Turkish Cypriot club Merit Alsancak Yeşilova . He played his first friendly game against Bostancı Bağcıl on 11 August . LuaLua ended the 2017–18 KTFF Süper Lig season with nine goals in 23 appearances . After leaving the club in 2018 , LuaLua played for English non-league side Tilbury in July ; featuring for the second half of a 1–0 friendly win versus Hashtag United . For the 2018–19 campaign , LuaLua returned to Northern Cyprus to play with Süper Lig teams Doğan Türk Birliği and Gìrne Halk Evì . Peterborough Sports . On 13 November 2019 , Southern League Premier Division Central side Peterborough Sports announced the signing of LuaLua . He made his debut for the club in January 2020 , coming off the bench in a league match against Hitchin Town . International career . 2002 and 2004 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua was first named by the DR Congo national team in the preliminary squad for the African Nations Cup finals in Mali in January 2002 . He played in the 0–0 draw with Togo , 1–0 loss to Cameroon , 3–1 win over Ivory Coast and the quarter-final match against Senegal , which DR Congo lost 2–0 amid some controversy . LuaLua blamed the referee Domenico Messina for the defeat , We had a lot of fouls which the referee didnt give and there was a penalty right in front of him but he just let the match go on , sometimes they [ the Senegalese ] fell over without being touched , screamed and the referee just gave the foul to them . DR Congos qualifying campaign for the 2004 African Nations Cup in Tunisia began six months after the 2002 tournament ended , with a match against Libya on 8 September , Libya won the match 3–2 . LuaLua initially indicated that he might not play in the match , but did so reluctantly after threats were made to his family , which caused him to reconsider his international career . Robson commented , He didnt want to go and play in that match . But he said he had to go because his grandmother had been threatened . He played in the 2–0 win over Botswana in October 2002 , when he scored inside five minutes but was later sent off for dissent . He was suspended for two matches and his next appearance was in the 0–0 draw with Botswana in July 2003 , which secured qualification for the finals of the competition . LuaLua initially expressed doubts that he would take part in the finals due to club commitments . He was , however , included in the squad and named as captain in the absence of regular captain , Shabani Nonda , who missed the tournament due to a knee injury . LuaLua said on being named as captain , When Shabani plays , it takes the pressure off me but now everyones now looking to me for leadership and I feel honoured . He appeared in the first match of the tournament , a 2–1 defeat to Guinea , but in the next match against the hosts Tunisia , he was sent off , reacting angrily and taking several minutes to leave the pitch . DR Congo went on to lose the match and were eliminated from the tournament . Following his sending off , LuaLua considered giving up international football and criticised the behaviour of the Tunisia players during the match and the organisation of the tournament . He later criticised the national football federation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Congolese Association Football Federation , blaming them for the poor state of the national side , but said that he would continue to be available for international selection because I can never turn my back on my country . I play for Congo because I am proud to do it , and apologised to his country for his sending off against Tunisia . 2006 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua received a four-match suspension for the sending-off and missed several 2006 World Cup qualifying round matches during the summer of June 2004 . He was selected for the World Cup qualifier against South Africa in September , but missed the match due to injury , and was dropped for the next qualifier against Ghana in October . He missed the 1–1 draw with Ghana in March 2005 after a dispute with the DR Congo football association but committed himself to the match against Uganda in June . He scored in a friendly against Guinea played in Paris in August , a match used as preparation for the World Cup qualifying matches the following month . LuaLua played for DR Congo in the 2–1 win over Cape Verde in September but contracted malaria and missed the final World Cup qualifier against South Africa in October . LuaLua was recalled to the DR Congo squad for a friendly against Tunisia played near Paris in November 2005 , as part of the countries preparation for the 2006 African Nations Cup held in Egypt in January and February 2006 . He was unable to play , however , after he was one of several players refused a visa by French immigration authorities . He was named as the captain of DR Congo for the tournament in place of Shabani Nonda who was injured for a second successive Nations Cup . He then delayed his departure to be available to his club Portsmouth for a crucial league match , missing a friendly with Senegal . Despite a pay dispute leading to the DR Congo players threatening to boycott the match , which was only resolved shortly before the kickoff , he returned to the side for DR Congos opening match of the tournament against Togo , assisting in one goal and scoring the other in a 2–0 win . He appeared against Angola and Cameroon as DR Congo qualified for the quarter-finals stage of the tournament , only to be beaten by the hosts Egypt . LuaLuas 18-month-old son died while he was playing in the tournament . Later international career . In the 2008 African Nations Cup qualifier against Ethiopia in April 2007 , LuaLua scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory ; the result extended their lead at the top of their group . He did not travel to Ethiopia for the away fixture in June , which DR Congo lost , as the authorities failed to send LuaLua his travel documents in time . Following the failure of DR Congo to qualify for the tournament in October , the DR Congo sports minister , Pardonne Kaliba , suspended the manager , Henri Depireux , and removed the captaincy from LuaLua . LuaLua returned to the DR Congo squad in the 2010 World Cup qualifier against Egypt in June 2008 . After returning to Greece , he complained of severe stomach pain and was rushed to hospital to have his appendix removed , ruling him out of subsequent matches for several weeks , as DR Congo moved to the top of Group 12 in the second round . Despite topping the group at that point , DR Congo were later eliminated at this stage and therefore failed to progress to the third round of qualifying . In February 2012 , national manager Claude Le Roy confirmed that he was with LuaLua in the aim of him returning to the national team for their Cup of Nations qualifier against Seychelles . He did not play that game , but in December , LuaLua was named for his fourth Africa Cup of Nations in South Africa in 2013 . He started all three matches—all draws—as the team exited from Group C . Personal life . In 2005 , LuaLua became patron of the Haslar Visitors Group , a charity that works with detainees in an immigration removal centre . In the following year , he set up the LuaLua Foundation , building a hostel , sport and education complex in Kinshasa to provide care and education for orphaned children in DR Congo . He is also actively involved in the Show Racism The Red Card campaign and was involved in the launch of a new video entitled A Safe Place , which features Premiership footballers talking about their experiences with racism . LuaLua is a born-again Christian and his former teammate at Portsmouth , Linvoy Primus , was quoted saying We are not scared to say we pray together before games . About 45 minutes before a game we link our arms and just pray that we can glorify God . LuaLua wrote the foreword in You Can Have Chips , the autobiography of his former manager Steve Wignall . External links . - Lomana LuaLua at BBC Sport

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Which team did Lomana LuaLua play for in Aug 2008?

/wiki/Lomana_LuaLua#P54#5

Lomana LuaLua Trésor Lomana LuaLua ( ; born 28 December 1980 ) is a Congolese professional footballer who last played as a striker . He is currently the attacking coach for Spalding United . LuaLua was born in Kinshasa , but moved to England at a young age . After impressing in a college football match , he signed for Colchester United . There he scored a total of 21 goals in 68 appearances which prompted Newcastle United to sign him . However , the competition for places meant he was less of a regular in the first team , and after four seasons and 88 appearances , he transferred to Portsmouth , the club that had previously loaned him for three months while at Newcastle . He remained there for three seasons , but his spell was marred by disciplinary problems and malaria . After leaving Portsmouth , he moved teams frequently , representing sides in Greece , Qatar , Cyprus and Turkey , in addition to a brief return to English football at Blackpool . LuaLua received his first of 31 international caps in 2002 , and scored seven goals in an eleven-year international career . He represented his national team at four Africa Cup of Nations tournaments . LuaLua is also known for setting up the LuaLua Foundation , which provides care for orphans in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and for being a patron for the Haslar Visitors Group . His brother Kazenga , and cousins Trésor Kandol and Yannick Bolasie , all became footballers as well . Early life . LuaLua was born Trésor Lua Lua Lomana – Lua Lua , his grandfathers given name , was passed to him and his brother Kazenga – in Kinshasa , Zaire ( now Democratic Republic of the Congo ) , in 1980 , but moved to England as a young boy in 1989 . His family settled in Forest Gate in London ; there , he attended Forest Gate Community School and started to play football at the age of 16 , while also being involved in gymnastics . His activity in gymnastics was the base of his trademark goal celebration , seven back flips and a backward somersault . LuaLua represented his school at football after he was spotted kicking a tennis ball around in the playground . He was playing for Leyton Sixth Form College , where he studied performing arts , when he was spotted at the age of 17 by second division side , Colchester United . Geoff Harrop , a scout for Colchester Colleges football team , was impressed by LuaLuas performance , He was taking on the whole team by the end of the game and it wasnt hard to pick him out among 22 young 17-year-olds . Harrop invited the striker for a trial at Colchester United and he was signed by the club . His brother , Kazenga LuaLua , is also a professional footballer , and two of his cousins also play professionally ; Yannick Bolasie , and Trésor Kandol . Club career . Colchester United . LuaLua joined Colchester United in September 1998 . Initially , he struggled to adapt and he preferred going to nightclubs over playing for Colchester , Harrop says , It took a lot of hard work by the staff at Colchester . Micky Cook , the director of youth , had to spend endless hours with him and [ manager ] Steve Wignall and then [ the next manager ] Steve Whitton had to spend a lot of time with him talking him through the tactical side of the game and what his role was within the team . LuaLua scored within four minutes of his debut where he appeared as a substitute in a 3–1 defeat to Chesterfield . In two seasons , he made 68 league and cup appearances for Colchester , 44 starts and 24 substitute appearances , scoring a total of 21 goals . His performances attracted the attention of several Premiership clubs and despite manager Steve Whittons denial that LuaLua was for sale , LuaLua joined Newcastle United in September 2000 for a fee of £2.25 million . An earlier offer by Newcastle of £300,000 for LuaLua made by former manager , Ruud Gullit , had been rejected , but the much increased bid offered financial security and assistance towards a new ground and was one that Colchester felt they could not turn down . Newcastle United . LuaLua had been brought to the attention of Newcastle manager , Bobby Robson , by Mick Wadsworth , assistant-manager at Newcastle United , who was a former manager of Colchester . Robson watched LuaLua before deciding to negotiate the transfer , and said , I see [ LuaLua ] as a special talent . He has to learn how to play with the other players but hes a special new talent . He has to be nursed and cherished and taught . But we are buying long-term a very promising talent , a very promising player . LuaLua signed a five-year contract with the club . He made his first-team debut in a 1–0 home defeat to Charlton Athletic in September 2000 and made 23 league and cup appearances for Newcastle in the 2000–01 season without scoring . He scored twice in Newcastles Intertoto Cup campaign at the beginning of the 2001–02 season but his first Premiership goal did not come until April 2002 , when he scored a last-minute winner in a 3–2 away win against Derby County . He scored a further two goals in the remaining four games of the season . LuaLuas goalscoring form continued to the beginning of the 2002–03 season when he scored three goals in his first four games . Tougher competition for a first-team place meant that LuaLua made only 22 appearances in this season . In January 2003 , LuaLua urged Robson to rotate the squad , saying , I think I deserve a chance now , as do many of the lads on the fringes of the team . Although some people might have the idea that those of us not in the team like sitting on the bench and getting paid good money , nothing could be further from the truth . Im not in this for the money , I want to play for the first team and show what I can do on a regular basis . LuaLua also spent much of the beginning of the 2003–04 season on the bench and in November 2003 , complained about his lack of first-team football and indicated that he would consider leaving Newcastle . In the Newcastle Chronicle , Robson responded , saying he would not take advice from a player about how to manage the side : How dare he say this ? I run this football club.. . LuaLua has been a pretty poor professional about all this . What he should do is keep his mouth shut and get out there and do what he is paid for . In the end , he made 88 league and cup appearances for Newcastle , scoring nine goals , having started 21 games and made 67 appearances as a substitute . Portsmouth . In February 2004 , after returning from the 2004 African Cup of Nations , he joined Portsmouth on a three-month loan deal with a view to a permanent deal at the end of the season . LuaLua scored on his debut for Portsmouth in a 4–3 away defeat to Tottenham Hotspur in February 2004 . During this loan spell he scored in the 89th minute in a 1–1 draw for Portsmouth against parent club Newcastle . The result lifted Portsmouth out of the bottom three of the Premiership . This also lead to a change in legislation for the FA introducing standard rules meaning a player on loan could not play against their parent club . He scored four goals in 15 appearances for Portsmouth as they finished in mid-table in their debut season in the Premiership . Manager Harry Redknapp was sufficiently impressed with LuaLuas performances that when his loan spell ended at the end of the 2003–04 season , he signed LuaLua permanently at a cost of £1.75 million . LuaLua made 26 league and cup appearances , scoring six goals , including two against local rivals Southampton , in the 2004–05 season . The season was marred by a groin injury at the beginning and a hamstring injury in May 2005 . Disciplinary problems led to charges by the Football Association of abusive behaviour in December 2004 and improper conduct after he was sent off against Blackburn Rovers in January 2005 , for which he received an extra one-match ban and a fine of £5,000 in addition to a three-match ban for the dismissal . He made 26 appearances in the 2005–06 season , scoring seven goals , but missed several games in the autumn after contracting malaria on a visit to Africa to play for DR Congo . He also missed several games due to international duty at the 2004 African Cup of Nations and missed games in April 2006 after damaging his foot while doing his acrobatic goal celebration during a game against Arsenal . His disciplinary problems continued when he was warned by the Football Association over his future conduct ; this came after he admitted a charge of improper conduct in relation to comments made about referee Uriah Rennie after a 3–1 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur in December . LuaLua signed a new three-year contract in July 2006 ; it was set to keep him at Portsmouth until 2009 . An ankle injury suffered in a pre-season friendly led to LuaLua missing the beginning of the 2006–07 season . He struggled to break back into the first-team , making only eight starts out of 24 appearances , and scored only two goals in that season . Manager Harry Redknapp warned him that he needed to ...start performing and that he had to ...start producing next season . However , he joined Greek club Olympiacos in August 2007 and Redknapp admitted that , Lua wants to move on.. . Ive no doubt hell go away and be a great player for Olympiacos . He wants a change , he wants to play in a role behind the strikers and he wants to move abroad . He will get to play in the Champions League by moving to Greece . He has been a top Premier League player and hell be a top player for them . Olympiacos . On 12 August 2007 , LuaLua signed a three-year contract with Olympiacos for an estimated fee of £2.8 million ( €4.1 million ) . He made his league debut on 2 September , in a 0–0 draw against Panathinaikos . His Champions League debut came on 18 September in a 1–1 draw against Lazio . LuaLua scored his first two goals on 23 September in a 6–2 win over OFI . On 16 January 2008 , LuaLua opened the scoring with a 30-yard volley in the Greek Cup fifth round , which saw Olympiacos progress to the quarter-finals in a 4–0 win against Panathinaikos . LuaLua missed both the knockout stages against Chelsea , having suffered from ankle injuries and a dislocated shoulder , the latter of which he received in a 1–1 draw against Asteras Tripolis . As a result , he missed most of the season , but returned on 20 April 2008 to help Olympiacos win their fourth Super League Greece title , beating Iraklis 3–1 . Before the 2008 Greek Cup Final on 17 May , LuaLua fell out of favour and was deemed surplus to requirements . In total , he made 30 appearances for Olympiacos , scoring six goals . Al-Arabi . Following his injury spell at Olympiacos , LuaLua joined Qatari based club Al-Arabi on a one-year contract in July 2008 . On 30 October , Al-Arabi won the Sheikh Jassim Cup , beating Al-Rayyan Club 3–0 in the final with LuaLua scoring one goal in the seventh minute . In the 21st week of the 2008–09 season , on 20 February 2009 , LuaLua scored his first league goal for the club in a 4–2 defeat to Al-Khor . His only other goal for that season came in a 1–0 win over Al-Kharitiyath on 16 April . Return to Olympiacos . During December 2009 , LuaLua left Al-Arabi by mutual consent and rejoined Olympiakos on a six-month contract with an option for the club to extend the contract for two years . LuaLua scored his first goals upon return to Olympiakos , with two against Asteras Tripolis . Omonia . LuaLua signed a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee with Omonia in July 2010 , reuniting with Takis Lemonis for the second time since Olympiakos in 2008 . He scored his first goal on his league debut on 18 September 2010 in a 4–0 win against Alki Larnaca , coming on as a substitute for Georgios Efrem . On 18 May 2011 , LuaLua won the Cypriot Cup with Omonia after winning 4–3 on penalties against Apollon Limassol . Return to England . In September 2011 , after his release by Omonia , LuaLua trained with League One club Hartlepool United , where he linked with former Newcastle United assistant-manager Mick Wadsworth . However , he was offered a contract by Blackpool who play a level above in the Championship . After two substitute appearances , Lualuas first start saw him score twice in Blackpools 5–0 win over Leeds United at Elland Road , Leeds joint-heaviest home defeat. . On 2 January 2012 , he scored his first goal of the new year against Middlesbrough . For the second time in his Blackpool career he was on the score sheet as Blackpool beat Fylde coast neighbours Fleetwood Town 5–1 in the third round of the FA Cup . During a fourth-round FA Cup match against Sheffield Wednesday held on 7 February 2012 , LuaLua scored an impressive right-footed goal from just inside the top-left corner of the 18-yard box into the top-right corner of the goal . Karabükspor . On 24 May 2012 , it was confirmed that LuaLua had turned down a new contract at Blackpool and had signed a two-year deal with Turkish side Kardemir Karabükspor . He is considered one of the best players in first half of Turkish league . Akhisar Belediyespor . On 2 February 2015 , LuaLua signed a contract with Akhisar Belediyespor . He left the club in the winter 2016 . Şanlıurfaspor . On 20 January 2016 , LuaLua signed a contract with Şanlıurfaspor . He left the club in May 2016 . Northern Cyprus . On 12 May 2017 , LuaLua signed a contract with Turkish Cypriot club Merit Alsancak Yeşilova . He played his first friendly game against Bostancı Bağcıl on 11 August . LuaLua ended the 2017–18 KTFF Süper Lig season with nine goals in 23 appearances . After leaving the club in 2018 , LuaLua played for English non-league side Tilbury in July ; featuring for the second half of a 1–0 friendly win versus Hashtag United . For the 2018–19 campaign , LuaLua returned to Northern Cyprus to play with Süper Lig teams Doğan Türk Birliği and Gìrne Halk Evì . Peterborough Sports . On 13 November 2019 , Southern League Premier Division Central side Peterborough Sports announced the signing of LuaLua . He made his debut for the club in January 2020 , coming off the bench in a league match against Hitchin Town . International career . 2002 and 2004 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua was first named by the DR Congo national team in the preliminary squad for the African Nations Cup finals in Mali in January 2002 . He played in the 0–0 draw with Togo , 1–0 loss to Cameroon , 3–1 win over Ivory Coast and the quarter-final match against Senegal , which DR Congo lost 2–0 amid some controversy . LuaLua blamed the referee Domenico Messina for the defeat , We had a lot of fouls which the referee didnt give and there was a penalty right in front of him but he just let the match go on , sometimes they [ the Senegalese ] fell over without being touched , screamed and the referee just gave the foul to them . DR Congos qualifying campaign for the 2004 African Nations Cup in Tunisia began six months after the 2002 tournament ended , with a match against Libya on 8 September , Libya won the match 3–2 . LuaLua initially indicated that he might not play in the match , but did so reluctantly after threats were made to his family , which caused him to reconsider his international career . Robson commented , He didnt want to go and play in that match . But he said he had to go because his grandmother had been threatened . He played in the 2–0 win over Botswana in October 2002 , when he scored inside five minutes but was later sent off for dissent . He was suspended for two matches and his next appearance was in the 0–0 draw with Botswana in July 2003 , which secured qualification for the finals of the competition . LuaLua initially expressed doubts that he would take part in the finals due to club commitments . He was , however , included in the squad and named as captain in the absence of regular captain , Shabani Nonda , who missed the tournament due to a knee injury . LuaLua said on being named as captain , When Shabani plays , it takes the pressure off me but now everyones now looking to me for leadership and I feel honoured . He appeared in the first match of the tournament , a 2–1 defeat to Guinea , but in the next match against the hosts Tunisia , he was sent off , reacting angrily and taking several minutes to leave the pitch . DR Congo went on to lose the match and were eliminated from the tournament . Following his sending off , LuaLua considered giving up international football and criticised the behaviour of the Tunisia players during the match and the organisation of the tournament . He later criticised the national football federation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Congolese Association Football Federation , blaming them for the poor state of the national side , but said that he would continue to be available for international selection because I can never turn my back on my country . I play for Congo because I am proud to do it , and apologised to his country for his sending off against Tunisia . 2006 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua received a four-match suspension for the sending-off and missed several 2006 World Cup qualifying round matches during the summer of June 2004 . He was selected for the World Cup qualifier against South Africa in September , but missed the match due to injury , and was dropped for the next qualifier against Ghana in October . He missed the 1–1 draw with Ghana in March 2005 after a dispute with the DR Congo football association but committed himself to the match against Uganda in June . He scored in a friendly against Guinea played in Paris in August , a match used as preparation for the World Cup qualifying matches the following month . LuaLua played for DR Congo in the 2–1 win over Cape Verde in September but contracted malaria and missed the final World Cup qualifier against South Africa in October . LuaLua was recalled to the DR Congo squad for a friendly against Tunisia played near Paris in November 2005 , as part of the countries preparation for the 2006 African Nations Cup held in Egypt in January and February 2006 . He was unable to play , however , after he was one of several players refused a visa by French immigration authorities . He was named as the captain of DR Congo for the tournament in place of Shabani Nonda who was injured for a second successive Nations Cup . He then delayed his departure to be available to his club Portsmouth for a crucial league match , missing a friendly with Senegal . Despite a pay dispute leading to the DR Congo players threatening to boycott the match , which was only resolved shortly before the kickoff , he returned to the side for DR Congos opening match of the tournament against Togo , assisting in one goal and scoring the other in a 2–0 win . He appeared against Angola and Cameroon as DR Congo qualified for the quarter-finals stage of the tournament , only to be beaten by the hosts Egypt . LuaLuas 18-month-old son died while he was playing in the tournament . Later international career . In the 2008 African Nations Cup qualifier against Ethiopia in April 2007 , LuaLua scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory ; the result extended their lead at the top of their group . He did not travel to Ethiopia for the away fixture in June , which DR Congo lost , as the authorities failed to send LuaLua his travel documents in time . Following the failure of DR Congo to qualify for the tournament in October , the DR Congo sports minister , Pardonne Kaliba , suspended the manager , Henri Depireux , and removed the captaincy from LuaLua . LuaLua returned to the DR Congo squad in the 2010 World Cup qualifier against Egypt in June 2008 . After returning to Greece , he complained of severe stomach pain and was rushed to hospital to have his appendix removed , ruling him out of subsequent matches for several weeks , as DR Congo moved to the top of Group 12 in the second round . Despite topping the group at that point , DR Congo were later eliminated at this stage and therefore failed to progress to the third round of qualifying . In February 2012 , national manager Claude Le Roy confirmed that he was with LuaLua in the aim of him returning to the national team for their Cup of Nations qualifier against Seychelles . He did not play that game , but in December , LuaLua was named for his fourth Africa Cup of Nations in South Africa in 2013 . He started all three matches—all draws—as the team exited from Group C . Personal life . In 2005 , LuaLua became patron of the Haslar Visitors Group , a charity that works with detainees in an immigration removal centre . In the following year , he set up the LuaLua Foundation , building a hostel , sport and education complex in Kinshasa to provide care and education for orphaned children in DR Congo . He is also actively involved in the Show Racism The Red Card campaign and was involved in the launch of a new video entitled A Safe Place , which features Premiership footballers talking about their experiences with racism . LuaLua is a born-again Christian and his former teammate at Portsmouth , Linvoy Primus , was quoted saying We are not scared to say we pray together before games . About 45 minutes before a game we link our arms and just pray that we can glorify God . LuaLua wrote the foreword in You Can Have Chips , the autobiography of his former manager Steve Wignall . External links . - Lomana LuaLua at BBC Sport

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Which team did Lomana LuaLua play for between Jul 2009 and Sep 2009?

/wiki/Lomana_LuaLua#P54#6

Lomana LuaLua Trésor Lomana LuaLua ( ; born 28 December 1980 ) is a Congolese professional footballer who last played as a striker . He is currently the attacking coach for Spalding United . LuaLua was born in Kinshasa , but moved to England at a young age . After impressing in a college football match , he signed for Colchester United . There he scored a total of 21 goals in 68 appearances which prompted Newcastle United to sign him . However , the competition for places meant he was less of a regular in the first team , and after four seasons and 88 appearances , he transferred to Portsmouth , the club that had previously loaned him for three months while at Newcastle . He remained there for three seasons , but his spell was marred by disciplinary problems and malaria . After leaving Portsmouth , he moved teams frequently , representing sides in Greece , Qatar , Cyprus and Turkey , in addition to a brief return to English football at Blackpool . LuaLua received his first of 31 international caps in 2002 , and scored seven goals in an eleven-year international career . He represented his national team at four Africa Cup of Nations tournaments . LuaLua is also known for setting up the LuaLua Foundation , which provides care for orphans in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and for being a patron for the Haslar Visitors Group . His brother Kazenga , and cousins Trésor Kandol and Yannick Bolasie , all became footballers as well . Early life . LuaLua was born Trésor Lua Lua Lomana – Lua Lua , his grandfathers given name , was passed to him and his brother Kazenga – in Kinshasa , Zaire ( now Democratic Republic of the Congo ) , in 1980 , but moved to England as a young boy in 1989 . His family settled in Forest Gate in London ; there , he attended Forest Gate Community School and started to play football at the age of 16 , while also being involved in gymnastics . His activity in gymnastics was the base of his trademark goal celebration , seven back flips and a backward somersault . LuaLua represented his school at football after he was spotted kicking a tennis ball around in the playground . He was playing for Leyton Sixth Form College , where he studied performing arts , when he was spotted at the age of 17 by second division side , Colchester United . Geoff Harrop , a scout for Colchester Colleges football team , was impressed by LuaLuas performance , He was taking on the whole team by the end of the game and it wasnt hard to pick him out among 22 young 17-year-olds . Harrop invited the striker for a trial at Colchester United and he was signed by the club . His brother , Kazenga LuaLua , is also a professional footballer , and two of his cousins also play professionally ; Yannick Bolasie , and Trésor Kandol . Club career . Colchester United . LuaLua joined Colchester United in September 1998 . Initially , he struggled to adapt and he preferred going to nightclubs over playing for Colchester , Harrop says , It took a lot of hard work by the staff at Colchester . Micky Cook , the director of youth , had to spend endless hours with him and [ manager ] Steve Wignall and then [ the next manager ] Steve Whitton had to spend a lot of time with him talking him through the tactical side of the game and what his role was within the team . LuaLua scored within four minutes of his debut where he appeared as a substitute in a 3–1 defeat to Chesterfield . In two seasons , he made 68 league and cup appearances for Colchester , 44 starts and 24 substitute appearances , scoring a total of 21 goals . His performances attracted the attention of several Premiership clubs and despite manager Steve Whittons denial that LuaLua was for sale , LuaLua joined Newcastle United in September 2000 for a fee of £2.25 million . An earlier offer by Newcastle of £300,000 for LuaLua made by former manager , Ruud Gullit , had been rejected , but the much increased bid offered financial security and assistance towards a new ground and was one that Colchester felt they could not turn down . Newcastle United . LuaLua had been brought to the attention of Newcastle manager , Bobby Robson , by Mick Wadsworth , assistant-manager at Newcastle United , who was a former manager of Colchester . Robson watched LuaLua before deciding to negotiate the transfer , and said , I see [ LuaLua ] as a special talent . He has to learn how to play with the other players but hes a special new talent . He has to be nursed and cherished and taught . But we are buying long-term a very promising talent , a very promising player . LuaLua signed a five-year contract with the club . He made his first-team debut in a 1–0 home defeat to Charlton Athletic in September 2000 and made 23 league and cup appearances for Newcastle in the 2000–01 season without scoring . He scored twice in Newcastles Intertoto Cup campaign at the beginning of the 2001–02 season but his first Premiership goal did not come until April 2002 , when he scored a last-minute winner in a 3–2 away win against Derby County . He scored a further two goals in the remaining four games of the season . LuaLuas goalscoring form continued to the beginning of the 2002–03 season when he scored three goals in his first four games . Tougher competition for a first-team place meant that LuaLua made only 22 appearances in this season . In January 2003 , LuaLua urged Robson to rotate the squad , saying , I think I deserve a chance now , as do many of the lads on the fringes of the team . Although some people might have the idea that those of us not in the team like sitting on the bench and getting paid good money , nothing could be further from the truth . Im not in this for the money , I want to play for the first team and show what I can do on a regular basis . LuaLua also spent much of the beginning of the 2003–04 season on the bench and in November 2003 , complained about his lack of first-team football and indicated that he would consider leaving Newcastle . In the Newcastle Chronicle , Robson responded , saying he would not take advice from a player about how to manage the side : How dare he say this ? I run this football club.. . LuaLua has been a pretty poor professional about all this . What he should do is keep his mouth shut and get out there and do what he is paid for . In the end , he made 88 league and cup appearances for Newcastle , scoring nine goals , having started 21 games and made 67 appearances as a substitute . Portsmouth . In February 2004 , after returning from the 2004 African Cup of Nations , he joined Portsmouth on a three-month loan deal with a view to a permanent deal at the end of the season . LuaLua scored on his debut for Portsmouth in a 4–3 away defeat to Tottenham Hotspur in February 2004 . During this loan spell he scored in the 89th minute in a 1–1 draw for Portsmouth against parent club Newcastle . The result lifted Portsmouth out of the bottom three of the Premiership . This also lead to a change in legislation for the FA introducing standard rules meaning a player on loan could not play against their parent club . He scored four goals in 15 appearances for Portsmouth as they finished in mid-table in their debut season in the Premiership . Manager Harry Redknapp was sufficiently impressed with LuaLuas performances that when his loan spell ended at the end of the 2003–04 season , he signed LuaLua permanently at a cost of £1.75 million . LuaLua made 26 league and cup appearances , scoring six goals , including two against local rivals Southampton , in the 2004–05 season . The season was marred by a groin injury at the beginning and a hamstring injury in May 2005 . Disciplinary problems led to charges by the Football Association of abusive behaviour in December 2004 and improper conduct after he was sent off against Blackburn Rovers in January 2005 , for which he received an extra one-match ban and a fine of £5,000 in addition to a three-match ban for the dismissal . He made 26 appearances in the 2005–06 season , scoring seven goals , but missed several games in the autumn after contracting malaria on a visit to Africa to play for DR Congo . He also missed several games due to international duty at the 2004 African Cup of Nations and missed games in April 2006 after damaging his foot while doing his acrobatic goal celebration during a game against Arsenal . His disciplinary problems continued when he was warned by the Football Association over his future conduct ; this came after he admitted a charge of improper conduct in relation to comments made about referee Uriah Rennie after a 3–1 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur in December . LuaLua signed a new three-year contract in July 2006 ; it was set to keep him at Portsmouth until 2009 . An ankle injury suffered in a pre-season friendly led to LuaLua missing the beginning of the 2006–07 season . He struggled to break back into the first-team , making only eight starts out of 24 appearances , and scored only two goals in that season . Manager Harry Redknapp warned him that he needed to ...start performing and that he had to ...start producing next season . However , he joined Greek club Olympiacos in August 2007 and Redknapp admitted that , Lua wants to move on.. . Ive no doubt hell go away and be a great player for Olympiacos . He wants a change , he wants to play in a role behind the strikers and he wants to move abroad . He will get to play in the Champions League by moving to Greece . He has been a top Premier League player and hell be a top player for them . Olympiacos . On 12 August 2007 , LuaLua signed a three-year contract with Olympiacos for an estimated fee of £2.8 million ( €4.1 million ) . He made his league debut on 2 September , in a 0–0 draw against Panathinaikos . His Champions League debut came on 18 September in a 1–1 draw against Lazio . LuaLua scored his first two goals on 23 September in a 6–2 win over OFI . On 16 January 2008 , LuaLua opened the scoring with a 30-yard volley in the Greek Cup fifth round , which saw Olympiacos progress to the quarter-finals in a 4–0 win against Panathinaikos . LuaLua missed both the knockout stages against Chelsea , having suffered from ankle injuries and a dislocated shoulder , the latter of which he received in a 1–1 draw against Asteras Tripolis . As a result , he missed most of the season , but returned on 20 April 2008 to help Olympiacos win their fourth Super League Greece title , beating Iraklis 3–1 . Before the 2008 Greek Cup Final on 17 May , LuaLua fell out of favour and was deemed surplus to requirements . In total , he made 30 appearances for Olympiacos , scoring six goals . Al-Arabi . Following his injury spell at Olympiacos , LuaLua joined Qatari based club Al-Arabi on a one-year contract in July 2008 . On 30 October , Al-Arabi won the Sheikh Jassim Cup , beating Al-Rayyan Club 3–0 in the final with LuaLua scoring one goal in the seventh minute . In the 21st week of the 2008–09 season , on 20 February 2009 , LuaLua scored his first league goal for the club in a 4–2 defeat to Al-Khor . His only other goal for that season came in a 1–0 win over Al-Kharitiyath on 16 April . Return to Olympiacos . During December 2009 , LuaLua left Al-Arabi by mutual consent and rejoined Olympiakos on a six-month contract with an option for the club to extend the contract for two years . LuaLua scored his first goals upon return to Olympiakos , with two against Asteras Tripolis . Omonia . LuaLua signed a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee with Omonia in July 2010 , reuniting with Takis Lemonis for the second time since Olympiakos in 2008 . He scored his first goal on his league debut on 18 September 2010 in a 4–0 win against Alki Larnaca , coming on as a substitute for Georgios Efrem . On 18 May 2011 , LuaLua won the Cypriot Cup with Omonia after winning 4–3 on penalties against Apollon Limassol . Return to England . In September 2011 , after his release by Omonia , LuaLua trained with League One club Hartlepool United , where he linked with former Newcastle United assistant-manager Mick Wadsworth . However , he was offered a contract by Blackpool who play a level above in the Championship . After two substitute appearances , Lualuas first start saw him score twice in Blackpools 5–0 win over Leeds United at Elland Road , Leeds joint-heaviest home defeat. . On 2 January 2012 , he scored his first goal of the new year against Middlesbrough . For the second time in his Blackpool career he was on the score sheet as Blackpool beat Fylde coast neighbours Fleetwood Town 5–1 in the third round of the FA Cup . During a fourth-round FA Cup match against Sheffield Wednesday held on 7 February 2012 , LuaLua scored an impressive right-footed goal from just inside the top-left corner of the 18-yard box into the top-right corner of the goal . Karabükspor . On 24 May 2012 , it was confirmed that LuaLua had turned down a new contract at Blackpool and had signed a two-year deal with Turkish side Kardemir Karabükspor . He is considered one of the best players in first half of Turkish league . Akhisar Belediyespor . On 2 February 2015 , LuaLua signed a contract with Akhisar Belediyespor . He left the club in the winter 2016 . Şanlıurfaspor . On 20 January 2016 , LuaLua signed a contract with Şanlıurfaspor . He left the club in May 2016 . Northern Cyprus . On 12 May 2017 , LuaLua signed a contract with Turkish Cypriot club Merit Alsancak Yeşilova . He played his first friendly game against Bostancı Bağcıl on 11 August . LuaLua ended the 2017–18 KTFF Süper Lig season with nine goals in 23 appearances . After leaving the club in 2018 , LuaLua played for English non-league side Tilbury in July ; featuring for the second half of a 1–0 friendly win versus Hashtag United . For the 2018–19 campaign , LuaLua returned to Northern Cyprus to play with Süper Lig teams Doğan Türk Birliği and Gìrne Halk Evì . Peterborough Sports . On 13 November 2019 , Southern League Premier Division Central side Peterborough Sports announced the signing of LuaLua . He made his debut for the club in January 2020 , coming off the bench in a league match against Hitchin Town . International career . 2002 and 2004 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua was first named by the DR Congo national team in the preliminary squad for the African Nations Cup finals in Mali in January 2002 . He played in the 0–0 draw with Togo , 1–0 loss to Cameroon , 3–1 win over Ivory Coast and the quarter-final match against Senegal , which DR Congo lost 2–0 amid some controversy . LuaLua blamed the referee Domenico Messina for the defeat , We had a lot of fouls which the referee didnt give and there was a penalty right in front of him but he just let the match go on , sometimes they [ the Senegalese ] fell over without being touched , screamed and the referee just gave the foul to them . DR Congos qualifying campaign for the 2004 African Nations Cup in Tunisia began six months after the 2002 tournament ended , with a match against Libya on 8 September , Libya won the match 3–2 . LuaLua initially indicated that he might not play in the match , but did so reluctantly after threats were made to his family , which caused him to reconsider his international career . Robson commented , He didnt want to go and play in that match . But he said he had to go because his grandmother had been threatened . He played in the 2–0 win over Botswana in October 2002 , when he scored inside five minutes but was later sent off for dissent . He was suspended for two matches and his next appearance was in the 0–0 draw with Botswana in July 2003 , which secured qualification for the finals of the competition . LuaLua initially expressed doubts that he would take part in the finals due to club commitments . He was , however , included in the squad and named as captain in the absence of regular captain , Shabani Nonda , who missed the tournament due to a knee injury . LuaLua said on being named as captain , When Shabani plays , it takes the pressure off me but now everyones now looking to me for leadership and I feel honoured . He appeared in the first match of the tournament , a 2–1 defeat to Guinea , but in the next match against the hosts Tunisia , he was sent off , reacting angrily and taking several minutes to leave the pitch . DR Congo went on to lose the match and were eliminated from the tournament . Following his sending off , LuaLua considered giving up international football and criticised the behaviour of the Tunisia players during the match and the organisation of the tournament . He later criticised the national football federation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Congolese Association Football Federation , blaming them for the poor state of the national side , but said that he would continue to be available for international selection because I can never turn my back on my country . I play for Congo because I am proud to do it , and apologised to his country for his sending off against Tunisia . 2006 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua received a four-match suspension for the sending-off and missed several 2006 World Cup qualifying round matches during the summer of June 2004 . He was selected for the World Cup qualifier against South Africa in September , but missed the match due to injury , and was dropped for the next qualifier against Ghana in October . He missed the 1–1 draw with Ghana in March 2005 after a dispute with the DR Congo football association but committed himself to the match against Uganda in June . He scored in a friendly against Guinea played in Paris in August , a match used as preparation for the World Cup qualifying matches the following month . LuaLua played for DR Congo in the 2–1 win over Cape Verde in September but contracted malaria and missed the final World Cup qualifier against South Africa in October . LuaLua was recalled to the DR Congo squad for a friendly against Tunisia played near Paris in November 2005 , as part of the countries preparation for the 2006 African Nations Cup held in Egypt in January and February 2006 . He was unable to play , however , after he was one of several players refused a visa by French immigration authorities . He was named as the captain of DR Congo for the tournament in place of Shabani Nonda who was injured for a second successive Nations Cup . He then delayed his departure to be available to his club Portsmouth for a crucial league match , missing a friendly with Senegal . Despite a pay dispute leading to the DR Congo players threatening to boycott the match , which was only resolved shortly before the kickoff , he returned to the side for DR Congos opening match of the tournament against Togo , assisting in one goal and scoring the other in a 2–0 win . He appeared against Angola and Cameroon as DR Congo qualified for the quarter-finals stage of the tournament , only to be beaten by the hosts Egypt . LuaLuas 18-month-old son died while he was playing in the tournament . Later international career . In the 2008 African Nations Cup qualifier against Ethiopia in April 2007 , LuaLua scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory ; the result extended their lead at the top of their group . He did not travel to Ethiopia for the away fixture in June , which DR Congo lost , as the authorities failed to send LuaLua his travel documents in time . Following the failure of DR Congo to qualify for the tournament in October , the DR Congo sports minister , Pardonne Kaliba , suspended the manager , Henri Depireux , and removed the captaincy from LuaLua . LuaLua returned to the DR Congo squad in the 2010 World Cup qualifier against Egypt in June 2008 . After returning to Greece , he complained of severe stomach pain and was rushed to hospital to have his appendix removed , ruling him out of subsequent matches for several weeks , as DR Congo moved to the top of Group 12 in the second round . Despite topping the group at that point , DR Congo were later eliminated at this stage and therefore failed to progress to the third round of qualifying . In February 2012 , national manager Claude Le Roy confirmed that he was with LuaLua in the aim of him returning to the national team for their Cup of Nations qualifier against Seychelles . He did not play that game , but in December , LuaLua was named for his fourth Africa Cup of Nations in South Africa in 2013 . He started all three matches—all draws—as the team exited from Group C . Personal life . In 2005 , LuaLua became patron of the Haslar Visitors Group , a charity that works with detainees in an immigration removal centre . In the following year , he set up the LuaLua Foundation , building a hostel , sport and education complex in Kinshasa to provide care and education for orphaned children in DR Congo . He is also actively involved in the Show Racism The Red Card campaign and was involved in the launch of a new video entitled A Safe Place , which features Premiership footballers talking about their experiences with racism . LuaLua is a born-again Christian and his former teammate at Portsmouth , Linvoy Primus , was quoted saying We are not scared to say we pray together before games . About 45 minutes before a game we link our arms and just pray that we can glorify God . LuaLua wrote the foreword in You Can Have Chips , the autobiography of his former manager Steve Wignall . External links . - Lomana LuaLua at BBC Sport

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Which team did Lomana LuaLua play for in Jun 2010?

/wiki/Lomana_LuaLua#P54#7

Lomana LuaLua Trésor Lomana LuaLua ( ; born 28 December 1980 ) is a Congolese professional footballer who last played as a striker . He is currently the attacking coach for Spalding United . LuaLua was born in Kinshasa , but moved to England at a young age . After impressing in a college football match , he signed for Colchester United . There he scored a total of 21 goals in 68 appearances which prompted Newcastle United to sign him . However , the competition for places meant he was less of a regular in the first team , and after four seasons and 88 appearances , he transferred to Portsmouth , the club that had previously loaned him for three months while at Newcastle . He remained there for three seasons , but his spell was marred by disciplinary problems and malaria . After leaving Portsmouth , he moved teams frequently , representing sides in Greece , Qatar , Cyprus and Turkey , in addition to a brief return to English football at Blackpool . LuaLua received his first of 31 international caps in 2002 , and scored seven goals in an eleven-year international career . He represented his national team at four Africa Cup of Nations tournaments . LuaLua is also known for setting up the LuaLua Foundation , which provides care for orphans in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and for being a patron for the Haslar Visitors Group . His brother Kazenga , and cousins Trésor Kandol and Yannick Bolasie , all became footballers as well . Early life . LuaLua was born Trésor Lua Lua Lomana – Lua Lua , his grandfathers given name , was passed to him and his brother Kazenga – in Kinshasa , Zaire ( now Democratic Republic of the Congo ) , in 1980 , but moved to England as a young boy in 1989 . His family settled in Forest Gate in London ; there , he attended Forest Gate Community School and started to play football at the age of 16 , while also being involved in gymnastics . His activity in gymnastics was the base of his trademark goal celebration , seven back flips and a backward somersault . LuaLua represented his school at football after he was spotted kicking a tennis ball around in the playground . He was playing for Leyton Sixth Form College , where he studied performing arts , when he was spotted at the age of 17 by second division side , Colchester United . Geoff Harrop , a scout for Colchester Colleges football team , was impressed by LuaLuas performance , He was taking on the whole team by the end of the game and it wasnt hard to pick him out among 22 young 17-year-olds . Harrop invited the striker for a trial at Colchester United and he was signed by the club . His brother , Kazenga LuaLua , is also a professional footballer , and two of his cousins also play professionally ; Yannick Bolasie , and Trésor Kandol . Club career . Colchester United . LuaLua joined Colchester United in September 1998 . Initially , he struggled to adapt and he preferred going to nightclubs over playing for Colchester , Harrop says , It took a lot of hard work by the staff at Colchester . Micky Cook , the director of youth , had to spend endless hours with him and [ manager ] Steve Wignall and then [ the next manager ] Steve Whitton had to spend a lot of time with him talking him through the tactical side of the game and what his role was within the team . LuaLua scored within four minutes of his debut where he appeared as a substitute in a 3–1 defeat to Chesterfield . In two seasons , he made 68 league and cup appearances for Colchester , 44 starts and 24 substitute appearances , scoring a total of 21 goals . His performances attracted the attention of several Premiership clubs and despite manager Steve Whittons denial that LuaLua was for sale , LuaLua joined Newcastle United in September 2000 for a fee of £2.25 million . An earlier offer by Newcastle of £300,000 for LuaLua made by former manager , Ruud Gullit , had been rejected , but the much increased bid offered financial security and assistance towards a new ground and was one that Colchester felt they could not turn down . Newcastle United . LuaLua had been brought to the attention of Newcastle manager , Bobby Robson , by Mick Wadsworth , assistant-manager at Newcastle United , who was a former manager of Colchester . Robson watched LuaLua before deciding to negotiate the transfer , and said , I see [ LuaLua ] as a special talent . He has to learn how to play with the other players but hes a special new talent . He has to be nursed and cherished and taught . But we are buying long-term a very promising talent , a very promising player . LuaLua signed a five-year contract with the club . He made his first-team debut in a 1–0 home defeat to Charlton Athletic in September 2000 and made 23 league and cup appearances for Newcastle in the 2000–01 season without scoring . He scored twice in Newcastles Intertoto Cup campaign at the beginning of the 2001–02 season but his first Premiership goal did not come until April 2002 , when he scored a last-minute winner in a 3–2 away win against Derby County . He scored a further two goals in the remaining four games of the season . LuaLuas goalscoring form continued to the beginning of the 2002–03 season when he scored three goals in his first four games . Tougher competition for a first-team place meant that LuaLua made only 22 appearances in this season . In January 2003 , LuaLua urged Robson to rotate the squad , saying , I think I deserve a chance now , as do many of the lads on the fringes of the team . Although some people might have the idea that those of us not in the team like sitting on the bench and getting paid good money , nothing could be further from the truth . Im not in this for the money , I want to play for the first team and show what I can do on a regular basis . LuaLua also spent much of the beginning of the 2003–04 season on the bench and in November 2003 , complained about his lack of first-team football and indicated that he would consider leaving Newcastle . In the Newcastle Chronicle , Robson responded , saying he would not take advice from a player about how to manage the side : How dare he say this ? I run this football club.. . LuaLua has been a pretty poor professional about all this . What he should do is keep his mouth shut and get out there and do what he is paid for . In the end , he made 88 league and cup appearances for Newcastle , scoring nine goals , having started 21 games and made 67 appearances as a substitute . Portsmouth . In February 2004 , after returning from the 2004 African Cup of Nations , he joined Portsmouth on a three-month loan deal with a view to a permanent deal at the end of the season . LuaLua scored on his debut for Portsmouth in a 4–3 away defeat to Tottenham Hotspur in February 2004 . During this loan spell he scored in the 89th minute in a 1–1 draw for Portsmouth against parent club Newcastle . The result lifted Portsmouth out of the bottom three of the Premiership . This also lead to a change in legislation for the FA introducing standard rules meaning a player on loan could not play against their parent club . He scored four goals in 15 appearances for Portsmouth as they finished in mid-table in their debut season in the Premiership . Manager Harry Redknapp was sufficiently impressed with LuaLuas performances that when his loan spell ended at the end of the 2003–04 season , he signed LuaLua permanently at a cost of £1.75 million . LuaLua made 26 league and cup appearances , scoring six goals , including two against local rivals Southampton , in the 2004–05 season . The season was marred by a groin injury at the beginning and a hamstring injury in May 2005 . Disciplinary problems led to charges by the Football Association of abusive behaviour in December 2004 and improper conduct after he was sent off against Blackburn Rovers in January 2005 , for which he received an extra one-match ban and a fine of £5,000 in addition to a three-match ban for the dismissal . He made 26 appearances in the 2005–06 season , scoring seven goals , but missed several games in the autumn after contracting malaria on a visit to Africa to play for DR Congo . He also missed several games due to international duty at the 2004 African Cup of Nations and missed games in April 2006 after damaging his foot while doing his acrobatic goal celebration during a game against Arsenal . His disciplinary problems continued when he was warned by the Football Association over his future conduct ; this came after he admitted a charge of improper conduct in relation to comments made about referee Uriah Rennie after a 3–1 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur in December . LuaLua signed a new three-year contract in July 2006 ; it was set to keep him at Portsmouth until 2009 . An ankle injury suffered in a pre-season friendly led to LuaLua missing the beginning of the 2006–07 season . He struggled to break back into the first-team , making only eight starts out of 24 appearances , and scored only two goals in that season . Manager Harry Redknapp warned him that he needed to ...start performing and that he had to ...start producing next season . However , he joined Greek club Olympiacos in August 2007 and Redknapp admitted that , Lua wants to move on.. . Ive no doubt hell go away and be a great player for Olympiacos . He wants a change , he wants to play in a role behind the strikers and he wants to move abroad . He will get to play in the Champions League by moving to Greece . He has been a top Premier League player and hell be a top player for them . Olympiacos . On 12 August 2007 , LuaLua signed a three-year contract with Olympiacos for an estimated fee of £2.8 million ( €4.1 million ) . He made his league debut on 2 September , in a 0–0 draw against Panathinaikos . His Champions League debut came on 18 September in a 1–1 draw against Lazio . LuaLua scored his first two goals on 23 September in a 6–2 win over OFI . On 16 January 2008 , LuaLua opened the scoring with a 30-yard volley in the Greek Cup fifth round , which saw Olympiacos progress to the quarter-finals in a 4–0 win against Panathinaikos . LuaLua missed both the knockout stages against Chelsea , having suffered from ankle injuries and a dislocated shoulder , the latter of which he received in a 1–1 draw against Asteras Tripolis . As a result , he missed most of the season , but returned on 20 April 2008 to help Olympiacos win their fourth Super League Greece title , beating Iraklis 3–1 . Before the 2008 Greek Cup Final on 17 May , LuaLua fell out of favour and was deemed surplus to requirements . In total , he made 30 appearances for Olympiacos , scoring six goals . Al-Arabi . Following his injury spell at Olympiacos , LuaLua joined Qatari based club Al-Arabi on a one-year contract in July 2008 . On 30 October , Al-Arabi won the Sheikh Jassim Cup , beating Al-Rayyan Club 3–0 in the final with LuaLua scoring one goal in the seventh minute . In the 21st week of the 2008–09 season , on 20 February 2009 , LuaLua scored his first league goal for the club in a 4–2 defeat to Al-Khor . His only other goal for that season came in a 1–0 win over Al-Kharitiyath on 16 April . Return to Olympiacos . During December 2009 , LuaLua left Al-Arabi by mutual consent and rejoined Olympiakos on a six-month contract with an option for the club to extend the contract for two years . LuaLua scored his first goals upon return to Olympiakos , with two against Asteras Tripolis . Omonia . LuaLua signed a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee with Omonia in July 2010 , reuniting with Takis Lemonis for the second time since Olympiakos in 2008 . He scored his first goal on his league debut on 18 September 2010 in a 4–0 win against Alki Larnaca , coming on as a substitute for Georgios Efrem . On 18 May 2011 , LuaLua won the Cypriot Cup with Omonia after winning 4–3 on penalties against Apollon Limassol . Return to England . In September 2011 , after his release by Omonia , LuaLua trained with League One club Hartlepool United , where he linked with former Newcastle United assistant-manager Mick Wadsworth . However , he was offered a contract by Blackpool who play a level above in the Championship . After two substitute appearances , Lualuas first start saw him score twice in Blackpools 5–0 win over Leeds United at Elland Road , Leeds joint-heaviest home defeat. . On 2 January 2012 , he scored his first goal of the new year against Middlesbrough . For the second time in his Blackpool career he was on the score sheet as Blackpool beat Fylde coast neighbours Fleetwood Town 5–1 in the third round of the FA Cup . During a fourth-round FA Cup match against Sheffield Wednesday held on 7 February 2012 , LuaLua scored an impressive right-footed goal from just inside the top-left corner of the 18-yard box into the top-right corner of the goal . Karabükspor . On 24 May 2012 , it was confirmed that LuaLua had turned down a new contract at Blackpool and had signed a two-year deal with Turkish side Kardemir Karabükspor . He is considered one of the best players in first half of Turkish league . Akhisar Belediyespor . On 2 February 2015 , LuaLua signed a contract with Akhisar Belediyespor . He left the club in the winter 2016 . Şanlıurfaspor . On 20 January 2016 , LuaLua signed a contract with Şanlıurfaspor . He left the club in May 2016 . Northern Cyprus . On 12 May 2017 , LuaLua signed a contract with Turkish Cypriot club Merit Alsancak Yeşilova . He played his first friendly game against Bostancı Bağcıl on 11 August . LuaLua ended the 2017–18 KTFF Süper Lig season with nine goals in 23 appearances . After leaving the club in 2018 , LuaLua played for English non-league side Tilbury in July ; featuring for the second half of a 1–0 friendly win versus Hashtag United . For the 2018–19 campaign , LuaLua returned to Northern Cyprus to play with Süper Lig teams Doğan Türk Birliği and Gìrne Halk Evì . Peterborough Sports . On 13 November 2019 , Southern League Premier Division Central side Peterborough Sports announced the signing of LuaLua . He made his debut for the club in January 2020 , coming off the bench in a league match against Hitchin Town . International career . 2002 and 2004 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua was first named by the DR Congo national team in the preliminary squad for the African Nations Cup finals in Mali in January 2002 . He played in the 0–0 draw with Togo , 1–0 loss to Cameroon , 3–1 win over Ivory Coast and the quarter-final match against Senegal , which DR Congo lost 2–0 amid some controversy . LuaLua blamed the referee Domenico Messina for the defeat , We had a lot of fouls which the referee didnt give and there was a penalty right in front of him but he just let the match go on , sometimes they [ the Senegalese ] fell over without being touched , screamed and the referee just gave the foul to them . DR Congos qualifying campaign for the 2004 African Nations Cup in Tunisia began six months after the 2002 tournament ended , with a match against Libya on 8 September , Libya won the match 3–2 . LuaLua initially indicated that he might not play in the match , but did so reluctantly after threats were made to his family , which caused him to reconsider his international career . Robson commented , He didnt want to go and play in that match . But he said he had to go because his grandmother had been threatened . He played in the 2–0 win over Botswana in October 2002 , when he scored inside five minutes but was later sent off for dissent . He was suspended for two matches and his next appearance was in the 0–0 draw with Botswana in July 2003 , which secured qualification for the finals of the competition . LuaLua initially expressed doubts that he would take part in the finals due to club commitments . He was , however , included in the squad and named as captain in the absence of regular captain , Shabani Nonda , who missed the tournament due to a knee injury . LuaLua said on being named as captain , When Shabani plays , it takes the pressure off me but now everyones now looking to me for leadership and I feel honoured . He appeared in the first match of the tournament , a 2–1 defeat to Guinea , but in the next match against the hosts Tunisia , he was sent off , reacting angrily and taking several minutes to leave the pitch . DR Congo went on to lose the match and were eliminated from the tournament . Following his sending off , LuaLua considered giving up international football and criticised the behaviour of the Tunisia players during the match and the organisation of the tournament . He later criticised the national football federation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo , the Congolese Association Football Federation , blaming them for the poor state of the national side , but said that he would continue to be available for international selection because I can never turn my back on my country . I play for Congo because I am proud to do it , and apologised to his country for his sending off against Tunisia . 2006 Africa Cup of Nations . LuaLua received a four-match suspension for the sending-off and missed several 2006 World Cup qualifying round matches during the summer of June 2004 . He was selected for the World Cup qualifier against South Africa in September , but missed the match due to injury , and was dropped for the next qualifier against Ghana in October . He missed the 1–1 draw with Ghana in March 2005 after a dispute with the DR Congo football association but committed himself to the match against Uganda in June . He scored in a friendly against Guinea played in Paris in August , a match used as preparation for the World Cup qualifying matches the following month . LuaLua played for DR Congo in the 2–1 win over Cape Verde in September but contracted malaria and missed the final World Cup qualifier against South Africa in October . LuaLua was recalled to the DR Congo squad for a friendly against Tunisia played near Paris in November 2005 , as part of the countries preparation for the 2006 African Nations Cup held in Egypt in January and February 2006 . He was unable to play , however , after he was one of several players refused a visa by French immigration authorities . He was named as the captain of DR Congo for the tournament in place of Shabani Nonda who was injured for a second successive Nations Cup . He then delayed his departure to be available to his club Portsmouth for a crucial league match , missing a friendly with Senegal . Despite a pay dispute leading to the DR Congo players threatening to boycott the match , which was only resolved shortly before the kickoff , he returned to the side for DR Congos opening match of the tournament against Togo , assisting in one goal and scoring the other in a 2–0 win . He appeared against Angola and Cameroon as DR Congo qualified for the quarter-finals stage of the tournament , only to be beaten by the hosts Egypt . LuaLuas 18-month-old son died while he was playing in the tournament . Later international career . In the 2008 African Nations Cup qualifier against Ethiopia in April 2007 , LuaLua scored the second goal in a 2–0 victory ; the result extended their lead at the top of their group . He did not travel to Ethiopia for the away fixture in June , which DR Congo lost , as the authorities failed to send LuaLua his travel documents in time . Following the failure of DR Congo to qualify for the tournament in October , the DR Congo sports minister , Pardonne Kaliba , suspended the manager , Henri Depireux , and removed the captaincy from LuaLua . LuaLua returned to the DR Congo squad in the 2010 World Cup qualifier against Egypt in June 2008 . After returning to Greece , he complained of severe stomach pain and was rushed to hospital to have his appendix removed , ruling him out of subsequent matches for several weeks , as DR Congo moved to the top of Group 12 in the second round . Despite topping the group at that point , DR Congo were later eliminated at this stage and therefore failed to progress to the third round of qualifying . In February 2012 , national manager Claude Le Roy confirmed that he was with LuaLua in the aim of him returning to the national team for their Cup of Nations qualifier against Seychelles . He did not play that game , but in December , LuaLua was named for his fourth Africa Cup of Nations in South Africa in 2013 . He started all three matches—all draws—as the team exited from Group C . Personal life . In 2005 , LuaLua became patron of the Haslar Visitors Group , a charity that works with detainees in an immigration removal centre . In the following year , he set up the LuaLua Foundation , building a hostel , sport and education complex in Kinshasa to provide care and education for orphaned children in DR Congo . He is also actively involved in the Show Racism The Red Card campaign and was involved in the launch of a new video entitled A Safe Place , which features Premiership footballers talking about their experiences with racism . LuaLua is a born-again Christian and his former teammate at Portsmouth , Linvoy Primus , was quoted saying We are not scared to say we pray together before games . About 45 minutes before a game we link our arms and just pray that we can glorify God . LuaLua wrote the foreword in You Can Have Chips , the autobiography of his former manager Steve Wignall . External links . - Lomana LuaLua at BBC Sport

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Which team was coached by Deshea Townsend in Aug 2011?

/wiki/Deshea_Townsend#P6087#0

Deshea Townsend Trevor Deshea Townsend ( born September 8 , 1975 ) is a former cornerback in the National Football League ( NFL ) , and is currently the secondary coach for the Chicago Bears . Formerly he served as an assistant defensive backs coach for the Arizona Cardinals and the New York Giants . He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide and was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the fourth round ( 117th overall ) in the 1998 NFL Draft , and also played a season with the Indianapolis Colts . Early years . A native of Batesville , Mississippi , Townsend played high school football for the South Panola Tigers , where he was the teammate of fellow future Alabama Crimson Tide star Dwayne Rudd . Townsend played quarterback at South Panola and led the team to the 1993 Mississippi State 5A championship and an undefeated 15–0 record . College career . Along with Rudd , Townsend continued his career in college at the University of Alabama where both became members of the Theta Delta Chapter of the Phi Beta Sigma fraternity , in 1995 . He majored in business management . He had seven career interceptions at Alabama . In 1995 at Georgia , Townsend returned a blocked field goal attempt 90 yards for a touchdown in a 31-0 win . Townsend was named All-SEC in 1995 , 1996 , and 1997 . Professional career . The Pittsburgh Steelers selected Townsend in the fourth round ( 117th overall ) of the 1998 NFL Draft . He was the 14th cornerback drafted in 1998 . Townsend grew from a special teams player and nickelback ( and initially known in Pittsburgh as the first player to wear Rod Woodsons number 26 after left the Steelers ) , into a solid starter for the Pittsburgh Steelers at cornerback . Townsend was known for his outside speed as a pass rusher . Townsend has recorded 322 tackles , 15.5 quarterback sacks and 18 interceptions during his twelve years as a Steeler . He also had a key sack on Seattle quarterback Matt Hasselbeck during the final minutes of Super Bowl XL , which helped secure the Steelers eventual victory . On March 23 , 2002 , the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Townsend to a four-year , $4.20 million contract as an unrestricted free agent that included a signing bonus of $1 million . He visited with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers during free agency and his agent was also contacted by the New England Patriots , Houston Texans , and Atlanta Falcons . On March 17 , 2006 , the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Townsend to a four-year , $8 million contract that included a signing bonus of $2 million . He received the contract offer during a visit with the New England Patriots . During the 2008 season , Townsend accepted the reduced role from starting cornerback to the nickel package . In August 2010 , Townsend joined the Indianapolis Colts . On November 9 , 2010 , he was waived by the Colts . For the season , Townsend played in eight Colts games with no starts , and totaled 10 tackles and no interceptions or sacks . Townsend is the father of 4 children . 3 with Coralor Townsend of Mississippi and 1 with Brooke Egleston of Pennsylvania . Coaching career . Arizona Cardinals . On February 10 , 2011 , Townsend was hired as assistant defensive backs coach of the Arizona Cardinals , joining former coach Ray Horton who was named defensive coordinator . In the 2011 NFL draft , the Cardinals selected cornerback Patrick Peterson with the 5th pick . The Cardinals would go 8-8 and miss the playoffs for the second straight year . During the season they would the defeat the would-be NFC West champion San Francisco 49ers 21-19 . Under his coaching , safety Adrian Wilson would be named PFFs second-team All-Pro and would be selected to the Pro Bowl . In the 2012 NFL draft , the Cardinals selected cornerback Jamell Fleming and safety Justin Bethel with the 80th and 177th picks respectively . The Cardinals would go 5-11 and miss the playoffs for the third straight year . During the season , they would defeat two playoff teams , the AFC East champion New England Patriots & the Seattle Seahawks . Under his coaching , Patrick Peterson would lead the NFL in fumble recoveries and finish 4th in interceptions , defensive back James Sanders would lead the NFL in fumble return yards & defensive back Greg Toler would record the longest interception return of the year with 102 yards . Patrick Peterson would be named to the Pro Bowl . He would be released alongside head coach Ken Whisenhunt at the end of the season . Mississippi State . In January 2013 , Townsend was hired as cornerbacks coach at Mississippi State University . The Bulldogs would go 7-6 and would win the Liberty Bowl , defeating Rice 44-7 . They would lose to all of their ranked opponents , No . 13 Oklahoma State , No . 10 LSU , No . 14 South Carolina , No . 11 Texas A&M , and No . 1 Alabama . Under his coaching , defensive back Nickoe Whitley recorded 5 interceptions , 2nd-best in the SEC , Jamerson Love ranked 2nd in interception return touchdowns , and Taveze Calhoun ranked 2nd in interception return yards . Whitley would be named All-SEC . In 2014 , the Bulldogs ended the season ranked No . 11 , going 10-3 and would lose the Orange Bowl to No . 10 Georgia Tech 34-49 . They would win 3 of their five ranked matchups , defeating No . 8 LSU , No . 6 Texas A&M , and No . 2 Auburn , but falling to No . 4 Alabama & No . 18 Ole Miss . In 2015 , the Bulldogs went 9-4 and would win the Belk Bowl , defeating NC State 51-28 . They would lose all of their ranked matchups , No . 14 LSU , No . 14 Texas A&M , No . 3 Alabama , and No . 19 Ole Miss . Tennessee Titans . On January 26 , 2016 , Townsend was named the defensive backs coach of the Tennessee Titans , joining his former defensive coordinator when he was a player , Dick LeBeau from the Steelers during 2004-09 . In the 2016 NFL Draft , the Titans took safety Kevin Byard in the third round ( 64th pick ) . In 2016 , the Titans went 9-7 but missed the playoffs for the eighth straight season . During the season , the Titans would defeat four playoff teams , the NFC North champion Green Bay Packers , the AFC West Kansas City Chiefs , the Miami Dolphins & the Detroit Lions . In 2017 , the Titans went 9-7 but made the playoffs for the first time since 2008 . They would beat the Kansas City Chiefs 22-21 in the Wild Card round , winning their first playoff game since 2003 . They would lose to the New England Patriots 14-35 in the Divisional Round . Under his coaching , safety Kevin Byard would lead the NFL in interceptions , make the 2018 Pro Bowl , and was named first-team All-Pro . New York Giants . On February 6 , 2018 , Townsend was named the assistant defensive backs coach for the New York Giants . During 2018 , the Giants went 5-11 for the first time since 1995 and missed the playoffs for the second straight season . They would defeat two playoff teams , the AFC South champion Houston Texans & the NFC North champion Chicago Bears . Under his coaching , cornerback Janoris Jenkins ranked 5th in passes defended and safety Landon Collins made the Pro Bowl . Chicago Bears . On January 18 , 2019 , Townsend was named the defensive backs coach for the Chicago Bears , a position that was eventually renamed to secondary coach . The Bears went 8-8 in 2019 and missed the playoffs . Under his coaching , Kyle Fuller made the Pro Bowl . External links . - ESPN.com Deshea Townsend player card - The Deshea Townsend Show on KDKA/CW - Chicago Bears bio

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Which team was coached by Deshea Townsend between Sep 2013 and Dec 2014?

/wiki/Deshea_Townsend#P6087#1

Deshea Townsend Trevor Deshea Townsend ( born September 8 , 1975 ) is a former cornerback in the National Football League ( NFL ) , and is currently the secondary coach for the Chicago Bears . Formerly he served as an assistant defensive backs coach for the Arizona Cardinals and the New York Giants . He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide and was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the fourth round ( 117th overall ) in the 1998 NFL Draft , and also played a season with the Indianapolis Colts . Early years . A native of Batesville , Mississippi , Townsend played high school football for the South Panola Tigers , where he was the teammate of fellow future Alabama Crimson Tide star Dwayne Rudd . Townsend played quarterback at South Panola and led the team to the 1993 Mississippi State 5A championship and an undefeated 15–0 record . College career . Along with Rudd , Townsend continued his career in college at the University of Alabama where both became members of the Theta Delta Chapter of the Phi Beta Sigma fraternity , in 1995 . He majored in business management . He had seven career interceptions at Alabama . In 1995 at Georgia , Townsend returned a blocked field goal attempt 90 yards for a touchdown in a 31-0 win . Townsend was named All-SEC in 1995 , 1996 , and 1997 . Professional career . The Pittsburgh Steelers selected Townsend in the fourth round ( 117th overall ) of the 1998 NFL Draft . He was the 14th cornerback drafted in 1998 . Townsend grew from a special teams player and nickelback ( and initially known in Pittsburgh as the first player to wear Rod Woodsons number 26 after left the Steelers ) , into a solid starter for the Pittsburgh Steelers at cornerback . Townsend was known for his outside speed as a pass rusher . Townsend has recorded 322 tackles , 15.5 quarterback sacks and 18 interceptions during his twelve years as a Steeler . He also had a key sack on Seattle quarterback Matt Hasselbeck during the final minutes of Super Bowl XL , which helped secure the Steelers eventual victory . On March 23 , 2002 , the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Townsend to a four-year , $4.20 million contract as an unrestricted free agent that included a signing bonus of $1 million . He visited with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers during free agency and his agent was also contacted by the New England Patriots , Houston Texans , and Atlanta Falcons . On March 17 , 2006 , the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Townsend to a four-year , $8 million contract that included a signing bonus of $2 million . He received the contract offer during a visit with the New England Patriots . During the 2008 season , Townsend accepted the reduced role from starting cornerback to the nickel package . In August 2010 , Townsend joined the Indianapolis Colts . On November 9 , 2010 , he was waived by the Colts . For the season , Townsend played in eight Colts games with no starts , and totaled 10 tackles and no interceptions or sacks . Townsend is the father of 4 children . 3 with Coralor Townsend of Mississippi and 1 with Brooke Egleston of Pennsylvania . Coaching career . Arizona Cardinals . On February 10 , 2011 , Townsend was hired as assistant defensive backs coach of the Arizona Cardinals , joining former coach Ray Horton who was named defensive coordinator . In the 2011 NFL draft , the Cardinals selected cornerback Patrick Peterson with the 5th pick . The Cardinals would go 8-8 and miss the playoffs for the second straight year . During the season they would the defeat the would-be NFC West champion San Francisco 49ers 21-19 . Under his coaching , safety Adrian Wilson would be named PFFs second-team All-Pro and would be selected to the Pro Bowl . In the 2012 NFL draft , the Cardinals selected cornerback Jamell Fleming and safety Justin Bethel with the 80th and 177th picks respectively . The Cardinals would go 5-11 and miss the playoffs for the third straight year . During the season , they would defeat two playoff teams , the AFC East champion New England Patriots & the Seattle Seahawks . Under his coaching , Patrick Peterson would lead the NFL in fumble recoveries and finish 4th in interceptions , defensive back James Sanders would lead the NFL in fumble return yards & defensive back Greg Toler would record the longest interception return of the year with 102 yards . Patrick Peterson would be named to the Pro Bowl . He would be released alongside head coach Ken Whisenhunt at the end of the season . Mississippi State . In January 2013 , Townsend was hired as cornerbacks coach at Mississippi State University . The Bulldogs would go 7-6 and would win the Liberty Bowl , defeating Rice 44-7 . They would lose to all of their ranked opponents , No . 13 Oklahoma State , No . 10 LSU , No . 14 South Carolina , No . 11 Texas A&M , and No . 1 Alabama . Under his coaching , defensive back Nickoe Whitley recorded 5 interceptions , 2nd-best in the SEC , Jamerson Love ranked 2nd in interception return touchdowns , and Taveze Calhoun ranked 2nd in interception return yards . Whitley would be named All-SEC . In 2014 , the Bulldogs ended the season ranked No . 11 , going 10-3 and would lose the Orange Bowl to No . 10 Georgia Tech 34-49 . They would win 3 of their five ranked matchups , defeating No . 8 LSU , No . 6 Texas A&M , and No . 2 Auburn , but falling to No . 4 Alabama & No . 18 Ole Miss . In 2015 , the Bulldogs went 9-4 and would win the Belk Bowl , defeating NC State 51-28 . They would lose all of their ranked matchups , No . 14 LSU , No . 14 Texas A&M , No . 3 Alabama , and No . 19 Ole Miss . Tennessee Titans . On January 26 , 2016 , Townsend was named the defensive backs coach of the Tennessee Titans , joining his former defensive coordinator when he was a player , Dick LeBeau from the Steelers during 2004-09 . In the 2016 NFL Draft , the Titans took safety Kevin Byard in the third round ( 64th pick ) . In 2016 , the Titans went 9-7 but missed the playoffs for the eighth straight season . During the season , the Titans would defeat four playoff teams , the NFC North champion Green Bay Packers , the AFC West Kansas City Chiefs , the Miami Dolphins & the Detroit Lions . In 2017 , the Titans went 9-7 but made the playoffs for the first time since 2008 . They would beat the Kansas City Chiefs 22-21 in the Wild Card round , winning their first playoff game since 2003 . They would lose to the New England Patriots 14-35 in the Divisional Round . Under his coaching , safety Kevin Byard would lead the NFL in interceptions , make the 2018 Pro Bowl , and was named first-team All-Pro . New York Giants . On February 6 , 2018 , Townsend was named the assistant defensive backs coach for the New York Giants . During 2018 , the Giants went 5-11 for the first time since 1995 and missed the playoffs for the second straight season . They would defeat two playoff teams , the AFC South champion Houston Texans & the NFC North champion Chicago Bears . Under his coaching , cornerback Janoris Jenkins ranked 5th in passes defended and safety Landon Collins made the Pro Bowl . Chicago Bears . On January 18 , 2019 , Townsend was named the defensive backs coach for the Chicago Bears , a position that was eventually renamed to secondary coach . The Bears went 8-8 in 2019 and missed the playoffs . Under his coaching , Kyle Fuller made the Pro Bowl . External links . - ESPN.com Deshea Townsend player card - The Deshea Townsend Show on KDKA/CW - Chicago Bears bio

hard

Which team was coached by Deshea Townsend between Feb 2016 and Apr 2016?

/wiki/Deshea_Townsend#P6087#2

Deshea Townsend Trevor Deshea Townsend ( born September 8 , 1975 ) is a former cornerback in the National Football League ( NFL ) , and is currently the secondary coach for the Chicago Bears . Formerly he served as an assistant defensive backs coach for the Arizona Cardinals and the New York Giants . He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide and was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the fourth round ( 117th overall ) in the 1998 NFL Draft , and also played a season with the Indianapolis Colts . Early years . A native of Batesville , Mississippi , Townsend played high school football for the South Panola Tigers , where he was the teammate of fellow future Alabama Crimson Tide star Dwayne Rudd . Townsend played quarterback at South Panola and led the team to the 1993 Mississippi State 5A championship and an undefeated 15–0 record . College career . Along with Rudd , Townsend continued his career in college at the University of Alabama where both became members of the Theta Delta Chapter of the Phi Beta Sigma fraternity , in 1995 . He majored in business management . He had seven career interceptions at Alabama . In 1995 at Georgia , Townsend returned a blocked field goal attempt 90 yards for a touchdown in a 31-0 win . Townsend was named All-SEC in 1995 , 1996 , and 1997 . Professional career . The Pittsburgh Steelers selected Townsend in the fourth round ( 117th overall ) of the 1998 NFL Draft . He was the 14th cornerback drafted in 1998 . Townsend grew from a special teams player and nickelback ( and initially known in Pittsburgh as the first player to wear Rod Woodsons number 26 after left the Steelers ) , into a solid starter for the Pittsburgh Steelers at cornerback . Townsend was known for his outside speed as a pass rusher . Townsend has recorded 322 tackles , 15.5 quarterback sacks and 18 interceptions during his twelve years as a Steeler . He also had a key sack on Seattle quarterback Matt Hasselbeck during the final minutes of Super Bowl XL , which helped secure the Steelers eventual victory . On March 23 , 2002 , the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Townsend to a four-year , $4.20 million contract as an unrestricted free agent that included a signing bonus of $1 million . He visited with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers during free agency and his agent was also contacted by the New England Patriots , Houston Texans , and Atlanta Falcons . On March 17 , 2006 , the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Townsend to a four-year , $8 million contract that included a signing bonus of $2 million . He received the contract offer during a visit with the New England Patriots . During the 2008 season , Townsend accepted the reduced role from starting cornerback to the nickel package . In August 2010 , Townsend joined the Indianapolis Colts . On November 9 , 2010 , he was waived by the Colts . For the season , Townsend played in eight Colts games with no starts , and totaled 10 tackles and no interceptions or sacks . Townsend is the father of 4 children . 3 with Coralor Townsend of Mississippi and 1 with Brooke Egleston of Pennsylvania . Coaching career . Arizona Cardinals . On February 10 , 2011 , Townsend was hired as assistant defensive backs coach of the Arizona Cardinals , joining former coach Ray Horton who was named defensive coordinator . In the 2011 NFL draft , the Cardinals selected cornerback Patrick Peterson with the 5th pick . The Cardinals would go 8-8 and miss the playoffs for the second straight year . During the season they would the defeat the would-be NFC West champion San Francisco 49ers 21-19 . Under his coaching , safety Adrian Wilson would be named PFFs second-team All-Pro and would be selected to the Pro Bowl . In the 2012 NFL draft , the Cardinals selected cornerback Jamell Fleming and safety Justin Bethel with the 80th and 177th picks respectively . The Cardinals would go 5-11 and miss the playoffs for the third straight year . During the season , they would defeat two playoff teams , the AFC East champion New England Patriots & the Seattle Seahawks . Under his coaching , Patrick Peterson would lead the NFL in fumble recoveries and finish 4th in interceptions , defensive back James Sanders would lead the NFL in fumble return yards & defensive back Greg Toler would record the longest interception return of the year with 102 yards . Patrick Peterson would be named to the Pro Bowl . He would be released alongside head coach Ken Whisenhunt at the end of the season . Mississippi State . In January 2013 , Townsend was hired as cornerbacks coach at Mississippi State University . The Bulldogs would go 7-6 and would win the Liberty Bowl , defeating Rice 44-7 . They would lose to all of their ranked opponents , No . 13 Oklahoma State , No . 10 LSU , No . 14 South Carolina , No . 11 Texas A&M , and No . 1 Alabama . Under his coaching , defensive back Nickoe Whitley recorded 5 interceptions , 2nd-best in the SEC , Jamerson Love ranked 2nd in interception return touchdowns , and Taveze Calhoun ranked 2nd in interception return yards . Whitley would be named All-SEC . In 2014 , the Bulldogs ended the season ranked No . 11 , going 10-3 and would lose the Orange Bowl to No . 10 Georgia Tech 34-49 . They would win 3 of their five ranked matchups , defeating No . 8 LSU , No . 6 Texas A&M , and No . 2 Auburn , but falling to No . 4 Alabama & No . 18 Ole Miss . In 2015 , the Bulldogs went 9-4 and would win the Belk Bowl , defeating NC State 51-28 . They would lose all of their ranked matchups , No . 14 LSU , No . 14 Texas A&M , No . 3 Alabama , and No . 19 Ole Miss . Tennessee Titans . On January 26 , 2016 , Townsend was named the defensive backs coach of the Tennessee Titans , joining his former defensive coordinator when he was a player , Dick LeBeau from the Steelers during 2004-09 . In the 2016 NFL Draft , the Titans took safety Kevin Byard in the third round ( 64th pick ) . In 2016 , the Titans went 9-7 but missed the playoffs for the eighth straight season . During the season , the Titans would defeat four playoff teams , the NFC North champion Green Bay Packers , the AFC West Kansas City Chiefs , the Miami Dolphins & the Detroit Lions . In 2017 , the Titans went 9-7 but made the playoffs for the first time since 2008 . They would beat the Kansas City Chiefs 22-21 in the Wild Card round , winning their first playoff game since 2003 . They would lose to the New England Patriots 14-35 in the Divisional Round . Under his coaching , safety Kevin Byard would lead the NFL in interceptions , make the 2018 Pro Bowl , and was named first-team All-Pro . New York Giants . On February 6 , 2018 , Townsend was named the assistant defensive backs coach for the New York Giants . During 2018 , the Giants went 5-11 for the first time since 1995 and missed the playoffs for the second straight season . They would defeat two playoff teams , the AFC South champion Houston Texans & the NFC North champion Chicago Bears . Under his coaching , cornerback Janoris Jenkins ranked 5th in passes defended and safety Landon Collins made the Pro Bowl . Chicago Bears . On January 18 , 2019 , Townsend was named the defensive backs coach for the Chicago Bears , a position that was eventually renamed to secondary coach . The Bears went 8-8 in 2019 and missed the playoffs . Under his coaching , Kyle Fuller made the Pro Bowl . External links . - ESPN.com Deshea Townsend player card - The Deshea Townsend Show on KDKA/CW - Chicago Bears bio

hard

Which team was coached by Deshea Townsend between Sep 2019 and Dec 2019?

/wiki/Deshea_Townsend#P6087#3

Deshea Townsend Trevor Deshea Townsend ( born September 8 , 1975 ) is a former cornerback in the National Football League ( NFL ) , and is currently the secondary coach for the Chicago Bears . Formerly he served as an assistant defensive backs coach for the Arizona Cardinals and the New York Giants . He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide and was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the fourth round ( 117th overall ) in the 1998 NFL Draft , and also played a season with the Indianapolis Colts . Early years . A native of Batesville , Mississippi , Townsend played high school football for the South Panola Tigers , where he was the teammate of fellow future Alabama Crimson Tide star Dwayne Rudd . Townsend played quarterback at South Panola and led the team to the 1993 Mississippi State 5A championship and an undefeated 15–0 record . College career . Along with Rudd , Townsend continued his career in college at the University of Alabama where both became members of the Theta Delta Chapter of the Phi Beta Sigma fraternity , in 1995 . He majored in business management . He had seven career interceptions at Alabama . In 1995 at Georgia , Townsend returned a blocked field goal attempt 90 yards for a touchdown in a 31-0 win . Townsend was named All-SEC in 1995 , 1996 , and 1997 . Professional career . The Pittsburgh Steelers selected Townsend in the fourth round ( 117th overall ) of the 1998 NFL Draft . He was the 14th cornerback drafted in 1998 . Townsend grew from a special teams player and nickelback ( and initially known in Pittsburgh as the first player to wear Rod Woodsons number 26 after left the Steelers ) , into a solid starter for the Pittsburgh Steelers at cornerback . Townsend was known for his outside speed as a pass rusher . Townsend has recorded 322 tackles , 15.5 quarterback sacks and 18 interceptions during his twelve years as a Steeler . He also had a key sack on Seattle quarterback Matt Hasselbeck during the final minutes of Super Bowl XL , which helped secure the Steelers eventual victory . On March 23 , 2002 , the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Townsend to a four-year , $4.20 million contract as an unrestricted free agent that included a signing bonus of $1 million . He visited with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers during free agency and his agent was also contacted by the New England Patriots , Houston Texans , and Atlanta Falcons . On March 17 , 2006 , the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Townsend to a four-year , $8 million contract that included a signing bonus of $2 million . He received the contract offer during a visit with the New England Patriots . During the 2008 season , Townsend accepted the reduced role from starting cornerback to the nickel package . In August 2010 , Townsend joined the Indianapolis Colts . On November 9 , 2010 , he was waived by the Colts . For the season , Townsend played in eight Colts games with no starts , and totaled 10 tackles and no interceptions or sacks . Townsend is the father of 4 children . 3 with Coralor Townsend of Mississippi and 1 with Brooke Egleston of Pennsylvania . Coaching career . Arizona Cardinals . On February 10 , 2011 , Townsend was hired as assistant defensive backs coach of the Arizona Cardinals , joining former coach Ray Horton who was named defensive coordinator . In the 2011 NFL draft , the Cardinals selected cornerback Patrick Peterson with the 5th pick . The Cardinals would go 8-8 and miss the playoffs for the second straight year . During the season they would the defeat the would-be NFC West champion San Francisco 49ers 21-19 . Under his coaching , safety Adrian Wilson would be named PFFs second-team All-Pro and would be selected to the Pro Bowl . In the 2012 NFL draft , the Cardinals selected cornerback Jamell Fleming and safety Justin Bethel with the 80th and 177th picks respectively . The Cardinals would go 5-11 and miss the playoffs for the third straight year . During the season , they would defeat two playoff teams , the AFC East champion New England Patriots & the Seattle Seahawks . Under his coaching , Patrick Peterson would lead the NFL in fumble recoveries and finish 4th in interceptions , defensive back James Sanders would lead the NFL in fumble return yards & defensive back Greg Toler would record the longest interception return of the year with 102 yards . Patrick Peterson would be named to the Pro Bowl . He would be released alongside head coach Ken Whisenhunt at the end of the season . Mississippi State . In January 2013 , Townsend was hired as cornerbacks coach at Mississippi State University . The Bulldogs would go 7-6 and would win the Liberty Bowl , defeating Rice 44-7 . They would lose to all of their ranked opponents , No . 13 Oklahoma State , No . 10 LSU , No . 14 South Carolina , No . 11 Texas A&M , and No . 1 Alabama . Under his coaching , defensive back Nickoe Whitley recorded 5 interceptions , 2nd-best in the SEC , Jamerson Love ranked 2nd in interception return touchdowns , and Taveze Calhoun ranked 2nd in interception return yards . Whitley would be named All-SEC . In 2014 , the Bulldogs ended the season ranked No . 11 , going 10-3 and would lose the Orange Bowl to No . 10 Georgia Tech 34-49 . They would win 3 of their five ranked matchups , defeating No . 8 LSU , No . 6 Texas A&M , and No . 2 Auburn , but falling to No . 4 Alabama & No . 18 Ole Miss . In 2015 , the Bulldogs went 9-4 and would win the Belk Bowl , defeating NC State 51-28 . They would lose all of their ranked matchups , No . 14 LSU , No . 14 Texas A&M , No . 3 Alabama , and No . 19 Ole Miss . Tennessee Titans . On January 26 , 2016 , Townsend was named the defensive backs coach of the Tennessee Titans , joining his former defensive coordinator when he was a player , Dick LeBeau from the Steelers during 2004-09 . In the 2016 NFL Draft , the Titans took safety Kevin Byard in the third round ( 64th pick ) . In 2016 , the Titans went 9-7 but missed the playoffs for the eighth straight season . During the season , the Titans would defeat four playoff teams , the NFC North champion Green Bay Packers , the AFC West Kansas City Chiefs , the Miami Dolphins & the Detroit Lions . In 2017 , the Titans went 9-7 but made the playoffs for the first time since 2008 . They would beat the Kansas City Chiefs 22-21 in the Wild Card round , winning their first playoff game since 2003 . They would lose to the New England Patriots 14-35 in the Divisional Round . Under his coaching , safety Kevin Byard would lead the NFL in interceptions , make the 2018 Pro Bowl , and was named first-team All-Pro . New York Giants . On February 6 , 2018 , Townsend was named the assistant defensive backs coach for the New York Giants . During 2018 , the Giants went 5-11 for the first time since 1995 and missed the playoffs for the second straight season . They would defeat two playoff teams , the AFC South champion Houston Texans & the NFC North champion Chicago Bears . Under his coaching , cornerback Janoris Jenkins ranked 5th in passes defended and safety Landon Collins made the Pro Bowl . Chicago Bears . On January 18 , 2019 , Townsend was named the defensive backs coach for the Chicago Bears , a position that was eventually renamed to secondary coach . The Bears went 8-8 in 2019 and missed the playoffs . Under his coaching , Kyle Fuller made the Pro Bowl . External links . - ESPN.com Deshea Townsend player card - The Deshea Townsend Show on KDKA/CW - Chicago Bears bio

hard

What was the position of Elliott Abrams before Feb 1984?

/wiki/Elliott_Abrams#P39#0

Elliott Abrams Elliott Abrams ( born January 24 , 1948 ) is an American politician and lawyer , who has served in foreign policy positions for Presidents Ronald Reagan , George W . Bush , and Donald Trump . Abrams is considered to be a neoconservative . He is currently a senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations . On January 25 , 2019 , he was appointed as Special Representative for Venezuela . On September 1 , 2020 , he was further appointed to concurrently serve as the U.S . Special Representative for Iran . He is best known for his involvement in the Iran-Contra scandal during the Reagan administration , which led to his conviction in 1991 on two misdemeanor counts of unlawfully withholding information from Congress . He was later pardoned by George H.W . Bush . During George W . Bushs first term , he served as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director on the National Security Council for Near East and North African Affairs . At the start of Bushs second term , Abrams was promoted to be his Deputy National Security Advisor for Global Democracy Strategy , in charge of promoting Bushs strategy of advancing democracy abroad . In the Bush administration , Abrams was a supporter of the Iraq War . Background . Elliott Abrams was born into a Jewish family in New York in 1948 . His father was an immigration lawyer . Abrams attended the Little Red School House in New York City , a private high school whose students at the time included the children of many of the citys notable left-wing activists and artists . Abrams parents were Democrats . His first cousin is attorney Floyd Abrams . Abrams received his Bachelor of Arts from Harvard College in 1969 , a masters degree in international relations from the London School of Economics in 1970 , and his J.D . from Harvard Law School in 1973 . He practiced law in New York in the summers for his father , and then at Breed , Abbott & Morgan from 1973 to 1975 and with Verner , Liipfert , Bernhard , McPherson and Hand from 1979 to 1981 . Abrams worked as an assistant counsel on the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in 1975 , then worked as a staffer on Senator Henry Scoop Jacksons brief campaign for the 1976 Democratic Party presidential nomination . From 1977 through 1979 , he served as special counsel and ultimately as chief of staff for the then-new senator Daniel Moynihan . Dissatisfaction with President Carters foreign policy led Abrams to campaign for Ronald Reagan in the 1980 presidential election . Career . Assistant Secretary of State , 1980s . Abrams first came to national prominence when he served as Reagans Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs in the early 1980s and later as Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs . His nomination to Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs was unanimously approved by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on November 17 , 1981 . Abrams was Reagans second choice for the position ; his first nominee , Ernest W . Lefever , had been rejected by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on June 5 , 1981 . During his time in the post , Abrams clashed regularly with church groups and human rights organizations , including Human Rights Watch . According to an article in The Washington Post , in a 1984 appearance on the program Nightline , Abrams clashed with Aryeh Neier , the Executive Director of Human Rights Watch and with the leader of Amnesty International , over the Reagan administrations foreign policies . They accused him of covering up atrocities committed by the military forces of U.S.-backed governments , including those in El Salvador , Honduras , and Guatemala , and the rebel Contras in Nicaragua . Abrams accused critics of the Reagan administrations foreign policy towards Latin America of being Un-American and unpatriotic . In an October 1981 memo , weeks prior to his confirmation in the Senate , Abrams asserted , human rights is at the core of our foreign policy . Critics say that Abrams and the Reagan administration misappropriated the term human rights , with Tamar Jacoby writing in 1986 , in a period that more or less coincided with Abrams tenure as assistant secretary of state for human rights , the White House endeavored to appropriate the banner of human rights for itself to use it in battle not only against communist regimes but also , in a more defensive way , against domestic opponents of its human rights policy . The Lawyers Committee , Americas Watch and Helsinki Watch wrote a report in 1985 , charging that Abrams had developed and articulated a human rights ideology which complements and justifies Administration policies and undermined the purpose of the human rights bureau in the State Department . According to American University political scientist William M . LeoGrande , Communist governments were the worst human rights violators in the world , Abrams believed , so virtually anything done to prevent Communists from coming to power ( or to overthrow them ) was justifiable on human rights grounds . This theory fit neatly into the Cold War presumptions that framed Reagans foreign policy and allowed the administration to rationalize supporting murderous regimes so long as they were anti-Communists . In practice , it was little different from Henry Kissingers realpolitik that discounted human rights issues entirely . Abrams was generally considered a skilled and influential bureaucrat in the human rights bureau . Guatemala . As Assistant Secretary of State , Abrams advocated for aid to Guatemala under then dictator Efraín Ríos Montt . Ríos Montt came to power via a coup in 1982 , overcoming the forces of General Fernando Romeo Lucas García . Thirty years later , Ríos Montt was found guilty of overseeing a campaign of mass murder and torture of indigenous people , genocide , in Guatemala . Ríos Montt , who claimed he had no operational control of the forces involved , was convicted of genocide against the Maya-Ixil population . El Salvador . Abrams frequently defended the human rights record of the El Salvador government and attacked human rights groups as communist sympathizers when they criticized the El Salvador government . In early 1982 , when reports of the El Mozote massacre of hundreds of civilians by the military in El Salvador began appearing in U.S . media , Abrams told a Senate committee that the reported number of deaths at El Mozote was not credible , reasoning that the reported number of deaths was greater than the likely population , and that there were survivors . He said that it appears to be an incident that is at least being significantly misused , at the very best , by the guerrillas . The massacre had come at a time when the Reagan administration was attempting to bolster the human rights image of the Salvadoran military . Abrams implied that reports of a massacre were simply FMLN propaganda and denounced U.S . investigative reports of the massacre as misleading . In March 1993 , the Salvadoran Truth Commission reported that over 500 civilians were deliberately and systematically executed in El Mozote in December 1981 by forces affiliated with the Salvadoran government . Also in 1993 , documentation emerged suggesting that some Reagan administration officials could have known about El Mozote and other human rights violations from the beginning . However , in July 1993 , an investigation commissioned by Clinton Secretary of State Warren Christopher into the State Departments activities and conduct with regard to human rights in El Salvador during the Reagan years found that , despite U.S . funding of the Salvadoran government that committed the massacre at El Mozote , individual U.S . personnel performed creditably and occasionally with personal bravery in advancing human rights in El Salvador . Abrams said in 2001 that Washingtons policy in El Salvador was a fabulous achievement . In 2019 he said that the fabulous achievement was that El Salvador has been a democracy . In a 1998 interview , Abrams remarked , While it was important to us to promote the cause of human rights in Central America it was more important to prevent a communist takeover in El Salvador . Nicaragua . When Congress shut down funding for the Contras efforts to overthrow Nicaraguas Sandinista government with the 1982 Boland Amendment , members of the Reagan administration began looking for other avenues for funding the group . Congress opened a couple of such avenues when it modified the Boland Amendment for fiscal year 1986 by approving $27 million in direct aid to the Contras and allowing the administration to legally solicit funds for the Contras from foreign governments . Neither the direct aid , nor any foreign contributions , could be used to purchase weapons . Guided by the new provisions of the modified Boland Amendment , Abrams flew to London in August 1986 and met secretly with Bruneian defense minister General Ibnu to solicit a $10-million contribution from the Sultan of Brunei . Ultimately , the Contras never received this money because a clerical error in Oliver Norths office ( a mistyped account number ) sent the Bruneian money to the wrong Swiss bank account . Iran-Contra affair and convictions . In October 1986 , a plane flown by Eugene Hasenfus , carrying military equipment intended for the Contras , a right-wing rebel group fighting against the socialist Sandinista government of Nicaragua , was shot down over Nicaragua . The Reagan administration publicly denied that Hasenfus sought to arm the Contras as part of a US government mission . However , the State Department was centrally involved in the covert plan to fund the Contras , which violated congressional legislation . In congressional testimony in October 1986 , Abrams repeatedly and categorically denied that the US government was involved in arming the Contras . However , at the time , Abrams knew that [ Oliver ] North was encouraging , coordinating and directing the activities of the contra-resupply operation and that North was in contact with the private citizens who were behind the lethal resupply fights . During investigation of the Iran-Contra Affair , Lawrence Walsh , the Independent Counsel tasked with investigating the case , prepared multiple felony counts against Abrams . In 1991 , Abrams admitted that he knew more than he acknowledged in his congressional testimony , cooperated with Walsh and entered into a plea agreement in which he pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of withholding information from Congress . For failing to cooperate , he would have faced felony charges of perjury over his congressional testimony . He was sentenced to a $50 fine , probation for two years , and 100 hours of community service . Abrams was pardoned by President George H . W . Bush in December 1992 . In 1997 , Abrams was publicly sanctioned by the District of Columbia Bar for giving false testimony to Congress about the Iran-Contra affair . Although several of the courts judges recommended disbarment , the court ultimately declined to disbar Abrams over questions related to the effect of Abrams Presidential pardon for his prior criminal conduct . Bush administration . President George W . Bush appointed Abrams to the post of Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Democracy , Human Rights , and International Operations at the National Security Council on June 25 , 2001 . Abrams was appointed special assistant to the President and the NSCs senior director for Near East and North African Affairs on December 2 , 2002 . Human rights groups and commentators expressed disquiet over his White House appointment owing to his disreputable conduct and conviction in the Iran–Contra affair investigation and his role in overseeing the Reagan administrations foreign policy in Latin America . The Observer wrote that Abrams had advance knowledge of , and gave a nod to , the Venezuelan coup attempt of 2002 against Hugo Chávez . The Intercept has reported that Abrams had a key role in disrupting a peace plan proposed by Iran , right after the U.S . invasion to Iraq in 2003 . Abrams office received this plan by fax . They should have passed the plan to Condoleezza Rice . But she never saw it . Later , Abrams’s spokesperson got asked about the plan and he said “he had no memory of any such fax.” On February 2 , 2005 , Bush appointed Abrams deputy national security adviser for Global Democracy Strategy , where he served until the end of his administration on January 20 , 2009 . Abrams accompanied Condoleezza Rice as a primary adviser on her visits to the Middle East in late July 2006 in the course of discussions relating to the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict . Post-Bush administration . On May 16 , 2016 , Abrams wrote a historical piece in The Weekly Standard predicting that Donald Trump would fail colossally in the 2016 election to which he drew parallels with the 1972 election . On December 23 , 2016 , Abrams , a strong supporter of Israel , criticized Barack Obama for undermining Israels elected government , prevent its action against Irans nuclear weapons program , and create as much daylight as possible between the United States and Israel . Abrams condemned Obamas decision not to block a UN resolution criticizing Israeli settlement building in the occupied Palestinian territories . In February 2017 , it was reported that Abrams was Secretary of State Rex Tillersons first pick for Deputy Secretary of State , but that Tillerson was overruled by Trump . Trump aides were supportive of Abrams , but Trump opposed him because of Abrams opposition during the campaign . Abrams is a senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations . Additionally , he holds positions on the Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf ( CPSG ) , Center for Security Policy & National Secretary Advisory Council , Committee for a Free Lebanon , and the Project for the New American Century . He is a member of the U.S . Holocaust Memorial Council and maintained a CFR blog called Pressure Points about U.S . foreign policy and human rights . He was on the faculty of Georgetown University . Trump administration . On January 25 , 2019 , Secretary of State Mike Pompeo appointed Abrams as the United States Special Representative for Venezuela . In February 2019 , Rep . Ilhan Omar ( D-Minn. ) questioned whether Abrams was the correct choice because he had been convicted for lying to Congress in the past and given his role in the Iran-Contra affair and support for CIA-backed right-wing dictatorships in Central America in the 1980s . Upon the resignation of Brian Hook , Abrams was selected to succeed him as United States Special Representative for Iran . Both positions were merged into the United States Special Representative for Iran and Venezuela as of September 1 , 2020 . Political views . Abrams is neoconservative and was one of the Bush administrations intellectual architects of the Iraq War . Abrams is also pro-Israel . Abrams originally opposed Trumps candidacy for President , writing an op-ed in The Weekly Standard titled When You Cant Stand Your Candidate . Abrams supported Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio during the Republican primaries for the 2016 presidential election . Personal life . Through Senator Moynihan , Abrams was introduced to Rachel Decter , the stepdaughter of Moynihans friend Norman Podhoretz , editor of Commentary . They were married from 1980 until her death in June 2013 . He has two sons , Jacob and Joseph , and one daughter , Sarah .

hard

What was the position of Elliott Abrams in Aug 1985?

/wiki/Elliott_Abrams#P39#1

Elliott Abrams Elliott Abrams ( born January 24 , 1948 ) is an American politician and lawyer , who has served in foreign policy positions for Presidents Ronald Reagan , George W . Bush , and Donald Trump . Abrams is considered to be a neoconservative . He is currently a senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations . On January 25 , 2019 , he was appointed as Special Representative for Venezuela . On September 1 , 2020 , he was further appointed to concurrently serve as the U.S . Special Representative for Iran . He is best known for his involvement in the Iran-Contra scandal during the Reagan administration , which led to his conviction in 1991 on two misdemeanor counts of unlawfully withholding information from Congress . He was later pardoned by George H.W . Bush . During George W . Bushs first term , he served as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director on the National Security Council for Near East and North African Affairs . At the start of Bushs second term , Abrams was promoted to be his Deputy National Security Advisor for Global Democracy Strategy , in charge of promoting Bushs strategy of advancing democracy abroad . In the Bush administration , Abrams was a supporter of the Iraq War . Background . Elliott Abrams was born into a Jewish family in New York in 1948 . His father was an immigration lawyer . Abrams attended the Little Red School House in New York City , a private high school whose students at the time included the children of many of the citys notable left-wing activists and artists . Abrams parents were Democrats . His first cousin is attorney Floyd Abrams . Abrams received his Bachelor of Arts from Harvard College in 1969 , a masters degree in international relations from the London School of Economics in 1970 , and his J.D . from Harvard Law School in 1973 . He practiced law in New York in the summers for his father , and then at Breed , Abbott & Morgan from 1973 to 1975 and with Verner , Liipfert , Bernhard , McPherson and Hand from 1979 to 1981 . Abrams worked as an assistant counsel on the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in 1975 , then worked as a staffer on Senator Henry Scoop Jacksons brief campaign for the 1976 Democratic Party presidential nomination . From 1977 through 1979 , he served as special counsel and ultimately as chief of staff for the then-new senator Daniel Moynihan . Dissatisfaction with President Carters foreign policy led Abrams to campaign for Ronald Reagan in the 1980 presidential election . Career . Assistant Secretary of State , 1980s . Abrams first came to national prominence when he served as Reagans Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs in the early 1980s and later as Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs . His nomination to Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs was unanimously approved by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on November 17 , 1981 . Abrams was Reagans second choice for the position ; his first nominee , Ernest W . Lefever , had been rejected by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on June 5 , 1981 . During his time in the post , Abrams clashed regularly with church groups and human rights organizations , including Human Rights Watch . According to an article in The Washington Post , in a 1984 appearance on the program Nightline , Abrams clashed with Aryeh Neier , the Executive Director of Human Rights Watch and with the leader of Amnesty International , over the Reagan administrations foreign policies . They accused him of covering up atrocities committed by the military forces of U.S.-backed governments , including those in El Salvador , Honduras , and Guatemala , and the rebel Contras in Nicaragua . Abrams accused critics of the Reagan administrations foreign policy towards Latin America of being Un-American and unpatriotic . In an October 1981 memo , weeks prior to his confirmation in the Senate , Abrams asserted , human rights is at the core of our foreign policy . Critics say that Abrams and the Reagan administration misappropriated the term human rights , with Tamar Jacoby writing in 1986 , in a period that more or less coincided with Abrams tenure as assistant secretary of state for human rights , the White House endeavored to appropriate the banner of human rights for itself to use it in battle not only against communist regimes but also , in a more defensive way , against domestic opponents of its human rights policy . The Lawyers Committee , Americas Watch and Helsinki Watch wrote a report in 1985 , charging that Abrams had developed and articulated a human rights ideology which complements and justifies Administration policies and undermined the purpose of the human rights bureau in the State Department . According to American University political scientist William M . LeoGrande , Communist governments were the worst human rights violators in the world , Abrams believed , so virtually anything done to prevent Communists from coming to power ( or to overthrow them ) was justifiable on human rights grounds . This theory fit neatly into the Cold War presumptions that framed Reagans foreign policy and allowed the administration to rationalize supporting murderous regimes so long as they were anti-Communists . In practice , it was little different from Henry Kissingers realpolitik that discounted human rights issues entirely . Abrams was generally considered a skilled and influential bureaucrat in the human rights bureau . Guatemala . As Assistant Secretary of State , Abrams advocated for aid to Guatemala under then dictator Efraín Ríos Montt . Ríos Montt came to power via a coup in 1982 , overcoming the forces of General Fernando Romeo Lucas García . Thirty years later , Ríos Montt was found guilty of overseeing a campaign of mass murder and torture of indigenous people , genocide , in Guatemala . Ríos Montt , who claimed he had no operational control of the forces involved , was convicted of genocide against the Maya-Ixil population . El Salvador . Abrams frequently defended the human rights record of the El Salvador government and attacked human rights groups as communist sympathizers when they criticized the El Salvador government . In early 1982 , when reports of the El Mozote massacre of hundreds of civilians by the military in El Salvador began appearing in U.S . media , Abrams told a Senate committee that the reported number of deaths at El Mozote was not credible , reasoning that the reported number of deaths was greater than the likely population , and that there were survivors . He said that it appears to be an incident that is at least being significantly misused , at the very best , by the guerrillas . The massacre had come at a time when the Reagan administration was attempting to bolster the human rights image of the Salvadoran military . Abrams implied that reports of a massacre were simply FMLN propaganda and denounced U.S . investigative reports of the massacre as misleading . In March 1993 , the Salvadoran Truth Commission reported that over 500 civilians were deliberately and systematically executed in El Mozote in December 1981 by forces affiliated with the Salvadoran government . Also in 1993 , documentation emerged suggesting that some Reagan administration officials could have known about El Mozote and other human rights violations from the beginning . However , in July 1993 , an investigation commissioned by Clinton Secretary of State Warren Christopher into the State Departments activities and conduct with regard to human rights in El Salvador during the Reagan years found that , despite U.S . funding of the Salvadoran government that committed the massacre at El Mozote , individual U.S . personnel performed creditably and occasionally with personal bravery in advancing human rights in El Salvador . Abrams said in 2001 that Washingtons policy in El Salvador was a fabulous achievement . In 2019 he said that the fabulous achievement was that El Salvador has been a democracy . In a 1998 interview , Abrams remarked , While it was important to us to promote the cause of human rights in Central America it was more important to prevent a communist takeover in El Salvador . Nicaragua . When Congress shut down funding for the Contras efforts to overthrow Nicaraguas Sandinista government with the 1982 Boland Amendment , members of the Reagan administration began looking for other avenues for funding the group . Congress opened a couple of such avenues when it modified the Boland Amendment for fiscal year 1986 by approving $27 million in direct aid to the Contras and allowing the administration to legally solicit funds for the Contras from foreign governments . Neither the direct aid , nor any foreign contributions , could be used to purchase weapons . Guided by the new provisions of the modified Boland Amendment , Abrams flew to London in August 1986 and met secretly with Bruneian defense minister General Ibnu to solicit a $10-million contribution from the Sultan of Brunei . Ultimately , the Contras never received this money because a clerical error in Oliver Norths office ( a mistyped account number ) sent the Bruneian money to the wrong Swiss bank account . Iran-Contra affair and convictions . In October 1986 , a plane flown by Eugene Hasenfus , carrying military equipment intended for the Contras , a right-wing rebel group fighting against the socialist Sandinista government of Nicaragua , was shot down over Nicaragua . The Reagan administration publicly denied that Hasenfus sought to arm the Contras as part of a US government mission . However , the State Department was centrally involved in the covert plan to fund the Contras , which violated congressional legislation . In congressional testimony in October 1986 , Abrams repeatedly and categorically denied that the US government was involved in arming the Contras . However , at the time , Abrams knew that [ Oliver ] North was encouraging , coordinating and directing the activities of the contra-resupply operation and that North was in contact with the private citizens who were behind the lethal resupply fights . During investigation of the Iran-Contra Affair , Lawrence Walsh , the Independent Counsel tasked with investigating the case , prepared multiple felony counts against Abrams . In 1991 , Abrams admitted that he knew more than he acknowledged in his congressional testimony , cooperated with Walsh and entered into a plea agreement in which he pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of withholding information from Congress . For failing to cooperate , he would have faced felony charges of perjury over his congressional testimony . He was sentenced to a $50 fine , probation for two years , and 100 hours of community service . Abrams was pardoned by President George H . W . Bush in December 1992 . In 1997 , Abrams was publicly sanctioned by the District of Columbia Bar for giving false testimony to Congress about the Iran-Contra affair . Although several of the courts judges recommended disbarment , the court ultimately declined to disbar Abrams over questions related to the effect of Abrams Presidential pardon for his prior criminal conduct . Bush administration . President George W . Bush appointed Abrams to the post of Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Democracy , Human Rights , and International Operations at the National Security Council on June 25 , 2001 . Abrams was appointed special assistant to the President and the NSCs senior director for Near East and North African Affairs on December 2 , 2002 . Human rights groups and commentators expressed disquiet over his White House appointment owing to his disreputable conduct and conviction in the Iran–Contra affair investigation and his role in overseeing the Reagan administrations foreign policy in Latin America . The Observer wrote that Abrams had advance knowledge of , and gave a nod to , the Venezuelan coup attempt of 2002 against Hugo Chávez . The Intercept has reported that Abrams had a key role in disrupting a peace plan proposed by Iran , right after the U.S . invasion to Iraq in 2003 . Abrams office received this plan by fax . They should have passed the plan to Condoleezza Rice . But she never saw it . Later , Abrams’s spokesperson got asked about the plan and he said “he had no memory of any such fax.” On February 2 , 2005 , Bush appointed Abrams deputy national security adviser for Global Democracy Strategy , where he served until the end of his administration on January 20 , 2009 . Abrams accompanied Condoleezza Rice as a primary adviser on her visits to the Middle East in late July 2006 in the course of discussions relating to the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict . Post-Bush administration . On May 16 , 2016 , Abrams wrote a historical piece in The Weekly Standard predicting that Donald Trump would fail colossally in the 2016 election to which he drew parallels with the 1972 election . On December 23 , 2016 , Abrams , a strong supporter of Israel , criticized Barack Obama for undermining Israels elected government , prevent its action against Irans nuclear weapons program , and create as much daylight as possible between the United States and Israel . Abrams condemned Obamas decision not to block a UN resolution criticizing Israeli settlement building in the occupied Palestinian territories . In February 2017 , it was reported that Abrams was Secretary of State Rex Tillersons first pick for Deputy Secretary of State , but that Tillerson was overruled by Trump . Trump aides were supportive of Abrams , but Trump opposed him because of Abrams opposition during the campaign . Abrams is a senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations . Additionally , he holds positions on the Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf ( CPSG ) , Center for Security Policy & National Secretary Advisory Council , Committee for a Free Lebanon , and the Project for the New American Century . He is a member of the U.S . Holocaust Memorial Council and maintained a CFR blog called Pressure Points about U.S . foreign policy and human rights . He was on the faculty of Georgetown University . Trump administration . On January 25 , 2019 , Secretary of State Mike Pompeo appointed Abrams as the United States Special Representative for Venezuela . In February 2019 , Rep . Ilhan Omar ( D-Minn. ) questioned whether Abrams was the correct choice because he had been convicted for lying to Congress in the past and given his role in the Iran-Contra affair and support for CIA-backed right-wing dictatorships in Central America in the 1980s . Upon the resignation of Brian Hook , Abrams was selected to succeed him as United States Special Representative for Iran . Both positions were merged into the United States Special Representative for Iran and Venezuela as of September 1 , 2020 . Political views . Abrams is neoconservative and was one of the Bush administrations intellectual architects of the Iraq War . Abrams is also pro-Israel . Abrams originally opposed Trumps candidacy for President , writing an op-ed in The Weekly Standard titled When You Cant Stand Your Candidate . Abrams supported Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio during the Republican primaries for the 2016 presidential election . Personal life . Through Senator Moynihan , Abrams was introduced to Rachel Decter , the stepdaughter of Moynihans friend Norman Podhoretz , editor of Commentary . They were married from 1980 until her death in June 2013 . He has two sons , Jacob and Joseph , and one daughter , Sarah .

hard

What was the position of Elliott Abrams after Dec 2019?

/wiki/Elliott_Abrams#P39#2

Elliott Abrams Elliott Abrams ( born January 24 , 1948 ) is an American politician and lawyer , who has served in foreign policy positions for Presidents Ronald Reagan , George W . Bush , and Donald Trump . Abrams is considered to be a neoconservative . He is currently a senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations . On January 25 , 2019 , he was appointed as Special Representative for Venezuela . On September 1 , 2020 , he was further appointed to concurrently serve as the U.S . Special Representative for Iran . He is best known for his involvement in the Iran-Contra scandal during the Reagan administration , which led to his conviction in 1991 on two misdemeanor counts of unlawfully withholding information from Congress . He was later pardoned by George H.W . Bush . During George W . Bushs first term , he served as Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director on the National Security Council for Near East and North African Affairs . At the start of Bushs second term , Abrams was promoted to be his Deputy National Security Advisor for Global Democracy Strategy , in charge of promoting Bushs strategy of advancing democracy abroad . In the Bush administration , Abrams was a supporter of the Iraq War . Background . Elliott Abrams was born into a Jewish family in New York in 1948 . His father was an immigration lawyer . Abrams attended the Little Red School House in New York City , a private high school whose students at the time included the children of many of the citys notable left-wing activists and artists . Abrams parents were Democrats . His first cousin is attorney Floyd Abrams . Abrams received his Bachelor of Arts from Harvard College in 1969 , a masters degree in international relations from the London School of Economics in 1970 , and his J.D . from Harvard Law School in 1973 . He practiced law in New York in the summers for his father , and then at Breed , Abbott & Morgan from 1973 to 1975 and with Verner , Liipfert , Bernhard , McPherson and Hand from 1979 to 1981 . Abrams worked as an assistant counsel on the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations in 1975 , then worked as a staffer on Senator Henry Scoop Jacksons brief campaign for the 1976 Democratic Party presidential nomination . From 1977 through 1979 , he served as special counsel and ultimately as chief of staff for the then-new senator Daniel Moynihan . Dissatisfaction with President Carters foreign policy led Abrams to campaign for Ronald Reagan in the 1980 presidential election . Career . Assistant Secretary of State , 1980s . Abrams first came to national prominence when he served as Reagans Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs in the early 1980s and later as Assistant Secretary for Inter-American Affairs . His nomination to Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs was unanimously approved by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on November 17 , 1981 . Abrams was Reagans second choice for the position ; his first nominee , Ernest W . Lefever , had been rejected by the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on June 5 , 1981 . During his time in the post , Abrams clashed regularly with church groups and human rights organizations , including Human Rights Watch . According to an article in The Washington Post , in a 1984 appearance on the program Nightline , Abrams clashed with Aryeh Neier , the Executive Director of Human Rights Watch and with the leader of Amnesty International , over the Reagan administrations foreign policies . They accused him of covering up atrocities committed by the military forces of U.S.-backed governments , including those in El Salvador , Honduras , and Guatemala , and the rebel Contras in Nicaragua . Abrams accused critics of the Reagan administrations foreign policy towards Latin America of being Un-American and unpatriotic . In an October 1981 memo , weeks prior to his confirmation in the Senate , Abrams asserted , human rights is at the core of our foreign policy . Critics say that Abrams and the Reagan administration misappropriated the term human rights , with Tamar Jacoby writing in 1986 , in a period that more or less coincided with Abrams tenure as assistant secretary of state for human rights , the White House endeavored to appropriate the banner of human rights for itself to use it in battle not only against communist regimes but also , in a more defensive way , against domestic opponents of its human rights policy . The Lawyers Committee , Americas Watch and Helsinki Watch wrote a report in 1985 , charging that Abrams had developed and articulated a human rights ideology which complements and justifies Administration policies and undermined the purpose of the human rights bureau in the State Department . According to American University political scientist William M . LeoGrande , Communist governments were the worst human rights violators in the world , Abrams believed , so virtually anything done to prevent Communists from coming to power ( or to overthrow them ) was justifiable on human rights grounds . This theory fit neatly into the Cold War presumptions that framed Reagans foreign policy and allowed the administration to rationalize supporting murderous regimes so long as they were anti-Communists . In practice , it was little different from Henry Kissingers realpolitik that discounted human rights issues entirely . Abrams was generally considered a skilled and influential bureaucrat in the human rights bureau . Guatemala . As Assistant Secretary of State , Abrams advocated for aid to Guatemala under then dictator Efraín Ríos Montt . Ríos Montt came to power via a coup in 1982 , overcoming the forces of General Fernando Romeo Lucas García . Thirty years later , Ríos Montt was found guilty of overseeing a campaign of mass murder and torture of indigenous people , genocide , in Guatemala . Ríos Montt , who claimed he had no operational control of the forces involved , was convicted of genocide against the Maya-Ixil population . El Salvador . Abrams frequently defended the human rights record of the El Salvador government and attacked human rights groups as communist sympathizers when they criticized the El Salvador government . In early 1982 , when reports of the El Mozote massacre of hundreds of civilians by the military in El Salvador began appearing in U.S . media , Abrams told a Senate committee that the reported number of deaths at El Mozote was not credible , reasoning that the reported number of deaths was greater than the likely population , and that there were survivors . He said that it appears to be an incident that is at least being significantly misused , at the very best , by the guerrillas . The massacre had come at a time when the Reagan administration was attempting to bolster the human rights image of the Salvadoran military . Abrams implied that reports of a massacre were simply FMLN propaganda and denounced U.S . investigative reports of the massacre as misleading . In March 1993 , the Salvadoran Truth Commission reported that over 500 civilians were deliberately and systematically executed in El Mozote in December 1981 by forces affiliated with the Salvadoran government . Also in 1993 , documentation emerged suggesting that some Reagan administration officials could have known about El Mozote and other human rights violations from the beginning . However , in July 1993 , an investigation commissioned by Clinton Secretary of State Warren Christopher into the State Departments activities and conduct with regard to human rights in El Salvador during the Reagan years found that , despite U.S . funding of the Salvadoran government that committed the massacre at El Mozote , individual U.S . personnel performed creditably and occasionally with personal bravery in advancing human rights in El Salvador . Abrams said in 2001 that Washingtons policy in El Salvador was a fabulous achievement . In 2019 he said that the fabulous achievement was that El Salvador has been a democracy . In a 1998 interview , Abrams remarked , While it was important to us to promote the cause of human rights in Central America it was more important to prevent a communist takeover in El Salvador . Nicaragua . When Congress shut down funding for the Contras efforts to overthrow Nicaraguas Sandinista government with the 1982 Boland Amendment , members of the Reagan administration began looking for other avenues for funding the group . Congress opened a couple of such avenues when it modified the Boland Amendment for fiscal year 1986 by approving $27 million in direct aid to the Contras and allowing the administration to legally solicit funds for the Contras from foreign governments . Neither the direct aid , nor any foreign contributions , could be used to purchase weapons . Guided by the new provisions of the modified Boland Amendment , Abrams flew to London in August 1986 and met secretly with Bruneian defense minister General Ibnu to solicit a $10-million contribution from the Sultan of Brunei . Ultimately , the Contras never received this money because a clerical error in Oliver Norths office ( a mistyped account number ) sent the Bruneian money to the wrong Swiss bank account . Iran-Contra affair and convictions . In October 1986 , a plane flown by Eugene Hasenfus , carrying military equipment intended for the Contras , a right-wing rebel group fighting against the socialist Sandinista government of Nicaragua , was shot down over Nicaragua . The Reagan administration publicly denied that Hasenfus sought to arm the Contras as part of a US government mission . However , the State Department was centrally involved in the covert plan to fund the Contras , which violated congressional legislation . In congressional testimony in October 1986 , Abrams repeatedly and categorically denied that the US government was involved in arming the Contras . However , at the time , Abrams knew that [ Oliver ] North was encouraging , coordinating and directing the activities of the contra-resupply operation and that North was in contact with the private citizens who were behind the lethal resupply fights . During investigation of the Iran-Contra Affair , Lawrence Walsh , the Independent Counsel tasked with investigating the case , prepared multiple felony counts against Abrams . In 1991 , Abrams admitted that he knew more than he acknowledged in his congressional testimony , cooperated with Walsh and entered into a plea agreement in which he pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of withholding information from Congress . For failing to cooperate , he would have faced felony charges of perjury over his congressional testimony . He was sentenced to a $50 fine , probation for two years , and 100 hours of community service . Abrams was pardoned by President George H . W . Bush in December 1992 . In 1997 , Abrams was publicly sanctioned by the District of Columbia Bar for giving false testimony to Congress about the Iran-Contra affair . Although several of the courts judges recommended disbarment , the court ultimately declined to disbar Abrams over questions related to the effect of Abrams Presidential pardon for his prior criminal conduct . Bush administration . President George W . Bush appointed Abrams to the post of Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Democracy , Human Rights , and International Operations at the National Security Council on June 25 , 2001 . Abrams was appointed special assistant to the President and the NSCs senior director for Near East and North African Affairs on December 2 , 2002 . Human rights groups and commentators expressed disquiet over his White House appointment owing to his disreputable conduct and conviction in the Iran–Contra affair investigation and his role in overseeing the Reagan administrations foreign policy in Latin America . The Observer wrote that Abrams had advance knowledge of , and gave a nod to , the Venezuelan coup attempt of 2002 against Hugo Chávez . The Intercept has reported that Abrams had a key role in disrupting a peace plan proposed by Iran , right after the U.S . invasion to Iraq in 2003 . Abrams office received this plan by fax . They should have passed the plan to Condoleezza Rice . But she never saw it . Later , Abrams’s spokesperson got asked about the plan and he said “he had no memory of any such fax.” On February 2 , 2005 , Bush appointed Abrams deputy national security adviser for Global Democracy Strategy , where he served until the end of his administration on January 20 , 2009 . Abrams accompanied Condoleezza Rice as a primary adviser on her visits to the Middle East in late July 2006 in the course of discussions relating to the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict . Post-Bush administration . On May 16 , 2016 , Abrams wrote a historical piece in The Weekly Standard predicting that Donald Trump would fail colossally in the 2016 election to which he drew parallels with the 1972 election . On December 23 , 2016 , Abrams , a strong supporter of Israel , criticized Barack Obama for undermining Israels elected government , prevent its action against Irans nuclear weapons program , and create as much daylight as possible between the United States and Israel . Abrams condemned Obamas decision not to block a UN resolution criticizing Israeli settlement building in the occupied Palestinian territories . In February 2017 , it was reported that Abrams was Secretary of State Rex Tillersons first pick for Deputy Secretary of State , but that Tillerson was overruled by Trump . Trump aides were supportive of Abrams , but Trump opposed him because of Abrams opposition during the campaign . Abrams is a senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations . Additionally , he holds positions on the Committee for Peace and Security in the Gulf ( CPSG ) , Center for Security Policy & National Secretary Advisory Council , Committee for a Free Lebanon , and the Project for the New American Century . He is a member of the U.S . Holocaust Memorial Council and maintained a CFR blog called Pressure Points about U.S . foreign policy and human rights . He was on the faculty of Georgetown University . Trump administration . On January 25 , 2019 , Secretary of State Mike Pompeo appointed Abrams as the United States Special Representative for Venezuela . In February 2019 , Rep . Ilhan Omar ( D-Minn. ) questioned whether Abrams was the correct choice because he had been convicted for lying to Congress in the past and given his role in the Iran-Contra affair and support for CIA-backed right-wing dictatorships in Central America in the 1980s . Upon the resignation of Brian Hook , Abrams was selected to succeed him as United States Special Representative for Iran . Both positions were merged into the United States Special Representative for Iran and Venezuela as of September 1 , 2020 . Political views . Abrams is neoconservative and was one of the Bush administrations intellectual architects of the Iraq War . Abrams is also pro-Israel . Abrams originally opposed Trumps candidacy for President , writing an op-ed in The Weekly Standard titled When You Cant Stand Your Candidate . Abrams supported Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio during the Republican primaries for the 2016 presidential election . Personal life . Through Senator Moynihan , Abrams was introduced to Rachel Decter , the stepdaughter of Moynihans friend Norman Podhoretz , editor of Commentary . They were married from 1980 until her death in June 2013 . He has two sons , Jacob and Joseph , and one daughter , Sarah .

hard

Kevin Hofland played for which team in Feb 1999?

/wiki/Kevin_Hofland#P54#0

Kevin Hofland Kevin Hofland ( born 7 June 1979 ) is a Dutch professional football manager and former player , who was most recently the head coach of Eredivisie club Fortuna Sittard . A centre back during his career , Hofland played 15 active seasons in which he amassed Eredivisie totals of 182 games and eight goals in 10 years , namely for PSV and Feyenoord . He also represented VfL Wolfsburg and AEK Larnaca in Germany and Cyprus , respectively . Hofland became a Dutch international in the 2000s , earning 7 caps . Club career . Fortuna . Hofland was born in Heerlen , but grew up in Brunssum , Limburg . He joined local SV Limburgia at the age of just four , moving to the professionals with Fortuna Sittard six years later . Hofland played in various positions during his youth career , mainly as a left midfielder or left back . In 1995 , he was reconverted by manager Henk Duut into a central defender , where he remained for the rest of his career . On 10 September 1997 , Hofland made his Eredivisie debut with Fortuna , against Sparta Rotterdam ( 1–1 away draw ) . He finished his first season with only six league appearances , but subsequently became a starter , helping the side to the 12th-place in the 1999–00 campaign . PSV . In summer 2000 , Hofland signed with national giants PSV Eindhoven . Despite his young age and the heavy competition within the team , he quickly became an important player in the teams defence but , after a serious ankle injury in a 2002–03 UEFA Champions League group stage match against Arsenal , he lost his starting position to Wilfred Bouma . Hofland played 20 matches in 2003–04 to help the Philips outfit finished second in the domestic championship , to AFC Ajax . After the arrival of Alex on loan from Chelsea he decided to leave the club , having won a total of four major titles . Wolfsburg . Former PSV manager Eric Gerets was one of the main reasons for Hofland to join VfL Wolfsburg in Germany . He went on to play three seasons in the Bundesliga , making his debut in the competition on 7 August 2004 in a 2–1 win at Borussia Dortmund ( 90 minutes played ) . In his last two years with the Wölfen , Hofland played in 49 games combined scoring twice , but the team ranked 15th on both occasions , being the first side above the relegation zone . Feyenoord / AEK . On 28 June 2007 , Hofland signed with Feyenoord , for four years . He only managed to appear in eight league games in the 2009–10 season , winning the first and only Dutch Cup of his career in 2008 . In the 2010 offseason Hofland was loaned to Cypriot First Division club AEK Larnaca FC , helping the team to the fourth position in both the regular season and the second stage , whilst scoring a career-best five goals and being team captain . Hofland signed a permanent deal with AEK in July 2011 . On 17 March of the following year , however , he officially retired from professional football after another injury to his ankle . International career . On 15 November 2000 , Hofland played his first international match with Netherlands , starting in an away friendly with Spain in Sevilla ( 2–1 win ) . Four of his seven caps for the Oranje came during the ill-fated 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . Managerial career . On 22 April 2020 , it was announced that Hofland had signed a two-year contract as the new head coach of Fortuna Sittard , starting from the 2020–21 season . His predecessor Sjors Ultee became technical director from that moment on . Honours . Fortuna - KNVB Cup : Runner-up 1998–99 - Eredivisie : 2000–01 , 2002–03 - Johan Cruijff Shield : 2000 , 2001 - KNVB Cup : Runner-up 2000–01 Feyenoord - KNVB Cup : 2007–08 ; Runner-up 2009–10 Personal life . Hofland is married . He and his wife have three sons and a daughter . External links . - Stats at Voetbal International

hard

Kevin Hofland played for which team between Jun 2002 and Sep 2002?

/wiki/Kevin_Hofland#P54#1

Kevin Hofland Kevin Hofland ( born 7 June 1979 ) is a Dutch professional football manager and former player , who was most recently the head coach of Eredivisie club Fortuna Sittard . A centre back during his career , Hofland played 15 active seasons in which he amassed Eredivisie totals of 182 games and eight goals in 10 years , namely for PSV and Feyenoord . He also represented VfL Wolfsburg and AEK Larnaca in Germany and Cyprus , respectively . Hofland became a Dutch international in the 2000s , earning 7 caps . Club career . Fortuna . Hofland was born in Heerlen , but grew up in Brunssum , Limburg . He joined local SV Limburgia at the age of just four , moving to the professionals with Fortuna Sittard six years later . Hofland played in various positions during his youth career , mainly as a left midfielder or left back . In 1995 , he was reconverted by manager Henk Duut into a central defender , where he remained for the rest of his career . On 10 September 1997 , Hofland made his Eredivisie debut with Fortuna , against Sparta Rotterdam ( 1–1 away draw ) . He finished his first season with only six league appearances , but subsequently became a starter , helping the side to the 12th-place in the 1999–00 campaign . PSV . In summer 2000 , Hofland signed with national giants PSV Eindhoven . Despite his young age and the heavy competition within the team , he quickly became an important player in the teams defence but , after a serious ankle injury in a 2002–03 UEFA Champions League group stage match against Arsenal , he lost his starting position to Wilfred Bouma . Hofland played 20 matches in 2003–04 to help the Philips outfit finished second in the domestic championship , to AFC Ajax . After the arrival of Alex on loan from Chelsea he decided to leave the club , having won a total of four major titles . Wolfsburg . Former PSV manager Eric Gerets was one of the main reasons for Hofland to join VfL Wolfsburg in Germany . He went on to play three seasons in the Bundesliga , making his debut in the competition on 7 August 2004 in a 2–1 win at Borussia Dortmund ( 90 minutes played ) . In his last two years with the Wölfen , Hofland played in 49 games combined scoring twice , but the team ranked 15th on both occasions , being the first side above the relegation zone . Feyenoord / AEK . On 28 June 2007 , Hofland signed with Feyenoord , for four years . He only managed to appear in eight league games in the 2009–10 season , winning the first and only Dutch Cup of his career in 2008 . In the 2010 offseason Hofland was loaned to Cypriot First Division club AEK Larnaca FC , helping the team to the fourth position in both the regular season and the second stage , whilst scoring a career-best five goals and being team captain . Hofland signed a permanent deal with AEK in July 2011 . On 17 March of the following year , however , he officially retired from professional football after another injury to his ankle . International career . On 15 November 2000 , Hofland played his first international match with Netherlands , starting in an away friendly with Spain in Sevilla ( 2–1 win ) . Four of his seven caps for the Oranje came during the ill-fated 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . Managerial career . On 22 April 2020 , it was announced that Hofland had signed a two-year contract as the new head coach of Fortuna Sittard , starting from the 2020–21 season . His predecessor Sjors Ultee became technical director from that moment on . Honours . Fortuna - KNVB Cup : Runner-up 1998–99 - Eredivisie : 2000–01 , 2002–03 - Johan Cruijff Shield : 2000 , 2001 - KNVB Cup : Runner-up 2000–01 Feyenoord - KNVB Cup : 2007–08 ; Runner-up 2009–10 Personal life . Hofland is married . He and his wife have three sons and a daughter . External links . - Stats at Voetbal International

hard

Kevin Hofland played for which team in Jun 2004?

/wiki/Kevin_Hofland#P54#2

Kevin Hofland Kevin Hofland ( born 7 June 1979 ) is a Dutch professional football manager and former player , who was most recently the head coach of Eredivisie club Fortuna Sittard . A centre back during his career , Hofland played 15 active seasons in which he amassed Eredivisie totals of 182 games and eight goals in 10 years , namely for PSV and Feyenoord . He also represented VfL Wolfsburg and AEK Larnaca in Germany and Cyprus , respectively . Hofland became a Dutch international in the 2000s , earning 7 caps . Club career . Fortuna . Hofland was born in Heerlen , but grew up in Brunssum , Limburg . He joined local SV Limburgia at the age of just four , moving to the professionals with Fortuna Sittard six years later . Hofland played in various positions during his youth career , mainly as a left midfielder or left back . In 1995 , he was reconverted by manager Henk Duut into a central defender , where he remained for the rest of his career . On 10 September 1997 , Hofland made his Eredivisie debut with Fortuna , against Sparta Rotterdam ( 1–1 away draw ) . He finished his first season with only six league appearances , but subsequently became a starter , helping the side to the 12th-place in the 1999–00 campaign . PSV . In summer 2000 , Hofland signed with national giants PSV Eindhoven . Despite his young age and the heavy competition within the team , he quickly became an important player in the teams defence but , after a serious ankle injury in a 2002–03 UEFA Champions League group stage match against Arsenal , he lost his starting position to Wilfred Bouma . Hofland played 20 matches in 2003–04 to help the Philips outfit finished second in the domestic championship , to AFC Ajax . After the arrival of Alex on loan from Chelsea he decided to leave the club , having won a total of four major titles . Wolfsburg . Former PSV manager Eric Gerets was one of the main reasons for Hofland to join VfL Wolfsburg in Germany . He went on to play three seasons in the Bundesliga , making his debut in the competition on 7 August 2004 in a 2–1 win at Borussia Dortmund ( 90 minutes played ) . In his last two years with the Wölfen , Hofland played in 49 games combined scoring twice , but the team ranked 15th on both occasions , being the first side above the relegation zone . Feyenoord / AEK . On 28 June 2007 , Hofland signed with Feyenoord , for four years . He only managed to appear in eight league games in the 2009–10 season , winning the first and only Dutch Cup of his career in 2008 . In the 2010 offseason Hofland was loaned to Cypriot First Division club AEK Larnaca FC , helping the team to the fourth position in both the regular season and the second stage , whilst scoring a career-best five goals and being team captain . Hofland signed a permanent deal with AEK in July 2011 . On 17 March of the following year , however , he officially retired from professional football after another injury to his ankle . International career . On 15 November 2000 , Hofland played his first international match with Netherlands , starting in an away friendly with Spain in Sevilla ( 2–1 win ) . Four of his seven caps for the Oranje came during the ill-fated 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . Managerial career . On 22 April 2020 , it was announced that Hofland had signed a two-year contract as the new head coach of Fortuna Sittard , starting from the 2020–21 season . His predecessor Sjors Ultee became technical director from that moment on . Honours . Fortuna - KNVB Cup : Runner-up 1998–99 - Eredivisie : 2000–01 , 2002–03 - Johan Cruijff Shield : 2000 , 2001 - KNVB Cup : Runner-up 2000–01 Feyenoord - KNVB Cup : 2007–08 ; Runner-up 2009–10 Personal life . Hofland is married . He and his wife have three sons and a daughter . External links . - Stats at Voetbal International

hard

Kevin Hofland played for which team in late 2000s?

/wiki/Kevin_Hofland#P54#3

Kevin Hofland Kevin Hofland ( born 7 June 1979 ) is a Dutch professional football manager and former player , who was most recently the head coach of Eredivisie club Fortuna Sittard . A centre back during his career , Hofland played 15 active seasons in which he amassed Eredivisie totals of 182 games and eight goals in 10 years , namely for PSV and Feyenoord . He also represented VfL Wolfsburg and AEK Larnaca in Germany and Cyprus , respectively . Hofland became a Dutch international in the 2000s , earning 7 caps . Club career . Fortuna . Hofland was born in Heerlen , but grew up in Brunssum , Limburg . He joined local SV Limburgia at the age of just four , moving to the professionals with Fortuna Sittard six years later . Hofland played in various positions during his youth career , mainly as a left midfielder or left back . In 1995 , he was reconverted by manager Henk Duut into a central defender , where he remained for the rest of his career . On 10 September 1997 , Hofland made his Eredivisie debut with Fortuna , against Sparta Rotterdam ( 1–1 away draw ) . He finished his first season with only six league appearances , but subsequently became a starter , helping the side to the 12th-place in the 1999–00 campaign . PSV . In summer 2000 , Hofland signed with national giants PSV Eindhoven . Despite his young age and the heavy competition within the team , he quickly became an important player in the teams defence but , after a serious ankle injury in a 2002–03 UEFA Champions League group stage match against Arsenal , he lost his starting position to Wilfred Bouma . Hofland played 20 matches in 2003–04 to help the Philips outfit finished second in the domestic championship , to AFC Ajax . After the arrival of Alex on loan from Chelsea he decided to leave the club , having won a total of four major titles . Wolfsburg . Former PSV manager Eric Gerets was one of the main reasons for Hofland to join VfL Wolfsburg in Germany . He went on to play three seasons in the Bundesliga , making his debut in the competition on 7 August 2004 in a 2–1 win at Borussia Dortmund ( 90 minutes played ) . In his last two years with the Wölfen , Hofland played in 49 games combined scoring twice , but the team ranked 15th on both occasions , being the first side above the relegation zone . Feyenoord / AEK . On 28 June 2007 , Hofland signed with Feyenoord , for four years . He only managed to appear in eight league games in the 2009–10 season , winning the first and only Dutch Cup of his career in 2008 . In the 2010 offseason Hofland was loaned to Cypriot First Division club AEK Larnaca FC , helping the team to the fourth position in both the regular season and the second stage , whilst scoring a career-best five goals and being team captain . Hofland signed a permanent deal with AEK in July 2011 . On 17 March of the following year , however , he officially retired from professional football after another injury to his ankle . International career . On 15 November 2000 , Hofland played his first international match with Netherlands , starting in an away friendly with Spain in Sevilla ( 2–1 win ) . Four of his seven caps for the Oranje came during the ill-fated 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . Managerial career . On 22 April 2020 , it was announced that Hofland had signed a two-year contract as the new head coach of Fortuna Sittard , starting from the 2020–21 season . His predecessor Sjors Ultee became technical director from that moment on . Honours . Fortuna - KNVB Cup : Runner-up 1998–99 - Eredivisie : 2000–01 , 2002–03 - Johan Cruijff Shield : 2000 , 2001 - KNVB Cup : Runner-up 2000–01 Feyenoord - KNVB Cup : 2007–08 ; Runner-up 2009–10 Personal life . Hofland is married . He and his wife have three sons and a daughter . External links . - Stats at Voetbal International

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Kevin Hofland played for which team after Apr 2011?

/wiki/Kevin_Hofland#P54#4

Kevin Hofland Kevin Hofland ( born 7 June 1979 ) is a Dutch professional football manager and former player , who was most recently the head coach of Eredivisie club Fortuna Sittard . A centre back during his career , Hofland played 15 active seasons in which he amassed Eredivisie totals of 182 games and eight goals in 10 years , namely for PSV and Feyenoord . He also represented VfL Wolfsburg and AEK Larnaca in Germany and Cyprus , respectively . Hofland became a Dutch international in the 2000s , earning 7 caps . Club career . Fortuna . Hofland was born in Heerlen , but grew up in Brunssum , Limburg . He joined local SV Limburgia at the age of just four , moving to the professionals with Fortuna Sittard six years later . Hofland played in various positions during his youth career , mainly as a left midfielder or left back . In 1995 , he was reconverted by manager Henk Duut into a central defender , where he remained for the rest of his career . On 10 September 1997 , Hofland made his Eredivisie debut with Fortuna , against Sparta Rotterdam ( 1–1 away draw ) . He finished his first season with only six league appearances , but subsequently became a starter , helping the side to the 12th-place in the 1999–00 campaign . PSV . In summer 2000 , Hofland signed with national giants PSV Eindhoven . Despite his young age and the heavy competition within the team , he quickly became an important player in the teams defence but , after a serious ankle injury in a 2002–03 UEFA Champions League group stage match against Arsenal , he lost his starting position to Wilfred Bouma . Hofland played 20 matches in 2003–04 to help the Philips outfit finished second in the domestic championship , to AFC Ajax . After the arrival of Alex on loan from Chelsea he decided to leave the club , having won a total of four major titles . Wolfsburg . Former PSV manager Eric Gerets was one of the main reasons for Hofland to join VfL Wolfsburg in Germany . He went on to play three seasons in the Bundesliga , making his debut in the competition on 7 August 2004 in a 2–1 win at Borussia Dortmund ( 90 minutes played ) . In his last two years with the Wölfen , Hofland played in 49 games combined scoring twice , but the team ranked 15th on both occasions , being the first side above the relegation zone . Feyenoord / AEK . On 28 June 2007 , Hofland signed with Feyenoord , for four years . He only managed to appear in eight league games in the 2009–10 season , winning the first and only Dutch Cup of his career in 2008 . In the 2010 offseason Hofland was loaned to Cypriot First Division club AEK Larnaca FC , helping the team to the fourth position in both the regular season and the second stage , whilst scoring a career-best five goals and being team captain . Hofland signed a permanent deal with AEK in July 2011 . On 17 March of the following year , however , he officially retired from professional football after another injury to his ankle . International career . On 15 November 2000 , Hofland played his first international match with Netherlands , starting in an away friendly with Spain in Sevilla ( 2–1 win ) . Four of his seven caps for the Oranje came during the ill-fated 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign . Managerial career . On 22 April 2020 , it was announced that Hofland had signed a two-year contract as the new head coach of Fortuna Sittard , starting from the 2020–21 season . His predecessor Sjors Ultee became technical director from that moment on . Honours . Fortuna - KNVB Cup : Runner-up 1998–99 - Eredivisie : 2000–01 , 2002–03 - Johan Cruijff Shield : 2000 , 2001 - KNVB Cup : Runner-up 2000–01 Feyenoord - KNVB Cup : 2007–08 ; Runner-up 2009–10 Personal life . Hofland is married . He and his wife have three sons and a daughter . External links . - Stats at Voetbal International

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Which position did John Hannah Gordon hold before Feb 1889?

/wiki/John_Hannah_Gordon#P39#0

John Hannah Gordon Sir John Hannah Gordon KC ( 26 July 1850 – 23 December 1923 ) was a Scottish-Australian politician and judge . He was a member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1888 to 1892 and from 1893 to 1903 . He was a minister under four Premiers : John Cockburn , Frederick Holder , Charles Kingston and John Jenkins , variously as Minister for Education , Chief Secretary , Attorney-General , and Minister Controlling the Northern Territory . He was a judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia from 1903 . Early life . Gordon was born at Kilmacolm , Renfrewshire , Scotland , the eldest son of the Rev . James Gordon , preacher of the Free Church , and his wife Margaret , née Leonard . The family emigrated to South Australia in 1859 where Rev . Gordon took charge of the Presbyterian church at Mount Barker , and was afterwards stationed at Gawler . Gordons younger brother , William Beattie Gordon , who was born in Gawler , became a member of parliament in Western Australia . Gordon was educated at Mount Barker under James Clezy , M.A. , and at Gawler under the Rev . J . Leonard and L . S . Burton . On leaving school he studied theology and classics for two years , and was then for some years in the offices of W . Duffield and Company of Gawler , and Dunn and Company , Port Adelaide . He took up the study of law and served his articles with J . J . Bonnar in Strathalbyn . He was admitted to the South Australian bar in 1876 , but practised for 11 years at Strathalbyn as a solicitor . Gordon did not become a Q.C . until 1900 . On 4 January 1877 at the Presbyterian church , Strathalbyn , Gordon married Ann Wright Rogers ( 20 February 1855 – 20 April 1951 ) , youngest daughter of William Rogers MHA . They had two sons and two daughters . Political career . In 1888 Gordon was elected to the Legislative Council for the Southern District , a seat he held for 15 years . He was Minister of Education in the Cockburn ministry from June 1889 to August 1890 , and held the same position in the first Holder ministry from June to October 1892 . Gordon became Chief Secretary in the Kingston ministry in June 1893 but resigned on 15 February 1896 . He was Attorney-General of South Australia in Holders second ministry from December 1899 to May 1901 and from May 1901 to December 1903 in the Jenkins ministry . A strong federalist , he was a representative of South Australia at the 1891 convention , was elected fifth out of 33 candidates in 1897 , and sat on the constitutional committee . Womens Suffrage . Gordon introduced the successful Bill for womens suffrage into the Legislative Council in July 1894 . Of the five members of the South Australian Parliament who introduced bills providing votes for women , four were Scottish born and the fifth , Edward Charles Stirling , although born in South Australia had Scots parents . Their shared philosophy was that the demand to enfranchise women was based on the principle of equity and would not result in social upheaval . Later life . Following his political career Gordon became a Supreme Court Justice for South Australia and he was knighted in 1908 . In February 1913 Gordon declined an invitation from Billy Hughes to move to the High Court . Gordon was also a lecturer on literary subjects , such as the Elizabethan period , publishing occasional articles in the Adelaide press . Gordon died at Adelaide , South Australia of cardiac disease on 23 December 1923 . On 4 January 1877 he married Ann Annie Rogers ( 20 Feb 1855 – 20 Apr 1951 ) who survived him . - Annie Louise Gordon ( 3 November 1877 – 18 June 1955 ) married James Robert Anderson KC ( 12 June 1864 – 7 April 1913 ) on 29 October 1896 . Anderson was Attorney General for four months in 1905 . She married a second time , to Dr . Edgar Jabez Brown on 2 March 1915 . She was , as Louise Brown , author of the novel Paul Strange and other works . - ( Margaret ) Kathleen Gordon ( 13 July 1882 – 1958 ) , married Neil Campbell ( 11 September 1882 – April 1918 ) on 23 May 1914 . Neil served in the Boer War and was a member of the Tunnelling Corps in World War I , killed in action . References . - Graham Loughlin , Gordon , Sir John Hannah ( 1850–1923 ) , Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 9 , Melbourne University Press , 1983 , pp 53–54 . Retrieved on 24 December 2008 .

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Which position did John Hannah Gordon hold between Sep 1889 and Apr 1890?

/wiki/John_Hannah_Gordon#P39#1

John Hannah Gordon Sir John Hannah Gordon KC ( 26 July 1850 – 23 December 1923 ) was a Scottish-Australian politician and judge . He was a member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1888 to 1892 and from 1893 to 1903 . He was a minister under four Premiers : John Cockburn , Frederick Holder , Charles Kingston and John Jenkins , variously as Minister for Education , Chief Secretary , Attorney-General , and Minister Controlling the Northern Territory . He was a judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia from 1903 . Early life . Gordon was born at Kilmacolm , Renfrewshire , Scotland , the eldest son of the Rev . James Gordon , preacher of the Free Church , and his wife Margaret , née Leonard . The family emigrated to South Australia in 1859 where Rev . Gordon took charge of the Presbyterian church at Mount Barker , and was afterwards stationed at Gawler . Gordons younger brother , William Beattie Gordon , who was born in Gawler , became a member of parliament in Western Australia . Gordon was educated at Mount Barker under James Clezy , M.A. , and at Gawler under the Rev . J . Leonard and L . S . Burton . On leaving school he studied theology and classics for two years , and was then for some years in the offices of W . Duffield and Company of Gawler , and Dunn and Company , Port Adelaide . He took up the study of law and served his articles with J . J . Bonnar in Strathalbyn . He was admitted to the South Australian bar in 1876 , but practised for 11 years at Strathalbyn as a solicitor . Gordon did not become a Q.C . until 1900 . On 4 January 1877 at the Presbyterian church , Strathalbyn , Gordon married Ann Wright Rogers ( 20 February 1855 – 20 April 1951 ) , youngest daughter of William Rogers MHA . They had two sons and two daughters . Political career . In 1888 Gordon was elected to the Legislative Council for the Southern District , a seat he held for 15 years . He was Minister of Education in the Cockburn ministry from June 1889 to August 1890 , and held the same position in the first Holder ministry from June to October 1892 . Gordon became Chief Secretary in the Kingston ministry in June 1893 but resigned on 15 February 1896 . He was Attorney-General of South Australia in Holders second ministry from December 1899 to May 1901 and from May 1901 to December 1903 in the Jenkins ministry . A strong federalist , he was a representative of South Australia at the 1891 convention , was elected fifth out of 33 candidates in 1897 , and sat on the constitutional committee . Womens Suffrage . Gordon introduced the successful Bill for womens suffrage into the Legislative Council in July 1894 . Of the five members of the South Australian Parliament who introduced bills providing votes for women , four were Scottish born and the fifth , Edward Charles Stirling , although born in South Australia had Scots parents . Their shared philosophy was that the demand to enfranchise women was based on the principle of equity and would not result in social upheaval . Later life . Following his political career Gordon became a Supreme Court Justice for South Australia and he was knighted in 1908 . In February 1913 Gordon declined an invitation from Billy Hughes to move to the High Court . Gordon was also a lecturer on literary subjects , such as the Elizabethan period , publishing occasional articles in the Adelaide press . Gordon died at Adelaide , South Australia of cardiac disease on 23 December 1923 . On 4 January 1877 he married Ann Annie Rogers ( 20 Feb 1855 – 20 Apr 1951 ) who survived him . - Annie Louise Gordon ( 3 November 1877 – 18 June 1955 ) married James Robert Anderson KC ( 12 June 1864 – 7 April 1913 ) on 29 October 1896 . Anderson was Attorney General for four months in 1905 . She married a second time , to Dr . Edgar Jabez Brown on 2 March 1915 . She was , as Louise Brown , author of the novel Paul Strange and other works . - ( Margaret ) Kathleen Gordon ( 13 July 1882 – 1958 ) , married Neil Campbell ( 11 September 1882 – April 1918 ) on 23 May 1914 . Neil served in the Boer War and was a member of the Tunnelling Corps in World War I , killed in action . References . - Graham Loughlin , Gordon , Sir John Hannah ( 1850–1923 ) , Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 9 , Melbourne University Press , 1983 , pp 53–54 . Retrieved on 24 December 2008 .

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Which position did John Hannah Gordon hold between Jan 1897 and Sep 1899?

/wiki/John_Hannah_Gordon#P39#2

John Hannah Gordon Sir John Hannah Gordon KC ( 26 July 1850 – 23 December 1923 ) was a Scottish-Australian politician and judge . He was a member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1888 to 1892 and from 1893 to 1903 . He was a minister under four Premiers : John Cockburn , Frederick Holder , Charles Kingston and John Jenkins , variously as Minister for Education , Chief Secretary , Attorney-General , and Minister Controlling the Northern Territory . He was a judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia from 1903 . Early life . Gordon was born at Kilmacolm , Renfrewshire , Scotland , the eldest son of the Rev . James Gordon , preacher of the Free Church , and his wife Margaret , née Leonard . The family emigrated to South Australia in 1859 where Rev . Gordon took charge of the Presbyterian church at Mount Barker , and was afterwards stationed at Gawler . Gordons younger brother , William Beattie Gordon , who was born in Gawler , became a member of parliament in Western Australia . Gordon was educated at Mount Barker under James Clezy , M.A. , and at Gawler under the Rev . J . Leonard and L . S . Burton . On leaving school he studied theology and classics for two years , and was then for some years in the offices of W . Duffield and Company of Gawler , and Dunn and Company , Port Adelaide . He took up the study of law and served his articles with J . J . Bonnar in Strathalbyn . He was admitted to the South Australian bar in 1876 , but practised for 11 years at Strathalbyn as a solicitor . Gordon did not become a Q.C . until 1900 . On 4 January 1877 at the Presbyterian church , Strathalbyn , Gordon married Ann Wright Rogers ( 20 February 1855 – 20 April 1951 ) , youngest daughter of William Rogers MHA . They had two sons and two daughters . Political career . In 1888 Gordon was elected to the Legislative Council for the Southern District , a seat he held for 15 years . He was Minister of Education in the Cockburn ministry from June 1889 to August 1890 , and held the same position in the first Holder ministry from June to October 1892 . Gordon became Chief Secretary in the Kingston ministry in June 1893 but resigned on 15 February 1896 . He was Attorney-General of South Australia in Holders second ministry from December 1899 to May 1901 and from May 1901 to December 1903 in the Jenkins ministry . A strong federalist , he was a representative of South Australia at the 1891 convention , was elected fifth out of 33 candidates in 1897 , and sat on the constitutional committee . Womens Suffrage . Gordon introduced the successful Bill for womens suffrage into the Legislative Council in July 1894 . Of the five members of the South Australian Parliament who introduced bills providing votes for women , four were Scottish born and the fifth , Edward Charles Stirling , although born in South Australia had Scots parents . Their shared philosophy was that the demand to enfranchise women was based on the principle of equity and would not result in social upheaval . Later life . Following his political career Gordon became a Supreme Court Justice for South Australia and he was knighted in 1908 . In February 1913 Gordon declined an invitation from Billy Hughes to move to the High Court . Gordon was also a lecturer on literary subjects , such as the Elizabethan period , publishing occasional articles in the Adelaide press . Gordon died at Adelaide , South Australia of cardiac disease on 23 December 1923 . On 4 January 1877 he married Ann Annie Rogers ( 20 Feb 1855 – 20 Apr 1951 ) who survived him . - Annie Louise Gordon ( 3 November 1877 – 18 June 1955 ) married James Robert Anderson KC ( 12 June 1864 – 7 April 1913 ) on 29 October 1896 . Anderson was Attorney General for four months in 1905 . She married a second time , to Dr . Edgar Jabez Brown on 2 March 1915 . She was , as Louise Brown , author of the novel Paul Strange and other works . - ( Margaret ) Kathleen Gordon ( 13 July 1882 – 1958 ) , married Neil Campbell ( 11 September 1882 – April 1918 ) on 23 May 1914 . Neil served in the Boer War and was a member of the Tunnelling Corps in World War I , killed in action . References . - Graham Loughlin , Gordon , Sir John Hannah ( 1850–1923 ) , Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 9 , Melbourne University Press , 1983 , pp 53–54 . Retrieved on 24 December 2008 .

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Which position did John Hannah Gordon hold after Jul 1906?

/wiki/John_Hannah_Gordon#P39#3

John Hannah Gordon Sir John Hannah Gordon KC ( 26 July 1850 – 23 December 1923 ) was a Scottish-Australian politician and judge . He was a member of the South Australian Legislative Council from 1888 to 1892 and from 1893 to 1903 . He was a minister under four Premiers : John Cockburn , Frederick Holder , Charles Kingston and John Jenkins , variously as Minister for Education , Chief Secretary , Attorney-General , and Minister Controlling the Northern Territory . He was a judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia from 1903 . Early life . Gordon was born at Kilmacolm , Renfrewshire , Scotland , the eldest son of the Rev . James Gordon , preacher of the Free Church , and his wife Margaret , née Leonard . The family emigrated to South Australia in 1859 where Rev . Gordon took charge of the Presbyterian church at Mount Barker , and was afterwards stationed at Gawler . Gordons younger brother , William Beattie Gordon , who was born in Gawler , became a member of parliament in Western Australia . Gordon was educated at Mount Barker under James Clezy , M.A. , and at Gawler under the Rev . J . Leonard and L . S . Burton . On leaving school he studied theology and classics for two years , and was then for some years in the offices of W . Duffield and Company of Gawler , and Dunn and Company , Port Adelaide . He took up the study of law and served his articles with J . J . Bonnar in Strathalbyn . He was admitted to the South Australian bar in 1876 , but practised for 11 years at Strathalbyn as a solicitor . Gordon did not become a Q.C . until 1900 . On 4 January 1877 at the Presbyterian church , Strathalbyn , Gordon married Ann Wright Rogers ( 20 February 1855 – 20 April 1951 ) , youngest daughter of William Rogers MHA . They had two sons and two daughters . Political career . In 1888 Gordon was elected to the Legislative Council for the Southern District , a seat he held for 15 years . He was Minister of Education in the Cockburn ministry from June 1889 to August 1890 , and held the same position in the first Holder ministry from June to October 1892 . Gordon became Chief Secretary in the Kingston ministry in June 1893 but resigned on 15 February 1896 . He was Attorney-General of South Australia in Holders second ministry from December 1899 to May 1901 and from May 1901 to December 1903 in the Jenkins ministry . A strong federalist , he was a representative of South Australia at the 1891 convention , was elected fifth out of 33 candidates in 1897 , and sat on the constitutional committee . Womens Suffrage . Gordon introduced the successful Bill for womens suffrage into the Legislative Council in July 1894 . Of the five members of the South Australian Parliament who introduced bills providing votes for women , four were Scottish born and the fifth , Edward Charles Stirling , although born in South Australia had Scots parents . Their shared philosophy was that the demand to enfranchise women was based on the principle of equity and would not result in social upheaval . Later life . Following his political career Gordon became a Supreme Court Justice for South Australia and he was knighted in 1908 . In February 1913 Gordon declined an invitation from Billy Hughes to move to the High Court . Gordon was also a lecturer on literary subjects , such as the Elizabethan period , publishing occasional articles in the Adelaide press . Gordon died at Adelaide , South Australia of cardiac disease on 23 December 1923 . On 4 January 1877 he married Ann Annie Rogers ( 20 Feb 1855 – 20 Apr 1951 ) who survived him . - Annie Louise Gordon ( 3 November 1877 – 18 June 1955 ) married James Robert Anderson KC ( 12 June 1864 – 7 April 1913 ) on 29 October 1896 . Anderson was Attorney General for four months in 1905 . She married a second time , to Dr . Edgar Jabez Brown on 2 March 1915 . She was , as Louise Brown , author of the novel Paul Strange and other works . - ( Margaret ) Kathleen Gordon ( 13 July 1882 – 1958 ) , married Neil Campbell ( 11 September 1882 – April 1918 ) on 23 May 1914 . Neil served in the Boer War and was a member of the Tunnelling Corps in World War I , killed in action . References . - Graham Loughlin , Gordon , Sir John Hannah ( 1850–1923 ) , Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 9 , Melbourne University Press , 1983 , pp 53–54 . Retrieved on 24 December 2008 .

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What position did Harlan F. Stone take before Dec 1924?

/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone#P39#0

Harlan F . Stone Harlan Fiske Stone ( October 11 , 1872 – April 22 , 1946 ) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the U.S . Supreme Court from 1925 to 1941 and then as the Chief Justice of the United States from 1941 until his death in 1946 . He also served as the U.S . Attorney General from 1924 to 1925 under President Calvin Coolidge , with whom he had attended Amherst College as a young man . His most famous dictum was : Courts are not the only agency of government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern . Born in Chesterfield , New Hampshire , Stone practiced law in New York City after graduating from Columbia Law School . He became the dean of Columbia Law School and a partner with Sullivan & Cromwell . During World War I , he served on the War Department Board of Inquiry , which evaluated the sincerity of conscientious objectors . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge appointed Stone as the Attorney General . Stone sought to reform the Department of Justice in the aftermath of several scandals that occurred during the administration of President Warren G . Harding . He also pursued several antitrust cases against large corporations . In 1925 , Coolidge nominated Stone to the Supreme Court to succeed retiring Associate Justice Joseph McKenna , and Stone won Senate confirmation with little opposition . On the Taft Court , Stone joined with Justices Holmes and Brandeis in calling for judicial restraint and deference to the legislative will . On the Hughes Court , Stone and Justices Brandeis and Cardozo formed a liberal bloc called the Three Musketeers that generally voted to uphold the constitutionality of the New Deal . His majority opinions in United States v . Darby Lumber Co . ( 1941 ) and United States v . Carolene Products Co . ( 1938 ) were influential in shaping standards of judicial scrutiny . In 1941 , President Franklin D . Roosevelt nominated Stone to succeed the retiring Charles Evans Hughes as Chief Justice , and the Senate quickly confirmed Stone . The Stone Court presided over several cases during World War II , and Stones majority opinion in Ex parte Quirin upheld the jurisdiction of a United States military tribunal over the trial of eight German saboteurs . His majority opinion in International Shoe Co . v . Washington ( 1945 ) was influential with regards to personal jurisdiction . Stone was the Chief Justice in Korematsu v . United States ( 1944 ) , ruling the exclusion of Japanese Americans into internment camps as constitutional . Stone served as Chief Justice until his death in 1946 . He had one of the shortest terms of any Chief Justice , and was the first Chief Justice not to have served in elected office . Early years . Harlan Fiske Stone was born in Chesterfield , New Hampshire on October 11 , 1872 , to Fred Lauson Stone and his wife , Ann Sophia ( née Butler ) Stone . He attended Amherst High School , he briefly attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst where he was expelled in his second year for a scuffle with an instructor . He later enrolled at Amherst College where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1894 . From 1894 to 1895 , he was the sub master of Newburyport High School in Massachusetts , from which he also taught physics and chemistry . From 1895 to 1896 , he was an instructor in history at Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn , New York . Legal career . Stone attended Columbia Law School from 1895 to 1898 , received an LL.B. , and was admitted to the New York bar in 1898 . Stone practiced law in New York City , initially as a member of the firm Satterlee , Canfield & Stone , and later as a partner in what is now a whiteshoe law firm , Sullivan & Cromwell . From 1899 to 1902 he lectured on law at Columbia Law School . He was a professor there from 1902 to 1905 and eventually served as the schools dean from 1910 to 1923 . He lived in The Colosseum , an apartment building near campus . During World War I , Stone served for several months on a War Department Board of Inquiry , with Major Walter Kellogg of the U.S . Army Judge Advocate Corps and Judge Julian Mack , that reviewed the cases of 2,294 men whose requests for conscientious objector status had been denied by their draft boards . The Board was charged with determining the sincerity of each mans principles , but often devoted only a few minutes to interrogation and rendering a decision . Stone was impatient with men who took advantage of the benefits of life in America – using postage stamps was his example – without accepting the burdens of citizenship . In a majority of cases , the Boards subjects either relinquished their claims or were judged insincere . He later summarized his experience with little sympathy : The great mass of our citizens subordinated their individual conscience and their opinions to the good of the common cause while there was a residue whose peculiar beliefs .. . refused to yield to the opinions of others or to force . Nevertheless , he recognized the courage required to persist as a conscientious objector : The Army was not a bed of roses for the conscientious objector ; and the normal man who was not supported in his stand by profound moral conviction might well have chosen active duty at the front as the easier lot . At the end of the war , he criticized Attorney General A . Mitchell Palmer for his attempts to deport aliens based on administrative action without allowing for any judicial review of their cases . During this time Stone also defended free speech claims for professors and socialists . Columbia soon became a center of a new school of jurisprudence , legal realism . Legal realists rejected formalism and static legal rules ; instead , they searched for the experiential and the role of human idiosyncrasy in the development of law . Although Dean Stone encouraged the realists , he was condemned by Columbia President Nicholas Murray Butler as an intellectual conservative who had let legal education at Columbia fall into the ruts . In 1923 , disgusted by his conflict with Butler and bored with all the petty details of law school administration that he dubbed administrivia , Stone resigned the deanship and joined the prestigious Wall Street firm of Sullivan & Cromwell . He received a much higher salary and headed the firms litigation department , which had a large corporation and estate practice ( including J.P . Morgans interests ) . In full‑time private practice for only a brief time , Stone was considered a hard‑working , solid sort of person , willing on occasion to champion the rights of mankind , but safe nevertheless . Attorney General . On April 1 , 1924 , he was appointed United States Attorney General by his Amherst classmate President Calvin Coolidge , who felt Stone would be perceived by the public as beyond reproach to oversee investigations into various scandals arising under the Harding administration . These scandals had besmirched Hardings Attorney General , Harry M . Daugherty , and forced his resignation . In one of his first acts as Attorney General , Stone fired Daughertys cronies in the Department of Justice and replaced them with men of integrity . As Attorney General , he was responsible for the appointment of J . Edgar Hoover as head of the Department of Justices Bureau of Investigation , which later became the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , and directed him to remodel the agency so it would resemble Britains Scotland Yard and become far more efficient than any other police organization in the country . A pro‑active Attorney General , Stone argued many of his departments cases in the federal courts and launched an anti‑trust investigation of the Aluminum Company of America , controlled by the family of fellow cabinet member Andrew Mellon , Coolidges Secretary of the Treasury . In the 1924 presidential election , Stone campaigned for Coolidges re‑election . He especially opposed the Progressive Partys candidate , Robert M . La Follette , who had proposed that Congress be empowered to reenact any law that the Supreme Court had declared unconstitutional . Stone found this idea threatening to the integrity of the judiciary as well as the separation of powers . Associate Justice . Shortly after the election , Justice Joseph McKenna resigned from the Supreme Court , and on January 5 , 1925 , Coolidge nominated Stone to replace McKenna as an Associate Justice . His nomination was greeted with general approval , although there were rumors that Stone might have been kicked upstairs because of his antitrust activities . Some Senators raised questions about Stones connection to Wall Street making him a tool of corporate interests . To quiet those fears , Stone proposed that he answer questions of the Senate Judiciary Committee in person . Stone was confirmed by the Senate on February 5 by a vote of 71—6 and received his commission the same day . On March 2 , Stone took the oath as Associate Justice administered by Chief Justice William Howard Taft . He would prove to be Coolidges only Supreme Court appointment . The Supreme Court of the mid‑1920s was primarily concerned with the relationships of business and government . A majority of the justices led by Taft were staunch defenders of business and capitalism free from most government regulation . The Court utilized the doctrines of substantive due process and the fundamental right of liberty of contract to oversee attempts at regulation by the national and state governments . Critics of the Court charged that the judiciary had usurped legislative authority and had embodied a particular economic theory , laissez faire , into its decisions . Despite the fears of progressives , Stone quickly joined the Courts liberal faction , frequently dissenting with Justices Holmes and Brandeis and later , Cardozo when he took Holmes seat , from the majoritys narrow view of the police powers of the state . The liberal justices called for judicial restraint , or deference to the legislative will . During the 1932 to 1937 Supreme Court terms , Stone and his colleagues Justices Brandeis and Cardozo were considered the Three Musketeers of the Supreme Court , its liberal faction . The three were highly supportive of President Roosevelts New Deal agenda , which many other Supreme Court Justices opposed . For example , he wrote for the court in United States v . Darby Lumber Co. , , which upheld challenged provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 . Stone also authored the Courts opinion in United States v . Carolene Products Co. , , which , in its famous Footnote 4 , provided a roadmap for judicial review in the post-Lochner v . New York era . Stones support of the New Deal brought him Roosevelts favor , and on June 12 , 1941 , President Roosevelt nominated Stone to become Chief Justice , a position vacated by Charles Evans Hughes . Stone was Hughes’ personal choice for a successor . Stone was confirmed by the Senate on June 27 and received his commission on July 3 . He remained in this position for the rest of his life . Chief Justice . As Chief Justice , Stone spoke for the Court in upholding the Presidents power to try Nazi saboteurs captured on American soil by military tribunals in Ex parte Quirin , . The courts handling of this case has been the subject of scrutiny and controversy . Stone also wrote one of the major opinions in establishing the standard for state courts to have personal jurisdiction over litigants in International Shoe Co . v . Washington , . As Chief Justice , Stone described the Nuremberg court as a fraud on Germans , even though his colleague and successor as Associate Justice , Robert H . Jackson , served as the chief U.S . prosecutor . Stone was the fourth Chief Justice to have previously served as an Associate Justice and the second to have served in both positions consecutively . To date , Justice Stone is the only justice to have occupied all nine seniority positions on the bench , having moved from most junior Associate Justice to most senior Associate Justice and then to Chief Justice . Stone was suddenly stricken while in an open session of the Supreme Court . He had just ( or by some accounts not quite ) finished reading aloud his dissent in Girouard v . United States . Justice Hugo Black called the Court into a brief recess , and physicians were called . Stone died of a cerebral hemorrhage on April 22 , 1946 , at his Washington D.C . home . Stone is buried at Rock Creek Cemetery in the Petworth neighborhood of Washington , D.C . His grave is near those of other justices , including Justice Willis Van Devanter , Justice John Marshall Harlan , and Justice Stephen Johnson Field . Other activities . Stone was a director of the Atlanta & Charlotte Air Line Railroad Company , president of the Association of American Law Schools , a member of the American Bar Association , and a member of the Literary Society of Washington for 11 years . Stone was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree from Amherst College in 1900 , and an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Amherst in 1913 . Yale awarded him an honorary doctor of laws degree in 1924 . Columbia and Williams each awarded him the same honorary degree in 1925 . Amherst would later name Stone Hall in his honor , upon its completion in 1964 . Stone married Agnes E . Harvey in 1899 . Their children were Lauson H . Stone and the mathematician Marshall H . Stone . Columbia Law School awards Harlan Fiske Stone Scholarships to students who demonstrate superior academic performance . Yale Law School awards the Harlan Fiske Stone Prize each fall to winners of the Morris Tyler Moot Court competition .

hard

What position did Harlan F. Stone take in Feb 1925?

/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone#P39#1

Harlan F . Stone Harlan Fiske Stone ( October 11 , 1872 – April 22 , 1946 ) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the U.S . Supreme Court from 1925 to 1941 and then as the Chief Justice of the United States from 1941 until his death in 1946 . He also served as the U.S . Attorney General from 1924 to 1925 under President Calvin Coolidge , with whom he had attended Amherst College as a young man . His most famous dictum was : Courts are not the only agency of government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern . Born in Chesterfield , New Hampshire , Stone practiced law in New York City after graduating from Columbia Law School . He became the dean of Columbia Law School and a partner with Sullivan & Cromwell . During World War I , he served on the War Department Board of Inquiry , which evaluated the sincerity of conscientious objectors . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge appointed Stone as the Attorney General . Stone sought to reform the Department of Justice in the aftermath of several scandals that occurred during the administration of President Warren G . Harding . He also pursued several antitrust cases against large corporations . In 1925 , Coolidge nominated Stone to the Supreme Court to succeed retiring Associate Justice Joseph McKenna , and Stone won Senate confirmation with little opposition . On the Taft Court , Stone joined with Justices Holmes and Brandeis in calling for judicial restraint and deference to the legislative will . On the Hughes Court , Stone and Justices Brandeis and Cardozo formed a liberal bloc called the Three Musketeers that generally voted to uphold the constitutionality of the New Deal . His majority opinions in United States v . Darby Lumber Co . ( 1941 ) and United States v . Carolene Products Co . ( 1938 ) were influential in shaping standards of judicial scrutiny . In 1941 , President Franklin D . Roosevelt nominated Stone to succeed the retiring Charles Evans Hughes as Chief Justice , and the Senate quickly confirmed Stone . The Stone Court presided over several cases during World War II , and Stones majority opinion in Ex parte Quirin upheld the jurisdiction of a United States military tribunal over the trial of eight German saboteurs . His majority opinion in International Shoe Co . v . Washington ( 1945 ) was influential with regards to personal jurisdiction . Stone was the Chief Justice in Korematsu v . United States ( 1944 ) , ruling the exclusion of Japanese Americans into internment camps as constitutional . Stone served as Chief Justice until his death in 1946 . He had one of the shortest terms of any Chief Justice , and was the first Chief Justice not to have served in elected office . Early years . Harlan Fiske Stone was born in Chesterfield , New Hampshire on October 11 , 1872 , to Fred Lauson Stone and his wife , Ann Sophia ( née Butler ) Stone . He attended Amherst High School , he briefly attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst where he was expelled in his second year for a scuffle with an instructor . He later enrolled at Amherst College where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1894 . From 1894 to 1895 , he was the sub master of Newburyport High School in Massachusetts , from which he also taught physics and chemistry . From 1895 to 1896 , he was an instructor in history at Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn , New York . Legal career . Stone attended Columbia Law School from 1895 to 1898 , received an LL.B. , and was admitted to the New York bar in 1898 . Stone practiced law in New York City , initially as a member of the firm Satterlee , Canfield & Stone , and later as a partner in what is now a whiteshoe law firm , Sullivan & Cromwell . From 1899 to 1902 he lectured on law at Columbia Law School . He was a professor there from 1902 to 1905 and eventually served as the schools dean from 1910 to 1923 . He lived in The Colosseum , an apartment building near campus . During World War I , Stone served for several months on a War Department Board of Inquiry , with Major Walter Kellogg of the U.S . Army Judge Advocate Corps and Judge Julian Mack , that reviewed the cases of 2,294 men whose requests for conscientious objector status had been denied by their draft boards . The Board was charged with determining the sincerity of each mans principles , but often devoted only a few minutes to interrogation and rendering a decision . Stone was impatient with men who took advantage of the benefits of life in America – using postage stamps was his example – without accepting the burdens of citizenship . In a majority of cases , the Boards subjects either relinquished their claims or were judged insincere . He later summarized his experience with little sympathy : The great mass of our citizens subordinated their individual conscience and their opinions to the good of the common cause while there was a residue whose peculiar beliefs .. . refused to yield to the opinions of others or to force . Nevertheless , he recognized the courage required to persist as a conscientious objector : The Army was not a bed of roses for the conscientious objector ; and the normal man who was not supported in his stand by profound moral conviction might well have chosen active duty at the front as the easier lot . At the end of the war , he criticized Attorney General A . Mitchell Palmer for his attempts to deport aliens based on administrative action without allowing for any judicial review of their cases . During this time Stone also defended free speech claims for professors and socialists . Columbia soon became a center of a new school of jurisprudence , legal realism . Legal realists rejected formalism and static legal rules ; instead , they searched for the experiential and the role of human idiosyncrasy in the development of law . Although Dean Stone encouraged the realists , he was condemned by Columbia President Nicholas Murray Butler as an intellectual conservative who had let legal education at Columbia fall into the ruts . In 1923 , disgusted by his conflict with Butler and bored with all the petty details of law school administration that he dubbed administrivia , Stone resigned the deanship and joined the prestigious Wall Street firm of Sullivan & Cromwell . He received a much higher salary and headed the firms litigation department , which had a large corporation and estate practice ( including J.P . Morgans interests ) . In full‑time private practice for only a brief time , Stone was considered a hard‑working , solid sort of person , willing on occasion to champion the rights of mankind , but safe nevertheless . Attorney General . On April 1 , 1924 , he was appointed United States Attorney General by his Amherst classmate President Calvin Coolidge , who felt Stone would be perceived by the public as beyond reproach to oversee investigations into various scandals arising under the Harding administration . These scandals had besmirched Hardings Attorney General , Harry M . Daugherty , and forced his resignation . In one of his first acts as Attorney General , Stone fired Daughertys cronies in the Department of Justice and replaced them with men of integrity . As Attorney General , he was responsible for the appointment of J . Edgar Hoover as head of the Department of Justices Bureau of Investigation , which later became the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , and directed him to remodel the agency so it would resemble Britains Scotland Yard and become far more efficient than any other police organization in the country . A pro‑active Attorney General , Stone argued many of his departments cases in the federal courts and launched an anti‑trust investigation of the Aluminum Company of America , controlled by the family of fellow cabinet member Andrew Mellon , Coolidges Secretary of the Treasury . In the 1924 presidential election , Stone campaigned for Coolidges re‑election . He especially opposed the Progressive Partys candidate , Robert M . La Follette , who had proposed that Congress be empowered to reenact any law that the Supreme Court had declared unconstitutional . Stone found this idea threatening to the integrity of the judiciary as well as the separation of powers . Associate Justice . Shortly after the election , Justice Joseph McKenna resigned from the Supreme Court , and on January 5 , 1925 , Coolidge nominated Stone to replace McKenna as an Associate Justice . His nomination was greeted with general approval , although there were rumors that Stone might have been kicked upstairs because of his antitrust activities . Some Senators raised questions about Stones connection to Wall Street making him a tool of corporate interests . To quiet those fears , Stone proposed that he answer questions of the Senate Judiciary Committee in person . Stone was confirmed by the Senate on February 5 by a vote of 71—6 and received his commission the same day . On March 2 , Stone took the oath as Associate Justice administered by Chief Justice William Howard Taft . He would prove to be Coolidges only Supreme Court appointment . The Supreme Court of the mid‑1920s was primarily concerned with the relationships of business and government . A majority of the justices led by Taft were staunch defenders of business and capitalism free from most government regulation . The Court utilized the doctrines of substantive due process and the fundamental right of liberty of contract to oversee attempts at regulation by the national and state governments . Critics of the Court charged that the judiciary had usurped legislative authority and had embodied a particular economic theory , laissez faire , into its decisions . Despite the fears of progressives , Stone quickly joined the Courts liberal faction , frequently dissenting with Justices Holmes and Brandeis and later , Cardozo when he took Holmes seat , from the majoritys narrow view of the police powers of the state . The liberal justices called for judicial restraint , or deference to the legislative will . During the 1932 to 1937 Supreme Court terms , Stone and his colleagues Justices Brandeis and Cardozo were considered the Three Musketeers of the Supreme Court , its liberal faction . The three were highly supportive of President Roosevelts New Deal agenda , which many other Supreme Court Justices opposed . For example , he wrote for the court in United States v . Darby Lumber Co. , , which upheld challenged provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 . Stone also authored the Courts opinion in United States v . Carolene Products Co. , , which , in its famous Footnote 4 , provided a roadmap for judicial review in the post-Lochner v . New York era . Stones support of the New Deal brought him Roosevelts favor , and on June 12 , 1941 , President Roosevelt nominated Stone to become Chief Justice , a position vacated by Charles Evans Hughes . Stone was Hughes’ personal choice for a successor . Stone was confirmed by the Senate on June 27 and received his commission on July 3 . He remained in this position for the rest of his life . Chief Justice . As Chief Justice , Stone spoke for the Court in upholding the Presidents power to try Nazi saboteurs captured on American soil by military tribunals in Ex parte Quirin , . The courts handling of this case has been the subject of scrutiny and controversy . Stone also wrote one of the major opinions in establishing the standard for state courts to have personal jurisdiction over litigants in International Shoe Co . v . Washington , . As Chief Justice , Stone described the Nuremberg court as a fraud on Germans , even though his colleague and successor as Associate Justice , Robert H . Jackson , served as the chief U.S . prosecutor . Stone was the fourth Chief Justice to have previously served as an Associate Justice and the second to have served in both positions consecutively . To date , Justice Stone is the only justice to have occupied all nine seniority positions on the bench , having moved from most junior Associate Justice to most senior Associate Justice and then to Chief Justice . Stone was suddenly stricken while in an open session of the Supreme Court . He had just ( or by some accounts not quite ) finished reading aloud his dissent in Girouard v . United States . Justice Hugo Black called the Court into a brief recess , and physicians were called . Stone died of a cerebral hemorrhage on April 22 , 1946 , at his Washington D.C . home . Stone is buried at Rock Creek Cemetery in the Petworth neighborhood of Washington , D.C . His grave is near those of other justices , including Justice Willis Van Devanter , Justice John Marshall Harlan , and Justice Stephen Johnson Field . Other activities . Stone was a director of the Atlanta & Charlotte Air Line Railroad Company , president of the Association of American Law Schools , a member of the American Bar Association , and a member of the Literary Society of Washington for 11 years . Stone was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree from Amherst College in 1900 , and an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Amherst in 1913 . Yale awarded him an honorary doctor of laws degree in 1924 . Columbia and Williams each awarded him the same honorary degree in 1925 . Amherst would later name Stone Hall in his honor , upon its completion in 1964 . Stone married Agnes E . Harvey in 1899 . Their children were Lauson H . Stone and the mathematician Marshall H . Stone . Columbia Law School awards Harlan Fiske Stone Scholarships to students who demonstrate superior academic performance . Yale Law School awards the Harlan Fiske Stone Prize each fall to winners of the Morris Tyler Moot Court competition .

hard

What position did Harlan F. Stone take in Feb 1945?

/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone#P39#2

Harlan F . Stone Harlan Fiske Stone ( October 11 , 1872 – April 22 , 1946 ) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the U.S . Supreme Court from 1925 to 1941 and then as the Chief Justice of the United States from 1941 until his death in 1946 . He also served as the U.S . Attorney General from 1924 to 1925 under President Calvin Coolidge , with whom he had attended Amherst College as a young man . His most famous dictum was : Courts are not the only agency of government that must be assumed to have capacity to govern . Born in Chesterfield , New Hampshire , Stone practiced law in New York City after graduating from Columbia Law School . He became the dean of Columbia Law School and a partner with Sullivan & Cromwell . During World War I , he served on the War Department Board of Inquiry , which evaluated the sincerity of conscientious objectors . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge appointed Stone as the Attorney General . Stone sought to reform the Department of Justice in the aftermath of several scandals that occurred during the administration of President Warren G . Harding . He also pursued several antitrust cases against large corporations . In 1925 , Coolidge nominated Stone to the Supreme Court to succeed retiring Associate Justice Joseph McKenna , and Stone won Senate confirmation with little opposition . On the Taft Court , Stone joined with Justices Holmes and Brandeis in calling for judicial restraint and deference to the legislative will . On the Hughes Court , Stone and Justices Brandeis and Cardozo formed a liberal bloc called the Three Musketeers that generally voted to uphold the constitutionality of the New Deal . His majority opinions in United States v . Darby Lumber Co . ( 1941 ) and United States v . Carolene Products Co . ( 1938 ) were influential in shaping standards of judicial scrutiny . In 1941 , President Franklin D . Roosevelt nominated Stone to succeed the retiring Charles Evans Hughes as Chief Justice , and the Senate quickly confirmed Stone . The Stone Court presided over several cases during World War II , and Stones majority opinion in Ex parte Quirin upheld the jurisdiction of a United States military tribunal over the trial of eight German saboteurs . His majority opinion in International Shoe Co . v . Washington ( 1945 ) was influential with regards to personal jurisdiction . Stone was the Chief Justice in Korematsu v . United States ( 1944 ) , ruling the exclusion of Japanese Americans into internment camps as constitutional . Stone served as Chief Justice until his death in 1946 . He had one of the shortest terms of any Chief Justice , and was the first Chief Justice not to have served in elected office . Early years . Harlan Fiske Stone was born in Chesterfield , New Hampshire on October 11 , 1872 , to Fred Lauson Stone and his wife , Ann Sophia ( née Butler ) Stone . He attended Amherst High School , he briefly attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst where he was expelled in his second year for a scuffle with an instructor . He later enrolled at Amherst College where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1894 . From 1894 to 1895 , he was the sub master of Newburyport High School in Massachusetts , from which he also taught physics and chemistry . From 1895 to 1896 , he was an instructor in history at Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn , New York . Legal career . Stone attended Columbia Law School from 1895 to 1898 , received an LL.B. , and was admitted to the New York bar in 1898 . Stone practiced law in New York City , initially as a member of the firm Satterlee , Canfield & Stone , and later as a partner in what is now a whiteshoe law firm , Sullivan & Cromwell . From 1899 to 1902 he lectured on law at Columbia Law School . He was a professor there from 1902 to 1905 and eventually served as the schools dean from 1910 to 1923 . He lived in The Colosseum , an apartment building near campus . During World War I , Stone served for several months on a War Department Board of Inquiry , with Major Walter Kellogg of the U.S . Army Judge Advocate Corps and Judge Julian Mack , that reviewed the cases of 2,294 men whose requests for conscientious objector status had been denied by their draft boards . The Board was charged with determining the sincerity of each mans principles , but often devoted only a few minutes to interrogation and rendering a decision . Stone was impatient with men who took advantage of the benefits of life in America – using postage stamps was his example – without accepting the burdens of citizenship . In a majority of cases , the Boards subjects either relinquished their claims or were judged insincere . He later summarized his experience with little sympathy : The great mass of our citizens subordinated their individual conscience and their opinions to the good of the common cause while there was a residue whose peculiar beliefs .. . refused to yield to the opinions of others or to force . Nevertheless , he recognized the courage required to persist as a conscientious objector : The Army was not a bed of roses for the conscientious objector ; and the normal man who was not supported in his stand by profound moral conviction might well have chosen active duty at the front as the easier lot . At the end of the war , he criticized Attorney General A . Mitchell Palmer for his attempts to deport aliens based on administrative action without allowing for any judicial review of their cases . During this time Stone also defended free speech claims for professors and socialists . Columbia soon became a center of a new school of jurisprudence , legal realism . Legal realists rejected formalism and static legal rules ; instead , they searched for the experiential and the role of human idiosyncrasy in the development of law . Although Dean Stone encouraged the realists , he was condemned by Columbia President Nicholas Murray Butler as an intellectual conservative who had let legal education at Columbia fall into the ruts . In 1923 , disgusted by his conflict with Butler and bored with all the petty details of law school administration that he dubbed administrivia , Stone resigned the deanship and joined the prestigious Wall Street firm of Sullivan & Cromwell . He received a much higher salary and headed the firms litigation department , which had a large corporation and estate practice ( including J.P . Morgans interests ) . In full‑time private practice for only a brief time , Stone was considered a hard‑working , solid sort of person , willing on occasion to champion the rights of mankind , but safe nevertheless . Attorney General . On April 1 , 1924 , he was appointed United States Attorney General by his Amherst classmate President Calvin Coolidge , who felt Stone would be perceived by the public as beyond reproach to oversee investigations into various scandals arising under the Harding administration . These scandals had besmirched Hardings Attorney General , Harry M . Daugherty , and forced his resignation . In one of his first acts as Attorney General , Stone fired Daughertys cronies in the Department of Justice and replaced them with men of integrity . As Attorney General , he was responsible for the appointment of J . Edgar Hoover as head of the Department of Justices Bureau of Investigation , which later became the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , and directed him to remodel the agency so it would resemble Britains Scotland Yard and become far more efficient than any other police organization in the country . A pro‑active Attorney General , Stone argued many of his departments cases in the federal courts and launched an anti‑trust investigation of the Aluminum Company of America , controlled by the family of fellow cabinet member Andrew Mellon , Coolidges Secretary of the Treasury . In the 1924 presidential election , Stone campaigned for Coolidges re‑election . He especially opposed the Progressive Partys candidate , Robert M . La Follette , who had proposed that Congress be empowered to reenact any law that the Supreme Court had declared unconstitutional . Stone found this idea threatening to the integrity of the judiciary as well as the separation of powers . Associate Justice . Shortly after the election , Justice Joseph McKenna resigned from the Supreme Court , and on January 5 , 1925 , Coolidge nominated Stone to replace McKenna as an Associate Justice . His nomination was greeted with general approval , although there were rumors that Stone might have been kicked upstairs because of his antitrust activities . Some Senators raised questions about Stones connection to Wall Street making him a tool of corporate interests . To quiet those fears , Stone proposed that he answer questions of the Senate Judiciary Committee in person . Stone was confirmed by the Senate on February 5 by a vote of 71—6 and received his commission the same day . On March 2 , Stone took the oath as Associate Justice administered by Chief Justice William Howard Taft . He would prove to be Coolidges only Supreme Court appointment . The Supreme Court of the mid‑1920s was primarily concerned with the relationships of business and government . A majority of the justices led by Taft were staunch defenders of business and capitalism free from most government regulation . The Court utilized the doctrines of substantive due process and the fundamental right of liberty of contract to oversee attempts at regulation by the national and state governments . Critics of the Court charged that the judiciary had usurped legislative authority and had embodied a particular economic theory , laissez faire , into its decisions . Despite the fears of progressives , Stone quickly joined the Courts liberal faction , frequently dissenting with Justices Holmes and Brandeis and later , Cardozo when he took Holmes seat , from the majoritys narrow view of the police powers of the state . The liberal justices called for judicial restraint , or deference to the legislative will . During the 1932 to 1937 Supreme Court terms , Stone and his colleagues Justices Brandeis and Cardozo were considered the Three Musketeers of the Supreme Court , its liberal faction . The three were highly supportive of President Roosevelts New Deal agenda , which many other Supreme Court Justices opposed . For example , he wrote for the court in United States v . Darby Lumber Co. , , which upheld challenged provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 . Stone also authored the Courts opinion in United States v . Carolene Products Co. , , which , in its famous Footnote 4 , provided a roadmap for judicial review in the post-Lochner v . New York era . Stones support of the New Deal brought him Roosevelts favor , and on June 12 , 1941 , President Roosevelt nominated Stone to become Chief Justice , a position vacated by Charles Evans Hughes . Stone was Hughes’ personal choice for a successor . Stone was confirmed by the Senate on June 27 and received his commission on July 3 . He remained in this position for the rest of his life . Chief Justice . As Chief Justice , Stone spoke for the Court in upholding the Presidents power to try Nazi saboteurs captured on American soil by military tribunals in Ex parte Quirin , . The courts handling of this case has been the subject of scrutiny and controversy . Stone also wrote one of the major opinions in establishing the standard for state courts to have personal jurisdiction over litigants in International Shoe Co . v . Washington , . As Chief Justice , Stone described the Nuremberg court as a fraud on Germans , even though his colleague and successor as Associate Justice , Robert H . Jackson , served as the chief U.S . prosecutor . Stone was the fourth Chief Justice to have previously served as an Associate Justice and the second to have served in both positions consecutively . To date , Justice Stone is the only justice to have occupied all nine seniority positions on the bench , having moved from most junior Associate Justice to most senior Associate Justice and then to Chief Justice . Stone was suddenly stricken while in an open session of the Supreme Court . He had just ( or by some accounts not quite ) finished reading aloud his dissent in Girouard v . United States . Justice Hugo Black called the Court into a brief recess , and physicians were called . Stone died of a cerebral hemorrhage on April 22 , 1946 , at his Washington D.C . home . Stone is buried at Rock Creek Cemetery in the Petworth neighborhood of Washington , D.C . His grave is near those of other justices , including Justice Willis Van Devanter , Justice John Marshall Harlan , and Justice Stephen Johnson Field . Other activities . Stone was a director of the Atlanta & Charlotte Air Line Railroad Company , president of the Association of American Law Schools , a member of the American Bar Association , and a member of the Literary Society of Washington for 11 years . Stone was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree from Amherst College in 1900 , and an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Amherst in 1913 . Yale awarded him an honorary doctor of laws degree in 1924 . Columbia and Williams each awarded him the same honorary degree in 1925 . Amherst would later name Stone Hall in his honor , upon its completion in 1964 . Stone married Agnes E . Harvey in 1899 . Their children were Lauson H . Stone and the mathematician Marshall H . Stone . Columbia Law School awards Harlan Fiske Stone Scholarships to students who demonstrate superior academic performance . Yale Law School awards the Harlan Fiske Stone Prize each fall to winners of the Morris Tyler Moot Court competition .

hard

Which team did the player Craig Barr belong to in Nov 2007?

/wiki/Craig_Barr#P54#0

Craig Barr Craig Barr ( born 29 March 1987 ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a defender for Cowdenbeath . Barr has previously played for Gretna , Queen of the South , Livingston , Airdrieonians , Raith Rovers and Dumbarton , as well as Swedish club Östersunds FK . Career . Early years . Born in Edinburgh , Barr moved south as a 16-year-old to join Blackburn Rovers and spent three years with the Lancashire club winning the FA Premier Academy League in 2004–05 . Gretna . Barr played in the early part of his career with Gretna signing for the club when they were bankrolled by Brooks Mileson . He was part of the squad who won the Scottish Football League First Division in the 2006–07 season which earned them promotion into the SPL . In 47 league appearances for Gretna , Barr scored five goals . Mileson pulled the plug on the clubs cashflow when his health deteriorated . The club thus became financially stricken and went into administration . Administrators for Gretna laid off their last 40 staff including Barr on 19 May 2008 . Queen of the South . Barr signed a two-year contract with Dumfries-based First Division side Queen of the South on 26 June 2008 . Just after signing , Barr said Im really looking forward to the move . Queens are coming off the back of a fantastic season and Im excited at the prospect of playing for the Scottish Cup finalists . I know big Neilly MacFarlane , Jamie McQuilken and Tosher from my time at Gretna and also have a lot of respect for ex-Queens player , big Derek Townsley , who I also know well . After playing over thirty games in his first season with the club , Barr suffered a season-ending injury on his knee during the pre-season of 2009–10 . He had two operations on this injury , with the major one being a complete cruciate reconstruction . As Queens refused to pay for the operation , Barr took it upon himself to fund it . Due to this matter , he then spent the last six months of his contract doing his own rehab away from the club . Barr was among the players announced as released by the club at the end of the 2009–10 season . Livingston . Barr signed for Livingston in August 2010 . In his first season , he played a pivotal role in helping the club to win the Second Division title . He subsequently signed a new two-year deal , keeping him at the club until the end of season 2012–13 . Barr left Livingston at the end of the 2012–13 season , following a relatively successful three-year spell with the club making 112 appearances in all competitions . Östersunds FK . In July 2013 , Barr signed for Swedish Superettan club Östersunds FK . Airdrieonians . On 23 February 2014 , Barr returned to Scottish football , signing for Airdrieonians on a contract until the end of the 2013–14 season . Raith Rovers . In summer 2014 , Barr joined Raith Rovers . He left the club in June 2017 , following their relegation to Scottish League One . Dumbarton . Having left Raith , Barr joined Scottish Championship side Dumbarton on a one-year deal in June 2017 . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat to Clyde in July 2017 . He won the clubs Players Player of the Year award in his first season at the Rock and captained the side on a number of occasions . Barr turned down a new deal and left the club in May 2019 after an injury hit second season . Cowdenbeath . On 11 June 2019 , Barr signed for Scottish League Two club Cowdenbeath .

hard

Which team did the player Craig Barr belong to between Jan 2008 and Sep 2008?

/wiki/Craig_Barr#P54#1

Craig Barr Craig Barr ( born 29 March 1987 ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a defender for Cowdenbeath . Barr has previously played for Gretna , Queen of the South , Livingston , Airdrieonians , Raith Rovers and Dumbarton , as well as Swedish club Östersunds FK . Career . Early years . Born in Edinburgh , Barr moved south as a 16-year-old to join Blackburn Rovers and spent three years with the Lancashire club winning the FA Premier Academy League in 2004–05 . Gretna . Barr played in the early part of his career with Gretna signing for the club when they were bankrolled by Brooks Mileson . He was part of the squad who won the Scottish Football League First Division in the 2006–07 season which earned them promotion into the SPL . In 47 league appearances for Gretna , Barr scored five goals . Mileson pulled the plug on the clubs cashflow when his health deteriorated . The club thus became financially stricken and went into administration . Administrators for Gretna laid off their last 40 staff including Barr on 19 May 2008 . Queen of the South . Barr signed a two-year contract with Dumfries-based First Division side Queen of the South on 26 June 2008 . Just after signing , Barr said Im really looking forward to the move . Queens are coming off the back of a fantastic season and Im excited at the prospect of playing for the Scottish Cup finalists . I know big Neilly MacFarlane , Jamie McQuilken and Tosher from my time at Gretna and also have a lot of respect for ex-Queens player , big Derek Townsley , who I also know well . After playing over thirty games in his first season with the club , Barr suffered a season-ending injury on his knee during the pre-season of 2009–10 . He had two operations on this injury , with the major one being a complete cruciate reconstruction . As Queens refused to pay for the operation , Barr took it upon himself to fund it . Due to this matter , he then spent the last six months of his contract doing his own rehab away from the club . Barr was among the players announced as released by the club at the end of the 2009–10 season . Livingston . Barr signed for Livingston in August 2010 . In his first season , he played a pivotal role in helping the club to win the Second Division title . He subsequently signed a new two-year deal , keeping him at the club until the end of season 2012–13 . Barr left Livingston at the end of the 2012–13 season , following a relatively successful three-year spell with the club making 112 appearances in all competitions . Östersunds FK . In July 2013 , Barr signed for Swedish Superettan club Östersunds FK . Airdrieonians . On 23 February 2014 , Barr returned to Scottish football , signing for Airdrieonians on a contract until the end of the 2013–14 season . Raith Rovers . In summer 2014 , Barr joined Raith Rovers . He left the club in June 2017 , following their relegation to Scottish League One . Dumbarton . Having left Raith , Barr joined Scottish Championship side Dumbarton on a one-year deal in June 2017 . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat to Clyde in July 2017 . He won the clubs Players Player of the Year award in his first season at the Rock and captained the side on a number of occasions . Barr turned down a new deal and left the club in May 2019 after an injury hit second season . Cowdenbeath . On 11 June 2019 , Barr signed for Scottish League Two club Cowdenbeath .

hard

Which team did the player Craig Barr belong to in Mar 2012?

/wiki/Craig_Barr#P54#2

Craig Barr Craig Barr ( born 29 March 1987 ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a defender for Cowdenbeath . Barr has previously played for Gretna , Queen of the South , Livingston , Airdrieonians , Raith Rovers and Dumbarton , as well as Swedish club Östersunds FK . Career . Early years . Born in Edinburgh , Barr moved south as a 16-year-old to join Blackburn Rovers and spent three years with the Lancashire club winning the FA Premier Academy League in 2004–05 . Gretna . Barr played in the early part of his career with Gretna signing for the club when they were bankrolled by Brooks Mileson . He was part of the squad who won the Scottish Football League First Division in the 2006–07 season which earned them promotion into the SPL . In 47 league appearances for Gretna , Barr scored five goals . Mileson pulled the plug on the clubs cashflow when his health deteriorated . The club thus became financially stricken and went into administration . Administrators for Gretna laid off their last 40 staff including Barr on 19 May 2008 . Queen of the South . Barr signed a two-year contract with Dumfries-based First Division side Queen of the South on 26 June 2008 . Just after signing , Barr said Im really looking forward to the move . Queens are coming off the back of a fantastic season and Im excited at the prospect of playing for the Scottish Cup finalists . I know big Neilly MacFarlane , Jamie McQuilken and Tosher from my time at Gretna and also have a lot of respect for ex-Queens player , big Derek Townsley , who I also know well . After playing over thirty games in his first season with the club , Barr suffered a season-ending injury on his knee during the pre-season of 2009–10 . He had two operations on this injury , with the major one being a complete cruciate reconstruction . As Queens refused to pay for the operation , Barr took it upon himself to fund it . Due to this matter , he then spent the last six months of his contract doing his own rehab away from the club . Barr was among the players announced as released by the club at the end of the 2009–10 season . Livingston . Barr signed for Livingston in August 2010 . In his first season , he played a pivotal role in helping the club to win the Second Division title . He subsequently signed a new two-year deal , keeping him at the club until the end of season 2012–13 . Barr left Livingston at the end of the 2012–13 season , following a relatively successful three-year spell with the club making 112 appearances in all competitions . Östersunds FK . In July 2013 , Barr signed for Swedish Superettan club Östersunds FK . Airdrieonians . On 23 February 2014 , Barr returned to Scottish football , signing for Airdrieonians on a contract until the end of the 2013–14 season . Raith Rovers . In summer 2014 , Barr joined Raith Rovers . He left the club in June 2017 , following their relegation to Scottish League One . Dumbarton . Having left Raith , Barr joined Scottish Championship side Dumbarton on a one-year deal in June 2017 . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat to Clyde in July 2017 . He won the clubs Players Player of the Year award in his first season at the Rock and captained the side on a number of occasions . Barr turned down a new deal and left the club in May 2019 after an injury hit second season . Cowdenbeath . On 11 June 2019 , Barr signed for Scottish League Two club Cowdenbeath .

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Which team did the player Craig Barr belong to in Aug 2014?

/wiki/Craig_Barr#P54#3

Craig Barr Craig Barr ( born 29 March 1987 ) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a defender for Cowdenbeath . Barr has previously played for Gretna , Queen of the South , Livingston , Airdrieonians , Raith Rovers and Dumbarton , as well as Swedish club Östersunds FK . Career . Early years . Born in Edinburgh , Barr moved south as a 16-year-old to join Blackburn Rovers and spent three years with the Lancashire club winning the FA Premier Academy League in 2004–05 . Gretna . Barr played in the early part of his career with Gretna signing for the club when they were bankrolled by Brooks Mileson . He was part of the squad who won the Scottish Football League First Division in the 2006–07 season which earned them promotion into the SPL . In 47 league appearances for Gretna , Barr scored five goals . Mileson pulled the plug on the clubs cashflow when his health deteriorated . The club thus became financially stricken and went into administration . Administrators for Gretna laid off their last 40 staff including Barr on 19 May 2008 . Queen of the South . Barr signed a two-year contract with Dumfries-based First Division side Queen of the South on 26 June 2008 . Just after signing , Barr said Im really looking forward to the move . Queens are coming off the back of a fantastic season and Im excited at the prospect of playing for the Scottish Cup finalists . I know big Neilly MacFarlane , Jamie McQuilken and Tosher from my time at Gretna and also have a lot of respect for ex-Queens player , big Derek Townsley , who I also know well . After playing over thirty games in his first season with the club , Barr suffered a season-ending injury on his knee during the pre-season of 2009–10 . He had two operations on this injury , with the major one being a complete cruciate reconstruction . As Queens refused to pay for the operation , Barr took it upon himself to fund it . Due to this matter , he then spent the last six months of his contract doing his own rehab away from the club . Barr was among the players announced as released by the club at the end of the 2009–10 season . Livingston . Barr signed for Livingston in August 2010 . In his first season , he played a pivotal role in helping the club to win the Second Division title . He subsequently signed a new two-year deal , keeping him at the club until the end of season 2012–13 . Barr left Livingston at the end of the 2012–13 season , following a relatively successful three-year spell with the club making 112 appearances in all competitions . Östersunds FK . In July 2013 , Barr signed for Swedish Superettan club Östersunds FK . Airdrieonians . On 23 February 2014 , Barr returned to Scottish football , signing for Airdrieonians on a contract until the end of the 2013–14 season . Raith Rovers . In summer 2014 , Barr joined Raith Rovers . He left the club in June 2017 , following their relegation to Scottish League One . Dumbarton . Having left Raith , Barr joined Scottish Championship side Dumbarton on a one-year deal in June 2017 . He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat to Clyde in July 2017 . He won the clubs Players Player of the Year award in his first season at the Rock and captained the side on a number of occasions . Barr turned down a new deal and left the club in May 2019 after an injury hit second season . Cowdenbeath . On 11 June 2019 , Barr signed for Scottish League Two club Cowdenbeath .

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Black Hours, Morgan MS 493 was owned by whom before Apr 1870?

/wiki/Black_Hours,_Morgan_MS_493#P127#0

Black Hours , Morgan MS 493 The Black Hours , MS M.493 ( or the Morgan Black Hours ) is an illuminated book of hours completed in Bruges between 1460 and 1475 . It consists of 121 pages ( leaves ) , with Latin text written in Gothic minuscule script . The words are arranged in rows of fourteen lines , and follow the Roman version of the texts . The lettering is inscribed in silver and gold , and placed within borders ornamented with flowers , foliage and grotesques , on pages dyed a deep blueish black . It contains fourteen full-page miniatures and opens with the months of the liturgical calendar ( folios 3 verso – 14 recto ) , followed by the Hours of the Virgin , and ends with the Office of the Dead ( folio 121v ) . MS M.493 has been in the collection of the Morgan Library & Museum , New York , since 1912 . It is one of seven surviving black books of hours , all originating from Bruges and dated to the mid-to-late 15th century . They are so named for their unusual dark blueish appearance , a colourisation achieved through the expensive process of dyeing the vellum with iron gall ink . This dye is very corrosive and the surviving examples are mostly badly decomposed ; MS M.493 is in relatively good condition due to its very thick parchment . The book is a masterpiece of Late Gothic manuscript illumination . However , no records survive of its commission , but its uniquely dark tone , expense of production , quality and rarity suggest ownership by privileged and sophisticated members of the Burgundian court . The book is often attributed , on stylistic grounds , to a follower of Willem Vrelant , a leading and influential Flemish illuminator . Commission . The black books of hours are a grouping of four to five ( some books so defined contain only a few pages in this style ) extant Flemish illuminated manuscripts so named for their dark appearance . The effect was achieved by soaking the vellum in black dye or ink before they were lettered with gold and silver leaf . The black dye was highly corrosive and so the metals had to be of high purity , and the vellum needed to be unusually thick to survive the process . The black manuscripts date from about 1455–80 and include the Black Hours , Hispanic Society , New York ( c . 1458 ) , Black Hours of Galeazzo Maria Sforza ( c . 1466–67 ) and the Hours of Mary of Burgundy ( c . 1477 ) . The artwork is of a sophisticated and unusual taste , and the uncommon colour of the pages likely carried an almost mystical aura for the owner . MS M.493 can thus be assumed as intended for high nobility ; probably from the court of Philip the Good or Charles the Bold . The members of the Burgundian court were known to have had a preference for dark , sombre colours , and the black books can be assumed to have been designed specifically for their taste . Black books were more highly regarded than conventional illuminated books of hours , and today art historians assume they were commissioned by the court of Philip the Good . Philips proclivity for black arose from the brutal assassination in 1419 of his father John the Fearless . The funeral procession was lined with 2000 black flags with black standards . From then on Philip wore only black clothes , as an expression of his grief . The style was adapted by other members of the court , who seem to have favoured black against gold and silver in artworks as well in formal dress , as can be seen in Rogier van der Weydens contemporary Jean Wauquelin presenting his Chroniques de Hainaut to Philip the Good . Emperor Maximilian I observed of the Burgundian rulers that their collections were luxurious , the home treasury , and the library full of treasures , and the court ceremonial were oriented on a godlike super-elevation of the ruler . Attribution . The manuscript does not contain any family crest to identify the donor , who , given the expense of the book and its labour-intensive production , is assumed to have been a high-ranking member of court . Feast days noted in the calendars , including for Donatian of Reims ( 14 October ) , indicate it was produced in Bruges , or given the inclusion of the feast of Livinus ( 12 November ) , possibly in Ghent . The artists who designed , illustrated and inscribed MS M.493 are unknown , as are the circumstances of its commission . The book is often linked to the circle of the Utrecht illuminator Willem Vrelant , who was highly regarded and successful , and was active in Bruges from the 1450s until his death in 1481 . This attribution is based on the resemblance of some of the figures in the miniatures with those in works attributed to him ; the angular and linear manner of the figures clothes is also consistent with his style . The text pro me peccatore ( for me a sinner ) , which uses a masculine form of the Latin noun , indicates the book was produced for a man , and the inventory records of its mid-19th-century owner , Nicholas Yemeniz , record that it was produced by a workshop which had often been commissioned by the Burgundian Dukes . Other possible attributions include the circle of the French painter Philippe de Mazerolles ( d . 1479 ) or the workshop of Liévin van Lathem ( active 1454–93 ) . According to the Morgan Library , van Lathems influence can be seen in the figures in angular drapery [ who ] move somewhat stiffly in shallowly defined spaces.. . [ while ] the mens flat faces are dominated by large noses . The style of the miniatures and borders are similar to those of the Galeazzo Maria Sforza in Vienna , but they are not from the same workshop . Description . The manuscript consists of 122 pages each measuring about . The borders re mostly coloured light blue , while the illustrations are overwhelmingly dark , and of black , grey red , old rose and green pigments , with some white and flesh-tone colours . Each miniature is placed opposite the text of a prayer set against a dark background . This books solemnity is in contrast to the bright colours found in most contemporary books of hours and seems to reflect a rather gloomy and mournful court outlook . The many shades of blue were achieved from a variety of ingredients , each allowing varying depths and varieties of colour . The miniatures technique and style can be dated as around 1475 . in the 15th century , Ultramarine pigment was extremely rare and worth more by weight than gold ; thus its prevalence in this work is an indicator of the commissioners wealth . The opening letters of each prayer are formed from gold leaf on green ground . Their texts contain words from the Hours of the Cross , the Hours of the Holy Spirit , the Mass of the Virgin , the Hours of the Virgin , the Penitential Psalms , and the Office of the Dead . The lettering is in Gothic minuscule with silver ink , with gold leaf added to the rubrics . The border decorations include landscapes , jagged acanthus scrolls , birds , small animals and grotesques ; the latter are similar in style to those found in the Black Hours of Galeazzo Maria Sforza , and include naked winged devils and hybrid men . They are ornamented exclusively in gold and are shaded mostly by black pigment . They are lined with yellow or gold filigree and extravagant foliage , including vines . The manuscript has deteriorated over time and has flaked in some areas . The book was rebound in the 19th century for its then owner , the French bibliophile , by the bookbinder ( known as Trautz-Bauzonnet ) , and is today encased in a wooden box , which is also modern . The binding is in tan pigskin with oxidised silver clasps . Yemenizs monogram of two interlocking Ys is stamped on the central panel of the binding and on the clasps . Miniatures . The miniatures depict scenes from the lives of the Virgin and Christ and are placed to the left ( verso ) pages of the book , mostly against calendar representations of days from the liturgical year . The illuminations include biblical figures dressed in contemporary late medieval or Gothic dress . In folio 76v , David wears the ceremonial robes of a 15th-century monarch . The decorations on the borders are particularly vivid in detail . The Crucifixion ( folio 14v ) is the books most acclaimed illustration . It is outlined by border illustrations of fantastical creatures and a peacock . The illumination shows Jesus on the cross with his head inclined and bleeding from multiple wounds . Mary , wearing a wimpled veil , and St John stand to the left of the foot of the cross . Both have halos . The gesturing mourners to their right are given facial expressions that convey a deep sense of sadness and loss . Behind them are two soldiers wearing helmets , one of whom may be Longinus . The hilly landscape behind the figures depicts the walls of Jerusalem set against a deep blue sky . The marginalia contain hybrid men , including one who is half fish and lifts a sword , and another with animal legs . Art historian Ingo Walther described folio 18v , which depicts the Descent of the Holy Spirit , as evidencing the unusual , exquisite and precious overall effect.. . generated by using the technique of fixing an illumination on a piece of black dyed parchment . Rinceau decorations on the edges outline a depiction of Mary at the centre of the court of the Apostles . The gilded D represents the opening letter of the Hours of the Holy Spirit . The following is a complete list of the manuscripts miniatures : - Folio 14v : The Crucifixion ( opposite Hours of the Cross ) - Folio 18v : Pentecost ( opposite Hours of the Holy Spirit : Matins ) - Folio 22v : Virgin and Child ( opposite Mass of the Virgin ) - Folio 29v : Annunciation ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Matins ) - Folio 39v : Visitation ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Lauds ) - Folio 50v : Nativity ( Folio 50v : Nativity ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Prime ) ) - Folio 54v : Annunciation to the Shepherds ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Terce ) - Folio 58v : Adoration of the Magi ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Sext ) - Folio 62v : Massacre of the Innocents ( opposite Hours of the Virgin ) - Folio 66v : Flight into Egypt ( opposite Hours of the Virgin ) - Folio 72v : Coronation of the Virgin ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Compline ) - Folio 76v : David in prayer ( opposite Penitential Psalms and Litany ) - Folio 93v : Resurrection of Lazarus ( opposite Office of the Dead : Vespers ) - Folio 98v : Chanting of the Office of the Dead ( opposite Office of the Dead : Matins ) Provenance and exhibition history . MS 493s early history is obscure , and there are no surviving title or inventory records before the 19th century . The arms of the family of Isabelle de Bethe is stamped on one of the pages ; her family married into Burgundians and were wealthy and prominent members of Flanders society . The manuscript is described in an 1867 inventory of the collection of Nicholas Yemeniz ( 1806–1869 ) , a Lyon silk manufacturer born in Constantinople . It was acquired by the French publisher and art collector Ambroise Firmin-Didot in 1871 . He in turn sold the book to Alphonse Labitte in 1879 . MS M.493 was acquired by Robert Hoe in 1909 for $500 ( about $ in 2021 terms ) . Hoe held it until 1912 ; following his death that year it was sold in a large scale and commercially successful sell-off of his collection of rare and antique books . It passed between two book dealers , Bernard Quaritch and Léon Gruel , before its eventual acquisition by the Pierpont Morgan Library later that year . The book was exhibited at the Paris Colonial Exhibition , the Maritime et dart Flamand in Antwerp in 1930 , at the Morgans 50th anniversary exhibition in 1957 , in Brussels in 1959 , and in Bruges in 1981 . References . Sources . - Ainsworth , Maryan . Man , Myth , and Sensual Pleasures : Jan Gossarts Renaissance : the Complete Works . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art , 2010 . - Harthan , John . The Book of Hours . New York : Thomas Y . Crowell Co. , 1977 . - Jenni , Ulrike ; Thoss , Dagmar . Das Schwarze Gebetbuch , Codex 1856 ( in German ) . Frankfurt am Main : Insel Verlag , 1982 . - MacBeth , Rhona , The Rise of Blue in Europe , in Museum of Fine Arts , Boston , Blue : Cobalt to Cerulean in Art and Culture . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books , 2015 . - Walther , Ingo . Codices Illustres . Berlin : Taschen Verlag , 2014 . Further reading . - Facsimile Ausgabe von Pierpont Morgan Library , New York , M . 493 . Luzern : Faksimile Verlag Luzern , 2001 - Wieck , Roger . Painted Prayers : The Book of Hours in Medieval and Renaissance Art . New York : George Braziller , 1997 . External links . - Full set of digitized images , Morgan Library

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Black Hours, Morgan MS 493 was owned by whom between Oct 1872 and Aug 1873?

/wiki/Black_Hours,_Morgan_MS_493#P127#1

Black Hours , Morgan MS 493 The Black Hours , MS M.493 ( or the Morgan Black Hours ) is an illuminated book of hours completed in Bruges between 1460 and 1475 . It consists of 121 pages ( leaves ) , with Latin text written in Gothic minuscule script . The words are arranged in rows of fourteen lines , and follow the Roman version of the texts . The lettering is inscribed in silver and gold , and placed within borders ornamented with flowers , foliage and grotesques , on pages dyed a deep blueish black . It contains fourteen full-page miniatures and opens with the months of the liturgical calendar ( folios 3 verso – 14 recto ) , followed by the Hours of the Virgin , and ends with the Office of the Dead ( folio 121v ) . MS M.493 has been in the collection of the Morgan Library & Museum , New York , since 1912 . It is one of seven surviving black books of hours , all originating from Bruges and dated to the mid-to-late 15th century . They are so named for their unusual dark blueish appearance , a colourisation achieved through the expensive process of dyeing the vellum with iron gall ink . This dye is very corrosive and the surviving examples are mostly badly decomposed ; MS M.493 is in relatively good condition due to its very thick parchment . The book is a masterpiece of Late Gothic manuscript illumination . However , no records survive of its commission , but its uniquely dark tone , expense of production , quality and rarity suggest ownership by privileged and sophisticated members of the Burgundian court . The book is often attributed , on stylistic grounds , to a follower of Willem Vrelant , a leading and influential Flemish illuminator . Commission . The black books of hours are a grouping of four to five ( some books so defined contain only a few pages in this style ) extant Flemish illuminated manuscripts so named for their dark appearance . The effect was achieved by soaking the vellum in black dye or ink before they were lettered with gold and silver leaf . The black dye was highly corrosive and so the metals had to be of high purity , and the vellum needed to be unusually thick to survive the process . The black manuscripts date from about 1455–80 and include the Black Hours , Hispanic Society , New York ( c . 1458 ) , Black Hours of Galeazzo Maria Sforza ( c . 1466–67 ) and the Hours of Mary of Burgundy ( c . 1477 ) . The artwork is of a sophisticated and unusual taste , and the uncommon colour of the pages likely carried an almost mystical aura for the owner . MS M.493 can thus be assumed as intended for high nobility ; probably from the court of Philip the Good or Charles the Bold . The members of the Burgundian court were known to have had a preference for dark , sombre colours , and the black books can be assumed to have been designed specifically for their taste . Black books were more highly regarded than conventional illuminated books of hours , and today art historians assume they were commissioned by the court of Philip the Good . Philips proclivity for black arose from the brutal assassination in 1419 of his father John the Fearless . The funeral procession was lined with 2000 black flags with black standards . From then on Philip wore only black clothes , as an expression of his grief . The style was adapted by other members of the court , who seem to have favoured black against gold and silver in artworks as well in formal dress , as can be seen in Rogier van der Weydens contemporary Jean Wauquelin presenting his Chroniques de Hainaut to Philip the Good . Emperor Maximilian I observed of the Burgundian rulers that their collections were luxurious , the home treasury , and the library full of treasures , and the court ceremonial were oriented on a godlike super-elevation of the ruler . Attribution . The manuscript does not contain any family crest to identify the donor , who , given the expense of the book and its labour-intensive production , is assumed to have been a high-ranking member of court . Feast days noted in the calendars , including for Donatian of Reims ( 14 October ) , indicate it was produced in Bruges , or given the inclusion of the feast of Livinus ( 12 November ) , possibly in Ghent . The artists who designed , illustrated and inscribed MS M.493 are unknown , as are the circumstances of its commission . The book is often linked to the circle of the Utrecht illuminator Willem Vrelant , who was highly regarded and successful , and was active in Bruges from the 1450s until his death in 1481 . This attribution is based on the resemblance of some of the figures in the miniatures with those in works attributed to him ; the angular and linear manner of the figures clothes is also consistent with his style . The text pro me peccatore ( for me a sinner ) , which uses a masculine form of the Latin noun , indicates the book was produced for a man , and the inventory records of its mid-19th-century owner , Nicholas Yemeniz , record that it was produced by a workshop which had often been commissioned by the Burgundian Dukes . Other possible attributions include the circle of the French painter Philippe de Mazerolles ( d . 1479 ) or the workshop of Liévin van Lathem ( active 1454–93 ) . According to the Morgan Library , van Lathems influence can be seen in the figures in angular drapery [ who ] move somewhat stiffly in shallowly defined spaces.. . [ while ] the mens flat faces are dominated by large noses . The style of the miniatures and borders are similar to those of the Galeazzo Maria Sforza in Vienna , but they are not from the same workshop . Description . The manuscript consists of 122 pages each measuring about . The borders re mostly coloured light blue , while the illustrations are overwhelmingly dark , and of black , grey red , old rose and green pigments , with some white and flesh-tone colours . Each miniature is placed opposite the text of a prayer set against a dark background . This books solemnity is in contrast to the bright colours found in most contemporary books of hours and seems to reflect a rather gloomy and mournful court outlook . The many shades of blue were achieved from a variety of ingredients , each allowing varying depths and varieties of colour . The miniatures technique and style can be dated as around 1475 . in the 15th century , Ultramarine pigment was extremely rare and worth more by weight than gold ; thus its prevalence in this work is an indicator of the commissioners wealth . The opening letters of each prayer are formed from gold leaf on green ground . Their texts contain words from the Hours of the Cross , the Hours of the Holy Spirit , the Mass of the Virgin , the Hours of the Virgin , the Penitential Psalms , and the Office of the Dead . The lettering is in Gothic minuscule with silver ink , with gold leaf added to the rubrics . The border decorations include landscapes , jagged acanthus scrolls , birds , small animals and grotesques ; the latter are similar in style to those found in the Black Hours of Galeazzo Maria Sforza , and include naked winged devils and hybrid men . They are ornamented exclusively in gold and are shaded mostly by black pigment . They are lined with yellow or gold filigree and extravagant foliage , including vines . The manuscript has deteriorated over time and has flaked in some areas . The book was rebound in the 19th century for its then owner , the French bibliophile , by the bookbinder ( known as Trautz-Bauzonnet ) , and is today encased in a wooden box , which is also modern . The binding is in tan pigskin with oxidised silver clasps . Yemenizs monogram of two interlocking Ys is stamped on the central panel of the binding and on the clasps . Miniatures . The miniatures depict scenes from the lives of the Virgin and Christ and are placed to the left ( verso ) pages of the book , mostly against calendar representations of days from the liturgical year . The illuminations include biblical figures dressed in contemporary late medieval or Gothic dress . In folio 76v , David wears the ceremonial robes of a 15th-century monarch . The decorations on the borders are particularly vivid in detail . The Crucifixion ( folio 14v ) is the books most acclaimed illustration . It is outlined by border illustrations of fantastical creatures and a peacock . The illumination shows Jesus on the cross with his head inclined and bleeding from multiple wounds . Mary , wearing a wimpled veil , and St John stand to the left of the foot of the cross . Both have halos . The gesturing mourners to their right are given facial expressions that convey a deep sense of sadness and loss . Behind them are two soldiers wearing helmets , one of whom may be Longinus . The hilly landscape behind the figures depicts the walls of Jerusalem set against a deep blue sky . The marginalia contain hybrid men , including one who is half fish and lifts a sword , and another with animal legs . Art historian Ingo Walther described folio 18v , which depicts the Descent of the Holy Spirit , as evidencing the unusual , exquisite and precious overall effect.. . generated by using the technique of fixing an illumination on a piece of black dyed parchment . Rinceau decorations on the edges outline a depiction of Mary at the centre of the court of the Apostles . The gilded D represents the opening letter of the Hours of the Holy Spirit . The following is a complete list of the manuscripts miniatures : - Folio 14v : The Crucifixion ( opposite Hours of the Cross ) - Folio 18v : Pentecost ( opposite Hours of the Holy Spirit : Matins ) - Folio 22v : Virgin and Child ( opposite Mass of the Virgin ) - Folio 29v : Annunciation ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Matins ) - Folio 39v : Visitation ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Lauds ) - Folio 50v : Nativity ( Folio 50v : Nativity ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Prime ) ) - Folio 54v : Annunciation to the Shepherds ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Terce ) - Folio 58v : Adoration of the Magi ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Sext ) - Folio 62v : Massacre of the Innocents ( opposite Hours of the Virgin ) - Folio 66v : Flight into Egypt ( opposite Hours of the Virgin ) - Folio 72v : Coronation of the Virgin ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Compline ) - Folio 76v : David in prayer ( opposite Penitential Psalms and Litany ) - Folio 93v : Resurrection of Lazarus ( opposite Office of the Dead : Vespers ) - Folio 98v : Chanting of the Office of the Dead ( opposite Office of the Dead : Matins ) Provenance and exhibition history . MS 493s early history is obscure , and there are no surviving title or inventory records before the 19th century . The arms of the family of Isabelle de Bethe is stamped on one of the pages ; her family married into Burgundians and were wealthy and prominent members of Flanders society . The manuscript is described in an 1867 inventory of the collection of Nicholas Yemeniz ( 1806–1869 ) , a Lyon silk manufacturer born in Constantinople . It was acquired by the French publisher and art collector Ambroise Firmin-Didot in 1871 . He in turn sold the book to Alphonse Labitte in 1879 . MS M.493 was acquired by Robert Hoe in 1909 for $500 ( about $ in 2021 terms ) . Hoe held it until 1912 ; following his death that year it was sold in a large scale and commercially successful sell-off of his collection of rare and antique books . It passed between two book dealers , Bernard Quaritch and Léon Gruel , before its eventual acquisition by the Pierpont Morgan Library later that year . The book was exhibited at the Paris Colonial Exhibition , the Maritime et dart Flamand in Antwerp in 1930 , at the Morgans 50th anniversary exhibition in 1957 , in Brussels in 1959 , and in Bruges in 1981 . References . Sources . - Ainsworth , Maryan . Man , Myth , and Sensual Pleasures : Jan Gossarts Renaissance : the Complete Works . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art , 2010 . - Harthan , John . The Book of Hours . New York : Thomas Y . Crowell Co. , 1977 . - Jenni , Ulrike ; Thoss , Dagmar . Das Schwarze Gebetbuch , Codex 1856 ( in German ) . Frankfurt am Main : Insel Verlag , 1982 . - MacBeth , Rhona , The Rise of Blue in Europe , in Museum of Fine Arts , Boston , Blue : Cobalt to Cerulean in Art and Culture . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books , 2015 . - Walther , Ingo . Codices Illustres . Berlin : Taschen Verlag , 2014 . Further reading . - Facsimile Ausgabe von Pierpont Morgan Library , New York , M . 493 . Luzern : Faksimile Verlag Luzern , 2001 - Wieck , Roger . Painted Prayers : The Book of Hours in Medieval and Renaissance Art . New York : George Braziller , 1997 . External links . - Full set of digitized images , Morgan Library

hard

Black Hours, Morgan MS 493 was owned by whom between Nov 1909 and Apr 1910?

/wiki/Black_Hours,_Morgan_MS_493#P127#2

Black Hours , Morgan MS 493 The Black Hours , MS M.493 ( or the Morgan Black Hours ) is an illuminated book of hours completed in Bruges between 1460 and 1475 . It consists of 121 pages ( leaves ) , with Latin text written in Gothic minuscule script . The words are arranged in rows of fourteen lines , and follow the Roman version of the texts . The lettering is inscribed in silver and gold , and placed within borders ornamented with flowers , foliage and grotesques , on pages dyed a deep blueish black . It contains fourteen full-page miniatures and opens with the months of the liturgical calendar ( folios 3 verso – 14 recto ) , followed by the Hours of the Virgin , and ends with the Office of the Dead ( folio 121v ) . MS M.493 has been in the collection of the Morgan Library & Museum , New York , since 1912 . It is one of seven surviving black books of hours , all originating from Bruges and dated to the mid-to-late 15th century . They are so named for their unusual dark blueish appearance , a colourisation achieved through the expensive process of dyeing the vellum with iron gall ink . This dye is very corrosive and the surviving examples are mostly badly decomposed ; MS M.493 is in relatively good condition due to its very thick parchment . The book is a masterpiece of Late Gothic manuscript illumination . However , no records survive of its commission , but its uniquely dark tone , expense of production , quality and rarity suggest ownership by privileged and sophisticated members of the Burgundian court . The book is often attributed , on stylistic grounds , to a follower of Willem Vrelant , a leading and influential Flemish illuminator . Commission . The black books of hours are a grouping of four to five ( some books so defined contain only a few pages in this style ) extant Flemish illuminated manuscripts so named for their dark appearance . The effect was achieved by soaking the vellum in black dye or ink before they were lettered with gold and silver leaf . The black dye was highly corrosive and so the metals had to be of high purity , and the vellum needed to be unusually thick to survive the process . The black manuscripts date from about 1455–80 and include the Black Hours , Hispanic Society , New York ( c . 1458 ) , Black Hours of Galeazzo Maria Sforza ( c . 1466–67 ) and the Hours of Mary of Burgundy ( c . 1477 ) . The artwork is of a sophisticated and unusual taste , and the uncommon colour of the pages likely carried an almost mystical aura for the owner . MS M.493 can thus be assumed as intended for high nobility ; probably from the court of Philip the Good or Charles the Bold . The members of the Burgundian court were known to have had a preference for dark , sombre colours , and the black books can be assumed to have been designed specifically for their taste . Black books were more highly regarded than conventional illuminated books of hours , and today art historians assume they were commissioned by the court of Philip the Good . Philips proclivity for black arose from the brutal assassination in 1419 of his father John the Fearless . The funeral procession was lined with 2000 black flags with black standards . From then on Philip wore only black clothes , as an expression of his grief . The style was adapted by other members of the court , who seem to have favoured black against gold and silver in artworks as well in formal dress , as can be seen in Rogier van der Weydens contemporary Jean Wauquelin presenting his Chroniques de Hainaut to Philip the Good . Emperor Maximilian I observed of the Burgundian rulers that their collections were luxurious , the home treasury , and the library full of treasures , and the court ceremonial were oriented on a godlike super-elevation of the ruler . Attribution . The manuscript does not contain any family crest to identify the donor , who , given the expense of the book and its labour-intensive production , is assumed to have been a high-ranking member of court . Feast days noted in the calendars , including for Donatian of Reims ( 14 October ) , indicate it was produced in Bruges , or given the inclusion of the feast of Livinus ( 12 November ) , possibly in Ghent . The artists who designed , illustrated and inscribed MS M.493 are unknown , as are the circumstances of its commission . The book is often linked to the circle of the Utrecht illuminator Willem Vrelant , who was highly regarded and successful , and was active in Bruges from the 1450s until his death in 1481 . This attribution is based on the resemblance of some of the figures in the miniatures with those in works attributed to him ; the angular and linear manner of the figures clothes is also consistent with his style . The text pro me peccatore ( for me a sinner ) , which uses a masculine form of the Latin noun , indicates the book was produced for a man , and the inventory records of its mid-19th-century owner , Nicholas Yemeniz , record that it was produced by a workshop which had often been commissioned by the Burgundian Dukes . Other possible attributions include the circle of the French painter Philippe de Mazerolles ( d . 1479 ) or the workshop of Liévin van Lathem ( active 1454–93 ) . According to the Morgan Library , van Lathems influence can be seen in the figures in angular drapery [ who ] move somewhat stiffly in shallowly defined spaces.. . [ while ] the mens flat faces are dominated by large noses . The style of the miniatures and borders are similar to those of the Galeazzo Maria Sforza in Vienna , but they are not from the same workshop . Description . The manuscript consists of 122 pages each measuring about . The borders re mostly coloured light blue , while the illustrations are overwhelmingly dark , and of black , grey red , old rose and green pigments , with some white and flesh-tone colours . Each miniature is placed opposite the text of a prayer set against a dark background . This books solemnity is in contrast to the bright colours found in most contemporary books of hours and seems to reflect a rather gloomy and mournful court outlook . The many shades of blue were achieved from a variety of ingredients , each allowing varying depths and varieties of colour . The miniatures technique and style can be dated as around 1475 . in the 15th century , Ultramarine pigment was extremely rare and worth more by weight than gold ; thus its prevalence in this work is an indicator of the commissioners wealth . The opening letters of each prayer are formed from gold leaf on green ground . Their texts contain words from the Hours of the Cross , the Hours of the Holy Spirit , the Mass of the Virgin , the Hours of the Virgin , the Penitential Psalms , and the Office of the Dead . The lettering is in Gothic minuscule with silver ink , with gold leaf added to the rubrics . The border decorations include landscapes , jagged acanthus scrolls , birds , small animals and grotesques ; the latter are similar in style to those found in the Black Hours of Galeazzo Maria Sforza , and include naked winged devils and hybrid men . They are ornamented exclusively in gold and are shaded mostly by black pigment . They are lined with yellow or gold filigree and extravagant foliage , including vines . The manuscript has deteriorated over time and has flaked in some areas . The book was rebound in the 19th century for its then owner , the French bibliophile , by the bookbinder ( known as Trautz-Bauzonnet ) , and is today encased in a wooden box , which is also modern . The binding is in tan pigskin with oxidised silver clasps . Yemenizs monogram of two interlocking Ys is stamped on the central panel of the binding and on the clasps . Miniatures . The miniatures depict scenes from the lives of the Virgin and Christ and are placed to the left ( verso ) pages of the book , mostly against calendar representations of days from the liturgical year . The illuminations include biblical figures dressed in contemporary late medieval or Gothic dress . In folio 76v , David wears the ceremonial robes of a 15th-century monarch . The decorations on the borders are particularly vivid in detail . The Crucifixion ( folio 14v ) is the books most acclaimed illustration . It is outlined by border illustrations of fantastical creatures and a peacock . The illumination shows Jesus on the cross with his head inclined and bleeding from multiple wounds . Mary , wearing a wimpled veil , and St John stand to the left of the foot of the cross . Both have halos . The gesturing mourners to their right are given facial expressions that convey a deep sense of sadness and loss . Behind them are two soldiers wearing helmets , one of whom may be Longinus . The hilly landscape behind the figures depicts the walls of Jerusalem set against a deep blue sky . The marginalia contain hybrid men , including one who is half fish and lifts a sword , and another with animal legs . Art historian Ingo Walther described folio 18v , which depicts the Descent of the Holy Spirit , as evidencing the unusual , exquisite and precious overall effect.. . generated by using the technique of fixing an illumination on a piece of black dyed parchment . Rinceau decorations on the edges outline a depiction of Mary at the centre of the court of the Apostles . The gilded D represents the opening letter of the Hours of the Holy Spirit . The following is a complete list of the manuscripts miniatures : - Folio 14v : The Crucifixion ( opposite Hours of the Cross ) - Folio 18v : Pentecost ( opposite Hours of the Holy Spirit : Matins ) - Folio 22v : Virgin and Child ( opposite Mass of the Virgin ) - Folio 29v : Annunciation ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Matins ) - Folio 39v : Visitation ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Lauds ) - Folio 50v : Nativity ( Folio 50v : Nativity ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Prime ) ) - Folio 54v : Annunciation to the Shepherds ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Terce ) - Folio 58v : Adoration of the Magi ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Sext ) - Folio 62v : Massacre of the Innocents ( opposite Hours of the Virgin ) - Folio 66v : Flight into Egypt ( opposite Hours of the Virgin ) - Folio 72v : Coronation of the Virgin ( opposite Hours of the Virgin : Compline ) - Folio 76v : David in prayer ( opposite Penitential Psalms and Litany ) - Folio 93v : Resurrection of Lazarus ( opposite Office of the Dead : Vespers ) - Folio 98v : Chanting of the Office of the Dead ( opposite Office of the Dead : Matins ) Provenance and exhibition history . MS 493s early history is obscure , and there are no surviving title or inventory records before the 19th century . The arms of the family of Isabelle de Bethe is stamped on one of the pages ; her family married into Burgundians and were wealthy and prominent members of Flanders society . The manuscript is described in an 1867 inventory of the collection of Nicholas Yemeniz ( 1806–1869 ) , a Lyon silk manufacturer born in Constantinople . It was acquired by the French publisher and art collector Ambroise Firmin-Didot in 1871 . He in turn sold the book to Alphonse Labitte in 1879 . MS M.493 was acquired by Robert Hoe in 1909 for $500 ( about $ in 2021 terms ) . Hoe held it until 1912 ; following his death that year it was sold in a large scale and commercially successful sell-off of his collection of rare and antique books . It passed between two book dealers , Bernard Quaritch and Léon Gruel , before its eventual acquisition by the Pierpont Morgan Library later that year . The book was exhibited at the Paris Colonial Exhibition , the Maritime et dart Flamand in Antwerp in 1930 , at the Morgans 50th anniversary exhibition in 1957 , in Brussels in 1959 , and in Bruges in 1981 . References . Sources . - Ainsworth , Maryan . Man , Myth , and Sensual Pleasures : Jan Gossarts Renaissance : the Complete Works . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art , 2010 . - Harthan , John . The Book of Hours . New York : Thomas Y . Crowell Co. , 1977 . - Jenni , Ulrike ; Thoss , Dagmar . Das Schwarze Gebetbuch , Codex 1856 ( in German ) . Frankfurt am Main : Insel Verlag , 1982 . - MacBeth , Rhona , The Rise of Blue in Europe , in Museum of Fine Arts , Boston , Blue : Cobalt to Cerulean in Art and Culture . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books , 2015 . - Walther , Ingo . Codices Illustres . Berlin : Taschen Verlag , 2014 . Further reading . - Facsimile Ausgabe von Pierpont Morgan Library , New York , M . 493 . Luzern : Faksimile Verlag Luzern , 2001 - Wieck , Roger . Painted Prayers : The Book of Hours in Medieval and Renaissance Art . New York : George Braziller , 1997 . External links . - Full set of digitized images , Morgan Library

hard

What was the name of the employer Achilles Papapetrou work for before Oct 1941?

/wiki/Achilles_Papapetrou#P108#0

Achilles Papapetrou Achille Papapetrou ( ; February 2 , 1907 – August 12 , 1997 ) was a Greek theoretical physicist , who contributed to the general theory of relativity . He is known for the Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations , the Majumdar–Papapetrou solution , and the Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates of gravity theory . He worked on exact solutions of Einsteins field equations and long sought a solution for rotating masses , which , however , were only found by Roy Kerr . Papapetrou was then the first who recognized and jubilantly welcomed Kerrs breakthrough announced at the Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics , Dallas , December 1963 . Early life and education . Papapetrou was born in Irakleia Serres in Northern Greece ( Macedonia province ) , on February 2 , 1907 . His father was a schoolteacher . During World War I , his family was deported from Serres , but returned at the end of the war . From 1925 , Papapetrou studied mechanical and electrical engineering at the National Technical University of Athens , graduating in 1930 . While a student , he was an assistant in the mathematics department , and he started work as an engineer . Research . His start in physics , in 1934 , was through graduate studies on solid state physics under Paul Peter Ewald enabled through a scholarship , at the Technical University of Stuttgart . While there , he started working with Helmut Hönl , who was instrumental in the development of his interest in theory of relativity . In 1935 , he earned his PhD there , with a dissertation on Investigations on the dendrite growth of crystals , and subsequently returned to the Technical University in Athens as an assistant in electrical engineering . In 1940−1946 , he was professor of physics at the National Technical University of Athens , where he gave seminars on the theory of relativity , and worked in relative isolation during the German occupation of that country . After the end of the war , and in the preamble to the civil war that followed , he was fired from that post for his sympathies with the left-leaning resistance movement . As a result , in 1946 , he moved to the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies at the invitation of Erwin Schrödinger , with whom he worked on unified field theories . From 1948 on , he worked at the University of Manchester where he was a colleague of Leon Rosenfeld and worked on the equations of motion of GR , as well as the equations of motion of particles with spin in GR . In 1952–1961 he was a researcher at the Research Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences in East Berlin , and from 1957 professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin where , among others , Georg Dautcourt and Hans-Jürgen Treder were his pupils . During 1960–61 , he was visiting a group of relativity theorists , including André Lichnerowicz and Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat . From 1962 he was at the Institute Henri Poincaré ( IHP ) in Paris . At the same time , he was research director of CNRS . Among others , he worked on elastic waves in gravitational radiation detectors , shells of matter and their gravitational collapse , the Newman−Penrose formalism and its identities , stationary axially symmetric gravitational fields , and gravitational and electromagnetic radiation fields . In 1975 , he became Director of the IHP Laboratory of Theoretical Physics , and in 1977 he retired , remaining scientifically active . He was a visiting scientist at Princeton ( 1964–65 ) , the University of Vienna ( 1970–71 ) , and Boston University ( 1972 ) . He later took French citizenship . From 1971 on , he was one of the organizing committee members of the international conferences on general relativity and gravitation ( GRG ) . He died in Paris , on August 12 , 1997 . Selected works . Papapetrou has published two books , - A . Papapetrou , Spezielle Relativitatstheorie , VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften , 1967 - A . Papapetrou , Lectures on General Relativity , D . Reidel , Dordrecht , 1974 . and over a hundred papers , including : - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die Selbstenergie und das Gravitationsfeld einer elektrischen Punktladung , Z f Phys 112 ( 1939 ) 65 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01325637 - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . I. , Z f Phys 112 ( 1939 ) 512 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01341246 - A . Papapetrou and H . Hönl , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . II , Z f Phys 114 ( 1939 ) 478 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01329528 - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . III. , Z f Phys 116 ( 1940 ) 153 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01337382 - A . Papapetrou , Gravitationswirkungen zwischen Pol-Dipol-Teilchen , Z f Phys 116 ( 1940 ) 298 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01341450 - Α . Papapetrou , E . Schrödinger , The Point-Charge in the Non-symmetric Field Theory , Nature 168 ( 1951 ) 40 ; doi : 10.1038/168040a0 - Α . Papapetrou , A static solution of the equations of the gravitational field for an arbitrary charge distribution. , Proc . Roy . Irish Acad . A 51 ( 1948 ) 191 - A . Papapetrou , Spinning test particles in general relativity. , I . Proc . R . Soc . A 64 , 248–258 ( 1952 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine rotationssymmetrische Lösung in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie , Ann . Phys . ( Leipzig ) 12 , 309–315 ( 1953 ) - A . Papapetrou , Quelques remarques sur les champs gravitationnels stationnaires . C . R . Acad . Sci . Paris 257 , 2797–2800 ( 1963 ) - A . Papapetrou , Champs gravitationnels stationnaires à symétrie axiale . C . R . Acad . Sci . Paris 285 , 90–93 ( 1964 ) - A . Papapetrou , Champs gravitationnels stationnaires à symétrie axiale . Ann . Inst . Henri Poincare IV , 83–105 ( 1966 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine rotationssymmetrische Lösung in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie , Ann . Phys . ( Leipzig ) 12 , 309–315 ( 1953 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine Theorie des Gravitationsfeldes mit einer Feldfunktion , Z f Phys 139 ( 1954 ) 518 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01374560

hard

What was the name of the employer Achilles Papapetrou work for in Nov 1946?

/wiki/Achilles_Papapetrou#P108#1

Achilles Papapetrou Achille Papapetrou ( ; February 2 , 1907 – August 12 , 1997 ) was a Greek theoretical physicist , who contributed to the general theory of relativity . He is known for the Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations , the Majumdar–Papapetrou solution , and the Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates of gravity theory . He worked on exact solutions of Einsteins field equations and long sought a solution for rotating masses , which , however , were only found by Roy Kerr . Papapetrou was then the first who recognized and jubilantly welcomed Kerrs breakthrough announced at the Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics , Dallas , December 1963 . Early life and education . Papapetrou was born in Irakleia Serres in Northern Greece ( Macedonia province ) , on February 2 , 1907 . His father was a schoolteacher . During World War I , his family was deported from Serres , but returned at the end of the war . From 1925 , Papapetrou studied mechanical and electrical engineering at the National Technical University of Athens , graduating in 1930 . While a student , he was an assistant in the mathematics department , and he started work as an engineer . Research . His start in physics , in 1934 , was through graduate studies on solid state physics under Paul Peter Ewald enabled through a scholarship , at the Technical University of Stuttgart . While there , he started working with Helmut Hönl , who was instrumental in the development of his interest in theory of relativity . In 1935 , he earned his PhD there , with a dissertation on Investigations on the dendrite growth of crystals , and subsequently returned to the Technical University in Athens as an assistant in electrical engineering . In 1940−1946 , he was professor of physics at the National Technical University of Athens , where he gave seminars on the theory of relativity , and worked in relative isolation during the German occupation of that country . After the end of the war , and in the preamble to the civil war that followed , he was fired from that post for his sympathies with the left-leaning resistance movement . As a result , in 1946 , he moved to the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies at the invitation of Erwin Schrödinger , with whom he worked on unified field theories . From 1948 on , he worked at the University of Manchester where he was a colleague of Leon Rosenfeld and worked on the equations of motion of GR , as well as the equations of motion of particles with spin in GR . In 1952–1961 he was a researcher at the Research Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences in East Berlin , and from 1957 professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin where , among others , Georg Dautcourt and Hans-Jürgen Treder were his pupils . During 1960–61 , he was visiting a group of relativity theorists , including André Lichnerowicz and Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat . From 1962 he was at the Institute Henri Poincaré ( IHP ) in Paris . At the same time , he was research director of CNRS . Among others , he worked on elastic waves in gravitational radiation detectors , shells of matter and their gravitational collapse , the Newman−Penrose formalism and its identities , stationary axially symmetric gravitational fields , and gravitational and electromagnetic radiation fields . In 1975 , he became Director of the IHP Laboratory of Theoretical Physics , and in 1977 he retired , remaining scientifically active . He was a visiting scientist at Princeton ( 1964–65 ) , the University of Vienna ( 1970–71 ) , and Boston University ( 1972 ) . He later took French citizenship . From 1971 on , he was one of the organizing committee members of the international conferences on general relativity and gravitation ( GRG ) . He died in Paris , on August 12 , 1997 . Selected works . Papapetrou has published two books , - A . Papapetrou , Spezielle Relativitatstheorie , VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften , 1967 - A . Papapetrou , Lectures on General Relativity , D . Reidel , Dordrecht , 1974 . and over a hundred papers , including : - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die Selbstenergie und das Gravitationsfeld einer elektrischen Punktladung , Z f Phys 112 ( 1939 ) 65 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01325637 - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . I. , Z f Phys 112 ( 1939 ) 512 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01341246 - A . Papapetrou and H . Hönl , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . II , Z f Phys 114 ( 1939 ) 478 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01329528 - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . III. , Z f Phys 116 ( 1940 ) 153 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01337382 - A . Papapetrou , Gravitationswirkungen zwischen Pol-Dipol-Teilchen , Z f Phys 116 ( 1940 ) 298 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01341450 - Α . Papapetrou , E . Schrödinger , The Point-Charge in the Non-symmetric Field Theory , Nature 168 ( 1951 ) 40 ; doi : 10.1038/168040a0 - Α . Papapetrou , A static solution of the equations of the gravitational field for an arbitrary charge distribution. , Proc . Roy . Irish Acad . A 51 ( 1948 ) 191 - A . Papapetrou , Spinning test particles in general relativity. , I . Proc . R . Soc . A 64 , 248–258 ( 1952 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine rotationssymmetrische Lösung in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie , Ann . Phys . ( Leipzig ) 12 , 309–315 ( 1953 ) - A . Papapetrou , Quelques remarques sur les champs gravitationnels stationnaires . C . R . Acad . Sci . Paris 257 , 2797–2800 ( 1963 ) - A . Papapetrou , Champs gravitationnels stationnaires à symétrie axiale . C . R . Acad . Sci . Paris 285 , 90–93 ( 1964 ) - A . Papapetrou , Champs gravitationnels stationnaires à symétrie axiale . Ann . Inst . Henri Poincare IV , 83–105 ( 1966 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine rotationssymmetrische Lösung in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie , Ann . Phys . ( Leipzig ) 12 , 309–315 ( 1953 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine Theorie des Gravitationsfeldes mit einer Feldfunktion , Z f Phys 139 ( 1954 ) 518 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01374560

hard

What was the name of the employer Achilles Papapetrou work for between Apr 1949 and Aug 1950?

/wiki/Achilles_Papapetrou#P108#2

Achilles Papapetrou Achille Papapetrou ( ; February 2 , 1907 – August 12 , 1997 ) was a Greek theoretical physicist , who contributed to the general theory of relativity . He is known for the Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations , the Majumdar–Papapetrou solution , and the Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates of gravity theory . He worked on exact solutions of Einsteins field equations and long sought a solution for rotating masses , which , however , were only found by Roy Kerr . Papapetrou was then the first who recognized and jubilantly welcomed Kerrs breakthrough announced at the Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics , Dallas , December 1963 . Early life and education . Papapetrou was born in Irakleia Serres in Northern Greece ( Macedonia province ) , on February 2 , 1907 . His father was a schoolteacher . During World War I , his family was deported from Serres , but returned at the end of the war . From 1925 , Papapetrou studied mechanical and electrical engineering at the National Technical University of Athens , graduating in 1930 . While a student , he was an assistant in the mathematics department , and he started work as an engineer . Research . His start in physics , in 1934 , was through graduate studies on solid state physics under Paul Peter Ewald enabled through a scholarship , at the Technical University of Stuttgart . While there , he started working with Helmut Hönl , who was instrumental in the development of his interest in theory of relativity . In 1935 , he earned his PhD there , with a dissertation on Investigations on the dendrite growth of crystals , and subsequently returned to the Technical University in Athens as an assistant in electrical engineering . In 1940−1946 , he was professor of physics at the National Technical University of Athens , where he gave seminars on the theory of relativity , and worked in relative isolation during the German occupation of that country . After the end of the war , and in the preamble to the civil war that followed , he was fired from that post for his sympathies with the left-leaning resistance movement . As a result , in 1946 , he moved to the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies at the invitation of Erwin Schrödinger , with whom he worked on unified field theories . From 1948 on , he worked at the University of Manchester where he was a colleague of Leon Rosenfeld and worked on the equations of motion of GR , as well as the equations of motion of particles with spin in GR . In 1952–1961 he was a researcher at the Research Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences in East Berlin , and from 1957 professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin where , among others , Georg Dautcourt and Hans-Jürgen Treder were his pupils . During 1960–61 , he was visiting a group of relativity theorists , including André Lichnerowicz and Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat . From 1962 he was at the Institute Henri Poincaré ( IHP ) in Paris . At the same time , he was research director of CNRS . Among others , he worked on elastic waves in gravitational radiation detectors , shells of matter and their gravitational collapse , the Newman−Penrose formalism and its identities , stationary axially symmetric gravitational fields , and gravitational and electromagnetic radiation fields . In 1975 , he became Director of the IHP Laboratory of Theoretical Physics , and in 1977 he retired , remaining scientifically active . He was a visiting scientist at Princeton ( 1964–65 ) , the University of Vienna ( 1970–71 ) , and Boston University ( 1972 ) . He later took French citizenship . From 1971 on , he was one of the organizing committee members of the international conferences on general relativity and gravitation ( GRG ) . He died in Paris , on August 12 , 1997 . Selected works . Papapetrou has published two books , - A . Papapetrou , Spezielle Relativitatstheorie , VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften , 1967 - A . Papapetrou , Lectures on General Relativity , D . Reidel , Dordrecht , 1974 . and over a hundred papers , including : - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die Selbstenergie und das Gravitationsfeld einer elektrischen Punktladung , Z f Phys 112 ( 1939 ) 65 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01325637 - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . I. , Z f Phys 112 ( 1939 ) 512 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01341246 - A . Papapetrou and H . Hönl , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . II , Z f Phys 114 ( 1939 ) 478 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01329528 - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . III. , Z f Phys 116 ( 1940 ) 153 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01337382 - A . Papapetrou , Gravitationswirkungen zwischen Pol-Dipol-Teilchen , Z f Phys 116 ( 1940 ) 298 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01341450 - Α . Papapetrou , E . Schrödinger , The Point-Charge in the Non-symmetric Field Theory , Nature 168 ( 1951 ) 40 ; doi : 10.1038/168040a0 - Α . Papapetrou , A static solution of the equations of the gravitational field for an arbitrary charge distribution. , Proc . Roy . Irish Acad . A 51 ( 1948 ) 191 - A . Papapetrou , Spinning test particles in general relativity. , I . Proc . R . Soc . A 64 , 248–258 ( 1952 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine rotationssymmetrische Lösung in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie , Ann . Phys . ( Leipzig ) 12 , 309–315 ( 1953 ) - A . Papapetrou , Quelques remarques sur les champs gravitationnels stationnaires . C . R . Acad . Sci . Paris 257 , 2797–2800 ( 1963 ) - A . Papapetrou , Champs gravitationnels stationnaires à symétrie axiale . C . R . Acad . Sci . Paris 285 , 90–93 ( 1964 ) - A . Papapetrou , Champs gravitationnels stationnaires à symétrie axiale . Ann . Inst . Henri Poincare IV , 83–105 ( 1966 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine rotationssymmetrische Lösung in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie , Ann . Phys . ( Leipzig ) 12 , 309–315 ( 1953 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine Theorie des Gravitationsfeldes mit einer Feldfunktion , Z f Phys 139 ( 1954 ) 518 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01374560

hard

What was the name of the employer Achilles Papapetrou work for between May 1952 and Jul 1952?

/wiki/Achilles_Papapetrou#P108#3

Achilles Papapetrou Achille Papapetrou ( ; February 2 , 1907 – August 12 , 1997 ) was a Greek theoretical physicist , who contributed to the general theory of relativity . He is known for the Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations , the Majumdar–Papapetrou solution , and the Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates of gravity theory . He worked on exact solutions of Einsteins field equations and long sought a solution for rotating masses , which , however , were only found by Roy Kerr . Papapetrou was then the first who recognized and jubilantly welcomed Kerrs breakthrough announced at the Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics , Dallas , December 1963 . Early life and education . Papapetrou was born in Irakleia Serres in Northern Greece ( Macedonia province ) , on February 2 , 1907 . His father was a schoolteacher . During World War I , his family was deported from Serres , but returned at the end of the war . From 1925 , Papapetrou studied mechanical and electrical engineering at the National Technical University of Athens , graduating in 1930 . While a student , he was an assistant in the mathematics department , and he started work as an engineer . Research . His start in physics , in 1934 , was through graduate studies on solid state physics under Paul Peter Ewald enabled through a scholarship , at the Technical University of Stuttgart . While there , he started working with Helmut Hönl , who was instrumental in the development of his interest in theory of relativity . In 1935 , he earned his PhD there , with a dissertation on Investigations on the dendrite growth of crystals , and subsequently returned to the Technical University in Athens as an assistant in electrical engineering . In 1940−1946 , he was professor of physics at the National Technical University of Athens , where he gave seminars on the theory of relativity , and worked in relative isolation during the German occupation of that country . After the end of the war , and in the preamble to the civil war that followed , he was fired from that post for his sympathies with the left-leaning resistance movement . As a result , in 1946 , he moved to the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies at the invitation of Erwin Schrödinger , with whom he worked on unified field theories . From 1948 on , he worked at the University of Manchester where he was a colleague of Leon Rosenfeld and worked on the equations of motion of GR , as well as the equations of motion of particles with spin in GR . In 1952–1961 he was a researcher at the Research Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences in East Berlin , and from 1957 professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin where , among others , Georg Dautcourt and Hans-Jürgen Treder were his pupils . During 1960–61 , he was visiting a group of relativity theorists , including André Lichnerowicz and Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat . From 1962 he was at the Institute Henri Poincaré ( IHP ) in Paris . At the same time , he was research director of CNRS . Among others , he worked on elastic waves in gravitational radiation detectors , shells of matter and their gravitational collapse , the Newman−Penrose formalism and its identities , stationary axially symmetric gravitational fields , and gravitational and electromagnetic radiation fields . In 1975 , he became Director of the IHP Laboratory of Theoretical Physics , and in 1977 he retired , remaining scientifically active . He was a visiting scientist at Princeton ( 1964–65 ) , the University of Vienna ( 1970–71 ) , and Boston University ( 1972 ) . He later took French citizenship . From 1971 on , he was one of the organizing committee members of the international conferences on general relativity and gravitation ( GRG ) . He died in Paris , on August 12 , 1997 . Selected works . Papapetrou has published two books , - A . Papapetrou , Spezielle Relativitatstheorie , VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften , 1967 - A . Papapetrou , Lectures on General Relativity , D . Reidel , Dordrecht , 1974 . and over a hundred papers , including : - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die Selbstenergie und das Gravitationsfeld einer elektrischen Punktladung , Z f Phys 112 ( 1939 ) 65 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01325637 - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . I. , Z f Phys 112 ( 1939 ) 512 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01341246 - A . Papapetrou and H . Hönl , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . II , Z f Phys 114 ( 1939 ) 478 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01329528 - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . III. , Z f Phys 116 ( 1940 ) 153 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01337382 - A . Papapetrou , Gravitationswirkungen zwischen Pol-Dipol-Teilchen , Z f Phys 116 ( 1940 ) 298 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01341450 - Α . Papapetrou , E . Schrödinger , The Point-Charge in the Non-symmetric Field Theory , Nature 168 ( 1951 ) 40 ; doi : 10.1038/168040a0 - Α . Papapetrou , A static solution of the equations of the gravitational field for an arbitrary charge distribution. , Proc . Roy . Irish Acad . A 51 ( 1948 ) 191 - A . Papapetrou , Spinning test particles in general relativity. , I . Proc . R . Soc . A 64 , 248–258 ( 1952 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine rotationssymmetrische Lösung in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie , Ann . Phys . ( Leipzig ) 12 , 309–315 ( 1953 ) - A . Papapetrou , Quelques remarques sur les champs gravitationnels stationnaires . C . R . Acad . Sci . Paris 257 , 2797–2800 ( 1963 ) - A . Papapetrou , Champs gravitationnels stationnaires à symétrie axiale . C . R . Acad . Sci . Paris 285 , 90–93 ( 1964 ) - A . Papapetrou , Champs gravitationnels stationnaires à symétrie axiale . Ann . Inst . Henri Poincare IV , 83–105 ( 1966 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine rotationssymmetrische Lösung in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie , Ann . Phys . ( Leipzig ) 12 , 309–315 ( 1953 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine Theorie des Gravitationsfeldes mit einer Feldfunktion , Z f Phys 139 ( 1954 ) 518 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01374560

hard

What was the name of the employer Achilles Papapetrou work for in Jun 1957?

/wiki/Achilles_Papapetrou#P108#4

Achilles Papapetrou Achille Papapetrou ( ; February 2 , 1907 – August 12 , 1997 ) was a Greek theoretical physicist , who contributed to the general theory of relativity . He is known for the Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations , the Majumdar–Papapetrou solution , and the Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates of gravity theory . He worked on exact solutions of Einsteins field equations and long sought a solution for rotating masses , which , however , were only found by Roy Kerr . Papapetrou was then the first who recognized and jubilantly welcomed Kerrs breakthrough announced at the Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics , Dallas , December 1963 . Early life and education . Papapetrou was born in Irakleia Serres in Northern Greece ( Macedonia province ) , on February 2 , 1907 . His father was a schoolteacher . During World War I , his family was deported from Serres , but returned at the end of the war . From 1925 , Papapetrou studied mechanical and electrical engineering at the National Technical University of Athens , graduating in 1930 . While a student , he was an assistant in the mathematics department , and he started work as an engineer . Research . His start in physics , in 1934 , was through graduate studies on solid state physics under Paul Peter Ewald enabled through a scholarship , at the Technical University of Stuttgart . While there , he started working with Helmut Hönl , who was instrumental in the development of his interest in theory of relativity . In 1935 , he earned his PhD there , with a dissertation on Investigations on the dendrite growth of crystals , and subsequently returned to the Technical University in Athens as an assistant in electrical engineering . In 1940−1946 , he was professor of physics at the National Technical University of Athens , where he gave seminars on the theory of relativity , and worked in relative isolation during the German occupation of that country . After the end of the war , and in the preamble to the civil war that followed , he was fired from that post for his sympathies with the left-leaning resistance movement . As a result , in 1946 , he moved to the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies at the invitation of Erwin Schrödinger , with whom he worked on unified field theories . From 1948 on , he worked at the University of Manchester where he was a colleague of Leon Rosenfeld and worked on the equations of motion of GR , as well as the equations of motion of particles with spin in GR . In 1952–1961 he was a researcher at the Research Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences in East Berlin , and from 1957 professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin where , among others , Georg Dautcourt and Hans-Jürgen Treder were his pupils . During 1960–61 , he was visiting a group of relativity theorists , including André Lichnerowicz and Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat . From 1962 he was at the Institute Henri Poincaré ( IHP ) in Paris . At the same time , he was research director of CNRS . Among others , he worked on elastic waves in gravitational radiation detectors , shells of matter and their gravitational collapse , the Newman−Penrose formalism and its identities , stationary axially symmetric gravitational fields , and gravitational and electromagnetic radiation fields . In 1975 , he became Director of the IHP Laboratory of Theoretical Physics , and in 1977 he retired , remaining scientifically active . He was a visiting scientist at Princeton ( 1964–65 ) , the University of Vienna ( 1970–71 ) , and Boston University ( 1972 ) . He later took French citizenship . From 1971 on , he was one of the organizing committee members of the international conferences on general relativity and gravitation ( GRG ) . He died in Paris , on August 12 , 1997 . Selected works . Papapetrou has published two books , - A . Papapetrou , Spezielle Relativitatstheorie , VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften , 1967 - A . Papapetrou , Lectures on General Relativity , D . Reidel , Dordrecht , 1974 . and over a hundred papers , including : - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die Selbstenergie und das Gravitationsfeld einer elektrischen Punktladung , Z f Phys 112 ( 1939 ) 65 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01325637 - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . I. , Z f Phys 112 ( 1939 ) 512 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01341246 - A . Papapetrou and H . Hönl , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . II , Z f Phys 114 ( 1939 ) 478 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01329528 - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . III. , Z f Phys 116 ( 1940 ) 153 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01337382 - A . Papapetrou , Gravitationswirkungen zwischen Pol-Dipol-Teilchen , Z f Phys 116 ( 1940 ) 298 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01341450 - Α . Papapetrou , E . Schrödinger , The Point-Charge in the Non-symmetric Field Theory , Nature 168 ( 1951 ) 40 ; doi : 10.1038/168040a0 - Α . Papapetrou , A static solution of the equations of the gravitational field for an arbitrary charge distribution. , Proc . Roy . Irish Acad . A 51 ( 1948 ) 191 - A . Papapetrou , Spinning test particles in general relativity. , I . Proc . R . Soc . A 64 , 248–258 ( 1952 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine rotationssymmetrische Lösung in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie , Ann . Phys . ( Leipzig ) 12 , 309–315 ( 1953 ) - A . Papapetrou , Quelques remarques sur les champs gravitationnels stationnaires . C . R . Acad . Sci . Paris 257 , 2797–2800 ( 1963 ) - A . Papapetrou , Champs gravitationnels stationnaires à symétrie axiale . C . R . Acad . Sci . Paris 285 , 90–93 ( 1964 ) - A . Papapetrou , Champs gravitationnels stationnaires à symétrie axiale . Ann . Inst . Henri Poincare IV , 83–105 ( 1966 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine rotationssymmetrische Lösung in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie , Ann . Phys . ( Leipzig ) 12 , 309–315 ( 1953 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine Theorie des Gravitationsfeldes mit einer Feldfunktion , Z f Phys 139 ( 1954 ) 518 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01374560

hard

What was the name of the employer Achilles Papapetrou work for after Dec 1971?

/wiki/Achilles_Papapetrou#P108#5

Achilles Papapetrou Achille Papapetrou ( ; February 2 , 1907 – August 12 , 1997 ) was a Greek theoretical physicist , who contributed to the general theory of relativity . He is known for the Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations , the Majumdar–Papapetrou solution , and the Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates of gravity theory . He worked on exact solutions of Einsteins field equations and long sought a solution for rotating masses , which , however , were only found by Roy Kerr . Papapetrou was then the first who recognized and jubilantly welcomed Kerrs breakthrough announced at the Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics , Dallas , December 1963 . Early life and education . Papapetrou was born in Irakleia Serres in Northern Greece ( Macedonia province ) , on February 2 , 1907 . His father was a schoolteacher . During World War I , his family was deported from Serres , but returned at the end of the war . From 1925 , Papapetrou studied mechanical and electrical engineering at the National Technical University of Athens , graduating in 1930 . While a student , he was an assistant in the mathematics department , and he started work as an engineer . Research . His start in physics , in 1934 , was through graduate studies on solid state physics under Paul Peter Ewald enabled through a scholarship , at the Technical University of Stuttgart . While there , he started working with Helmut Hönl , who was instrumental in the development of his interest in theory of relativity . In 1935 , he earned his PhD there , with a dissertation on Investigations on the dendrite growth of crystals , and subsequently returned to the Technical University in Athens as an assistant in electrical engineering . In 1940−1946 , he was professor of physics at the National Technical University of Athens , where he gave seminars on the theory of relativity , and worked in relative isolation during the German occupation of that country . After the end of the war , and in the preamble to the civil war that followed , he was fired from that post for his sympathies with the left-leaning resistance movement . As a result , in 1946 , he moved to the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies at the invitation of Erwin Schrödinger , with whom he worked on unified field theories . From 1948 on , he worked at the University of Manchester where he was a colleague of Leon Rosenfeld and worked on the equations of motion of GR , as well as the equations of motion of particles with spin in GR . In 1952–1961 he was a researcher at the Research Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences in East Berlin , and from 1957 professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin where , among others , Georg Dautcourt and Hans-Jürgen Treder were his pupils . During 1960–61 , he was visiting a group of relativity theorists , including André Lichnerowicz and Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat . From 1962 he was at the Institute Henri Poincaré ( IHP ) in Paris . At the same time , he was research director of CNRS . Among others , he worked on elastic waves in gravitational radiation detectors , shells of matter and their gravitational collapse , the Newman−Penrose formalism and its identities , stationary axially symmetric gravitational fields , and gravitational and electromagnetic radiation fields . In 1975 , he became Director of the IHP Laboratory of Theoretical Physics , and in 1977 he retired , remaining scientifically active . He was a visiting scientist at Princeton ( 1964–65 ) , the University of Vienna ( 1970–71 ) , and Boston University ( 1972 ) . He later took French citizenship . From 1971 on , he was one of the organizing committee members of the international conferences on general relativity and gravitation ( GRG ) . He died in Paris , on August 12 , 1997 . Selected works . Papapetrou has published two books , - A . Papapetrou , Spezielle Relativitatstheorie , VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften , 1967 - A . Papapetrou , Lectures on General Relativity , D . Reidel , Dordrecht , 1974 . and over a hundred papers , including : - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die Selbstenergie und das Gravitationsfeld einer elektrischen Punktladung , Z f Phys 112 ( 1939 ) 65 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01325637 - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . I. , Z f Phys 112 ( 1939 ) 512 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01341246 - A . Papapetrou and H . Hönl , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . II , Z f Phys 114 ( 1939 ) 478 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01329528 - H . Hönl and A . Papapetrou , Über die innere Bewegung des Elektrons . III. , Z f Phys 116 ( 1940 ) 153 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01337382 - A . Papapetrou , Gravitationswirkungen zwischen Pol-Dipol-Teilchen , Z f Phys 116 ( 1940 ) 298 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01341450 - Α . Papapetrou , E . Schrödinger , The Point-Charge in the Non-symmetric Field Theory , Nature 168 ( 1951 ) 40 ; doi : 10.1038/168040a0 - Α . Papapetrou , A static solution of the equations of the gravitational field for an arbitrary charge distribution. , Proc . Roy . Irish Acad . A 51 ( 1948 ) 191 - A . Papapetrou , Spinning test particles in general relativity. , I . Proc . R . Soc . A 64 , 248–258 ( 1952 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine rotationssymmetrische Lösung in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie , Ann . Phys . ( Leipzig ) 12 , 309–315 ( 1953 ) - A . Papapetrou , Quelques remarques sur les champs gravitationnels stationnaires . C . R . Acad . Sci . Paris 257 , 2797–2800 ( 1963 ) - A . Papapetrou , Champs gravitationnels stationnaires à symétrie axiale . C . R . Acad . Sci . Paris 285 , 90–93 ( 1964 ) - A . Papapetrou , Champs gravitationnels stationnaires à symétrie axiale . Ann . Inst . Henri Poincare IV , 83–105 ( 1966 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine rotationssymmetrische Lösung in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie , Ann . Phys . ( Leipzig ) 12 , 309–315 ( 1953 ) - A . Papapetrou , Eine Theorie des Gravitationsfeldes mit einer Feldfunktion , Z f Phys 139 ( 1954 ) 518 ; doi : 10.1007/BF01374560

hard

Regina Ip took which position before Jan 1998?

/wiki/Regina_Ip#P39#0

Regina Ip Regina Ip Lau Suk-yee ( ; Lau ; born 24 August 1950 ) is a Chinese politician . She is currently a member of the Executive Council ( ExCo ) and Legislative Council of Hong Kong ( LegCo ) , as well as the founder and current chairperson of the New Peoples Party . She was formerly a prominent government official of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ( HKSAR ) and was the first woman to be appointed the Secretary for Security to head the disciplinary service . She is also the founder and Chairwoman of Savantas Policy Institute , a think-tank in Hong Kong . Ip became a controversial figure for her role advocating the passage of the national security legislation to implement Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 , and after this legislation was withdrawn , she became the first principal official to resign from the administration of Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa . She took a sabbatical to study for a masters degree . She contested the 2007 Hong Kong Island by-election for the Legislative Council but was defeated by Anson Chan in the two-horse race . She ran again in the 2008 Legislative Council election and won , gaining a seat in the Hong Kong Island . She was re-elected in 2012 and 2016 elections . Ip is widely known to be keen on the Chief Executive top post . She ran in both 2012 and 2017 Chief Executive elections but did not secure a minimum number of 150 nominations from the 1,200-member Election Committee to enter the race on both occasions . In 2020 , Larry Diamond , her supervisor at Stanford University , publicly criticized Ips handling of the democracy movement and freedom of the press in Hong Kong . Early life . Ip was born in what was then British Hong Kong in 1950 ; her father was a Chinese Singaporean trader Lau Fook-seng , and mother was actress Wa Choi-Fung ( 華彩鳳 ) , the second wife of her father . She attended St . Stephens Girls College , after which she read English literature at the University of Hong Kong , graduating with first-class honours ; she later obtained a Master of Letters degree from the University of Glasgow , where she studied Elizabethan poet , Sir Philip Sidney . Government career . In the 1970s Ip joined the Hong Kong Government as an Administrative Officer . In 1986 , she , accompanied by her husband , went to Stanford Graduate School of Business to study for an MS in Management under the Sloan Programme . She took various bureaucratic positions before she was appointed Director of Industry Department in September 1995 . Ministerial career . In August 1996 , she was appointed Director of Immigration – a post usually filled by officials from within the Immigration Department . She was the first woman to hold the post , and continued until after the 1997 handover . While she held that post , the UK government decided to grant full British citizenship for 50,000 Hong Kong families . She was also head of immigration during the right of abode saga , when the Hong Kong government requested the National Peoples Congress in Beijing to intervene after the courts ruled against the government , essentially granting the Hong Kong government the ability to simply ignore the courts ruling after it granted right of abode to the children of Hong Kong residents who held right of abode whether or not those children were born in Hong Kong . In July 1998 , Ip was appointed to the post of Secretary for Security – again , the first woman to hold that post . She became the first government minister to declare her political stance . Ip became one of the so-called 14 principal officials and a member of the Executive Council during Tung Chee-hwas second term in government on 1 July 2002 . She was well known at that time as a hawkish , uncompromising figure in the Government , with some describing her as a staunch , arrogant , authoritarian and yet outspoken bureaucrat . As security minister , she promoted the adoption of the controversial Article 23 of Hong Kongs Basic Law . After massive public protests and the governments withdrawal of the proposed national security legislation , Ip resigned from office on 25 June 2003 , citing personal reasons . Political career . In 2003 , Ip returned to Stanford University to pursue a masters degree in East Asian Studies , with Larry Diamond as her supervisor . Her thesis , Hong Kong : Case Study in Democratic Development in Transitional Society , reportedly expressed admiration for a bicameral system and suggested that political parties in Hong Kong be strengthened and be more inclusive . She returned to Hong Kong in 2006 . She set up a policy think tank , Savantas Policy Institute , giving rise to media speculation that she was planning to run for the office of Chief Executive sometime in the future . In September 2007 , she declared her intention to run for the Legislative Council in the Hong Kong Island by-election . She apologised for her handling of the Article 23 situation , hoped to put it behind her . However , she received only 43% of the vote , defeated by Anson Chan . Legislative Councillor . Ip ran in the 2008 Hong Kong legislative election in the Hong Kong Island geographical constituency , forming a ticket including dermatologist Louis Shih and two elected District Councillors , Albert Wong and Ronald Chan . Her ticket won a total of 61,073 votes , the second highest on Hong Kong Island and the fourth highest Hong Kong wide . She was sworn in as Legislative Councillor on 8 October 2008 . In January 2011 , she launched a middle-class oriented party called New Peoples Party . The party held two seats in the legislature , herself and Michael Tien , after the 2012 Legislative council election , in which Ip was elected with 30,289 votes , despite losing almost half of the votes . She was subsequently appointed to the Executive Council of Hong Kong by Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying after the election , in which she served until December 2016 when she ran for the Chief Executive for the second time . Her party expanded its district base when it allied with the Civil Force in 2014 . Ip was re-elected to the Legislative Council in 2016 , with the highest votes of 60,760 in Hong Kong Island . 2012 Chief Executive bid . Ip was known to be interested in the Chief Executive post . She expressed her intention to run in the 2012 election but dropped out on 15 December . Following a number of scandals surrounding Henry Tang , Ip re-announced her candidacy in the race on 20 February . She withdrew her candidacy after failing to receive enough nominations before the deadline and thus did not qualify to stand for the election on 29 February , which made her campaign last for only nine days . 2017 Chief Executive bid . Ip has expressed her intention to consider running in the 2017 Chief Executive election . After incumbent Leung Chun-ying announced he would not seek for re-election , Ip resigned from the Executive Council to launch her campaign . She announced her candidacy on 15 December under the campaign slogan Win back Hong Kong after receiving her partys endorsement . She called for a relaunch of the electoral reform process under Beijings restrictive framework as decreed by the National Peoples Congress Standing Committee ( NPCSC ) on 31 August 2020 . She also pledged to enact controversial Article 23 with suitable measures . Ip got emotional and tear-eyed in a media gathering , [ I ] n the past ten years I started from nothing , working hard bit by bit , splashing out my own money , putting in much mental and physical effort , Ip said as her voice shook . Can you say I had not taken on responsibilities for the Hong Kong society ? When I handled Article 23 , I did not perform satisfactorily ? she defended herself , I have taken responsibility under the accountability system and have already apologised multiple times . I was not shameless , I did not hold onto my powers . I stepped down from the administration . Ill leave for society to judge whether I have the guts to take on responsibilities . I definitely have taken on a lot of responsibilities . Ips remarks came after Leung Chun-ying praised Lam for her ability and willingness to take on responsibilities As Carrie Lam declared her candidacy and Tsang was expected to run , political analysts said that could endanger Regina Ips chances of getting the minimum 150 nominations to enter the race . Ip revealed that two or three electors , including businessman Allan Zeman , have turned their backs on her to support Lam . Supported by her New Peoples Party and a few electors from business sectors , Ip also gained a nomination from a pro-democrat elector from the Accountancy subsector , who wished to send Ip into the race to split Lams votes . However , as Lam aimed to grab more than 600 nominations , Ip faced an uphill battle to secure her nominations . She urged a certain candidate not to ask for additional backing since that person had secured more than enough nominations already . Ip withdrew from the election , conceding the number of nominations hours before the nomination deadline on 1 March , for the second time after her 2012 bid . She received the number of nominations far behind what was needed . She attributed her failure to the restrictive selection process of the 1,200 structure of the Election Committee membership as she was squeezed out by the Beijing-supported Lam and democrats-supported Tsang and Woo . Views . Ip has taken controversial stances during her career including advocating for the Public Order Ordinance and defending government policy denying right of abode to the children of Hong Kong people born in mainland China since the 1997 handover . Article 23 . According to Ku , Ip had turned herself into a provocative political figure due to her departure from the institutionalised bureaucratic ritual adopted by civil servants in the past . She spearheaded the governments attempt to codify Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 , and pushed hard for it to be legislated by July 2003 . Between September 2002 and July 2003 her popularity plunged . In October 2002 , she made a remark about Adolf Hitler at the City University . Ip downplayed any opposition to the bill , predicting only 30,000 people would show up at the planned demonstration ( s ) . Ip blamed political and religious leaders for creating a herd mentality . Her popularity plummeted when one remark after another contradicted popular opinion , most notably in regard to her commitment to push the bill despite the commotion and chaos of the SARS outbreak in 2003 . Detractors also took shots at her bushy hairstyle , nicknaming her Broomhead ( 掃把頭 ) . This included a comic book which caricatured her in police uniform and signature bushy hairstyle . She openly admitted that although she disliked the nickname , she would not change her hairstyle just to please her critics . Regarding the controversy she said I think I would like to be remembered as somebody who was not afraid to speak out , even if that might affect my popularity . Ip later said I made a mistake in promoting the bill and apologized for remarks she had made while pushing for Article 23 . Views on democracy . Ip has been criticised for her perceived inconsistent stance toward democracy . Following her return from the United States , she shifted her public position during her campaign for a seat in the legislative assembly in 2007 by saying the only way forward for Hong Kong is complete democratization , in contrast to her position before . Todd Crowell of the Asia Times referred to her as a born-again democrat . Anson Chan , her main rival supported by the pro-democracy camp in the 2007 by-election , labelled her a fake democrat because of this . Views on press freedom . In July 2008 , Ip was once again embroiled in controversy for her comments about police tactics used against reporters covering the heated scenes in queues for Olympics tickets . In commenting about the man-handling of Hong Kong reporters by the Beijing police , she had said that neck-shoving [ techniques ] .. . were most effective in stopping trouble-makers . The following day , she stated that she supported freedom of the press and apologised for the slip of the tongue , clarifying that she was neither implying that journalists were troublemakers , nor endorsing the actions of the police . Democratic Party lawmaker Yeung Sum referred to this as a Freudian slip that showed up her true colours . Views on Occupy Central . Ip opposed Occupy Central , and endorsed actions taken by the police against protesters . She claimed that the Occupy Central pro-democracy protesters frequently utilized smartphone apps to organize , plan , and prepare their activities . Ip specifically singled out Twitter , Google Maps , Firechat , Telegram and Zello Walkie Talkie as the apps most used by the student activists to communicate among themselves . To justify the use of these apps as evidence of foreign interference , Ip claimed that Zello Walkie Talkie was used in Taiwans Sunflower Student Movement and the Ukraine Orange Revolution . Both student movements allegedly received assistance from external parties . Allegedly racist comments on Filipino maids . In April 2015 , Ip wrote in a controversial article in Ming Pao that she had received complaints while she was Secretary for Security from 1998 to 2003 , from foreign women in Discovery Bay that the government was allowing Filipino domestic helpers to seduce their husbands , and was accused of being sexist and racist by many media reports . The Philippines consulate expressed its concern over the unfortunate choice of words by Ip . A domestic helpers advocacy group demonstrated in front of her office , calling on her to apologise . She apologised to those who were offended by her and insisted that the article was misinterpreted . Views on fur wearing . Ip was under fire for wearing a red mink coat to a Legislative Council meeting in January 2016 . She defended her clothing choice , saying that wearing fur is actually the same as eating beef…Mink farming can be more humane than rearing chicken or cattle . She was criticised by animal rights activists . Lying about Liaison Office visit . On 5 September 2016 one day after the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election in which she was re-elected , Ips car was photographed at the Liaison Office . She told Ming Pao that she was not in the car and she was sending some books she wrote to her friends there . She later admitted that she lied about it as she was requested by the other party to keep the visit confidential . She was criticised as the pan-democrats had been accusing the Liaison Office for meddling in local politics and elections . She apologised to the public and Ming Pao and denied that she was there for thanking the Liaison Office for its support . New York Times Op-ed Article , Hong Kong Is China , Like It or Not . On October 1 , 2020 , the New York Times published an opinion piece by Ip , titled Hong Kong Is China , Like It or Not . In the piece , Ip defended the Hong Kong Police Forces actions during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests and publicly supported the Legislative Council of Hong Kong . She also stated that Hong Kongs citizenry should reevaluate the future of the territory . Mainstream journalists also rejected the article , including Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Mei Fong . The National Review and The Spectator criticized the op-ed , as did HuffPost freelance reporter Yashar Ali and CBS News correspondent Kathryn Watson . American politicians Mitt Romney , Tom Cotton , Guy Reshenthaler and Mike Gallagher also rejected the articles claims and denounced the New York Times decision to release the article . Political authors Antonio Garcia Martinez , Matt Taibbi and Brookings Institution senior fellow Shadi Hamid rejected the articles views , with Hamid stating that it was what authoritarianism actually looks like . Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies professors Hal Brands and Yascha Mounk rejected the articles premise , with Mounk writing that the op-ed was an example of systematic racism in American journalism . Council on Foreign Relations senior fellow Meighan Stone expressed that the article depicted a false balance in favor of the Chinese government , specifically referencing the Chinese governments role in the Xinjiang re-education camps and the death of activist Liu Xiaobo . Harvard University Nieman Journalism Lab director Joshua Benton compared the article to Nazi propaganda . Political authors Antonio Garcia Martinez , Matt Taibbi and Brookings Institution senior fellow Shadi Hamid rejected the articles views , with Hamid stating that it was what authoritarianism actually looks like . Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies professors Hal Brands and Yascha Mounk rejected the articles premise , with Mounk writing that the op-ed was an example of systematic racism in American journalism . Council on Foreign Relations senior fellow Meighan Stone expressed that the article depicted a false balance in favor of the Chinese government , specifically referencing the Chinese governments role in the Xinjiang re-education camps and the death of activist Liu Xiaobo . Harvard University Nieman Journalism Lab director Joshua Benton compared the article to Nazi propaganda . Satirical news program China Uncensored also criticized the article , describing it as lies and communist propaganda . BN ( O ) and dual citizenship . In October 2020 , SCMP reported that Ip has previously said that if the Chinese foreign ministry imposes restrictions on Hong Kong BN ( O ) passports , then the Hong Kong Immigration Department may instruct airline companies to stop issuing tickets to those with BN ( O ) passports . In February 2021 , SCMP reported that the move to ban BN ( O ) passports has left ethnic minorities without a valid passport , as many have encountered issues while applying for a Hong Kong passport . The move would practically stop the freedom of these Hong Kong citizens from leaving Hong Kong . In January 2021 , Ip wrote an opinion article on SCMP , stating that those with dual passports in Hong Kong should choose between their non-Hong Kong citizenship or their right of abode in Hong Kong , saying that those who choose their non-Hong Kong foreign citizenship could also lose the right of abode in Hong Kong and the attendant right to vote in Hong Kong elections . This is despite the fact that high-level government officials , including Carrie Lam , Tam Yiu-chung , and Tung Chee-hwa have children with foreign citizenship . Ip mentions that her suggestion was just a proposal and she did not raise the issue with the Hong Kong SAR government . In February 2021 , Hong Kong Free Press reported that around 7,000 people had emigrated from Hong Kong to the UK since June 2020 , with Ip claiming those people had no money , skills or education . In March 2021 , Ip said that those in Hong Kong who use the BN ( O ) passport for working holiday visa applications to 14 countries should be denied the ability to fly on airlines by the government . Overseas voting . While discussing a proposal to allow overseas Hong Kongers to vote , Ip gave her reasoning for not allowing all overseas Hong Kongers to vote , and only allowing those living in mainland China to vote . Ip said that under the One country principle , those who live in China should get first priority when it comes to overseas voting . Separation of powers . In October 2020 , Ip claimed that Hong Kong has never had separation of powers , and that government officials should reiterate that the city does not have it . Expulsion of Legislative Council members . In November 2020 , following the expulsion of 4 pro-democracy lawmakers in the Legislative Council , Ip defended the expulsion and said They cannot be just democrats in name . They have to not only embrace true democratic values in the sense of respecting the rule of law and the rights of other people with whom they disagree , they also have to respect the sovereignty , security of our country . Additionally , Ip said that Time will tell that it was the right decision to take . Arrests of pro-democracy figures . After the arrest of 53 pro-democracy figures in January 2021 , Ip defended the arrests , stating that their goal of taking control of the Legislative Council and not approving the budget would not be tolerated . Xinjiang . In March 2021 , after some companies suspended the use of cotton from Xinjiang due to human rights concerns , Ip stated that those companies were spreading lies about Xinjiang , and that she would boycott Burberry . Ip claimed that she would not wear products from the brand until Burberry has retracted or apologised for its unfounded allegations against Xinjiang . After some people asked her to burn her scarves , Ip said that she would just put them away for the time being . RTHK . In 2019 , Ip said that RTHK should stop producing news in Chinese . In April 2021 , Ip suggested that RTHK be shut down , and said that RTHK staff often challenge the governments bottom line . LGBT and womens rights . Ip has expressed desires to legislate against discrimination against LGBT people and supported the city to host the 2022 Gay Games . She , however , stopped short of supporting the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Hong Kong . On other social issues , such as sexism , Ip has criticised the media for focusing on what she called focusing on a female politicians hairstyle , clothing and make up rather than her work and has expressed desire to reserve seats for women in election committees . Personal life . Ip married engineer Sammy Ip Man-ho ( 1935–1997 ) in 1981 . Sammy Ip was a son of Ip Ching-ping , founder of the Ching Hing Construction Company . Sammy Ip has a sister Henrietta Ip who was a member of the Legislative Council ( 1982–1991 ) . Their marriage was opposed by Sammy Ips family . The couple has a daughter , Cynthia Ip Wing-yan , who was born in 1989 . Regina Ips husband died of liver cancer in 1997 .

hard

Regina Ip took which position between Dec 1999 and Jul 2003?

/wiki/Regina_Ip#P39#1

Regina Ip Regina Ip Lau Suk-yee ( ; Lau ; born 24 August 1950 ) is a Chinese politician . She is currently a member of the Executive Council ( ExCo ) and Legislative Council of Hong Kong ( LegCo ) , as well as the founder and current chairperson of the New Peoples Party . She was formerly a prominent government official of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ( HKSAR ) and was the first woman to be appointed the Secretary for Security to head the disciplinary service . She is also the founder and Chairwoman of Savantas Policy Institute , a think-tank in Hong Kong . Ip became a controversial figure for her role advocating the passage of the national security legislation to implement Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 , and after this legislation was withdrawn , she became the first principal official to resign from the administration of Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa . She took a sabbatical to study for a masters degree . She contested the 2007 Hong Kong Island by-election for the Legislative Council but was defeated by Anson Chan in the two-horse race . She ran again in the 2008 Legislative Council election and won , gaining a seat in the Hong Kong Island . She was re-elected in 2012 and 2016 elections . Ip is widely known to be keen on the Chief Executive top post . She ran in both 2012 and 2017 Chief Executive elections but did not secure a minimum number of 150 nominations from the 1,200-member Election Committee to enter the race on both occasions . In 2020 , Larry Diamond , her supervisor at Stanford University , publicly criticized Ips handling of the democracy movement and freedom of the press in Hong Kong . Early life . Ip was born in what was then British Hong Kong in 1950 ; her father was a Chinese Singaporean trader Lau Fook-seng , and mother was actress Wa Choi-Fung ( 華彩鳳 ) , the second wife of her father . She attended St . Stephens Girls College , after which she read English literature at the University of Hong Kong , graduating with first-class honours ; she later obtained a Master of Letters degree from the University of Glasgow , where she studied Elizabethan poet , Sir Philip Sidney . Government career . In the 1970s Ip joined the Hong Kong Government as an Administrative Officer . In 1986 , she , accompanied by her husband , went to Stanford Graduate School of Business to study for an MS in Management under the Sloan Programme . She took various bureaucratic positions before she was appointed Director of Industry Department in September 1995 . Ministerial career . In August 1996 , she was appointed Director of Immigration – a post usually filled by officials from within the Immigration Department . She was the first woman to hold the post , and continued until after the 1997 handover . While she held that post , the UK government decided to grant full British citizenship for 50,000 Hong Kong families . She was also head of immigration during the right of abode saga , when the Hong Kong government requested the National Peoples Congress in Beijing to intervene after the courts ruled against the government , essentially granting the Hong Kong government the ability to simply ignore the courts ruling after it granted right of abode to the children of Hong Kong residents who held right of abode whether or not those children were born in Hong Kong . In July 1998 , Ip was appointed to the post of Secretary for Security – again , the first woman to hold that post . She became the first government minister to declare her political stance . Ip became one of the so-called 14 principal officials and a member of the Executive Council during Tung Chee-hwas second term in government on 1 July 2002 . She was well known at that time as a hawkish , uncompromising figure in the Government , with some describing her as a staunch , arrogant , authoritarian and yet outspoken bureaucrat . As security minister , she promoted the adoption of the controversial Article 23 of Hong Kongs Basic Law . After massive public protests and the governments withdrawal of the proposed national security legislation , Ip resigned from office on 25 June 2003 , citing personal reasons . Political career . In 2003 , Ip returned to Stanford University to pursue a masters degree in East Asian Studies , with Larry Diamond as her supervisor . Her thesis , Hong Kong : Case Study in Democratic Development in Transitional Society , reportedly expressed admiration for a bicameral system and suggested that political parties in Hong Kong be strengthened and be more inclusive . She returned to Hong Kong in 2006 . She set up a policy think tank , Savantas Policy Institute , giving rise to media speculation that she was planning to run for the office of Chief Executive sometime in the future . In September 2007 , she declared her intention to run for the Legislative Council in the Hong Kong Island by-election . She apologised for her handling of the Article 23 situation , hoped to put it behind her . However , she received only 43% of the vote , defeated by Anson Chan . Legislative Councillor . Ip ran in the 2008 Hong Kong legislative election in the Hong Kong Island geographical constituency , forming a ticket including dermatologist Louis Shih and two elected District Councillors , Albert Wong and Ronald Chan . Her ticket won a total of 61,073 votes , the second highest on Hong Kong Island and the fourth highest Hong Kong wide . She was sworn in as Legislative Councillor on 8 October 2008 . In January 2011 , she launched a middle-class oriented party called New Peoples Party . The party held two seats in the legislature , herself and Michael Tien , after the 2012 Legislative council election , in which Ip was elected with 30,289 votes , despite losing almost half of the votes . She was subsequently appointed to the Executive Council of Hong Kong by Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying after the election , in which she served until December 2016 when she ran for the Chief Executive for the second time . Her party expanded its district base when it allied with the Civil Force in 2014 . Ip was re-elected to the Legislative Council in 2016 , with the highest votes of 60,760 in Hong Kong Island . 2012 Chief Executive bid . Ip was known to be interested in the Chief Executive post . She expressed her intention to run in the 2012 election but dropped out on 15 December . Following a number of scandals surrounding Henry Tang , Ip re-announced her candidacy in the race on 20 February . She withdrew her candidacy after failing to receive enough nominations before the deadline and thus did not qualify to stand for the election on 29 February , which made her campaign last for only nine days . 2017 Chief Executive bid . Ip has expressed her intention to consider running in the 2017 Chief Executive election . After incumbent Leung Chun-ying announced he would not seek for re-election , Ip resigned from the Executive Council to launch her campaign . She announced her candidacy on 15 December under the campaign slogan Win back Hong Kong after receiving her partys endorsement . She called for a relaunch of the electoral reform process under Beijings restrictive framework as decreed by the National Peoples Congress Standing Committee ( NPCSC ) on 31 August 2020 . She also pledged to enact controversial Article 23 with suitable measures . Ip got emotional and tear-eyed in a media gathering , [ I ] n the past ten years I started from nothing , working hard bit by bit , splashing out my own money , putting in much mental and physical effort , Ip said as her voice shook . Can you say I had not taken on responsibilities for the Hong Kong society ? When I handled Article 23 , I did not perform satisfactorily ? she defended herself , I have taken responsibility under the accountability system and have already apologised multiple times . I was not shameless , I did not hold onto my powers . I stepped down from the administration . Ill leave for society to judge whether I have the guts to take on responsibilities . I definitely have taken on a lot of responsibilities . Ips remarks came after Leung Chun-ying praised Lam for her ability and willingness to take on responsibilities As Carrie Lam declared her candidacy and Tsang was expected to run , political analysts said that could endanger Regina Ips chances of getting the minimum 150 nominations to enter the race . Ip revealed that two or three electors , including businessman Allan Zeman , have turned their backs on her to support Lam . Supported by her New Peoples Party and a few electors from business sectors , Ip also gained a nomination from a pro-democrat elector from the Accountancy subsector , who wished to send Ip into the race to split Lams votes . However , as Lam aimed to grab more than 600 nominations , Ip faced an uphill battle to secure her nominations . She urged a certain candidate not to ask for additional backing since that person had secured more than enough nominations already . Ip withdrew from the election , conceding the number of nominations hours before the nomination deadline on 1 March , for the second time after her 2012 bid . She received the number of nominations far behind what was needed . She attributed her failure to the restrictive selection process of the 1,200 structure of the Election Committee membership as she was squeezed out by the Beijing-supported Lam and democrats-supported Tsang and Woo . Views . Ip has taken controversial stances during her career including advocating for the Public Order Ordinance and defending government policy denying right of abode to the children of Hong Kong people born in mainland China since the 1997 handover . Article 23 . According to Ku , Ip had turned herself into a provocative political figure due to her departure from the institutionalised bureaucratic ritual adopted by civil servants in the past . She spearheaded the governments attempt to codify Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 , and pushed hard for it to be legislated by July 2003 . Between September 2002 and July 2003 her popularity plunged . In October 2002 , she made a remark about Adolf Hitler at the City University . Ip downplayed any opposition to the bill , predicting only 30,000 people would show up at the planned demonstration ( s ) . Ip blamed political and religious leaders for creating a herd mentality . Her popularity plummeted when one remark after another contradicted popular opinion , most notably in regard to her commitment to push the bill despite the commotion and chaos of the SARS outbreak in 2003 . Detractors also took shots at her bushy hairstyle , nicknaming her Broomhead ( 掃把頭 ) . This included a comic book which caricatured her in police uniform and signature bushy hairstyle . She openly admitted that although she disliked the nickname , she would not change her hairstyle just to please her critics . Regarding the controversy she said I think I would like to be remembered as somebody who was not afraid to speak out , even if that might affect my popularity . Ip later said I made a mistake in promoting the bill and apologized for remarks she had made while pushing for Article 23 . Views on democracy . Ip has been criticised for her perceived inconsistent stance toward democracy . Following her return from the United States , she shifted her public position during her campaign for a seat in the legislative assembly in 2007 by saying the only way forward for Hong Kong is complete democratization , in contrast to her position before . Todd Crowell of the Asia Times referred to her as a born-again democrat . Anson Chan , her main rival supported by the pro-democracy camp in the 2007 by-election , labelled her a fake democrat because of this . Views on press freedom . In July 2008 , Ip was once again embroiled in controversy for her comments about police tactics used against reporters covering the heated scenes in queues for Olympics tickets . In commenting about the man-handling of Hong Kong reporters by the Beijing police , she had said that neck-shoving [ techniques ] .. . were most effective in stopping trouble-makers . The following day , she stated that she supported freedom of the press and apologised for the slip of the tongue , clarifying that she was neither implying that journalists were troublemakers , nor endorsing the actions of the police . Democratic Party lawmaker Yeung Sum referred to this as a Freudian slip that showed up her true colours . Views on Occupy Central . Ip opposed Occupy Central , and endorsed actions taken by the police against protesters . She claimed that the Occupy Central pro-democracy protesters frequently utilized smartphone apps to organize , plan , and prepare their activities . Ip specifically singled out Twitter , Google Maps , Firechat , Telegram and Zello Walkie Talkie as the apps most used by the student activists to communicate among themselves . To justify the use of these apps as evidence of foreign interference , Ip claimed that Zello Walkie Talkie was used in Taiwans Sunflower Student Movement and the Ukraine Orange Revolution . Both student movements allegedly received assistance from external parties . Allegedly racist comments on Filipino maids . In April 2015 , Ip wrote in a controversial article in Ming Pao that she had received complaints while she was Secretary for Security from 1998 to 2003 , from foreign women in Discovery Bay that the government was allowing Filipino domestic helpers to seduce their husbands , and was accused of being sexist and racist by many media reports . The Philippines consulate expressed its concern over the unfortunate choice of words by Ip . A domestic helpers advocacy group demonstrated in front of her office , calling on her to apologise . She apologised to those who were offended by her and insisted that the article was misinterpreted . Views on fur wearing . Ip was under fire for wearing a red mink coat to a Legislative Council meeting in January 2016 . She defended her clothing choice , saying that wearing fur is actually the same as eating beef…Mink farming can be more humane than rearing chicken or cattle . She was criticised by animal rights activists . Lying about Liaison Office visit . On 5 September 2016 one day after the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election in which she was re-elected , Ips car was photographed at the Liaison Office . She told Ming Pao that she was not in the car and she was sending some books she wrote to her friends there . She later admitted that she lied about it as she was requested by the other party to keep the visit confidential . She was criticised as the pan-democrats had been accusing the Liaison Office for meddling in local politics and elections . She apologised to the public and Ming Pao and denied that she was there for thanking the Liaison Office for its support . New York Times Op-ed Article , Hong Kong Is China , Like It or Not . On October 1 , 2020 , the New York Times published an opinion piece by Ip , titled Hong Kong Is China , Like It or Not . In the piece , Ip defended the Hong Kong Police Forces actions during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests and publicly supported the Legislative Council of Hong Kong . She also stated that Hong Kongs citizenry should reevaluate the future of the territory . Mainstream journalists also rejected the article , including Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Mei Fong . The National Review and The Spectator criticized the op-ed , as did HuffPost freelance reporter Yashar Ali and CBS News correspondent Kathryn Watson . American politicians Mitt Romney , Tom Cotton , Guy Reshenthaler and Mike Gallagher also rejected the articles claims and denounced the New York Times decision to release the article . Political authors Antonio Garcia Martinez , Matt Taibbi and Brookings Institution senior fellow Shadi Hamid rejected the articles views , with Hamid stating that it was what authoritarianism actually looks like . Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies professors Hal Brands and Yascha Mounk rejected the articles premise , with Mounk writing that the op-ed was an example of systematic racism in American journalism . Council on Foreign Relations senior fellow Meighan Stone expressed that the article depicted a false balance in favor of the Chinese government , specifically referencing the Chinese governments role in the Xinjiang re-education camps and the death of activist Liu Xiaobo . Harvard University Nieman Journalism Lab director Joshua Benton compared the article to Nazi propaganda . Political authors Antonio Garcia Martinez , Matt Taibbi and Brookings Institution senior fellow Shadi Hamid rejected the articles views , with Hamid stating that it was what authoritarianism actually looks like . Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies professors Hal Brands and Yascha Mounk rejected the articles premise , with Mounk writing that the op-ed was an example of systematic racism in American journalism . Council on Foreign Relations senior fellow Meighan Stone expressed that the article depicted a false balance in favor of the Chinese government , specifically referencing the Chinese governments role in the Xinjiang re-education camps and the death of activist Liu Xiaobo . Harvard University Nieman Journalism Lab director Joshua Benton compared the article to Nazi propaganda . Satirical news program China Uncensored also criticized the article , describing it as lies and communist propaganda . BN ( O ) and dual citizenship . In October 2020 , SCMP reported that Ip has previously said that if the Chinese foreign ministry imposes restrictions on Hong Kong BN ( O ) passports , then the Hong Kong Immigration Department may instruct airline companies to stop issuing tickets to those with BN ( O ) passports . In February 2021 , SCMP reported that the move to ban BN ( O ) passports has left ethnic minorities without a valid passport , as many have encountered issues while applying for a Hong Kong passport . The move would practically stop the freedom of these Hong Kong citizens from leaving Hong Kong . In January 2021 , Ip wrote an opinion article on SCMP , stating that those with dual passports in Hong Kong should choose between their non-Hong Kong citizenship or their right of abode in Hong Kong , saying that those who choose their non-Hong Kong foreign citizenship could also lose the right of abode in Hong Kong and the attendant right to vote in Hong Kong elections . This is despite the fact that high-level government officials , including Carrie Lam , Tam Yiu-chung , and Tung Chee-hwa have children with foreign citizenship . Ip mentions that her suggestion was just a proposal and she did not raise the issue with the Hong Kong SAR government . In February 2021 , Hong Kong Free Press reported that around 7,000 people had emigrated from Hong Kong to the UK since June 2020 , with Ip claiming those people had no money , skills or education . In March 2021 , Ip said that those in Hong Kong who use the BN ( O ) passport for working holiday visa applications to 14 countries should be denied the ability to fly on airlines by the government . Overseas voting . While discussing a proposal to allow overseas Hong Kongers to vote , Ip gave her reasoning for not allowing all overseas Hong Kongers to vote , and only allowing those living in mainland China to vote . Ip said that under the One country principle , those who live in China should get first priority when it comes to overseas voting . Separation of powers . In October 2020 , Ip claimed that Hong Kong has never had separation of powers , and that government officials should reiterate that the city does not have it . Expulsion of Legislative Council members . In November 2020 , following the expulsion of 4 pro-democracy lawmakers in the Legislative Council , Ip defended the expulsion and said They cannot be just democrats in name . They have to not only embrace true democratic values in the sense of respecting the rule of law and the rights of other people with whom they disagree , they also have to respect the sovereignty , security of our country . Additionally , Ip said that Time will tell that it was the right decision to take . Arrests of pro-democracy figures . After the arrest of 53 pro-democracy figures in January 2021 , Ip defended the arrests , stating that their goal of taking control of the Legislative Council and not approving the budget would not be tolerated . Xinjiang . In March 2021 , after some companies suspended the use of cotton from Xinjiang due to human rights concerns , Ip stated that those companies were spreading lies about Xinjiang , and that she would boycott Burberry . Ip claimed that she would not wear products from the brand until Burberry has retracted or apologised for its unfounded allegations against Xinjiang . After some people asked her to burn her scarves , Ip said that she would just put them away for the time being . RTHK . In 2019 , Ip said that RTHK should stop producing news in Chinese . In April 2021 , Ip suggested that RTHK be shut down , and said that RTHK staff often challenge the governments bottom line . LGBT and womens rights . Ip has expressed desires to legislate against discrimination against LGBT people and supported the city to host the 2022 Gay Games . She , however , stopped short of supporting the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Hong Kong . On other social issues , such as sexism , Ip has criticised the media for focusing on what she called focusing on a female politicians hairstyle , clothing and make up rather than her work and has expressed desire to reserve seats for women in election committees . Personal life . Ip married engineer Sammy Ip Man-ho ( 1935–1997 ) in 1981 . Sammy Ip was a son of Ip Ching-ping , founder of the Ching Hing Construction Company . Sammy Ip has a sister Henrietta Ip who was a member of the Legislative Council ( 1982–1991 ) . Their marriage was opposed by Sammy Ips family . The couple has a daughter , Cynthia Ip Wing-yan , who was born in 1989 . Regina Ips husband died of liver cancer in 1997 .

hard

Regina Ip took which position in Feb 2009?

/wiki/Regina_Ip#P39#2

Regina Ip Regina Ip Lau Suk-yee ( ; Lau ; born 24 August 1950 ) is a Chinese politician . She is currently a member of the Executive Council ( ExCo ) and Legislative Council of Hong Kong ( LegCo ) , as well as the founder and current chairperson of the New Peoples Party . She was formerly a prominent government official of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ( HKSAR ) and was the first woman to be appointed the Secretary for Security to head the disciplinary service . She is also the founder and Chairwoman of Savantas Policy Institute , a think-tank in Hong Kong . Ip became a controversial figure for her role advocating the passage of the national security legislation to implement Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 , and after this legislation was withdrawn , she became the first principal official to resign from the administration of Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa . She took a sabbatical to study for a masters degree . She contested the 2007 Hong Kong Island by-election for the Legislative Council but was defeated by Anson Chan in the two-horse race . She ran again in the 2008 Legislative Council election and won , gaining a seat in the Hong Kong Island . She was re-elected in 2012 and 2016 elections . Ip is widely known to be keen on the Chief Executive top post . She ran in both 2012 and 2017 Chief Executive elections but did not secure a minimum number of 150 nominations from the 1,200-member Election Committee to enter the race on both occasions . In 2020 , Larry Diamond , her supervisor at Stanford University , publicly criticized Ips handling of the democracy movement and freedom of the press in Hong Kong . Early life . Ip was born in what was then British Hong Kong in 1950 ; her father was a Chinese Singaporean trader Lau Fook-seng , and mother was actress Wa Choi-Fung ( 華彩鳳 ) , the second wife of her father . She attended St . Stephens Girls College , after which she read English literature at the University of Hong Kong , graduating with first-class honours ; she later obtained a Master of Letters degree from the University of Glasgow , where she studied Elizabethan poet , Sir Philip Sidney . Government career . In the 1970s Ip joined the Hong Kong Government as an Administrative Officer . In 1986 , she , accompanied by her husband , went to Stanford Graduate School of Business to study for an MS in Management under the Sloan Programme . She took various bureaucratic positions before she was appointed Director of Industry Department in September 1995 . Ministerial career . In August 1996 , she was appointed Director of Immigration – a post usually filled by officials from within the Immigration Department . She was the first woman to hold the post , and continued until after the 1997 handover . While she held that post , the UK government decided to grant full British citizenship for 50,000 Hong Kong families . She was also head of immigration during the right of abode saga , when the Hong Kong government requested the National Peoples Congress in Beijing to intervene after the courts ruled against the government , essentially granting the Hong Kong government the ability to simply ignore the courts ruling after it granted right of abode to the children of Hong Kong residents who held right of abode whether or not those children were born in Hong Kong . In July 1998 , Ip was appointed to the post of Secretary for Security – again , the first woman to hold that post . She became the first government minister to declare her political stance . Ip became one of the so-called 14 principal officials and a member of the Executive Council during Tung Chee-hwas second term in government on 1 July 2002 . She was well known at that time as a hawkish , uncompromising figure in the Government , with some describing her as a staunch , arrogant , authoritarian and yet outspoken bureaucrat . As security minister , she promoted the adoption of the controversial Article 23 of Hong Kongs Basic Law . After massive public protests and the governments withdrawal of the proposed national security legislation , Ip resigned from office on 25 June 2003 , citing personal reasons . Political career . In 2003 , Ip returned to Stanford University to pursue a masters degree in East Asian Studies , with Larry Diamond as her supervisor . Her thesis , Hong Kong : Case Study in Democratic Development in Transitional Society , reportedly expressed admiration for a bicameral system and suggested that political parties in Hong Kong be strengthened and be more inclusive . She returned to Hong Kong in 2006 . She set up a policy think tank , Savantas Policy Institute , giving rise to media speculation that she was planning to run for the office of Chief Executive sometime in the future . In September 2007 , she declared her intention to run for the Legislative Council in the Hong Kong Island by-election . She apologised for her handling of the Article 23 situation , hoped to put it behind her . However , she received only 43% of the vote , defeated by Anson Chan . Legislative Councillor . Ip ran in the 2008 Hong Kong legislative election in the Hong Kong Island geographical constituency , forming a ticket including dermatologist Louis Shih and two elected District Councillors , Albert Wong and Ronald Chan . Her ticket won a total of 61,073 votes , the second highest on Hong Kong Island and the fourth highest Hong Kong wide . She was sworn in as Legislative Councillor on 8 October 2008 . In January 2011 , she launched a middle-class oriented party called New Peoples Party . The party held two seats in the legislature , herself and Michael Tien , after the 2012 Legislative council election , in which Ip was elected with 30,289 votes , despite losing almost half of the votes . She was subsequently appointed to the Executive Council of Hong Kong by Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying after the election , in which she served until December 2016 when she ran for the Chief Executive for the second time . Her party expanded its district base when it allied with the Civil Force in 2014 . Ip was re-elected to the Legislative Council in 2016 , with the highest votes of 60,760 in Hong Kong Island . 2012 Chief Executive bid . Ip was known to be interested in the Chief Executive post . She expressed her intention to run in the 2012 election but dropped out on 15 December . Following a number of scandals surrounding Henry Tang , Ip re-announced her candidacy in the race on 20 February . She withdrew her candidacy after failing to receive enough nominations before the deadline and thus did not qualify to stand for the election on 29 February , which made her campaign last for only nine days . 2017 Chief Executive bid . Ip has expressed her intention to consider running in the 2017 Chief Executive election . After incumbent Leung Chun-ying announced he would not seek for re-election , Ip resigned from the Executive Council to launch her campaign . She announced her candidacy on 15 December under the campaign slogan Win back Hong Kong after receiving her partys endorsement . She called for a relaunch of the electoral reform process under Beijings restrictive framework as decreed by the National Peoples Congress Standing Committee ( NPCSC ) on 31 August 2020 . She also pledged to enact controversial Article 23 with suitable measures . Ip got emotional and tear-eyed in a media gathering , [ I ] n the past ten years I started from nothing , working hard bit by bit , splashing out my own money , putting in much mental and physical effort , Ip said as her voice shook . Can you say I had not taken on responsibilities for the Hong Kong society ? When I handled Article 23 , I did not perform satisfactorily ? she defended herself , I have taken responsibility under the accountability system and have already apologised multiple times . I was not shameless , I did not hold onto my powers . I stepped down from the administration . Ill leave for society to judge whether I have the guts to take on responsibilities . I definitely have taken on a lot of responsibilities . Ips remarks came after Leung Chun-ying praised Lam for her ability and willingness to take on responsibilities As Carrie Lam declared her candidacy and Tsang was expected to run , political analysts said that could endanger Regina Ips chances of getting the minimum 150 nominations to enter the race . Ip revealed that two or three electors , including businessman Allan Zeman , have turned their backs on her to support Lam . Supported by her New Peoples Party and a few electors from business sectors , Ip also gained a nomination from a pro-democrat elector from the Accountancy subsector , who wished to send Ip into the race to split Lams votes . However , as Lam aimed to grab more than 600 nominations , Ip faced an uphill battle to secure her nominations . She urged a certain candidate not to ask for additional backing since that person had secured more than enough nominations already . Ip withdrew from the election , conceding the number of nominations hours before the nomination deadline on 1 March , for the second time after her 2012 bid . She received the number of nominations far behind what was needed . She attributed her failure to the restrictive selection process of the 1,200 structure of the Election Committee membership as she was squeezed out by the Beijing-supported Lam and democrats-supported Tsang and Woo . Views . Ip has taken controversial stances during her career including advocating for the Public Order Ordinance and defending government policy denying right of abode to the children of Hong Kong people born in mainland China since the 1997 handover . Article 23 . According to Ku , Ip had turned herself into a provocative political figure due to her departure from the institutionalised bureaucratic ritual adopted by civil servants in the past . She spearheaded the governments attempt to codify Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 , and pushed hard for it to be legislated by July 2003 . Between September 2002 and July 2003 her popularity plunged . In October 2002 , she made a remark about Adolf Hitler at the City University . Ip downplayed any opposition to the bill , predicting only 30,000 people would show up at the planned demonstration ( s ) . Ip blamed political and religious leaders for creating a herd mentality . Her popularity plummeted when one remark after another contradicted popular opinion , most notably in regard to her commitment to push the bill despite the commotion and chaos of the SARS outbreak in 2003 . Detractors also took shots at her bushy hairstyle , nicknaming her Broomhead ( 掃把頭 ) . This included a comic book which caricatured her in police uniform and signature bushy hairstyle . She openly admitted that although she disliked the nickname , she would not change her hairstyle just to please her critics . Regarding the controversy she said I think I would like to be remembered as somebody who was not afraid to speak out , even if that might affect my popularity . Ip later said I made a mistake in promoting the bill and apologized for remarks she had made while pushing for Article 23 . Views on democracy . Ip has been criticised for her perceived inconsistent stance toward democracy . Following her return from the United States , she shifted her public position during her campaign for a seat in the legislative assembly in 2007 by saying the only way forward for Hong Kong is complete democratization , in contrast to her position before . Todd Crowell of the Asia Times referred to her as a born-again democrat . Anson Chan , her main rival supported by the pro-democracy camp in the 2007 by-election , labelled her a fake democrat because of this . Views on press freedom . In July 2008 , Ip was once again embroiled in controversy for her comments about police tactics used against reporters covering the heated scenes in queues for Olympics tickets . In commenting about the man-handling of Hong Kong reporters by the Beijing police , she had said that neck-shoving [ techniques ] .. . were most effective in stopping trouble-makers . The following day , she stated that she supported freedom of the press and apologised for the slip of the tongue , clarifying that she was neither implying that journalists were troublemakers , nor endorsing the actions of the police . Democratic Party lawmaker Yeung Sum referred to this as a Freudian slip that showed up her true colours . Views on Occupy Central . Ip opposed Occupy Central , and endorsed actions taken by the police against protesters . She claimed that the Occupy Central pro-democracy protesters frequently utilized smartphone apps to organize , plan , and prepare their activities . Ip specifically singled out Twitter , Google Maps , Firechat , Telegram and Zello Walkie Talkie as the apps most used by the student activists to communicate among themselves . To justify the use of these apps as evidence of foreign interference , Ip claimed that Zello Walkie Talkie was used in Taiwans Sunflower Student Movement and the Ukraine Orange Revolution . Both student movements allegedly received assistance from external parties . Allegedly racist comments on Filipino maids . In April 2015 , Ip wrote in a controversial article in Ming Pao that she had received complaints while she was Secretary for Security from 1998 to 2003 , from foreign women in Discovery Bay that the government was allowing Filipino domestic helpers to seduce their husbands , and was accused of being sexist and racist by many media reports . The Philippines consulate expressed its concern over the unfortunate choice of words by Ip . A domestic helpers advocacy group demonstrated in front of her office , calling on her to apologise . She apologised to those who were offended by her and insisted that the article was misinterpreted . Views on fur wearing . Ip was under fire for wearing a red mink coat to a Legislative Council meeting in January 2016 . She defended her clothing choice , saying that wearing fur is actually the same as eating beef…Mink farming can be more humane than rearing chicken or cattle . She was criticised by animal rights activists . Lying about Liaison Office visit . On 5 September 2016 one day after the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Council election in which she was re-elected , Ips car was photographed at the Liaison Office . She told Ming Pao that she was not in the car and she was sending some books she wrote to her friends there . She later admitted that she lied about it as she was requested by the other party to keep the visit confidential . She was criticised as the pan-democrats had been accusing the Liaison Office for meddling in local politics and elections . She apologised to the public and Ming Pao and denied that she was there for thanking the Liaison Office for its support . New York Times Op-ed Article , Hong Kong Is China , Like It or Not . On October 1 , 2020 , the New York Times published an opinion piece by Ip , titled Hong Kong Is China , Like It or Not . In the piece , Ip defended the Hong Kong Police Forces actions during the 2019–20 Hong Kong protests and publicly supported the Legislative Council of Hong Kong . She also stated that Hong Kongs citizenry should reevaluate the future of the territory . Mainstream journalists also rejected the article , including Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Mei Fong . The National Review and The Spectator criticized the op-ed , as did HuffPost freelance reporter Yashar Ali and CBS News correspondent Kathryn Watson . American politicians Mitt Romney , Tom Cotton , Guy Reshenthaler and Mike Gallagher also rejected the articles claims and denounced the New York Times decision to release the article . Political authors Antonio Garcia Martinez , Matt Taibbi and Brookings Institution senior fellow Shadi Hamid rejected the articles views , with Hamid stating that it was what authoritarianism actually looks like . Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies professors Hal Brands and Yascha Mounk rejected the articles premise , with Mounk writing that the op-ed was an example of systematic racism in American journalism . Council on Foreign Relations senior fellow Meighan Stone expressed that the article depicted a false balance in favor of the Chinese government , specifically referencing the Chinese governments role in the Xinjiang re-education camps and the death of activist Liu Xiaobo . Harvard University Nieman Journalism Lab director Joshua Benton compared the article to Nazi propaganda . Political authors Antonio Garcia Martinez , Matt Taibbi and Brookings Institution senior fellow Shadi Hamid rejected the articles views , with Hamid stating that it was what authoritarianism actually looks like . Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies professors Hal Brands and Yascha Mounk rejected the articles premise , with Mounk writing that the op-ed was an example of systematic racism in American journalism . Council on Foreign Relations senior fellow Meighan Stone expressed that the article depicted a false balance in favor of the Chinese government , specifically referencing the Chinese governments role in the Xinjiang re-education camps and the death of activist Liu Xiaobo . Harvard University Nieman Journalism Lab director Joshua Benton compared the article to Nazi propaganda . Satirical news program China Uncensored also criticized the article , describing it as lies and communist propaganda . BN ( O ) and dual citizenship . In October 2020 , SCMP reported that Ip has previously said that if the Chinese foreign ministry imposes restrictions on Hong Kong BN ( O ) passports , then the Hong Kong Immigration Department may instruct airline companies to stop issuing tickets to those with BN ( O ) passports . In February 2021 , SCMP reported that the move to ban BN ( O ) passports has left ethnic minorities without a valid passport , as many have encountered issues while applying for a Hong Kong passport . The move would practically stop the freedom of these Hong Kong citizens from leaving Hong Kong . In January 2021 , Ip wrote an opinion article on SCMP , stating that those with dual passports in Hong Kong should choose between their non-Hong Kong citizenship or their right of abode in Hong Kong , saying that those who choose their non-Hong Kong foreign citizenship could also lose the right of abode in Hong Kong and the attendant right to vote in Hong Kong elections . This is despite the fact that high-level government officials , including Carrie Lam , Tam Yiu-chung , and Tung Chee-hwa have children with foreign citizenship . Ip mentions that her suggestion was just a proposal and she did not raise the issue with the Hong Kong SAR government . In February 2021 , Hong Kong Free Press reported that around 7,000 people had emigrated from Hong Kong to the UK since June 2020 , with Ip claiming those people had no money , skills or education . In March 2021 , Ip said that those in Hong Kong who use the BN ( O ) passport for working holiday visa applications to 14 countries should be denied the ability to fly on airlines by the government . Overseas voting . While discussing a proposal to allow overseas Hong Kongers to vote , Ip gave her reasoning for not allowing all overseas Hong Kongers to vote , and only allowing those living in mainland China to vote . Ip said that under the One country principle , those who live in China should get first priority when it comes to overseas voting . Separation of powers . In October 2020 , Ip claimed that Hong Kong has never had separation of powers , and that government officials should reiterate that the city does not have it . Expulsion of Legislative Council members . In November 2020 , following the expulsion of 4 pro-democracy lawmakers in the Legislative Council , Ip defended the expulsion and said They cannot be just democrats in name . They have to not only embrace true democratic values in the sense of respecting the rule of law and the rights of other people with whom they disagree , they also have to respect the sovereignty , security of our country . Additionally , Ip said that Time will tell that it was the right decision to take . Arrests of pro-democracy figures . After the arrest of 53 pro-democracy figures in January 2021 , Ip defended the arrests , stating that their goal of taking control of the Legislative Council and not approving the budget would not be tolerated . Xinjiang . In March 2021 , after some companies suspended the use of cotton from Xinjiang due to human rights concerns , Ip stated that those companies were spreading lies about Xinjiang , and that she would boycott Burberry . Ip claimed that she would not wear products from the brand until Burberry has retracted or apologised for its unfounded allegations against Xinjiang . After some people asked her to burn her scarves , Ip said that she would just put them away for the time being . RTHK . In 2019 , Ip said that RTHK should stop producing news in Chinese . In April 2021 , Ip suggested that RTHK be shut down , and said that RTHK staff often challenge the governments bottom line . LGBT and womens rights . Ip has expressed desires to legislate against discrimination against LGBT people and supported the city to host the 2022 Gay Games . She , however , stopped short of supporting the legalisation of same-sex marriage in Hong Kong . On other social issues , such as sexism , Ip has criticised the media for focusing on what she called focusing on a female politicians hairstyle , clothing and make up rather than her work and has expressed desire to reserve seats for women in election committees . Personal life . Ip married engineer Sammy Ip Man-ho ( 1935–1997 ) in 1981 . Sammy Ip was a son of Ip Ching-ping , founder of the Ching Hing Construction Company . Sammy Ip has a sister Henrietta Ip who was a member of the Legislative Council ( 1982–1991 ) . Their marriage was opposed by Sammy Ips family . The couple has a daughter , Cynthia Ip Wing-yan , who was born in 1989 . Regina Ips husband died of liver cancer in 1997 .

hard

Which team did Otto Pfister play for in late 1950s?

/wiki/Otto_Pfister#P54#0

Otto Pfister Otto Martin Pfister ( born 24 November 1937 ) is a German football manager and one of Germanys most successful coaching exports , voted Africas Manager of the Year in 1992 . He is formerly the manager of the Afghanistan national team . Coaching career . Pfister has been involved in association football for almost 60 years , he began his coaching career in Switzerland as player-coach in 1961 at the age of just 23 . Pfisters early coaching experience was gained with FC Vaduz , FC St . Gallen , FC Nordstern Basel , FC Moutier and finally FC Chur 97 . He has worked as head coach for 10 international football teams , eight from Africa and two from Asia . In June 1972 , at the age of 34 , Pfister retired from his playing days and left Switzerland for Africa , taking the reins as the head coach of Rwanda . Pfister would stay in Africa for 23 years until 1995 working as the head coach for five other African Nations . Upper Volta ( now Burkina Faso ) , Senegal , Ivory Coast , Zaire ( now DR Congo ) and Ghana . Among his achievements include winning the JVC Fifa U17 Junior World Cup with Ghana in Italy and getting the Ghana Soccer national team to the finals of the 1992 African cup of nations in senegal . In 1995 , Pfister worked inside the Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) as the head coach of Bangladesh National Team and also Saudi Arabia from 1997 - 1999 . Pfister returned to club football over the following six years with Egyptian team Zamalek , Tunisian club CS Sfaxien , Lebanese club Nejmeh and Egyptian club Al-Masry . Pfister was selected as the head coach of Togo on 18 February 2006 , after former coach Stephen Keshi was dismissed from the post despite having secured qualification for their first World Cup Finals . Pfister himself resigned shortly before the teams first match in the tournament , after his players went on strike against the federation over a pay dispute , but he was reappointed three days later after demands from the players . Pfister was appointed manager of Sudanese club Al-Merreikh on 8 September 2006 and would later leave this position on 26 October 2007 . The following day Pfister would sign a contract as the head coach of Cameroon taking him through until 2010 . As of 24 March 2011 Pfister was unveiled as head coach of Trinidad and Tobago . In February 2014 , at the age of 76 , he made a return to the head coach of Al-Merreikh , a team he had previously guided to the final of the 2007 CAF Confederation Cup . Burkina Faso . Between 1976 and 1978 , Pfister changed the face of football in Burkina Faso . They were known as the Upper Volta national football team until 1984 , when Upper Volta became Burkina Faso . The establishment in Burkina Faso welcomed the German coach and because of the natural interest in football , the Government’s commitment and Pfisters ability , the Burkina Faso national team qualified for their first ever African Cup of Nations in 1978 in Ghana . It was the success with the Burkina team that opened the way for Pfister to traverse Africa , the Middle East , and Asia over the following years since his first landing in Africa . Ivory Coast . In 1982 , Pfister became coach of the Ivory Coast national team . He repaid his new employers’ confidence in him by taking the country’s youth team to the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship in Mexico . They would not qualify to the quarter-finals , however , Pfister would win the U19 African Cup of Nations with Ivory Coast in 1983 . Zaire . Pfister took over as head coach of Congo DR national football team ( formerly the Zaire national football team ) in 1985 , where he would spend four years helping to restore the 1974 African champions to their former glories . Pfister was responsible for unleashing a new generation of ‘Leopards’ , including Eugene Kabongo , Gaston Mobati , Panguy Merikani and Mutumbile Santos , all of whom took part in the African Cup of Nations 1988 . Ghana . Pfister led Ghana to a famous win in the 1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship . The Championship was held in the cities of Florence , Montecatini Terme , Viareggio , Massa , Carrara , and Livorno in Italy between 16 August and 31 August 1991 . Ghana finished second to Spain in their group and progressed to the Quarter-finals where they beat Brazil 2–1 with goals from Mohammed Gargo and Nii Lamptey . After a 0–0 draw with Qatar in the Semi-finals , Ghana won 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out , lining up a final against Spain . On 31 August 1991 , Ghana beat Spain 1–0 in the World Cup final in Florence , Ghanas first title . The Ghana national team qualified for the 1992 African Cup of Nations after finishing top of their qualifying group . Ghana qualified to the Quarter-finals after two 1–0 victories over Egypt and Zambia in the first round of the final tournament . Ghana beat Congo to take them through to the Semi-finals where they beat Nigeria , 2–1 . On 26 January 1992 in Senegal , Ghana played Ivory Coast in the final of the African Cup of Nations . After extra time the final score was 0–0 and the game entered penalties . After a marathon penalty shootout , Ivory Coast finally won 11–10 on penalties . The penalty shootout was significant in that it was the first in the final of a major international tournament that every player on the pitch took a penalty . During Pfisters time with Ghana , he was observed numerous times not wearing a belt , and thus consequently , he wore his trousers very low . This gave rise to the term Otto Pfister within Ghanaian popular slang culture . Otto Pfister in this regard has come to mean someone sagging their trousers . Saudi Arabia . Pfister became the head coach of Saudi Arabia in 1997 after previously working in the AFC from 1995–1997 with Bangladesh . In 1997 , Pfister successfully guided Saudi Arabia to the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France but was crudely released just before the tournament because he requested the Saudi Princes to interfere less in team affairs . After Saudi Arabia lost their opening two games and failed to progress , Carlos Alberto Parreira was fired and Pfister was reinstated as head coach on completion of the tournament . As World Cup Qualifiers , Saudi Arabia automatically qualified for the 1998 Arab Nations Cup . With the help of an impressive 8 goals in 4 games from Obeid Al-Dosari , Saudi Arabia were crowned champions after beating Qatar 3–1 in the final . Despite being the only team not to lose a game , Saudi Arabia also finished as runners-up in the 1998 Gulf Cup of Nations in Bahrain . Zamalek . Pfister was highly successful during his time at Zamalek SC . During his time as head coach ( 1999–2002 ) Pfister won an impressive five trophies . On 10 December 2000 , Zamalek recorded a convincing 4–3 aggregate score in the second-leg final against Canon Yaoundé in the African Cup Winners Cup ( now the Confederations Cup ) . The first and last time this trophy would be won by the Egyptian club . Pfister led Zamalek for their worst defeat against rivals Al Ahly 6–1 on 16 May 2002 , Zamalek also reached the final of the CAF Super Cup , losing 2–0 to Accra Hearts of Oak SC . Nejmeh . Pfister was appointed as Manager of Nejmeh SC in the Lebanon for the 2004-05 season . After 19 games , Nejmeh were joint top of the 2004–05 Lebanese Premier League with Al-Ansar Club . Both teams needed to win the final match , which incidentally was against each other . The final result was 2–2 and Pfisters Nejmeh were crowned champions as they had a highly superior goal difference . Pfister secured qualification to the 2005 AFC Cup for Nejmeh ( which they would eventually finish as runners-up ) . Pfister also won the Lebanese Super Cup and Lebanese Elite Cup with Nejmeh during the 2004–05 season . Togo . Pfister was selected to lead the Togo national team three months before World Cup 2006 after Stephen Keshi was sacked . Prior to the World Cup , players went on strike because of unpaid bonuses . Faced with the rebellion over bonuses , Pfister walked out , saying he could take no more . Pfister was reinstated three days later after demands from players and FTF staff . Sports commentators such as Ed Kavalee ensured that this dispute was resolved with a high level of transparency , with countries as far away as Australia receiving constant Pfister updates . Togo lost their opening game of the World Cup , despite having taken the lead against South Korea through a goal by Mohamed Kader . In the second half , Jean-Paul Abalo was sent off after 55 minutes , and goals from Lee Chun-Soo and Ahn Jung-Hwan sealed a 2–1 defeat for Togo . Togos next opponents in Group G were Switzerland , with the match scheduled for the afternoon of 19 June . However , the Togo squad threatened to refuse to fulfil the fixture and take strike action against unpaid bonuses . FIFA negotiated with the squad on 17 June , persuading them to travel to Dortmund in time to fulfil the fixture ; goals from Alexander Frei and Tranquillo Barnetta resulted in a 2–0 defeat . Togos final group game against France ended in 2–0 defeat . Cameroon . On 27 October 2007 , Pfister was appointed the manager of Cameroon , succeeding 80 other candidates . He coached Cameroon in the 2008 African Cup of Nations , held in Ghana . Two second half goals from Samuel Etoo were not enough to win their opening game which finished 4–2 to Egypt . Cameroon picked themselves up four days later and beat Zambia convincingly 5–1 . In their final group game Etoo again scored twice as Les Lions Indomptables won 3–0 . After finishing second to Egypt in the group stages , Cameroon progressed to the Quarter-finals where , after a close encounter , they beat Tunisia 3–2 . Stéphane Mbia scored early in extra time to take the Indomptable Lions through to the Semi-finals . Alain NKong scored a 72nd-minute winner for Cameroon in a 1–0 win over Ghana in the Semi-finals , taking Cameroon to their sixth final of the African Cup of Nations . On 10 February 2008 , Cameroon took on defending champions Egypt in the Final in Accra . Egypt scored a 77th-minute goal through Mohamed Aboutrika which would be enough to win the match and be crowned the champions of the 2008 African Cup of Nations . Etoo was the tournaments highest scorer with five goals . Pfister stepped down from his role on 26 May 2009 . USM Alger . In January 2015 , Pfister was linked with Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 club USM Alger , and signed a contract with the club shortly after . On 18 May Pfister was sacked as coach of USM Alger . Personal life . Pfister gained his coaching certificates in Magglingen in the 1960s , and later studied further in Cologne . Pfister is a UEFA Pro License holder , has a Bundesliga license for professional football coaching and is an Instructor for FIFA and German Football Association professional football coaching courses . In 2001 , Pfister was awarded the Order of Merit of the Confederation of African Football as well as a German Football Federation Honors Award . In Ghana the slang Rules with an Iron-Pfister is often used to refer to his coaching style . During his time in Ghana , Pfisters fame transcended football . His unconventional style of wearing his trousers on the hip , rather than the waist , has become a fashion trend among the youth . Commenting that Tony Yeboahs birthday can not be determined exactly , Ghanas then-manager Otto Pfister said : Theres only one way to find out : saw his leg off and count the rings ! Honours . - African Cup of Nations : Finalist with Cameroon in 2008 - Al-Merrikh Sudanese Cup Winner 2007 , Finalist of CAF Confederation Cup 2007 - World Cup : Appearances : 2006 with Togo - Nejmeh SC : Lebanese Premier League 2004–05 Champion 2005 , Lebanese Elite Cup Champion 2004 , 2005 AFC Cup Qualification 2005 , Lebanese Super Cup Champion 2004 - CS Sfaxien : Tunisian League Cup Champion 2003 , Arab Champions League Qualification 2003 - Al-Zamalek : League Cup Champion 2002 , African Champions League Qualification 2002 , FIFA Club World Championship Qualification 2002 , African Cup Winners Cup 2000 , Egyptian League Champion 2001–2002 , Egypt Cup Champion 2001–2002 , CAF Super Cup final 2001–2002 - World Cup : Qualification with Saudi Arabia in 1998 , Arab Nations Cup Winner in 1998 , Finalist at the 1998 Gulf Cup of Nations in Bahrain . FIFA Confederations Cup Appearances : 1997 , - African Cup of Nations : Finalist : 1992 with Ghana - Africas Manager of the Year in 1992 - FIFA U-17 World Championship : Champion 1991 with Ghana - African Cup of Nations : Appearances : Zaire 1988 - U-19 African Cup of Nations : 1983 Champion with Ivory Coast - African Cup of Nations : Appearances : Upper Volta ( now : Burkina Faso ) 1978 External links . - Otto Pfister Interview - Otto Pfister : The Grand Old Man of African Football

hard

Which team did Otto Pfister play for in Dec 1961?

/wiki/Otto_Pfister#P54#1

Otto Pfister Otto Martin Pfister ( born 24 November 1937 ) is a German football manager and one of Germanys most successful coaching exports , voted Africas Manager of the Year in 1992 . He is formerly the manager of the Afghanistan national team . Coaching career . Pfister has been involved in association football for almost 60 years , he began his coaching career in Switzerland as player-coach in 1961 at the age of just 23 . Pfisters early coaching experience was gained with FC Vaduz , FC St . Gallen , FC Nordstern Basel , FC Moutier and finally FC Chur 97 . He has worked as head coach for 10 international football teams , eight from Africa and two from Asia . In June 1972 , at the age of 34 , Pfister retired from his playing days and left Switzerland for Africa , taking the reins as the head coach of Rwanda . Pfister would stay in Africa for 23 years until 1995 working as the head coach for five other African Nations . Upper Volta ( now Burkina Faso ) , Senegal , Ivory Coast , Zaire ( now DR Congo ) and Ghana . Among his achievements include winning the JVC Fifa U17 Junior World Cup with Ghana in Italy and getting the Ghana Soccer national team to the finals of the 1992 African cup of nations in senegal . In 1995 , Pfister worked inside the Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) as the head coach of Bangladesh National Team and also Saudi Arabia from 1997 - 1999 . Pfister returned to club football over the following six years with Egyptian team Zamalek , Tunisian club CS Sfaxien , Lebanese club Nejmeh and Egyptian club Al-Masry . Pfister was selected as the head coach of Togo on 18 February 2006 , after former coach Stephen Keshi was dismissed from the post despite having secured qualification for their first World Cup Finals . Pfister himself resigned shortly before the teams first match in the tournament , after his players went on strike against the federation over a pay dispute , but he was reappointed three days later after demands from the players . Pfister was appointed manager of Sudanese club Al-Merreikh on 8 September 2006 and would later leave this position on 26 October 2007 . The following day Pfister would sign a contract as the head coach of Cameroon taking him through until 2010 . As of 24 March 2011 Pfister was unveiled as head coach of Trinidad and Tobago . In February 2014 , at the age of 76 , he made a return to the head coach of Al-Merreikh , a team he had previously guided to the final of the 2007 CAF Confederation Cup . Burkina Faso . Between 1976 and 1978 , Pfister changed the face of football in Burkina Faso . They were known as the Upper Volta national football team until 1984 , when Upper Volta became Burkina Faso . The establishment in Burkina Faso welcomed the German coach and because of the natural interest in football , the Government’s commitment and Pfisters ability , the Burkina Faso national team qualified for their first ever African Cup of Nations in 1978 in Ghana . It was the success with the Burkina team that opened the way for Pfister to traverse Africa , the Middle East , and Asia over the following years since his first landing in Africa . Ivory Coast . In 1982 , Pfister became coach of the Ivory Coast national team . He repaid his new employers’ confidence in him by taking the country’s youth team to the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship in Mexico . They would not qualify to the quarter-finals , however , Pfister would win the U19 African Cup of Nations with Ivory Coast in 1983 . Zaire . Pfister took over as head coach of Congo DR national football team ( formerly the Zaire national football team ) in 1985 , where he would spend four years helping to restore the 1974 African champions to their former glories . Pfister was responsible for unleashing a new generation of ‘Leopards’ , including Eugene Kabongo , Gaston Mobati , Panguy Merikani and Mutumbile Santos , all of whom took part in the African Cup of Nations 1988 . Ghana . Pfister led Ghana to a famous win in the 1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship . The Championship was held in the cities of Florence , Montecatini Terme , Viareggio , Massa , Carrara , and Livorno in Italy between 16 August and 31 August 1991 . Ghana finished second to Spain in their group and progressed to the Quarter-finals where they beat Brazil 2–1 with goals from Mohammed Gargo and Nii Lamptey . After a 0–0 draw with Qatar in the Semi-finals , Ghana won 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out , lining up a final against Spain . On 31 August 1991 , Ghana beat Spain 1–0 in the World Cup final in Florence , Ghanas first title . The Ghana national team qualified for the 1992 African Cup of Nations after finishing top of their qualifying group . Ghana qualified to the Quarter-finals after two 1–0 victories over Egypt and Zambia in the first round of the final tournament . Ghana beat Congo to take them through to the Semi-finals where they beat Nigeria , 2–1 . On 26 January 1992 in Senegal , Ghana played Ivory Coast in the final of the African Cup of Nations . After extra time the final score was 0–0 and the game entered penalties . After a marathon penalty shootout , Ivory Coast finally won 11–10 on penalties . The penalty shootout was significant in that it was the first in the final of a major international tournament that every player on the pitch took a penalty . During Pfisters time with Ghana , he was observed numerous times not wearing a belt , and thus consequently , he wore his trousers very low . This gave rise to the term Otto Pfister within Ghanaian popular slang culture . Otto Pfister in this regard has come to mean someone sagging their trousers . Saudi Arabia . Pfister became the head coach of Saudi Arabia in 1997 after previously working in the AFC from 1995–1997 with Bangladesh . In 1997 , Pfister successfully guided Saudi Arabia to the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France but was crudely released just before the tournament because he requested the Saudi Princes to interfere less in team affairs . After Saudi Arabia lost their opening two games and failed to progress , Carlos Alberto Parreira was fired and Pfister was reinstated as head coach on completion of the tournament . As World Cup Qualifiers , Saudi Arabia automatically qualified for the 1998 Arab Nations Cup . With the help of an impressive 8 goals in 4 games from Obeid Al-Dosari , Saudi Arabia were crowned champions after beating Qatar 3–1 in the final . Despite being the only team not to lose a game , Saudi Arabia also finished as runners-up in the 1998 Gulf Cup of Nations in Bahrain . Zamalek . Pfister was highly successful during his time at Zamalek SC . During his time as head coach ( 1999–2002 ) Pfister won an impressive five trophies . On 10 December 2000 , Zamalek recorded a convincing 4–3 aggregate score in the second-leg final against Canon Yaoundé in the African Cup Winners Cup ( now the Confederations Cup ) . The first and last time this trophy would be won by the Egyptian club . Pfister led Zamalek for their worst defeat against rivals Al Ahly 6–1 on 16 May 2002 , Zamalek also reached the final of the CAF Super Cup , losing 2–0 to Accra Hearts of Oak SC . Nejmeh . Pfister was appointed as Manager of Nejmeh SC in the Lebanon for the 2004-05 season . After 19 games , Nejmeh were joint top of the 2004–05 Lebanese Premier League with Al-Ansar Club . Both teams needed to win the final match , which incidentally was against each other . The final result was 2–2 and Pfisters Nejmeh were crowned champions as they had a highly superior goal difference . Pfister secured qualification to the 2005 AFC Cup for Nejmeh ( which they would eventually finish as runners-up ) . Pfister also won the Lebanese Super Cup and Lebanese Elite Cup with Nejmeh during the 2004–05 season . Togo . Pfister was selected to lead the Togo national team three months before World Cup 2006 after Stephen Keshi was sacked . Prior to the World Cup , players went on strike because of unpaid bonuses . Faced with the rebellion over bonuses , Pfister walked out , saying he could take no more . Pfister was reinstated three days later after demands from players and FTF staff . Sports commentators such as Ed Kavalee ensured that this dispute was resolved with a high level of transparency , with countries as far away as Australia receiving constant Pfister updates . Togo lost their opening game of the World Cup , despite having taken the lead against South Korea through a goal by Mohamed Kader . In the second half , Jean-Paul Abalo was sent off after 55 minutes , and goals from Lee Chun-Soo and Ahn Jung-Hwan sealed a 2–1 defeat for Togo . Togos next opponents in Group G were Switzerland , with the match scheduled for the afternoon of 19 June . However , the Togo squad threatened to refuse to fulfil the fixture and take strike action against unpaid bonuses . FIFA negotiated with the squad on 17 June , persuading them to travel to Dortmund in time to fulfil the fixture ; goals from Alexander Frei and Tranquillo Barnetta resulted in a 2–0 defeat . Togos final group game against France ended in 2–0 defeat . Cameroon . On 27 October 2007 , Pfister was appointed the manager of Cameroon , succeeding 80 other candidates . He coached Cameroon in the 2008 African Cup of Nations , held in Ghana . Two second half goals from Samuel Etoo were not enough to win their opening game which finished 4–2 to Egypt . Cameroon picked themselves up four days later and beat Zambia convincingly 5–1 . In their final group game Etoo again scored twice as Les Lions Indomptables won 3–0 . After finishing second to Egypt in the group stages , Cameroon progressed to the Quarter-finals where , after a close encounter , they beat Tunisia 3–2 . Stéphane Mbia scored early in extra time to take the Indomptable Lions through to the Semi-finals . Alain NKong scored a 72nd-minute winner for Cameroon in a 1–0 win over Ghana in the Semi-finals , taking Cameroon to their sixth final of the African Cup of Nations . On 10 February 2008 , Cameroon took on defending champions Egypt in the Final in Accra . Egypt scored a 77th-minute goal through Mohamed Aboutrika which would be enough to win the match and be crowned the champions of the 2008 African Cup of Nations . Etoo was the tournaments highest scorer with five goals . Pfister stepped down from his role on 26 May 2009 . USM Alger . In January 2015 , Pfister was linked with Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 club USM Alger , and signed a contract with the club shortly after . On 18 May Pfister was sacked as coach of USM Alger . Personal life . Pfister gained his coaching certificates in Magglingen in the 1960s , and later studied further in Cologne . Pfister is a UEFA Pro License holder , has a Bundesliga license for professional football coaching and is an Instructor for FIFA and German Football Association professional football coaching courses . In 2001 , Pfister was awarded the Order of Merit of the Confederation of African Football as well as a German Football Federation Honors Award . In Ghana the slang Rules with an Iron-Pfister is often used to refer to his coaching style . During his time in Ghana , Pfisters fame transcended football . His unconventional style of wearing his trousers on the hip , rather than the waist , has become a fashion trend among the youth . Commenting that Tony Yeboahs birthday can not be determined exactly , Ghanas then-manager Otto Pfister said : Theres only one way to find out : saw his leg off and count the rings ! Honours . - African Cup of Nations : Finalist with Cameroon in 2008 - Al-Merrikh Sudanese Cup Winner 2007 , Finalist of CAF Confederation Cup 2007 - World Cup : Appearances : 2006 with Togo - Nejmeh SC : Lebanese Premier League 2004–05 Champion 2005 , Lebanese Elite Cup Champion 2004 , 2005 AFC Cup Qualification 2005 , Lebanese Super Cup Champion 2004 - CS Sfaxien : Tunisian League Cup Champion 2003 , Arab Champions League Qualification 2003 - Al-Zamalek : League Cup Champion 2002 , African Champions League Qualification 2002 , FIFA Club World Championship Qualification 2002 , African Cup Winners Cup 2000 , Egyptian League Champion 2001–2002 , Egypt Cup Champion 2001–2002 , CAF Super Cup final 2001–2002 - World Cup : Qualification with Saudi Arabia in 1998 , Arab Nations Cup Winner in 1998 , Finalist at the 1998 Gulf Cup of Nations in Bahrain . FIFA Confederations Cup Appearances : 1997 , - African Cup of Nations : Finalist : 1992 with Ghana - Africas Manager of the Year in 1992 - FIFA U-17 World Championship : Champion 1991 with Ghana - African Cup of Nations : Appearances : Zaire 1988 - U-19 African Cup of Nations : 1983 Champion with Ivory Coast - African Cup of Nations : Appearances : Upper Volta ( now : Burkina Faso ) 1978 External links . - Otto Pfister Interview - Otto Pfister : The Grand Old Man of African Football

hard

Which team did Otto Pfister play for between Sep 1963 and Apr 1965?

/wiki/Otto_Pfister#P54#2

Otto Pfister Otto Martin Pfister ( born 24 November 1937 ) is a German football manager and one of Germanys most successful coaching exports , voted Africas Manager of the Year in 1992 . He is formerly the manager of the Afghanistan national team . Coaching career . Pfister has been involved in association football for almost 60 years , he began his coaching career in Switzerland as player-coach in 1961 at the age of just 23 . Pfisters early coaching experience was gained with FC Vaduz , FC St . Gallen , FC Nordstern Basel , FC Moutier and finally FC Chur 97 . He has worked as head coach for 10 international football teams , eight from Africa and two from Asia . In June 1972 , at the age of 34 , Pfister retired from his playing days and left Switzerland for Africa , taking the reins as the head coach of Rwanda . Pfister would stay in Africa for 23 years until 1995 working as the head coach for five other African Nations . Upper Volta ( now Burkina Faso ) , Senegal , Ivory Coast , Zaire ( now DR Congo ) and Ghana . Among his achievements include winning the JVC Fifa U17 Junior World Cup with Ghana in Italy and getting the Ghana Soccer national team to the finals of the 1992 African cup of nations in senegal . In 1995 , Pfister worked inside the Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) as the head coach of Bangladesh National Team and also Saudi Arabia from 1997 - 1999 . Pfister returned to club football over the following six years with Egyptian team Zamalek , Tunisian club CS Sfaxien , Lebanese club Nejmeh and Egyptian club Al-Masry . Pfister was selected as the head coach of Togo on 18 February 2006 , after former coach Stephen Keshi was dismissed from the post despite having secured qualification for their first World Cup Finals . Pfister himself resigned shortly before the teams first match in the tournament , after his players went on strike against the federation over a pay dispute , but he was reappointed three days later after demands from the players . Pfister was appointed manager of Sudanese club Al-Merreikh on 8 September 2006 and would later leave this position on 26 October 2007 . The following day Pfister would sign a contract as the head coach of Cameroon taking him through until 2010 . As of 24 March 2011 Pfister was unveiled as head coach of Trinidad and Tobago . In February 2014 , at the age of 76 , he made a return to the head coach of Al-Merreikh , a team he had previously guided to the final of the 2007 CAF Confederation Cup . Burkina Faso . Between 1976 and 1978 , Pfister changed the face of football in Burkina Faso . They were known as the Upper Volta national football team until 1984 , when Upper Volta became Burkina Faso . The establishment in Burkina Faso welcomed the German coach and because of the natural interest in football , the Government’s commitment and Pfisters ability , the Burkina Faso national team qualified for their first ever African Cup of Nations in 1978 in Ghana . It was the success with the Burkina team that opened the way for Pfister to traverse Africa , the Middle East , and Asia over the following years since his first landing in Africa . Ivory Coast . In 1982 , Pfister became coach of the Ivory Coast national team . He repaid his new employers’ confidence in him by taking the country’s youth team to the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship in Mexico . They would not qualify to the quarter-finals , however , Pfister would win the U19 African Cup of Nations with Ivory Coast in 1983 . Zaire . Pfister took over as head coach of Congo DR national football team ( formerly the Zaire national football team ) in 1985 , where he would spend four years helping to restore the 1974 African champions to their former glories . Pfister was responsible for unleashing a new generation of ‘Leopards’ , including Eugene Kabongo , Gaston Mobati , Panguy Merikani and Mutumbile Santos , all of whom took part in the African Cup of Nations 1988 . Ghana . Pfister led Ghana to a famous win in the 1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship . The Championship was held in the cities of Florence , Montecatini Terme , Viareggio , Massa , Carrara , and Livorno in Italy between 16 August and 31 August 1991 . Ghana finished second to Spain in their group and progressed to the Quarter-finals where they beat Brazil 2–1 with goals from Mohammed Gargo and Nii Lamptey . After a 0–0 draw with Qatar in the Semi-finals , Ghana won 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out , lining up a final against Spain . On 31 August 1991 , Ghana beat Spain 1–0 in the World Cup final in Florence , Ghanas first title . The Ghana national team qualified for the 1992 African Cup of Nations after finishing top of their qualifying group . Ghana qualified to the Quarter-finals after two 1–0 victories over Egypt and Zambia in the first round of the final tournament . Ghana beat Congo to take them through to the Semi-finals where they beat Nigeria , 2–1 . On 26 January 1992 in Senegal , Ghana played Ivory Coast in the final of the African Cup of Nations . After extra time the final score was 0–0 and the game entered penalties . After a marathon penalty shootout , Ivory Coast finally won 11–10 on penalties . The penalty shootout was significant in that it was the first in the final of a major international tournament that every player on the pitch took a penalty . During Pfisters time with Ghana , he was observed numerous times not wearing a belt , and thus consequently , he wore his trousers very low . This gave rise to the term Otto Pfister within Ghanaian popular slang culture . Otto Pfister in this regard has come to mean someone sagging their trousers . Saudi Arabia . Pfister became the head coach of Saudi Arabia in 1997 after previously working in the AFC from 1995–1997 with Bangladesh . In 1997 , Pfister successfully guided Saudi Arabia to the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France but was crudely released just before the tournament because he requested the Saudi Princes to interfere less in team affairs . After Saudi Arabia lost their opening two games and failed to progress , Carlos Alberto Parreira was fired and Pfister was reinstated as head coach on completion of the tournament . As World Cup Qualifiers , Saudi Arabia automatically qualified for the 1998 Arab Nations Cup . With the help of an impressive 8 goals in 4 games from Obeid Al-Dosari , Saudi Arabia were crowned champions after beating Qatar 3–1 in the final . Despite being the only team not to lose a game , Saudi Arabia also finished as runners-up in the 1998 Gulf Cup of Nations in Bahrain . Zamalek . Pfister was highly successful during his time at Zamalek SC . During his time as head coach ( 1999–2002 ) Pfister won an impressive five trophies . On 10 December 2000 , Zamalek recorded a convincing 4–3 aggregate score in the second-leg final against Canon Yaoundé in the African Cup Winners Cup ( now the Confederations Cup ) . The first and last time this trophy would be won by the Egyptian club . Pfister led Zamalek for their worst defeat against rivals Al Ahly 6–1 on 16 May 2002 , Zamalek also reached the final of the CAF Super Cup , losing 2–0 to Accra Hearts of Oak SC . Nejmeh . Pfister was appointed as Manager of Nejmeh SC in the Lebanon for the 2004-05 season . After 19 games , Nejmeh were joint top of the 2004–05 Lebanese Premier League with Al-Ansar Club . Both teams needed to win the final match , which incidentally was against each other . The final result was 2–2 and Pfisters Nejmeh were crowned champions as they had a highly superior goal difference . Pfister secured qualification to the 2005 AFC Cup for Nejmeh ( which they would eventually finish as runners-up ) . Pfister also won the Lebanese Super Cup and Lebanese Elite Cup with Nejmeh during the 2004–05 season . Togo . Pfister was selected to lead the Togo national team three months before World Cup 2006 after Stephen Keshi was sacked . Prior to the World Cup , players went on strike because of unpaid bonuses . Faced with the rebellion over bonuses , Pfister walked out , saying he could take no more . Pfister was reinstated three days later after demands from players and FTF staff . Sports commentators such as Ed Kavalee ensured that this dispute was resolved with a high level of transparency , with countries as far away as Australia receiving constant Pfister updates . Togo lost their opening game of the World Cup , despite having taken the lead against South Korea through a goal by Mohamed Kader . In the second half , Jean-Paul Abalo was sent off after 55 minutes , and goals from Lee Chun-Soo and Ahn Jung-Hwan sealed a 2–1 defeat for Togo . Togos next opponents in Group G were Switzerland , with the match scheduled for the afternoon of 19 June . However , the Togo squad threatened to refuse to fulfil the fixture and take strike action against unpaid bonuses . FIFA negotiated with the squad on 17 June , persuading them to travel to Dortmund in time to fulfil the fixture ; goals from Alexander Frei and Tranquillo Barnetta resulted in a 2–0 defeat . Togos final group game against France ended in 2–0 defeat . Cameroon . On 27 October 2007 , Pfister was appointed the manager of Cameroon , succeeding 80 other candidates . He coached Cameroon in the 2008 African Cup of Nations , held in Ghana . Two second half goals from Samuel Etoo were not enough to win their opening game which finished 4–2 to Egypt . Cameroon picked themselves up four days later and beat Zambia convincingly 5–1 . In their final group game Etoo again scored twice as Les Lions Indomptables won 3–0 . After finishing second to Egypt in the group stages , Cameroon progressed to the Quarter-finals where , after a close encounter , they beat Tunisia 3–2 . Stéphane Mbia scored early in extra time to take the Indomptable Lions through to the Semi-finals . Alain NKong scored a 72nd-minute winner for Cameroon in a 1–0 win over Ghana in the Semi-finals , taking Cameroon to their sixth final of the African Cup of Nations . On 10 February 2008 , Cameroon took on defending champions Egypt in the Final in Accra . Egypt scored a 77th-minute goal through Mohamed Aboutrika which would be enough to win the match and be crowned the champions of the 2008 African Cup of Nations . Etoo was the tournaments highest scorer with five goals . Pfister stepped down from his role on 26 May 2009 . USM Alger . In January 2015 , Pfister was linked with Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 club USM Alger , and signed a contract with the club shortly after . On 18 May Pfister was sacked as coach of USM Alger . Personal life . Pfister gained his coaching certificates in Magglingen in the 1960s , and later studied further in Cologne . Pfister is a UEFA Pro License holder , has a Bundesliga license for professional football coaching and is an Instructor for FIFA and German Football Association professional football coaching courses . In 2001 , Pfister was awarded the Order of Merit of the Confederation of African Football as well as a German Football Federation Honors Award . In Ghana the slang Rules with an Iron-Pfister is often used to refer to his coaching style . During his time in Ghana , Pfisters fame transcended football . His unconventional style of wearing his trousers on the hip , rather than the waist , has become a fashion trend among the youth . Commenting that Tony Yeboahs birthday can not be determined exactly , Ghanas then-manager Otto Pfister said : Theres only one way to find out : saw his leg off and count the rings ! Honours . - African Cup of Nations : Finalist with Cameroon in 2008 - Al-Merrikh Sudanese Cup Winner 2007 , Finalist of CAF Confederation Cup 2007 - World Cup : Appearances : 2006 with Togo - Nejmeh SC : Lebanese Premier League 2004–05 Champion 2005 , Lebanese Elite Cup Champion 2004 , 2005 AFC Cup Qualification 2005 , Lebanese Super Cup Champion 2004 - CS Sfaxien : Tunisian League Cup Champion 2003 , Arab Champions League Qualification 2003 - Al-Zamalek : League Cup Champion 2002 , African Champions League Qualification 2002 , FIFA Club World Championship Qualification 2002 , African Cup Winners Cup 2000 , Egyptian League Champion 2001–2002 , Egypt Cup Champion 2001–2002 , CAF Super Cup final 2001–2002 - World Cup : Qualification with Saudi Arabia in 1998 , Arab Nations Cup Winner in 1998 , Finalist at the 1998 Gulf Cup of Nations in Bahrain . FIFA Confederations Cup Appearances : 1997 , - African Cup of Nations : Finalist : 1992 with Ghana - Africas Manager of the Year in 1992 - FIFA U-17 World Championship : Champion 1991 with Ghana - African Cup of Nations : Appearances : Zaire 1988 - U-19 African Cup of Nations : 1983 Champion with Ivory Coast - African Cup of Nations : Appearances : Upper Volta ( now : Burkina Faso ) 1978 External links . - Otto Pfister Interview - Otto Pfister : The Grand Old Man of African Football

hard

Which team did Otto Pfister play for between Dec 1966 and Jun 1967?

/wiki/Otto_Pfister#P54#3

Otto Pfister Otto Martin Pfister ( born 24 November 1937 ) is a German football manager and one of Germanys most successful coaching exports , voted Africas Manager of the Year in 1992 . He is formerly the manager of the Afghanistan national team . Coaching career . Pfister has been involved in association football for almost 60 years , he began his coaching career in Switzerland as player-coach in 1961 at the age of just 23 . Pfisters early coaching experience was gained with FC Vaduz , FC St . Gallen , FC Nordstern Basel , FC Moutier and finally FC Chur 97 . He has worked as head coach for 10 international football teams , eight from Africa and two from Asia . In June 1972 , at the age of 34 , Pfister retired from his playing days and left Switzerland for Africa , taking the reins as the head coach of Rwanda . Pfister would stay in Africa for 23 years until 1995 working as the head coach for five other African Nations . Upper Volta ( now Burkina Faso ) , Senegal , Ivory Coast , Zaire ( now DR Congo ) and Ghana . Among his achievements include winning the JVC Fifa U17 Junior World Cup with Ghana in Italy and getting the Ghana Soccer national team to the finals of the 1992 African cup of nations in senegal . In 1995 , Pfister worked inside the Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) as the head coach of Bangladesh National Team and also Saudi Arabia from 1997 - 1999 . Pfister returned to club football over the following six years with Egyptian team Zamalek , Tunisian club CS Sfaxien , Lebanese club Nejmeh and Egyptian club Al-Masry . Pfister was selected as the head coach of Togo on 18 February 2006 , after former coach Stephen Keshi was dismissed from the post despite having secured qualification for their first World Cup Finals . Pfister himself resigned shortly before the teams first match in the tournament , after his players went on strike against the federation over a pay dispute , but he was reappointed three days later after demands from the players . Pfister was appointed manager of Sudanese club Al-Merreikh on 8 September 2006 and would later leave this position on 26 October 2007 . The following day Pfister would sign a contract as the head coach of Cameroon taking him through until 2010 . As of 24 March 2011 Pfister was unveiled as head coach of Trinidad and Tobago . In February 2014 , at the age of 76 , he made a return to the head coach of Al-Merreikh , a team he had previously guided to the final of the 2007 CAF Confederation Cup . Burkina Faso . Between 1976 and 1978 , Pfister changed the face of football in Burkina Faso . They were known as the Upper Volta national football team until 1984 , when Upper Volta became Burkina Faso . The establishment in Burkina Faso welcomed the German coach and because of the natural interest in football , the Government’s commitment and Pfisters ability , the Burkina Faso national team qualified for their first ever African Cup of Nations in 1978 in Ghana . It was the success with the Burkina team that opened the way for Pfister to traverse Africa , the Middle East , and Asia over the following years since his first landing in Africa . Ivory Coast . In 1982 , Pfister became coach of the Ivory Coast national team . He repaid his new employers’ confidence in him by taking the country’s youth team to the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship in Mexico . They would not qualify to the quarter-finals , however , Pfister would win the U19 African Cup of Nations with Ivory Coast in 1983 . Zaire . Pfister took over as head coach of Congo DR national football team ( formerly the Zaire national football team ) in 1985 , where he would spend four years helping to restore the 1974 African champions to their former glories . Pfister was responsible for unleashing a new generation of ‘Leopards’ , including Eugene Kabongo , Gaston Mobati , Panguy Merikani and Mutumbile Santos , all of whom took part in the African Cup of Nations 1988 . Ghana . Pfister led Ghana to a famous win in the 1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship . The Championship was held in the cities of Florence , Montecatini Terme , Viareggio , Massa , Carrara , and Livorno in Italy between 16 August and 31 August 1991 . Ghana finished second to Spain in their group and progressed to the Quarter-finals where they beat Brazil 2–1 with goals from Mohammed Gargo and Nii Lamptey . After a 0–0 draw with Qatar in the Semi-finals , Ghana won 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out , lining up a final against Spain . On 31 August 1991 , Ghana beat Spain 1–0 in the World Cup final in Florence , Ghanas first title . The Ghana national team qualified for the 1992 African Cup of Nations after finishing top of their qualifying group . Ghana qualified to the Quarter-finals after two 1–0 victories over Egypt and Zambia in the first round of the final tournament . Ghana beat Congo to take them through to the Semi-finals where they beat Nigeria , 2–1 . On 26 January 1992 in Senegal , Ghana played Ivory Coast in the final of the African Cup of Nations . After extra time the final score was 0–0 and the game entered penalties . After a marathon penalty shootout , Ivory Coast finally won 11–10 on penalties . The penalty shootout was significant in that it was the first in the final of a major international tournament that every player on the pitch took a penalty . During Pfisters time with Ghana , he was observed numerous times not wearing a belt , and thus consequently , he wore his trousers very low . This gave rise to the term Otto Pfister within Ghanaian popular slang culture . Otto Pfister in this regard has come to mean someone sagging their trousers . Saudi Arabia . Pfister became the head coach of Saudi Arabia in 1997 after previously working in the AFC from 1995–1997 with Bangladesh . In 1997 , Pfister successfully guided Saudi Arabia to the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France but was crudely released just before the tournament because he requested the Saudi Princes to interfere less in team affairs . After Saudi Arabia lost their opening two games and failed to progress , Carlos Alberto Parreira was fired and Pfister was reinstated as head coach on completion of the tournament . As World Cup Qualifiers , Saudi Arabia automatically qualified for the 1998 Arab Nations Cup . With the help of an impressive 8 goals in 4 games from Obeid Al-Dosari , Saudi Arabia were crowned champions after beating Qatar 3–1 in the final . Despite being the only team not to lose a game , Saudi Arabia also finished as runners-up in the 1998 Gulf Cup of Nations in Bahrain . Zamalek . Pfister was highly successful during his time at Zamalek SC . During his time as head coach ( 1999–2002 ) Pfister won an impressive five trophies . On 10 December 2000 , Zamalek recorded a convincing 4–3 aggregate score in the second-leg final against Canon Yaoundé in the African Cup Winners Cup ( now the Confederations Cup ) . The first and last time this trophy would be won by the Egyptian club . Pfister led Zamalek for their worst defeat against rivals Al Ahly 6–1 on 16 May 2002 , Zamalek also reached the final of the CAF Super Cup , losing 2–0 to Accra Hearts of Oak SC . Nejmeh . Pfister was appointed as Manager of Nejmeh SC in the Lebanon for the 2004-05 season . After 19 games , Nejmeh were joint top of the 2004–05 Lebanese Premier League with Al-Ansar Club . Both teams needed to win the final match , which incidentally was against each other . The final result was 2–2 and Pfisters Nejmeh were crowned champions as they had a highly superior goal difference . Pfister secured qualification to the 2005 AFC Cup for Nejmeh ( which they would eventually finish as runners-up ) . Pfister also won the Lebanese Super Cup and Lebanese Elite Cup with Nejmeh during the 2004–05 season . Togo . Pfister was selected to lead the Togo national team three months before World Cup 2006 after Stephen Keshi was sacked . Prior to the World Cup , players went on strike because of unpaid bonuses . Faced with the rebellion over bonuses , Pfister walked out , saying he could take no more . Pfister was reinstated three days later after demands from players and FTF staff . Sports commentators such as Ed Kavalee ensured that this dispute was resolved with a high level of transparency , with countries as far away as Australia receiving constant Pfister updates . Togo lost their opening game of the World Cup , despite having taken the lead against South Korea through a goal by Mohamed Kader . In the second half , Jean-Paul Abalo was sent off after 55 minutes , and goals from Lee Chun-Soo and Ahn Jung-Hwan sealed a 2–1 defeat for Togo . Togos next opponents in Group G were Switzerland , with the match scheduled for the afternoon of 19 June . However , the Togo squad threatened to refuse to fulfil the fixture and take strike action against unpaid bonuses . FIFA negotiated with the squad on 17 June , persuading them to travel to Dortmund in time to fulfil the fixture ; goals from Alexander Frei and Tranquillo Barnetta resulted in a 2–0 defeat . Togos final group game against France ended in 2–0 defeat . Cameroon . On 27 October 2007 , Pfister was appointed the manager of Cameroon , succeeding 80 other candidates . He coached Cameroon in the 2008 African Cup of Nations , held in Ghana . Two second half goals from Samuel Etoo were not enough to win their opening game which finished 4–2 to Egypt . Cameroon picked themselves up four days later and beat Zambia convincingly 5–1 . In their final group game Etoo again scored twice as Les Lions Indomptables won 3–0 . After finishing second to Egypt in the group stages , Cameroon progressed to the Quarter-finals where , after a close encounter , they beat Tunisia 3–2 . Stéphane Mbia scored early in extra time to take the Indomptable Lions through to the Semi-finals . Alain NKong scored a 72nd-minute winner for Cameroon in a 1–0 win over Ghana in the Semi-finals , taking Cameroon to their sixth final of the African Cup of Nations . On 10 February 2008 , Cameroon took on defending champions Egypt in the Final in Accra . Egypt scored a 77th-minute goal through Mohamed Aboutrika which would be enough to win the match and be crowned the champions of the 2008 African Cup of Nations . Etoo was the tournaments highest scorer with five goals . Pfister stepped down from his role on 26 May 2009 . USM Alger . In January 2015 , Pfister was linked with Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 club USM Alger , and signed a contract with the club shortly after . On 18 May Pfister was sacked as coach of USM Alger . Personal life . Pfister gained his coaching certificates in Magglingen in the 1960s , and later studied further in Cologne . Pfister is a UEFA Pro License holder , has a Bundesliga license for professional football coaching and is an Instructor for FIFA and German Football Association professional football coaching courses . In 2001 , Pfister was awarded the Order of Merit of the Confederation of African Football as well as a German Football Federation Honors Award . In Ghana the slang Rules with an Iron-Pfister is often used to refer to his coaching style . During his time in Ghana , Pfisters fame transcended football . His unconventional style of wearing his trousers on the hip , rather than the waist , has become a fashion trend among the youth . Commenting that Tony Yeboahs birthday can not be determined exactly , Ghanas then-manager Otto Pfister said : Theres only one way to find out : saw his leg off and count the rings ! Honours . - African Cup of Nations : Finalist with Cameroon in 2008 - Al-Merrikh Sudanese Cup Winner 2007 , Finalist of CAF Confederation Cup 2007 - World Cup : Appearances : 2006 with Togo - Nejmeh SC : Lebanese Premier League 2004–05 Champion 2005 , Lebanese Elite Cup Champion 2004 , 2005 AFC Cup Qualification 2005 , Lebanese Super Cup Champion 2004 - CS Sfaxien : Tunisian League Cup Champion 2003 , Arab Champions League Qualification 2003 - Al-Zamalek : League Cup Champion 2002 , African Champions League Qualification 2002 , FIFA Club World Championship Qualification 2002 , African Cup Winners Cup 2000 , Egyptian League Champion 2001–2002 , Egypt Cup Champion 2001–2002 , CAF Super Cup final 2001–2002 - World Cup : Qualification with Saudi Arabia in 1998 , Arab Nations Cup Winner in 1998 , Finalist at the 1998 Gulf Cup of Nations in Bahrain . FIFA Confederations Cup Appearances : 1997 , - African Cup of Nations : Finalist : 1992 with Ghana - Africas Manager of the Year in 1992 - FIFA U-17 World Championship : Champion 1991 with Ghana - African Cup of Nations : Appearances : Zaire 1988 - U-19 African Cup of Nations : 1983 Champion with Ivory Coast - African Cup of Nations : Appearances : Upper Volta ( now : Burkina Faso ) 1978 External links . - Otto Pfister Interview - Otto Pfister : The Grand Old Man of African Football

hard

Which team did Otto Pfister play for after Nov 1968?

/wiki/Otto_Pfister#P54#4

Otto Pfister Otto Martin Pfister ( born 24 November 1937 ) is a German football manager and one of Germanys most successful coaching exports , voted Africas Manager of the Year in 1992 . He is formerly the manager of the Afghanistan national team . Coaching career . Pfister has been involved in association football for almost 60 years , he began his coaching career in Switzerland as player-coach in 1961 at the age of just 23 . Pfisters early coaching experience was gained with FC Vaduz , FC St . Gallen , FC Nordstern Basel , FC Moutier and finally FC Chur 97 . He has worked as head coach for 10 international football teams , eight from Africa and two from Asia . In June 1972 , at the age of 34 , Pfister retired from his playing days and left Switzerland for Africa , taking the reins as the head coach of Rwanda . Pfister would stay in Africa for 23 years until 1995 working as the head coach for five other African Nations . Upper Volta ( now Burkina Faso ) , Senegal , Ivory Coast , Zaire ( now DR Congo ) and Ghana . Among his achievements include winning the JVC Fifa U17 Junior World Cup with Ghana in Italy and getting the Ghana Soccer national team to the finals of the 1992 African cup of nations in senegal . In 1995 , Pfister worked inside the Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) as the head coach of Bangladesh National Team and also Saudi Arabia from 1997 - 1999 . Pfister returned to club football over the following six years with Egyptian team Zamalek , Tunisian club CS Sfaxien , Lebanese club Nejmeh and Egyptian club Al-Masry . Pfister was selected as the head coach of Togo on 18 February 2006 , after former coach Stephen Keshi was dismissed from the post despite having secured qualification for their first World Cup Finals . Pfister himself resigned shortly before the teams first match in the tournament , after his players went on strike against the federation over a pay dispute , but he was reappointed three days later after demands from the players . Pfister was appointed manager of Sudanese club Al-Merreikh on 8 September 2006 and would later leave this position on 26 October 2007 . The following day Pfister would sign a contract as the head coach of Cameroon taking him through until 2010 . As of 24 March 2011 Pfister was unveiled as head coach of Trinidad and Tobago . In February 2014 , at the age of 76 , he made a return to the head coach of Al-Merreikh , a team he had previously guided to the final of the 2007 CAF Confederation Cup . Burkina Faso . Between 1976 and 1978 , Pfister changed the face of football in Burkina Faso . They were known as the Upper Volta national football team until 1984 , when Upper Volta became Burkina Faso . The establishment in Burkina Faso welcomed the German coach and because of the natural interest in football , the Government’s commitment and Pfisters ability , the Burkina Faso national team qualified for their first ever African Cup of Nations in 1978 in Ghana . It was the success with the Burkina team that opened the way for Pfister to traverse Africa , the Middle East , and Asia over the following years since his first landing in Africa . Ivory Coast . In 1982 , Pfister became coach of the Ivory Coast national team . He repaid his new employers’ confidence in him by taking the country’s youth team to the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship in Mexico . They would not qualify to the quarter-finals , however , Pfister would win the U19 African Cup of Nations with Ivory Coast in 1983 . Zaire . Pfister took over as head coach of Congo DR national football team ( formerly the Zaire national football team ) in 1985 , where he would spend four years helping to restore the 1974 African champions to their former glories . Pfister was responsible for unleashing a new generation of ‘Leopards’ , including Eugene Kabongo , Gaston Mobati , Panguy Merikani and Mutumbile Santos , all of whom took part in the African Cup of Nations 1988 . Ghana . Pfister led Ghana to a famous win in the 1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship . The Championship was held in the cities of Florence , Montecatini Terme , Viareggio , Massa , Carrara , and Livorno in Italy between 16 August and 31 August 1991 . Ghana finished second to Spain in their group and progressed to the Quarter-finals where they beat Brazil 2–1 with goals from Mohammed Gargo and Nii Lamptey . After a 0–0 draw with Qatar in the Semi-finals , Ghana won 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out , lining up a final against Spain . On 31 August 1991 , Ghana beat Spain 1–0 in the World Cup final in Florence , Ghanas first title . The Ghana national team qualified for the 1992 African Cup of Nations after finishing top of their qualifying group . Ghana qualified to the Quarter-finals after two 1–0 victories over Egypt and Zambia in the first round of the final tournament . Ghana beat Congo to take them through to the Semi-finals where they beat Nigeria , 2–1 . On 26 January 1992 in Senegal , Ghana played Ivory Coast in the final of the African Cup of Nations . After extra time the final score was 0–0 and the game entered penalties . After a marathon penalty shootout , Ivory Coast finally won 11–10 on penalties . The penalty shootout was significant in that it was the first in the final of a major international tournament that every player on the pitch took a penalty . During Pfisters time with Ghana , he was observed numerous times not wearing a belt , and thus consequently , he wore his trousers very low . This gave rise to the term Otto Pfister within Ghanaian popular slang culture . Otto Pfister in this regard has come to mean someone sagging their trousers . Saudi Arabia . Pfister became the head coach of Saudi Arabia in 1997 after previously working in the AFC from 1995–1997 with Bangladesh . In 1997 , Pfister successfully guided Saudi Arabia to the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France but was crudely released just before the tournament because he requested the Saudi Princes to interfere less in team affairs . After Saudi Arabia lost their opening two games and failed to progress , Carlos Alberto Parreira was fired and Pfister was reinstated as head coach on completion of the tournament . As World Cup Qualifiers , Saudi Arabia automatically qualified for the 1998 Arab Nations Cup . With the help of an impressive 8 goals in 4 games from Obeid Al-Dosari , Saudi Arabia were crowned champions after beating Qatar 3–1 in the final . Despite being the only team not to lose a game , Saudi Arabia also finished as runners-up in the 1998 Gulf Cup of Nations in Bahrain . Zamalek . Pfister was highly successful during his time at Zamalek SC . During his time as head coach ( 1999–2002 ) Pfister won an impressive five trophies . On 10 December 2000 , Zamalek recorded a convincing 4–3 aggregate score in the second-leg final against Canon Yaoundé in the African Cup Winners Cup ( now the Confederations Cup ) . The first and last time this trophy would be won by the Egyptian club . Pfister led Zamalek for their worst defeat against rivals Al Ahly 6–1 on 16 May 2002 , Zamalek also reached the final of the CAF Super Cup , losing 2–0 to Accra Hearts of Oak SC . Nejmeh . Pfister was appointed as Manager of Nejmeh SC in the Lebanon for the 2004-05 season . After 19 games , Nejmeh were joint top of the 2004–05 Lebanese Premier League with Al-Ansar Club . Both teams needed to win the final match , which incidentally was against each other . The final result was 2–2 and Pfisters Nejmeh were crowned champions as they had a highly superior goal difference . Pfister secured qualification to the 2005 AFC Cup for Nejmeh ( which they would eventually finish as runners-up ) . Pfister also won the Lebanese Super Cup and Lebanese Elite Cup with Nejmeh during the 2004–05 season . Togo . Pfister was selected to lead the Togo national team three months before World Cup 2006 after Stephen Keshi was sacked . Prior to the World Cup , players went on strike because of unpaid bonuses . Faced with the rebellion over bonuses , Pfister walked out , saying he could take no more . Pfister was reinstated three days later after demands from players and FTF staff . Sports commentators such as Ed Kavalee ensured that this dispute was resolved with a high level of transparency , with countries as far away as Australia receiving constant Pfister updates . Togo lost their opening game of the World Cup , despite having taken the lead against South Korea through a goal by Mohamed Kader . In the second half , Jean-Paul Abalo was sent off after 55 minutes , and goals from Lee Chun-Soo and Ahn Jung-Hwan sealed a 2–1 defeat for Togo . Togos next opponents in Group G were Switzerland , with the match scheduled for the afternoon of 19 June . However , the Togo squad threatened to refuse to fulfil the fixture and take strike action against unpaid bonuses . FIFA negotiated with the squad on 17 June , persuading them to travel to Dortmund in time to fulfil the fixture ; goals from Alexander Frei and Tranquillo Barnetta resulted in a 2–0 defeat . Togos final group game against France ended in 2–0 defeat . Cameroon . On 27 October 2007 , Pfister was appointed the manager of Cameroon , succeeding 80 other candidates . He coached Cameroon in the 2008 African Cup of Nations , held in Ghana . Two second half goals from Samuel Etoo were not enough to win their opening game which finished 4–2 to Egypt . Cameroon picked themselves up four days later and beat Zambia convincingly 5–1 . In their final group game Etoo again scored twice as Les Lions Indomptables won 3–0 . After finishing second to Egypt in the group stages , Cameroon progressed to the Quarter-finals where , after a close encounter , they beat Tunisia 3–2 . Stéphane Mbia scored early in extra time to take the Indomptable Lions through to the Semi-finals . Alain NKong scored a 72nd-minute winner for Cameroon in a 1–0 win over Ghana in the Semi-finals , taking Cameroon to their sixth final of the African Cup of Nations . On 10 February 2008 , Cameroon took on defending champions Egypt in the Final in Accra . Egypt scored a 77th-minute goal through Mohamed Aboutrika which would be enough to win the match and be crowned the champions of the 2008 African Cup of Nations . Etoo was the tournaments highest scorer with five goals . Pfister stepped down from his role on 26 May 2009 . USM Alger . In January 2015 , Pfister was linked with Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 club USM Alger , and signed a contract with the club shortly after . On 18 May Pfister was sacked as coach of USM Alger . Personal life . Pfister gained his coaching certificates in Magglingen in the 1960s , and later studied further in Cologne . Pfister is a UEFA Pro License holder , has a Bundesliga license for professional football coaching and is an Instructor for FIFA and German Football Association professional football coaching courses . In 2001 , Pfister was awarded the Order of Merit of the Confederation of African Football as well as a German Football Federation Honors Award . In Ghana the slang Rules with an Iron-Pfister is often used to refer to his coaching style . During his time in Ghana , Pfisters fame transcended football . His unconventional style of wearing his trousers on the hip , rather than the waist , has become a fashion trend among the youth . Commenting that Tony Yeboahs birthday can not be determined exactly , Ghanas then-manager Otto Pfister said : Theres only one way to find out : saw his leg off and count the rings ! Honours . - African Cup of Nations : Finalist with Cameroon in 2008 - Al-Merrikh Sudanese Cup Winner 2007 , Finalist of CAF Confederation Cup 2007 - World Cup : Appearances : 2006 with Togo - Nejmeh SC : Lebanese Premier League 2004–05 Champion 2005 , Lebanese Elite Cup Champion 2004 , 2005 AFC Cup Qualification 2005 , Lebanese Super Cup Champion 2004 - CS Sfaxien : Tunisian League Cup Champion 2003 , Arab Champions League Qualification 2003 - Al-Zamalek : League Cup Champion 2002 , African Champions League Qualification 2002 , FIFA Club World Championship Qualification 2002 , African Cup Winners Cup 2000 , Egyptian League Champion 2001–2002 , Egypt Cup Champion 2001–2002 , CAF Super Cup final 2001–2002 - World Cup : Qualification with Saudi Arabia in 1998 , Arab Nations Cup Winner in 1998 , Finalist at the 1998 Gulf Cup of Nations in Bahrain . FIFA Confederations Cup Appearances : 1997 , - African Cup of Nations : Finalist : 1992 with Ghana - Africas Manager of the Year in 1992 - FIFA U-17 World Championship : Champion 1991 with Ghana - African Cup of Nations : Appearances : Zaire 1988 - U-19 African Cup of Nations : 1983 Champion with Ivory Coast - African Cup of Nations : Appearances : Upper Volta ( now : Burkina Faso ) 1978 External links . - Otto Pfister Interview - Otto Pfister : The Grand Old Man of African Football

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What position did Robert Mueller take before Aug 1991?

/wiki/Robert_Mueller#P39#0

Robert Mueller Robert Swan Mueller III ( ; born August 7 , 1944 ) is an American lawyer and government official who served as the sixth Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) from 2001 to 2013 . A graduate of Princeton University and New York University , Mueller served as a Marine Corps officer during the Vietnam War , receiving a Bronze Star for heroism and a Purple Heart . He subsequently attended the University of Virginia School of Law . Mueller is a registered Republican in Washington , D.C. , and was appointed and reappointed to Senate-confirmed positions by presidents George H . W . Bush , Bill Clinton , George W . Bush , and Barack Obama . Mueller has served both in government and private practice . He was an assistant United States attorney , a United States attorney , United States assistant attorney general for the Criminal Division , a homicide prosecutor in Washington , D.C. , acting United States deputy attorney general , partner at D.C . law firm WilmerHale and director of the FBI . On May 17 , 2017 , Mueller was appointed by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein as special counsel overseeing an investigation into allegations of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S . presidential election and related matters . He submitted his report to Attorney General William Barr on March 22 , 2019 . On April 18 , the Department of Justice released it . On May 29 , he resigned his post and the Office of the Special Counsel was closed . Early life and education . Mueller was born on August 7 , 1944 , at Doctors Hospital in the New York City borough of Manhattan , the first child of Alice C . Truesdale ( 1920–2007 ) and Robert Swan Mueller , Jr . ( 1916–2007 ) . He has four younger sisters : Susan , Sandra , Joan , and Patricia . His father was an executive with DuPont who had served as a Navy officer in the Atlantic and Mediterranean theaters during World War II . His father majored in psychology at Princeton University and played varsity lacrosse , both of which he followed ( see below ) . Mueller is of German , English , and Scottish descent . His paternal great-grandfather , Gustave A . Mueller , was a prominent doctor in Pittsburgh , whose own father , August C . E . Müller , had immigrated to the United States in 1855 from the Province of Pomerania in the Kingdom of Prussia ( a historical territory whose area included land now part of Poland and the north-eastern edge of Germany ) . On his mothers side , he is a great-grandson of the railroad executive William Truesdale . Mueller grew up in Princeton , New Jersey , where he attended Princeton Country Day School , now known as Princeton Day School . After he completed eighth grade , his family moved to Philadelphia while Mueller himself went on to attend St . Pauls School in Concord , New Hampshire for high school , where he was captain of the soccer , hockey , and lacrosse teams and won the Gordon Medal as the schools top athlete in 1962 . A lacrosse teammate and classmate at St . Pauls School was future Massachusetts Senator and Secretary of State John Kerry . After graduating from St . Pauls , Mueller entered Princeton University , where he continued to play lacrosse , receiving a Bachelor of Arts in politics in 1966 after completing a senior thesis titled Acceptance of Jurisdiction in the South West Africa Cases . Mueller was a member of University Cottage Club while he was a student at Princeton . Mueller earned a Master of Arts in international relations from New York University in 1967 . In 1968 , Mueller joined the United States Marine Corps . After his military service , he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law where he served on the Virginia Law Review and graduated in 1973 . United States Marine Corps service . Mueller has cited the combat death of his Princeton lacrosse teammate David Spencer Hackett in the Vietnam War as an influence on his decision to pursue military service . Of his classmate , Mueller has said , One of the reasons I went into the Marine Corps was because we lost a very good friend , a Marine in Vietnam , who was a year ahead of me at Princeton . There were a number of us who felt we should follow his example and at least go into the service . And it flows from there . Hackett was a Marine Corps first lieutenant in the infantry and was killed in 1967 in Quảng Trị Province by small arms fire . After waiting a year so a knee injury could heal , Mueller was accepted for officer training in the United States Marine Corps in 1968 , attending training at Parris Island , Officer Candidate School , Army Ranger School , and Army jump school . Of these , he said later that he considered Ranger School the most valuable because he felt more than anything teaches you about how you react with no sleep and nothing to eat . In the summer of 1968 , he was sent to South Vietnam , where he served as a rifle platoon leader as a second lieutenant with Second Platoon , H Company , 2nd Battalion , 4th Marines , 3rd Marine Division . On December 11 , 1968 , during an engagement in Operation Scotland II , he earned the Bronze Star with V device for combat valor for rescuing a wounded Marine under enemy fire during an ambush in which he saw half of his platoon become casualties . In April 1969 , he received an enemy gunshot wound in the thigh , recovered , and returned to lead his platoon until June 1969 . For his service in and during the Vietnam War , his military decorations and awards include : the Bronze Star Medal with Combat V , Purple Heart Medal , two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals with Combat V , Combat Action Ribbon , National Defense Service Medal , Vietnam Service Medal with four service stars , Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross , Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal , and Parachutist Badge . After recuperating at a field hospital near Da Nang , Mueller became aide-de-camp to 3rd Marine Divisions commanding general , then–Major General William K . Jones , where he significantly contributed to the rapport Jones had with other officers , according to one report . Mueller had originally considered making the Marines his career , but he explained later that he found non-combat life in the Corps to be unexciting . After returning from South Vietnam , Mueller was briefly stationed at Henderson Hall , before leaving active-duty service in August 1970 at the rank of captain . Reflecting on his service in the Vietnam War , Mueller said , I consider myself exceptionally lucky to have made it out of Vietnam . There were many—many—who did not . And perhaps because I did survive Vietnam , I have always felt compelled to contribute . In 2009 , he told a writer that despite his other accomplishments , he was still most proud the Marine Corps deemed me worthy of leading other Marines . Career . Private practice and Department of Justice . After receiving his Juris Doctor in 1973 from the University of Virginia School of Law , Mueller worked as a litigator at the firm Pillsbury , Madison and Sutro in San Francisco until 1976 . He then served for 12 years in United States Attorney offices . He first worked in the office of the U.S . Attorney for the Northern District of California in San Francisco , where he rose to be chief of the criminal division , and in 1982 , he moved to Boston to work in the office of the U.S . Attorney for Massachusetts as an Assistant United States Attorney , where he investigated and prosecuted major financial fraud , terrorism and public corruption cases , as well as narcotics conspiracies and international money launderers . After serving as a partner at the Boston law firm of Hill and Barlow , Mueller returned to government service . In 1989 , he served in the United States Department of Justice as an assistant to Attorney General Dick Thornburgh and as acting Deputy Attorney General . James Baker , with whom he worked on national security matters , said he had an appreciation for the Constitution and the rule of law . In 1990 , he became the United States Assistant Attorney General in charge of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division . During his tenure , he oversaw prosecutions including that of Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega , the Pan Am Flight 103 ( Lockerbie bombing ) case , and of the Gambino crime family boss John Gotti . In 1991 , he declared the government had been investigating the Bank of Credit and Commerce International ( BCCI ) since 1986 in more-than-usual media exposure . Also in 1991 , he was elected a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers . In 1993 , Mueller became a partner at Bostons Hale and Dorr , specializing in white-collar crime litigation . He returned to public service in 1995 as senior litigator in the homicide section of the District of Columbia United States Attorneys Office . In 1998 , Mueller was named U.S . Attorney for the Northern District of California and held that position until 2001 . Federal Bureau of Investigation . President George W . Bush nominated Mueller for the position of FBI director on July 5 , 2001 . He and two other candidates , Washington lawyer George J . Terwilliger III and veteran Chicago prosecutor and white-collar crime defense lawyer Dan Webb , were up for the job , but Mueller , described at the time as a conservative Republican , was always considered the front-runner . Terwilliger and Webb both pulled out from consideration around mid-June , while confirmation hearings for Mueller before the Senate Judiciary Committee were quickly set for July 30 , only three days before his prostate cancer surgery . The Senate unanimously confirmed Mueller as FBI director on August 2 , 2001 , voting 98–0 in favor of his appointment . He had previously served as acting deputy attorney general of the United States Department of Justice ( DOJ ) for several months before officially becoming the FBI director on September 4 , 2001 , one week before the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon . On February 11 , 2003 , one month before the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq , Mueller gave testimony to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence . Mueller informed the American public that [ s ] even countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism—Iran , Iraq , Syria , Sudan , Libya , Cuba , and North Korea—remain active in the United States and continue to support terrorist groups that have targeted Americans . As Director Tenet has pointed out , Secretary Powell presented evidence last week that Baghdad has failed to disarm its weapons of mass destruction , willfully attempting to evade and deceive the international community . Our particular concern is that Saddam Hussein may supply terrorists with biological , chemical or radiological material . Highlighting this worry in February 2003 , FBI Special Agent Coleen Rowley wrote an open letter to Mueller in which she warned that the bureau will [ not ] be able to stem the flood of terrorism that will likely head our way in the wake of an attack on Iraq and encouraged Mueller to share [ her concerns ] with the President and Attorney General . On March 10 , 2004 , while United States Attorney General John Ashcroft was at the George Washington University Hospital for gallbladder surgery , James Comey , the then deputy attorney general , received a call from Ashcrofts wife informing him that White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card and White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales were about to visit Ashcroft to convince him to renew a program of warrantless wiretapping under the Terrorist Surveillance Program which the DOJ ruled unconstitutional . Ashcroft refused to sign , as he had previously agreed , but the following day the White House renewed the program anyway . Mueller and Comey then threatened to resign . On March 12 , 2004 , after private , individual meetings with Mueller and Comey at the White House , the president supported changing the program to satisfy the concerns of Mueller , Ashcroft , and Comey . He was inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame in 2004 . As director , Mueller also barred FBI personnel from participating in enhanced interrogations with the CIA . At a dinner , Mueller defended an attorney ( Thomas Wilner ) who had been attacked for his role in defending Kuwaiti detainees . Mueller stood up , raised his glass , and said , I toast Tom Wilner . Hes doing what an American should . However , the White House pushed back , encouraging more vigorous methods of pursuing and interrogating terror suspects . When Bush confronted Mueller to ask him to round up more terrorists in the U.S. , Mueller responded , saying , If they [ suspects ] dont commit a crime , it would be difficult to identify and isolate them . Vice President Dick Cheney objected by saying , Thats just not good enough . Were hearing this too much from the FBI . In May 2011 , President Barack Obama asked Mueller to continue at the helm of the FBI for two additional years beyond his normal 10-year term , which would have expired on September 4 , 2011 . The Senate approved this request 100–0 on July 27 , 2011 . On September 4 , 2013 , Mueller was replaced by James Comey . In June 2013 , Mueller defended NSA surveillance programs in testimony before a House Judiciary Committee hearing . He said that surveillance programs could have derailed the September 11 attacks . Congressman John Conyers disagreed : I am not persuaded that that makes it OK to collect every call . Mueller also testified that the governments surveillance programs complied in full with U.S . law and with basic rights guaranteed under the Constitution . He said that We are taking all necessary steps to hold Edward Snowden responsible for these disclosures . On June 19 , 2017 , in the case of Arar v . Ashcroft , Mueller , along with Ashcroft and former Immigration and Naturalization Services Commissioner James W . Ziglar and others , was shielded from civil liability by the Supreme Court for post-9/11 detention of Muslims under policies then brought into place . Return to private sector . After leaving the FBI in 2013 , Mueller served a one-year term as consulting professor and the Arthur and Frank Payne distinguished lecturer at Stanford University , where he focused on issues related to cybersecurity . In addition to his speaking and teaching roles , Mueller also joined the law firm WilmerHale as a partner in its Washington office in 2014 . Among other roles at the firm , he oversaw the independent investigation into the NFLs conduct surrounding the video that appeared to show NFL player Ray Rice assaulting his fiancée . In January 2016 , he was appointed as Settlement Master in the U.S . consumer litigation over the Volkswagen emissions scandal ; as of May 11 , 2017 , the scandal has resulted in $11.2billion in customer settlements . On October 19 , 2016 , Mueller began an external review of security , personnel , and management processes and practices at government contractor Booz Allen Hamilton after Harold T . Martin III was indicted for massive data theft from the National Security Agency . On April 6 , 2017 , he was appointed as Special Master for disbursement of $850million and $125million for automakers and consumers , respectively , affected by rupture-prone Takata airbags . Mueller received the 2016 Thayer Award for public service from the United States Military Academy . In June 2017 , he received the Baker Award for intelligence and national security contributions from the nonprofit Intelligence and National Security Alliance . In October 2019 it was announced that Mueller , along with James L . Quarles and Aaron Zebley , would return to WilmerHale to resume private practice . On July 11 , 2020 , Mueller wrote an op-ed on The Washington Post stating that Roger Stone “remains a convicted felon , and rightly so” after the President of the United States granted Roger Stone clemency and defended his investigation . Special Counsel for the Department of Justice . On May 16 , 2017 , Mueller met with President Trump as a courtesy to provide perspectives on the FBI and input on considerations for hiring a new FBI Director . This meeting was initially widely reported to have been an interview to serve again as the FBI Director . President Trump broached resuming the position in their meeting ; however , Mueller was ineligible to return as FBI Director due to statutory term limits , and Mueller lacked interest in resuming the position . The next day , Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Mueller to serve as special counsel for the United States Department of Justice . In this capacity , Mueller oversaw the investigation into any links and/or coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump , and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation . Muellers appointment to oversee the investigation immediately garnered widespread support from both Democrats and Republicans in Congress . Newt Gingrich , former Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives and prominent conservative political commentator , stated via Twitter that Robert Mueller is a superb choice to be special counsel . His reputation is impeccable for honesty and integrity . Senator Charles Schumer ( D-NY ) said , Former Director Mueller is exactly the right kind of individual for this job . I now have significantly greater confidence that the investigation will follow the facts wherever they lead . Senator Rob Portman ( R-OH ) stated , former FBI dir . Mueller is well qualified to oversee this probe . Some , however , pointed out an alleged conflict of interest . The federal code could not be clearer—Mueller is compromised by his apparent conflict of interest in being close with James Comey , Rep . Trent Franks ( R-AZ ) , who first called for Mueller to step down over the summer , said in a statement to Fox News . The appearance of a conflict is enough to put Mueller in violation of the code . … All of the revelations in recent weeks make the case stronger . Upon his appointment as special counsel , Mueller and two colleagues ( former FBI agent Aaron Zebley and former assistant special prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force James L . Quarles III ) resigned from WilmerHale . On May 23 , 2017 , the U.S . Department of Justice ethics experts announced they had declared Mueller ethically able to function as special counsel . The spokesperson for the special counsel , Peter Carr , told NBC News that Mueller has taken an active role in managing the inquiry . In an interview with the Associated Press , Rosenstein said he would recuse himself from supervision of Mueller if he were to become a subject in the investigation due to his role in the dismissal of James Comey . On June 14 , 2017 , The Washington Post reported that Muellers office is also investigating Trump personally for possible obstruction of justice , in reference to the Russian probe . The report was questioned by Trumps legal team attorney Jay Sekulow , who said on June 18 on NBCs Meet the Press , The President is not and has not been under investigation for obstruction , period . Due to the central role of the Trump family in the campaign , the transition , and the White House , the Presidents son-in-law , Jared Kushner , was also reportedly under scrutiny by Mueller . Also in June , Trump allegedly ordered the firing of Robert Mueller , but backed down when then-White House Counsel Don McGahn threatened to quit . During a discussion about national security at the Aspen security conference on July 21 , 2017 , former CIA director John Brennan reaffirmed his support for Mueller and called for members of Congress to resist if Trump fires Mueller . He also said it was the obligation of some executive-branch officials to refuse to carry out some of these orders that , again , are inconsistent with what this country is all about . After Peter Strzok , an investigator for Mueller , was removed from the investigation for alleged partiality , Senator Mark Warner , the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in a speech on December 20 , 2017 , before the Senate warned of a constitutional crisis if the President fired Mueller . On June 22 , 2018 , Warner hosted a fundraising party for 100 guests and was quoted there saying , If you get me one more glass of wine , Ill tell you stuff only Bob Mueller and I know . If you think youve seen wild stuff so far , buckle up . Its going to be a wild couple of months . On October 30 , 2017 , Mueller filed charges against former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and campaign co-chairman Rick Gates . The 12 charges include conspiracy to launder money , violations of the 1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act ( FARA ) as being an unregistered agent of a foreign principal , false and misleading FARA statements , and conspiracy against the United States . On December 1 , 2017 , Mueller reached a plea agreement with former national security adviser Michael Flynn , who pleaded guilty to giving false testimony to the FBI about his contacts with Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak . As part of Flynns negotiations , his son , Michael G . Flynn , was not expected to be charged , and Flynn was prepared to testify that high-level officials on Trumps team directed him to make contact with the Russians . On February 16 , 2018 , Mueller indicted 13 Russian individuals and 3 Russian companies for attempting to trick Americans into consuming Russian propaganda that targeted Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and later President-elect Donald Trump . On February 20 , 2018 , Mueller charged attorney Alex van der Zwaan with making false statements in the Russia probe . On May 20 , 2018 , Trump criticized Mueller , tweeting the Worlds most expensive Witch Hunt has found nothing on Russia & me so now they are looking at the rest of the World ! Mueller started investigating the August 2016 meeting between Donald Trump Jr . and an emissary for the crown princes of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates . The emissary offered help to the Trump presidential campaign . Mueller was also investigating the Trump campaigns possible ties to Turkey , Qatar , Israel , and China . On December 18 , 2018 , The Washington Post published an article concerning a report prepared for the U.S . Senate which stated that Russian disinformation teams had targeted Mueller . On March 22 , 2019 , Mueller concluded his investigation and submitted the Special Counsels final report to Attorney General William Barr . A senior Department of Justice official said that the report did not recommend any new indictments . On March 24 , Attorney General Barr submitted a summary of findings to the United States Congress . He stated in his letter , The Special Counsels investigation did not find that the Trump campaign or anyone associated with it conspired or coordinated with Russian in its efforts to influence the 2016 U.S . presidential election . Muellers report also reportedly did not take a stance on whether or not Trump committed obstruction of justice ; Barr quoted Mueller as saying while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime , it also does not exonerate him . On April 18 , 2019 , the Department of Justice released Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election , the special counsels final report and its conclusions . On May 29 , 2019 , Mueller announced that he was retiring as special counsel and that the office would be shut down , and he spoke publicly about the report for the first time . Saying The report is my testimony , he indicated he would have nothing to say that was not already in the report . On the subject of obstruction of justice , he said , under long-standing Department [ of Justice ] policy , a president cannot be charged with a crime while he is in office . He repeated his official conclusion that the report neither accused nor exonerated the president while adding that any potential wrongdoing by a president must be addressed by a process other than the criminal justice system . Mueller reasserted the involvement of Russian operatives in the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak and their parallel efforts to influence American public opinion using social media . Referring to those actions , he declared that there were multiple , systematic efforts to interfere in our election . That allegation deserves the attention of every American . Robert Mueller was initially scheduled to publicly testify before two House committees on July 17 , 2019 , with two hours for lawmakers to ask questions , but the hearing was postponed to July 24 with a third hour added for questions . His verbal testimony was expected to help inform the public—Democrats believe most Americans have not read the report—and to help Democratic leadership finally decide whether or not to impeach the President . In particular , the Democrats aimed to highlight what they consider to be the worst examples of Trumps conduct . Representative Jamie Raskin from Maryland said he would use visual aids , such as posters , to help people understand the implications of the Mueller report . Republicans , on the other hand , planned to question Mueller on the origins of this investigation . On July 24 , 2019 Mueller attended both congressional committee hearings and was questioned by members of congress . His testimony followed the guidelines he had stated would be appropriate regarding his report . In fact , many of his responses were one-word replies . He said he was not familiar with Fusion GPS , the opposition research firm that commissioned the Steele dossier . He rejected claims that his investigation was a witch hunt or that it totally exonerated the President . He declined to answer questions outside of the scope of his investigation , but reiterated his concern about foreign interference with American elections . He noted that it continues , that he expects it to expand to include other foreign governments as well as the Russians , and that he considers it a great threat to the United States . According to the Nielsen Company , total viewership for the Mueller hearing fell just shy of 13million , significantly lower than other hearings involving the Trump administration , such as Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaughs ( 20.4million ) , former FBI director James Comeys ( 19.5million ) , and former Trump attorney Michael Cohens ( 15.8million ) . Reasons for this comparatively low television rating include the fact that the hearing occurred in July , vacation time for many Americans , and months after the release of the Mueller report . Fox News Channel enjoyed the top rating , with 3.03million views . Subsequently , Muellers words were distorted and misinterpreted to both defend and condemn the President . Muellers testimony was criticized by some as uncharacteristically confusing . In late-September 2019 , it was reported Trump may have lied to Mueller about his knowledge of his campaigns contacts with WikiLeaks , citing the grand jury redactions in the Mueller Report . Political scientists William G . Howell and Terry M . Moe described Muellers decision not to take a position on obstruction of justice for Trump – despite compiling a mountain of incriminating evidence – as something that will surely go down as one of the strangest – and most consequential – moves in modern legal history . They added , in refusing to draw legal conclusions from his evidence , Mueller simply didnt do his job.. . because he didnt , he failed to carry out his duty to tell the American people what his investigation actually revealed about Trumps lawless behavior , and he failed to draw a bright line that would keep future presidents within legal bounds . Personal life . Mueller met his future wife , Ann Cabell Standish , at a high school party when they were 17 . Standish attended Miss Porters School in Farmington , Connecticut , and Sarah Lawrence College , before working as a special-education teacher for children with learning disabilities . In September 1966 , they married at St . Stephens Episcopal Church in Sewickley , Pennsylvania . They have two daughters and three grandchildren . One of their daughters was born with spina bifida . In 2001 , Muellers Senate confirmation hearings to head the FBI were delayed several months while he underwent treatment for prostate cancer . He was diagnosed in the fall of 2000 , postponing being sworn in as FBI director until he received a good prognosis from his physician . Although raised Presbyterian , he became an Episcopalian later in life . Mueller and William Barr—the attorney general who supervised the late stage of Muellers special counsel investigation—have known each other since the 1980s and have been described as good friends . Mueller attended the weddings of two of Barrs daughters , and their wives attend Bible study together . Military awards . Mueller received the following military awards and decorations : External links . - Profile at the Federal Bureau of Investigation and staff

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What position did Robert Mueller take between Nov 1999 and Nov 2000?

/wiki/Robert_Mueller#P39#1

Robert Mueller Robert Swan Mueller III ( ; born August 7 , 1944 ) is an American lawyer and government official who served as the sixth Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) from 2001 to 2013 . A graduate of Princeton University and New York University , Mueller served as a Marine Corps officer during the Vietnam War , receiving a Bronze Star for heroism and a Purple Heart . He subsequently attended the University of Virginia School of Law . Mueller is a registered Republican in Washington , D.C. , and was appointed and reappointed to Senate-confirmed positions by presidents George H . W . Bush , Bill Clinton , George W . Bush , and Barack Obama . Mueller has served both in government and private practice . He was an assistant United States attorney , a United States attorney , United States assistant attorney general for the Criminal Division , a homicide prosecutor in Washington , D.C. , acting United States deputy attorney general , partner at D.C . law firm WilmerHale and director of the FBI . On May 17 , 2017 , Mueller was appointed by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein as special counsel overseeing an investigation into allegations of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S . presidential election and related matters . He submitted his report to Attorney General William Barr on March 22 , 2019 . On April 18 , the Department of Justice released it . On May 29 , he resigned his post and the Office of the Special Counsel was closed . Early life and education . Mueller was born on August 7 , 1944 , at Doctors Hospital in the New York City borough of Manhattan , the first child of Alice C . Truesdale ( 1920–2007 ) and Robert Swan Mueller , Jr . ( 1916–2007 ) . He has four younger sisters : Susan , Sandra , Joan , and Patricia . His father was an executive with DuPont who had served as a Navy officer in the Atlantic and Mediterranean theaters during World War II . His father majored in psychology at Princeton University and played varsity lacrosse , both of which he followed ( see below ) . Mueller is of German , English , and Scottish descent . His paternal great-grandfather , Gustave A . Mueller , was a prominent doctor in Pittsburgh , whose own father , August C . E . Müller , had immigrated to the United States in 1855 from the Province of Pomerania in the Kingdom of Prussia ( a historical territory whose area included land now part of Poland and the north-eastern edge of Germany ) . On his mothers side , he is a great-grandson of the railroad executive William Truesdale . Mueller grew up in Princeton , New Jersey , where he attended Princeton Country Day School , now known as Princeton Day School . After he completed eighth grade , his family moved to Philadelphia while Mueller himself went on to attend St . Pauls School in Concord , New Hampshire for high school , where he was captain of the soccer , hockey , and lacrosse teams and won the Gordon Medal as the schools top athlete in 1962 . A lacrosse teammate and classmate at St . Pauls School was future Massachusetts Senator and Secretary of State John Kerry . After graduating from St . Pauls , Mueller entered Princeton University , where he continued to play lacrosse , receiving a Bachelor of Arts in politics in 1966 after completing a senior thesis titled Acceptance of Jurisdiction in the South West Africa Cases . Mueller was a member of University Cottage Club while he was a student at Princeton . Mueller earned a Master of Arts in international relations from New York University in 1967 . In 1968 , Mueller joined the United States Marine Corps . After his military service , he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law where he served on the Virginia Law Review and graduated in 1973 . United States Marine Corps service . Mueller has cited the combat death of his Princeton lacrosse teammate David Spencer Hackett in the Vietnam War as an influence on his decision to pursue military service . Of his classmate , Mueller has said , One of the reasons I went into the Marine Corps was because we lost a very good friend , a Marine in Vietnam , who was a year ahead of me at Princeton . There were a number of us who felt we should follow his example and at least go into the service . And it flows from there . Hackett was a Marine Corps first lieutenant in the infantry and was killed in 1967 in Quảng Trị Province by small arms fire . After waiting a year so a knee injury could heal , Mueller was accepted for officer training in the United States Marine Corps in 1968 , attending training at Parris Island , Officer Candidate School , Army Ranger School , and Army jump school . Of these , he said later that he considered Ranger School the most valuable because he felt more than anything teaches you about how you react with no sleep and nothing to eat . In the summer of 1968 , he was sent to South Vietnam , where he served as a rifle platoon leader as a second lieutenant with Second Platoon , H Company , 2nd Battalion , 4th Marines , 3rd Marine Division . On December 11 , 1968 , during an engagement in Operation Scotland II , he earned the Bronze Star with V device for combat valor for rescuing a wounded Marine under enemy fire during an ambush in which he saw half of his platoon become casualties . In April 1969 , he received an enemy gunshot wound in the thigh , recovered , and returned to lead his platoon until June 1969 . For his service in and during the Vietnam War , his military decorations and awards include : the Bronze Star Medal with Combat V , Purple Heart Medal , two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals with Combat V , Combat Action Ribbon , National Defense Service Medal , Vietnam Service Medal with four service stars , Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross , Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal , and Parachutist Badge . After recuperating at a field hospital near Da Nang , Mueller became aide-de-camp to 3rd Marine Divisions commanding general , then–Major General William K . Jones , where he significantly contributed to the rapport Jones had with other officers , according to one report . Mueller had originally considered making the Marines his career , but he explained later that he found non-combat life in the Corps to be unexciting . After returning from South Vietnam , Mueller was briefly stationed at Henderson Hall , before leaving active-duty service in August 1970 at the rank of captain . Reflecting on his service in the Vietnam War , Mueller said , I consider myself exceptionally lucky to have made it out of Vietnam . There were many—many—who did not . And perhaps because I did survive Vietnam , I have always felt compelled to contribute . In 2009 , he told a writer that despite his other accomplishments , he was still most proud the Marine Corps deemed me worthy of leading other Marines . Career . Private practice and Department of Justice . After receiving his Juris Doctor in 1973 from the University of Virginia School of Law , Mueller worked as a litigator at the firm Pillsbury , Madison and Sutro in San Francisco until 1976 . He then served for 12 years in United States Attorney offices . He first worked in the office of the U.S . Attorney for the Northern District of California in San Francisco , where he rose to be chief of the criminal division , and in 1982 , he moved to Boston to work in the office of the U.S . Attorney for Massachusetts as an Assistant United States Attorney , where he investigated and prosecuted major financial fraud , terrorism and public corruption cases , as well as narcotics conspiracies and international money launderers . After serving as a partner at the Boston law firm of Hill and Barlow , Mueller returned to government service . In 1989 , he served in the United States Department of Justice as an assistant to Attorney General Dick Thornburgh and as acting Deputy Attorney General . James Baker , with whom he worked on national security matters , said he had an appreciation for the Constitution and the rule of law . In 1990 , he became the United States Assistant Attorney General in charge of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division . During his tenure , he oversaw prosecutions including that of Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega , the Pan Am Flight 103 ( Lockerbie bombing ) case , and of the Gambino crime family boss John Gotti . In 1991 , he declared the government had been investigating the Bank of Credit and Commerce International ( BCCI ) since 1986 in more-than-usual media exposure . Also in 1991 , he was elected a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers . In 1993 , Mueller became a partner at Bostons Hale and Dorr , specializing in white-collar crime litigation . He returned to public service in 1995 as senior litigator in the homicide section of the District of Columbia United States Attorneys Office . In 1998 , Mueller was named U.S . Attorney for the Northern District of California and held that position until 2001 . Federal Bureau of Investigation . President George W . Bush nominated Mueller for the position of FBI director on July 5 , 2001 . He and two other candidates , Washington lawyer George J . Terwilliger III and veteran Chicago prosecutor and white-collar crime defense lawyer Dan Webb , were up for the job , but Mueller , described at the time as a conservative Republican , was always considered the front-runner . Terwilliger and Webb both pulled out from consideration around mid-June , while confirmation hearings for Mueller before the Senate Judiciary Committee were quickly set for July 30 , only three days before his prostate cancer surgery . The Senate unanimously confirmed Mueller as FBI director on August 2 , 2001 , voting 98–0 in favor of his appointment . He had previously served as acting deputy attorney general of the United States Department of Justice ( DOJ ) for several months before officially becoming the FBI director on September 4 , 2001 , one week before the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon . On February 11 , 2003 , one month before the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq , Mueller gave testimony to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence . Mueller informed the American public that [ s ] even countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism—Iran , Iraq , Syria , Sudan , Libya , Cuba , and North Korea—remain active in the United States and continue to support terrorist groups that have targeted Americans . As Director Tenet has pointed out , Secretary Powell presented evidence last week that Baghdad has failed to disarm its weapons of mass destruction , willfully attempting to evade and deceive the international community . Our particular concern is that Saddam Hussein may supply terrorists with biological , chemical or radiological material . Highlighting this worry in February 2003 , FBI Special Agent Coleen Rowley wrote an open letter to Mueller in which she warned that the bureau will [ not ] be able to stem the flood of terrorism that will likely head our way in the wake of an attack on Iraq and encouraged Mueller to share [ her concerns ] with the President and Attorney General . On March 10 , 2004 , while United States Attorney General John Ashcroft was at the George Washington University Hospital for gallbladder surgery , James Comey , the then deputy attorney general , received a call from Ashcrofts wife informing him that White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card and White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales were about to visit Ashcroft to convince him to renew a program of warrantless wiretapping under the Terrorist Surveillance Program which the DOJ ruled unconstitutional . Ashcroft refused to sign , as he had previously agreed , but the following day the White House renewed the program anyway . Mueller and Comey then threatened to resign . On March 12 , 2004 , after private , individual meetings with Mueller and Comey at the White House , the president supported changing the program to satisfy the concerns of Mueller , Ashcroft , and Comey . He was inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame in 2004 . As director , Mueller also barred FBI personnel from participating in enhanced interrogations with the CIA . At a dinner , Mueller defended an attorney ( Thomas Wilner ) who had been attacked for his role in defending Kuwaiti detainees . Mueller stood up , raised his glass , and said , I toast Tom Wilner . Hes doing what an American should . However , the White House pushed back , encouraging more vigorous methods of pursuing and interrogating terror suspects . When Bush confronted Mueller to ask him to round up more terrorists in the U.S. , Mueller responded , saying , If they [ suspects ] dont commit a crime , it would be difficult to identify and isolate them . Vice President Dick Cheney objected by saying , Thats just not good enough . Were hearing this too much from the FBI . In May 2011 , President Barack Obama asked Mueller to continue at the helm of the FBI for two additional years beyond his normal 10-year term , which would have expired on September 4 , 2011 . The Senate approved this request 100–0 on July 27 , 2011 . On September 4 , 2013 , Mueller was replaced by James Comey . In June 2013 , Mueller defended NSA surveillance programs in testimony before a House Judiciary Committee hearing . He said that surveillance programs could have derailed the September 11 attacks . Congressman John Conyers disagreed : I am not persuaded that that makes it OK to collect every call . Mueller also testified that the governments surveillance programs complied in full with U.S . law and with basic rights guaranteed under the Constitution . He said that We are taking all necessary steps to hold Edward Snowden responsible for these disclosures . On June 19 , 2017 , in the case of Arar v . Ashcroft , Mueller , along with Ashcroft and former Immigration and Naturalization Services Commissioner James W . Ziglar and others , was shielded from civil liability by the Supreme Court for post-9/11 detention of Muslims under policies then brought into place . Return to private sector . After leaving the FBI in 2013 , Mueller served a one-year term as consulting professor and the Arthur and Frank Payne distinguished lecturer at Stanford University , where he focused on issues related to cybersecurity . In addition to his speaking and teaching roles , Mueller also joined the law firm WilmerHale as a partner in its Washington office in 2014 . Among other roles at the firm , he oversaw the independent investigation into the NFLs conduct surrounding the video that appeared to show NFL player Ray Rice assaulting his fiancée . In January 2016 , he was appointed as Settlement Master in the U.S . consumer litigation over the Volkswagen emissions scandal ; as of May 11 , 2017 , the scandal has resulted in $11.2billion in customer settlements . On October 19 , 2016 , Mueller began an external review of security , personnel , and management processes and practices at government contractor Booz Allen Hamilton after Harold T . Martin III was indicted for massive data theft from the National Security Agency . On April 6 , 2017 , he was appointed as Special Master for disbursement of $850million and $125million for automakers and consumers , respectively , affected by rupture-prone Takata airbags . Mueller received the 2016 Thayer Award for public service from the United States Military Academy . In June 2017 , he received the Baker Award for intelligence and national security contributions from the nonprofit Intelligence and National Security Alliance . In October 2019 it was announced that Mueller , along with James L . Quarles and Aaron Zebley , would return to WilmerHale to resume private practice . On July 11 , 2020 , Mueller wrote an op-ed on The Washington Post stating that Roger Stone “remains a convicted felon , and rightly so” after the President of the United States granted Roger Stone clemency and defended his investigation . Special Counsel for the Department of Justice . On May 16 , 2017 , Mueller met with President Trump as a courtesy to provide perspectives on the FBI and input on considerations for hiring a new FBI Director . This meeting was initially widely reported to have been an interview to serve again as the FBI Director . President Trump broached resuming the position in their meeting ; however , Mueller was ineligible to return as FBI Director due to statutory term limits , and Mueller lacked interest in resuming the position . The next day , Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Mueller to serve as special counsel for the United States Department of Justice . In this capacity , Mueller oversaw the investigation into any links and/or coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump , and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation . Muellers appointment to oversee the investigation immediately garnered widespread support from both Democrats and Republicans in Congress . Newt Gingrich , former Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives and prominent conservative political commentator , stated via Twitter that Robert Mueller is a superb choice to be special counsel . His reputation is impeccable for honesty and integrity . Senator Charles Schumer ( D-NY ) said , Former Director Mueller is exactly the right kind of individual for this job . I now have significantly greater confidence that the investigation will follow the facts wherever they lead . Senator Rob Portman ( R-OH ) stated , former FBI dir . Mueller is well qualified to oversee this probe . Some , however , pointed out an alleged conflict of interest . The federal code could not be clearer—Mueller is compromised by his apparent conflict of interest in being close with James Comey , Rep . Trent Franks ( R-AZ ) , who first called for Mueller to step down over the summer , said in a statement to Fox News . The appearance of a conflict is enough to put Mueller in violation of the code . … All of the revelations in recent weeks make the case stronger . Upon his appointment as special counsel , Mueller and two colleagues ( former FBI agent Aaron Zebley and former assistant special prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force James L . Quarles III ) resigned from WilmerHale . On May 23 , 2017 , the U.S . Department of Justice ethics experts announced they had declared Mueller ethically able to function as special counsel . The spokesperson for the special counsel , Peter Carr , told NBC News that Mueller has taken an active role in managing the inquiry . In an interview with the Associated Press , Rosenstein said he would recuse himself from supervision of Mueller if he were to become a subject in the investigation due to his role in the dismissal of James Comey . On June 14 , 2017 , The Washington Post reported that Muellers office is also investigating Trump personally for possible obstruction of justice , in reference to the Russian probe . The report was questioned by Trumps legal team attorney Jay Sekulow , who said on June 18 on NBCs Meet the Press , The President is not and has not been under investigation for obstruction , period . Due to the central role of the Trump family in the campaign , the transition , and the White House , the Presidents son-in-law , Jared Kushner , was also reportedly under scrutiny by Mueller . Also in June , Trump allegedly ordered the firing of Robert Mueller , but backed down when then-White House Counsel Don McGahn threatened to quit . During a discussion about national security at the Aspen security conference on July 21 , 2017 , former CIA director John Brennan reaffirmed his support for Mueller and called for members of Congress to resist if Trump fires Mueller . He also said it was the obligation of some executive-branch officials to refuse to carry out some of these orders that , again , are inconsistent with what this country is all about . After Peter Strzok , an investigator for Mueller , was removed from the investigation for alleged partiality , Senator Mark Warner , the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in a speech on December 20 , 2017 , before the Senate warned of a constitutional crisis if the President fired Mueller . On June 22 , 2018 , Warner hosted a fundraising party for 100 guests and was quoted there saying , If you get me one more glass of wine , Ill tell you stuff only Bob Mueller and I know . If you think youve seen wild stuff so far , buckle up . Its going to be a wild couple of months . On October 30 , 2017 , Mueller filed charges against former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and campaign co-chairman Rick Gates . The 12 charges include conspiracy to launder money , violations of the 1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act ( FARA ) as being an unregistered agent of a foreign principal , false and misleading FARA statements , and conspiracy against the United States . On December 1 , 2017 , Mueller reached a plea agreement with former national security adviser Michael Flynn , who pleaded guilty to giving false testimony to the FBI about his contacts with Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak . As part of Flynns negotiations , his son , Michael G . Flynn , was not expected to be charged , and Flynn was prepared to testify that high-level officials on Trumps team directed him to make contact with the Russians . On February 16 , 2018 , Mueller indicted 13 Russian individuals and 3 Russian companies for attempting to trick Americans into consuming Russian propaganda that targeted Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and later President-elect Donald Trump . On February 20 , 2018 , Mueller charged attorney Alex van der Zwaan with making false statements in the Russia probe . On May 20 , 2018 , Trump criticized Mueller , tweeting the Worlds most expensive Witch Hunt has found nothing on Russia & me so now they are looking at the rest of the World ! Mueller started investigating the August 2016 meeting between Donald Trump Jr . and an emissary for the crown princes of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates . The emissary offered help to the Trump presidential campaign . Mueller was also investigating the Trump campaigns possible ties to Turkey , Qatar , Israel , and China . On December 18 , 2018 , The Washington Post published an article concerning a report prepared for the U.S . Senate which stated that Russian disinformation teams had targeted Mueller . On March 22 , 2019 , Mueller concluded his investigation and submitted the Special Counsels final report to Attorney General William Barr . A senior Department of Justice official said that the report did not recommend any new indictments . On March 24 , Attorney General Barr submitted a summary of findings to the United States Congress . He stated in his letter , The Special Counsels investigation did not find that the Trump campaign or anyone associated with it conspired or coordinated with Russian in its efforts to influence the 2016 U.S . presidential election . Muellers report also reportedly did not take a stance on whether or not Trump committed obstruction of justice ; Barr quoted Mueller as saying while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime , it also does not exonerate him . On April 18 , 2019 , the Department of Justice released Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election , the special counsels final report and its conclusions . On May 29 , 2019 , Mueller announced that he was retiring as special counsel and that the office would be shut down , and he spoke publicly about the report for the first time . Saying The report is my testimony , he indicated he would have nothing to say that was not already in the report . On the subject of obstruction of justice , he said , under long-standing Department [ of Justice ] policy , a president cannot be charged with a crime while he is in office . He repeated his official conclusion that the report neither accused nor exonerated the president while adding that any potential wrongdoing by a president must be addressed by a process other than the criminal justice system . Mueller reasserted the involvement of Russian operatives in the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak and their parallel efforts to influence American public opinion using social media . Referring to those actions , he declared that there were multiple , systematic efforts to interfere in our election . That allegation deserves the attention of every American . Robert Mueller was initially scheduled to publicly testify before two House committees on July 17 , 2019 , with two hours for lawmakers to ask questions , but the hearing was postponed to July 24 with a third hour added for questions . His verbal testimony was expected to help inform the public—Democrats believe most Americans have not read the report—and to help Democratic leadership finally decide whether or not to impeach the President . In particular , the Democrats aimed to highlight what they consider to be the worst examples of Trumps conduct . Representative Jamie Raskin from Maryland said he would use visual aids , such as posters , to help people understand the implications of the Mueller report . Republicans , on the other hand , planned to question Mueller on the origins of this investigation . On July 24 , 2019 Mueller attended both congressional committee hearings and was questioned by members of congress . His testimony followed the guidelines he had stated would be appropriate regarding his report . In fact , many of his responses were one-word replies . He said he was not familiar with Fusion GPS , the opposition research firm that commissioned the Steele dossier . He rejected claims that his investigation was a witch hunt or that it totally exonerated the President . He declined to answer questions outside of the scope of his investigation , but reiterated his concern about foreign interference with American elections . He noted that it continues , that he expects it to expand to include other foreign governments as well as the Russians , and that he considers it a great threat to the United States . According to the Nielsen Company , total viewership for the Mueller hearing fell just shy of 13million , significantly lower than other hearings involving the Trump administration , such as Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaughs ( 20.4million ) , former FBI director James Comeys ( 19.5million ) , and former Trump attorney Michael Cohens ( 15.8million ) . Reasons for this comparatively low television rating include the fact that the hearing occurred in July , vacation time for many Americans , and months after the release of the Mueller report . Fox News Channel enjoyed the top rating , with 3.03million views . Subsequently , Muellers words were distorted and misinterpreted to both defend and condemn the President . Muellers testimony was criticized by some as uncharacteristically confusing . In late-September 2019 , it was reported Trump may have lied to Mueller about his knowledge of his campaigns contacts with WikiLeaks , citing the grand jury redactions in the Mueller Report . Political scientists William G . Howell and Terry M . Moe described Muellers decision not to take a position on obstruction of justice for Trump – despite compiling a mountain of incriminating evidence – as something that will surely go down as one of the strangest – and most consequential – moves in modern legal history . They added , in refusing to draw legal conclusions from his evidence , Mueller simply didnt do his job.. . because he didnt , he failed to carry out his duty to tell the American people what his investigation actually revealed about Trumps lawless behavior , and he failed to draw a bright line that would keep future presidents within legal bounds . Personal life . Mueller met his future wife , Ann Cabell Standish , at a high school party when they were 17 . Standish attended Miss Porters School in Farmington , Connecticut , and Sarah Lawrence College , before working as a special-education teacher for children with learning disabilities . In September 1966 , they married at St . Stephens Episcopal Church in Sewickley , Pennsylvania . They have two daughters and three grandchildren . One of their daughters was born with spina bifida . In 2001 , Muellers Senate confirmation hearings to head the FBI were delayed several months while he underwent treatment for prostate cancer . He was diagnosed in the fall of 2000 , postponing being sworn in as FBI director until he received a good prognosis from his physician . Although raised Presbyterian , he became an Episcopalian later in life . Mueller and William Barr—the attorney general who supervised the late stage of Muellers special counsel investigation—have known each other since the 1980s and have been described as good friends . Mueller attended the weddings of two of Barrs daughters , and their wives attend Bible study together . Military awards . Mueller received the following military awards and decorations : External links . - Profile at the Federal Bureau of Investigation and staff

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What position did Robert Mueller take between Apr 2001 and May 2001?

/wiki/Robert_Mueller#P39#2

Robert Mueller Robert Swan Mueller III ( ; born August 7 , 1944 ) is an American lawyer and government official who served as the sixth Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) from 2001 to 2013 . A graduate of Princeton University and New York University , Mueller served as a Marine Corps officer during the Vietnam War , receiving a Bronze Star for heroism and a Purple Heart . He subsequently attended the University of Virginia School of Law . Mueller is a registered Republican in Washington , D.C. , and was appointed and reappointed to Senate-confirmed positions by presidents George H . W . Bush , Bill Clinton , George W . Bush , and Barack Obama . Mueller has served both in government and private practice . He was an assistant United States attorney , a United States attorney , United States assistant attorney general for the Criminal Division , a homicide prosecutor in Washington , D.C. , acting United States deputy attorney general , partner at D.C . law firm WilmerHale and director of the FBI . On May 17 , 2017 , Mueller was appointed by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein as special counsel overseeing an investigation into allegations of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S . presidential election and related matters . He submitted his report to Attorney General William Barr on March 22 , 2019 . On April 18 , the Department of Justice released it . On May 29 , he resigned his post and the Office of the Special Counsel was closed . Early life and education . Mueller was born on August 7 , 1944 , at Doctors Hospital in the New York City borough of Manhattan , the first child of Alice C . Truesdale ( 1920–2007 ) and Robert Swan Mueller , Jr . ( 1916–2007 ) . He has four younger sisters : Susan , Sandra , Joan , and Patricia . His father was an executive with DuPont who had served as a Navy officer in the Atlantic and Mediterranean theaters during World War II . His father majored in psychology at Princeton University and played varsity lacrosse , both of which he followed ( see below ) . Mueller is of German , English , and Scottish descent . His paternal great-grandfather , Gustave A . Mueller , was a prominent doctor in Pittsburgh , whose own father , August C . E . Müller , had immigrated to the United States in 1855 from the Province of Pomerania in the Kingdom of Prussia ( a historical territory whose area included land now part of Poland and the north-eastern edge of Germany ) . On his mothers side , he is a great-grandson of the railroad executive William Truesdale . Mueller grew up in Princeton , New Jersey , where he attended Princeton Country Day School , now known as Princeton Day School . After he completed eighth grade , his family moved to Philadelphia while Mueller himself went on to attend St . Pauls School in Concord , New Hampshire for high school , where he was captain of the soccer , hockey , and lacrosse teams and won the Gordon Medal as the schools top athlete in 1962 . A lacrosse teammate and classmate at St . Pauls School was future Massachusetts Senator and Secretary of State John Kerry . After graduating from St . Pauls , Mueller entered Princeton University , where he continued to play lacrosse , receiving a Bachelor of Arts in politics in 1966 after completing a senior thesis titled Acceptance of Jurisdiction in the South West Africa Cases . Mueller was a member of University Cottage Club while he was a student at Princeton . Mueller earned a Master of Arts in international relations from New York University in 1967 . In 1968 , Mueller joined the United States Marine Corps . After his military service , he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law where he served on the Virginia Law Review and graduated in 1973 . United States Marine Corps service . Mueller has cited the combat death of his Princeton lacrosse teammate David Spencer Hackett in the Vietnam War as an influence on his decision to pursue military service . Of his classmate , Mueller has said , One of the reasons I went into the Marine Corps was because we lost a very good friend , a Marine in Vietnam , who was a year ahead of me at Princeton . There were a number of us who felt we should follow his example and at least go into the service . And it flows from there . Hackett was a Marine Corps first lieutenant in the infantry and was killed in 1967 in Quảng Trị Province by small arms fire . After waiting a year so a knee injury could heal , Mueller was accepted for officer training in the United States Marine Corps in 1968 , attending training at Parris Island , Officer Candidate School , Army Ranger School , and Army jump school . Of these , he said later that he considered Ranger School the most valuable because he felt more than anything teaches you about how you react with no sleep and nothing to eat . In the summer of 1968 , he was sent to South Vietnam , where he served as a rifle platoon leader as a second lieutenant with Second Platoon , H Company , 2nd Battalion , 4th Marines , 3rd Marine Division . On December 11 , 1968 , during an engagement in Operation Scotland II , he earned the Bronze Star with V device for combat valor for rescuing a wounded Marine under enemy fire during an ambush in which he saw half of his platoon become casualties . In April 1969 , he received an enemy gunshot wound in the thigh , recovered , and returned to lead his platoon until June 1969 . For his service in and during the Vietnam War , his military decorations and awards include : the Bronze Star Medal with Combat V , Purple Heart Medal , two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals with Combat V , Combat Action Ribbon , National Defense Service Medal , Vietnam Service Medal with four service stars , Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross , Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal , and Parachutist Badge . After recuperating at a field hospital near Da Nang , Mueller became aide-de-camp to 3rd Marine Divisions commanding general , then–Major General William K . Jones , where he significantly contributed to the rapport Jones had with other officers , according to one report . Mueller had originally considered making the Marines his career , but he explained later that he found non-combat life in the Corps to be unexciting . After returning from South Vietnam , Mueller was briefly stationed at Henderson Hall , before leaving active-duty service in August 1970 at the rank of captain . Reflecting on his service in the Vietnam War , Mueller said , I consider myself exceptionally lucky to have made it out of Vietnam . There were many—many—who did not . And perhaps because I did survive Vietnam , I have always felt compelled to contribute . In 2009 , he told a writer that despite his other accomplishments , he was still most proud the Marine Corps deemed me worthy of leading other Marines . Career . Private practice and Department of Justice . After receiving his Juris Doctor in 1973 from the University of Virginia School of Law , Mueller worked as a litigator at the firm Pillsbury , Madison and Sutro in San Francisco until 1976 . He then served for 12 years in United States Attorney offices . He first worked in the office of the U.S . Attorney for the Northern District of California in San Francisco , where he rose to be chief of the criminal division , and in 1982 , he moved to Boston to work in the office of the U.S . Attorney for Massachusetts as an Assistant United States Attorney , where he investigated and prosecuted major financial fraud , terrorism and public corruption cases , as well as narcotics conspiracies and international money launderers . After serving as a partner at the Boston law firm of Hill and Barlow , Mueller returned to government service . In 1989 , he served in the United States Department of Justice as an assistant to Attorney General Dick Thornburgh and as acting Deputy Attorney General . James Baker , with whom he worked on national security matters , said he had an appreciation for the Constitution and the rule of law . In 1990 , he became the United States Assistant Attorney General in charge of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division . During his tenure , he oversaw prosecutions including that of Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega , the Pan Am Flight 103 ( Lockerbie bombing ) case , and of the Gambino crime family boss John Gotti . In 1991 , he declared the government had been investigating the Bank of Credit and Commerce International ( BCCI ) since 1986 in more-than-usual media exposure . Also in 1991 , he was elected a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers . In 1993 , Mueller became a partner at Bostons Hale and Dorr , specializing in white-collar crime litigation . He returned to public service in 1995 as senior litigator in the homicide section of the District of Columbia United States Attorneys Office . In 1998 , Mueller was named U.S . Attorney for the Northern District of California and held that position until 2001 . Federal Bureau of Investigation . President George W . Bush nominated Mueller for the position of FBI director on July 5 , 2001 . He and two other candidates , Washington lawyer George J . Terwilliger III and veteran Chicago prosecutor and white-collar crime defense lawyer Dan Webb , were up for the job , but Mueller , described at the time as a conservative Republican , was always considered the front-runner . Terwilliger and Webb both pulled out from consideration around mid-June , while confirmation hearings for Mueller before the Senate Judiciary Committee were quickly set for July 30 , only three days before his prostate cancer surgery . The Senate unanimously confirmed Mueller as FBI director on August 2 , 2001 , voting 98–0 in favor of his appointment . He had previously served as acting deputy attorney general of the United States Department of Justice ( DOJ ) for several months before officially becoming the FBI director on September 4 , 2001 , one week before the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon . On February 11 , 2003 , one month before the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq , Mueller gave testimony to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence . Mueller informed the American public that [ s ] even countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism—Iran , Iraq , Syria , Sudan , Libya , Cuba , and North Korea—remain active in the United States and continue to support terrorist groups that have targeted Americans . As Director Tenet has pointed out , Secretary Powell presented evidence last week that Baghdad has failed to disarm its weapons of mass destruction , willfully attempting to evade and deceive the international community . Our particular concern is that Saddam Hussein may supply terrorists with biological , chemical or radiological material . Highlighting this worry in February 2003 , FBI Special Agent Coleen Rowley wrote an open letter to Mueller in which she warned that the bureau will [ not ] be able to stem the flood of terrorism that will likely head our way in the wake of an attack on Iraq and encouraged Mueller to share [ her concerns ] with the President and Attorney General . On March 10 , 2004 , while United States Attorney General John Ashcroft was at the George Washington University Hospital for gallbladder surgery , James Comey , the then deputy attorney general , received a call from Ashcrofts wife informing him that White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card and White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales were about to visit Ashcroft to convince him to renew a program of warrantless wiretapping under the Terrorist Surveillance Program which the DOJ ruled unconstitutional . Ashcroft refused to sign , as he had previously agreed , but the following day the White House renewed the program anyway . Mueller and Comey then threatened to resign . On March 12 , 2004 , after private , individual meetings with Mueller and Comey at the White House , the president supported changing the program to satisfy the concerns of Mueller , Ashcroft , and Comey . He was inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame in 2004 . As director , Mueller also barred FBI personnel from participating in enhanced interrogations with the CIA . At a dinner , Mueller defended an attorney ( Thomas Wilner ) who had been attacked for his role in defending Kuwaiti detainees . Mueller stood up , raised his glass , and said , I toast Tom Wilner . Hes doing what an American should . However , the White House pushed back , encouraging more vigorous methods of pursuing and interrogating terror suspects . When Bush confronted Mueller to ask him to round up more terrorists in the U.S. , Mueller responded , saying , If they [ suspects ] dont commit a crime , it would be difficult to identify and isolate them . Vice President Dick Cheney objected by saying , Thats just not good enough . Were hearing this too much from the FBI . In May 2011 , President Barack Obama asked Mueller to continue at the helm of the FBI for two additional years beyond his normal 10-year term , which would have expired on September 4 , 2011 . The Senate approved this request 100–0 on July 27 , 2011 . On September 4 , 2013 , Mueller was replaced by James Comey . In June 2013 , Mueller defended NSA surveillance programs in testimony before a House Judiciary Committee hearing . He said that surveillance programs could have derailed the September 11 attacks . Congressman John Conyers disagreed : I am not persuaded that that makes it OK to collect every call . Mueller also testified that the governments surveillance programs complied in full with U.S . law and with basic rights guaranteed under the Constitution . He said that We are taking all necessary steps to hold Edward Snowden responsible for these disclosures . On June 19 , 2017 , in the case of Arar v . Ashcroft , Mueller , along with Ashcroft and former Immigration and Naturalization Services Commissioner James W . Ziglar and others , was shielded from civil liability by the Supreme Court for post-9/11 detention of Muslims under policies then brought into place . Return to private sector . After leaving the FBI in 2013 , Mueller served a one-year term as consulting professor and the Arthur and Frank Payne distinguished lecturer at Stanford University , where he focused on issues related to cybersecurity . In addition to his speaking and teaching roles , Mueller also joined the law firm WilmerHale as a partner in its Washington office in 2014 . Among other roles at the firm , he oversaw the independent investigation into the NFLs conduct surrounding the video that appeared to show NFL player Ray Rice assaulting his fiancée . In January 2016 , he was appointed as Settlement Master in the U.S . consumer litigation over the Volkswagen emissions scandal ; as of May 11 , 2017 , the scandal has resulted in $11.2billion in customer settlements . On October 19 , 2016 , Mueller began an external review of security , personnel , and management processes and practices at government contractor Booz Allen Hamilton after Harold T . Martin III was indicted for massive data theft from the National Security Agency . On April 6 , 2017 , he was appointed as Special Master for disbursement of $850million and $125million for automakers and consumers , respectively , affected by rupture-prone Takata airbags . Mueller received the 2016 Thayer Award for public service from the United States Military Academy . In June 2017 , he received the Baker Award for intelligence and national security contributions from the nonprofit Intelligence and National Security Alliance . In October 2019 it was announced that Mueller , along with James L . Quarles and Aaron Zebley , would return to WilmerHale to resume private practice . On July 11 , 2020 , Mueller wrote an op-ed on The Washington Post stating that Roger Stone “remains a convicted felon , and rightly so” after the President of the United States granted Roger Stone clemency and defended his investigation . Special Counsel for the Department of Justice . On May 16 , 2017 , Mueller met with President Trump as a courtesy to provide perspectives on the FBI and input on considerations for hiring a new FBI Director . This meeting was initially widely reported to have been an interview to serve again as the FBI Director . President Trump broached resuming the position in their meeting ; however , Mueller was ineligible to return as FBI Director due to statutory term limits , and Mueller lacked interest in resuming the position . The next day , Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Mueller to serve as special counsel for the United States Department of Justice . In this capacity , Mueller oversaw the investigation into any links and/or coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump , and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation . Muellers appointment to oversee the investigation immediately garnered widespread support from both Democrats and Republicans in Congress . Newt Gingrich , former Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives and prominent conservative political commentator , stated via Twitter that Robert Mueller is a superb choice to be special counsel . His reputation is impeccable for honesty and integrity . Senator Charles Schumer ( D-NY ) said , Former Director Mueller is exactly the right kind of individual for this job . I now have significantly greater confidence that the investigation will follow the facts wherever they lead . Senator Rob Portman ( R-OH ) stated , former FBI dir . Mueller is well qualified to oversee this probe . Some , however , pointed out an alleged conflict of interest . The federal code could not be clearer—Mueller is compromised by his apparent conflict of interest in being close with James Comey , Rep . Trent Franks ( R-AZ ) , who first called for Mueller to step down over the summer , said in a statement to Fox News . The appearance of a conflict is enough to put Mueller in violation of the code . … All of the revelations in recent weeks make the case stronger . Upon his appointment as special counsel , Mueller and two colleagues ( former FBI agent Aaron Zebley and former assistant special prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force James L . Quarles III ) resigned from WilmerHale . On May 23 , 2017 , the U.S . Department of Justice ethics experts announced they had declared Mueller ethically able to function as special counsel . The spokesperson for the special counsel , Peter Carr , told NBC News that Mueller has taken an active role in managing the inquiry . In an interview with the Associated Press , Rosenstein said he would recuse himself from supervision of Mueller if he were to become a subject in the investigation due to his role in the dismissal of James Comey . On June 14 , 2017 , The Washington Post reported that Muellers office is also investigating Trump personally for possible obstruction of justice , in reference to the Russian probe . The report was questioned by Trumps legal team attorney Jay Sekulow , who said on June 18 on NBCs Meet the Press , The President is not and has not been under investigation for obstruction , period . Due to the central role of the Trump family in the campaign , the transition , and the White House , the Presidents son-in-law , Jared Kushner , was also reportedly under scrutiny by Mueller . Also in June , Trump allegedly ordered the firing of Robert Mueller , but backed down when then-White House Counsel Don McGahn threatened to quit . During a discussion about national security at the Aspen security conference on July 21 , 2017 , former CIA director John Brennan reaffirmed his support for Mueller and called for members of Congress to resist if Trump fires Mueller . He also said it was the obligation of some executive-branch officials to refuse to carry out some of these orders that , again , are inconsistent with what this country is all about . After Peter Strzok , an investigator for Mueller , was removed from the investigation for alleged partiality , Senator Mark Warner , the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in a speech on December 20 , 2017 , before the Senate warned of a constitutional crisis if the President fired Mueller . On June 22 , 2018 , Warner hosted a fundraising party for 100 guests and was quoted there saying , If you get me one more glass of wine , Ill tell you stuff only Bob Mueller and I know . If you think youve seen wild stuff so far , buckle up . Its going to be a wild couple of months . On October 30 , 2017 , Mueller filed charges against former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and campaign co-chairman Rick Gates . The 12 charges include conspiracy to launder money , violations of the 1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act ( FARA ) as being an unregistered agent of a foreign principal , false and misleading FARA statements , and conspiracy against the United States . On December 1 , 2017 , Mueller reached a plea agreement with former national security adviser Michael Flynn , who pleaded guilty to giving false testimony to the FBI about his contacts with Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak . As part of Flynns negotiations , his son , Michael G . Flynn , was not expected to be charged , and Flynn was prepared to testify that high-level officials on Trumps team directed him to make contact with the Russians . On February 16 , 2018 , Mueller indicted 13 Russian individuals and 3 Russian companies for attempting to trick Americans into consuming Russian propaganda that targeted Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and later President-elect Donald Trump . On February 20 , 2018 , Mueller charged attorney Alex van der Zwaan with making false statements in the Russia probe . On May 20 , 2018 , Trump criticized Mueller , tweeting the Worlds most expensive Witch Hunt has found nothing on Russia & me so now they are looking at the rest of the World ! Mueller started investigating the August 2016 meeting between Donald Trump Jr . and an emissary for the crown princes of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates . The emissary offered help to the Trump presidential campaign . Mueller was also investigating the Trump campaigns possible ties to Turkey , Qatar , Israel , and China . On December 18 , 2018 , The Washington Post published an article concerning a report prepared for the U.S . Senate which stated that Russian disinformation teams had targeted Mueller . On March 22 , 2019 , Mueller concluded his investigation and submitted the Special Counsels final report to Attorney General William Barr . A senior Department of Justice official said that the report did not recommend any new indictments . On March 24 , Attorney General Barr submitted a summary of findings to the United States Congress . He stated in his letter , The Special Counsels investigation did not find that the Trump campaign or anyone associated with it conspired or coordinated with Russian in its efforts to influence the 2016 U.S . presidential election . Muellers report also reportedly did not take a stance on whether or not Trump committed obstruction of justice ; Barr quoted Mueller as saying while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime , it also does not exonerate him . On April 18 , 2019 , the Department of Justice released Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election , the special counsels final report and its conclusions . On May 29 , 2019 , Mueller announced that he was retiring as special counsel and that the office would be shut down , and he spoke publicly about the report for the first time . Saying The report is my testimony , he indicated he would have nothing to say that was not already in the report . On the subject of obstruction of justice , he said , under long-standing Department [ of Justice ] policy , a president cannot be charged with a crime while he is in office . He repeated his official conclusion that the report neither accused nor exonerated the president while adding that any potential wrongdoing by a president must be addressed by a process other than the criminal justice system . Mueller reasserted the involvement of Russian operatives in the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak and their parallel efforts to influence American public opinion using social media . Referring to those actions , he declared that there were multiple , systematic efforts to interfere in our election . That allegation deserves the attention of every American . Robert Mueller was initially scheduled to publicly testify before two House committees on July 17 , 2019 , with two hours for lawmakers to ask questions , but the hearing was postponed to July 24 with a third hour added for questions . His verbal testimony was expected to help inform the public—Democrats believe most Americans have not read the report—and to help Democratic leadership finally decide whether or not to impeach the President . In particular , the Democrats aimed to highlight what they consider to be the worst examples of Trumps conduct . Representative Jamie Raskin from Maryland said he would use visual aids , such as posters , to help people understand the implications of the Mueller report . Republicans , on the other hand , planned to question Mueller on the origins of this investigation . On July 24 , 2019 Mueller attended both congressional committee hearings and was questioned by members of congress . His testimony followed the guidelines he had stated would be appropriate regarding his report . In fact , many of his responses were one-word replies . He said he was not familiar with Fusion GPS , the opposition research firm that commissioned the Steele dossier . He rejected claims that his investigation was a witch hunt or that it totally exonerated the President . He declined to answer questions outside of the scope of his investigation , but reiterated his concern about foreign interference with American elections . He noted that it continues , that he expects it to expand to include other foreign governments as well as the Russians , and that he considers it a great threat to the United States . According to the Nielsen Company , total viewership for the Mueller hearing fell just shy of 13million , significantly lower than other hearings involving the Trump administration , such as Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaughs ( 20.4million ) , former FBI director James Comeys ( 19.5million ) , and former Trump attorney Michael Cohens ( 15.8million ) . Reasons for this comparatively low television rating include the fact that the hearing occurred in July , vacation time for many Americans , and months after the release of the Mueller report . Fox News Channel enjoyed the top rating , with 3.03million views . Subsequently , Muellers words were distorted and misinterpreted to both defend and condemn the President . Muellers testimony was criticized by some as uncharacteristically confusing . In late-September 2019 , it was reported Trump may have lied to Mueller about his knowledge of his campaigns contacts with WikiLeaks , citing the grand jury redactions in the Mueller Report . Political scientists William G . Howell and Terry M . Moe described Muellers decision not to take a position on obstruction of justice for Trump – despite compiling a mountain of incriminating evidence – as something that will surely go down as one of the strangest – and most consequential – moves in modern legal history . They added , in refusing to draw legal conclusions from his evidence , Mueller simply didnt do his job.. . because he didnt , he failed to carry out his duty to tell the American people what his investigation actually revealed about Trumps lawless behavior , and he failed to draw a bright line that would keep future presidents within legal bounds . Personal life . Mueller met his future wife , Ann Cabell Standish , at a high school party when they were 17 . Standish attended Miss Porters School in Farmington , Connecticut , and Sarah Lawrence College , before working as a special-education teacher for children with learning disabilities . In September 1966 , they married at St . Stephens Episcopal Church in Sewickley , Pennsylvania . They have two daughters and three grandchildren . One of their daughters was born with spina bifida . In 2001 , Muellers Senate confirmation hearings to head the FBI were delayed several months while he underwent treatment for prostate cancer . He was diagnosed in the fall of 2000 , postponing being sworn in as FBI director until he received a good prognosis from his physician . Although raised Presbyterian , he became an Episcopalian later in life . Mueller and William Barr—the attorney general who supervised the late stage of Muellers special counsel investigation—have known each other since the 1980s and have been described as good friends . Mueller attended the weddings of two of Barrs daughters , and their wives attend Bible study together . Military awards . Mueller received the following military awards and decorations : External links . - Profile at the Federal Bureau of Investigation and staff

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What position did Robert Mueller take between Apr 2013 and Jun 2013?

/wiki/Robert_Mueller#P39#3

Robert Mueller Robert Swan Mueller III ( ; born August 7 , 1944 ) is an American lawyer and government official who served as the sixth Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) from 2001 to 2013 . A graduate of Princeton University and New York University , Mueller served as a Marine Corps officer during the Vietnam War , receiving a Bronze Star for heroism and a Purple Heart . He subsequently attended the University of Virginia School of Law . Mueller is a registered Republican in Washington , D.C. , and was appointed and reappointed to Senate-confirmed positions by presidents George H . W . Bush , Bill Clinton , George W . Bush , and Barack Obama . Mueller has served both in government and private practice . He was an assistant United States attorney , a United States attorney , United States assistant attorney general for the Criminal Division , a homicide prosecutor in Washington , D.C. , acting United States deputy attorney general , partner at D.C . law firm WilmerHale and director of the FBI . On May 17 , 2017 , Mueller was appointed by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein as special counsel overseeing an investigation into allegations of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S . presidential election and related matters . He submitted his report to Attorney General William Barr on March 22 , 2019 . On April 18 , the Department of Justice released it . On May 29 , he resigned his post and the Office of the Special Counsel was closed . Early life and education . Mueller was born on August 7 , 1944 , at Doctors Hospital in the New York City borough of Manhattan , the first child of Alice C . Truesdale ( 1920–2007 ) and Robert Swan Mueller , Jr . ( 1916–2007 ) . He has four younger sisters : Susan , Sandra , Joan , and Patricia . His father was an executive with DuPont who had served as a Navy officer in the Atlantic and Mediterranean theaters during World War II . His father majored in psychology at Princeton University and played varsity lacrosse , both of which he followed ( see below ) . Mueller is of German , English , and Scottish descent . His paternal great-grandfather , Gustave A . Mueller , was a prominent doctor in Pittsburgh , whose own father , August C . E . Müller , had immigrated to the United States in 1855 from the Province of Pomerania in the Kingdom of Prussia ( a historical territory whose area included land now part of Poland and the north-eastern edge of Germany ) . On his mothers side , he is a great-grandson of the railroad executive William Truesdale . Mueller grew up in Princeton , New Jersey , where he attended Princeton Country Day School , now known as Princeton Day School . After he completed eighth grade , his family moved to Philadelphia while Mueller himself went on to attend St . Pauls School in Concord , New Hampshire for high school , where he was captain of the soccer , hockey , and lacrosse teams and won the Gordon Medal as the schools top athlete in 1962 . A lacrosse teammate and classmate at St . Pauls School was future Massachusetts Senator and Secretary of State John Kerry . After graduating from St . Pauls , Mueller entered Princeton University , where he continued to play lacrosse , receiving a Bachelor of Arts in politics in 1966 after completing a senior thesis titled Acceptance of Jurisdiction in the South West Africa Cases . Mueller was a member of University Cottage Club while he was a student at Princeton . Mueller earned a Master of Arts in international relations from New York University in 1967 . In 1968 , Mueller joined the United States Marine Corps . After his military service , he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law where he served on the Virginia Law Review and graduated in 1973 . United States Marine Corps service . Mueller has cited the combat death of his Princeton lacrosse teammate David Spencer Hackett in the Vietnam War as an influence on his decision to pursue military service . Of his classmate , Mueller has said , One of the reasons I went into the Marine Corps was because we lost a very good friend , a Marine in Vietnam , who was a year ahead of me at Princeton . There were a number of us who felt we should follow his example and at least go into the service . And it flows from there . Hackett was a Marine Corps first lieutenant in the infantry and was killed in 1967 in Quảng Trị Province by small arms fire . After waiting a year so a knee injury could heal , Mueller was accepted for officer training in the United States Marine Corps in 1968 , attending training at Parris Island , Officer Candidate School , Army Ranger School , and Army jump school . Of these , he said later that he considered Ranger School the most valuable because he felt more than anything teaches you about how you react with no sleep and nothing to eat . In the summer of 1968 , he was sent to South Vietnam , where he served as a rifle platoon leader as a second lieutenant with Second Platoon , H Company , 2nd Battalion , 4th Marines , 3rd Marine Division . On December 11 , 1968 , during an engagement in Operation Scotland II , he earned the Bronze Star with V device for combat valor for rescuing a wounded Marine under enemy fire during an ambush in which he saw half of his platoon become casualties . In April 1969 , he received an enemy gunshot wound in the thigh , recovered , and returned to lead his platoon until June 1969 . For his service in and during the Vietnam War , his military decorations and awards include : the Bronze Star Medal with Combat V , Purple Heart Medal , two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals with Combat V , Combat Action Ribbon , National Defense Service Medal , Vietnam Service Medal with four service stars , Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross , Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal , and Parachutist Badge . After recuperating at a field hospital near Da Nang , Mueller became aide-de-camp to 3rd Marine Divisions commanding general , then–Major General William K . Jones , where he significantly contributed to the rapport Jones had with other officers , according to one report . Mueller had originally considered making the Marines his career , but he explained later that he found non-combat life in the Corps to be unexciting . After returning from South Vietnam , Mueller was briefly stationed at Henderson Hall , before leaving active-duty service in August 1970 at the rank of captain . Reflecting on his service in the Vietnam War , Mueller said , I consider myself exceptionally lucky to have made it out of Vietnam . There were many—many—who did not . And perhaps because I did survive Vietnam , I have always felt compelled to contribute . In 2009 , he told a writer that despite his other accomplishments , he was still most proud the Marine Corps deemed me worthy of leading other Marines . Career . Private practice and Department of Justice . After receiving his Juris Doctor in 1973 from the University of Virginia School of Law , Mueller worked as a litigator at the firm Pillsbury , Madison and Sutro in San Francisco until 1976 . He then served for 12 years in United States Attorney offices . He first worked in the office of the U.S . Attorney for the Northern District of California in San Francisco , where he rose to be chief of the criminal division , and in 1982 , he moved to Boston to work in the office of the U.S . Attorney for Massachusetts as an Assistant United States Attorney , where he investigated and prosecuted major financial fraud , terrorism and public corruption cases , as well as narcotics conspiracies and international money launderers . After serving as a partner at the Boston law firm of Hill and Barlow , Mueller returned to government service . In 1989 , he served in the United States Department of Justice as an assistant to Attorney General Dick Thornburgh and as acting Deputy Attorney General . James Baker , with whom he worked on national security matters , said he had an appreciation for the Constitution and the rule of law . In 1990 , he became the United States Assistant Attorney General in charge of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division . During his tenure , he oversaw prosecutions including that of Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega , the Pan Am Flight 103 ( Lockerbie bombing ) case , and of the Gambino crime family boss John Gotti . In 1991 , he declared the government had been investigating the Bank of Credit and Commerce International ( BCCI ) since 1986 in more-than-usual media exposure . Also in 1991 , he was elected a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers . In 1993 , Mueller became a partner at Bostons Hale and Dorr , specializing in white-collar crime litigation . He returned to public service in 1995 as senior litigator in the homicide section of the District of Columbia United States Attorneys Office . In 1998 , Mueller was named U.S . Attorney for the Northern District of California and held that position until 2001 . Federal Bureau of Investigation . President George W . Bush nominated Mueller for the position of FBI director on July 5 , 2001 . He and two other candidates , Washington lawyer George J . Terwilliger III and veteran Chicago prosecutor and white-collar crime defense lawyer Dan Webb , were up for the job , but Mueller , described at the time as a conservative Republican , was always considered the front-runner . Terwilliger and Webb both pulled out from consideration around mid-June , while confirmation hearings for Mueller before the Senate Judiciary Committee were quickly set for July 30 , only three days before his prostate cancer surgery . The Senate unanimously confirmed Mueller as FBI director on August 2 , 2001 , voting 98–0 in favor of his appointment . He had previously served as acting deputy attorney general of the United States Department of Justice ( DOJ ) for several months before officially becoming the FBI director on September 4 , 2001 , one week before the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon . On February 11 , 2003 , one month before the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq , Mueller gave testimony to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence . Mueller informed the American public that [ s ] even countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism—Iran , Iraq , Syria , Sudan , Libya , Cuba , and North Korea—remain active in the United States and continue to support terrorist groups that have targeted Americans . As Director Tenet has pointed out , Secretary Powell presented evidence last week that Baghdad has failed to disarm its weapons of mass destruction , willfully attempting to evade and deceive the international community . Our particular concern is that Saddam Hussein may supply terrorists with biological , chemical or radiological material . Highlighting this worry in February 2003 , FBI Special Agent Coleen Rowley wrote an open letter to Mueller in which she warned that the bureau will [ not ] be able to stem the flood of terrorism that will likely head our way in the wake of an attack on Iraq and encouraged Mueller to share [ her concerns ] with the President and Attorney General . On March 10 , 2004 , while United States Attorney General John Ashcroft was at the George Washington University Hospital for gallbladder surgery , James Comey , the then deputy attorney general , received a call from Ashcrofts wife informing him that White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card and White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales were about to visit Ashcroft to convince him to renew a program of warrantless wiretapping under the Terrorist Surveillance Program which the DOJ ruled unconstitutional . Ashcroft refused to sign , as he had previously agreed , but the following day the White House renewed the program anyway . Mueller and Comey then threatened to resign . On March 12 , 2004 , after private , individual meetings with Mueller and Comey at the White House , the president supported changing the program to satisfy the concerns of Mueller , Ashcroft , and Comey . He was inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame in 2004 . As director , Mueller also barred FBI personnel from participating in enhanced interrogations with the CIA . At a dinner , Mueller defended an attorney ( Thomas Wilner ) who had been attacked for his role in defending Kuwaiti detainees . Mueller stood up , raised his glass , and said , I toast Tom Wilner . Hes doing what an American should . However , the White House pushed back , encouraging more vigorous methods of pursuing and interrogating terror suspects . When Bush confronted Mueller to ask him to round up more terrorists in the U.S. , Mueller responded , saying , If they [ suspects ] dont commit a crime , it would be difficult to identify and isolate them . Vice President Dick Cheney objected by saying , Thats just not good enough . Were hearing this too much from the FBI . In May 2011 , President Barack Obama asked Mueller to continue at the helm of the FBI for two additional years beyond his normal 10-year term , which would have expired on September 4 , 2011 . The Senate approved this request 100–0 on July 27 , 2011 . On September 4 , 2013 , Mueller was replaced by James Comey . In June 2013 , Mueller defended NSA surveillance programs in testimony before a House Judiciary Committee hearing . He said that surveillance programs could have derailed the September 11 attacks . Congressman John Conyers disagreed : I am not persuaded that that makes it OK to collect every call . Mueller also testified that the governments surveillance programs complied in full with U.S . law and with basic rights guaranteed under the Constitution . He said that We are taking all necessary steps to hold Edward Snowden responsible for these disclosures . On June 19 , 2017 , in the case of Arar v . Ashcroft , Mueller , along with Ashcroft and former Immigration and Naturalization Services Commissioner James W . Ziglar and others , was shielded from civil liability by the Supreme Court for post-9/11 detention of Muslims under policies then brought into place . Return to private sector . After leaving the FBI in 2013 , Mueller served a one-year term as consulting professor and the Arthur and Frank Payne distinguished lecturer at Stanford University , where he focused on issues related to cybersecurity . In addition to his speaking and teaching roles , Mueller also joined the law firm WilmerHale as a partner in its Washington office in 2014 . Among other roles at the firm , he oversaw the independent investigation into the NFLs conduct surrounding the video that appeared to show NFL player Ray Rice assaulting his fiancée . In January 2016 , he was appointed as Settlement Master in the U.S . consumer litigation over the Volkswagen emissions scandal ; as of May 11 , 2017 , the scandal has resulted in $11.2billion in customer settlements . On October 19 , 2016 , Mueller began an external review of security , personnel , and management processes and practices at government contractor Booz Allen Hamilton after Harold T . Martin III was indicted for massive data theft from the National Security Agency . On April 6 , 2017 , he was appointed as Special Master for disbursement of $850million and $125million for automakers and consumers , respectively , affected by rupture-prone Takata airbags . Mueller received the 2016 Thayer Award for public service from the United States Military Academy . In June 2017 , he received the Baker Award for intelligence and national security contributions from the nonprofit Intelligence and National Security Alliance . In October 2019 it was announced that Mueller , along with James L . Quarles and Aaron Zebley , would return to WilmerHale to resume private practice . On July 11 , 2020 , Mueller wrote an op-ed on The Washington Post stating that Roger Stone “remains a convicted felon , and rightly so” after the President of the United States granted Roger Stone clemency and defended his investigation . Special Counsel for the Department of Justice . On May 16 , 2017 , Mueller met with President Trump as a courtesy to provide perspectives on the FBI and input on considerations for hiring a new FBI Director . This meeting was initially widely reported to have been an interview to serve again as the FBI Director . President Trump broached resuming the position in their meeting ; however , Mueller was ineligible to return as FBI Director due to statutory term limits , and Mueller lacked interest in resuming the position . The next day , Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Mueller to serve as special counsel for the United States Department of Justice . In this capacity , Mueller oversaw the investigation into any links and/or coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump , and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation . Muellers appointment to oversee the investigation immediately garnered widespread support from both Democrats and Republicans in Congress . Newt Gingrich , former Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives and prominent conservative political commentator , stated via Twitter that Robert Mueller is a superb choice to be special counsel . His reputation is impeccable for honesty and integrity . Senator Charles Schumer ( D-NY ) said , Former Director Mueller is exactly the right kind of individual for this job . I now have significantly greater confidence that the investigation will follow the facts wherever they lead . Senator Rob Portman ( R-OH ) stated , former FBI dir . Mueller is well qualified to oversee this probe . Some , however , pointed out an alleged conflict of interest . The federal code could not be clearer—Mueller is compromised by his apparent conflict of interest in being close with James Comey , Rep . Trent Franks ( R-AZ ) , who first called for Mueller to step down over the summer , said in a statement to Fox News . The appearance of a conflict is enough to put Mueller in violation of the code . … All of the revelations in recent weeks make the case stronger . Upon his appointment as special counsel , Mueller and two colleagues ( former FBI agent Aaron Zebley and former assistant special prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force James L . Quarles III ) resigned from WilmerHale . On May 23 , 2017 , the U.S . Department of Justice ethics experts announced they had declared Mueller ethically able to function as special counsel . The spokesperson for the special counsel , Peter Carr , told NBC News that Mueller has taken an active role in managing the inquiry . In an interview with the Associated Press , Rosenstein said he would recuse himself from supervision of Mueller if he were to become a subject in the investigation due to his role in the dismissal of James Comey . On June 14 , 2017 , The Washington Post reported that Muellers office is also investigating Trump personally for possible obstruction of justice , in reference to the Russian probe . The report was questioned by Trumps legal team attorney Jay Sekulow , who said on June 18 on NBCs Meet the Press , The President is not and has not been under investigation for obstruction , period . Due to the central role of the Trump family in the campaign , the transition , and the White House , the Presidents son-in-law , Jared Kushner , was also reportedly under scrutiny by Mueller . Also in June , Trump allegedly ordered the firing of Robert Mueller , but backed down when then-White House Counsel Don McGahn threatened to quit . During a discussion about national security at the Aspen security conference on July 21 , 2017 , former CIA director John Brennan reaffirmed his support for Mueller and called for members of Congress to resist if Trump fires Mueller . He also said it was the obligation of some executive-branch officials to refuse to carry out some of these orders that , again , are inconsistent with what this country is all about . After Peter Strzok , an investigator for Mueller , was removed from the investigation for alleged partiality , Senator Mark Warner , the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in a speech on December 20 , 2017 , before the Senate warned of a constitutional crisis if the President fired Mueller . On June 22 , 2018 , Warner hosted a fundraising party for 100 guests and was quoted there saying , If you get me one more glass of wine , Ill tell you stuff only Bob Mueller and I know . If you think youve seen wild stuff so far , buckle up . Its going to be a wild couple of months . On October 30 , 2017 , Mueller filed charges against former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and campaign co-chairman Rick Gates . The 12 charges include conspiracy to launder money , violations of the 1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act ( FARA ) as being an unregistered agent of a foreign principal , false and misleading FARA statements , and conspiracy against the United States . On December 1 , 2017 , Mueller reached a plea agreement with former national security adviser Michael Flynn , who pleaded guilty to giving false testimony to the FBI about his contacts with Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak . As part of Flynns negotiations , his son , Michael G . Flynn , was not expected to be charged , and Flynn was prepared to testify that high-level officials on Trumps team directed him to make contact with the Russians . On February 16 , 2018 , Mueller indicted 13 Russian individuals and 3 Russian companies for attempting to trick Americans into consuming Russian propaganda that targeted Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and later President-elect Donald Trump . On February 20 , 2018 , Mueller charged attorney Alex van der Zwaan with making false statements in the Russia probe . On May 20 , 2018 , Trump criticized Mueller , tweeting the Worlds most expensive Witch Hunt has found nothing on Russia & me so now they are looking at the rest of the World ! Mueller started investigating the August 2016 meeting between Donald Trump Jr . and an emissary for the crown princes of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates . The emissary offered help to the Trump presidential campaign . Mueller was also investigating the Trump campaigns possible ties to Turkey , Qatar , Israel , and China . On December 18 , 2018 , The Washington Post published an article concerning a report prepared for the U.S . Senate which stated that Russian disinformation teams had targeted Mueller . On March 22 , 2019 , Mueller concluded his investigation and submitted the Special Counsels final report to Attorney General William Barr . A senior Department of Justice official said that the report did not recommend any new indictments . On March 24 , Attorney General Barr submitted a summary of findings to the United States Congress . He stated in his letter , The Special Counsels investigation did not find that the Trump campaign or anyone associated with it conspired or coordinated with Russian in its efforts to influence the 2016 U.S . presidential election . Muellers report also reportedly did not take a stance on whether or not Trump committed obstruction of justice ; Barr quoted Mueller as saying while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime , it also does not exonerate him . On April 18 , 2019 , the Department of Justice released Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election , the special counsels final report and its conclusions . On May 29 , 2019 , Mueller announced that he was retiring as special counsel and that the office would be shut down , and he spoke publicly about the report for the first time . Saying The report is my testimony , he indicated he would have nothing to say that was not already in the report . On the subject of obstruction of justice , he said , under long-standing Department [ of Justice ] policy , a president cannot be charged with a crime while he is in office . He repeated his official conclusion that the report neither accused nor exonerated the president while adding that any potential wrongdoing by a president must be addressed by a process other than the criminal justice system . Mueller reasserted the involvement of Russian operatives in the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak and their parallel efforts to influence American public opinion using social media . Referring to those actions , he declared that there were multiple , systematic efforts to interfere in our election . That allegation deserves the attention of every American . Robert Mueller was initially scheduled to publicly testify before two House committees on July 17 , 2019 , with two hours for lawmakers to ask questions , but the hearing was postponed to July 24 with a third hour added for questions . His verbal testimony was expected to help inform the public—Democrats believe most Americans have not read the report—and to help Democratic leadership finally decide whether or not to impeach the President . In particular , the Democrats aimed to highlight what they consider to be the worst examples of Trumps conduct . Representative Jamie Raskin from Maryland said he would use visual aids , such as posters , to help people understand the implications of the Mueller report . Republicans , on the other hand , planned to question Mueller on the origins of this investigation . On July 24 , 2019 Mueller attended both congressional committee hearings and was questioned by members of congress . His testimony followed the guidelines he had stated would be appropriate regarding his report . In fact , many of his responses were one-word replies . He said he was not familiar with Fusion GPS , the opposition research firm that commissioned the Steele dossier . He rejected claims that his investigation was a witch hunt or that it totally exonerated the President . He declined to answer questions outside of the scope of his investigation , but reiterated his concern about foreign interference with American elections . He noted that it continues , that he expects it to expand to include other foreign governments as well as the Russians , and that he considers it a great threat to the United States . According to the Nielsen Company , total viewership for the Mueller hearing fell just shy of 13million , significantly lower than other hearings involving the Trump administration , such as Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaughs ( 20.4million ) , former FBI director James Comeys ( 19.5million ) , and former Trump attorney Michael Cohens ( 15.8million ) . Reasons for this comparatively low television rating include the fact that the hearing occurred in July , vacation time for many Americans , and months after the release of the Mueller report . Fox News Channel enjoyed the top rating , with 3.03million views . Subsequently , Muellers words were distorted and misinterpreted to both defend and condemn the President . Muellers testimony was criticized by some as uncharacteristically confusing . In late-September 2019 , it was reported Trump may have lied to Mueller about his knowledge of his campaigns contacts with WikiLeaks , citing the grand jury redactions in the Mueller Report . Political scientists William G . Howell and Terry M . Moe described Muellers decision not to take a position on obstruction of justice for Trump – despite compiling a mountain of incriminating evidence – as something that will surely go down as one of the strangest – and most consequential – moves in modern legal history . They added , in refusing to draw legal conclusions from his evidence , Mueller simply didnt do his job.. . because he didnt , he failed to carry out his duty to tell the American people what his investigation actually revealed about Trumps lawless behavior , and he failed to draw a bright line that would keep future presidents within legal bounds . Personal life . Mueller met his future wife , Ann Cabell Standish , at a high school party when they were 17 . Standish attended Miss Porters School in Farmington , Connecticut , and Sarah Lawrence College , before working as a special-education teacher for children with learning disabilities . In September 1966 , they married at St . Stephens Episcopal Church in Sewickley , Pennsylvania . They have two daughters and three grandchildren . One of their daughters was born with spina bifida . In 2001 , Muellers Senate confirmation hearings to head the FBI were delayed several months while he underwent treatment for prostate cancer . He was diagnosed in the fall of 2000 , postponing being sworn in as FBI director until he received a good prognosis from his physician . Although raised Presbyterian , he became an Episcopalian later in life . Mueller and William Barr—the attorney general who supervised the late stage of Muellers special counsel investigation—have known each other since the 1980s and have been described as good friends . Mueller attended the weddings of two of Barrs daughters , and their wives attend Bible study together . Military awards . Mueller received the following military awards and decorations : External links . - Profile at the Federal Bureau of Investigation and staff

hard

What position did Robert Mueller take after Jan 2018?

/wiki/Robert_Mueller#P39#4

Robert Mueller Robert Swan Mueller III ( ; born August 7 , 1944 ) is an American lawyer and government official who served as the sixth Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) from 2001 to 2013 . A graduate of Princeton University and New York University , Mueller served as a Marine Corps officer during the Vietnam War , receiving a Bronze Star for heroism and a Purple Heart . He subsequently attended the University of Virginia School of Law . Mueller is a registered Republican in Washington , D.C. , and was appointed and reappointed to Senate-confirmed positions by presidents George H . W . Bush , Bill Clinton , George W . Bush , and Barack Obama . Mueller has served both in government and private practice . He was an assistant United States attorney , a United States attorney , United States assistant attorney general for the Criminal Division , a homicide prosecutor in Washington , D.C. , acting United States deputy attorney general , partner at D.C . law firm WilmerHale and director of the FBI . On May 17 , 2017 , Mueller was appointed by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein as special counsel overseeing an investigation into allegations of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S . presidential election and related matters . He submitted his report to Attorney General William Barr on March 22 , 2019 . On April 18 , the Department of Justice released it . On May 29 , he resigned his post and the Office of the Special Counsel was closed . Early life and education . Mueller was born on August 7 , 1944 , at Doctors Hospital in the New York City borough of Manhattan , the first child of Alice C . Truesdale ( 1920–2007 ) and Robert Swan Mueller , Jr . ( 1916–2007 ) . He has four younger sisters : Susan , Sandra , Joan , and Patricia . His father was an executive with DuPont who had served as a Navy officer in the Atlantic and Mediterranean theaters during World War II . His father majored in psychology at Princeton University and played varsity lacrosse , both of which he followed ( see below ) . Mueller is of German , English , and Scottish descent . His paternal great-grandfather , Gustave A . Mueller , was a prominent doctor in Pittsburgh , whose own father , August C . E . Müller , had immigrated to the United States in 1855 from the Province of Pomerania in the Kingdom of Prussia ( a historical territory whose area included land now part of Poland and the north-eastern edge of Germany ) . On his mothers side , he is a great-grandson of the railroad executive William Truesdale . Mueller grew up in Princeton , New Jersey , where he attended Princeton Country Day School , now known as Princeton Day School . After he completed eighth grade , his family moved to Philadelphia while Mueller himself went on to attend St . Pauls School in Concord , New Hampshire for high school , where he was captain of the soccer , hockey , and lacrosse teams and won the Gordon Medal as the schools top athlete in 1962 . A lacrosse teammate and classmate at St . Pauls School was future Massachusetts Senator and Secretary of State John Kerry . After graduating from St . Pauls , Mueller entered Princeton University , where he continued to play lacrosse , receiving a Bachelor of Arts in politics in 1966 after completing a senior thesis titled Acceptance of Jurisdiction in the South West Africa Cases . Mueller was a member of University Cottage Club while he was a student at Princeton . Mueller earned a Master of Arts in international relations from New York University in 1967 . In 1968 , Mueller joined the United States Marine Corps . After his military service , he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law where he served on the Virginia Law Review and graduated in 1973 . United States Marine Corps service . Mueller has cited the combat death of his Princeton lacrosse teammate David Spencer Hackett in the Vietnam War as an influence on his decision to pursue military service . Of his classmate , Mueller has said , One of the reasons I went into the Marine Corps was because we lost a very good friend , a Marine in Vietnam , who was a year ahead of me at Princeton . There were a number of us who felt we should follow his example and at least go into the service . And it flows from there . Hackett was a Marine Corps first lieutenant in the infantry and was killed in 1967 in Quảng Trị Province by small arms fire . After waiting a year so a knee injury could heal , Mueller was accepted for officer training in the United States Marine Corps in 1968 , attending training at Parris Island , Officer Candidate School , Army Ranger School , and Army jump school . Of these , he said later that he considered Ranger School the most valuable because he felt more than anything teaches you about how you react with no sleep and nothing to eat . In the summer of 1968 , he was sent to South Vietnam , where he served as a rifle platoon leader as a second lieutenant with Second Platoon , H Company , 2nd Battalion , 4th Marines , 3rd Marine Division . On December 11 , 1968 , during an engagement in Operation Scotland II , he earned the Bronze Star with V device for combat valor for rescuing a wounded Marine under enemy fire during an ambush in which he saw half of his platoon become casualties . In April 1969 , he received an enemy gunshot wound in the thigh , recovered , and returned to lead his platoon until June 1969 . For his service in and during the Vietnam War , his military decorations and awards include : the Bronze Star Medal with Combat V , Purple Heart Medal , two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals with Combat V , Combat Action Ribbon , National Defense Service Medal , Vietnam Service Medal with four service stars , Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross , Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal , and Parachutist Badge . After recuperating at a field hospital near Da Nang , Mueller became aide-de-camp to 3rd Marine Divisions commanding general , then–Major General William K . Jones , where he significantly contributed to the rapport Jones had with other officers , according to one report . Mueller had originally considered making the Marines his career , but he explained later that he found non-combat life in the Corps to be unexciting . After returning from South Vietnam , Mueller was briefly stationed at Henderson Hall , before leaving active-duty service in August 1970 at the rank of captain . Reflecting on his service in the Vietnam War , Mueller said , I consider myself exceptionally lucky to have made it out of Vietnam . There were many—many—who did not . And perhaps because I did survive Vietnam , I have always felt compelled to contribute . In 2009 , he told a writer that despite his other accomplishments , he was still most proud the Marine Corps deemed me worthy of leading other Marines . Career . Private practice and Department of Justice . After receiving his Juris Doctor in 1973 from the University of Virginia School of Law , Mueller worked as a litigator at the firm Pillsbury , Madison and Sutro in San Francisco until 1976 . He then served for 12 years in United States Attorney offices . He first worked in the office of the U.S . Attorney for the Northern District of California in San Francisco , where he rose to be chief of the criminal division , and in 1982 , he moved to Boston to work in the office of the U.S . Attorney for Massachusetts as an Assistant United States Attorney , where he investigated and prosecuted major financial fraud , terrorism and public corruption cases , as well as narcotics conspiracies and international money launderers . After serving as a partner at the Boston law firm of Hill and Barlow , Mueller returned to government service . In 1989 , he served in the United States Department of Justice as an assistant to Attorney General Dick Thornburgh and as acting Deputy Attorney General . James Baker , with whom he worked on national security matters , said he had an appreciation for the Constitution and the rule of law . In 1990 , he became the United States Assistant Attorney General in charge of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division . During his tenure , he oversaw prosecutions including that of Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega , the Pan Am Flight 103 ( Lockerbie bombing ) case , and of the Gambino crime family boss John Gotti . In 1991 , he declared the government had been investigating the Bank of Credit and Commerce International ( BCCI ) since 1986 in more-than-usual media exposure . Also in 1991 , he was elected a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers . In 1993 , Mueller became a partner at Bostons Hale and Dorr , specializing in white-collar crime litigation . He returned to public service in 1995 as senior litigator in the homicide section of the District of Columbia United States Attorneys Office . In 1998 , Mueller was named U.S . Attorney for the Northern District of California and held that position until 2001 . Federal Bureau of Investigation . President George W . Bush nominated Mueller for the position of FBI director on July 5 , 2001 . He and two other candidates , Washington lawyer George J . Terwilliger III and veteran Chicago prosecutor and white-collar crime defense lawyer Dan Webb , were up for the job , but Mueller , described at the time as a conservative Republican , was always considered the front-runner . Terwilliger and Webb both pulled out from consideration around mid-June , while confirmation hearings for Mueller before the Senate Judiciary Committee were quickly set for July 30 , only three days before his prostate cancer surgery . The Senate unanimously confirmed Mueller as FBI director on August 2 , 2001 , voting 98–0 in favor of his appointment . He had previously served as acting deputy attorney general of the United States Department of Justice ( DOJ ) for several months before officially becoming the FBI director on September 4 , 2001 , one week before the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon . On February 11 , 2003 , one month before the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq , Mueller gave testimony to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence . Mueller informed the American public that [ s ] even countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism—Iran , Iraq , Syria , Sudan , Libya , Cuba , and North Korea—remain active in the United States and continue to support terrorist groups that have targeted Americans . As Director Tenet has pointed out , Secretary Powell presented evidence last week that Baghdad has failed to disarm its weapons of mass destruction , willfully attempting to evade and deceive the international community . Our particular concern is that Saddam Hussein may supply terrorists with biological , chemical or radiological material . Highlighting this worry in February 2003 , FBI Special Agent Coleen Rowley wrote an open letter to Mueller in which she warned that the bureau will [ not ] be able to stem the flood of terrorism that will likely head our way in the wake of an attack on Iraq and encouraged Mueller to share [ her concerns ] with the President and Attorney General . On March 10 , 2004 , while United States Attorney General John Ashcroft was at the George Washington University Hospital for gallbladder surgery , James Comey , the then deputy attorney general , received a call from Ashcrofts wife informing him that White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card and White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales were about to visit Ashcroft to convince him to renew a program of warrantless wiretapping under the Terrorist Surveillance Program which the DOJ ruled unconstitutional . Ashcroft refused to sign , as he had previously agreed , but the following day the White House renewed the program anyway . Mueller and Comey then threatened to resign . On March 12 , 2004 , after private , individual meetings with Mueller and Comey at the White House , the president supported changing the program to satisfy the concerns of Mueller , Ashcroft , and Comey . He was inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame in 2004 . As director , Mueller also barred FBI personnel from participating in enhanced interrogations with the CIA . At a dinner , Mueller defended an attorney ( Thomas Wilner ) who had been attacked for his role in defending Kuwaiti detainees . Mueller stood up , raised his glass , and said , I toast Tom Wilner . Hes doing what an American should . However , the White House pushed back , encouraging more vigorous methods of pursuing and interrogating terror suspects . When Bush confronted Mueller to ask him to round up more terrorists in the U.S. , Mueller responded , saying , If they [ suspects ] dont commit a crime , it would be difficult to identify and isolate them . Vice President Dick Cheney objected by saying , Thats just not good enough . Were hearing this too much from the FBI . In May 2011 , President Barack Obama asked Mueller to continue at the helm of the FBI for two additional years beyond his normal 10-year term , which would have expired on September 4 , 2011 . The Senate approved this request 100–0 on July 27 , 2011 . On September 4 , 2013 , Mueller was replaced by James Comey . In June 2013 , Mueller defended NSA surveillance programs in testimony before a House Judiciary Committee hearing . He said that surveillance programs could have derailed the September 11 attacks . Congressman John Conyers disagreed : I am not persuaded that that makes it OK to collect every call . Mueller also testified that the governments surveillance programs complied in full with U.S . law and with basic rights guaranteed under the Constitution . He said that We are taking all necessary steps to hold Edward Snowden responsible for these disclosures . On June 19 , 2017 , in the case of Arar v . Ashcroft , Mueller , along with Ashcroft and former Immigration and Naturalization Services Commissioner James W . Ziglar and others , was shielded from civil liability by the Supreme Court for post-9/11 detention of Muslims under policies then brought into place . Return to private sector . After leaving the FBI in 2013 , Mueller served a one-year term as consulting professor and the Arthur and Frank Payne distinguished lecturer at Stanford University , where he focused on issues related to cybersecurity . In addition to his speaking and teaching roles , Mueller also joined the law firm WilmerHale as a partner in its Washington office in 2014 . Among other roles at the firm , he oversaw the independent investigation into the NFLs conduct surrounding the video that appeared to show NFL player Ray Rice assaulting his fiancée . In January 2016 , he was appointed as Settlement Master in the U.S . consumer litigation over the Volkswagen emissions scandal ; as of May 11 , 2017 , the scandal has resulted in $11.2billion in customer settlements . On October 19 , 2016 , Mueller began an external review of security , personnel , and management processes and practices at government contractor Booz Allen Hamilton after Harold T . Martin III was indicted for massive data theft from the National Security Agency . On April 6 , 2017 , he was appointed as Special Master for disbursement of $850million and $125million for automakers and consumers , respectively , affected by rupture-prone Takata airbags . Mueller received the 2016 Thayer Award for public service from the United States Military Academy . In June 2017 , he received the Baker Award for intelligence and national security contributions from the nonprofit Intelligence and National Security Alliance . In October 2019 it was announced that Mueller , along with James L . Quarles and Aaron Zebley , would return to WilmerHale to resume private practice . On July 11 , 2020 , Mueller wrote an op-ed on The Washington Post stating that Roger Stone “remains a convicted felon , and rightly so” after the President of the United States granted Roger Stone clemency and defended his investigation . Special Counsel for the Department of Justice . On May 16 , 2017 , Mueller met with President Trump as a courtesy to provide perspectives on the FBI and input on considerations for hiring a new FBI Director . This meeting was initially widely reported to have been an interview to serve again as the FBI Director . President Trump broached resuming the position in their meeting ; however , Mueller was ineligible to return as FBI Director due to statutory term limits , and Mueller lacked interest in resuming the position . The next day , Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Mueller to serve as special counsel for the United States Department of Justice . In this capacity , Mueller oversaw the investigation into any links and/or coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump , and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation . Muellers appointment to oversee the investigation immediately garnered widespread support from both Democrats and Republicans in Congress . Newt Gingrich , former Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives and prominent conservative political commentator , stated via Twitter that Robert Mueller is a superb choice to be special counsel . His reputation is impeccable for honesty and integrity . Senator Charles Schumer ( D-NY ) said , Former Director Mueller is exactly the right kind of individual for this job . I now have significantly greater confidence that the investigation will follow the facts wherever they lead . Senator Rob Portman ( R-OH ) stated , former FBI dir . Mueller is well qualified to oversee this probe . Some , however , pointed out an alleged conflict of interest . The federal code could not be clearer—Mueller is compromised by his apparent conflict of interest in being close with James Comey , Rep . Trent Franks ( R-AZ ) , who first called for Mueller to step down over the summer , said in a statement to Fox News . The appearance of a conflict is enough to put Mueller in violation of the code . … All of the revelations in recent weeks make the case stronger . Upon his appointment as special counsel , Mueller and two colleagues ( former FBI agent Aaron Zebley and former assistant special prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force James L . Quarles III ) resigned from WilmerHale . On May 23 , 2017 , the U.S . Department of Justice ethics experts announced they had declared Mueller ethically able to function as special counsel . The spokesperson for the special counsel , Peter Carr , told NBC News that Mueller has taken an active role in managing the inquiry . In an interview with the Associated Press , Rosenstein said he would recuse himself from supervision of Mueller if he were to become a subject in the investigation due to his role in the dismissal of James Comey . On June 14 , 2017 , The Washington Post reported that Muellers office is also investigating Trump personally for possible obstruction of justice , in reference to the Russian probe . The report was questioned by Trumps legal team attorney Jay Sekulow , who said on June 18 on NBCs Meet the Press , The President is not and has not been under investigation for obstruction , period . Due to the central role of the Trump family in the campaign , the transition , and the White House , the Presidents son-in-law , Jared Kushner , was also reportedly under scrutiny by Mueller . Also in June , Trump allegedly ordered the firing of Robert Mueller , but backed down when then-White House Counsel Don McGahn threatened to quit . During a discussion about national security at the Aspen security conference on July 21 , 2017 , former CIA director John Brennan reaffirmed his support for Mueller and called for members of Congress to resist if Trump fires Mueller . He also said it was the obligation of some executive-branch officials to refuse to carry out some of these orders that , again , are inconsistent with what this country is all about . After Peter Strzok , an investigator for Mueller , was removed from the investigation for alleged partiality , Senator Mark Warner , the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in a speech on December 20 , 2017 , before the Senate warned of a constitutional crisis if the President fired Mueller . On June 22 , 2018 , Warner hosted a fundraising party for 100 guests and was quoted there saying , If you get me one more glass of wine , Ill tell you stuff only Bob Mueller and I know . If you think youve seen wild stuff so far , buckle up . Its going to be a wild couple of months . On October 30 , 2017 , Mueller filed charges against former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and campaign co-chairman Rick Gates . The 12 charges include conspiracy to launder money , violations of the 1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act ( FARA ) as being an unregistered agent of a foreign principal , false and misleading FARA statements , and conspiracy against the United States . On December 1 , 2017 , Mueller reached a plea agreement with former national security adviser Michael Flynn , who pleaded guilty to giving false testimony to the FBI about his contacts with Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak . As part of Flynns negotiations , his son , Michael G . Flynn , was not expected to be charged , and Flynn was prepared to testify that high-level officials on Trumps team directed him to make contact with the Russians . On February 16 , 2018 , Mueller indicted 13 Russian individuals and 3 Russian companies for attempting to trick Americans into consuming Russian propaganda that targeted Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and later President-elect Donald Trump . On February 20 , 2018 , Mueller charged attorney Alex van der Zwaan with making false statements in the Russia probe . On May 20 , 2018 , Trump criticized Mueller , tweeting the Worlds most expensive Witch Hunt has found nothing on Russia & me so now they are looking at the rest of the World ! Mueller started investigating the August 2016 meeting between Donald Trump Jr . and an emissary for the crown princes of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates . The emissary offered help to the Trump presidential campaign . Mueller was also investigating the Trump campaigns possible ties to Turkey , Qatar , Israel , and China . On December 18 , 2018 , The Washington Post published an article concerning a report prepared for the U.S . Senate which stated that Russian disinformation teams had targeted Mueller . On March 22 , 2019 , Mueller concluded his investigation and submitted the Special Counsels final report to Attorney General William Barr . A senior Department of Justice official said that the report did not recommend any new indictments . On March 24 , Attorney General Barr submitted a summary of findings to the United States Congress . He stated in his letter , The Special Counsels investigation did not find that the Trump campaign or anyone associated with it conspired or coordinated with Russian in its efforts to influence the 2016 U.S . presidential election . Muellers report also reportedly did not take a stance on whether or not Trump committed obstruction of justice ; Barr quoted Mueller as saying while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime , it also does not exonerate him . On April 18 , 2019 , the Department of Justice released Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election , the special counsels final report and its conclusions . On May 29 , 2019 , Mueller announced that he was retiring as special counsel and that the office would be shut down , and he spoke publicly about the report for the first time . Saying The report is my testimony , he indicated he would have nothing to say that was not already in the report . On the subject of obstruction of justice , he said , under long-standing Department [ of Justice ] policy , a president cannot be charged with a crime while he is in office . He repeated his official conclusion that the report neither accused nor exonerated the president while adding that any potential wrongdoing by a president must be addressed by a process other than the criminal justice system . Mueller reasserted the involvement of Russian operatives in the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak and their parallel efforts to influence American public opinion using social media . Referring to those actions , he declared that there were multiple , systematic efforts to interfere in our election . That allegation deserves the attention of every American . Robert Mueller was initially scheduled to publicly testify before two House committees on July 17 , 2019 , with two hours for lawmakers to ask questions , but the hearing was postponed to July 24 with a third hour added for questions . His verbal testimony was expected to help inform the public—Democrats believe most Americans have not read the report—and to help Democratic leadership finally decide whether or not to impeach the President . In particular , the Democrats aimed to highlight what they consider to be the worst examples of Trumps conduct . Representative Jamie Raskin from Maryland said he would use visual aids , such as posters , to help people understand the implications of the Mueller report . Republicans , on the other hand , planned to question Mueller on the origins of this investigation . On July 24 , 2019 Mueller attended both congressional committee hearings and was questioned by members of congress . His testimony followed the guidelines he had stated would be appropriate regarding his report . In fact , many of his responses were one-word replies . He said he was not familiar with Fusion GPS , the opposition research firm that commissioned the Steele dossier . He rejected claims that his investigation was a witch hunt or that it totally exonerated the President . He declined to answer questions outside of the scope of his investigation , but reiterated his concern about foreign interference with American elections . He noted that it continues , that he expects it to expand to include other foreign governments as well as the Russians , and that he considers it a great threat to the United States . According to the Nielsen Company , total viewership for the Mueller hearing fell just shy of 13million , significantly lower than other hearings involving the Trump administration , such as Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaughs ( 20.4million ) , former FBI director James Comeys ( 19.5million ) , and former Trump attorney Michael Cohens ( 15.8million ) . Reasons for this comparatively low television rating include the fact that the hearing occurred in July , vacation time for many Americans , and months after the release of the Mueller report . Fox News Channel enjoyed the top rating , with 3.03million views . Subsequently , Muellers words were distorted and misinterpreted to both defend and condemn the President . Muellers testimony was criticized by some as uncharacteristically confusing . In late-September 2019 , it was reported Trump may have lied to Mueller about his knowledge of his campaigns contacts with WikiLeaks , citing the grand jury redactions in the Mueller Report . Political scientists William G . Howell and Terry M . Moe described Muellers decision not to take a position on obstruction of justice for Trump – despite compiling a mountain of incriminating evidence – as something that will surely go down as one of the strangest – and most consequential – moves in modern legal history . They added , in refusing to draw legal conclusions from his evidence , Mueller simply didnt do his job.. . because he didnt , he failed to carry out his duty to tell the American people what his investigation actually revealed about Trumps lawless behavior , and he failed to draw a bright line that would keep future presidents within legal bounds . Personal life . Mueller met his future wife , Ann Cabell Standish , at a high school party when they were 17 . Standish attended Miss Porters School in Farmington , Connecticut , and Sarah Lawrence College , before working as a special-education teacher for children with learning disabilities . In September 1966 , they married at St . Stephens Episcopal Church in Sewickley , Pennsylvania . They have two daughters and three grandchildren . One of their daughters was born with spina bifida . In 2001 , Muellers Senate confirmation hearings to head the FBI were delayed several months while he underwent treatment for prostate cancer . He was diagnosed in the fall of 2000 , postponing being sworn in as FBI director until he received a good prognosis from his physician . Although raised Presbyterian , he became an Episcopalian later in life . Mueller and William Barr—the attorney general who supervised the late stage of Muellers special counsel investigation—have known each other since the 1980s and have been described as good friends . Mueller attended the weddings of two of Barrs daughters , and their wives attend Bible study together . Military awards . Mueller received the following military awards and decorations : External links . - Profile at the Federal Bureau of Investigation and staff

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Which team did the player Peguy Luyindula belong to before Aug 1997?

/wiki/Peguy_Luyindula#P54#0

Peguy Luyindula Guy Luyindula Makanda ( born 25 May 1979 ) , known as Peguy Luyindula , is a French former professional footballer who played as a forward . Club career . Early career . Luyindula began his career at Niort joining at the age of 18 . In his first professional season scored eight goals where he caught the eye of Strasbourg . He joined Strasbourg in 1998 and went on to score 19 league goals in 85 matches . Luyindula also helped Strasbourg in capturing the 2001 Coupe de France . On 2 February 2000 , he scored a hattrick as Strasbourg beat Lyon . During this time he earned a reputation as one of the hottest prospects in French football . Lyon . Luyindula continued his progress up the football ladder after coming to the attention of French giants Lyon . In January 2002 he completed a £5.5 million transfer to Lyon and continued his good form scoring 6 goals and helping Lyon win the French league . He remained at Lyon for the next two season winning two more league championships . He had his most productive season in 2003–04 as he scored 16 league goals helping Lyon to the Ligue 1 title . On 24 May 2004 , he scored the third goal in a 3–0 win against Lille which secured the championship . Marseille . Following the club record sale of Didier Drogba for £24 million to Chelsea , Marseille set their sights on Luyindula as a replacement . Although Luyindula expressed his desire to remain at Lyon and despite their recent success the club still suffered from financial troubles and a sale looked probable . Eventually he completed a £7.5 million move to lOM . He quickly found himself out of favour at the Vélodrome , in spite of being the clubs best goalscorer for 2004–05 . Loaned out to AJ Auxerre , where he reunited with his former Lyon coach Jacques Santini , during the 2005–06 season , Luyindula failed to convince the club to keep him on a permanent basis . In the summer of 2006 , he thus moved back to Marseille and found himself on the fringes of the first team , before another loan move materialized , this time to Spanish club Levante UD . He joined the club for the 2006–07 season . On 1 February 2007 , the loan was cut short . Paris Saint-Germain . On 1 February 2007 , the same day his loan with Levante was terminated , Luyindula moved to Paris Saint-Germain , joining on a -year contract . As part of the deal , it was agreed he would not make his debut in the following match against Marseille . He debuted for Paris Saint-Germain on 10 February 2007 , and netted his first goal two months later against Le Mans , in a crucial game for the battle against relegation . Before the season ended , he scored two more against the likes of Toulouse and Nantes to keep French capital club in the top flight . In the summer of 2007 , the Parisian club purchased Luyindula on a definite basis . The club endured a horrendous 2007–08 campaign , only avoiding relegation on the last day of the season . Luydindula scored just 5 goals during the whole season , and became something of a hate figure among PSG fans . The 2008–09 season proved to be much more positive for the Kinshasa-born forward . With the arrival of no less than four attacking reinforcements ( Ludovic Giuly , Guillaume Hoarau , Stéphane Sessègnon and Mateja Kežman ) in the summer , Luyindula lost his spot in the starting line-up . However , he was often used as a supersub , especially in UEFA Cup games , and appeared to play better without the pressure of being an automatic starter . He scored twice in a 4–0 win over Dutch club FC Twente in December 2008 , which qualified the Parisian club for the following round of the UEFA Cup . In September 2009 , Luyindula signed a two-year extension to his deal with the club , this tied him to the club until 2012 . During the 2011–12 campaign Luyindula had a falling out with manager Antoine Kombouare and as a result was relegated to the reserve side . He was reinstated to the first team under new manager Carlo Ancelotti but only appeared in one League Cup match in 2012 . During his time with PSG Luyindula played in 180 official matches and scored 37 goals . New York Red Bulls . In December 2012 it was reported that Luyindula would be terminating his contract with PSG to sign with New York Red Bulls . New York officially announced Luyindulas signing with the club on 19 March 2013 . Luyindula scored his first goal for his new club on 13 July against Montreal Impact . In his first year with New York Luyindula appeared in 22 league matches and scored 1 goal and was second on the team in assists with 7 . During the season he started to play as a central midfielder and was instrumental in New York capturing the Supporters Shield on the last day of the season as he assisted on three of the clubs goals in a 5–2 victory over Chicago Fire . In his second season with New York Luyindula was a key figure in helping the club reach the league playoffs as he appeared in 26 league matches scoring 5 goals . He was a key player for New York during the MLS playoffs assisting on two goals in the teams come from behind 2–1 victory over Sporting Kansas City in the play-in match , and scoring two goals in New Yorks series aggregate victory of 3–2 over rivals D.C . United which sent the club to the Eastern Conference final . International career . Luyindula was capped six times and scored his lone goal for the France national team in a 2004 friendly match against Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 2009 , Luyindula briefly revived his international career by starting two games on the right-wing against Lithuania in Frances 2010 World Cup Qualification campaign . Post-playing career . In July 2019 Luyindula joined Dijon FCOs management as a strategic advisor . Honours . Strasbourg - Coupe de France : 2000–01 Lyon - Division/Ligue 1 : 2001–02 , 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Trophée des Champions : 2002 Paris Saint-Germain - Coupe de France : 2009–10 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2007–08 New York Red Bulls - Supporters Shield : 2013 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month : January 2005 , April 2007 , January 2009

hard

Which team did the player Peguy Luyindula belong to between Aug 2001 and Dec 2001?

/wiki/Peguy_Luyindula#P54#1

Peguy Luyindula Guy Luyindula Makanda ( born 25 May 1979 ) , known as Peguy Luyindula , is a French former professional footballer who played as a forward . Club career . Early career . Luyindula began his career at Niort joining at the age of 18 . In his first professional season scored eight goals where he caught the eye of Strasbourg . He joined Strasbourg in 1998 and went on to score 19 league goals in 85 matches . Luyindula also helped Strasbourg in capturing the 2001 Coupe de France . On 2 February 2000 , he scored a hattrick as Strasbourg beat Lyon . During this time he earned a reputation as one of the hottest prospects in French football . Lyon . Luyindula continued his progress up the football ladder after coming to the attention of French giants Lyon . In January 2002 he completed a £5.5 million transfer to Lyon and continued his good form scoring 6 goals and helping Lyon win the French league . He remained at Lyon for the next two season winning two more league championships . He had his most productive season in 2003–04 as he scored 16 league goals helping Lyon to the Ligue 1 title . On 24 May 2004 , he scored the third goal in a 3–0 win against Lille which secured the championship . Marseille . Following the club record sale of Didier Drogba for £24 million to Chelsea , Marseille set their sights on Luyindula as a replacement . Although Luyindula expressed his desire to remain at Lyon and despite their recent success the club still suffered from financial troubles and a sale looked probable . Eventually he completed a £7.5 million move to lOM . He quickly found himself out of favour at the Vélodrome , in spite of being the clubs best goalscorer for 2004–05 . Loaned out to AJ Auxerre , where he reunited with his former Lyon coach Jacques Santini , during the 2005–06 season , Luyindula failed to convince the club to keep him on a permanent basis . In the summer of 2006 , he thus moved back to Marseille and found himself on the fringes of the first team , before another loan move materialized , this time to Spanish club Levante UD . He joined the club for the 2006–07 season . On 1 February 2007 , the loan was cut short . Paris Saint-Germain . On 1 February 2007 , the same day his loan with Levante was terminated , Luyindula moved to Paris Saint-Germain , joining on a -year contract . As part of the deal , it was agreed he would not make his debut in the following match against Marseille . He debuted for Paris Saint-Germain on 10 February 2007 , and netted his first goal two months later against Le Mans , in a crucial game for the battle against relegation . Before the season ended , he scored two more against the likes of Toulouse and Nantes to keep French capital club in the top flight . In the summer of 2007 , the Parisian club purchased Luyindula on a definite basis . The club endured a horrendous 2007–08 campaign , only avoiding relegation on the last day of the season . Luydindula scored just 5 goals during the whole season , and became something of a hate figure among PSG fans . The 2008–09 season proved to be much more positive for the Kinshasa-born forward . With the arrival of no less than four attacking reinforcements ( Ludovic Giuly , Guillaume Hoarau , Stéphane Sessègnon and Mateja Kežman ) in the summer , Luyindula lost his spot in the starting line-up . However , he was often used as a supersub , especially in UEFA Cup games , and appeared to play better without the pressure of being an automatic starter . He scored twice in a 4–0 win over Dutch club FC Twente in December 2008 , which qualified the Parisian club for the following round of the UEFA Cup . In September 2009 , Luyindula signed a two-year extension to his deal with the club , this tied him to the club until 2012 . During the 2011–12 campaign Luyindula had a falling out with manager Antoine Kombouare and as a result was relegated to the reserve side . He was reinstated to the first team under new manager Carlo Ancelotti but only appeared in one League Cup match in 2012 . During his time with PSG Luyindula played in 180 official matches and scored 37 goals . New York Red Bulls . In December 2012 it was reported that Luyindula would be terminating his contract with PSG to sign with New York Red Bulls . New York officially announced Luyindulas signing with the club on 19 March 2013 . Luyindula scored his first goal for his new club on 13 July against Montreal Impact . In his first year with New York Luyindula appeared in 22 league matches and scored 1 goal and was second on the team in assists with 7 . During the season he started to play as a central midfielder and was instrumental in New York capturing the Supporters Shield on the last day of the season as he assisted on three of the clubs goals in a 5–2 victory over Chicago Fire . In his second season with New York Luyindula was a key figure in helping the club reach the league playoffs as he appeared in 26 league matches scoring 5 goals . He was a key player for New York during the MLS playoffs assisting on two goals in the teams come from behind 2–1 victory over Sporting Kansas City in the play-in match , and scoring two goals in New Yorks series aggregate victory of 3–2 over rivals D.C . United which sent the club to the Eastern Conference final . International career . Luyindula was capped six times and scored his lone goal for the France national team in a 2004 friendly match against Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 2009 , Luyindula briefly revived his international career by starting two games on the right-wing against Lithuania in Frances 2010 World Cup Qualification campaign . Post-playing career . In July 2019 Luyindula joined Dijon FCOs management as a strategic advisor . Honours . Strasbourg - Coupe de France : 2000–01 Lyon - Division/Ligue 1 : 2001–02 , 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Trophée des Champions : 2002 Paris Saint-Germain - Coupe de France : 2009–10 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2007–08 New York Red Bulls - Supporters Shield : 2013 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month : January 2005 , April 2007 , January 2009

hard

Which team did the player Peguy Luyindula belong to in 2002?

/wiki/Peguy_Luyindula#P54#2

Peguy Luyindula Guy Luyindula Makanda ( born 25 May 1979 ) , known as Peguy Luyindula , is a French former professional footballer who played as a forward . Club career . Early career . Luyindula began his career at Niort joining at the age of 18 . In his first professional season scored eight goals where he caught the eye of Strasbourg . He joined Strasbourg in 1998 and went on to score 19 league goals in 85 matches . Luyindula also helped Strasbourg in capturing the 2001 Coupe de France . On 2 February 2000 , he scored a hattrick as Strasbourg beat Lyon . During this time he earned a reputation as one of the hottest prospects in French football . Lyon . Luyindula continued his progress up the football ladder after coming to the attention of French giants Lyon . In January 2002 he completed a £5.5 million transfer to Lyon and continued his good form scoring 6 goals and helping Lyon win the French league . He remained at Lyon for the next two season winning two more league championships . He had his most productive season in 2003–04 as he scored 16 league goals helping Lyon to the Ligue 1 title . On 24 May 2004 , he scored the third goal in a 3–0 win against Lille which secured the championship . Marseille . Following the club record sale of Didier Drogba for £24 million to Chelsea , Marseille set their sights on Luyindula as a replacement . Although Luyindula expressed his desire to remain at Lyon and despite their recent success the club still suffered from financial troubles and a sale looked probable . Eventually he completed a £7.5 million move to lOM . He quickly found himself out of favour at the Vélodrome , in spite of being the clubs best goalscorer for 2004–05 . Loaned out to AJ Auxerre , where he reunited with his former Lyon coach Jacques Santini , during the 2005–06 season , Luyindula failed to convince the club to keep him on a permanent basis . In the summer of 2006 , he thus moved back to Marseille and found himself on the fringes of the first team , before another loan move materialized , this time to Spanish club Levante UD . He joined the club for the 2006–07 season . On 1 February 2007 , the loan was cut short . Paris Saint-Germain . On 1 February 2007 , the same day his loan with Levante was terminated , Luyindula moved to Paris Saint-Germain , joining on a -year contract . As part of the deal , it was agreed he would not make his debut in the following match against Marseille . He debuted for Paris Saint-Germain on 10 February 2007 , and netted his first goal two months later against Le Mans , in a crucial game for the battle against relegation . Before the season ended , he scored two more against the likes of Toulouse and Nantes to keep French capital club in the top flight . In the summer of 2007 , the Parisian club purchased Luyindula on a definite basis . The club endured a horrendous 2007–08 campaign , only avoiding relegation on the last day of the season . Luydindula scored just 5 goals during the whole season , and became something of a hate figure among PSG fans . The 2008–09 season proved to be much more positive for the Kinshasa-born forward . With the arrival of no less than four attacking reinforcements ( Ludovic Giuly , Guillaume Hoarau , Stéphane Sessègnon and Mateja Kežman ) in the summer , Luyindula lost his spot in the starting line-up . However , he was often used as a supersub , especially in UEFA Cup games , and appeared to play better without the pressure of being an automatic starter . He scored twice in a 4–0 win over Dutch club FC Twente in December 2008 , which qualified the Parisian club for the following round of the UEFA Cup . In September 2009 , Luyindula signed a two-year extension to his deal with the club , this tied him to the club until 2012 . During the 2011–12 campaign Luyindula had a falling out with manager Antoine Kombouare and as a result was relegated to the reserve side . He was reinstated to the first team under new manager Carlo Ancelotti but only appeared in one League Cup match in 2012 . During his time with PSG Luyindula played in 180 official matches and scored 37 goals . New York Red Bulls . In December 2012 it was reported that Luyindula would be terminating his contract with PSG to sign with New York Red Bulls . New York officially announced Luyindulas signing with the club on 19 March 2013 . Luyindula scored his first goal for his new club on 13 July against Montreal Impact . In his first year with New York Luyindula appeared in 22 league matches and scored 1 goal and was second on the team in assists with 7 . During the season he started to play as a central midfielder and was instrumental in New York capturing the Supporters Shield on the last day of the season as he assisted on three of the clubs goals in a 5–2 victory over Chicago Fire . In his second season with New York Luyindula was a key figure in helping the club reach the league playoffs as he appeared in 26 league matches scoring 5 goals . He was a key player for New York during the MLS playoffs assisting on two goals in the teams come from behind 2–1 victory over Sporting Kansas City in the play-in match , and scoring two goals in New Yorks series aggregate victory of 3–2 over rivals D.C . United which sent the club to the Eastern Conference final . International career . Luyindula was capped six times and scored his lone goal for the France national team in a 2004 friendly match against Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 2009 , Luyindula briefly revived his international career by starting two games on the right-wing against Lithuania in Frances 2010 World Cup Qualification campaign . Post-playing career . In July 2019 Luyindula joined Dijon FCOs management as a strategic advisor . Honours . Strasbourg - Coupe de France : 2000–01 Lyon - Division/Ligue 1 : 2001–02 , 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Trophée des Champions : 2002 Paris Saint-Germain - Coupe de France : 2009–10 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2007–08 New York Red Bulls - Supporters Shield : 2013 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month : January 2005 , April 2007 , January 2009

hard

Which team did the player Peguy Luyindula belong to in Aug 2003?

/wiki/Peguy_Luyindula#P54#3

Peguy Luyindula Guy Luyindula Makanda ( born 25 May 1979 ) , known as Peguy Luyindula , is a French former professional footballer who played as a forward . Club career . Early career . Luyindula began his career at Niort joining at the age of 18 . In his first professional season scored eight goals where he caught the eye of Strasbourg . He joined Strasbourg in 1998 and went on to score 19 league goals in 85 matches . Luyindula also helped Strasbourg in capturing the 2001 Coupe de France . On 2 February 2000 , he scored a hattrick as Strasbourg beat Lyon . During this time he earned a reputation as one of the hottest prospects in French football . Lyon . Luyindula continued his progress up the football ladder after coming to the attention of French giants Lyon . In January 2002 he completed a £5.5 million transfer to Lyon and continued his good form scoring 6 goals and helping Lyon win the French league . He remained at Lyon for the next two season winning two more league championships . He had his most productive season in 2003–04 as he scored 16 league goals helping Lyon to the Ligue 1 title . On 24 May 2004 , he scored the third goal in a 3–0 win against Lille which secured the championship . Marseille . Following the club record sale of Didier Drogba for £24 million to Chelsea , Marseille set their sights on Luyindula as a replacement . Although Luyindula expressed his desire to remain at Lyon and despite their recent success the club still suffered from financial troubles and a sale looked probable . Eventually he completed a £7.5 million move to lOM . He quickly found himself out of favour at the Vélodrome , in spite of being the clubs best goalscorer for 2004–05 . Loaned out to AJ Auxerre , where he reunited with his former Lyon coach Jacques Santini , during the 2005–06 season , Luyindula failed to convince the club to keep him on a permanent basis . In the summer of 2006 , he thus moved back to Marseille and found himself on the fringes of the first team , before another loan move materialized , this time to Spanish club Levante UD . He joined the club for the 2006–07 season . On 1 February 2007 , the loan was cut short . Paris Saint-Germain . On 1 February 2007 , the same day his loan with Levante was terminated , Luyindula moved to Paris Saint-Germain , joining on a -year contract . As part of the deal , it was agreed he would not make his debut in the following match against Marseille . He debuted for Paris Saint-Germain on 10 February 2007 , and netted his first goal two months later against Le Mans , in a crucial game for the battle against relegation . Before the season ended , he scored two more against the likes of Toulouse and Nantes to keep French capital club in the top flight . In the summer of 2007 , the Parisian club purchased Luyindula on a definite basis . The club endured a horrendous 2007–08 campaign , only avoiding relegation on the last day of the season . Luydindula scored just 5 goals during the whole season , and became something of a hate figure among PSG fans . The 2008–09 season proved to be much more positive for the Kinshasa-born forward . With the arrival of no less than four attacking reinforcements ( Ludovic Giuly , Guillaume Hoarau , Stéphane Sessègnon and Mateja Kežman ) in the summer , Luyindula lost his spot in the starting line-up . However , he was often used as a supersub , especially in UEFA Cup games , and appeared to play better without the pressure of being an automatic starter . He scored twice in a 4–0 win over Dutch club FC Twente in December 2008 , which qualified the Parisian club for the following round of the UEFA Cup . In September 2009 , Luyindula signed a two-year extension to his deal with the club , this tied him to the club until 2012 . During the 2011–12 campaign Luyindula had a falling out with manager Antoine Kombouare and as a result was relegated to the reserve side . He was reinstated to the first team under new manager Carlo Ancelotti but only appeared in one League Cup match in 2012 . During his time with PSG Luyindula played in 180 official matches and scored 37 goals . New York Red Bulls . In December 2012 it was reported that Luyindula would be terminating his contract with PSG to sign with New York Red Bulls . New York officially announced Luyindulas signing with the club on 19 March 2013 . Luyindula scored his first goal for his new club on 13 July against Montreal Impact . In his first year with New York Luyindula appeared in 22 league matches and scored 1 goal and was second on the team in assists with 7 . During the season he started to play as a central midfielder and was instrumental in New York capturing the Supporters Shield on the last day of the season as he assisted on three of the clubs goals in a 5–2 victory over Chicago Fire . In his second season with New York Luyindula was a key figure in helping the club reach the league playoffs as he appeared in 26 league matches scoring 5 goals . He was a key player for New York during the MLS playoffs assisting on two goals in the teams come from behind 2–1 victory over Sporting Kansas City in the play-in match , and scoring two goals in New Yorks series aggregate victory of 3–2 over rivals D.C . United which sent the club to the Eastern Conference final . International career . Luyindula was capped six times and scored his lone goal for the France national team in a 2004 friendly match against Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 2009 , Luyindula briefly revived his international career by starting two games on the right-wing against Lithuania in Frances 2010 World Cup Qualification campaign . Post-playing career . In July 2019 Luyindula joined Dijon FCOs management as a strategic advisor . Honours . Strasbourg - Coupe de France : 2000–01 Lyon - Division/Ligue 1 : 2001–02 , 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Trophée des Champions : 2002 Paris Saint-Germain - Coupe de France : 2009–10 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2007–08 New York Red Bulls - Supporters Shield : 2013 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month : January 2005 , April 2007 , January 2009

hard

Which team did the player Peguy Luyindula belong to after Aug 2005?

/wiki/Peguy_Luyindula#P54#4

Peguy Luyindula Guy Luyindula Makanda ( born 25 May 1979 ) , known as Peguy Luyindula , is a French former professional footballer who played as a forward . Club career . Early career . Luyindula began his career at Niort joining at the age of 18 . In his first professional season scored eight goals where he caught the eye of Strasbourg . He joined Strasbourg in 1998 and went on to score 19 league goals in 85 matches . Luyindula also helped Strasbourg in capturing the 2001 Coupe de France . On 2 February 2000 , he scored a hattrick as Strasbourg beat Lyon . During this time he earned a reputation as one of the hottest prospects in French football . Lyon . Luyindula continued his progress up the football ladder after coming to the attention of French giants Lyon . In January 2002 he completed a £5.5 million transfer to Lyon and continued his good form scoring 6 goals and helping Lyon win the French league . He remained at Lyon for the next two season winning two more league championships . He had his most productive season in 2003–04 as he scored 16 league goals helping Lyon to the Ligue 1 title . On 24 May 2004 , he scored the third goal in a 3–0 win against Lille which secured the championship . Marseille . Following the club record sale of Didier Drogba for £24 million to Chelsea , Marseille set their sights on Luyindula as a replacement . Although Luyindula expressed his desire to remain at Lyon and despite their recent success the club still suffered from financial troubles and a sale looked probable . Eventually he completed a £7.5 million move to lOM . He quickly found himself out of favour at the Vélodrome , in spite of being the clubs best goalscorer for 2004–05 . Loaned out to AJ Auxerre , where he reunited with his former Lyon coach Jacques Santini , during the 2005–06 season , Luyindula failed to convince the club to keep him on a permanent basis . In the summer of 2006 , he thus moved back to Marseille and found himself on the fringes of the first team , before another loan move materialized , this time to Spanish club Levante UD . He joined the club for the 2006–07 season . On 1 February 2007 , the loan was cut short . Paris Saint-Germain . On 1 February 2007 , the same day his loan with Levante was terminated , Luyindula moved to Paris Saint-Germain , joining on a -year contract . As part of the deal , it was agreed he would not make his debut in the following match against Marseille . He debuted for Paris Saint-Germain on 10 February 2007 , and netted his first goal two months later against Le Mans , in a crucial game for the battle against relegation . Before the season ended , he scored two more against the likes of Toulouse and Nantes to keep French capital club in the top flight . In the summer of 2007 , the Parisian club purchased Luyindula on a definite basis . The club endured a horrendous 2007–08 campaign , only avoiding relegation on the last day of the season . Luydindula scored just 5 goals during the whole season , and became something of a hate figure among PSG fans . The 2008–09 season proved to be much more positive for the Kinshasa-born forward . With the arrival of no less than four attacking reinforcements ( Ludovic Giuly , Guillaume Hoarau , Stéphane Sessègnon and Mateja Kežman ) in the summer , Luyindula lost his spot in the starting line-up . However , he was often used as a supersub , especially in UEFA Cup games , and appeared to play better without the pressure of being an automatic starter . He scored twice in a 4–0 win over Dutch club FC Twente in December 2008 , which qualified the Parisian club for the following round of the UEFA Cup . In September 2009 , Luyindula signed a two-year extension to his deal with the club , this tied him to the club until 2012 . During the 2011–12 campaign Luyindula had a falling out with manager Antoine Kombouare and as a result was relegated to the reserve side . He was reinstated to the first team under new manager Carlo Ancelotti but only appeared in one League Cup match in 2012 . During his time with PSG Luyindula played in 180 official matches and scored 37 goals . New York Red Bulls . In December 2012 it was reported that Luyindula would be terminating his contract with PSG to sign with New York Red Bulls . New York officially announced Luyindulas signing with the club on 19 March 2013 . Luyindula scored his first goal for his new club on 13 July against Montreal Impact . In his first year with New York Luyindula appeared in 22 league matches and scored 1 goal and was second on the team in assists with 7 . During the season he started to play as a central midfielder and was instrumental in New York capturing the Supporters Shield on the last day of the season as he assisted on three of the clubs goals in a 5–2 victory over Chicago Fire . In his second season with New York Luyindula was a key figure in helping the club reach the league playoffs as he appeared in 26 league matches scoring 5 goals . He was a key player for New York during the MLS playoffs assisting on two goals in the teams come from behind 2–1 victory over Sporting Kansas City in the play-in match , and scoring two goals in New Yorks series aggregate victory of 3–2 over rivals D.C . United which sent the club to the Eastern Conference final . International career . Luyindula was capped six times and scored his lone goal for the France national team in a 2004 friendly match against Bosnia and Herzegovina . In 2009 , Luyindula briefly revived his international career by starting two games on the right-wing against Lithuania in Frances 2010 World Cup Qualification campaign . Post-playing career . In July 2019 Luyindula joined Dijon FCOs management as a strategic advisor . Honours . Strasbourg - Coupe de France : 2000–01 Lyon - Division/Ligue 1 : 2001–02 , 2002–03 , 2003–04 - Trophée des Champions : 2002 Paris Saint-Germain - Coupe de France : 2009–10 - Coupe de la Ligue : 2007–08 New York Red Bulls - Supporters Shield : 2013 Individual - UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month : January 2005 , April 2007 , January 2009

hard

Which position did Yogi Adityanath hold before Jan 2003?

/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath#P39#0

Yogi Adityanath Yogi Adityanath ( born Ajay Mohan Bisht ; 5 June 1972 ) is an Indian Hindu monk and politician serving as the 22nd and current Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh , in office since 19 March 2017 . He was appointed as the Chief Minister on 26 March 2017 after the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) won the 2017 State Assembly elections , in which he was a prominent campaigner . He has been the Member of Parliament from the Gorakhpur constituency , Uttar Pradesh , for five consecutive terms since 1998 . Adityanath is also the Mahant or head priest of the Gorakhnath Math , a Hindu temple in Gorakhpur , a position he has held since the death of his spiritual father , Mahant Avaidyanath , in September 2014 . He is also the founder of Hindu Yuva Vahini , a Hindu Nationalist organisation . He is often considered a Hindu nationalist due to his controversial views . He has an image as a right-wing populist Hindutva firebrand . Early life and education . Yogi Adityanath was born as Ajay Mohan Bisht on 5 June 1972 in the village of Panchur , in Pauri Garhwal , Uttar Pradesh ( now in Uttarakhand ) . His late father Anand Singh Bisht was a forest ranger . He was the second born in the family , among four brothers and three sisters . He completed his bachelors degree in Mathematics from the Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University in Uttarakhand . He left his home around the 1990s to join the Ayodhya Ram temple movement . Around that time , he also became a disciple of Mahant Avaidyanath , the chief of the Gorakhnath Math . Upon taking Diksha as sanyasi of the Nath tradition , he was given the name Yogi Adityanath and designated as the successor of the Mahant Avaidyanath . While based in Gorakhpur after his initiation , Adityanath has often visited his ancestral village , establishing a school there in 1998 . Spiritual career . Adityanath renounced his family in 1993 , at the age of 21 and became a disciple of Mahant Avaidyanath , the then high priest of Gorakhnath Math . He was promoted to the rank of Mahant or high priest of the Gorakhnath Math after the death of his teacher Mahant Aavaidyanath on 12 September 2014 . Yogi Adityanath was made Peethadhishwar ( Head Seer ) of the Math amid traditional rituals of the Nath sect on 14 September 2014 . Early political career . Scholar Christophe Jaffrelot states that Yogi Adityanath belongs to a specific tradition of Hindutva politics in Uttar Pradesh that can be traced back to the Mahant Digvijay Nath , who led the capture of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya for Hindus on 22 December 1949 . Both Digvijay Nath and his successor , Mahant Avaidyanath , belonged to the Hindu Mahasabha and were elected to the Parliament on that partys ticket . After the BJP and the Sangh Parivar joined the Ayodhya movement in the 1980s , the two strands of Hindu nationalism came together . Avaidyanath switched to the BJP in 1991 , but nevertheless maintained significant autonomy . Yogi Adityanath was appointed Avaidyanaths successor as the Mahant of Gorakhnath Math in 1994 . Four years later , he was elected to the Lower House of the Indian Parliament ( the Lok Sabha ) . After his first electoral win , Adityanath started his own youth wing Hindu Yuva Vahini , which has been known for their activities in the eastern Uttar Pradesh and was instrumental in Adityanaths meteoric rise . There have been recurrent tensions between Adityanath and the BJP leadership over the allocation of election tickets . However , the BJP has not let the tensions mount because Adityanath has served as a star campaigner for the party . In 2006 , he took up links between Nepali Maoists and Indian Leftist parties as key campaign issue and encouraged Madhesi leaders to oppose Maoism in Nepal . In 2008 , his convoy was reportedly attacked while en route to Azamgarh for an anti-terrorism rally . The attack left one person dead and at least six persons injured . Member of Parliament . Adityanath was the youngest member of the 12th Lok Sabha at 26 . He has been elected to the Parliament from Gorakhpur for five consecutive terms ( in 1998 , 1999 , 2004 , 2009 and 2014 elections ) . Adityanaths attendance in Lok Sabha was 77% and he has asked 284 questions , participated in 56 debates and introduced three private member Bills in the 16th Lok Sabha . Relations with the BJP . Adityanath has had strained relations with the BJP for more than a decade . He often derided and undermined the BJP , criticising its dilution of the Hindutva ideology . Having established his own independent power base in Eastern Uttar Pradesh , with the support of the Hindu Yuva Vahini and the Gorakhnath Math , he felt confident to be able to dictate terms to the BJP . When his voice was not heard , he revolted by fielding candidates against the official BJP candidates . The most prominent example was the fielding of Radha Mohan Das Agarwal from Gorakhpur on a Hindu Mahasabha ticket in 2002 , who then defeated BJP Cabinet minister , Shiv Pratap Shukla by a wide margin . In 2007 , Adityanath threatened to field 70 candidates for the state assembly against the BJP candidates . But he reached a compromise in the end . In 2009 Parliamentary elections , Adityanath was rumoured to have campaigned against the BJP candidates who were then defeated . Despite his periodic revolts , Yogi Adityanath has been kept in good humour by the RSS and the BJP leaders . The deputy prime minister L . K . Advani , the RSS chief Rajendra Singh and the VHP chief Ashok Singhal have visited him in Gorakhpur . During 22–24 December 2006 , Adityanath organised a three-day Virat Hindu Mahasammelan at Gorakhpur at the same time as the BJP National Executive Meet in Lucknow . Despite the conflict , several RSS and VHP leaders attended the Mahasammelan , which issued a commitment to pursue the Hindutva goals despite the BJPs claimed abandonment of them . In March 2010 , Adityanath was one of the several BJP MPs who defied the party whip on the Womens Reservation Bill in the Parliament . In 2018 , he campaigned for BJP candidate Pratap Puriji Maharaj for Rajasthan state assembly election . Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh . He was a prominent campaigner for the BJP in the 2017 assembly elections in the state of Uttar Pradesh . He was appointed Chief Minister , of the state on Saturday , 18 March 2017 and sworn in the next day on 19 March , after the BJP won the assembly elections . The illegal slaughterhouses in Uttar Pradesh faced shutdowns from the administration after his becoming the Chief Minister . Yogi ordered the forming of anti-romeo squads . He imposed a blanket ban on cow-smuggling and stay on UPPSC results , exams and interviews till further order . He imposed a ban on tobacco , pan and gutka in government offices across the state and made the officials pledge to devote 100 hours every year for the Swachh Bharat Mission . More than 100 policemen were suspended by the Uttar Pradesh police . After becoming the CM of UP , he kept around 36 ministries to himself including Home , Housing , Town and country planning department , Revenue , Food and Civil Supplies , Food Security and drug administration , Economics and statistics , Mines and Minerals , Flood control , stamp and registry , prison , general administration , secretariat administration , vigilance , personnel and appointment , information , institutional finance , planning , estate department , urban land , UP state reorganisation committee , administration reforms , programme implementation , national integration , infrastructure , coordination , language , external aided project , Relief and Rehabilitation , Public Service Management , Rent Control , Consumer protection , weights and measures . In his first cabinet meeting held on 4 April 2017 , decision was taken to waive off loans of nearly 87 lakh small and marginal farmers of Uttar Pradesh , amounting to . For Indias Independence Day celebrations in 2017 , his government singled-out Muslim religious schools to provide video evidence that their students had sung the Indian national anthem . In July 2018 , Yogi Adityanath along with Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Moon Jae-in , President of South Korea , inaugurated the worlds largest smartphone manufacturing factory in Noida , Uttar Pradesh . His government was credited for making 50 megawatts of power and a 22-km-long electricity line in record four months for the Samsung mobile plant . The New York Times relayed analysts estimations of Adityanath as a candidate for Prime Minister of India in 2024 , provided he delivers on some fronts . In August 2020 , India Today-Karvy Insightss Mood of the nation survey showed Yogi as best performing Chief Minister in India . The Government of Uttar Pradesh led by Adityanath faced major challenges during the migrant movement from urban to rural parts of the state , questioning the pandemic management . However , according to World Health Organizations November 2020 report , Adityanaths administration showed exemplary performance in strategic response and contact tracing both in rural and urban parts of the states . In September 2020 , Adityanath asked his government to come up with a strategy to prevent religious conversions in the name of love and even considered passing an ordinance for the same if needed . On 31 October , Adityanath announced that a Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance , 2020 to curb Love Jihad would be passed by his government . The Uttar Pradesh state cabinet cleared the ordinance on 24 November 2020 following which it was approved and signed by state Governor Anandiben Patel on 28 November 2020 . Personal views . On 3 January 2016 , a day after the terrorist attack on an Indian air force base in Pathankot allegedly by Pakistani terrorists , Adityanath compared Pakistan to Satan . Adityanath has praised the US President Donald Trumps decision to enact a ban on citizens from 7 Muslim-majority countries entering the United States and has called for India to adopt similar policies to tackle terrorism . Controversies . In January 2007 , Adityanath with other BJP leaders had gathered to mourn the death of a man who was killed because of religious violence . He and his supporters were subsequently arrested by the police and lodged in Gorkhapur jail on the charges of disturbing peace and violating prohibitory orders . His arrest led to further unrest during which several coaches of the Mumbai bound Mumbai-Gorakhpur Godan Express were burnt , allegedly by protesting Hindu Yuva Vahini activists . The day after the arrest , the District Magistrate and the local police chief were transferred and replaced . In 2011 , the documentary film Saffron War – Radicalization of Hinduism accused Adityanath of promoting communal disharmony in Uttar Pradesh through hate speeches . In 2017 , his government ordered withdrawal of around 20,000 politically motivated cases , including those against himself and other politicians . Statements . In 2010 , when opposing the Womens Reservation Bill , Adityanath said that reservation doesnt affect womens domestic responsibilities such as childcare . He added that if men develop feminine traits they become gods , but if women develop masculine traits they become demons . In an undated video that surfaced on YouTube during August 2014 , Adityanath , reportedly during a public speech at Azamgarh , referring to the religious conversions due to inter-religious marriages , has said , if they take one Hindu girl , we will take 100 Muslims girls . In the same video , he continues by saying , if they kill one Hindu , there will be 100 that we and pauses , as the gathered crowd shouts : kill . In February 2015 , while speaking at the Vishwa Hindu Parishad’s ‘Virat Hindu Sammelan’ , Adityanath commented : If given a chance , we will install statues of Goddess Gauri , Ganesh and Nandi — Hindu deities — in every mosque . In June 2015 , Adityanath , while talking about Surya Namaskara , and Yoga said that those who want to avoid Yoga can leave Hindustan . He requested those who see communalism in the Sun God to drown themselves in the sea or live in a dark room for the rest of their lives . During the intolerance debate in the Indian media in late 2015 , Adityanath commented that actor Shah Rukh Khan was using the same language as Pakistani terrorist Hafiz Saeed . Bibliography . Books by Yogi Adityanath . - Haṭhayoga svarūpa evam sādhanā , Gorakhapura : Śrī Gorakshanātha Mandira , 2007 , 148 p .

hard

Which position did Yogi Adityanath hold between May 2017 and Sep 2017?

/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath#P39#1

Yogi Adityanath Yogi Adityanath ( born Ajay Mohan Bisht ; 5 June 1972 ) is an Indian Hindu monk and politician serving as the 22nd and current Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh , in office since 19 March 2017 . He was appointed as the Chief Minister on 26 March 2017 after the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) won the 2017 State Assembly elections , in which he was a prominent campaigner . He has been the Member of Parliament from the Gorakhpur constituency , Uttar Pradesh , for five consecutive terms since 1998 . Adityanath is also the Mahant or head priest of the Gorakhnath Math , a Hindu temple in Gorakhpur , a position he has held since the death of his spiritual father , Mahant Avaidyanath , in September 2014 . He is also the founder of Hindu Yuva Vahini , a Hindu Nationalist organisation . He is often considered a Hindu nationalist due to his controversial views . He has an image as a right-wing populist Hindutva firebrand . Early life and education . Yogi Adityanath was born as Ajay Mohan Bisht on 5 June 1972 in the village of Panchur , in Pauri Garhwal , Uttar Pradesh ( now in Uttarakhand ) . His late father Anand Singh Bisht was a forest ranger . He was the second born in the family , among four brothers and three sisters . He completed his bachelors degree in Mathematics from the Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University in Uttarakhand . He left his home around the 1990s to join the Ayodhya Ram temple movement . Around that time , he also became a disciple of Mahant Avaidyanath , the chief of the Gorakhnath Math . Upon taking Diksha as sanyasi of the Nath tradition , he was given the name Yogi Adityanath and designated as the successor of the Mahant Avaidyanath . While based in Gorakhpur after his initiation , Adityanath has often visited his ancestral village , establishing a school there in 1998 . Spiritual career . Adityanath renounced his family in 1993 , at the age of 21 and became a disciple of Mahant Avaidyanath , the then high priest of Gorakhnath Math . He was promoted to the rank of Mahant or high priest of the Gorakhnath Math after the death of his teacher Mahant Aavaidyanath on 12 September 2014 . Yogi Adityanath was made Peethadhishwar ( Head Seer ) of the Math amid traditional rituals of the Nath sect on 14 September 2014 . Early political career . Scholar Christophe Jaffrelot states that Yogi Adityanath belongs to a specific tradition of Hindutva politics in Uttar Pradesh that can be traced back to the Mahant Digvijay Nath , who led the capture of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya for Hindus on 22 December 1949 . Both Digvijay Nath and his successor , Mahant Avaidyanath , belonged to the Hindu Mahasabha and were elected to the Parliament on that partys ticket . After the BJP and the Sangh Parivar joined the Ayodhya movement in the 1980s , the two strands of Hindu nationalism came together . Avaidyanath switched to the BJP in 1991 , but nevertheless maintained significant autonomy . Yogi Adityanath was appointed Avaidyanaths successor as the Mahant of Gorakhnath Math in 1994 . Four years later , he was elected to the Lower House of the Indian Parliament ( the Lok Sabha ) . After his first electoral win , Adityanath started his own youth wing Hindu Yuva Vahini , which has been known for their activities in the eastern Uttar Pradesh and was instrumental in Adityanaths meteoric rise . There have been recurrent tensions between Adityanath and the BJP leadership over the allocation of election tickets . However , the BJP has not let the tensions mount because Adityanath has served as a star campaigner for the party . In 2006 , he took up links between Nepali Maoists and Indian Leftist parties as key campaign issue and encouraged Madhesi leaders to oppose Maoism in Nepal . In 2008 , his convoy was reportedly attacked while en route to Azamgarh for an anti-terrorism rally . The attack left one person dead and at least six persons injured . Member of Parliament . Adityanath was the youngest member of the 12th Lok Sabha at 26 . He has been elected to the Parliament from Gorakhpur for five consecutive terms ( in 1998 , 1999 , 2004 , 2009 and 2014 elections ) . Adityanaths attendance in Lok Sabha was 77% and he has asked 284 questions , participated in 56 debates and introduced three private member Bills in the 16th Lok Sabha . Relations with the BJP . Adityanath has had strained relations with the BJP for more than a decade . He often derided and undermined the BJP , criticising its dilution of the Hindutva ideology . Having established his own independent power base in Eastern Uttar Pradesh , with the support of the Hindu Yuva Vahini and the Gorakhnath Math , he felt confident to be able to dictate terms to the BJP . When his voice was not heard , he revolted by fielding candidates against the official BJP candidates . The most prominent example was the fielding of Radha Mohan Das Agarwal from Gorakhpur on a Hindu Mahasabha ticket in 2002 , who then defeated BJP Cabinet minister , Shiv Pratap Shukla by a wide margin . In 2007 , Adityanath threatened to field 70 candidates for the state assembly against the BJP candidates . But he reached a compromise in the end . In 2009 Parliamentary elections , Adityanath was rumoured to have campaigned against the BJP candidates who were then defeated . Despite his periodic revolts , Yogi Adityanath has been kept in good humour by the RSS and the BJP leaders . The deputy prime minister L . K . Advani , the RSS chief Rajendra Singh and the VHP chief Ashok Singhal have visited him in Gorakhpur . During 22–24 December 2006 , Adityanath organised a three-day Virat Hindu Mahasammelan at Gorakhpur at the same time as the BJP National Executive Meet in Lucknow . Despite the conflict , several RSS and VHP leaders attended the Mahasammelan , which issued a commitment to pursue the Hindutva goals despite the BJPs claimed abandonment of them . In March 2010 , Adityanath was one of the several BJP MPs who defied the party whip on the Womens Reservation Bill in the Parliament . In 2018 , he campaigned for BJP candidate Pratap Puriji Maharaj for Rajasthan state assembly election . Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh . He was a prominent campaigner for the BJP in the 2017 assembly elections in the state of Uttar Pradesh . He was appointed Chief Minister , of the state on Saturday , 18 March 2017 and sworn in the next day on 19 March , after the BJP won the assembly elections . The illegal slaughterhouses in Uttar Pradesh faced shutdowns from the administration after his becoming the Chief Minister . Yogi ordered the forming of anti-romeo squads . He imposed a blanket ban on cow-smuggling and stay on UPPSC results , exams and interviews till further order . He imposed a ban on tobacco , pan and gutka in government offices across the state and made the officials pledge to devote 100 hours every year for the Swachh Bharat Mission . More than 100 policemen were suspended by the Uttar Pradesh police . After becoming the CM of UP , he kept around 36 ministries to himself including Home , Housing , Town and country planning department , Revenue , Food and Civil Supplies , Food Security and drug administration , Economics and statistics , Mines and Minerals , Flood control , stamp and registry , prison , general administration , secretariat administration , vigilance , personnel and appointment , information , institutional finance , planning , estate department , urban land , UP state reorganisation committee , administration reforms , programme implementation , national integration , infrastructure , coordination , language , external aided project , Relief and Rehabilitation , Public Service Management , Rent Control , Consumer protection , weights and measures . In his first cabinet meeting held on 4 April 2017 , decision was taken to waive off loans of nearly 87 lakh small and marginal farmers of Uttar Pradesh , amounting to . For Indias Independence Day celebrations in 2017 , his government singled-out Muslim religious schools to provide video evidence that their students had sung the Indian national anthem . In July 2018 , Yogi Adityanath along with Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Moon Jae-in , President of South Korea , inaugurated the worlds largest smartphone manufacturing factory in Noida , Uttar Pradesh . His government was credited for making 50 megawatts of power and a 22-km-long electricity line in record four months for the Samsung mobile plant . The New York Times relayed analysts estimations of Adityanath as a candidate for Prime Minister of India in 2024 , provided he delivers on some fronts . In August 2020 , India Today-Karvy Insightss Mood of the nation survey showed Yogi as best performing Chief Minister in India . The Government of Uttar Pradesh led by Adityanath faced major challenges during the migrant movement from urban to rural parts of the state , questioning the pandemic management . However , according to World Health Organizations November 2020 report , Adityanaths administration showed exemplary performance in strategic response and contact tracing both in rural and urban parts of the states . In September 2020 , Adityanath asked his government to come up with a strategy to prevent religious conversions in the name of love and even considered passing an ordinance for the same if needed . On 31 October , Adityanath announced that a Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance , 2020 to curb Love Jihad would be passed by his government . The Uttar Pradesh state cabinet cleared the ordinance on 24 November 2020 following which it was approved and signed by state Governor Anandiben Patel on 28 November 2020 . Personal views . On 3 January 2016 , a day after the terrorist attack on an Indian air force base in Pathankot allegedly by Pakistani terrorists , Adityanath compared Pakistan to Satan . Adityanath has praised the US President Donald Trumps decision to enact a ban on citizens from 7 Muslim-majority countries entering the United States and has called for India to adopt similar policies to tackle terrorism . Controversies . In January 2007 , Adityanath with other BJP leaders had gathered to mourn the death of a man who was killed because of religious violence . He and his supporters were subsequently arrested by the police and lodged in Gorkhapur jail on the charges of disturbing peace and violating prohibitory orders . His arrest led to further unrest during which several coaches of the Mumbai bound Mumbai-Gorakhpur Godan Express were burnt , allegedly by protesting Hindu Yuva Vahini activists . The day after the arrest , the District Magistrate and the local police chief were transferred and replaced . In 2011 , the documentary film Saffron War – Radicalization of Hinduism accused Adityanath of promoting communal disharmony in Uttar Pradesh through hate speeches . In 2017 , his government ordered withdrawal of around 20,000 politically motivated cases , including those against himself and other politicians . Statements . In 2010 , when opposing the Womens Reservation Bill , Adityanath said that reservation doesnt affect womens domestic responsibilities such as childcare . He added that if men develop feminine traits they become gods , but if women develop masculine traits they become demons . In an undated video that surfaced on YouTube during August 2014 , Adityanath , reportedly during a public speech at Azamgarh , referring to the religious conversions due to inter-religious marriages , has said , if they take one Hindu girl , we will take 100 Muslims girls . In the same video , he continues by saying , if they kill one Hindu , there will be 100 that we and pauses , as the gathered crowd shouts : kill . In February 2015 , while speaking at the Vishwa Hindu Parishad’s ‘Virat Hindu Sammelan’ , Adityanath commented : If given a chance , we will install statues of Goddess Gauri , Ganesh and Nandi — Hindu deities — in every mosque . In June 2015 , Adityanath , while talking about Surya Namaskara , and Yoga said that those who want to avoid Yoga can leave Hindustan . He requested those who see communalism in the Sun God to drown themselves in the sea or live in a dark room for the rest of their lives . During the intolerance debate in the Indian media in late 2015 , Adityanath commented that actor Shah Rukh Khan was using the same language as Pakistani terrorist Hafiz Saeed . Bibliography . Books by Yogi Adityanath . - Haṭhayoga svarūpa evam sādhanā , Gorakhapura : Śrī Gorakshanātha Mandira , 2007 , 148 p .

hard

Which position did Yogi Adityanath hold between Jan 1991 and Mar 1992?

/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath#P39#2

Yogi Adityanath Yogi Adityanath ( born Ajay Mohan Bisht ; 5 June 1972 ) is an Indian Hindu monk and politician serving as the 22nd and current Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh , in office since 19 March 2017 . He was appointed as the Chief Minister on 26 March 2017 after the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) won the 2017 State Assembly elections , in which he was a prominent campaigner . He has been the Member of Parliament from the Gorakhpur constituency , Uttar Pradesh , for five consecutive terms since 1998 . Adityanath is also the Mahant or head priest of the Gorakhnath Math , a Hindu temple in Gorakhpur , a position he has held since the death of his spiritual father , Mahant Avaidyanath , in September 2014 . He is also the founder of Hindu Yuva Vahini , a Hindu Nationalist organisation . He is often considered a Hindu nationalist due to his controversial views . He has an image as a right-wing populist Hindutva firebrand . Early life and education . Yogi Adityanath was born as Ajay Mohan Bisht on 5 June 1972 in the village of Panchur , in Pauri Garhwal , Uttar Pradesh ( now in Uttarakhand ) . His late father Anand Singh Bisht was a forest ranger . He was the second born in the family , among four brothers and three sisters . He completed his bachelors degree in Mathematics from the Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University in Uttarakhand . He left his home around the 1990s to join the Ayodhya Ram temple movement . Around that time , he also became a disciple of Mahant Avaidyanath , the chief of the Gorakhnath Math . Upon taking Diksha as sanyasi of the Nath tradition , he was given the name Yogi Adityanath and designated as the successor of the Mahant Avaidyanath . While based in Gorakhpur after his initiation , Adityanath has often visited his ancestral village , establishing a school there in 1998 . Spiritual career . Adityanath renounced his family in 1993 , at the age of 21 and became a disciple of Mahant Avaidyanath , the then high priest of Gorakhnath Math . He was promoted to the rank of Mahant or high priest of the Gorakhnath Math after the death of his teacher Mahant Aavaidyanath on 12 September 2014 . Yogi Adityanath was made Peethadhishwar ( Head Seer ) of the Math amid traditional rituals of the Nath sect on 14 September 2014 . Early political career . Scholar Christophe Jaffrelot states that Yogi Adityanath belongs to a specific tradition of Hindutva politics in Uttar Pradesh that can be traced back to the Mahant Digvijay Nath , who led the capture of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya for Hindus on 22 December 1949 . Both Digvijay Nath and his successor , Mahant Avaidyanath , belonged to the Hindu Mahasabha and were elected to the Parliament on that partys ticket . After the BJP and the Sangh Parivar joined the Ayodhya movement in the 1980s , the two strands of Hindu nationalism came together . Avaidyanath switched to the BJP in 1991 , but nevertheless maintained significant autonomy . Yogi Adityanath was appointed Avaidyanaths successor as the Mahant of Gorakhnath Math in 1994 . Four years later , he was elected to the Lower House of the Indian Parliament ( the Lok Sabha ) . After his first electoral win , Adityanath started his own youth wing Hindu Yuva Vahini , which has been known for their activities in the eastern Uttar Pradesh and was instrumental in Adityanaths meteoric rise . There have been recurrent tensions between Adityanath and the BJP leadership over the allocation of election tickets . However , the BJP has not let the tensions mount because Adityanath has served as a star campaigner for the party . In 2006 , he took up links between Nepali Maoists and Indian Leftist parties as key campaign issue and encouraged Madhesi leaders to oppose Maoism in Nepal . In 2008 , his convoy was reportedly attacked while en route to Azamgarh for an anti-terrorism rally . The attack left one person dead and at least six persons injured . Member of Parliament . Adityanath was the youngest member of the 12th Lok Sabha at 26 . He has been elected to the Parliament from Gorakhpur for five consecutive terms ( in 1998 , 1999 , 2004 , 2009 and 2014 elections ) . Adityanaths attendance in Lok Sabha was 77% and he has asked 284 questions , participated in 56 debates and introduced three private member Bills in the 16th Lok Sabha . Relations with the BJP . Adityanath has had strained relations with the BJP for more than a decade . He often derided and undermined the BJP , criticising its dilution of the Hindutva ideology . Having established his own independent power base in Eastern Uttar Pradesh , with the support of the Hindu Yuva Vahini and the Gorakhnath Math , he felt confident to be able to dictate terms to the BJP . When his voice was not heard , he revolted by fielding candidates against the official BJP candidates . The most prominent example was the fielding of Radha Mohan Das Agarwal from Gorakhpur on a Hindu Mahasabha ticket in 2002 , who then defeated BJP Cabinet minister , Shiv Pratap Shukla by a wide margin . In 2007 , Adityanath threatened to field 70 candidates for the state assembly against the BJP candidates . But he reached a compromise in the end . In 2009 Parliamentary elections , Adityanath was rumoured to have campaigned against the BJP candidates who were then defeated . Despite his periodic revolts , Yogi Adityanath has been kept in good humour by the RSS and the BJP leaders . The deputy prime minister L . K . Advani , the RSS chief Rajendra Singh and the VHP chief Ashok Singhal have visited him in Gorakhpur . During 22–24 December 2006 , Adityanath organised a three-day Virat Hindu Mahasammelan at Gorakhpur at the same time as the BJP National Executive Meet in Lucknow . Despite the conflict , several RSS and VHP leaders attended the Mahasammelan , which issued a commitment to pursue the Hindutva goals despite the BJPs claimed abandonment of them . In March 2010 , Adityanath was one of the several BJP MPs who defied the party whip on the Womens Reservation Bill in the Parliament . In 2018 , he campaigned for BJP candidate Pratap Puriji Maharaj for Rajasthan state assembly election . Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh . He was a prominent campaigner for the BJP in the 2017 assembly elections in the state of Uttar Pradesh . He was appointed Chief Minister , of the state on Saturday , 18 March 2017 and sworn in the next day on 19 March , after the BJP won the assembly elections . The illegal slaughterhouses in Uttar Pradesh faced shutdowns from the administration after his becoming the Chief Minister . Yogi ordered the forming of anti-romeo squads . He imposed a blanket ban on cow-smuggling and stay on UPPSC results , exams and interviews till further order . He imposed a ban on tobacco , pan and gutka in government offices across the state and made the officials pledge to devote 100 hours every year for the Swachh Bharat Mission . More than 100 policemen were suspended by the Uttar Pradesh police . After becoming the CM of UP , he kept around 36 ministries to himself including Home , Housing , Town and country planning department , Revenue , Food and Civil Supplies , Food Security and drug administration , Economics and statistics , Mines and Minerals , Flood control , stamp and registry , prison , general administration , secretariat administration , vigilance , personnel and appointment , information , institutional finance , planning , estate department , urban land , UP state reorganisation committee , administration reforms , programme implementation , national integration , infrastructure , coordination , language , external aided project , Relief and Rehabilitation , Public Service Management , Rent Control , Consumer protection , weights and measures . In his first cabinet meeting held on 4 April 2017 , decision was taken to waive off loans of nearly 87 lakh small and marginal farmers of Uttar Pradesh , amounting to . For Indias Independence Day celebrations in 2017 , his government singled-out Muslim religious schools to provide video evidence that their students had sung the Indian national anthem . In July 2018 , Yogi Adityanath along with Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Moon Jae-in , President of South Korea , inaugurated the worlds largest smartphone manufacturing factory in Noida , Uttar Pradesh . His government was credited for making 50 megawatts of power and a 22-km-long electricity line in record four months for the Samsung mobile plant . The New York Times relayed analysts estimations of Adityanath as a candidate for Prime Minister of India in 2024 , provided he delivers on some fronts . In August 2020 , India Today-Karvy Insightss Mood of the nation survey showed Yogi as best performing Chief Minister in India . The Government of Uttar Pradesh led by Adityanath faced major challenges during the migrant movement from urban to rural parts of the state , questioning the pandemic management . However , according to World Health Organizations November 2020 report , Adityanaths administration showed exemplary performance in strategic response and contact tracing both in rural and urban parts of the states . In September 2020 , Adityanath asked his government to come up with a strategy to prevent religious conversions in the name of love and even considered passing an ordinance for the same if needed . On 31 October , Adityanath announced that a Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance , 2020 to curb Love Jihad would be passed by his government . The Uttar Pradesh state cabinet cleared the ordinance on 24 November 2020 following which it was approved and signed by state Governor Anandiben Patel on 28 November 2020 . Personal views . On 3 January 2016 , a day after the terrorist attack on an Indian air force base in Pathankot allegedly by Pakistani terrorists , Adityanath compared Pakistan to Satan . Adityanath has praised the US President Donald Trumps decision to enact a ban on citizens from 7 Muslim-majority countries entering the United States and has called for India to adopt similar policies to tackle terrorism . Controversies . In January 2007 , Adityanath with other BJP leaders had gathered to mourn the death of a man who was killed because of religious violence . He and his supporters were subsequently arrested by the police and lodged in Gorkhapur jail on the charges of disturbing peace and violating prohibitory orders . His arrest led to further unrest during which several coaches of the Mumbai bound Mumbai-Gorakhpur Godan Express were burnt , allegedly by protesting Hindu Yuva Vahini activists . The day after the arrest , the District Magistrate and the local police chief were transferred and replaced . In 2011 , the documentary film Saffron War – Radicalization of Hinduism accused Adityanath of promoting communal disharmony in Uttar Pradesh through hate speeches . In 2017 , his government ordered withdrawal of around 20,000 politically motivated cases , including those against himself and other politicians . Statements . In 2010 , when opposing the Womens Reservation Bill , Adityanath said that reservation doesnt affect womens domestic responsibilities such as childcare . He added that if men develop feminine traits they become gods , but if women develop masculine traits they become demons . In an undated video that surfaced on YouTube during August 2014 , Adityanath , reportedly during a public speech at Azamgarh , referring to the religious conversions due to inter-religious marriages , has said , if they take one Hindu girl , we will take 100 Muslims girls . In the same video , he continues by saying , if they kill one Hindu , there will be 100 that we and pauses , as the gathered crowd shouts : kill . In February 2015 , while speaking at the Vishwa Hindu Parishad’s ‘Virat Hindu Sammelan’ , Adityanath commented : If given a chance , we will install statues of Goddess Gauri , Ganesh and Nandi — Hindu deities — in every mosque . In June 2015 , Adityanath , while talking about Surya Namaskara , and Yoga said that those who want to avoid Yoga can leave Hindustan . He requested those who see communalism in the Sun God to drown themselves in the sea or live in a dark room for the rest of their lives . During the intolerance debate in the Indian media in late 2015 , Adityanath commented that actor Shah Rukh Khan was using the same language as Pakistani terrorist Hafiz Saeed . Bibliography . Books by Yogi Adityanath . - Haṭhayoga svarūpa evam sādhanā , Gorakhapura : Śrī Gorakshanātha Mandira , 2007 , 148 p .

hard

What was Chris Wood (diplomat) 's occupation in May 2004?

/wiki/Chris_Wood_(diplomat)#P106#0

Chris Wood ( diplomat ) Christopher Terence Wood ( 19 January 1959 ) , is a British diplomat serving as the British Consul General to Shanghai since 2019 . His previous assignments included Representative , British Office Taipei from 2013 to 2016 , Minister , British Embassy Beijing ( 2008–2012 ) , Director for the Americas , Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( 2007–2008 ) and the British Consul-General to Guangzhou ( 2003–2006 ) . A native of West Midlands , England , Wood was educated in the county , and graduated from the University of Cambridge in 1981 , in which year he entered the FCO . In addition to the diplomatic service , Wood has also worked in other government departments including the Cabinet Office , the Department of Environment and on secondment to the Government of British Hong Kong . Wood undertook Chinese language training through the FCO in 1982–84 , and has worked variously in Hong Kong and in the British missions in Guangzhou and Beijing . Wood then served in Taiwan as the British head of mission there , dealing with the Taiwan–United Kingdom relations , during which time the British Trade and Cultural Office ( BTCO ) , predecessor of the British Office Taipei , was renamed . He currently serves as Deputy Head of the European Union Delegation to China and Mongolia . Biography . Early years . Chris Wood was born in Wolverhampton , Staffordshire on 19 January 1959 . He was educated at Cotwall End Primary School and High Arcal Grammar School in the same county . When he was 16 , Wood took part in career advice planning , which encouraged him to consider entering the diplomatic service . In 1981 , Wood graduated with the degree of B.A . ( Hons ) in Modern and Medieval Languages from Fitzwilliam College , Cambridge , where he studied French and German . Career diplomat . Wood joined the FCO right after his graduation in 1981 , working initially as Desk Officer and Third Secretary in the Western European Department . Between 1982 and 1984 , he undertook language training in Chinese in both London ( at the School of Oriental and African Studies – SOAS ) and at the Ministry of Defence Chinese Language School in Hong Kong.He was then seconded to the Hong Kong Government as Assistant Political Adviser , taking part in the Sino-British Negotiations regarding the Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong . After returning to the FCO in 1987 , he was assigned to the Hong Kong Department to head its Future Section , then he worked in the Security Co-ordination Department from 1989 to 1991 . From 1992 to 1998 , Wood worked in the Department of the Environment ( subsequently the Department of the Environment , Transport and the Regions ) , where his roles included head of the European Community Branch , head of the International Air Pollution Branch , and Private Secretary to the Ministers of State ( 1995–1998 ) . During his time in the Economic & Domestic Secretariat , Cabinet Office ( 1998–2001 ) , he served as secretary to several Cabinet Committees including those on Public expenditure , economic affairs , environmental issues , local government and welfare reform . From 2001 to 2002 , he became Head of International & Policy Team , Deputy Prime Minister’s Central Policy Group , Cabinet Office ( subsequently the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister . He returned to the FCO in 2003 , being posted as British Consul-General in Guangzhou from 2003–2006 and working as Director for the Americas in the FCO London from 2007–2008 . He returned to China as Minister and Deputy Head of Mission at the British Embassy in Beijing from 2009–2012 . He was Head of the British Trade & Cultural Office ( subsequently British Office ) in Taiwan from 2013 until 2016 . Wood was Deputy Head of the EU Delegation to China and Mongolia from September 2016 until March 2019 when British diplomats became no longer eligible to represent the EU .

hard

What was Chris Wood (diplomat) 's occupation in Dec 2010?

/wiki/Chris_Wood_(diplomat)#P106#1

Chris Wood ( diplomat ) Christopher Terence Wood ( 19 January 1959 ) , is a British diplomat serving as the British Consul General to Shanghai since 2019 . His previous assignments included Representative , British Office Taipei from 2013 to 2016 , Minister , British Embassy Beijing ( 2008–2012 ) , Director for the Americas , Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( 2007–2008 ) and the British Consul-General to Guangzhou ( 2003–2006 ) . A native of West Midlands , England , Wood was educated in the county , and graduated from the University of Cambridge in 1981 , in which year he entered the FCO . In addition to the diplomatic service , Wood has also worked in other government departments including the Cabinet Office , the Department of Environment and on secondment to the Government of British Hong Kong . Wood undertook Chinese language training through the FCO in 1982–84 , and has worked variously in Hong Kong and in the British missions in Guangzhou and Beijing . Wood then served in Taiwan as the British head of mission there , dealing with the Taiwan–United Kingdom relations , during which time the British Trade and Cultural Office ( BTCO ) , predecessor of the British Office Taipei , was renamed . He currently serves as Deputy Head of the European Union Delegation to China and Mongolia . Biography . Early years . Chris Wood was born in Wolverhampton , Staffordshire on 19 January 1959 . He was educated at Cotwall End Primary School and High Arcal Grammar School in the same county . When he was 16 , Wood took part in career advice planning , which encouraged him to consider entering the diplomatic service . In 1981 , Wood graduated with the degree of B.A . ( Hons ) in Modern and Medieval Languages from Fitzwilliam College , Cambridge , where he studied French and German . Career diplomat . Wood joined the FCO right after his graduation in 1981 , working initially as Desk Officer and Third Secretary in the Western European Department . Between 1982 and 1984 , he undertook language training in Chinese in both London ( at the School of Oriental and African Studies – SOAS ) and at the Ministry of Defence Chinese Language School in Hong Kong.He was then seconded to the Hong Kong Government as Assistant Political Adviser , taking part in the Sino-British Negotiations regarding the Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong . After returning to the FCO in 1987 , he was assigned to the Hong Kong Department to head its Future Section , then he worked in the Security Co-ordination Department from 1989 to 1991 . From 1992 to 1998 , Wood worked in the Department of the Environment ( subsequently the Department of the Environment , Transport and the Regions ) , where his roles included head of the European Community Branch , head of the International Air Pollution Branch , and Private Secretary to the Ministers of State ( 1995–1998 ) . During his time in the Economic & Domestic Secretariat , Cabinet Office ( 1998–2001 ) , he served as secretary to several Cabinet Committees including those on Public expenditure , economic affairs , environmental issues , local government and welfare reform . From 2001 to 2002 , he became Head of International & Policy Team , Deputy Prime Minister’s Central Policy Group , Cabinet Office ( subsequently the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister . He returned to the FCO in 2003 , being posted as British Consul-General in Guangzhou from 2003–2006 and working as Director for the Americas in the FCO London from 2007–2008 . He returned to China as Minister and Deputy Head of Mission at the British Embassy in Beijing from 2009–2012 . He was Head of the British Trade & Cultural Office ( subsequently British Office ) in Taiwan from 2013 until 2016 . Wood was Deputy Head of the EU Delegation to China and Mongolia from September 2016 until March 2019 when British diplomats became no longer eligible to represent the EU .

hard

What was Chris Wood (diplomat) 's occupation between Jun 2013 and Sep 2014?

/wiki/Chris_Wood_(diplomat)#P106#2

Chris Wood ( diplomat ) Christopher Terence Wood ( 19 January 1959 ) , is a British diplomat serving as the British Consul General to Shanghai since 2019 . His previous assignments included Representative , British Office Taipei from 2013 to 2016 , Minister , British Embassy Beijing ( 2008–2012 ) , Director for the Americas , Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( 2007–2008 ) and the British Consul-General to Guangzhou ( 2003–2006 ) . A native of West Midlands , England , Wood was educated in the county , and graduated from the University of Cambridge in 1981 , in which year he entered the FCO . In addition to the diplomatic service , Wood has also worked in other government departments including the Cabinet Office , the Department of Environment and on secondment to the Government of British Hong Kong . Wood undertook Chinese language training through the FCO in 1982–84 , and has worked variously in Hong Kong and in the British missions in Guangzhou and Beijing . Wood then served in Taiwan as the British head of mission there , dealing with the Taiwan–United Kingdom relations , during which time the British Trade and Cultural Office ( BTCO ) , predecessor of the British Office Taipei , was renamed . He currently serves as Deputy Head of the European Union Delegation to China and Mongolia . Biography . Early years . Chris Wood was born in Wolverhampton , Staffordshire on 19 January 1959 . He was educated at Cotwall End Primary School and High Arcal Grammar School in the same county . When he was 16 , Wood took part in career advice planning , which encouraged him to consider entering the diplomatic service . In 1981 , Wood graduated with the degree of B.A . ( Hons ) in Modern and Medieval Languages from Fitzwilliam College , Cambridge , where he studied French and German . Career diplomat . Wood joined the FCO right after his graduation in 1981 , working initially as Desk Officer and Third Secretary in the Western European Department . Between 1982 and 1984 , he undertook language training in Chinese in both London ( at the School of Oriental and African Studies – SOAS ) and at the Ministry of Defence Chinese Language School in Hong Kong.He was then seconded to the Hong Kong Government as Assistant Political Adviser , taking part in the Sino-British Negotiations regarding the Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong . After returning to the FCO in 1987 , he was assigned to the Hong Kong Department to head its Future Section , then he worked in the Security Co-ordination Department from 1989 to 1991 . From 1992 to 1998 , Wood worked in the Department of the Environment ( subsequently the Department of the Environment , Transport and the Regions ) , where his roles included head of the European Community Branch , head of the International Air Pollution Branch , and Private Secretary to the Ministers of State ( 1995–1998 ) . During his time in the Economic & Domestic Secretariat , Cabinet Office ( 1998–2001 ) , he served as secretary to several Cabinet Committees including those on Public expenditure , economic affairs , environmental issues , local government and welfare reform . From 2001 to 2002 , he became Head of International & Policy Team , Deputy Prime Minister’s Central Policy Group , Cabinet Office ( subsequently the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister . He returned to the FCO in 2003 , being posted as British Consul-General in Guangzhou from 2003–2006 and working as Director for the Americas in the FCO London from 2007–2008 . He returned to China as Minister and Deputy Head of Mission at the British Embassy in Beijing from 2009–2012 . He was Head of the British Trade & Cultural Office ( subsequently British Office ) in Taiwan from 2013 until 2016 . Wood was Deputy Head of the EU Delegation to China and Mongolia from September 2016 until March 2019 when British diplomats became no longer eligible to represent the EU .

hard

What position did Valentín Paniagua take before Nov 1965?

/wiki/Valentín_Paniagua#P39#0

Valentín Paniagua Valentín Demetrio Paniagua Corazao ( 23 September 1936 – 16 October 2006 ) was a Peruvian lawyer and politician who briefly served as President of Peru from 2000 to 2001 . Elected President of Congress on 16 November 2000 , he ascended to the presidency as incumbent Alberto Fujimori and both his Vice Presidents resigned by 22 November 2000 . Due to Fujimori shortening his presidential term in order to expire on 28 July 2001 , Paniaguas main task was to oversee the new elections . Paniagua was a longtime member Popular Action , serving as Secretary General and Party President . Early life and education . Paniaguas father was born in Bolivia but lived most of his life in Peru . Valentín Paniagua was born in Cusco and attended high school at Salesian School of Cusco . He went on to study law at the Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad in Cusco , and subsequently transferred to the Universidad Mayor de San Marcos in Lima , where he completed his law degree . In the following years , he worked in his private practice as a lawyer and started a political career . In addition , he completed a masters degree in political science at the University of Indiana . In August 1955 , as a student leader , he was one of the founders of the Frente Universitario Reformista Independiente , a social-Christian reform organization , opposed to landowners rights , to the communists and to the APRA . Paniagua became a member of the Christian Democrat Party ( PDC ) , which was best aligned to his Roman Catholic and reformist ideals . Political career . In June 1963 he was elected to Congress as a representative for Cusco in the joint list of Acción Popular ( AP ) and PDC , an alliance that catapulted the leader of AP , Fernando Belaúnde , to the presidency of the country . Despite Paniaguas youth , Belaúnde appointed him Minister of Justice and Cult in his first government . In 1966 , a section of the PDC led by the then-mayor of Lima , Luis Bedoya Reyes , cut ties with the leadership of Héctor Cornejo Chávez and founded the Partido Popular Cristiano ( PPC ) . However , Paniagua remained in the ranks of the government . The coup détat of General Juan Velasco Alvarado on 3 October 1968 , sent Paniagua out of Congress and for some years he was left out of politics . His loyalty to the constitutional legality of Belaúnde led him to abandon the PDC on 27 July 1974 , in protest of its acceptance of the military government . Some time later he became a member of AP , and kept on a civil protest against Velasco and his 1975 successor , General Francisco Morales-Bermúdez . In the elections of 18 May 1980 , he was re-elected to Congress , and his party boss , Belaúnde , won his second presidency . In July 1982 , after being part of the Constitutional Commission of the Chamber of Deputies , he became President of the Chamber of Deputies . On 10 May 1985 , he became Minister of Education . In October of that year he resigned to return to his parliamentary activities . He was given the Orden del Sol in the Gran Cruz grade . The defeat of AP in the 14 April 1985 elections and arrival to power of Alan Garcías APRA sent Paniagua to the opposition . Over the following five years he remained a strong foe of the government and worked as a prestigious lawyer in academic and political circles , as well as a professor of constitutional law at the universities of San Marcos , Femenina del Sagrado Corazón and Pontificia Católica . In the national elections of 1990 , together with most of Acción Popular , Paniagua supported the candidacy of Mario Vargas Llosa for president . When Alberto Fujimori was elected President , Paniagua was part of the opposition , but became a strong opponent after Fujimoris auto-coup in April 1992 . Presidency . Fujimori was reelected once again in the controversial national elections of 2000 . Paniagua was a prominent member of the opposition . On 14 September the nation was rocked by evidence that Fujimoris security chief , Vladimiro Montesinos , had bribed an opposition congressman to switch to Fujimoris party , Perú 2000 . Fujimoris support evaporated at this point , and he was forced to announce he would step down after new presidential elections in 2001 . An OAS mission was sent to deal with the political crisis . Fujimoris allies lost control of Congress after numerous defections to the opposition . On 15 November 2000 , a majority of the Congress dismissed the acting President of the Peruvian Congress , a Fujimori supporter . After an internal discussion among the political forces , Paniagua was elected the new President of the Peruvian Congress . He was elected because all parties considered him to have a fair but strong character , needed in such times of crisis . A few days later , Fujimori submitted his resignation by fax . However , Congress voted 62-9 to reject Fujimoris resignation and remove him from office on grounds that he was permanently morally unfit . According to the line of succession , First Vice President Francisco Tudela should have succeeded to the presidency , but he had also resigned a few days before after breaking with Fujimori . Second Vice President Ricardo Márquez then claimed the presidency . However , Congress refused to recognize him since he was one of the few who were still loyal to Fujimori . When it became apparent that Congress would not allow Márquez to take office , he resigned as well . Therefore , since the President of Congress stood third in the line of succession , Paniagua became acting president . Paniagua formed a Unity and National Reconciliation Government that received the support of almost all the political parties of the time . He then proceeded to form a broad-based cabinet , which involved non-partisan technologists and low-profile politicians . It was headed by former UN Secretary General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar as Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs , who was chosen to avoid the increasing political pressure from the different political parties . He also dismissed the remaining military commanders who had had any type of involvement with or political connection to Montesinos . Paniagua had to work with Fujimoris Peru 2000 party in Congress , since it still was the most important political organization ( even though it no longer had a majority ) . Additionally , during most of his period , an important number of the infamous Vladivideos were published and investigated , since most of them recorded acts of corruption involving politicians , members of the clergy and important businessmen . Paniagua was also involved in the repeal of much of the anti-terrorist legislation enforced by Fujimori , which included trials by faceless judges and juries . This allowed the re-trial of several members of Shining Path , who were already in prison , in civilian courts instead of military ones . Paniagua also established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate the internal conflict in Peru . Later political career . When his time as President of the Republic came to an end , he transferred the government to the democratically elected president and winner of the national elections of 2001 , Alejandro Toledo . In the same year , he was elected Secretary General of Acción Popular , replacing the long-time leader Fernando Belaúnde as the national leader of the political organization . For a brief period of time , it was speculated that the Peruvian government would support his candidacy for Secretary General of the Organization of American States ( OAS ) in the 2005 Secretary General election . He declined this in order to participate in the 2006 election , as Frente de Centros presidential candidate in an unsuccessful campaign , in which he came in fifth place , receiving 5.75% of the vote . He became a member of the Club of Madrid . Death . On 21 August 2006 , he fell seriously ill and was hospitalized for a week with a respiratory infection . A congressman wrongly reported that he had died and Congress observed a moment of silence in his honor , but he had not died and his health had in fact improved . However , in early October 2006 , the country learned from a medical spokesperson that Mr . Paniaguas condition had not improved significantly . Valentín Paniagua died in the early hours of 16 October 2006 in a hospital in Lima at the age of 70 .

hard

What position did Valentín Paniagua take between Apr 1983 and May 1983?

/wiki/Valentín_Paniagua#P39#1

Valentín Paniagua Valentín Demetrio Paniagua Corazao ( 23 September 1936 – 16 October 2006 ) was a Peruvian lawyer and politician who briefly served as President of Peru from 2000 to 2001 . Elected President of Congress on 16 November 2000 , he ascended to the presidency as incumbent Alberto Fujimori and both his Vice Presidents resigned by 22 November 2000 . Due to Fujimori shortening his presidential term in order to expire on 28 July 2001 , Paniaguas main task was to oversee the new elections . Paniagua was a longtime member Popular Action , serving as Secretary General and Party President . Early life and education . Paniaguas father was born in Bolivia but lived most of his life in Peru . Valentín Paniagua was born in Cusco and attended high school at Salesian School of Cusco . He went on to study law at the Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad in Cusco , and subsequently transferred to the Universidad Mayor de San Marcos in Lima , where he completed his law degree . In the following years , he worked in his private practice as a lawyer and started a political career . In addition , he completed a masters degree in political science at the University of Indiana . In August 1955 , as a student leader , he was one of the founders of the Frente Universitario Reformista Independiente , a social-Christian reform organization , opposed to landowners rights , to the communists and to the APRA . Paniagua became a member of the Christian Democrat Party ( PDC ) , which was best aligned to his Roman Catholic and reformist ideals . Political career . In June 1963 he was elected to Congress as a representative for Cusco in the joint list of Acción Popular ( AP ) and PDC , an alliance that catapulted the leader of AP , Fernando Belaúnde , to the presidency of the country . Despite Paniaguas youth , Belaúnde appointed him Minister of Justice and Cult in his first government . In 1966 , a section of the PDC led by the then-mayor of Lima , Luis Bedoya Reyes , cut ties with the leadership of Héctor Cornejo Chávez and founded the Partido Popular Cristiano ( PPC ) . However , Paniagua remained in the ranks of the government . The coup détat of General Juan Velasco Alvarado on 3 October 1968 , sent Paniagua out of Congress and for some years he was left out of politics . His loyalty to the constitutional legality of Belaúnde led him to abandon the PDC on 27 July 1974 , in protest of its acceptance of the military government . Some time later he became a member of AP , and kept on a civil protest against Velasco and his 1975 successor , General Francisco Morales-Bermúdez . In the elections of 18 May 1980 , he was re-elected to Congress , and his party boss , Belaúnde , won his second presidency . In July 1982 , after being part of the Constitutional Commission of the Chamber of Deputies , he became President of the Chamber of Deputies . On 10 May 1985 , he became Minister of Education . In October of that year he resigned to return to his parliamentary activities . He was given the Orden del Sol in the Gran Cruz grade . The defeat of AP in the 14 April 1985 elections and arrival to power of Alan Garcías APRA sent Paniagua to the opposition . Over the following five years he remained a strong foe of the government and worked as a prestigious lawyer in academic and political circles , as well as a professor of constitutional law at the universities of San Marcos , Femenina del Sagrado Corazón and Pontificia Católica . In the national elections of 1990 , together with most of Acción Popular , Paniagua supported the candidacy of Mario Vargas Llosa for president . When Alberto Fujimori was elected President , Paniagua was part of the opposition , but became a strong opponent after Fujimoris auto-coup in April 1992 . Presidency . Fujimori was reelected once again in the controversial national elections of 2000 . Paniagua was a prominent member of the opposition . On 14 September the nation was rocked by evidence that Fujimoris security chief , Vladimiro Montesinos , had bribed an opposition congressman to switch to Fujimoris party , Perú 2000 . Fujimoris support evaporated at this point , and he was forced to announce he would step down after new presidential elections in 2001 . An OAS mission was sent to deal with the political crisis . Fujimoris allies lost control of Congress after numerous defections to the opposition . On 15 November 2000 , a majority of the Congress dismissed the acting President of the Peruvian Congress , a Fujimori supporter . After an internal discussion among the political forces , Paniagua was elected the new President of the Peruvian Congress . He was elected because all parties considered him to have a fair but strong character , needed in such times of crisis . A few days later , Fujimori submitted his resignation by fax . However , Congress voted 62-9 to reject Fujimoris resignation and remove him from office on grounds that he was permanently morally unfit . According to the line of succession , First Vice President Francisco Tudela should have succeeded to the presidency , but he had also resigned a few days before after breaking with Fujimori . Second Vice President Ricardo Márquez then claimed the presidency . However , Congress refused to recognize him since he was one of the few who were still loyal to Fujimori . When it became apparent that Congress would not allow Márquez to take office , he resigned as well . Therefore , since the President of Congress stood third in the line of succession , Paniagua became acting president . Paniagua formed a Unity and National Reconciliation Government that received the support of almost all the political parties of the time . He then proceeded to form a broad-based cabinet , which involved non-partisan technologists and low-profile politicians . It was headed by former UN Secretary General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar as Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs , who was chosen to avoid the increasing political pressure from the different political parties . He also dismissed the remaining military commanders who had had any type of involvement with or political connection to Montesinos . Paniagua had to work with Fujimoris Peru 2000 party in Congress , since it still was the most important political organization ( even though it no longer had a majority ) . Additionally , during most of his period , an important number of the infamous Vladivideos were published and investigated , since most of them recorded acts of corruption involving politicians , members of the clergy and important businessmen . Paniagua was also involved in the repeal of much of the anti-terrorist legislation enforced by Fujimori , which included trials by faceless judges and juries . This allowed the re-trial of several members of Shining Path , who were already in prison , in civilian courts instead of military ones . Paniagua also established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate the internal conflict in Peru . Later political career . When his time as President of the Republic came to an end , he transferred the government to the democratically elected president and winner of the national elections of 2001 , Alejandro Toledo . In the same year , he was elected Secretary General of Acción Popular , replacing the long-time leader Fernando Belaúnde as the national leader of the political organization . For a brief period of time , it was speculated that the Peruvian government would support his candidacy for Secretary General of the Organization of American States ( OAS ) in the 2005 Secretary General election . He declined this in order to participate in the 2006 election , as Frente de Centros presidential candidate in an unsuccessful campaign , in which he came in fifth place , receiving 5.75% of the vote . He became a member of the Club of Madrid . Death . On 21 August 2006 , he fell seriously ill and was hospitalized for a week with a respiratory infection . A congressman wrongly reported that he had died and Congress observed a moment of silence in his honor , but he had not died and his health had in fact improved . However , in early October 2006 , the country learned from a medical spokesperson that Mr . Paniaguas condition had not improved significantly . Valentín Paniagua died in the early hours of 16 October 2006 in a hospital in Lima at the age of 70 .

hard

What position did Valentín Paniagua take between Sep 1984 and Oct 1984?

/wiki/Valentín_Paniagua#P39#2

Valentín Paniagua Valentín Demetrio Paniagua Corazao ( 23 September 1936 – 16 October 2006 ) was a Peruvian lawyer and politician who briefly served as President of Peru from 2000 to 2001 . Elected President of Congress on 16 November 2000 , he ascended to the presidency as incumbent Alberto Fujimori and both his Vice Presidents resigned by 22 November 2000 . Due to Fujimori shortening his presidential term in order to expire on 28 July 2001 , Paniaguas main task was to oversee the new elections . Paniagua was a longtime member Popular Action , serving as Secretary General and Party President . Early life and education . Paniaguas father was born in Bolivia but lived most of his life in Peru . Valentín Paniagua was born in Cusco and attended high school at Salesian School of Cusco . He went on to study law at the Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad in Cusco , and subsequently transferred to the Universidad Mayor de San Marcos in Lima , where he completed his law degree . In the following years , he worked in his private practice as a lawyer and started a political career . In addition , he completed a masters degree in political science at the University of Indiana . In August 1955 , as a student leader , he was one of the founders of the Frente Universitario Reformista Independiente , a social-Christian reform organization , opposed to landowners rights , to the communists and to the APRA . Paniagua became a member of the Christian Democrat Party ( PDC ) , which was best aligned to his Roman Catholic and reformist ideals . Political career . In June 1963 he was elected to Congress as a representative for Cusco in the joint list of Acción Popular ( AP ) and PDC , an alliance that catapulted the leader of AP , Fernando Belaúnde , to the presidency of the country . Despite Paniaguas youth , Belaúnde appointed him Minister of Justice and Cult in his first government . In 1966 , a section of the PDC led by the then-mayor of Lima , Luis Bedoya Reyes , cut ties with the leadership of Héctor Cornejo Chávez and founded the Partido Popular Cristiano ( PPC ) . However , Paniagua remained in the ranks of the government . The coup détat of General Juan Velasco Alvarado on 3 October 1968 , sent Paniagua out of Congress and for some years he was left out of politics . His loyalty to the constitutional legality of Belaúnde led him to abandon the PDC on 27 July 1974 , in protest of its acceptance of the military government . Some time later he became a member of AP , and kept on a civil protest against Velasco and his 1975 successor , General Francisco Morales-Bermúdez . In the elections of 18 May 1980 , he was re-elected to Congress , and his party boss , Belaúnde , won his second presidency . In July 1982 , after being part of the Constitutional Commission of the Chamber of Deputies , he became President of the Chamber of Deputies . On 10 May 1985 , he became Minister of Education . In October of that year he resigned to return to his parliamentary activities . He was given the Orden del Sol in the Gran Cruz grade . The defeat of AP in the 14 April 1985 elections and arrival to power of Alan Garcías APRA sent Paniagua to the opposition . Over the following five years he remained a strong foe of the government and worked as a prestigious lawyer in academic and political circles , as well as a professor of constitutional law at the universities of San Marcos , Femenina del Sagrado Corazón and Pontificia Católica . In the national elections of 1990 , together with most of Acción Popular , Paniagua supported the candidacy of Mario Vargas Llosa for president . When Alberto Fujimori was elected President , Paniagua was part of the opposition , but became a strong opponent after Fujimoris auto-coup in April 1992 . Presidency . Fujimori was reelected once again in the controversial national elections of 2000 . Paniagua was a prominent member of the opposition . On 14 September the nation was rocked by evidence that Fujimoris security chief , Vladimiro Montesinos , had bribed an opposition congressman to switch to Fujimoris party , Perú 2000 . Fujimoris support evaporated at this point , and he was forced to announce he would step down after new presidential elections in 2001 . An OAS mission was sent to deal with the political crisis . Fujimoris allies lost control of Congress after numerous defections to the opposition . On 15 November 2000 , a majority of the Congress dismissed the acting President of the Peruvian Congress , a Fujimori supporter . After an internal discussion among the political forces , Paniagua was elected the new President of the Peruvian Congress . He was elected because all parties considered him to have a fair but strong character , needed in such times of crisis . A few days later , Fujimori submitted his resignation by fax . However , Congress voted 62-9 to reject Fujimoris resignation and remove him from office on grounds that he was permanently morally unfit . According to the line of succession , First Vice President Francisco Tudela should have succeeded to the presidency , but he had also resigned a few days before after breaking with Fujimori . Second Vice President Ricardo Márquez then claimed the presidency . However , Congress refused to recognize him since he was one of the few who were still loyal to Fujimori . When it became apparent that Congress would not allow Márquez to take office , he resigned as well . Therefore , since the President of Congress stood third in the line of succession , Paniagua became acting president . Paniagua formed a Unity and National Reconciliation Government that received the support of almost all the political parties of the time . He then proceeded to form a broad-based cabinet , which involved non-partisan technologists and low-profile politicians . It was headed by former UN Secretary General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar as Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs , who was chosen to avoid the increasing political pressure from the different political parties . He also dismissed the remaining military commanders who had had any type of involvement with or political connection to Montesinos . Paniagua had to work with Fujimoris Peru 2000 party in Congress , since it still was the most important political organization ( even though it no longer had a majority ) . Additionally , during most of his period , an important number of the infamous Vladivideos were published and investigated , since most of them recorded acts of corruption involving politicians , members of the clergy and important businessmen . Paniagua was also involved in the repeal of much of the anti-terrorist legislation enforced by Fujimori , which included trials by faceless judges and juries . This allowed the re-trial of several members of Shining Path , who were already in prison , in civilian courts instead of military ones . Paniagua also established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate the internal conflict in Peru . Later political career . When his time as President of the Republic came to an end , he transferred the government to the democratically elected president and winner of the national elections of 2001 , Alejandro Toledo . In the same year , he was elected Secretary General of Acción Popular , replacing the long-time leader Fernando Belaúnde as the national leader of the political organization . For a brief period of time , it was speculated that the Peruvian government would support his candidacy for Secretary General of the Organization of American States ( OAS ) in the 2005 Secretary General election . He declined this in order to participate in the 2006 election , as Frente de Centros presidential candidate in an unsuccessful campaign , in which he came in fifth place , receiving 5.75% of the vote . He became a member of the Club of Madrid . Death . On 21 August 2006 , he fell seriously ill and was hospitalized for a week with a respiratory infection . A congressman wrongly reported that he had died and Congress observed a moment of silence in his honor , but he had not died and his health had in fact improved . However , in early October 2006 , the country learned from a medical spokesperson that Mr . Paniaguas condition had not improved significantly . Valentín Paniagua died in the early hours of 16 October 2006 in a hospital in Lima at the age of 70 .

hard

What position did Valentín Paniagua take in Jan 2001?

/wiki/Valentín_Paniagua#P39#3

Valentín Paniagua Valentín Demetrio Paniagua Corazao ( 23 September 1936 – 16 October 2006 ) was a Peruvian lawyer and politician who briefly served as President of Peru from 2000 to 2001 . Elected President of Congress on 16 November 2000 , he ascended to the presidency as incumbent Alberto Fujimori and both his Vice Presidents resigned by 22 November 2000 . Due to Fujimori shortening his presidential term in order to expire on 28 July 2001 , Paniaguas main task was to oversee the new elections . Paniagua was a longtime member Popular Action , serving as Secretary General and Party President . Early life and education . Paniaguas father was born in Bolivia but lived most of his life in Peru . Valentín Paniagua was born in Cusco and attended high school at Salesian School of Cusco . He went on to study law at the Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad in Cusco , and subsequently transferred to the Universidad Mayor de San Marcos in Lima , where he completed his law degree . In the following years , he worked in his private practice as a lawyer and started a political career . In addition , he completed a masters degree in political science at the University of Indiana . In August 1955 , as a student leader , he was one of the founders of the Frente Universitario Reformista Independiente , a social-Christian reform organization , opposed to landowners rights , to the communists and to the APRA . Paniagua became a member of the Christian Democrat Party ( PDC ) , which was best aligned to his Roman Catholic and reformist ideals . Political career . In June 1963 he was elected to Congress as a representative for Cusco in the joint list of Acción Popular ( AP ) and PDC , an alliance that catapulted the leader of AP , Fernando Belaúnde , to the presidency of the country . Despite Paniaguas youth , Belaúnde appointed him Minister of Justice and Cult in his first government . In 1966 , a section of the PDC led by the then-mayor of Lima , Luis Bedoya Reyes , cut ties with the leadership of Héctor Cornejo Chávez and founded the Partido Popular Cristiano ( PPC ) . However , Paniagua remained in the ranks of the government . The coup détat of General Juan Velasco Alvarado on 3 October 1968 , sent Paniagua out of Congress and for some years he was left out of politics . His loyalty to the constitutional legality of Belaúnde led him to abandon the PDC on 27 July 1974 , in protest of its acceptance of the military government . Some time later he became a member of AP , and kept on a civil protest against Velasco and his 1975 successor , General Francisco Morales-Bermúdez . In the elections of 18 May 1980 , he was re-elected to Congress , and his party boss , Belaúnde , won his second presidency . In July 1982 , after being part of the Constitutional Commission of the Chamber of Deputies , he became President of the Chamber of Deputies . On 10 May 1985 , he became Minister of Education . In October of that year he resigned to return to his parliamentary activities . He was given the Orden del Sol in the Gran Cruz grade . The defeat of AP in the 14 April 1985 elections and arrival to power of Alan Garcías APRA sent Paniagua to the opposition . Over the following five years he remained a strong foe of the government and worked as a prestigious lawyer in academic and political circles , as well as a professor of constitutional law at the universities of San Marcos , Femenina del Sagrado Corazón and Pontificia Católica . In the national elections of 1990 , together with most of Acción Popular , Paniagua supported the candidacy of Mario Vargas Llosa for president . When Alberto Fujimori was elected President , Paniagua was part of the opposition , but became a strong opponent after Fujimoris auto-coup in April 1992 . Presidency . Fujimori was reelected once again in the controversial national elections of 2000 . Paniagua was a prominent member of the opposition . On 14 September the nation was rocked by evidence that Fujimoris security chief , Vladimiro Montesinos , had bribed an opposition congressman to switch to Fujimoris party , Perú 2000 . Fujimoris support evaporated at this point , and he was forced to announce he would step down after new presidential elections in 2001 . An OAS mission was sent to deal with the political crisis . Fujimoris allies lost control of Congress after numerous defections to the opposition . On 15 November 2000 , a majority of the Congress dismissed the acting President of the Peruvian Congress , a Fujimori supporter . After an internal discussion among the political forces , Paniagua was elected the new President of the Peruvian Congress . He was elected because all parties considered him to have a fair but strong character , needed in such times of crisis . A few days later , Fujimori submitted his resignation by fax . However , Congress voted 62-9 to reject Fujimoris resignation and remove him from office on grounds that he was permanently morally unfit . According to the line of succession , First Vice President Francisco Tudela should have succeeded to the presidency , but he had also resigned a few days before after breaking with Fujimori . Second Vice President Ricardo Márquez then claimed the presidency . However , Congress refused to recognize him since he was one of the few who were still loyal to Fujimori . When it became apparent that Congress would not allow Márquez to take office , he resigned as well . Therefore , since the President of Congress stood third in the line of succession , Paniagua became acting president . Paniagua formed a Unity and National Reconciliation Government that received the support of almost all the political parties of the time . He then proceeded to form a broad-based cabinet , which involved non-partisan technologists and low-profile politicians . It was headed by former UN Secretary General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar as Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs , who was chosen to avoid the increasing political pressure from the different political parties . He also dismissed the remaining military commanders who had had any type of involvement with or political connection to Montesinos . Paniagua had to work with Fujimoris Peru 2000 party in Congress , since it still was the most important political organization ( even though it no longer had a majority ) . Additionally , during most of his period , an important number of the infamous Vladivideos were published and investigated , since most of them recorded acts of corruption involving politicians , members of the clergy and important businessmen . Paniagua was also involved in the repeal of much of the anti-terrorist legislation enforced by Fujimori , which included trials by faceless judges and juries . This allowed the re-trial of several members of Shining Path , who were already in prison , in civilian courts instead of military ones . Paniagua also established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate the internal conflict in Peru . Later political career . When his time as President of the Republic came to an end , he transferred the government to the democratically elected president and winner of the national elections of 2001 , Alejandro Toledo . In the same year , he was elected Secretary General of Acción Popular , replacing the long-time leader Fernando Belaúnde as the national leader of the political organization . For a brief period of time , it was speculated that the Peruvian government would support his candidacy for Secretary General of the Organization of American States ( OAS ) in the 2005 Secretary General election . He declined this in order to participate in the 2006 election , as Frente de Centros presidential candidate in an unsuccessful campaign , in which he came in fifth place , receiving 5.75% of the vote . He became a member of the Club of Madrid . Death . On 21 August 2006 , he fell seriously ill and was hospitalized for a week with a respiratory infection . A congressman wrongly reported that he had died and Congress observed a moment of silence in his honor , but he had not died and his health had in fact improved . However , in early October 2006 , the country learned from a medical spokesperson that Mr . Paniaguas condition had not improved significantly . Valentín Paniagua died in the early hours of 16 October 2006 in a hospital in Lima at the age of 70 .

hard

Which position did George Cadle Price hold between Jul 1970 and Jul 1977?

/wiki/George_Cadle_Price#P39#0

George Cadle Price George Cadle Price , PC , OCC ( 15 January 191919 September 2011 ) , was a Belizean statesman who served twice as the head of government of Belize from 1961–1984 and 1989–1993 . He served as First Minister and Premier under British rule until independence in 1981 and was the nations first prime minister after independence that year . He is considered to have been one of the principal architects of Belizean independence . Today he is referred to by many as the Father of the Nation . Price effectively dominated Belizean politics from the early 1960s until his 1996 retirement from party leadership , serving as the nations head of government under various titles for most of that period . He entered politics in 1947 with his election to the Belize City Council . In 1949 , with the devaluation of the British Honduran dollar he , together with a group of citizens , formed the Peoples Committee . It was the start of the peaceful , constructive Belizean revolution . On 29 September 1950 , he co-founded the Peoples United Party , which he led for four decades and which was devoted to the political and economic independence of the British colony , then known as British Honduras . Early life and education . George Price was born in Belize City in what was then British Honduras , to William and Irene ( née Escalante ) Price . He had eight sisters and two brothers . Price received his early education at Holy Redeemer Primary School and St . Johns College High School ( SJC ) . He survived the hurricane of 1931 which destroyed SJC at Loyola Park , swimming away from the wreckage . Under the Jesuits he was exposed to the teachings of Catholic social justice , in particular the encyclical Rerum novarum . Upon graduation , the young Price felt a call to the priesthood , so he went to study abroad , first attending the Saint Augustines Minor Seminary in Mississippi , United States , and later the Mayor Seminario Conciliar in Guatemala City . Throughout his life Price remained a devout Roman Catholic and attended Mass daily . The war in Europe prevented him from completing his studies in Rome and , instead , George Price returned to Belize . He was hired by local businessman Robert Sidney Turton as his private secretary . Price also contributed to the Belize Billboard , then run by Philip Goldson . Political career . After receiving encouragement from Turton , Price ran for election to the Belize City Council in 1944 and 1947 , being successful in 1947 . Upon the formation of the Peoples Committee ( PC ) in 1950 , Price was named its Assistant Secretary , and in a famous speech later that year claimed that National Unity propelled the PCs actions . With the formation of the PUP , Prices stature rose and he ascended through the party ranks until he became Party Leader following a leadership dispute in 1956 . Elected to the colonys newly created Legislative Assembly in 1954 , he also served as mayor of Belize City from 1956 to 1962 . In 1956 , Price became party leader of the PUP . As First Minister , a post he held since 1961 , he led the team which began negotiations over independence with The United Kingdom . He maintained that post as Premier in 1964 . In 1981 Belize gained its independence , and Price served as the countrys first prime minister and foreign minister until 1984 . The PUP was defeated in the elections by the United Democratic Party under Manuel Esquivel , with Price unexpectedly losing his own House of Representatives seat to a political newcomer . Price continued to lead the PUP from outside the National Assembly while Florencio Marin became Leader of the Opposition . Price resumed the post of prime minister after successfully returning to the House in the 1989 election , serving until 1993 , when he was again succeeded by Esquivel . In October 1996 he announced his resignation as party leader , and on 10 November 1996 was formally succeeded by Said Musa . Price remained a member of the Belize House until the 2003 election . Honours . In September 2000 , Price became the first person to receive Belizes highest honour , the Order of National Hero , for the prominent role he played in leading his country to independence . He has received similar honours in other Caribbean and Central American countries . In 1982 , he was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom . Death . Price died on 19 September 2011 , at the age of 92 . Almost 30 years earlier he united the people of Belize in the struggle for independence . Now , for one last time Price united all people of Belize , this time in mourning the death of their Father of the Nation . On 26 September 2011 , a state funeral was held . Price was laid to rest at the Lords Ridge Cemetery in Belize City .

hard

Which position did George Cadle Price hold after May 1996?

/wiki/George_Cadle_Price#P39#1

George Cadle Price George Cadle Price , PC , OCC ( 15 January 191919 September 2011 ) , was a Belizean statesman who served twice as the head of government of Belize from 1961–1984 and 1989–1993 . He served as First Minister and Premier under British rule until independence in 1981 and was the nations first prime minister after independence that year . He is considered to have been one of the principal architects of Belizean independence . Today he is referred to by many as the Father of the Nation . Price effectively dominated Belizean politics from the early 1960s until his 1996 retirement from party leadership , serving as the nations head of government under various titles for most of that period . He entered politics in 1947 with his election to the Belize City Council . In 1949 , with the devaluation of the British Honduran dollar he , together with a group of citizens , formed the Peoples Committee . It was the start of the peaceful , constructive Belizean revolution . On 29 September 1950 , he co-founded the Peoples United Party , which he led for four decades and which was devoted to the political and economic independence of the British colony , then known as British Honduras . Early life and education . George Price was born in Belize City in what was then British Honduras , to William and Irene ( née Escalante ) Price . He had eight sisters and two brothers . Price received his early education at Holy Redeemer Primary School and St . Johns College High School ( SJC ) . He survived the hurricane of 1931 which destroyed SJC at Loyola Park , swimming away from the wreckage . Under the Jesuits he was exposed to the teachings of Catholic social justice , in particular the encyclical Rerum novarum . Upon graduation , the young Price felt a call to the priesthood , so he went to study abroad , first attending the Saint Augustines Minor Seminary in Mississippi , United States , and later the Mayor Seminario Conciliar in Guatemala City . Throughout his life Price remained a devout Roman Catholic and attended Mass daily . The war in Europe prevented him from completing his studies in Rome and , instead , George Price returned to Belize . He was hired by local businessman Robert Sidney Turton as his private secretary . Price also contributed to the Belize Billboard , then run by Philip Goldson . Political career . After receiving encouragement from Turton , Price ran for election to the Belize City Council in 1944 and 1947 , being successful in 1947 . Upon the formation of the Peoples Committee ( PC ) in 1950 , Price was named its Assistant Secretary , and in a famous speech later that year claimed that National Unity propelled the PCs actions . With the formation of the PUP , Prices stature rose and he ascended through the party ranks until he became Party Leader following a leadership dispute in 1956 . Elected to the colonys newly created Legislative Assembly in 1954 , he also served as mayor of Belize City from 1956 to 1962 . In 1956 , Price became party leader of the PUP . As First Minister , a post he held since 1961 , he led the team which began negotiations over independence with The United Kingdom . He maintained that post as Premier in 1964 . In 1981 Belize gained its independence , and Price served as the countrys first prime minister and foreign minister until 1984 . The PUP was defeated in the elections by the United Democratic Party under Manuel Esquivel , with Price unexpectedly losing his own House of Representatives seat to a political newcomer . Price continued to lead the PUP from outside the National Assembly while Florencio Marin became Leader of the Opposition . Price resumed the post of prime minister after successfully returning to the House in the 1989 election , serving until 1993 , when he was again succeeded by Esquivel . In October 1996 he announced his resignation as party leader , and on 10 November 1996 was formally succeeded by Said Musa . Price remained a member of the Belize House until the 2003 election . Honours . In September 2000 , Price became the first person to receive Belizes highest honour , the Order of National Hero , for the prominent role he played in leading his country to independence . He has received similar honours in other Caribbean and Central American countries . In 1982 , he was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom . Death . Price died on 19 September 2011 , at the age of 92 . Almost 30 years earlier he united the people of Belize in the struggle for independence . Now , for one last time Price united all people of Belize , this time in mourning the death of their Father of the Nation . On 26 September 2011 , a state funeral was held . Price was laid to rest at the Lords Ridge Cemetery in Belize City .

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Which position did George Cadle Price hold after Sep 2004?

/wiki/George_Cadle_Price#P39#2

George Cadle Price George Cadle Price , PC , OCC ( 15 January 191919 September 2011 ) , was a Belizean statesman who served twice as the head of government of Belize from 1961–1984 and 1989–1993 . He served as First Minister and Premier under British rule until independence in 1981 and was the nations first prime minister after independence that year . He is considered to have been one of the principal architects of Belizean independence . Today he is referred to by many as the Father of the Nation . Price effectively dominated Belizean politics from the early 1960s until his 1996 retirement from party leadership , serving as the nations head of government under various titles for most of that period . He entered politics in 1947 with his election to the Belize City Council . In 1949 , with the devaluation of the British Honduran dollar he , together with a group of citizens , formed the Peoples Committee . It was the start of the peaceful , constructive Belizean revolution . On 29 September 1950 , he co-founded the Peoples United Party , which he led for four decades and which was devoted to the political and economic independence of the British colony , then known as British Honduras . Early life and education . George Price was born in Belize City in what was then British Honduras , to William and Irene ( née Escalante ) Price . He had eight sisters and two brothers . Price received his early education at Holy Redeemer Primary School and St . Johns College High School ( SJC ) . He survived the hurricane of 1931 which destroyed SJC at Loyola Park , swimming away from the wreckage . Under the Jesuits he was exposed to the teachings of Catholic social justice , in particular the encyclical Rerum novarum . Upon graduation , the young Price felt a call to the priesthood , so he went to study abroad , first attending the Saint Augustines Minor Seminary in Mississippi , United States , and later the Mayor Seminario Conciliar in Guatemala City . Throughout his life Price remained a devout Roman Catholic and attended Mass daily . The war in Europe prevented him from completing his studies in Rome and , instead , George Price returned to Belize . He was hired by local businessman Robert Sidney Turton as his private secretary . Price also contributed to the Belize Billboard , then run by Philip Goldson . Political career . After receiving encouragement from Turton , Price ran for election to the Belize City Council in 1944 and 1947 , being successful in 1947 . Upon the formation of the Peoples Committee ( PC ) in 1950 , Price was named its Assistant Secretary , and in a famous speech later that year claimed that National Unity propelled the PCs actions . With the formation of the PUP , Prices stature rose and he ascended through the party ranks until he became Party Leader following a leadership dispute in 1956 . Elected to the colonys newly created Legislative Assembly in 1954 , he also served as mayor of Belize City from 1956 to 1962 . In 1956 , Price became party leader of the PUP . As First Minister , a post he held since 1961 , he led the team which began negotiations over independence with The United Kingdom . He maintained that post as Premier in 1964 . In 1981 Belize gained its independence , and Price served as the countrys first prime minister and foreign minister until 1984 . The PUP was defeated in the elections by the United Democratic Party under Manuel Esquivel , with Price unexpectedly losing his own House of Representatives seat to a political newcomer . Price continued to lead the PUP from outside the National Assembly while Florencio Marin became Leader of the Opposition . Price resumed the post of prime minister after successfully returning to the House in the 1989 election , serving until 1993 , when he was again succeeded by Esquivel . In October 1996 he announced his resignation as party leader , and on 10 November 1996 was formally succeeded by Said Musa . Price remained a member of the Belize House until the 2003 election . Honours . In September 2000 , Price became the first person to receive Belizes highest honour , the Order of National Hero , for the prominent role he played in leading his country to independence . He has received similar honours in other Caribbean and Central American countries . In 1982 , he was made a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom . Death . Price died on 19 September 2011 , at the age of 92 . Almost 30 years earlier he united the people of Belize in the struggle for independence . Now , for one last time Price united all people of Belize , this time in mourning the death of their Father of the Nation . On 26 September 2011 , a state funeral was held . Price was laid to rest at the Lords Ridge Cemetery in Belize City .

hard

Who was the head of FDP.The Liberals in Aug 2009?

/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals#P488#0

FDP.The Liberals FDP.The Liberals ( , , , ) is a liberal political party in Switzerland . It is the joint-largest party in the Federal Council , third-largest party in the National Council and second-largest in the Council of States . The party was formed on 1 January 2009 , after two parties , the Free Democratic Party ( FDP/PRD ) and the smaller Liberal Party ( LPS/PLS ) , united . In Vaud and Valais , the parties retain separate organisations . Its youth organisation is Young Liberals . With 120,000 members as of 2015 , the FDP has the most members of any party : 20% more than the second-placed Christian Democratic Peoples Party of Switzerland ( CVP/PDC ) . The party is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDE ) and an observer member of the Liberal International . The partys president is Petra Gössi . The current FDP representatives in the Federal Council are Ignazio Cassis and Karin Keller-Sutter . History . The party was formed in 2009 from the merger of the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) and the Liberal Party . The radical Free Democratic Party , also called the Radicals , was Switzerlands major establishment party . Founded in 1894 , the partys classical liberal predecessors had governed Switzerland outright for most of the 19th century , and had been the guiding force behind the creation of modern Switzerland . The Liberal Party , known as the Old Liberals , represented the French-speaking establishment : again rooted in the conservative liberalism of the nineteenth century . It also had a distinctly liberal Protestant outlook . In the 2003 federal election , the two parties formed an electoral alliance . In the election , the Liberals were reduced to four seats , below the five required to form an official grouping in the Federal Assembly , so the two formed a joint caucus . In June 2005 , the two founded the Radical and Liberal Union , which aimed to promote liberal goals through deeper cooperation . In 2007 , the womens arms of the parties merged , while the youth wings merged the following year to form the Young Liberals . Agreement on the merger of the federal parties was agreed in October 2008 . The agreement was adopted on 28 February 2009 , applying retroactively to 1 January 2009 . FDP President Fulvio Pelli of Ticino became the partys first leader , while Liberal President Pierre Weiss was named one of four Vice-Presidents . Separate Free Democrat and Liberal branches remained in competition with each other in Geneva , Valais , and Vaud . In May 2011 , the partys two Geneva branches – Liberal Party of Geneva and Radical Party of Geneva – merged to form a single FDP.The Liberals cantonal branch . In the 2015 federal election , the FDP increased its share of the popular vote by 1.3% , the first time it had increased since the 1979 federal election . Positions . As a classically liberal party , the FDP wants to protect civil liberties and individual responsibility . The FDP calls for mutual tolerance of people with different opinions and self-identities , entrepreneurship , social responsibility , the rule of law , and participatory democracy . The party supports neutrality , federalism , direct democracy , and the tax sovereignty of each canton . It believes that national security should be credibly guaranteed by a skilled and strong militia . The party is for a cosmopolitan Switzerland , which benefits from the opportunities that globalization provides . The FDP supports the close cooperation with the EU through bilateral treaties , but rejects accession to the EU . The immigration policy of the party is based on the integration of immigrants , requiring clear and effective rules by means of an integration law . The FDP calls for consistent action against abuse of laws in Switzerland by immigrants , and in repeated cases calls for deporting foreign criminals in accordance with international law . The FDP supports a peaceful foreign policy , which increases the security of Switzerland and prevents an increasing number of refugees . Economic policy . The party believes that an open society and economic freedom are more conducive to prosperity , and greater economic and social stability , rather than a redistributive and regulative state . The FDP wants more freedom of choice rather than restrictions in all areas of private life . According to the partys stance , self-responsibility and competition should dictate the actions of individuals , rather than bans . The FDP wants to ensure that personal initiative is rewarded and not restricted by paternalism . Start-ups , particularly by young people , are to be encouraged . The party stands for a simple tax code , low taxes , and for tax competition among the cantons . It calls for a more citizen-friendly state without excessive bureaucracy and excessive regulation , and for a lean state with lower government spending , which offers only those services which citizens and the private sector cannot provide . The party , which calls for a competitive and sustainable market economy , wants to strengthen Switzerland as a financial and economic hub with as little government interference as possible . It also calls for the reduction of public debt and fiscal deficits . In general , it believes that tax incentives are better than subsidies in creating incentives . The party saw opportunity in the 2007-2010 financial crisis an to carry out financial and tax reforms quickly to improve the situation of companies in Switzerland , and to create 40,000 new jobs by 2015 . The main objectives of energy policy are security of energy supply and increasing energy efficiency . The party wants to support the research of alternative sources of energy for electricity production which generate no carbon dioxide . Social policy . The FDP works toward a society offering genuine opportunities with flexible choices in education , work and family support . It is also aiming at more and better jobs , a sustainable social welfare system which will result in strong national cohesion that counteracts see the divergence of society . This includes stabilizing premium costs in the healthcare sector and combating the abuse of social welfare systems , but also intergenerational equity . The motto of the party in matters of social security is : Solidarity where it is necessary and self-reliance where it is possible . As a profitable investment for the future of society , the FDP wants to promote the highest quality education at all levels , since it considers human capital the most important resource of Switzerland . It considers innovation as a crucial asset for prosperity and wants to improve the position of Switzerland as one of the leaders of innovation . The party is , in principal , in favour of ending marijuana prohibition to encourage safe and legal free enterprise as opposed to a costly war on drugs , emphasizing personal and family responsibility over life choices , as opposed to making such choices a state power . However , many in the party may not be in favour of a full legalization , such as in the U.S . state of Colorado , but just decriminalisation such as the approach in Portugal . Foreign policy . The FDP opposes Swiss membership in the European Union , saying that Switzerland can only remain a world leader if it remains outside the EU . It strongly supports the bilateral accords that Switzerland has with the EU . In the 2001 referendum , the FDP campaigned against opening negotiations . The FDP believes that international law takes precedence over Swiss law , although it states that Swiss voters should approve international law before it takes effect . Leaders . - Fulvio Pelli ( 2009–2012 ) , Ticino - Philipp Müller ( 2012–2016 ) , Aargau - Petra Gössi ( 2016–present ) , Schwyz

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Who was the head of FDP.The Liberals in Feb 2012?

/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals#P488#1

FDP.The Liberals FDP.The Liberals ( , , , ) is a liberal political party in Switzerland . It is the joint-largest party in the Federal Council , third-largest party in the National Council and second-largest in the Council of States . The party was formed on 1 January 2009 , after two parties , the Free Democratic Party ( FDP/PRD ) and the smaller Liberal Party ( LPS/PLS ) , united . In Vaud and Valais , the parties retain separate organisations . Its youth organisation is Young Liberals . With 120,000 members as of 2015 , the FDP has the most members of any party : 20% more than the second-placed Christian Democratic Peoples Party of Switzerland ( CVP/PDC ) . The party is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDE ) and an observer member of the Liberal International . The partys president is Petra Gössi . The current FDP representatives in the Federal Council are Ignazio Cassis and Karin Keller-Sutter . History . The party was formed in 2009 from the merger of the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) and the Liberal Party . The radical Free Democratic Party , also called the Radicals , was Switzerlands major establishment party . Founded in 1894 , the partys classical liberal predecessors had governed Switzerland outright for most of the 19th century , and had been the guiding force behind the creation of modern Switzerland . The Liberal Party , known as the Old Liberals , represented the French-speaking establishment : again rooted in the conservative liberalism of the nineteenth century . It also had a distinctly liberal Protestant outlook . In the 2003 federal election , the two parties formed an electoral alliance . In the election , the Liberals were reduced to four seats , below the five required to form an official grouping in the Federal Assembly , so the two formed a joint caucus . In June 2005 , the two founded the Radical and Liberal Union , which aimed to promote liberal goals through deeper cooperation . In 2007 , the womens arms of the parties merged , while the youth wings merged the following year to form the Young Liberals . Agreement on the merger of the federal parties was agreed in October 2008 . The agreement was adopted on 28 February 2009 , applying retroactively to 1 January 2009 . FDP President Fulvio Pelli of Ticino became the partys first leader , while Liberal President Pierre Weiss was named one of four Vice-Presidents . Separate Free Democrat and Liberal branches remained in competition with each other in Geneva , Valais , and Vaud . In May 2011 , the partys two Geneva branches – Liberal Party of Geneva and Radical Party of Geneva – merged to form a single FDP.The Liberals cantonal branch . In the 2015 federal election , the FDP increased its share of the popular vote by 1.3% , the first time it had increased since the 1979 federal election . Positions . As a classically liberal party , the FDP wants to protect civil liberties and individual responsibility . The FDP calls for mutual tolerance of people with different opinions and self-identities , entrepreneurship , social responsibility , the rule of law , and participatory democracy . The party supports neutrality , federalism , direct democracy , and the tax sovereignty of each canton . It believes that national security should be credibly guaranteed by a skilled and strong militia . The party is for a cosmopolitan Switzerland , which benefits from the opportunities that globalization provides . The FDP supports the close cooperation with the EU through bilateral treaties , but rejects accession to the EU . The immigration policy of the party is based on the integration of immigrants , requiring clear and effective rules by means of an integration law . The FDP calls for consistent action against abuse of laws in Switzerland by immigrants , and in repeated cases calls for deporting foreign criminals in accordance with international law . The FDP supports a peaceful foreign policy , which increases the security of Switzerland and prevents an increasing number of refugees . Economic policy . The party believes that an open society and economic freedom are more conducive to prosperity , and greater economic and social stability , rather than a redistributive and regulative state . The FDP wants more freedom of choice rather than restrictions in all areas of private life . According to the partys stance , self-responsibility and competition should dictate the actions of individuals , rather than bans . The FDP wants to ensure that personal initiative is rewarded and not restricted by paternalism . Start-ups , particularly by young people , are to be encouraged . The party stands for a simple tax code , low taxes , and for tax competition among the cantons . It calls for a more citizen-friendly state without excessive bureaucracy and excessive regulation , and for a lean state with lower government spending , which offers only those services which citizens and the private sector cannot provide . The party , which calls for a competitive and sustainable market economy , wants to strengthen Switzerland as a financial and economic hub with as little government interference as possible . It also calls for the reduction of public debt and fiscal deficits . In general , it believes that tax incentives are better than subsidies in creating incentives . The party saw opportunity in the 2007-2010 financial crisis an to carry out financial and tax reforms quickly to improve the situation of companies in Switzerland , and to create 40,000 new jobs by 2015 . The main objectives of energy policy are security of energy supply and increasing energy efficiency . The party wants to support the research of alternative sources of energy for electricity production which generate no carbon dioxide . Social policy . The FDP works toward a society offering genuine opportunities with flexible choices in education , work and family support . It is also aiming at more and better jobs , a sustainable social welfare system which will result in strong national cohesion that counteracts see the divergence of society . This includes stabilizing premium costs in the healthcare sector and combating the abuse of social welfare systems , but also intergenerational equity . The motto of the party in matters of social security is : Solidarity where it is necessary and self-reliance where it is possible . As a profitable investment for the future of society , the FDP wants to promote the highest quality education at all levels , since it considers human capital the most important resource of Switzerland . It considers innovation as a crucial asset for prosperity and wants to improve the position of Switzerland as one of the leaders of innovation . The party is , in principal , in favour of ending marijuana prohibition to encourage safe and legal free enterprise as opposed to a costly war on drugs , emphasizing personal and family responsibility over life choices , as opposed to making such choices a state power . However , many in the party may not be in favour of a full legalization , such as in the U.S . state of Colorado , but just decriminalisation such as the approach in Portugal . Foreign policy . The FDP opposes Swiss membership in the European Union , saying that Switzerland can only remain a world leader if it remains outside the EU . It strongly supports the bilateral accords that Switzerland has with the EU . In the 2001 referendum , the FDP campaigned against opening negotiations . The FDP believes that international law takes precedence over Swiss law , although it states that Swiss voters should approve international law before it takes effect . Leaders . - Fulvio Pelli ( 2009–2012 ) , Ticino - Philipp Müller ( 2012–2016 ) , Aargau - Petra Gössi ( 2016–present ) , Schwyz

hard

Who was the head of FDP.The Liberals in Feb 2016?

/wiki/FDP.The_Liberals#P488#2

FDP.The Liberals FDP.The Liberals ( , , , ) is a liberal political party in Switzerland . It is the joint-largest party in the Federal Council , third-largest party in the National Council and second-largest in the Council of States . The party was formed on 1 January 2009 , after two parties , the Free Democratic Party ( FDP/PRD ) and the smaller Liberal Party ( LPS/PLS ) , united . In Vaud and Valais , the parties retain separate organisations . Its youth organisation is Young Liberals . With 120,000 members as of 2015 , the FDP has the most members of any party : 20% more than the second-placed Christian Democratic Peoples Party of Switzerland ( CVP/PDC ) . The party is a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDE ) and an observer member of the Liberal International . The partys president is Petra Gössi . The current FDP representatives in the Federal Council are Ignazio Cassis and Karin Keller-Sutter . History . The party was formed in 2009 from the merger of the Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) and the Liberal Party . The radical Free Democratic Party , also called the Radicals , was Switzerlands major establishment party . Founded in 1894 , the partys classical liberal predecessors had governed Switzerland outright for most of the 19th century , and had been the guiding force behind the creation of modern Switzerland . The Liberal Party , known as the Old Liberals , represented the French-speaking establishment : again rooted in the conservative liberalism of the nineteenth century . It also had a distinctly liberal Protestant outlook . In the 2003 federal election , the two parties formed an electoral alliance . In the election , the Liberals were reduced to four seats , below the five required to form an official grouping in the Federal Assembly , so the two formed a joint caucus . In June 2005 , the two founded the Radical and Liberal Union , which aimed to promote liberal goals through deeper cooperation . In 2007 , the womens arms of the parties merged , while the youth wings merged the following year to form the Young Liberals . Agreement on the merger of the federal parties was agreed in October 2008 . The agreement was adopted on 28 February 2009 , applying retroactively to 1 January 2009 . FDP President Fulvio Pelli of Ticino became the partys first leader , while Liberal President Pierre Weiss was named one of four Vice-Presidents . Separate Free Democrat and Liberal branches remained in competition with each other in Geneva , Valais , and Vaud . In May 2011 , the partys two Geneva branches – Liberal Party of Geneva and Radical Party of Geneva – merged to form a single FDP.The Liberals cantonal branch . In the 2015 federal election , the FDP increased its share of the popular vote by 1.3% , the first time it had increased since the 1979 federal election . Positions . As a classically liberal party , the FDP wants to protect civil liberties and individual responsibility . The FDP calls for mutual tolerance of people with different opinions and self-identities , entrepreneurship , social responsibility , the rule of law , and participatory democracy . The party supports neutrality , federalism , direct democracy , and the tax sovereignty of each canton . It believes that national security should be credibly guaranteed by a skilled and strong militia . The party is for a cosmopolitan Switzerland , which benefits from the opportunities that globalization provides . The FDP supports the close cooperation with the EU through bilateral treaties , but rejects accession to the EU . The immigration policy of the party is based on the integration of immigrants , requiring clear and effective rules by means of an integration law . The FDP calls for consistent action against abuse of laws in Switzerland by immigrants , and in repeated cases calls for deporting foreign criminals in accordance with international law . The FDP supports a peaceful foreign policy , which increases the security of Switzerland and prevents an increasing number of refugees . Economic policy . The party believes that an open society and economic freedom are more conducive to prosperity , and greater economic and social stability , rather than a redistributive and regulative state . The FDP wants more freedom of choice rather than restrictions in all areas of private life . According to the partys stance , self-responsibility and competition should dictate the actions of individuals , rather than bans . The FDP wants to ensure that personal initiative is rewarded and not restricted by paternalism . Start-ups , particularly by young people , are to be encouraged . The party stands for a simple tax code , low taxes , and for tax competition among the cantons . It calls for a more citizen-friendly state without excessive bureaucracy and excessive regulation , and for a lean state with lower government spending , which offers only those services which citizens and the private sector cannot provide . The party , which calls for a competitive and sustainable market economy , wants to strengthen Switzerland as a financial and economic hub with as little government interference as possible . It also calls for the reduction of public debt and fiscal deficits . In general , it believes that tax incentives are better than subsidies in creating incentives . The party saw opportunity in the 2007-2010 financial crisis an to carry out financial and tax reforms quickly to improve the situation of companies in Switzerland , and to create 40,000 new jobs by 2015 . The main objectives of energy policy are security of energy supply and increasing energy efficiency . The party wants to support the research of alternative sources of energy for electricity production which generate no carbon dioxide . Social policy . The FDP works toward a society offering genuine opportunities with flexible choices in education , work and family support . It is also aiming at more and better jobs , a sustainable social welfare system which will result in strong national cohesion that counteracts see the divergence of society . This includes stabilizing premium costs in the healthcare sector and combating the abuse of social welfare systems , but also intergenerational equity . The motto of the party in matters of social security is : Solidarity where it is necessary and self-reliance where it is possible . As a profitable investment for the future of society , the FDP wants to promote the highest quality education at all levels , since it considers human capital the most important resource of Switzerland . It considers innovation as a crucial asset for prosperity and wants to improve the position of Switzerland as one of the leaders of innovation . The party is , in principal , in favour of ending marijuana prohibition to encourage safe and legal free enterprise as opposed to a costly war on drugs , emphasizing personal and family responsibility over life choices , as opposed to making such choices a state power . However , many in the party may not be in favour of a full legalization , such as in the U.S . state of Colorado , but just decriminalisation such as the approach in Portugal . Foreign policy . The FDP opposes Swiss membership in the European Union , saying that Switzerland can only remain a world leader if it remains outside the EU . It strongly supports the bilateral accords that Switzerland has with the EU . In the 2001 referendum , the FDP campaigned against opening negotiations . The FDP believes that international law takes precedence over Swiss law , although it states that Swiss voters should approve international law before it takes effect . Leaders . - Fulvio Pelli ( 2009–2012 ) , Ticino - Philipp Müller ( 2012–2016 ) , Aargau - Petra Gössi ( 2016–present ) , Schwyz

hard

What position did Jagjivan Ram take before Sep 1946?

/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram#P39#0

Jagjivan Ram Jagjivan Ram ( 5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986 ) , known popularly as Babuji , was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar . He was instrumental in the foundation of the All India Depressed Classes League , an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables , in 1935 and was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937 , after which he organised the rural labour movement . In 1946 , he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehrus interim government , the first cabinet of India as a Labour Minister and also a member of the Constituent Assembly of India , where he ensured that social justice was enshrined in the Constitution . He went on to serve as a minister with various portfolios for more than forty years as a member of the Indian National Congress ( INC ) . Most importantly , he was the Defence Minister of India during the Indo-Pak war of 1971 , which resulted in the creation of Bangladesh . His contribution to the Green Revolution in India and modernising Indian agriculture , during his two tenures as Union Agriculture Minister are still remembered , especially during 1974 drought when he was asked to hold the additional portfolio to tide over the food crisis . Though he supported Prime Minister Indira Gandhi during the Emergency ( 1975–77 ) , he left Congress in 1977 and joined the Janata Party alliance , along with his Congress for Democracy . He later served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India ( 1977–79 ) ; then in 1981 , he formed Congress ( J ) . At his death , he was the last surviving minister of the Interim Government and the last surviving original member of the first cabinet of independent India . Early life and education . Jagjivan Ram was born at Chandwa near Arrah in Bihar into the Chamar caste of Indian Caste System . He had an elder brother , Sant Lal , and three sisters . His father Sobhi Ram was with the British Indian Army , posted at Peshawar , but later resigned due to some differences , and bought farming land in his native village Chandwa and settled there . He also became a Mahant of the Shiv Narayani sect , and being skilled in calligraphy , illustrated many books for the sect that were distributed locally . Young Jagjivan attended a local school in January 1914 . Upon the premature death of his father , Jagjivan and his mother Vasanti Devi were left in a harsh economic situation . He joined Aggrawal Middle School in Arrah in 1920 , where the medium of instruction was English for the first time , and joined Arrah Town School in 1922 . It was here that he faced caste discrimination for the first time , yet remained unfazed . An often cited incident occurred in this school ; there was a tradition of having two water pots in the school , one for Hindus and another for Muslims . Jagjivan drank water from the Hindu pot , and because he was from an untouchable class , the matter was reported to the Principal , who placed a third pot for untouchables in the school . Jagjivan broke this pot twice in protest , until the Principal decided against placing the third pot . A turning point in his life came in 1925 , when Pt . Madan Mohan Malviya visited his school , and impressed by his welcome address , invited him to join the Banaras Hindu University . Jagjivan Ram passed his matriculation in the first division and joined the Banaras Hindu University ( BHU ) in 1927 , where he was awarded the Birla scholarship , and passed his Inter Science Examination . While at BHU , he organised the scheduled castes to protest against social discrimination . As a Dalit student , he was denied basic services like meals in his hostel and haircuts by local barbers . A Dalit barber would arrive occasionally to trim his hair . Eventually , Jagjivan left BHU and continued his education at Calcutta University . The incidents in BHU turned him into an atheist . In 2007 , the BHU set up a Babu Jagjivan Ram Chair in its faculty of social sciences to study caste discrimination and economic backwardness . He received a B . Sc . degree from the University of Calcutta in 1931 , where again he organised conferences to draw attention toward issues of discrimination , and also participated in the anti-untouchability movement started by Mahatma Gandhi . Early career . Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose took notice of him at Kolkata , when in 1928 he organised a Mazdoor Rally at Wellington Square , in which approximately 50,000 people participated . When the devastating 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake occurred he got actively involved in the relief work and his efforts were appreciated . When popular rule was introduced under the 1935 Act and the scheduled castes were given representation in the legislatures , both the nationalists and the British loyalists sought him because of his first-hand knowledge of the social and economic situation in Bihar . Jagjivan Ram was nominated to the Bihar Council . He chose to go with the nationalists and joined Congress , which wanted him not only because he was valued as an able spokesperson for the depressed classes , but also that he could counter B . R . Ambedkar ; he was elected to the Bihar assembly in 1937 . However , he resigned his membership on the issue of irrigation cess . He criticized Ambedkar as a coward who could not lead his people . In 1935 , he contributed to the establishment of the All-India Depressed Classes League , an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables . He was also drawn into the Indian National Congress . In the same year he proposed a resolution in the 1935 session of the Hindu Mahasabha demanding that temples and drinking water wells be opened up to Dalits ; and in the early 1940s was imprisoned twice for his active participation in the Satyagraha and the Quit India Movements . He was among the principal leaders who publicly denounced Indias participation in the World War II between the European nations and for which he was imprisoned in 1940 . Role in the Constitution . In the Constituent Assembly he advocated for the rights of Dalits and argued for affirmative action based on caste in elected bodies and government services . Parliamentary career . In 1946 , he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehrus provisional government and also the subsequent First Indian Cabinet , as a Labour Minister , where he is credited for laying the foundation for several labour welfare policies in India . He was a part of the prestigious high-profile Indian delegation that attended the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) s International Labour Conference on 16 August 1947 in Geneva , along with the great Gandhian Bihar Bibhuti Dr . Anugrah Narayan Sinha , his chief political mentor and also the then head of the delegation , and a few days later he was elected President of the ILO . He served as Labour minister until 1952 . He was member of the Constituent assembly that drafted Indias constitution . Ram also served in the interim national government of 1946 . Later , he held several ministerial posts in Nehrus Cabinet – Communications ( 1952–56 ) , Transport and Railways ( 1956–62 ) , and Transport and Communications ( 1962–63 ) . In Indira Gandhis government , he worked as minister for Labour , Employment , and Rehabilitation ( 1966–67 ) , and Union Minister for Food and Agriculture ( 1967–70 ) , where he is best remembered for having successfully led the Green Revolution during his tenure . When the Congress Party split in 1969 , Jagjivan Ram joined the camp led by Indira Gandhi , and became the president of that faction of Congress . He worked as the Minister of Defence ( 1970–74 ) making him the virtual No . 2 in the cabinet , Minister for Agriculture and Irrigation ( 1974–77 ) . It was during his tenure as the minister of Defence that the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was fought , and Bangladesh gained independence . While loyal to prime minister Indira Gandhi for most of the Indian Emergency , in 1977 he along with five other politicians resigned from the Cabinet and formed the Congress for Democracy party , within the Janata coalition . A few days before the elections , on a Sunday , Jagjivan Ram addressed an Opposition rally at the famous Ram Lila Grounds in Delhi . The national broadcaster Doordarshan allegedly attempted to stop crowds from participating in the demonstration by telecasting the blockbuster movie Bobby . The rally still drew large crowds , and a newspaper headline the next day ran Babu beats Bobby . He was the Deputy Prime Minister of India when Morarji Desai was the prime minister , from 1977 to 1979 . Though initially reluctant to join the cabinet , he was not present at the oath-taking ceremony on 24 March 1977 , but he eventually did so at the behest of Jai Prakash Narayan , who insisted that his presence was necessary , not just as an individual but as a political and social force . However , he was once again given the defence portfolio . His last position in government was as Deputy Prime Minister of India in the Janata Party government of 1977–1979 , When the split in Janata Party forced early General Election in 1980 , Janata Party contested it with Jagjivan Ram as its Prime Ministerial candidate , but the party won only 31 seats out of 542 . Disillusioned with the Janata party he joined Congress ( Urs ) faction . In 1981 , he separated from that faction as well , and formed his own party , the Congress ( J ) . He remained a member of Parliament right from the first election in 1952 till his death in 1986 , after over forty years as a parliamentarian . He was elected from Sasaram parliament constituency in Bihar . His uninterrupted representation in the Parliament from 1936 to 1986 is a world record . Positions held . Politics and government . - Member of the Central Legislature for over 30 years consecutively . - He holds the record for being the longest-serving cabinet minister in India . - Union Minister of Labour , 1946–1952 . - Union Minister for Communications , 1952–1956 . - Union Minister for Transport and Railways , 1956–1962 . - Union Minister for Transport and Communications , 1962–1963 . - Union Minister for Labour , Employment and Rehabilitation , 1966–1967 . - Union Minister for Food and Agriculture , 1967–1970 . - Union Minister of Defence , 1970–1974 , 1977–1979 . - Union Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation , 1974–1977 . - President of Indian National Congress - Founding Member , Congress for Democracy party ( aligned with Janata Party ) , 1977 . - Deputy Prime Minister of India , 24 January 1979 – 28 July 1979 . - Founder , Congress ( J ) . Other positions held with Thanmai . - He served as President of the Bharat Scouts and Guides from September 1976 to April 1983 . Personal life . In August 1933 , his first wife died after a brief illness . In June 1935 , he married Indrani Devi , a daughter of Dr . Birbal , a well-known social worker of Kanpur . The couple had two children , Suresh Kumar who was infamously reported in Menaka Gandhis Surya newspaper , having marital relationship with a 21-year-old woman . and Meira Kumar , a five-time Member of Parliament , who won from his former seat Sasaram in both 2004 and 2009 , and became the first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha in 2009 . Karumuri Thanmai . The place of his cremation has been turned into a memorial , Thanmai , and his birth anniversary is observed as Thanmai. , ( Equality Day ) in India . His birth centenary celebrations were held all over the nation in 2008 . Demands for awarding him a posthumous Bharat Ratna have been raised from time to time in Hyderabad . Andhra University conferred an honorary doctorate on him in 1973 , and in 2009 on the occasion of his 101st birth anniversary , his statue was unveiled on the university premises . To propagate his ideologies , the Babu Jagjivan Ram National Foundation has been set up by Ministry of Social Justice , Govt . of India in Delhi . The training academy for Railway Protection Force officers is named after Jagjivan Ram . The first indigenously built electric locomotive , a WAM-1 model , was named after him and was recently restored by the Eastern Railway . In 2015 , the Babu Jagjeevan Ram English Medium Secondary School was established in Mahatma Gandhi Nagar , Yerawada , Pune . As of March 2016 , the school serves 125 7th and 8th graders from Yerawada . The school honours Babuji and his advocacy of education and opportunity for all people of lower castes by being the first Pune Municipal Corporation public school to offer education past the 7th grade . He also has a hospital named in his honour – Jagjivan Ram Hospital – in the Mumbai Central Area of Mumbai . External links . - Babu Jagjivan Ram , Tribute website - Babu Jagjivan Ram , Info website - Babu Jagjivan Ram , a Centenary Celebrations Special - http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram

hard

What position did Jagjivan Ram take in Dec 1946?

/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram#P39#1

Jagjivan Ram Jagjivan Ram ( 5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986 ) , known popularly as Babuji , was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar . He was instrumental in the foundation of the All India Depressed Classes League , an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables , in 1935 and was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937 , after which he organised the rural labour movement . In 1946 , he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehrus interim government , the first cabinet of India as a Labour Minister and also a member of the Constituent Assembly of India , where he ensured that social justice was enshrined in the Constitution . He went on to serve as a minister with various portfolios for more than forty years as a member of the Indian National Congress ( INC ) . Most importantly , he was the Defence Minister of India during the Indo-Pak war of 1971 , which resulted in the creation of Bangladesh . His contribution to the Green Revolution in India and modernising Indian agriculture , during his two tenures as Union Agriculture Minister are still remembered , especially during 1974 drought when he was asked to hold the additional portfolio to tide over the food crisis . Though he supported Prime Minister Indira Gandhi during the Emergency ( 1975–77 ) , he left Congress in 1977 and joined the Janata Party alliance , along with his Congress for Democracy . He later served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India ( 1977–79 ) ; then in 1981 , he formed Congress ( J ) . At his death , he was the last surviving minister of the Interim Government and the last surviving original member of the first cabinet of independent India . Early life and education . Jagjivan Ram was born at Chandwa near Arrah in Bihar into the Chamar caste of Indian Caste System . He had an elder brother , Sant Lal , and three sisters . His father Sobhi Ram was with the British Indian Army , posted at Peshawar , but later resigned due to some differences , and bought farming land in his native village Chandwa and settled there . He also became a Mahant of the Shiv Narayani sect , and being skilled in calligraphy , illustrated many books for the sect that were distributed locally . Young Jagjivan attended a local school in January 1914 . Upon the premature death of his father , Jagjivan and his mother Vasanti Devi were left in a harsh economic situation . He joined Aggrawal Middle School in Arrah in 1920 , where the medium of instruction was English for the first time , and joined Arrah Town School in 1922 . It was here that he faced caste discrimination for the first time , yet remained unfazed . An often cited incident occurred in this school ; there was a tradition of having two water pots in the school , one for Hindus and another for Muslims . Jagjivan drank water from the Hindu pot , and because he was from an untouchable class , the matter was reported to the Principal , who placed a third pot for untouchables in the school . Jagjivan broke this pot twice in protest , until the Principal decided against placing the third pot . A turning point in his life came in 1925 , when Pt . Madan Mohan Malviya visited his school , and impressed by his welcome address , invited him to join the Banaras Hindu University . Jagjivan Ram passed his matriculation in the first division and joined the Banaras Hindu University ( BHU ) in 1927 , where he was awarded the Birla scholarship , and passed his Inter Science Examination . While at BHU , he organised the scheduled castes to protest against social discrimination . As a Dalit student , he was denied basic services like meals in his hostel and haircuts by local barbers . A Dalit barber would arrive occasionally to trim his hair . Eventually , Jagjivan left BHU and continued his education at Calcutta University . The incidents in BHU turned him into an atheist . In 2007 , the BHU set up a Babu Jagjivan Ram Chair in its faculty of social sciences to study caste discrimination and economic backwardness . He received a B . Sc . degree from the University of Calcutta in 1931 , where again he organised conferences to draw attention toward issues of discrimination , and also participated in the anti-untouchability movement started by Mahatma Gandhi . Early career . Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose took notice of him at Kolkata , when in 1928 he organised a Mazdoor Rally at Wellington Square , in which approximately 50,000 people participated . When the devastating 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake occurred he got actively involved in the relief work and his efforts were appreciated . When popular rule was introduced under the 1935 Act and the scheduled castes were given representation in the legislatures , both the nationalists and the British loyalists sought him because of his first-hand knowledge of the social and economic situation in Bihar . Jagjivan Ram was nominated to the Bihar Council . He chose to go with the nationalists and joined Congress , which wanted him not only because he was valued as an able spokesperson for the depressed classes , but also that he could counter B . R . Ambedkar ; he was elected to the Bihar assembly in 1937 . However , he resigned his membership on the issue of irrigation cess . He criticized Ambedkar as a coward who could not lead his people . In 1935 , he contributed to the establishment of the All-India Depressed Classes League , an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables . He was also drawn into the Indian National Congress . In the same year he proposed a resolution in the 1935 session of the Hindu Mahasabha demanding that temples and drinking water wells be opened up to Dalits ; and in the early 1940s was imprisoned twice for his active participation in the Satyagraha and the Quit India Movements . He was among the principal leaders who publicly denounced Indias participation in the World War II between the European nations and for which he was imprisoned in 1940 . Role in the Constitution . In the Constituent Assembly he advocated for the rights of Dalits and argued for affirmative action based on caste in elected bodies and government services . Parliamentary career . In 1946 , he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehrus provisional government and also the subsequent First Indian Cabinet , as a Labour Minister , where he is credited for laying the foundation for several labour welfare policies in India . He was a part of the prestigious high-profile Indian delegation that attended the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) s International Labour Conference on 16 August 1947 in Geneva , along with the great Gandhian Bihar Bibhuti Dr . Anugrah Narayan Sinha , his chief political mentor and also the then head of the delegation , and a few days later he was elected President of the ILO . He served as Labour minister until 1952 . He was member of the Constituent assembly that drafted Indias constitution . Ram also served in the interim national government of 1946 . Later , he held several ministerial posts in Nehrus Cabinet – Communications ( 1952–56 ) , Transport and Railways ( 1956–62 ) , and Transport and Communications ( 1962–63 ) . In Indira Gandhis government , he worked as minister for Labour , Employment , and Rehabilitation ( 1966–67 ) , and Union Minister for Food and Agriculture ( 1967–70 ) , where he is best remembered for having successfully led the Green Revolution during his tenure . When the Congress Party split in 1969 , Jagjivan Ram joined the camp led by Indira Gandhi , and became the president of that faction of Congress . He worked as the Minister of Defence ( 1970–74 ) making him the virtual No . 2 in the cabinet , Minister for Agriculture and Irrigation ( 1974–77 ) . It was during his tenure as the minister of Defence that the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was fought , and Bangladesh gained independence . While loyal to prime minister Indira Gandhi for most of the Indian Emergency , in 1977 he along with five other politicians resigned from the Cabinet and formed the Congress for Democracy party , within the Janata coalition . A few days before the elections , on a Sunday , Jagjivan Ram addressed an Opposition rally at the famous Ram Lila Grounds in Delhi . The national broadcaster Doordarshan allegedly attempted to stop crowds from participating in the demonstration by telecasting the blockbuster movie Bobby . The rally still drew large crowds , and a newspaper headline the next day ran Babu beats Bobby . He was the Deputy Prime Minister of India when Morarji Desai was the prime minister , from 1977 to 1979 . Though initially reluctant to join the cabinet , he was not present at the oath-taking ceremony on 24 March 1977 , but he eventually did so at the behest of Jai Prakash Narayan , who insisted that his presence was necessary , not just as an individual but as a political and social force . However , he was once again given the defence portfolio . His last position in government was as Deputy Prime Minister of India in the Janata Party government of 1977–1979 , When the split in Janata Party forced early General Election in 1980 , Janata Party contested it with Jagjivan Ram as its Prime Ministerial candidate , but the party won only 31 seats out of 542 . Disillusioned with the Janata party he joined Congress ( Urs ) faction . In 1981 , he separated from that faction as well , and formed his own party , the Congress ( J ) . He remained a member of Parliament right from the first election in 1952 till his death in 1986 , after over forty years as a parliamentarian . He was elected from Sasaram parliament constituency in Bihar . His uninterrupted representation in the Parliament from 1936 to 1986 is a world record . Positions held . Politics and government . - Member of the Central Legislature for over 30 years consecutively . - He holds the record for being the longest-serving cabinet minister in India . - Union Minister of Labour , 1946–1952 . - Union Minister for Communications , 1952–1956 . - Union Minister for Transport and Railways , 1956–1962 . - Union Minister for Transport and Communications , 1962–1963 . - Union Minister for Labour , Employment and Rehabilitation , 1966–1967 . - Union Minister for Food and Agriculture , 1967–1970 . - Union Minister of Defence , 1970–1974 , 1977–1979 . - Union Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation , 1974–1977 . - President of Indian National Congress - Founding Member , Congress for Democracy party ( aligned with Janata Party ) , 1977 . - Deputy Prime Minister of India , 24 January 1979 – 28 July 1979 . - Founder , Congress ( J ) . Other positions held with Thanmai . - He served as President of the Bharat Scouts and Guides from September 1976 to April 1983 . Personal life . In August 1933 , his first wife died after a brief illness . In June 1935 , he married Indrani Devi , a daughter of Dr . Birbal , a well-known social worker of Kanpur . The couple had two children , Suresh Kumar who was infamously reported in Menaka Gandhis Surya newspaper , having marital relationship with a 21-year-old woman . and Meira Kumar , a five-time Member of Parliament , who won from his former seat Sasaram in both 2004 and 2009 , and became the first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha in 2009 . Karumuri Thanmai . The place of his cremation has been turned into a memorial , Thanmai , and his birth anniversary is observed as Thanmai. , ( Equality Day ) in India . His birth centenary celebrations were held all over the nation in 2008 . Demands for awarding him a posthumous Bharat Ratna have been raised from time to time in Hyderabad . Andhra University conferred an honorary doctorate on him in 1973 , and in 2009 on the occasion of his 101st birth anniversary , his statue was unveiled on the university premises . To propagate his ideologies , the Babu Jagjivan Ram National Foundation has been set up by Ministry of Social Justice , Govt . of India in Delhi . The training academy for Railway Protection Force officers is named after Jagjivan Ram . The first indigenously built electric locomotive , a WAM-1 model , was named after him and was recently restored by the Eastern Railway . In 2015 , the Babu Jagjeevan Ram English Medium Secondary School was established in Mahatma Gandhi Nagar , Yerawada , Pune . As of March 2016 , the school serves 125 7th and 8th graders from Yerawada . The school honours Babuji and his advocacy of education and opportunity for all people of lower castes by being the first Pune Municipal Corporation public school to offer education past the 7th grade . He also has a hospital named in his honour – Jagjivan Ram Hospital – in the Mumbai Central Area of Mumbai . External links . - Babu Jagjivan Ram , Tribute website - Babu Jagjivan Ram , Info website - Babu Jagjivan Ram , a Centenary Celebrations Special - http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram

hard

What position did Jagjivan Ram take in Apr 1959?

/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram#P39#2

Jagjivan Ram Jagjivan Ram ( 5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986 ) , known popularly as Babuji , was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar . He was instrumental in the foundation of the All India Depressed Classes League , an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables , in 1935 and was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937 , after which he organised the rural labour movement . In 1946 , he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehrus interim government , the first cabinet of India as a Labour Minister and also a member of the Constituent Assembly of India , where he ensured that social justice was enshrined in the Constitution . He went on to serve as a minister with various portfolios for more than forty years as a member of the Indian National Congress ( INC ) . Most importantly , he was the Defence Minister of India during the Indo-Pak war of 1971 , which resulted in the creation of Bangladesh . His contribution to the Green Revolution in India and modernising Indian agriculture , during his two tenures as Union Agriculture Minister are still remembered , especially during 1974 drought when he was asked to hold the additional portfolio to tide over the food crisis . Though he supported Prime Minister Indira Gandhi during the Emergency ( 1975–77 ) , he left Congress in 1977 and joined the Janata Party alliance , along with his Congress for Democracy . He later served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India ( 1977–79 ) ; then in 1981 , he formed Congress ( J ) . At his death , he was the last surviving minister of the Interim Government and the last surviving original member of the first cabinet of independent India . Early life and education . Jagjivan Ram was born at Chandwa near Arrah in Bihar into the Chamar caste of Indian Caste System . He had an elder brother , Sant Lal , and three sisters . His father Sobhi Ram was with the British Indian Army , posted at Peshawar , but later resigned due to some differences , and bought farming land in his native village Chandwa and settled there . He also became a Mahant of the Shiv Narayani sect , and being skilled in calligraphy , illustrated many books for the sect that were distributed locally . Young Jagjivan attended a local school in January 1914 . Upon the premature death of his father , Jagjivan and his mother Vasanti Devi were left in a harsh economic situation . He joined Aggrawal Middle School in Arrah in 1920 , where the medium of instruction was English for the first time , and joined Arrah Town School in 1922 . It was here that he faced caste discrimination for the first time , yet remained unfazed . An often cited incident occurred in this school ; there was a tradition of having two water pots in the school , one for Hindus and another for Muslims . Jagjivan drank water from the Hindu pot , and because he was from an untouchable class , the matter was reported to the Principal , who placed a third pot for untouchables in the school . Jagjivan broke this pot twice in protest , until the Principal decided against placing the third pot . A turning point in his life came in 1925 , when Pt . Madan Mohan Malviya visited his school , and impressed by his welcome address , invited him to join the Banaras Hindu University . Jagjivan Ram passed his matriculation in the first division and joined the Banaras Hindu University ( BHU ) in 1927 , where he was awarded the Birla scholarship , and passed his Inter Science Examination . While at BHU , he organised the scheduled castes to protest against social discrimination . As a Dalit student , he was denied basic services like meals in his hostel and haircuts by local barbers . A Dalit barber would arrive occasionally to trim his hair . Eventually , Jagjivan left BHU and continued his education at Calcutta University . The incidents in BHU turned him into an atheist . In 2007 , the BHU set up a Babu Jagjivan Ram Chair in its faculty of social sciences to study caste discrimination and economic backwardness . He received a B . Sc . degree from the University of Calcutta in 1931 , where again he organised conferences to draw attention toward issues of discrimination , and also participated in the anti-untouchability movement started by Mahatma Gandhi . Early career . Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose took notice of him at Kolkata , when in 1928 he organised a Mazdoor Rally at Wellington Square , in which approximately 50,000 people participated . When the devastating 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake occurred he got actively involved in the relief work and his efforts were appreciated . When popular rule was introduced under the 1935 Act and the scheduled castes were given representation in the legislatures , both the nationalists and the British loyalists sought him because of his first-hand knowledge of the social and economic situation in Bihar . Jagjivan Ram was nominated to the Bihar Council . He chose to go with the nationalists and joined Congress , which wanted him not only because he was valued as an able spokesperson for the depressed classes , but also that he could counter B . R . Ambedkar ; he was elected to the Bihar assembly in 1937 . However , he resigned his membership on the issue of irrigation cess . He criticized Ambedkar as a coward who could not lead his people . In 1935 , he contributed to the establishment of the All-India Depressed Classes League , an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables . He was also drawn into the Indian National Congress . In the same year he proposed a resolution in the 1935 session of the Hindu Mahasabha demanding that temples and drinking water wells be opened up to Dalits ; and in the early 1940s was imprisoned twice for his active participation in the Satyagraha and the Quit India Movements . He was among the principal leaders who publicly denounced Indias participation in the World War II between the European nations and for which he was imprisoned in 1940 . Role in the Constitution . In the Constituent Assembly he advocated for the rights of Dalits and argued for affirmative action based on caste in elected bodies and government services . Parliamentary career . In 1946 , he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehrus provisional government and also the subsequent First Indian Cabinet , as a Labour Minister , where he is credited for laying the foundation for several labour welfare policies in India . He was a part of the prestigious high-profile Indian delegation that attended the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) s International Labour Conference on 16 August 1947 in Geneva , along with the great Gandhian Bihar Bibhuti Dr . Anugrah Narayan Sinha , his chief political mentor and also the then head of the delegation , and a few days later he was elected President of the ILO . He served as Labour minister until 1952 . He was member of the Constituent assembly that drafted Indias constitution . Ram also served in the interim national government of 1946 . Later , he held several ministerial posts in Nehrus Cabinet – Communications ( 1952–56 ) , Transport and Railways ( 1956–62 ) , and Transport and Communications ( 1962–63 ) . In Indira Gandhis government , he worked as minister for Labour , Employment , and Rehabilitation ( 1966–67 ) , and Union Minister for Food and Agriculture ( 1967–70 ) , where he is best remembered for having successfully led the Green Revolution during his tenure . When the Congress Party split in 1969 , Jagjivan Ram joined the camp led by Indira Gandhi , and became the president of that faction of Congress . He worked as the Minister of Defence ( 1970–74 ) making him the virtual No . 2 in the cabinet , Minister for Agriculture and Irrigation ( 1974–77 ) . It was during his tenure as the minister of Defence that the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was fought , and Bangladesh gained independence . While loyal to prime minister Indira Gandhi for most of the Indian Emergency , in 1977 he along with five other politicians resigned from the Cabinet and formed the Congress for Democracy party , within the Janata coalition . A few days before the elections , on a Sunday , Jagjivan Ram addressed an Opposition rally at the famous Ram Lila Grounds in Delhi . The national broadcaster Doordarshan allegedly attempted to stop crowds from participating in the demonstration by telecasting the blockbuster movie Bobby . The rally still drew large crowds , and a newspaper headline the next day ran Babu beats Bobby . He was the Deputy Prime Minister of India when Morarji Desai was the prime minister , from 1977 to 1979 . Though initially reluctant to join the cabinet , he was not present at the oath-taking ceremony on 24 March 1977 , but he eventually did so at the behest of Jai Prakash Narayan , who insisted that his presence was necessary , not just as an individual but as a political and social force . However , he was once again given the defence portfolio . His last position in government was as Deputy Prime Minister of India in the Janata Party government of 1977–1979 , When the split in Janata Party forced early General Election in 1980 , Janata Party contested it with Jagjivan Ram as its Prime Ministerial candidate , but the party won only 31 seats out of 542 . Disillusioned with the Janata party he joined Congress ( Urs ) faction . In 1981 , he separated from that faction as well , and formed his own party , the Congress ( J ) . He remained a member of Parliament right from the first election in 1952 till his death in 1986 , after over forty years as a parliamentarian . He was elected from Sasaram parliament constituency in Bihar . His uninterrupted representation in the Parliament from 1936 to 1986 is a world record . Positions held . Politics and government . - Member of the Central Legislature for over 30 years consecutively . - He holds the record for being the longest-serving cabinet minister in India . - Union Minister of Labour , 1946–1952 . - Union Minister for Communications , 1952–1956 . - Union Minister for Transport and Railways , 1956–1962 . - Union Minister for Transport and Communications , 1962–1963 . - Union Minister for Labour , Employment and Rehabilitation , 1966–1967 . - Union Minister for Food and Agriculture , 1967–1970 . - Union Minister of Defence , 1970–1974 , 1977–1979 . - Union Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation , 1974–1977 . - President of Indian National Congress - Founding Member , Congress for Democracy party ( aligned with Janata Party ) , 1977 . - Deputy Prime Minister of India , 24 January 1979 – 28 July 1979 . - Founder , Congress ( J ) . Other positions held with Thanmai . - He served as President of the Bharat Scouts and Guides from September 1976 to April 1983 . Personal life . In August 1933 , his first wife died after a brief illness . In June 1935 , he married Indrani Devi , a daughter of Dr . Birbal , a well-known social worker of Kanpur . The couple had two children , Suresh Kumar who was infamously reported in Menaka Gandhis Surya newspaper , having marital relationship with a 21-year-old woman . and Meira Kumar , a five-time Member of Parliament , who won from his former seat Sasaram in both 2004 and 2009 , and became the first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha in 2009 . Karumuri Thanmai . The place of his cremation has been turned into a memorial , Thanmai , and his birth anniversary is observed as Thanmai. , ( Equality Day ) in India . His birth centenary celebrations were held all over the nation in 2008 . Demands for awarding him a posthumous Bharat Ratna have been raised from time to time in Hyderabad . Andhra University conferred an honorary doctorate on him in 1973 , and in 2009 on the occasion of his 101st birth anniversary , his statue was unveiled on the university premises . To propagate his ideologies , the Babu Jagjivan Ram National Foundation has been set up by Ministry of Social Justice , Govt . of India in Delhi . The training academy for Railway Protection Force officers is named after Jagjivan Ram . The first indigenously built electric locomotive , a WAM-1 model , was named after him and was recently restored by the Eastern Railway . In 2015 , the Babu Jagjeevan Ram English Medium Secondary School was established in Mahatma Gandhi Nagar , Yerawada , Pune . As of March 2016 , the school serves 125 7th and 8th graders from Yerawada . The school honours Babuji and his advocacy of education and opportunity for all people of lower castes by being the first Pune Municipal Corporation public school to offer education past the 7th grade . He also has a hospital named in his honour – Jagjivan Ram Hospital – in the Mumbai Central Area of Mumbai . External links . - Babu Jagjivan Ram , Tribute website - Babu Jagjivan Ram , Info website - Babu Jagjivan Ram , a Centenary Celebrations Special - http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram

hard

What position did Jagjivan Ram take between Jan 1978 and Feb 1978?

/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram#P39#3

Jagjivan Ram Jagjivan Ram ( 5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986 ) , known popularly as Babuji , was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar . He was instrumental in the foundation of the All India Depressed Classes League , an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables , in 1935 and was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937 , after which he organised the rural labour movement . In 1946 , he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehrus interim government , the first cabinet of India as a Labour Minister and also a member of the Constituent Assembly of India , where he ensured that social justice was enshrined in the Constitution . He went on to serve as a minister with various portfolios for more than forty years as a member of the Indian National Congress ( INC ) . Most importantly , he was the Defence Minister of India during the Indo-Pak war of 1971 , which resulted in the creation of Bangladesh . His contribution to the Green Revolution in India and modernising Indian agriculture , during his two tenures as Union Agriculture Minister are still remembered , especially during 1974 drought when he was asked to hold the additional portfolio to tide over the food crisis . Though he supported Prime Minister Indira Gandhi during the Emergency ( 1975–77 ) , he left Congress in 1977 and joined the Janata Party alliance , along with his Congress for Democracy . He later served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India ( 1977–79 ) ; then in 1981 , he formed Congress ( J ) . At his death , he was the last surviving minister of the Interim Government and the last surviving original member of the first cabinet of independent India . Early life and education . Jagjivan Ram was born at Chandwa near Arrah in Bihar into the Chamar caste of Indian Caste System . He had an elder brother , Sant Lal , and three sisters . His father Sobhi Ram was with the British Indian Army , posted at Peshawar , but later resigned due to some differences , and bought farming land in his native village Chandwa and settled there . He also became a Mahant of the Shiv Narayani sect , and being skilled in calligraphy , illustrated many books for the sect that were distributed locally . Young Jagjivan attended a local school in January 1914 . Upon the premature death of his father , Jagjivan and his mother Vasanti Devi were left in a harsh economic situation . He joined Aggrawal Middle School in Arrah in 1920 , where the medium of instruction was English for the first time , and joined Arrah Town School in 1922 . It was here that he faced caste discrimination for the first time , yet remained unfazed . An often cited incident occurred in this school ; there was a tradition of having two water pots in the school , one for Hindus and another for Muslims . Jagjivan drank water from the Hindu pot , and because he was from an untouchable class , the matter was reported to the Principal , who placed a third pot for untouchables in the school . Jagjivan broke this pot twice in protest , until the Principal decided against placing the third pot . A turning point in his life came in 1925 , when Pt . Madan Mohan Malviya visited his school , and impressed by his welcome address , invited him to join the Banaras Hindu University . Jagjivan Ram passed his matriculation in the first division and joined the Banaras Hindu University ( BHU ) in 1927 , where he was awarded the Birla scholarship , and passed his Inter Science Examination . While at BHU , he organised the scheduled castes to protest against social discrimination . As a Dalit student , he was denied basic services like meals in his hostel and haircuts by local barbers . A Dalit barber would arrive occasionally to trim his hair . Eventually , Jagjivan left BHU and continued his education at Calcutta University . The incidents in BHU turned him into an atheist . In 2007 , the BHU set up a Babu Jagjivan Ram Chair in its faculty of social sciences to study caste discrimination and economic backwardness . He received a B . Sc . degree from the University of Calcutta in 1931 , where again he organised conferences to draw attention toward issues of discrimination , and also participated in the anti-untouchability movement started by Mahatma Gandhi . Early career . Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose took notice of him at Kolkata , when in 1928 he organised a Mazdoor Rally at Wellington Square , in which approximately 50,000 people participated . When the devastating 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake occurred he got actively involved in the relief work and his efforts were appreciated . When popular rule was introduced under the 1935 Act and the scheduled castes were given representation in the legislatures , both the nationalists and the British loyalists sought him because of his first-hand knowledge of the social and economic situation in Bihar . Jagjivan Ram was nominated to the Bihar Council . He chose to go with the nationalists and joined Congress , which wanted him not only because he was valued as an able spokesperson for the depressed classes , but also that he could counter B . R . Ambedkar ; he was elected to the Bihar assembly in 1937 . However , he resigned his membership on the issue of irrigation cess . He criticized Ambedkar as a coward who could not lead his people . In 1935 , he contributed to the establishment of the All-India Depressed Classes League , an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables . He was also drawn into the Indian National Congress . In the same year he proposed a resolution in the 1935 session of the Hindu Mahasabha demanding that temples and drinking water wells be opened up to Dalits ; and in the early 1940s was imprisoned twice for his active participation in the Satyagraha and the Quit India Movements . He was among the principal leaders who publicly denounced Indias participation in the World War II between the European nations and for which he was imprisoned in 1940 . Role in the Constitution . In the Constituent Assembly he advocated for the rights of Dalits and argued for affirmative action based on caste in elected bodies and government services . Parliamentary career . In 1946 , he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehrus provisional government and also the subsequent First Indian Cabinet , as a Labour Minister , where he is credited for laying the foundation for several labour welfare policies in India . He was a part of the prestigious high-profile Indian delegation that attended the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) s International Labour Conference on 16 August 1947 in Geneva , along with the great Gandhian Bihar Bibhuti Dr . Anugrah Narayan Sinha , his chief political mentor and also the then head of the delegation , and a few days later he was elected President of the ILO . He served as Labour minister until 1952 . He was member of the Constituent assembly that drafted Indias constitution . Ram also served in the interim national government of 1946 . Later , he held several ministerial posts in Nehrus Cabinet – Communications ( 1952–56 ) , Transport and Railways ( 1956–62 ) , and Transport and Communications ( 1962–63 ) . In Indira Gandhis government , he worked as minister for Labour , Employment , and Rehabilitation ( 1966–67 ) , and Union Minister for Food and Agriculture ( 1967–70 ) , where he is best remembered for having successfully led the Green Revolution during his tenure . When the Congress Party split in 1969 , Jagjivan Ram joined the camp led by Indira Gandhi , and became the president of that faction of Congress . He worked as the Minister of Defence ( 1970–74 ) making him the virtual No . 2 in the cabinet , Minister for Agriculture and Irrigation ( 1974–77 ) . It was during his tenure as the minister of Defence that the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was fought , and Bangladesh gained independence . While loyal to prime minister Indira Gandhi for most of the Indian Emergency , in 1977 he along with five other politicians resigned from the Cabinet and formed the Congress for Democracy party , within the Janata coalition . A few days before the elections , on a Sunday , Jagjivan Ram addressed an Opposition rally at the famous Ram Lila Grounds in Delhi . The national broadcaster Doordarshan allegedly attempted to stop crowds from participating in the demonstration by telecasting the blockbuster movie Bobby . The rally still drew large crowds , and a newspaper headline the next day ran Babu beats Bobby . He was the Deputy Prime Minister of India when Morarji Desai was the prime minister , from 1977 to 1979 . Though initially reluctant to join the cabinet , he was not present at the oath-taking ceremony on 24 March 1977 , but he eventually did so at the behest of Jai Prakash Narayan , who insisted that his presence was necessary , not just as an individual but as a political and social force . However , he was once again given the defence portfolio . His last position in government was as Deputy Prime Minister of India in the Janata Party government of 1977–1979 , When the split in Janata Party forced early General Election in 1980 , Janata Party contested it with Jagjivan Ram as its Prime Ministerial candidate , but the party won only 31 seats out of 542 . Disillusioned with the Janata party he joined Congress ( Urs ) faction . In 1981 , he separated from that faction as well , and formed his own party , the Congress ( J ) . He remained a member of Parliament right from the first election in 1952 till his death in 1986 , after over forty years as a parliamentarian . He was elected from Sasaram parliament constituency in Bihar . His uninterrupted representation in the Parliament from 1936 to 1986 is a world record . Positions held . Politics and government . - Member of the Central Legislature for over 30 years consecutively . - He holds the record for being the longest-serving cabinet minister in India . - Union Minister of Labour , 1946–1952 . - Union Minister for Communications , 1952–1956 . - Union Minister for Transport and Railways , 1956–1962 . - Union Minister for Transport and Communications , 1962–1963 . - Union Minister for Labour , Employment and Rehabilitation , 1966–1967 . - Union Minister for Food and Agriculture , 1967–1970 . - Union Minister of Defence , 1970–1974 , 1977–1979 . - Union Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation , 1974–1977 . - President of Indian National Congress - Founding Member , Congress for Democracy party ( aligned with Janata Party ) , 1977 . - Deputy Prime Minister of India , 24 January 1979 – 28 July 1979 . - Founder , Congress ( J ) . Other positions held with Thanmai . - He served as President of the Bharat Scouts and Guides from September 1976 to April 1983 . Personal life . In August 1933 , his first wife died after a brief illness . In June 1935 , he married Indrani Devi , a daughter of Dr . Birbal , a well-known social worker of Kanpur . The couple had two children , Suresh Kumar who was infamously reported in Menaka Gandhis Surya newspaper , having marital relationship with a 21-year-old woman . and Meira Kumar , a five-time Member of Parliament , who won from his former seat Sasaram in both 2004 and 2009 , and became the first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha in 2009 . Karumuri Thanmai . The place of his cremation has been turned into a memorial , Thanmai , and his birth anniversary is observed as Thanmai. , ( Equality Day ) in India . His birth centenary celebrations were held all over the nation in 2008 . Demands for awarding him a posthumous Bharat Ratna have been raised from time to time in Hyderabad . Andhra University conferred an honorary doctorate on him in 1973 , and in 2009 on the occasion of his 101st birth anniversary , his statue was unveiled on the university premises . To propagate his ideologies , the Babu Jagjivan Ram National Foundation has been set up by Ministry of Social Justice , Govt . of India in Delhi . The training academy for Railway Protection Force officers is named after Jagjivan Ram . The first indigenously built electric locomotive , a WAM-1 model , was named after him and was recently restored by the Eastern Railway . In 2015 , the Babu Jagjeevan Ram English Medium Secondary School was established in Mahatma Gandhi Nagar , Yerawada , Pune . As of March 2016 , the school serves 125 7th and 8th graders from Yerawada . The school honours Babuji and his advocacy of education and opportunity for all people of lower castes by being the first Pune Municipal Corporation public school to offer education past the 7th grade . He also has a hospital named in his honour – Jagjivan Ram Hospital – in the Mumbai Central Area of Mumbai . External links . - Babu Jagjivan Ram , Tribute website - Babu Jagjivan Ram , Info website - Babu Jagjivan Ram , a Centenary Celebrations Special - http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram

hard

What position did Jagjivan Ram take in Jul 1978?

/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram#P39#4

Jagjivan Ram Jagjivan Ram ( 5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986 ) , known popularly as Babuji , was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar . He was instrumental in the foundation of the All India Depressed Classes League , an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables , in 1935 and was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937 , after which he organised the rural labour movement . In 1946 , he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehrus interim government , the first cabinet of India as a Labour Minister and also a member of the Constituent Assembly of India , where he ensured that social justice was enshrined in the Constitution . He went on to serve as a minister with various portfolios for more than forty years as a member of the Indian National Congress ( INC ) . Most importantly , he was the Defence Minister of India during the Indo-Pak war of 1971 , which resulted in the creation of Bangladesh . His contribution to the Green Revolution in India and modernising Indian agriculture , during his two tenures as Union Agriculture Minister are still remembered , especially during 1974 drought when he was asked to hold the additional portfolio to tide over the food crisis . Though he supported Prime Minister Indira Gandhi during the Emergency ( 1975–77 ) , he left Congress in 1977 and joined the Janata Party alliance , along with his Congress for Democracy . He later served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India ( 1977–79 ) ; then in 1981 , he formed Congress ( J ) . At his death , he was the last surviving minister of the Interim Government and the last surviving original member of the first cabinet of independent India . Early life and education . Jagjivan Ram was born at Chandwa near Arrah in Bihar into the Chamar caste of Indian Caste System . He had an elder brother , Sant Lal , and three sisters . His father Sobhi Ram was with the British Indian Army , posted at Peshawar , but later resigned due to some differences , and bought farming land in his native village Chandwa and settled there . He also became a Mahant of the Shiv Narayani sect , and being skilled in calligraphy , illustrated many books for the sect that were distributed locally . Young Jagjivan attended a local school in January 1914 . Upon the premature death of his father , Jagjivan and his mother Vasanti Devi were left in a harsh economic situation . He joined Aggrawal Middle School in Arrah in 1920 , where the medium of instruction was English for the first time , and joined Arrah Town School in 1922 . It was here that he faced caste discrimination for the first time , yet remained unfazed . An often cited incident occurred in this school ; there was a tradition of having two water pots in the school , one for Hindus and another for Muslims . Jagjivan drank water from the Hindu pot , and because he was from an untouchable class , the matter was reported to the Principal , who placed a third pot for untouchables in the school . Jagjivan broke this pot twice in protest , until the Principal decided against placing the third pot . A turning point in his life came in 1925 , when Pt . Madan Mohan Malviya visited his school , and impressed by his welcome address , invited him to join the Banaras Hindu University . Jagjivan Ram passed his matriculation in the first division and joined the Banaras Hindu University ( BHU ) in 1927 , where he was awarded the Birla scholarship , and passed his Inter Science Examination . While at BHU , he organised the scheduled castes to protest against social discrimination . As a Dalit student , he was denied basic services like meals in his hostel and haircuts by local barbers . A Dalit barber would arrive occasionally to trim his hair . Eventually , Jagjivan left BHU and continued his education at Calcutta University . The incidents in BHU turned him into an atheist . In 2007 , the BHU set up a Babu Jagjivan Ram Chair in its faculty of social sciences to study caste discrimination and economic backwardness . He received a B . Sc . degree from the University of Calcutta in 1931 , where again he organised conferences to draw attention toward issues of discrimination , and also participated in the anti-untouchability movement started by Mahatma Gandhi . Early career . Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose took notice of him at Kolkata , when in 1928 he organised a Mazdoor Rally at Wellington Square , in which approximately 50,000 people participated . When the devastating 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake occurred he got actively involved in the relief work and his efforts were appreciated . When popular rule was introduced under the 1935 Act and the scheduled castes were given representation in the legislatures , both the nationalists and the British loyalists sought him because of his first-hand knowledge of the social and economic situation in Bihar . Jagjivan Ram was nominated to the Bihar Council . He chose to go with the nationalists and joined Congress , which wanted him not only because he was valued as an able spokesperson for the depressed classes , but also that he could counter B . R . Ambedkar ; he was elected to the Bihar assembly in 1937 . However , he resigned his membership on the issue of irrigation cess . He criticized Ambedkar as a coward who could not lead his people . In 1935 , he contributed to the establishment of the All-India Depressed Classes League , an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables . He was also drawn into the Indian National Congress . In the same year he proposed a resolution in the 1935 session of the Hindu Mahasabha demanding that temples and drinking water wells be opened up to Dalits ; and in the early 1940s was imprisoned twice for his active participation in the Satyagraha and the Quit India Movements . He was among the principal leaders who publicly denounced Indias participation in the World War II between the European nations and for which he was imprisoned in 1940 . Role in the Constitution . In the Constituent Assembly he advocated for the rights of Dalits and argued for affirmative action based on caste in elected bodies and government services . Parliamentary career . In 1946 , he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehrus provisional government and also the subsequent First Indian Cabinet , as a Labour Minister , where he is credited for laying the foundation for several labour welfare policies in India . He was a part of the prestigious high-profile Indian delegation that attended the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) s International Labour Conference on 16 August 1947 in Geneva , along with the great Gandhian Bihar Bibhuti Dr . Anugrah Narayan Sinha , his chief political mentor and also the then head of the delegation , and a few days later he was elected President of the ILO . He served as Labour minister until 1952 . He was member of the Constituent assembly that drafted Indias constitution . Ram also served in the interim national government of 1946 . Later , he held several ministerial posts in Nehrus Cabinet – Communications ( 1952–56 ) , Transport and Railways ( 1956–62 ) , and Transport and Communications ( 1962–63 ) . In Indira Gandhis government , he worked as minister for Labour , Employment , and Rehabilitation ( 1966–67 ) , and Union Minister for Food and Agriculture ( 1967–70 ) , where he is best remembered for having successfully led the Green Revolution during his tenure . When the Congress Party split in 1969 , Jagjivan Ram joined the camp led by Indira Gandhi , and became the president of that faction of Congress . He worked as the Minister of Defence ( 1970–74 ) making him the virtual No . 2 in the cabinet , Minister for Agriculture and Irrigation ( 1974–77 ) . It was during his tenure as the minister of Defence that the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was fought , and Bangladesh gained independence . While loyal to prime minister Indira Gandhi for most of the Indian Emergency , in 1977 he along with five other politicians resigned from the Cabinet and formed the Congress for Democracy party , within the Janata coalition . A few days before the elections , on a Sunday , Jagjivan Ram addressed an Opposition rally at the famous Ram Lila Grounds in Delhi . The national broadcaster Doordarshan allegedly attempted to stop crowds from participating in the demonstration by telecasting the blockbuster movie Bobby . The rally still drew large crowds , and a newspaper headline the next day ran Babu beats Bobby . He was the Deputy Prime Minister of India when Morarji Desai was the prime minister , from 1977 to 1979 . Though initially reluctant to join the cabinet , he was not present at the oath-taking ceremony on 24 March 1977 , but he eventually did so at the behest of Jai Prakash Narayan , who insisted that his presence was necessary , not just as an individual but as a political and social force . However , he was once again given the defence portfolio . His last position in government was as Deputy Prime Minister of India in the Janata Party government of 1977–1979 , When the split in Janata Party forced early General Election in 1980 , Janata Party contested it with Jagjivan Ram as its Prime Ministerial candidate , but the party won only 31 seats out of 542 . Disillusioned with the Janata party he joined Congress ( Urs ) faction . In 1981 , he separated from that faction as well , and formed his own party , the Congress ( J ) . He remained a member of Parliament right from the first election in 1952 till his death in 1986 , after over forty years as a parliamentarian . He was elected from Sasaram parliament constituency in Bihar . His uninterrupted representation in the Parliament from 1936 to 1986 is a world record . Positions held . Politics and government . - Member of the Central Legislature for over 30 years consecutively . - He holds the record for being the longest-serving cabinet minister in India . - Union Minister of Labour , 1946–1952 . - Union Minister for Communications , 1952–1956 . - Union Minister for Transport and Railways , 1956–1962 . - Union Minister for Transport and Communications , 1962–1963 . - Union Minister for Labour , Employment and Rehabilitation , 1966–1967 . - Union Minister for Food and Agriculture , 1967–1970 . - Union Minister of Defence , 1970–1974 , 1977–1979 . - Union Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation , 1974–1977 . - President of Indian National Congress - Founding Member , Congress for Democracy party ( aligned with Janata Party ) , 1977 . - Deputy Prime Minister of India , 24 January 1979 – 28 July 1979 . - Founder , Congress ( J ) . Other positions held with Thanmai . - He served as President of the Bharat Scouts and Guides from September 1976 to April 1983 . Personal life . In August 1933 , his first wife died after a brief illness . In June 1935 , he married Indrani Devi , a daughter of Dr . Birbal , a well-known social worker of Kanpur . The couple had two children , Suresh Kumar who was infamously reported in Menaka Gandhis Surya newspaper , having marital relationship with a 21-year-old woman . and Meira Kumar , a five-time Member of Parliament , who won from his former seat Sasaram in both 2004 and 2009 , and became the first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha in 2009 . Karumuri Thanmai . The place of his cremation has been turned into a memorial , Thanmai , and his birth anniversary is observed as Thanmai. , ( Equality Day ) in India . His birth centenary celebrations were held all over the nation in 2008 . Demands for awarding him a posthumous Bharat Ratna have been raised from time to time in Hyderabad . Andhra University conferred an honorary doctorate on him in 1973 , and in 2009 on the occasion of his 101st birth anniversary , his statue was unveiled on the university premises . To propagate his ideologies , the Babu Jagjivan Ram National Foundation has been set up by Ministry of Social Justice , Govt . of India in Delhi . The training academy for Railway Protection Force officers is named after Jagjivan Ram . The first indigenously built electric locomotive , a WAM-1 model , was named after him and was recently restored by the Eastern Railway . In 2015 , the Babu Jagjeevan Ram English Medium Secondary School was established in Mahatma Gandhi Nagar , Yerawada , Pune . As of March 2016 , the school serves 125 7th and 8th graders from Yerawada . The school honours Babuji and his advocacy of education and opportunity for all people of lower castes by being the first Pune Municipal Corporation public school to offer education past the 7th grade . He also has a hospital named in his honour – Jagjivan Ram Hospital – in the Mumbai Central Area of Mumbai . External links . - Babu Jagjivan Ram , Tribute website - Babu Jagjivan Ram , Info website - Babu Jagjivan Ram , a Centenary Celebrations Special - http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram

hard

What position did Jagjivan Ram take after Feb 1979?

/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram#P39#5

Jagjivan Ram Jagjivan Ram ( 5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986 ) , known popularly as Babuji , was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar . He was instrumental in the foundation of the All India Depressed Classes League , an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables , in 1935 and was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937 , after which he organised the rural labour movement . In 1946 , he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehrus interim government , the first cabinet of India as a Labour Minister and also a member of the Constituent Assembly of India , where he ensured that social justice was enshrined in the Constitution . He went on to serve as a minister with various portfolios for more than forty years as a member of the Indian National Congress ( INC ) . Most importantly , he was the Defence Minister of India during the Indo-Pak war of 1971 , which resulted in the creation of Bangladesh . His contribution to the Green Revolution in India and modernising Indian agriculture , during his two tenures as Union Agriculture Minister are still remembered , especially during 1974 drought when he was asked to hold the additional portfolio to tide over the food crisis . Though he supported Prime Minister Indira Gandhi during the Emergency ( 1975–77 ) , he left Congress in 1977 and joined the Janata Party alliance , along with his Congress for Democracy . He later served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India ( 1977–79 ) ; then in 1981 , he formed Congress ( J ) . At his death , he was the last surviving minister of the Interim Government and the last surviving original member of the first cabinet of independent India . Early life and education . Jagjivan Ram was born at Chandwa near Arrah in Bihar into the Chamar caste of Indian Caste System . He had an elder brother , Sant Lal , and three sisters . His father Sobhi Ram was with the British Indian Army , posted at Peshawar , but later resigned due to some differences , and bought farming land in his native village Chandwa and settled there . He also became a Mahant of the Shiv Narayani sect , and being skilled in calligraphy , illustrated many books for the sect that were distributed locally . Young Jagjivan attended a local school in January 1914 . Upon the premature death of his father , Jagjivan and his mother Vasanti Devi were left in a harsh economic situation . He joined Aggrawal Middle School in Arrah in 1920 , where the medium of instruction was English for the first time , and joined Arrah Town School in 1922 . It was here that he faced caste discrimination for the first time , yet remained unfazed . An often cited incident occurred in this school ; there was a tradition of having two water pots in the school , one for Hindus and another for Muslims . Jagjivan drank water from the Hindu pot , and because he was from an untouchable class , the matter was reported to the Principal , who placed a third pot for untouchables in the school . Jagjivan broke this pot twice in protest , until the Principal decided against placing the third pot . A turning point in his life came in 1925 , when Pt . Madan Mohan Malviya visited his school , and impressed by his welcome address , invited him to join the Banaras Hindu University . Jagjivan Ram passed his matriculation in the first division and joined the Banaras Hindu University ( BHU ) in 1927 , where he was awarded the Birla scholarship , and passed his Inter Science Examination . While at BHU , he organised the scheduled castes to protest against social discrimination . As a Dalit student , he was denied basic services like meals in his hostel and haircuts by local barbers . A Dalit barber would arrive occasionally to trim his hair . Eventually , Jagjivan left BHU and continued his education at Calcutta University . The incidents in BHU turned him into an atheist . In 2007 , the BHU set up a Babu Jagjivan Ram Chair in its faculty of social sciences to study caste discrimination and economic backwardness . He received a B . Sc . degree from the University of Calcutta in 1931 , where again he organised conferences to draw attention toward issues of discrimination , and also participated in the anti-untouchability movement started by Mahatma Gandhi . Early career . Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose took notice of him at Kolkata , when in 1928 he organised a Mazdoor Rally at Wellington Square , in which approximately 50,000 people participated . When the devastating 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake occurred he got actively involved in the relief work and his efforts were appreciated . When popular rule was introduced under the 1935 Act and the scheduled castes were given representation in the legislatures , both the nationalists and the British loyalists sought him because of his first-hand knowledge of the social and economic situation in Bihar . Jagjivan Ram was nominated to the Bihar Council . He chose to go with the nationalists and joined Congress , which wanted him not only because he was valued as an able spokesperson for the depressed classes , but also that he could counter B . R . Ambedkar ; he was elected to the Bihar assembly in 1937 . However , he resigned his membership on the issue of irrigation cess . He criticized Ambedkar as a coward who could not lead his people . In 1935 , he contributed to the establishment of the All-India Depressed Classes League , an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables . He was also drawn into the Indian National Congress . In the same year he proposed a resolution in the 1935 session of the Hindu Mahasabha demanding that temples and drinking water wells be opened up to Dalits ; and in the early 1940s was imprisoned twice for his active participation in the Satyagraha and the Quit India Movements . He was among the principal leaders who publicly denounced Indias participation in the World War II between the European nations and for which he was imprisoned in 1940 . Role in the Constitution . In the Constituent Assembly he advocated for the rights of Dalits and argued for affirmative action based on caste in elected bodies and government services . Parliamentary career . In 1946 , he became the youngest minister in Jawaharlal Nehrus provisional government and also the subsequent First Indian Cabinet , as a Labour Minister , where he is credited for laying the foundation for several labour welfare policies in India . He was a part of the prestigious high-profile Indian delegation that attended the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) s International Labour Conference on 16 August 1947 in Geneva , along with the great Gandhian Bihar Bibhuti Dr . Anugrah Narayan Sinha , his chief political mentor and also the then head of the delegation , and a few days later he was elected President of the ILO . He served as Labour minister until 1952 . He was member of the Constituent assembly that drafted Indias constitution . Ram also served in the interim national government of 1946 . Later , he held several ministerial posts in Nehrus Cabinet – Communications ( 1952–56 ) , Transport and Railways ( 1956–62 ) , and Transport and Communications ( 1962–63 ) . In Indira Gandhis government , he worked as minister for Labour , Employment , and Rehabilitation ( 1966–67 ) , and Union Minister for Food and Agriculture ( 1967–70 ) , where he is best remembered for having successfully led the Green Revolution during his tenure . When the Congress Party split in 1969 , Jagjivan Ram joined the camp led by Indira Gandhi , and became the president of that faction of Congress . He worked as the Minister of Defence ( 1970–74 ) making him the virtual No . 2 in the cabinet , Minister for Agriculture and Irrigation ( 1974–77 ) . It was during his tenure as the minister of Defence that the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was fought , and Bangladesh gained independence . While loyal to prime minister Indira Gandhi for most of the Indian Emergency , in 1977 he along with five other politicians resigned from the Cabinet and formed the Congress for Democracy party , within the Janata coalition . A few days before the elections , on a Sunday , Jagjivan Ram addressed an Opposition rally at the famous Ram Lila Grounds in Delhi . The national broadcaster Doordarshan allegedly attempted to stop crowds from participating in the demonstration by telecasting the blockbuster movie Bobby . The rally still drew large crowds , and a newspaper headline the next day ran Babu beats Bobby . He was the Deputy Prime Minister of India when Morarji Desai was the prime minister , from 1977 to 1979 . Though initially reluctant to join the cabinet , he was not present at the oath-taking ceremony on 24 March 1977 , but he eventually did so at the behest of Jai Prakash Narayan , who insisted that his presence was necessary , not just as an individual but as a political and social force . However , he was once again given the defence portfolio . His last position in government was as Deputy Prime Minister of India in the Janata Party government of 1977–1979 , When the split in Janata Party forced early General Election in 1980 , Janata Party contested it with Jagjivan Ram as its Prime Ministerial candidate , but the party won only 31 seats out of 542 . Disillusioned with the Janata party he joined Congress ( Urs ) faction . In 1981 , he separated from that faction as well , and formed his own party , the Congress ( J ) . He remained a member of Parliament right from the first election in 1952 till his death in 1986 , after over forty years as a parliamentarian . He was elected from Sasaram parliament constituency in Bihar . His uninterrupted representation in the Parliament from 1936 to 1986 is a world record . Positions held . Politics and government . - Member of the Central Legislature for over 30 years consecutively . - He holds the record for being the longest-serving cabinet minister in India . - Union Minister of Labour , 1946–1952 . - Union Minister for Communications , 1952–1956 . - Union Minister for Transport and Railways , 1956–1962 . - Union Minister for Transport and Communications , 1962–1963 . - Union Minister for Labour , Employment and Rehabilitation , 1966–1967 . - Union Minister for Food and Agriculture , 1967–1970 . - Union Minister of Defence , 1970–1974 , 1977–1979 . - Union Minister of Agriculture and Irrigation , 1974–1977 . - President of Indian National Congress - Founding Member , Congress for Democracy party ( aligned with Janata Party ) , 1977 . - Deputy Prime Minister of India , 24 January 1979 – 28 July 1979 . - Founder , Congress ( J ) . Other positions held with Thanmai . - He served as President of the Bharat Scouts and Guides from September 1976 to April 1983 . Personal life . In August 1933 , his first wife died after a brief illness . In June 1935 , he married Indrani Devi , a daughter of Dr . Birbal , a well-known social worker of Kanpur . The couple had two children , Suresh Kumar who was infamously reported in Menaka Gandhis Surya newspaper , having marital relationship with a 21-year-old woman . and Meira Kumar , a five-time Member of Parliament , who won from his former seat Sasaram in both 2004 and 2009 , and became the first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha in 2009 . Karumuri Thanmai . The place of his cremation has been turned into a memorial , Thanmai , and his birth anniversary is observed as Thanmai. , ( Equality Day ) in India . His birth centenary celebrations were held all over the nation in 2008 . Demands for awarding him a posthumous Bharat Ratna have been raised from time to time in Hyderabad . Andhra University conferred an honorary doctorate on him in 1973 , and in 2009 on the occasion of his 101st birth anniversary , his statue was unveiled on the university premises . To propagate his ideologies , the Babu Jagjivan Ram National Foundation has been set up by Ministry of Social Justice , Govt . of India in Delhi . The training academy for Railway Protection Force officers is named after Jagjivan Ram . The first indigenously built electric locomotive , a WAM-1 model , was named after him and was recently restored by the Eastern Railway . In 2015 , the Babu Jagjeevan Ram English Medium Secondary School was established in Mahatma Gandhi Nagar , Yerawada , Pune . As of March 2016 , the school serves 125 7th and 8th graders from Yerawada . The school honours Babuji and his advocacy of education and opportunity for all people of lower castes by being the first Pune Municipal Corporation public school to offer education past the 7th grade . He also has a hospital named in his honour – Jagjivan Ram Hospital – in the Mumbai Central Area of Mumbai . External links . - Babu Jagjivan Ram , Tribute website - Babu Jagjivan Ram , Info website - Babu Jagjivan Ram , a Centenary Celebrations Special - http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jagjivan_ram

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Which title was conferred to Vladas Mikėnas in 1950?

/wiki/Vladas_Mikėnas#P2962#0

Vladas Mikėnas Vladas Mikėnas ( 17 April 1910 – 3 November 1992 ) was a Lithuanian chess player and journalist . He was awarded the titles of International Master and Honorary Grandmaster by FIDE . Early career . Vladas Mikėnas played for Lithuania at first board in five official and one unofficial Chess Olympiads . - In July 1931 , he played at the 4th Chess Olympiad in Prague ( +7 –5 =6 ) . - In July 1933 , he played at the 5th Chess Olympiad in Folkestone ( +5 –3 =6 ) . - In August 1935 , he played at the 6th Chess Olympiad in Warsaw ( +2 –6 =10 ) . - In August/September 1936 , he played at the unofficial Olympiad in Munich ( +5 –7 =8 ) . - In July/August 1937 , he played at the 7th Chess Olympiad in Stockholm ( +7 –3 =8 ) . - In August/September 1939 , he played at the 8th Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires ( +10 –5 =4 ) . In 1930 , he won the Estonian Championship in Tallinn ( 3rd EST-ch ) . In 1931 , he tied for 2nd–5th at the first Baltic Championship in Klaipėda , which was won by Isakas Vistaneckis . In the same year , Mikenas emigrated from Estonia to Lithuania . In 1934 , he won a match against Povilas Vaitonis ( 6:2 ) . In 1935 , he took 10th in Łódź ( Savielly Tartakower won ) , and drew a match with Vistaneckis ( 8:8 ) . In 1936 , he won the Lithuanian Championship . In 1937 , he won a match against Vaitonis ( 5.5:4.5 ) . In 1937 , he took 10th in Kemeri ; despite his lowly placing , he defeated Alexander Alekhine . In 1937/38 , he took 6th at Hastings ( Samuel Reshevsky won ) . In 1938 , he won a match against Vaitonis ( 9:3 ) . In 1939 , he took 4th in Kemeri–Riga ( Salo Flohr won ) . In September 1939 , he took 3rd in Rosario ( Vladimirs Petrovs won ) . Soviet citizen . On 28 September 1939 , the Soviet Union and Germany had changed the secret terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . They moved Lithuania into the Soviet sphere of influence . Lithuania was annexed by the Soviet Union on 3 August 1940 . In September/October 1940 , Mikėnas tied for 13–16th in Moscow ( 12th USSR-ch ) . In 1941 , he took 3rd ( off contest ) in Kutaisi ( 4th Georgian SSR ch ) . In February/March 1942 , he tied for 3rd–6th in Moscow . In March/April 1942 , he tied for 4–7th in Sverdlovsk . In July/August 1942 , he tied for 3rd–5th in Kuibyshev . In 1943/44 , he took 7th in the 23rd Moscow-ch . In 1944 , he won ( off contest ) in Tbilisi ( 5th Georgian SSR ch ) . In 1944 , he won a classification match against Ljublinsky ( 8:6 ) . In 1944 , he tied for 5–6th in Moscow ( 13th USSR-ch ) . In July 1945 , he won in Kaunas ( 13th LTU-ch ) . In September/October 1945 , he took 7th at Tallinn ( EST-ch , Paul Keres won ) . In October/November 1945 , he won in Riga ( Baltic Chess Championship ) . In June/July 1946 , he took 3rd , behind Yuri Averbakh , and Vistaneckis , in Vilnius ( Baltic Rep.-ch ) . In 1946 , he took 2nd ( off contest ) in Tbilisi ( 7th Georgian SSR ch ) . In 1947 , he took 2nd ( off contest ) in Minsk ( 13th Belarusian Championship ) . In 1948 , he drew a classification match against Rashid Nezhmetdinov ( 7:7 ) . He played several times in Lithuanian SSR championships in Vilnius . He won the 14th LTU-ch in 1947 , won in 1948 , took 3rd in 1949 , took 6th in 1951 , tied for 2nd–4th in 1952 , took 6th in 1953 , took 2nd in 1954 , took 3rd in 1955 , took 2nd in 1957 , tied for 2nd–4th in 1958 , took 3rd in 1959 , tied for 3rd–4th in 1960 , won in 1961 , took 2nd in 1963 , won in 1964 , shared 1st in 1965 , tied for 2nd–3rd in 1967 , and tied for 1st–2nd in 1968 . Meanwhile , in 1954 , he won , ahead of Ratmir Kholmov , Vistaneckis and Viacheslav Ragozin , in Vilnius ( Quadrangular ) . In 1955 , he tied for 3rd–6th in Pärnu ( Keres won ) . In 1959 , he took 2nd , behind Boris Spassky , in Riga . In 1960 , he took 10th in Pärnu ( Baltic Rep . ch , Keres won ) , and shared 4th at Leningrad ( Mark Taimanov won ) . In 1964 , he tied 2nd–3rd , behind Iivo Nei , in Pärnu ( Baltic Rep . ch ) . In 1965 , he won in Palanga ( Baltic Rep . ch ) . In 1971 , he won in Lublin , Poland . Mikenas was awarded the International Master title in 1950 ( the year the title was instituted ) . He was awarded the Honorary Grandmaster title in 1987 . He was the arbiter of the World Championship match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov in 1985 . Contributions . The Mikenas Variation of the Modern Benoni , a sharp attacking line ( 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.f4 Bg7 8.e5 ) , is named after him . He also developed the Flohr-Mikenas Variation of the English Opening ; the variation runs 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4 . External links . - Vladas Mikėnas chess games at 365Chess.com - Photos

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Which title was conferred to Vladas Mikėnas in 1987?

/wiki/Vladas_Mikėnas#P2962#1

Vladas Mikėnas Vladas Mikėnas ( 17 April 1910 – 3 November 1992 ) was a Lithuanian chess player and journalist . He was awarded the titles of International Master and Honorary Grandmaster by FIDE . Early career . Vladas Mikėnas played for Lithuania at first board in five official and one unofficial Chess Olympiads . - In July 1931 , he played at the 4th Chess Olympiad in Prague ( +7 –5 =6 ) . - In July 1933 , he played at the 5th Chess Olympiad in Folkestone ( +5 –3 =6 ) . - In August 1935 , he played at the 6th Chess Olympiad in Warsaw ( +2 –6 =10 ) . - In August/September 1936 , he played at the unofficial Olympiad in Munich ( +5 –7 =8 ) . - In July/August 1937 , he played at the 7th Chess Olympiad in Stockholm ( +7 –3 =8 ) . - In August/September 1939 , he played at the 8th Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires ( +10 –5 =4 ) . In 1930 , he won the Estonian Championship in Tallinn ( 3rd EST-ch ) . In 1931 , he tied for 2nd–5th at the first Baltic Championship in Klaipėda , which was won by Isakas Vistaneckis . In the same year , Mikenas emigrated from Estonia to Lithuania . In 1934 , he won a match against Povilas Vaitonis ( 6:2 ) . In 1935 , he took 10th in Łódź ( Savielly Tartakower won ) , and drew a match with Vistaneckis ( 8:8 ) . In 1936 , he won the Lithuanian Championship . In 1937 , he won a match against Vaitonis ( 5.5:4.5 ) . In 1937 , he took 10th in Kemeri ; despite his lowly placing , he defeated Alexander Alekhine . In 1937/38 , he took 6th at Hastings ( Samuel Reshevsky won ) . In 1938 , he won a match against Vaitonis ( 9:3 ) . In 1939 , he took 4th in Kemeri–Riga ( Salo Flohr won ) . In September 1939 , he took 3rd in Rosario ( Vladimirs Petrovs won ) . Soviet citizen . On 28 September 1939 , the Soviet Union and Germany had changed the secret terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . They moved Lithuania into the Soviet sphere of influence . Lithuania was annexed by the Soviet Union on 3 August 1940 . In September/October 1940 , Mikėnas tied for 13–16th in Moscow ( 12th USSR-ch ) . In 1941 , he took 3rd ( off contest ) in Kutaisi ( 4th Georgian SSR ch ) . In February/March 1942 , he tied for 3rd–6th in Moscow . In March/April 1942 , he tied for 4–7th in Sverdlovsk . In July/August 1942 , he tied for 3rd–5th in Kuibyshev . In 1943/44 , he took 7th in the 23rd Moscow-ch . In 1944 , he won ( off contest ) in Tbilisi ( 5th Georgian SSR ch ) . In 1944 , he won a classification match against Ljublinsky ( 8:6 ) . In 1944 , he tied for 5–6th in Moscow ( 13th USSR-ch ) . In July 1945 , he won in Kaunas ( 13th LTU-ch ) . In September/October 1945 , he took 7th at Tallinn ( EST-ch , Paul Keres won ) . In October/November 1945 , he won in Riga ( Baltic Chess Championship ) . In June/July 1946 , he took 3rd , behind Yuri Averbakh , and Vistaneckis , in Vilnius ( Baltic Rep.-ch ) . In 1946 , he took 2nd ( off contest ) in Tbilisi ( 7th Georgian SSR ch ) . In 1947 , he took 2nd ( off contest ) in Minsk ( 13th Belarusian Championship ) . In 1948 , he drew a classification match against Rashid Nezhmetdinov ( 7:7 ) . He played several times in Lithuanian SSR championships in Vilnius . He won the 14th LTU-ch in 1947 , won in 1948 , took 3rd in 1949 , took 6th in 1951 , tied for 2nd–4th in 1952 , took 6th in 1953 , took 2nd in 1954 , took 3rd in 1955 , took 2nd in 1957 , tied for 2nd–4th in 1958 , took 3rd in 1959 , tied for 3rd–4th in 1960 , won in 1961 , took 2nd in 1963 , won in 1964 , shared 1st in 1965 , tied for 2nd–3rd in 1967 , and tied for 1st–2nd in 1968 . Meanwhile , in 1954 , he won , ahead of Ratmir Kholmov , Vistaneckis and Viacheslav Ragozin , in Vilnius ( Quadrangular ) . In 1955 , he tied for 3rd–6th in Pärnu ( Keres won ) . In 1959 , he took 2nd , behind Boris Spassky , in Riga . In 1960 , he took 10th in Pärnu ( Baltic Rep . ch , Keres won ) , and shared 4th at Leningrad ( Mark Taimanov won ) . In 1964 , he tied 2nd–3rd , behind Iivo Nei , in Pärnu ( Baltic Rep . ch ) . In 1965 , he won in Palanga ( Baltic Rep . ch ) . In 1971 , he won in Lublin , Poland . Mikenas was awarded the International Master title in 1950 ( the year the title was instituted ) . He was awarded the Honorary Grandmaster title in 1987 . He was the arbiter of the World Championship match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov in 1985 . Contributions . The Mikenas Variation of the Modern Benoni , a sharp attacking line ( 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.f4 Bg7 8.e5 ) , is named after him . He also developed the Flohr-Mikenas Variation of the English Opening ; the variation runs 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4 . External links . - Vladas Mikėnas chess games at 365Chess.com - Photos

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Which title was conferred to Vladas Mikėnas in 1942?

/wiki/Vladas_Mikėnas#P2962#2

Vladas Mikėnas Vladas Mikėnas ( 17 April 1910 – 3 November 1992 ) was a Lithuanian chess player and journalist . He was awarded the titles of International Master and Honorary Grandmaster by FIDE . Early career . Vladas Mikėnas played for Lithuania at first board in five official and one unofficial Chess Olympiads . - In July 1931 , he played at the 4th Chess Olympiad in Prague ( +7 –5 =6 ) . - In July 1933 , he played at the 5th Chess Olympiad in Folkestone ( +5 –3 =6 ) . - In August 1935 , he played at the 6th Chess Olympiad in Warsaw ( +2 –6 =10 ) . - In August/September 1936 , he played at the unofficial Olympiad in Munich ( +5 –7 =8 ) . - In July/August 1937 , he played at the 7th Chess Olympiad in Stockholm ( +7 –3 =8 ) . - In August/September 1939 , he played at the 8th Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires ( +10 –5 =4 ) . In 1930 , he won the Estonian Championship in Tallinn ( 3rd EST-ch ) . In 1931 , he tied for 2nd–5th at the first Baltic Championship in Klaipėda , which was won by Isakas Vistaneckis . In the same year , Mikenas emigrated from Estonia to Lithuania . In 1934 , he won a match against Povilas Vaitonis ( 6:2 ) . In 1935 , he took 10th in Łódź ( Savielly Tartakower won ) , and drew a match with Vistaneckis ( 8:8 ) . In 1936 , he won the Lithuanian Championship . In 1937 , he won a match against Vaitonis ( 5.5:4.5 ) . In 1937 , he took 10th in Kemeri ; despite his lowly placing , he defeated Alexander Alekhine . In 1937/38 , he took 6th at Hastings ( Samuel Reshevsky won ) . In 1938 , he won a match against Vaitonis ( 9:3 ) . In 1939 , he took 4th in Kemeri–Riga ( Salo Flohr won ) . In September 1939 , he took 3rd in Rosario ( Vladimirs Petrovs won ) . Soviet citizen . On 28 September 1939 , the Soviet Union and Germany had changed the secret terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact . They moved Lithuania into the Soviet sphere of influence . Lithuania was annexed by the Soviet Union on 3 August 1940 . In September/October 1940 , Mikėnas tied for 13–16th in Moscow ( 12th USSR-ch ) . In 1941 , he took 3rd ( off contest ) in Kutaisi ( 4th Georgian SSR ch ) . In February/March 1942 , he tied for 3rd–6th in Moscow . In March/April 1942 , he tied for 4–7th in Sverdlovsk . In July/August 1942 , he tied for 3rd–5th in Kuibyshev . In 1943/44 , he took 7th in the 23rd Moscow-ch . In 1944 , he won ( off contest ) in Tbilisi ( 5th Georgian SSR ch ) . In 1944 , he won a classification match against Ljublinsky ( 8:6 ) . In 1944 , he tied for 5–6th in Moscow ( 13th USSR-ch ) . In July 1945 , he won in Kaunas ( 13th LTU-ch ) . In September/October 1945 , he took 7th at Tallinn ( EST-ch , Paul Keres won ) . In October/November 1945 , he won in Riga ( Baltic Chess Championship ) . In June/July 1946 , he took 3rd , behind Yuri Averbakh , and Vistaneckis , in Vilnius ( Baltic Rep.-ch ) . In 1946 , he took 2nd ( off contest ) in Tbilisi ( 7th Georgian SSR ch ) . In 1947 , he took 2nd ( off contest ) in Minsk ( 13th Belarusian Championship ) . In 1948 , he drew a classification match against Rashid Nezhmetdinov ( 7:7 ) . He played several times in Lithuanian SSR championships in Vilnius . He won the 14th LTU-ch in 1947 , won in 1948 , took 3rd in 1949 , took 6th in 1951 , tied for 2nd–4th in 1952 , took 6th in 1953 , took 2nd in 1954 , took 3rd in 1955 , took 2nd in 1957 , tied for 2nd–4th in 1958 , took 3rd in 1959 , tied for 3rd–4th in 1960 , won in 1961 , took 2nd in 1963 , won in 1964 , shared 1st in 1965 , tied for 2nd–3rd in 1967 , and tied for 1st–2nd in 1968 . Meanwhile , in 1954 , he won , ahead of Ratmir Kholmov , Vistaneckis and Viacheslav Ragozin , in Vilnius ( Quadrangular ) . In 1955 , he tied for 3rd–6th in Pärnu ( Keres won ) . In 1959 , he took 2nd , behind Boris Spassky , in Riga . In 1960 , he took 10th in Pärnu ( Baltic Rep . ch , Keres won ) , and shared 4th at Leningrad ( Mark Taimanov won ) . In 1964 , he tied 2nd–3rd , behind Iivo Nei , in Pärnu ( Baltic Rep . ch ) . In 1965 , he won in Palanga ( Baltic Rep . ch ) . In 1971 , he won in Lublin , Poland . Mikenas was awarded the International Master title in 1950 ( the year the title was instituted ) . He was awarded the Honorary Grandmaster title in 1987 . He was the arbiter of the World Championship match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov in 1985 . Contributions . The Mikenas Variation of the Modern Benoni , a sharp attacking line ( 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 4.Nc3 exd5 5.cxd5 d6 6.e4 g6 7.f4 Bg7 8.e5 ) , is named after him . He also developed the Flohr-Mikenas Variation of the English Opening ; the variation runs 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4 . External links . - Vladas Mikėnas chess games at 365Chess.com - Photos

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Douglas (footballer, born 1990) played for which team in Jul 2010?

/wiki/Douglas_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#0

Douglas ( footballer , born 1990 ) Douglas Pereira dos Santos ( born 6 August 1990 ) , simply known as Douglas ( ) , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Beşiktaş . Club career . Goiás . Born in Monte Alegre de Goiás , Douglas joined Goiás youth setup in 2002 , aged 12 , and was promoted to the first-team in 2009 , mainly as a backup to Vítor . He made his professional – and Série A – debut on 20 June 2009 , coming on as a late substitute in a 2–2 away draw against Grêmio . Douglas was handed his first start on 15 July , in a 0–2 home loss against Avaí . He finished the campaign with 14 appearances ( seven starts , 741 minutes of action ) , as his side finished ninth . In 2010 , after Victors departure to Palmeiras , Douglas became the clubs first-choice , appearing in 24 matches but being relegated . He scored his first professional goal on 15 July 2011 , netting the last of a 4–1 home routing over Vitória for the Série B championship . Douglas finished the season with 26 appearances , scoring five goals as the Esmeraldino finished in the 11th place . São Paulo . On 11 February 2012 , Douglas signed a three-year deal with São Paulo . However , he missed the whole Campeonato Paulista due to a pubalgia . Douglas made his debut for Tricolor on 6 June 2012 , starting in a 0–1 away loss against Internacional . He scored his first goal for the club on 14 October , netting the last of a 2–0 home success against Figueirense . He was also a regular in the clubs Copa Sudamericana winning campaign . Douglas featured regularly for the club in 2013 , but faced fierce competition with new signing Paulo Miranda . The latter was later more used as a central defender , while the former also appeared as a central midfielder in some occasions . In 2014 Douglas was again challenged by another new face , Luis Ricardo . He was mainly a backup to the latter during the years Campeonato Paulista , but later retained his place in the starting XI . Barcelona . On 26 August 2014 , Douglas agreed a five-year deal with La Liga club Barcelona for amount of €4 million fee plus €1.5 million in add-ons . He signed his contract with the Catalans three days later , being presented hours later . After being an unused substitute in Barças 1–0 home win against APOEL for the seasons UEFA Champions League , Douglas made his debut on 24 September , starting and being booked in a 0–0 draw at Málaga . He was later criticized for his performance , and was demoted to third-choice right back behind Dani Alves and Martín Montoya , only being limited to appear in Copa del Rey . Loan deals . On 26 August 2016 , Barcelona and Sporting de Gijón reached an agreement for the season-long loan of Douglas . He made his debut for the Asturians on 17 September in a 5–0 loss at Atlético Madrid , and scored his first goal in Spanish football on 4 December in a 3–1 win against Osasuna at El Molinón . He totalled 23 appearances and three goals over the season , but Sporting were relegated . On 30 August 2017 , Douglas joined Portuguese champions Benfica on a season-long loan deal . On 24 July 2018 , Douglas was loaned once again , this time to Turkish side Sivasspor . His first goal for Sivasspor was in a Süper Lig match with Trabzonspor . International career . Douglas was a member of the Brazil national under-20 team , appearing in the 2009 South American U-20 Championship and 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Career statistics . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - Copa Sudamericana : 2012 Barcelona - La Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2015