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hard

Douglas (footballer, born 1990) played for which team between Jul 2012 and May 2013?

/wiki/Douglas_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#1

Douglas ( footballer , born 1990 ) Douglas Pereira dos Santos ( born 6 August 1990 ) , simply known as Douglas ( ) , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Beşiktaş . Club career . Goiás . Born in Monte Alegre de Goiás , Douglas joined Goiás youth setup in 2002 , aged 12 , and was promoted to the first-team in 2009 , mainly as a backup to Vítor . He made his professional – and Série A – debut on 20 June 2009 , coming on as a late substitute in a 2–2 away draw against Grêmio . Douglas was handed his first start on 15 July , in a 0–2 home loss against Avaí . He finished the campaign with 14 appearances ( seven starts , 741 minutes of action ) , as his side finished ninth . In 2010 , after Victors departure to Palmeiras , Douglas became the clubs first-choice , appearing in 24 matches but being relegated . He scored his first professional goal on 15 July 2011 , netting the last of a 4–1 home routing over Vitória for the Série B championship . Douglas finished the season with 26 appearances , scoring five goals as the Esmeraldino finished in the 11th place . São Paulo . On 11 February 2012 , Douglas signed a three-year deal with São Paulo . However , he missed the whole Campeonato Paulista due to a pubalgia . Douglas made his debut for Tricolor on 6 June 2012 , starting in a 0–1 away loss against Internacional . He scored his first goal for the club on 14 October , netting the last of a 2–0 home success against Figueirense . He was also a regular in the clubs Copa Sudamericana winning campaign . Douglas featured regularly for the club in 2013 , but faced fierce competition with new signing Paulo Miranda . The latter was later more used as a central defender , while the former also appeared as a central midfielder in some occasions . In 2014 Douglas was again challenged by another new face , Luis Ricardo . He was mainly a backup to the latter during the years Campeonato Paulista , but later retained his place in the starting XI . Barcelona . On 26 August 2014 , Douglas agreed a five-year deal with La Liga club Barcelona for amount of €4 million fee plus €1.5 million in add-ons . He signed his contract with the Catalans three days later , being presented hours later . After being an unused substitute in Barças 1–0 home win against APOEL for the seasons UEFA Champions League , Douglas made his debut on 24 September , starting and being booked in a 0–0 draw at Málaga . He was later criticized for his performance , and was demoted to third-choice right back behind Dani Alves and Martín Montoya , only being limited to appear in Copa del Rey . Loan deals . On 26 August 2016 , Barcelona and Sporting de Gijón reached an agreement for the season-long loan of Douglas . He made his debut for the Asturians on 17 September in a 5–0 loss at Atlético Madrid , and scored his first goal in Spanish football on 4 December in a 3–1 win against Osasuna at El Molinón . He totalled 23 appearances and three goals over the season , but Sporting were relegated . On 30 August 2017 , Douglas joined Portuguese champions Benfica on a season-long loan deal . On 24 July 2018 , Douglas was loaned once again , this time to Turkish side Sivasspor . His first goal for Sivasspor was in a Süper Lig match with Trabzonspor . International career . Douglas was a member of the Brazil national under-20 team , appearing in the 2009 South American U-20 Championship and 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Career statistics . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - Copa Sudamericana : 2012 Barcelona - La Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2015

hard

Douglas (footballer, born 1990) played for which team between Jan 2015 and Apr 2015?

/wiki/Douglas_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#2

Douglas ( footballer , born 1990 ) Douglas Pereira dos Santos ( born 6 August 1990 ) , simply known as Douglas ( ) , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Beşiktaş . Club career . Goiás . Born in Monte Alegre de Goiás , Douglas joined Goiás youth setup in 2002 , aged 12 , and was promoted to the first-team in 2009 , mainly as a backup to Vítor . He made his professional – and Série A – debut on 20 June 2009 , coming on as a late substitute in a 2–2 away draw against Grêmio . Douglas was handed his first start on 15 July , in a 0–2 home loss against Avaí . He finished the campaign with 14 appearances ( seven starts , 741 minutes of action ) , as his side finished ninth . In 2010 , after Victors departure to Palmeiras , Douglas became the clubs first-choice , appearing in 24 matches but being relegated . He scored his first professional goal on 15 July 2011 , netting the last of a 4–1 home routing over Vitória for the Série B championship . Douglas finished the season with 26 appearances , scoring five goals as the Esmeraldino finished in the 11th place . São Paulo . On 11 February 2012 , Douglas signed a three-year deal with São Paulo . However , he missed the whole Campeonato Paulista due to a pubalgia . Douglas made his debut for Tricolor on 6 June 2012 , starting in a 0–1 away loss against Internacional . He scored his first goal for the club on 14 October , netting the last of a 2–0 home success against Figueirense . He was also a regular in the clubs Copa Sudamericana winning campaign . Douglas featured regularly for the club in 2013 , but faced fierce competition with new signing Paulo Miranda . The latter was later more used as a central defender , while the former also appeared as a central midfielder in some occasions . In 2014 Douglas was again challenged by another new face , Luis Ricardo . He was mainly a backup to the latter during the years Campeonato Paulista , but later retained his place in the starting XI . Barcelona . On 26 August 2014 , Douglas agreed a five-year deal with La Liga club Barcelona for amount of €4 million fee plus €1.5 million in add-ons . He signed his contract with the Catalans three days later , being presented hours later . After being an unused substitute in Barças 1–0 home win against APOEL for the seasons UEFA Champions League , Douglas made his debut on 24 September , starting and being booked in a 0–0 draw at Málaga . He was later criticized for his performance , and was demoted to third-choice right back behind Dani Alves and Martín Montoya , only being limited to appear in Copa del Rey . Loan deals . On 26 August 2016 , Barcelona and Sporting de Gijón reached an agreement for the season-long loan of Douglas . He made his debut for the Asturians on 17 September in a 5–0 loss at Atlético Madrid , and scored his first goal in Spanish football on 4 December in a 3–1 win against Osasuna at El Molinón . He totalled 23 appearances and three goals over the season , but Sporting were relegated . On 30 August 2017 , Douglas joined Portuguese champions Benfica on a season-long loan deal . On 24 July 2018 , Douglas was loaned once again , this time to Turkish side Sivasspor . His first goal for Sivasspor was in a Süper Lig match with Trabzonspor . International career . Douglas was a member of the Brazil national under-20 team , appearing in the 2009 South American U-20 Championship and 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Career statistics . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - Copa Sudamericana : 2012 Barcelona - La Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2015

hard

Douglas (footballer, born 1990) played for which team between Aug 2016 and Oct 2016?

/wiki/Douglas_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#3

Douglas ( footballer , born 1990 ) Douglas Pereira dos Santos ( born 6 August 1990 ) , simply known as Douglas ( ) , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Beşiktaş . Club career . Goiás . Born in Monte Alegre de Goiás , Douglas joined Goiás youth setup in 2002 , aged 12 , and was promoted to the first-team in 2009 , mainly as a backup to Vítor . He made his professional – and Série A – debut on 20 June 2009 , coming on as a late substitute in a 2–2 away draw against Grêmio . Douglas was handed his first start on 15 July , in a 0–2 home loss against Avaí . He finished the campaign with 14 appearances ( seven starts , 741 minutes of action ) , as his side finished ninth . In 2010 , after Victors departure to Palmeiras , Douglas became the clubs first-choice , appearing in 24 matches but being relegated . He scored his first professional goal on 15 July 2011 , netting the last of a 4–1 home routing over Vitória for the Série B championship . Douglas finished the season with 26 appearances , scoring five goals as the Esmeraldino finished in the 11th place . São Paulo . On 11 February 2012 , Douglas signed a three-year deal with São Paulo . However , he missed the whole Campeonato Paulista due to a pubalgia . Douglas made his debut for Tricolor on 6 June 2012 , starting in a 0–1 away loss against Internacional . He scored his first goal for the club on 14 October , netting the last of a 2–0 home success against Figueirense . He was also a regular in the clubs Copa Sudamericana winning campaign . Douglas featured regularly for the club in 2013 , but faced fierce competition with new signing Paulo Miranda . The latter was later more used as a central defender , while the former also appeared as a central midfielder in some occasions . In 2014 Douglas was again challenged by another new face , Luis Ricardo . He was mainly a backup to the latter during the years Campeonato Paulista , but later retained his place in the starting XI . Barcelona . On 26 August 2014 , Douglas agreed a five-year deal with La Liga club Barcelona for amount of €4 million fee plus €1.5 million in add-ons . He signed his contract with the Catalans three days later , being presented hours later . After being an unused substitute in Barças 1–0 home win against APOEL for the seasons UEFA Champions League , Douglas made his debut on 24 September , starting and being booked in a 0–0 draw at Málaga . He was later criticized for his performance , and was demoted to third-choice right back behind Dani Alves and Martín Montoya , only being limited to appear in Copa del Rey . Loan deals . On 26 August 2016 , Barcelona and Sporting de Gijón reached an agreement for the season-long loan of Douglas . He made his debut for the Asturians on 17 September in a 5–0 loss at Atlético Madrid , and scored his first goal in Spanish football on 4 December in a 3–1 win against Osasuna at El Molinón . He totalled 23 appearances and three goals over the season , but Sporting were relegated . On 30 August 2017 , Douglas joined Portuguese champions Benfica on a season-long loan deal . On 24 July 2018 , Douglas was loaned once again , this time to Turkish side Sivasspor . His first goal for Sivasspor was in a Süper Lig match with Trabzonspor . International career . Douglas was a member of the Brazil national under-20 team , appearing in the 2009 South American U-20 Championship and 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Career statistics . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - Copa Sudamericana : 2012 Barcelona - La Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2015

hard

Douglas (footballer, born 1990) played for which team in May 2017?

/wiki/Douglas_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#4

Douglas ( footballer , born 1990 ) Douglas Pereira dos Santos ( born 6 August 1990 ) , simply known as Douglas ( ) , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Beşiktaş . Club career . Goiás . Born in Monte Alegre de Goiás , Douglas joined Goiás youth setup in 2002 , aged 12 , and was promoted to the first-team in 2009 , mainly as a backup to Vítor . He made his professional – and Série A – debut on 20 June 2009 , coming on as a late substitute in a 2–2 away draw against Grêmio . Douglas was handed his first start on 15 July , in a 0–2 home loss against Avaí . He finished the campaign with 14 appearances ( seven starts , 741 minutes of action ) , as his side finished ninth . In 2010 , after Victors departure to Palmeiras , Douglas became the clubs first-choice , appearing in 24 matches but being relegated . He scored his first professional goal on 15 July 2011 , netting the last of a 4–1 home routing over Vitória for the Série B championship . Douglas finished the season with 26 appearances , scoring five goals as the Esmeraldino finished in the 11th place . São Paulo . On 11 February 2012 , Douglas signed a three-year deal with São Paulo . However , he missed the whole Campeonato Paulista due to a pubalgia . Douglas made his debut for Tricolor on 6 June 2012 , starting in a 0–1 away loss against Internacional . He scored his first goal for the club on 14 October , netting the last of a 2–0 home success against Figueirense . He was also a regular in the clubs Copa Sudamericana winning campaign . Douglas featured regularly for the club in 2013 , but faced fierce competition with new signing Paulo Miranda . The latter was later more used as a central defender , while the former also appeared as a central midfielder in some occasions . In 2014 Douglas was again challenged by another new face , Luis Ricardo . He was mainly a backup to the latter during the years Campeonato Paulista , but later retained his place in the starting XI . Barcelona . On 26 August 2014 , Douglas agreed a five-year deal with La Liga club Barcelona for amount of €4 million fee plus €1.5 million in add-ons . He signed his contract with the Catalans three days later , being presented hours later . After being an unused substitute in Barças 1–0 home win against APOEL for the seasons UEFA Champions League , Douglas made his debut on 24 September , starting and being booked in a 0–0 draw at Málaga . He was later criticized for his performance , and was demoted to third-choice right back behind Dani Alves and Martín Montoya , only being limited to appear in Copa del Rey . Loan deals . On 26 August 2016 , Barcelona and Sporting de Gijón reached an agreement for the season-long loan of Douglas . He made his debut for the Asturians on 17 September in a 5–0 loss at Atlético Madrid , and scored his first goal in Spanish football on 4 December in a 3–1 win against Osasuna at El Molinón . He totalled 23 appearances and three goals over the season , but Sporting were relegated . On 30 August 2017 , Douglas joined Portuguese champions Benfica on a season-long loan deal . On 24 July 2018 , Douglas was loaned once again , this time to Turkish side Sivasspor . His first goal for Sivasspor was in a Süper Lig match with Trabzonspor . International career . Douglas was a member of the Brazil national under-20 team , appearing in the 2009 South American U-20 Championship and 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Career statistics . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - Copa Sudamericana : 2012 Barcelona - La Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2015

hard

Douglas (footballer, born 1990) played for which team in Oct 2018?

/wiki/Douglas_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#5

Douglas ( footballer , born 1990 ) Douglas Pereira dos Santos ( born 6 August 1990 ) , simply known as Douglas ( ) , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Beşiktaş . Club career . Goiás . Born in Monte Alegre de Goiás , Douglas joined Goiás youth setup in 2002 , aged 12 , and was promoted to the first-team in 2009 , mainly as a backup to Vítor . He made his professional – and Série A – debut on 20 June 2009 , coming on as a late substitute in a 2–2 away draw against Grêmio . Douglas was handed his first start on 15 July , in a 0–2 home loss against Avaí . He finished the campaign with 14 appearances ( seven starts , 741 minutes of action ) , as his side finished ninth . In 2010 , after Victors departure to Palmeiras , Douglas became the clubs first-choice , appearing in 24 matches but being relegated . He scored his first professional goal on 15 July 2011 , netting the last of a 4–1 home routing over Vitória for the Série B championship . Douglas finished the season with 26 appearances , scoring five goals as the Esmeraldino finished in the 11th place . São Paulo . On 11 February 2012 , Douglas signed a three-year deal with São Paulo . However , he missed the whole Campeonato Paulista due to a pubalgia . Douglas made his debut for Tricolor on 6 June 2012 , starting in a 0–1 away loss against Internacional . He scored his first goal for the club on 14 October , netting the last of a 2–0 home success against Figueirense . He was also a regular in the clubs Copa Sudamericana winning campaign . Douglas featured regularly for the club in 2013 , but faced fierce competition with new signing Paulo Miranda . The latter was later more used as a central defender , while the former also appeared as a central midfielder in some occasions . In 2014 Douglas was again challenged by another new face , Luis Ricardo . He was mainly a backup to the latter during the years Campeonato Paulista , but later retained his place in the starting XI . Barcelona . On 26 August 2014 , Douglas agreed a five-year deal with La Liga club Barcelona for amount of €4 million fee plus €1.5 million in add-ons . He signed his contract with the Catalans three days later , being presented hours later . After being an unused substitute in Barças 1–0 home win against APOEL for the seasons UEFA Champions League , Douglas made his debut on 24 September , starting and being booked in a 0–0 draw at Málaga . He was later criticized for his performance , and was demoted to third-choice right back behind Dani Alves and Martín Montoya , only being limited to appear in Copa del Rey . Loan deals . On 26 August 2016 , Barcelona and Sporting de Gijón reached an agreement for the season-long loan of Douglas . He made his debut for the Asturians on 17 September in a 5–0 loss at Atlético Madrid , and scored his first goal in Spanish football on 4 December in a 3–1 win against Osasuna at El Molinón . He totalled 23 appearances and three goals over the season , but Sporting were relegated . On 30 August 2017 , Douglas joined Portuguese champions Benfica on a season-long loan deal . On 24 July 2018 , Douglas was loaned once again , this time to Turkish side Sivasspor . His first goal for Sivasspor was in a Süper Lig match with Trabzonspor . International career . Douglas was a member of the Brazil national under-20 team , appearing in the 2009 South American U-20 Championship and 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Career statistics . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - Copa Sudamericana : 2012 Barcelona - La Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2015

hard

Douglas (footballer, born 1990) played for which team after Nov 2019?

/wiki/Douglas_(footballer,_born_1990)#P54#6

Douglas ( footballer , born 1990 ) Douglas Pereira dos Santos ( born 6 August 1990 ) , simply known as Douglas ( ) , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Beşiktaş . Club career . Goiás . Born in Monte Alegre de Goiás , Douglas joined Goiás youth setup in 2002 , aged 12 , and was promoted to the first-team in 2009 , mainly as a backup to Vítor . He made his professional – and Série A – debut on 20 June 2009 , coming on as a late substitute in a 2–2 away draw against Grêmio . Douglas was handed his first start on 15 July , in a 0–2 home loss against Avaí . He finished the campaign with 14 appearances ( seven starts , 741 minutes of action ) , as his side finished ninth . In 2010 , after Victors departure to Palmeiras , Douglas became the clubs first-choice , appearing in 24 matches but being relegated . He scored his first professional goal on 15 July 2011 , netting the last of a 4–1 home routing over Vitória for the Série B championship . Douglas finished the season with 26 appearances , scoring five goals as the Esmeraldino finished in the 11th place . São Paulo . On 11 February 2012 , Douglas signed a three-year deal with São Paulo . However , he missed the whole Campeonato Paulista due to a pubalgia . Douglas made his debut for Tricolor on 6 June 2012 , starting in a 0–1 away loss against Internacional . He scored his first goal for the club on 14 October , netting the last of a 2–0 home success against Figueirense . He was also a regular in the clubs Copa Sudamericana winning campaign . Douglas featured regularly for the club in 2013 , but faced fierce competition with new signing Paulo Miranda . The latter was later more used as a central defender , while the former also appeared as a central midfielder in some occasions . In 2014 Douglas was again challenged by another new face , Luis Ricardo . He was mainly a backup to the latter during the years Campeonato Paulista , but later retained his place in the starting XI . Barcelona . On 26 August 2014 , Douglas agreed a five-year deal with La Liga club Barcelona for amount of €4 million fee plus €1.5 million in add-ons . He signed his contract with the Catalans three days later , being presented hours later . After being an unused substitute in Barças 1–0 home win against APOEL for the seasons UEFA Champions League , Douglas made his debut on 24 September , starting and being booked in a 0–0 draw at Málaga . He was later criticized for his performance , and was demoted to third-choice right back behind Dani Alves and Martín Montoya , only being limited to appear in Copa del Rey . Loan deals . On 26 August 2016 , Barcelona and Sporting de Gijón reached an agreement for the season-long loan of Douglas . He made his debut for the Asturians on 17 September in a 5–0 loss at Atlético Madrid , and scored his first goal in Spanish football on 4 December in a 3–1 win against Osasuna at El Molinón . He totalled 23 appearances and three goals over the season , but Sporting were relegated . On 30 August 2017 , Douglas joined Portuguese champions Benfica on a season-long loan deal . On 24 July 2018 , Douglas was loaned once again , this time to Turkish side Sivasspor . His first goal for Sivasspor was in a Süper Lig match with Trabzonspor . International career . Douglas was a member of the Brazil national under-20 team , appearing in the 2009 South American U-20 Championship and 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Career statistics . - Notes Honours . São Paulo - Copa Sudamericana : 2012 Barcelona - La Liga : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - Copa del Rey : 2014–15 , 2015–16 - FIFA Club World Cup : 2015

hard

Which team did Billel Omrani play for in May 2009?

/wiki/Billel_Omrani#P54#0

Billel Omrani Abdel Slem Billel Omrani ( ; born 2 June 1993 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for Romanian Liga I club CFR Cluj . An academy graduate of Marseille , he had a loan spell at Arles-Avignon in the Ligue 2 before moving to Romania with CFR Cluj in 2016 . With the latter team , he won six domestic trophies and was named the leagues Foreign Player of the Year for his performances in 2019 . Of Algerian descent , Omrani has represented France at several youth levels . Club career . Early years / Marseille . Omrani joined Olympique de Marseille in 2007 , after stints with two amateur clubs in the Moselle area . On 19 March 2011 , he signed his first contract as a professional after agreeing to a three-year deal . Omrani was subsequently promoted to the senior squad by manager Didier Deschamps for the 2011–12 season , being assigned the number 25 shirt . He made his professional debut on 2 October in a league fixture against Brest , entering as a substitute in the 1–1 draw . CFR Cluj . Omrani moved abroad for the first time in September 2016 , signing a contract with Romanian team CFR Cluj . He recorded his first goal on the 17th that month , in a 5–0 league thrashing of FC Voluntari . Omrani made 31 appearances and scored nine times in all competitions in the 2017–18 campaign , as the White and Burgundies won their fourth national title . On 8 July 2018 , amid reports linking him to FCSB , CFR announced that he penned a contract extension that would keep him at the club for another three years . Six days later , Omrani obtained the penalty from which Emmanuel Culio scored the only goal of the 2018 Supercupa României played against Universitatea Craiova . In 2019 , he was linked with Celtic move . International career . Omrani is a France youth international , having represented the nation at under-17 and under-18 levels . With the former side , he played at the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship . Of Algerian descent , he is also eligible to represent Algeria at international level and , in October 2011 , he was called up to the Algeria under-23 team to participate in friendly matches ahead of the 2011 CAF U-23 Championship . However , the report of a call-up was deemed erroneous due to a misunderstanding between the teams coach and the Algerian media . The latter assumed the coach was calling up Omrani when he was , in fact , calling up another French-born player of Algerian origin who also played for Marseille . In February 2013 , Omrani was invited by Algeria under-20 national team coach Jean-Marc Nobilo to be a member of the team for the 2013 African U-20 Championship , but he declined the offer . Personal life . Omranis elder brother Abdelhakim also played football in Romania for Dunărea Călărași , while his elder sister Yasmina is an international heptathlete . Honours . Club . Marseille - Coupe de la Ligue : 2011–12 - Trophée des Champions : 2011 CFR Cluj - Liga I : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Supercupa României : 2018 , 2020 Individual . - Gazeta Sporturilor Liga I Foreign Player of the Year : 2019 External links . - Olympique Marseille official profile

hard

Which team did Billel Omrani play for between May 2012 and Dec 2012?

/wiki/Billel_Omrani#P54#1

Billel Omrani Abdel Slem Billel Omrani ( ; born 2 June 1993 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for Romanian Liga I club CFR Cluj . An academy graduate of Marseille , he had a loan spell at Arles-Avignon in the Ligue 2 before moving to Romania with CFR Cluj in 2016 . With the latter team , he won six domestic trophies and was named the leagues Foreign Player of the Year for his performances in 2019 . Of Algerian descent , Omrani has represented France at several youth levels . Club career . Early years / Marseille . Omrani joined Olympique de Marseille in 2007 , after stints with two amateur clubs in the Moselle area . On 19 March 2011 , he signed his first contract as a professional after agreeing to a three-year deal . Omrani was subsequently promoted to the senior squad by manager Didier Deschamps for the 2011–12 season , being assigned the number 25 shirt . He made his professional debut on 2 October in a league fixture against Brest , entering as a substitute in the 1–1 draw . CFR Cluj . Omrani moved abroad for the first time in September 2016 , signing a contract with Romanian team CFR Cluj . He recorded his first goal on the 17th that month , in a 5–0 league thrashing of FC Voluntari . Omrani made 31 appearances and scored nine times in all competitions in the 2017–18 campaign , as the White and Burgundies won their fourth national title . On 8 July 2018 , amid reports linking him to FCSB , CFR announced that he penned a contract extension that would keep him at the club for another three years . Six days later , Omrani obtained the penalty from which Emmanuel Culio scored the only goal of the 2018 Supercupa României played against Universitatea Craiova . In 2019 , he was linked with Celtic move . International career . Omrani is a France youth international , having represented the nation at under-17 and under-18 levels . With the former side , he played at the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship . Of Algerian descent , he is also eligible to represent Algeria at international level and , in October 2011 , he was called up to the Algeria under-23 team to participate in friendly matches ahead of the 2011 CAF U-23 Championship . However , the report of a call-up was deemed erroneous due to a misunderstanding between the teams coach and the Algerian media . The latter assumed the coach was calling up Omrani when he was , in fact , calling up another French-born player of Algerian origin who also played for Marseille . In February 2013 , Omrani was invited by Algeria under-20 national team coach Jean-Marc Nobilo to be a member of the team for the 2013 African U-20 Championship , but he declined the offer . Personal life . Omranis elder brother Abdelhakim also played football in Romania for Dunărea Călărași , while his elder sister Yasmina is an international heptathlete . Honours . Club . Marseille - Coupe de la Ligue : 2011–12 - Trophée des Champions : 2011 CFR Cluj - Liga I : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Supercupa României : 2018 , 2020 Individual . - Gazeta Sporturilor Liga I Foreign Player of the Year : 2019 External links . - Olympique Marseille official profile

hard

Which team did Billel Omrani play for in Feb 2013?

/wiki/Billel_Omrani#P54#2

Billel Omrani Abdel Slem Billel Omrani ( ; born 2 June 1993 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for Romanian Liga I club CFR Cluj . An academy graduate of Marseille , he had a loan spell at Arles-Avignon in the Ligue 2 before moving to Romania with CFR Cluj in 2016 . With the latter team , he won six domestic trophies and was named the leagues Foreign Player of the Year for his performances in 2019 . Of Algerian descent , Omrani has represented France at several youth levels . Club career . Early years / Marseille . Omrani joined Olympique de Marseille in 2007 , after stints with two amateur clubs in the Moselle area . On 19 March 2011 , he signed his first contract as a professional after agreeing to a three-year deal . Omrani was subsequently promoted to the senior squad by manager Didier Deschamps for the 2011–12 season , being assigned the number 25 shirt . He made his professional debut on 2 October in a league fixture against Brest , entering as a substitute in the 1–1 draw . CFR Cluj . Omrani moved abroad for the first time in September 2016 , signing a contract with Romanian team CFR Cluj . He recorded his first goal on the 17th that month , in a 5–0 league thrashing of FC Voluntari . Omrani made 31 appearances and scored nine times in all competitions in the 2017–18 campaign , as the White and Burgundies won their fourth national title . On 8 July 2018 , amid reports linking him to FCSB , CFR announced that he penned a contract extension that would keep him at the club for another three years . Six days later , Omrani obtained the penalty from which Emmanuel Culio scored the only goal of the 2018 Supercupa României played against Universitatea Craiova . In 2019 , he was linked with Celtic move . International career . Omrani is a France youth international , having represented the nation at under-17 and under-18 levels . With the former side , he played at the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship . Of Algerian descent , he is also eligible to represent Algeria at international level and , in October 2011 , he was called up to the Algeria under-23 team to participate in friendly matches ahead of the 2011 CAF U-23 Championship . However , the report of a call-up was deemed erroneous due to a misunderstanding between the teams coach and the Algerian media . The latter assumed the coach was calling up Omrani when he was , in fact , calling up another French-born player of Algerian origin who also played for Marseille . In February 2013 , Omrani was invited by Algeria under-20 national team coach Jean-Marc Nobilo to be a member of the team for the 2013 African U-20 Championship , but he declined the offer . Personal life . Omranis elder brother Abdelhakim also played football in Romania for Dunărea Călărași , while his elder sister Yasmina is an international heptathlete . Honours . Club . Marseille - Coupe de la Ligue : 2011–12 - Trophée des Champions : 2011 CFR Cluj - Liga I : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Supercupa României : 2018 , 2020 Individual . - Gazeta Sporturilor Liga I Foreign Player of the Year : 2019 External links . - Olympique Marseille official profile

hard

Which team did Billel Omrani play for after Mar 2016?

/wiki/Billel_Omrani#P54#3

Billel Omrani Abdel Slem Billel Omrani ( ; born 2 June 1993 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for Romanian Liga I club CFR Cluj . An academy graduate of Marseille , he had a loan spell at Arles-Avignon in the Ligue 2 before moving to Romania with CFR Cluj in 2016 . With the latter team , he won six domestic trophies and was named the leagues Foreign Player of the Year for his performances in 2019 . Of Algerian descent , Omrani has represented France at several youth levels . Club career . Early years / Marseille . Omrani joined Olympique de Marseille in 2007 , after stints with two amateur clubs in the Moselle area . On 19 March 2011 , he signed his first contract as a professional after agreeing to a three-year deal . Omrani was subsequently promoted to the senior squad by manager Didier Deschamps for the 2011–12 season , being assigned the number 25 shirt . He made his professional debut on 2 October in a league fixture against Brest , entering as a substitute in the 1–1 draw . CFR Cluj . Omrani moved abroad for the first time in September 2016 , signing a contract with Romanian team CFR Cluj . He recorded his first goal on the 17th that month , in a 5–0 league thrashing of FC Voluntari . Omrani made 31 appearances and scored nine times in all competitions in the 2017–18 campaign , as the White and Burgundies won their fourth national title . On 8 July 2018 , amid reports linking him to FCSB , CFR announced that he penned a contract extension that would keep him at the club for another three years . Six days later , Omrani obtained the penalty from which Emmanuel Culio scored the only goal of the 2018 Supercupa României played against Universitatea Craiova . In 2019 , he was linked with Celtic move . International career . Omrani is a France youth international , having represented the nation at under-17 and under-18 levels . With the former side , he played at the 2010 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship . Of Algerian descent , he is also eligible to represent Algeria at international level and , in October 2011 , he was called up to the Algeria under-23 team to participate in friendly matches ahead of the 2011 CAF U-23 Championship . However , the report of a call-up was deemed erroneous due to a misunderstanding between the teams coach and the Algerian media . The latter assumed the coach was calling up Omrani when he was , in fact , calling up another French-born player of Algerian origin who also played for Marseille . In February 2013 , Omrani was invited by Algeria under-20 national team coach Jean-Marc Nobilo to be a member of the team for the 2013 African U-20 Championship , but he declined the offer . Personal life . Omranis elder brother Abdelhakim also played football in Romania for Dunărea Călărași , while his elder sister Yasmina is an international heptathlete . Honours . Club . Marseille - Coupe de la Ligue : 2011–12 - Trophée des Champions : 2011 CFR Cluj - Liga I : 2017–18 , 2018–19 , 2019–20 , 2020–21 - Supercupa României : 2018 , 2020 Individual . - Gazeta Sporturilor Liga I Foreign Player of the Year : 2019 External links . - Olympique Marseille official profile

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Constance Maynard was an employee for whom before Apr 1876?

/wiki/Constance_Maynard#P108#0

Constance Maynard Constance Louisa Maynard ( 9 February 1849 – 26 March 1935 ) was the first principal of Westfield College ( 1882–1913 ) and a pioneer of womens education . She was the first woman to read Moral Sciences ( philosophy ) at the University of Cambridge . Early life . Constance Maynard was born in 1849 in Highbury , Middlesex to an upper-middle-class family . She was one of four daughters and two sons of Henry Maynard ( 1780-1888 ) a South African merchant , and his wife Louisa née Hillyard ( 1806-1878 ) . She grew up in Hawkhurst , Kent , in the house of Oakfield . Her two brothers attended boarding school , while she and her sisters were educated at home by governesses , except for one year at Belstead School in Suffolk . When their education was considered complete , she and her sisters cared for her invalid mother and did charitable work . Studies of Maynards autobiography reveal that she suppressed her carnal desires to achieve salvation . Education and career . In 1872 at the age of 23 , Constance Maynard enrolled at Hitchin College for women which was affiliated with the University of Cambridge and was to become Girton College in 1873 . She was the first woman to study the Moral Sciences tripos and in 1875 received the equivalent of a second class honours degree . After leaving Girton , due to a temporary crisis in the family business , Constance Maynard was allowed to accept an invitation from Assistant Mistress Frances Dove to join the staff of Cheltenham Ladies College . In 1877 she left with her colleague and friend Louisa Lumsden to establish St Leonards School , at St Andrews , where Lumsden was head . During her three years ( 1877-1880 ) here , she rejected offers of headships , including that of her former school Belstead . She also refused a marriage proposal from Scottish Minister Dr James Robertson . In 1880 she moved to London with her brother and studied part-time at the Slade School of Fine Art . Whilst studying there she became involved with a group of individuals including Major Charles Hamilton Malan , Ann Dudin Brown and Caroline Cavendish , with the shared aim of establishing a ladies college . Constance Maynard was an integral part of forming the plans for her ideal college - to prepare ladies for the London degree , based on Christian principles . The group first met for discussions in February 1882 , and in May Constance Maynard was offered the position of Mistress ( a title borrowed from Girton ) . The rapid progress was possible because the Petrie family had introduced Ann Dudin Brown who funded the colleges foundation.← In October 1882 Westfield College opened in two private houses in Hampstead . It was one of the first higher education institutions for women in England and one of the first in which women could gain degrees . Constance Maynard remained Mistress of Westfield for 33 years , retiring in 1913 . She had taught around 500 students , and many were successful working in schools , colleges and for missionary organisations . She kept in close contact with her old students through letters and visits , and maintained strong relationships with them . The money they collected as a parting gift she donated to the college ; some was used as a hardship fund , the remainder as endowment for the Maynard divinity lectures ( from 1915 , later the Maynard-Chapman Divinity Lectures ) . In 1888 Maynard adopted a child through a friend in the Salvation Army . At the time of her adoption Stephanë Anthon , known as Effie , was eight years old , and the relationship between them was a difficult one . Whilst Constance continued to support Effie until her death in 1915 , from tuberculosis , it is detailed in her diaries as a period of disappointment . Religious movements such as the Salvation Army figured prominently in the life of Constance Maynard . She was elected as old students representative to the governing body of Girton College and served from 1897 to about 1905 on the council of the Church Schools Society . After her retirement , Constance Maynard spent her time travelling , receiving visitors , reading and writing . She wrote poetry , religious lectures and pamphlets of a moral or spiritual nature . She also edited collections of Dora Greenwells poetry . Her unpublished writings including an unfinished autobiography have been digitised by the Archives at Queen Mary , University of London and are available to view online : http://www.library.qmul.ac.uk/archives/digitised-records/constance-maynard/ . Constance Maynard died at her home in Gerrards Cross , Buckinghamshire , on 26 March 1935 , and was buried at Gerrards Cross parish church on 29 March . Westfield college received £1500 in her will to fund an entrance scholarship . Publications . - Between College Terms , 1910 - The Religious Training of Immaturity , National Sunday School Union , 1923 - The Kingdom of Heaven is like... , RTS , 1924 - We Women . A Golden Hope , Morgan and Scott , 1924 - The Perfect Law of Liberty , RTS , 1925 - Dora Greenwell : a prophet for our own time on the battleground of our faith , 1926 - Progressive Creation , SPCK , 1927 - Then shall we Know , SPCK , 1927 - The Prophet Daniel and other essays , Morgan and Scott 1927

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Constance Maynard was an employee for whom in Nov 1877?

/wiki/Constance_Maynard#P108#1

Constance Maynard Constance Louisa Maynard ( 9 February 1849 – 26 March 1935 ) was the first principal of Westfield College ( 1882–1913 ) and a pioneer of womens education . She was the first woman to read Moral Sciences ( philosophy ) at the University of Cambridge . Early life . Constance Maynard was born in 1849 in Highbury , Middlesex to an upper-middle-class family . She was one of four daughters and two sons of Henry Maynard ( 1780-1888 ) a South African merchant , and his wife Louisa née Hillyard ( 1806-1878 ) . She grew up in Hawkhurst , Kent , in the house of Oakfield . Her two brothers attended boarding school , while she and her sisters were educated at home by governesses , except for one year at Belstead School in Suffolk . When their education was considered complete , she and her sisters cared for her invalid mother and did charitable work . Studies of Maynards autobiography reveal that she suppressed her carnal desires to achieve salvation . Education and career . In 1872 at the age of 23 , Constance Maynard enrolled at Hitchin College for women which was affiliated with the University of Cambridge and was to become Girton College in 1873 . She was the first woman to study the Moral Sciences tripos and in 1875 received the equivalent of a second class honours degree . After leaving Girton , due to a temporary crisis in the family business , Constance Maynard was allowed to accept an invitation from Assistant Mistress Frances Dove to join the staff of Cheltenham Ladies College . In 1877 she left with her colleague and friend Louisa Lumsden to establish St Leonards School , at St Andrews , where Lumsden was head . During her three years ( 1877-1880 ) here , she rejected offers of headships , including that of her former school Belstead . She also refused a marriage proposal from Scottish Minister Dr James Robertson . In 1880 she moved to London with her brother and studied part-time at the Slade School of Fine Art . Whilst studying there she became involved with a group of individuals including Major Charles Hamilton Malan , Ann Dudin Brown and Caroline Cavendish , with the shared aim of establishing a ladies college . Constance Maynard was an integral part of forming the plans for her ideal college - to prepare ladies for the London degree , based on Christian principles . The group first met for discussions in February 1882 , and in May Constance Maynard was offered the position of Mistress ( a title borrowed from Girton ) . The rapid progress was possible because the Petrie family had introduced Ann Dudin Brown who funded the colleges foundation.← In October 1882 Westfield College opened in two private houses in Hampstead . It was one of the first higher education institutions for women in England and one of the first in which women could gain degrees . Constance Maynard remained Mistress of Westfield for 33 years , retiring in 1913 . She had taught around 500 students , and many were successful working in schools , colleges and for missionary organisations . She kept in close contact with her old students through letters and visits , and maintained strong relationships with them . The money they collected as a parting gift she donated to the college ; some was used as a hardship fund , the remainder as endowment for the Maynard divinity lectures ( from 1915 , later the Maynard-Chapman Divinity Lectures ) . In 1888 Maynard adopted a child through a friend in the Salvation Army . At the time of her adoption Stephanë Anthon , known as Effie , was eight years old , and the relationship between them was a difficult one . Whilst Constance continued to support Effie until her death in 1915 , from tuberculosis , it is detailed in her diaries as a period of disappointment . Religious movements such as the Salvation Army figured prominently in the life of Constance Maynard . She was elected as old students representative to the governing body of Girton College and served from 1897 to about 1905 on the council of the Church Schools Society . After her retirement , Constance Maynard spent her time travelling , receiving visitors , reading and writing . She wrote poetry , religious lectures and pamphlets of a moral or spiritual nature . She also edited collections of Dora Greenwells poetry . Her unpublished writings including an unfinished autobiography have been digitised by the Archives at Queen Mary , University of London and are available to view online : http://www.library.qmul.ac.uk/archives/digitised-records/constance-maynard/ . Constance Maynard died at her home in Gerrards Cross , Buckinghamshire , on 26 March 1935 , and was buried at Gerrards Cross parish church on 29 March . Westfield college received £1500 in her will to fund an entrance scholarship . Publications . - Between College Terms , 1910 - The Religious Training of Immaturity , National Sunday School Union , 1923 - The Kingdom of Heaven is like... , RTS , 1924 - We Women . A Golden Hope , Morgan and Scott , 1924 - The Perfect Law of Liberty , RTS , 1925 - Dora Greenwell : a prophet for our own time on the battleground of our faith , 1926 - Progressive Creation , SPCK , 1927 - Then shall we Know , SPCK , 1927 - The Prophet Daniel and other essays , Morgan and Scott 1927

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Constance Maynard was an employee for whom after Dec 1897?

/wiki/Constance_Maynard#P108#2

Constance Maynard Constance Louisa Maynard ( 9 February 1849 – 26 March 1935 ) was the first principal of Westfield College ( 1882–1913 ) and a pioneer of womens education . She was the first woman to read Moral Sciences ( philosophy ) at the University of Cambridge . Early life . Constance Maynard was born in 1849 in Highbury , Middlesex to an upper-middle-class family . She was one of four daughters and two sons of Henry Maynard ( 1780-1888 ) a South African merchant , and his wife Louisa née Hillyard ( 1806-1878 ) . She grew up in Hawkhurst , Kent , in the house of Oakfield . Her two brothers attended boarding school , while she and her sisters were educated at home by governesses , except for one year at Belstead School in Suffolk . When their education was considered complete , she and her sisters cared for her invalid mother and did charitable work . Studies of Maynards autobiography reveal that she suppressed her carnal desires to achieve salvation . Education and career . In 1872 at the age of 23 , Constance Maynard enrolled at Hitchin College for women which was affiliated with the University of Cambridge and was to become Girton College in 1873 . She was the first woman to study the Moral Sciences tripos and in 1875 received the equivalent of a second class honours degree . After leaving Girton , due to a temporary crisis in the family business , Constance Maynard was allowed to accept an invitation from Assistant Mistress Frances Dove to join the staff of Cheltenham Ladies College . In 1877 she left with her colleague and friend Louisa Lumsden to establish St Leonards School , at St Andrews , where Lumsden was head . During her three years ( 1877-1880 ) here , she rejected offers of headships , including that of her former school Belstead . She also refused a marriage proposal from Scottish Minister Dr James Robertson . In 1880 she moved to London with her brother and studied part-time at the Slade School of Fine Art . Whilst studying there she became involved with a group of individuals including Major Charles Hamilton Malan , Ann Dudin Brown and Caroline Cavendish , with the shared aim of establishing a ladies college . Constance Maynard was an integral part of forming the plans for her ideal college - to prepare ladies for the London degree , based on Christian principles . The group first met for discussions in February 1882 , and in May Constance Maynard was offered the position of Mistress ( a title borrowed from Girton ) . The rapid progress was possible because the Petrie family had introduced Ann Dudin Brown who funded the colleges foundation.← In October 1882 Westfield College opened in two private houses in Hampstead . It was one of the first higher education institutions for women in England and one of the first in which women could gain degrees . Constance Maynard remained Mistress of Westfield for 33 years , retiring in 1913 . She had taught around 500 students , and many were successful working in schools , colleges and for missionary organisations . She kept in close contact with her old students through letters and visits , and maintained strong relationships with them . The money they collected as a parting gift she donated to the college ; some was used as a hardship fund , the remainder as endowment for the Maynard divinity lectures ( from 1915 , later the Maynard-Chapman Divinity Lectures ) . In 1888 Maynard adopted a child through a friend in the Salvation Army . At the time of her adoption Stephanë Anthon , known as Effie , was eight years old , and the relationship between them was a difficult one . Whilst Constance continued to support Effie until her death in 1915 , from tuberculosis , it is detailed in her diaries as a period of disappointment . Religious movements such as the Salvation Army figured prominently in the life of Constance Maynard . She was elected as old students representative to the governing body of Girton College and served from 1897 to about 1905 on the council of the Church Schools Society . After her retirement , Constance Maynard spent her time travelling , receiving visitors , reading and writing . She wrote poetry , religious lectures and pamphlets of a moral or spiritual nature . She also edited collections of Dora Greenwells poetry . Her unpublished writings including an unfinished autobiography have been digitised by the Archives at Queen Mary , University of London and are available to view online : http://www.library.qmul.ac.uk/archives/digitised-records/constance-maynard/ . Constance Maynard died at her home in Gerrards Cross , Buckinghamshire , on 26 March 1935 , and was buried at Gerrards Cross parish church on 29 March . Westfield college received £1500 in her will to fund an entrance scholarship . Publications . - Between College Terms , 1910 - The Religious Training of Immaturity , National Sunday School Union , 1923 - The Kingdom of Heaven is like... , RTS , 1924 - We Women . A Golden Hope , Morgan and Scott , 1924 - The Perfect Law of Liberty , RTS , 1925 - Dora Greenwell : a prophet for our own time on the battleground of our faith , 1926 - Progressive Creation , SPCK , 1927 - Then shall we Know , SPCK , 1927 - The Prophet Daniel and other essays , Morgan and Scott 1927

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Which team did William Carvalho play for in late 2000s?

/wiki/William_Carvalho#P54#0

William Carvalho William Silva de Carvalho ( born 7 April 1992 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Spanish club Real Betis and the Portugal national team as a defensive midfielder . He spent most of his career with Sporting CP since making his debut with the first team at age 18 , going on to appear in 193 competitive matches and win the 2015 Taça de Portugal . In 2018 , he signed with Betis . A full international for Portugal since 2013 , Carvalho represented the nation in two FIFA World Cups and UEFA Euro 2016 , winning the latter tournament . Early life . Born in Luanda , Carvalho moved to Portugal when he was just a few years old . His grandfather Praia and his uncle Afonso were also footballers and played for Angolan club Progresso Associação do Sambizanga . Club career . Sporting CP . After moving to Portugal , Carvalho first started playing in the streets and was eventually recruited by Recreios Desportivos de Algueirão . In 2004 , he joined União Sport Clube de Mira Sintra , where he was the youngest player in the squad and also their captain . He joined Sporting CPs youth system at age 13 , making his official debut with the first team on 3 April 2011 by playing injury time in a 1–1 away draw against Vitória S.C . in the Primeira Liga , then spent six months on loan to C.D . Fátima in the third division . Still under contract to the Lisbon side , Carvalho played one and a half seasons on loan with Cercle Brugge K.S.V . in the Belgian Pro League starting from January 2012 , featuring alongside several Sporting teammates who were there on the same basis . His first professional goal came on 7 April in a 6–4 home win over OH Leuven , and a year later he helped the team to the final of the Belgian Cup , where they lost 0–2 to K.R.C . Genk at the King Baudouin Stadium . Carvalho returned for the 2013–14 campaign , being a defensive mainstay for newly appointed coach Leonardo Jardim and scoring his first goal for the side on 27 October , netting the 1–1 equaliser in an eventual 1–3 loss at FC Porto . During the following summer , he caught the attention of several European clubs , with Arsenal having their £13 million plus Joel Campbell offer rejected . Sporting only acquired the totality of Carvalhos rights in November 2014 , with third-party ownership adding to the difficulties of any possible deal . Carvalho began 2014–15 by seeing a red card – his first ever – in a 1–1 home draw against Académica de Coimbra , receiving his marching orders after a second bookable offense in the 65th minute . He went on to conquer his first club trophy , that seasons Taça de Portugal , playing the full 120 minutes in the final win over S.C . Braga . Among continued transfer speculation linking him with a number of English Premier League sides , including Arsenal again , manager Jorge Jesus claimed that Carvalho would remain at the club . On 14 July 2015 , Sporting confirmed that the player had suffered a stress fracture in his tibia which would sideline him for three months . In 2017 , approaches from West Ham United caused a breakdown in relations between the two clubs that was later resolved . On 15 May 2018 , Carvalho and several of his teammates , including coaches , were injured following an attack by around 50 supporters of Sporting at the clubs training ground after the team finished third in the league and missed out on qualification to the UEFA Champions League . Despite the events , he and the rest of the team agreed to play in the Portuguese Cup final scheduled for the following weekend , eventually losing to C.D . Aves . Betis . On 13 July 2018 , Carvalho joined Real Betis on a five-year contract . The club paid €16 million plus an additional €4 million in variable costs for 75% of the players rights , with €10 million more to come later for a further 20% of his rights depending on certain conditions and achievements . He made his La Liga debut on 17 August , playing 65 minutes in a 0–3 home loss against Levante UD . International career . Eligible for both Portugal and Angola , Carvalho chose to represent the former . When he was still part of the Portugal under-20s , the Angolan Football Federation tried to call him up , but was rejected . Carvalho made his debut with the Portuguese under-21 team on 15 October 2012 , in a 0–1 friendly loss with Ukraine . He scored twice during the 2015 UEFA European Championship qualifiers , in home wins against Norway ( 5–1 ) and Israel ( 3–0 ) . Carvalho was first summoned by full side manager Paulo Bento in November 2013 for the 2014 FIFA World Cup playoffs against Sweden . He won his first cap in the second leg on the 19th , coming on as a 73rd-minute substitute in a 3–2 away triumph ( 4–2 on aggregate ) . On 19 May 2014 , Carvalho was named in the final 23-man squad for the tournament proper held in Brazil . He made his debut in the competition on 22 June , playing the second half of the 2–2 group stage draw against the United States after replacing injured André Almeida . He played all 90 minutes in the next match to help to a 2–1 win over Ghana , but the team was eliminated on goal difference . Carvalho played all the matches and minutes at the 2015 European Under-21 Championship . He was elected player of the tournament due to his performances , even though he missed the decisive attempt in the penalty shootout in the final against Sweden , with it saved by Patrik Carlgren after a 0–0 draw in Prague . At UEFA Euro 2016 in France , Carvalho was suspended from Portugals semi-final victory over Wales but regained his place from Danilo Pereira in the final , a 1–0 win over the hosts at the Stade de France . He scored his first international goal on 13 November 2016 , contributing to a 4–1 home defeat of Latvia for the 2018 World Cup qualifiers . In May 2018 , Carvalho was selected by Fernando Santos for the upcoming World Cup held in Russia . Style of play . Carvalho plays primarily as a defensive midfielder , although he can also be deployed as a central midfielder or a central defender . Known for his passing range and accuracy , ability to control a game and composure on the pitch , he earned praise for his imposing physicality . In spite of lacking pace , Carvalho acted fast when it came to decision-making . He was often compared to Patrick Vieira . Career statistics . International goals . ( Portugal score listed first , score column indicates score after each Carvalho goal ) Honours . Club . Sporting - Taça de Portugal : 2014–15 - Taça da Liga : 2017–18 International . Portugal U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2015 Portugal - UEFA European Championship : 2016 - UEFA Nations League : 2018–19 - FIFA Confederations Cup third place : 2017 Individual . - SJPF Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 , December 2013 , March 2014 - SJPF Young Player of the Month : August 2013 , September 2013 , October 2013 , November 2013 , March 2014 , April 2014 - LPFP Primeira Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year : 2013–14 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : Player of the tournament/Team of the tournament 2015 Orders . - Commander of the Order of Merit

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Which team did William Carvalho play for in Mar 2009?

/wiki/William_Carvalho#P54#1

William Carvalho William Silva de Carvalho ( born 7 April 1992 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Spanish club Real Betis and the Portugal national team as a defensive midfielder . He spent most of his career with Sporting CP since making his debut with the first team at age 18 , going on to appear in 193 competitive matches and win the 2015 Taça de Portugal . In 2018 , he signed with Betis . A full international for Portugal since 2013 , Carvalho represented the nation in two FIFA World Cups and UEFA Euro 2016 , winning the latter tournament . Early life . Born in Luanda , Carvalho moved to Portugal when he was just a few years old . His grandfather Praia and his uncle Afonso were also footballers and played for Angolan club Progresso Associação do Sambizanga . Club career . Sporting CP . After moving to Portugal , Carvalho first started playing in the streets and was eventually recruited by Recreios Desportivos de Algueirão . In 2004 , he joined União Sport Clube de Mira Sintra , where he was the youngest player in the squad and also their captain . He joined Sporting CPs youth system at age 13 , making his official debut with the first team on 3 April 2011 by playing injury time in a 1–1 away draw against Vitória S.C . in the Primeira Liga , then spent six months on loan to C.D . Fátima in the third division . Still under contract to the Lisbon side , Carvalho played one and a half seasons on loan with Cercle Brugge K.S.V . in the Belgian Pro League starting from January 2012 , featuring alongside several Sporting teammates who were there on the same basis . His first professional goal came on 7 April in a 6–4 home win over OH Leuven , and a year later he helped the team to the final of the Belgian Cup , where they lost 0–2 to K.R.C . Genk at the King Baudouin Stadium . Carvalho returned for the 2013–14 campaign , being a defensive mainstay for newly appointed coach Leonardo Jardim and scoring his first goal for the side on 27 October , netting the 1–1 equaliser in an eventual 1–3 loss at FC Porto . During the following summer , he caught the attention of several European clubs , with Arsenal having their £13 million plus Joel Campbell offer rejected . Sporting only acquired the totality of Carvalhos rights in November 2014 , with third-party ownership adding to the difficulties of any possible deal . Carvalho began 2014–15 by seeing a red card – his first ever – in a 1–1 home draw against Académica de Coimbra , receiving his marching orders after a second bookable offense in the 65th minute . He went on to conquer his first club trophy , that seasons Taça de Portugal , playing the full 120 minutes in the final win over S.C . Braga . Among continued transfer speculation linking him with a number of English Premier League sides , including Arsenal again , manager Jorge Jesus claimed that Carvalho would remain at the club . On 14 July 2015 , Sporting confirmed that the player had suffered a stress fracture in his tibia which would sideline him for three months . In 2017 , approaches from West Ham United caused a breakdown in relations between the two clubs that was later resolved . On 15 May 2018 , Carvalho and several of his teammates , including coaches , were injured following an attack by around 50 supporters of Sporting at the clubs training ground after the team finished third in the league and missed out on qualification to the UEFA Champions League . Despite the events , he and the rest of the team agreed to play in the Portuguese Cup final scheduled for the following weekend , eventually losing to C.D . Aves . Betis . On 13 July 2018 , Carvalho joined Real Betis on a five-year contract . The club paid €16 million plus an additional €4 million in variable costs for 75% of the players rights , with €10 million more to come later for a further 20% of his rights depending on certain conditions and achievements . He made his La Liga debut on 17 August , playing 65 minutes in a 0–3 home loss against Levante UD . International career . Eligible for both Portugal and Angola , Carvalho chose to represent the former . When he was still part of the Portugal under-20s , the Angolan Football Federation tried to call him up , but was rejected . Carvalho made his debut with the Portuguese under-21 team on 15 October 2012 , in a 0–1 friendly loss with Ukraine . He scored twice during the 2015 UEFA European Championship qualifiers , in home wins against Norway ( 5–1 ) and Israel ( 3–0 ) . Carvalho was first summoned by full side manager Paulo Bento in November 2013 for the 2014 FIFA World Cup playoffs against Sweden . He won his first cap in the second leg on the 19th , coming on as a 73rd-minute substitute in a 3–2 away triumph ( 4–2 on aggregate ) . On 19 May 2014 , Carvalho was named in the final 23-man squad for the tournament proper held in Brazil . He made his debut in the competition on 22 June , playing the second half of the 2–2 group stage draw against the United States after replacing injured André Almeida . He played all 90 minutes in the next match to help to a 2–1 win over Ghana , but the team was eliminated on goal difference . Carvalho played all the matches and minutes at the 2015 European Under-21 Championship . He was elected player of the tournament due to his performances , even though he missed the decisive attempt in the penalty shootout in the final against Sweden , with it saved by Patrik Carlgren after a 0–0 draw in Prague . At UEFA Euro 2016 in France , Carvalho was suspended from Portugals semi-final victory over Wales but regained his place from Danilo Pereira in the final , a 1–0 win over the hosts at the Stade de France . He scored his first international goal on 13 November 2016 , contributing to a 4–1 home defeat of Latvia for the 2018 World Cup qualifiers . In May 2018 , Carvalho was selected by Fernando Santos for the upcoming World Cup held in Russia . Style of play . Carvalho plays primarily as a defensive midfielder , although he can also be deployed as a central midfielder or a central defender . Known for his passing range and accuracy , ability to control a game and composure on the pitch , he earned praise for his imposing physicality . In spite of lacking pace , Carvalho acted fast when it came to decision-making . He was often compared to Patrick Vieira . Career statistics . International goals . ( Portugal score listed first , score column indicates score after each Carvalho goal ) Honours . Club . Sporting - Taça de Portugal : 2014–15 - Taça da Liga : 2017–18 International . Portugal U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2015 Portugal - UEFA European Championship : 2016 - UEFA Nations League : 2018–19 - FIFA Confederations Cup third place : 2017 Individual . - SJPF Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 , December 2013 , March 2014 - SJPF Young Player of the Month : August 2013 , September 2013 , October 2013 , November 2013 , March 2014 , April 2014 - LPFP Primeira Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year : 2013–14 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : Player of the tournament/Team of the tournament 2015 Orders . - Commander of the Order of Merit

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Which team did William Carvalho play for in Jun 2012?

/wiki/William_Carvalho#P54#2

William Carvalho William Silva de Carvalho ( born 7 April 1992 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Spanish club Real Betis and the Portugal national team as a defensive midfielder . He spent most of his career with Sporting CP since making his debut with the first team at age 18 , going on to appear in 193 competitive matches and win the 2015 Taça de Portugal . In 2018 , he signed with Betis . A full international for Portugal since 2013 , Carvalho represented the nation in two FIFA World Cups and UEFA Euro 2016 , winning the latter tournament . Early life . Born in Luanda , Carvalho moved to Portugal when he was just a few years old . His grandfather Praia and his uncle Afonso were also footballers and played for Angolan club Progresso Associação do Sambizanga . Club career . Sporting CP . After moving to Portugal , Carvalho first started playing in the streets and was eventually recruited by Recreios Desportivos de Algueirão . In 2004 , he joined União Sport Clube de Mira Sintra , where he was the youngest player in the squad and also their captain . He joined Sporting CPs youth system at age 13 , making his official debut with the first team on 3 April 2011 by playing injury time in a 1–1 away draw against Vitória S.C . in the Primeira Liga , then spent six months on loan to C.D . Fátima in the third division . Still under contract to the Lisbon side , Carvalho played one and a half seasons on loan with Cercle Brugge K.S.V . in the Belgian Pro League starting from January 2012 , featuring alongside several Sporting teammates who were there on the same basis . His first professional goal came on 7 April in a 6–4 home win over OH Leuven , and a year later he helped the team to the final of the Belgian Cup , where they lost 0–2 to K.R.C . Genk at the King Baudouin Stadium . Carvalho returned for the 2013–14 campaign , being a defensive mainstay for newly appointed coach Leonardo Jardim and scoring his first goal for the side on 27 October , netting the 1–1 equaliser in an eventual 1–3 loss at FC Porto . During the following summer , he caught the attention of several European clubs , with Arsenal having their £13 million plus Joel Campbell offer rejected . Sporting only acquired the totality of Carvalhos rights in November 2014 , with third-party ownership adding to the difficulties of any possible deal . Carvalho began 2014–15 by seeing a red card – his first ever – in a 1–1 home draw against Académica de Coimbra , receiving his marching orders after a second bookable offense in the 65th minute . He went on to conquer his first club trophy , that seasons Taça de Portugal , playing the full 120 minutes in the final win over S.C . Braga . Among continued transfer speculation linking him with a number of English Premier League sides , including Arsenal again , manager Jorge Jesus claimed that Carvalho would remain at the club . On 14 July 2015 , Sporting confirmed that the player had suffered a stress fracture in his tibia which would sideline him for three months . In 2017 , approaches from West Ham United caused a breakdown in relations between the two clubs that was later resolved . On 15 May 2018 , Carvalho and several of his teammates , including coaches , were injured following an attack by around 50 supporters of Sporting at the clubs training ground after the team finished third in the league and missed out on qualification to the UEFA Champions League . Despite the events , he and the rest of the team agreed to play in the Portuguese Cup final scheduled for the following weekend , eventually losing to C.D . Aves . Betis . On 13 July 2018 , Carvalho joined Real Betis on a five-year contract . The club paid €16 million plus an additional €4 million in variable costs for 75% of the players rights , with €10 million more to come later for a further 20% of his rights depending on certain conditions and achievements . He made his La Liga debut on 17 August , playing 65 minutes in a 0–3 home loss against Levante UD . International career . Eligible for both Portugal and Angola , Carvalho chose to represent the former . When he was still part of the Portugal under-20s , the Angolan Football Federation tried to call him up , but was rejected . Carvalho made his debut with the Portuguese under-21 team on 15 October 2012 , in a 0–1 friendly loss with Ukraine . He scored twice during the 2015 UEFA European Championship qualifiers , in home wins against Norway ( 5–1 ) and Israel ( 3–0 ) . Carvalho was first summoned by full side manager Paulo Bento in November 2013 for the 2014 FIFA World Cup playoffs against Sweden . He won his first cap in the second leg on the 19th , coming on as a 73rd-minute substitute in a 3–2 away triumph ( 4–2 on aggregate ) . On 19 May 2014 , Carvalho was named in the final 23-man squad for the tournament proper held in Brazil . He made his debut in the competition on 22 June , playing the second half of the 2–2 group stage draw against the United States after replacing injured André Almeida . He played all 90 minutes in the next match to help to a 2–1 win over Ghana , but the team was eliminated on goal difference . Carvalho played all the matches and minutes at the 2015 European Under-21 Championship . He was elected player of the tournament due to his performances , even though he missed the decisive attempt in the penalty shootout in the final against Sweden , with it saved by Patrik Carlgren after a 0–0 draw in Prague . At UEFA Euro 2016 in France , Carvalho was suspended from Portugals semi-final victory over Wales but regained his place from Danilo Pereira in the final , a 1–0 win over the hosts at the Stade de France . He scored his first international goal on 13 November 2016 , contributing to a 4–1 home defeat of Latvia for the 2018 World Cup qualifiers . In May 2018 , Carvalho was selected by Fernando Santos for the upcoming World Cup held in Russia . Style of play . Carvalho plays primarily as a defensive midfielder , although he can also be deployed as a central midfielder or a central defender . Known for his passing range and accuracy , ability to control a game and composure on the pitch , he earned praise for his imposing physicality . In spite of lacking pace , Carvalho acted fast when it came to decision-making . He was often compared to Patrick Vieira . Career statistics . International goals . ( Portugal score listed first , score column indicates score after each Carvalho goal ) Honours . Club . Sporting - Taça de Portugal : 2014–15 - Taça da Liga : 2017–18 International . Portugal U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2015 Portugal - UEFA European Championship : 2016 - UEFA Nations League : 2018–19 - FIFA Confederations Cup third place : 2017 Individual . - SJPF Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 , December 2013 , March 2014 - SJPF Young Player of the Month : August 2013 , September 2013 , October 2013 , November 2013 , March 2014 , April 2014 - LPFP Primeira Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year : 2013–14 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : Player of the tournament/Team of the tournament 2015 Orders . - Commander of the Order of Merit

hard

Which team did William Carvalho play for in Jan 2014?

/wiki/William_Carvalho#P54#3

William Carvalho William Silva de Carvalho ( born 7 April 1992 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Spanish club Real Betis and the Portugal national team as a defensive midfielder . He spent most of his career with Sporting CP since making his debut with the first team at age 18 , going on to appear in 193 competitive matches and win the 2015 Taça de Portugal . In 2018 , he signed with Betis . A full international for Portugal since 2013 , Carvalho represented the nation in two FIFA World Cups and UEFA Euro 2016 , winning the latter tournament . Early life . Born in Luanda , Carvalho moved to Portugal when he was just a few years old . His grandfather Praia and his uncle Afonso were also footballers and played for Angolan club Progresso Associação do Sambizanga . Club career . Sporting CP . After moving to Portugal , Carvalho first started playing in the streets and was eventually recruited by Recreios Desportivos de Algueirão . In 2004 , he joined União Sport Clube de Mira Sintra , where he was the youngest player in the squad and also their captain . He joined Sporting CPs youth system at age 13 , making his official debut with the first team on 3 April 2011 by playing injury time in a 1–1 away draw against Vitória S.C . in the Primeira Liga , then spent six months on loan to C.D . Fátima in the third division . Still under contract to the Lisbon side , Carvalho played one and a half seasons on loan with Cercle Brugge K.S.V . in the Belgian Pro League starting from January 2012 , featuring alongside several Sporting teammates who were there on the same basis . His first professional goal came on 7 April in a 6–4 home win over OH Leuven , and a year later he helped the team to the final of the Belgian Cup , where they lost 0–2 to K.R.C . Genk at the King Baudouin Stadium . Carvalho returned for the 2013–14 campaign , being a defensive mainstay for newly appointed coach Leonardo Jardim and scoring his first goal for the side on 27 October , netting the 1–1 equaliser in an eventual 1–3 loss at FC Porto . During the following summer , he caught the attention of several European clubs , with Arsenal having their £13 million plus Joel Campbell offer rejected . Sporting only acquired the totality of Carvalhos rights in November 2014 , with third-party ownership adding to the difficulties of any possible deal . Carvalho began 2014–15 by seeing a red card – his first ever – in a 1–1 home draw against Académica de Coimbra , receiving his marching orders after a second bookable offense in the 65th minute . He went on to conquer his first club trophy , that seasons Taça de Portugal , playing the full 120 minutes in the final win over S.C . Braga . Among continued transfer speculation linking him with a number of English Premier League sides , including Arsenal again , manager Jorge Jesus claimed that Carvalho would remain at the club . On 14 July 2015 , Sporting confirmed that the player had suffered a stress fracture in his tibia which would sideline him for three months . In 2017 , approaches from West Ham United caused a breakdown in relations between the two clubs that was later resolved . On 15 May 2018 , Carvalho and several of his teammates , including coaches , were injured following an attack by around 50 supporters of Sporting at the clubs training ground after the team finished third in the league and missed out on qualification to the UEFA Champions League . Despite the events , he and the rest of the team agreed to play in the Portuguese Cup final scheduled for the following weekend , eventually losing to C.D . Aves . Betis . On 13 July 2018 , Carvalho joined Real Betis on a five-year contract . The club paid €16 million plus an additional €4 million in variable costs for 75% of the players rights , with €10 million more to come later for a further 20% of his rights depending on certain conditions and achievements . He made his La Liga debut on 17 August , playing 65 minutes in a 0–3 home loss against Levante UD . International career . Eligible for both Portugal and Angola , Carvalho chose to represent the former . When he was still part of the Portugal under-20s , the Angolan Football Federation tried to call him up , but was rejected . Carvalho made his debut with the Portuguese under-21 team on 15 October 2012 , in a 0–1 friendly loss with Ukraine . He scored twice during the 2015 UEFA European Championship qualifiers , in home wins against Norway ( 5–1 ) and Israel ( 3–0 ) . Carvalho was first summoned by full side manager Paulo Bento in November 2013 for the 2014 FIFA World Cup playoffs against Sweden . He won his first cap in the second leg on the 19th , coming on as a 73rd-minute substitute in a 3–2 away triumph ( 4–2 on aggregate ) . On 19 May 2014 , Carvalho was named in the final 23-man squad for the tournament proper held in Brazil . He made his debut in the competition on 22 June , playing the second half of the 2–2 group stage draw against the United States after replacing injured André Almeida . He played all 90 minutes in the next match to help to a 2–1 win over Ghana , but the team was eliminated on goal difference . Carvalho played all the matches and minutes at the 2015 European Under-21 Championship . He was elected player of the tournament due to his performances , even though he missed the decisive attempt in the penalty shootout in the final against Sweden , with it saved by Patrik Carlgren after a 0–0 draw in Prague . At UEFA Euro 2016 in France , Carvalho was suspended from Portugals semi-final victory over Wales but regained his place from Danilo Pereira in the final , a 1–0 win over the hosts at the Stade de France . He scored his first international goal on 13 November 2016 , contributing to a 4–1 home defeat of Latvia for the 2018 World Cup qualifiers . In May 2018 , Carvalho was selected by Fernando Santos for the upcoming World Cup held in Russia . Style of play . Carvalho plays primarily as a defensive midfielder , although he can also be deployed as a central midfielder or a central defender . Known for his passing range and accuracy , ability to control a game and composure on the pitch , he earned praise for his imposing physicality . In spite of lacking pace , Carvalho acted fast when it came to decision-making . He was often compared to Patrick Vieira . Career statistics . International goals . ( Portugal score listed first , score column indicates score after each Carvalho goal ) Honours . Club . Sporting - Taça de Portugal : 2014–15 - Taça da Liga : 2017–18 International . Portugal U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2015 Portugal - UEFA European Championship : 2016 - UEFA Nations League : 2018–19 - FIFA Confederations Cup third place : 2017 Individual . - SJPF Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 , December 2013 , March 2014 - SJPF Young Player of the Month : August 2013 , September 2013 , October 2013 , November 2013 , March 2014 , April 2014 - LPFP Primeira Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year : 2013–14 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : Player of the tournament/Team of the tournament 2015 Orders . - Commander of the Order of Merit

hard

Which team did William Carvalho play for after Feb 2018?

/wiki/William_Carvalho#P54#4

William Carvalho William Silva de Carvalho ( born 7 April 1992 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Spanish club Real Betis and the Portugal national team as a defensive midfielder . He spent most of his career with Sporting CP since making his debut with the first team at age 18 , going on to appear in 193 competitive matches and win the 2015 Taça de Portugal . In 2018 , he signed with Betis . A full international for Portugal since 2013 , Carvalho represented the nation in two FIFA World Cups and UEFA Euro 2016 , winning the latter tournament . Early life . Born in Luanda , Carvalho moved to Portugal when he was just a few years old . His grandfather Praia and his uncle Afonso were also footballers and played for Angolan club Progresso Associação do Sambizanga . Club career . Sporting CP . After moving to Portugal , Carvalho first started playing in the streets and was eventually recruited by Recreios Desportivos de Algueirão . In 2004 , he joined União Sport Clube de Mira Sintra , where he was the youngest player in the squad and also their captain . He joined Sporting CPs youth system at age 13 , making his official debut with the first team on 3 April 2011 by playing injury time in a 1–1 away draw against Vitória S.C . in the Primeira Liga , then spent six months on loan to C.D . Fátima in the third division . Still under contract to the Lisbon side , Carvalho played one and a half seasons on loan with Cercle Brugge K.S.V . in the Belgian Pro League starting from January 2012 , featuring alongside several Sporting teammates who were there on the same basis . His first professional goal came on 7 April in a 6–4 home win over OH Leuven , and a year later he helped the team to the final of the Belgian Cup , where they lost 0–2 to K.R.C . Genk at the King Baudouin Stadium . Carvalho returned for the 2013–14 campaign , being a defensive mainstay for newly appointed coach Leonardo Jardim and scoring his first goal for the side on 27 October , netting the 1–1 equaliser in an eventual 1–3 loss at FC Porto . During the following summer , he caught the attention of several European clubs , with Arsenal having their £13 million plus Joel Campbell offer rejected . Sporting only acquired the totality of Carvalhos rights in November 2014 , with third-party ownership adding to the difficulties of any possible deal . Carvalho began 2014–15 by seeing a red card – his first ever – in a 1–1 home draw against Académica de Coimbra , receiving his marching orders after a second bookable offense in the 65th minute . He went on to conquer his first club trophy , that seasons Taça de Portugal , playing the full 120 minutes in the final win over S.C . Braga . Among continued transfer speculation linking him with a number of English Premier League sides , including Arsenal again , manager Jorge Jesus claimed that Carvalho would remain at the club . On 14 July 2015 , Sporting confirmed that the player had suffered a stress fracture in his tibia which would sideline him for three months . In 2017 , approaches from West Ham United caused a breakdown in relations between the two clubs that was later resolved . On 15 May 2018 , Carvalho and several of his teammates , including coaches , were injured following an attack by around 50 supporters of Sporting at the clubs training ground after the team finished third in the league and missed out on qualification to the UEFA Champions League . Despite the events , he and the rest of the team agreed to play in the Portuguese Cup final scheduled for the following weekend , eventually losing to C.D . Aves . Betis . On 13 July 2018 , Carvalho joined Real Betis on a five-year contract . The club paid €16 million plus an additional €4 million in variable costs for 75% of the players rights , with €10 million more to come later for a further 20% of his rights depending on certain conditions and achievements . He made his La Liga debut on 17 August , playing 65 minutes in a 0–3 home loss against Levante UD . International career . Eligible for both Portugal and Angola , Carvalho chose to represent the former . When he was still part of the Portugal under-20s , the Angolan Football Federation tried to call him up , but was rejected . Carvalho made his debut with the Portuguese under-21 team on 15 October 2012 , in a 0–1 friendly loss with Ukraine . He scored twice during the 2015 UEFA European Championship qualifiers , in home wins against Norway ( 5–1 ) and Israel ( 3–0 ) . Carvalho was first summoned by full side manager Paulo Bento in November 2013 for the 2014 FIFA World Cup playoffs against Sweden . He won his first cap in the second leg on the 19th , coming on as a 73rd-minute substitute in a 3–2 away triumph ( 4–2 on aggregate ) . On 19 May 2014 , Carvalho was named in the final 23-man squad for the tournament proper held in Brazil . He made his debut in the competition on 22 June , playing the second half of the 2–2 group stage draw against the United States after replacing injured André Almeida . He played all 90 minutes in the next match to help to a 2–1 win over Ghana , but the team was eliminated on goal difference . Carvalho played all the matches and minutes at the 2015 European Under-21 Championship . He was elected player of the tournament due to his performances , even though he missed the decisive attempt in the penalty shootout in the final against Sweden , with it saved by Patrik Carlgren after a 0–0 draw in Prague . At UEFA Euro 2016 in France , Carvalho was suspended from Portugals semi-final victory over Wales but regained his place from Danilo Pereira in the final , a 1–0 win over the hosts at the Stade de France . He scored his first international goal on 13 November 2016 , contributing to a 4–1 home defeat of Latvia for the 2018 World Cup qualifiers . In May 2018 , Carvalho was selected by Fernando Santos for the upcoming World Cup held in Russia . Style of play . Carvalho plays primarily as a defensive midfielder , although he can also be deployed as a central midfielder or a central defender . Known for his passing range and accuracy , ability to control a game and composure on the pitch , he earned praise for his imposing physicality . In spite of lacking pace , Carvalho acted fast when it came to decision-making . He was often compared to Patrick Vieira . Career statistics . International goals . ( Portugal score listed first , score column indicates score after each Carvalho goal ) Honours . Club . Sporting - Taça de Portugal : 2014–15 - Taça da Liga : 2017–18 International . Portugal U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2015 Portugal - UEFA European Championship : 2016 - UEFA Nations League : 2018–19 - FIFA Confederations Cup third place : 2017 Individual . - SJPF Player of the Month : October 2013 , November 2013 , December 2013 , March 2014 - SJPF Young Player of the Month : August 2013 , September 2013 , October 2013 , November 2013 , March 2014 , April 2014 - LPFP Primeira Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year : 2013–14 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship : Player of the tournament/Team of the tournament 2015 Orders . - Commander of the Order of Merit

hard

Who was the spouse of Robert Hossein before Aug 1957?

/wiki/Robert_Hossein#P26#0

Robert Hossein Robert Hossein ( 30 December 1927 – 31 December 2020 ) was a French film actor , director , and writer . He directed the 1982 adaptation of Les Misérables , and appeared in Vice and Virtue , Le Casse , Les Uns et les Autres and Venus Beauty Institute . His other roles include Michèle Merciers husband in the Angélique series , a gunfighter in the Spaghetti Western Cemetery Without Crosses ( which he also directed and co-wrote ) , and a Catholic priest who falls in love with Claude Jade and becomes a communist in Forbidden Priests . Cinematic career . Hossein started directing films in 1955 with Les Salauds vont en enfer , from a story by Frédéric Dard whose novels and plays went on to furnish Hossein with much of his later film material . Right from the start Hossein established his characteristic trademarks : using a seemingly straightforward suspense plot and subverting its conventions ( sometimes to the extent of a complete disregard of the traditional demand for a final twist or revelation ) in order to concentrate on ritualistic relationships . This is the directors running preoccupation which is always stressed in his films by an extraordinary command of film space and often striking frame compositions where the geometry of human figures and set design is used to accentuate the psychological set-up of the scene . The mechanisms of guilt and the way it destroys relationships is another recurring theme , presumably influenced by Hosseins lifelong interest in the works of Dostoyevsky . In 1967 , he was a member of the jury of the 5th Moscow International Film Festival . His 1982 film Les Misérables was entered into the 13th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Special Prize . Although Hossein had some modest international successes with films like Toi , le venin and The Vampire of Düsseldorf , he was much singled out for scorching criticism by the critics and followers of the New Wave for the unashamedly melodramatic frameworks of his films . The fact that he was essentially an auteur director with a consistent set of themes and an extraordinary mastery of original and unusual approaches to staging his stories , was never appreciated . He was not averse to trying his hand at widely different genres and was never defeated , making the strikingly different Spaghetti Western Cemetery Without Crosses and the low-budgeted but daringly subversive period drama I Killed Rasputin . However , because of the lack of wider success and continuing adverse criticism , Hossein virtually ended his film directing career in 1970 , having concentrated on theatre where his achievements were never questioned , and subsequently returning to film directing only twice . With two or three exceptions , his films remain commercially unavailable and very difficult to see . Personal life . Robert Hosseins father was André Hossein , a composer of Iranian Azerbaijani origin , and his mother was Anna Mincovschi , a Jewish comedy actress from Soroca ( Bessarabia ) . He was married three times : first to Marina Vlady ( then Marina Poliakoff ; on 23 December 1955 , they had two sons , Pierre and Igor ) , later on 7 June 1962 , to Caroline Eliacheff , daughter of Françoise Giroud ( they had a son , Nicholas , who became rabbi Aaron Eliacheff ) . She was fifteen at the time and he was 34 . In 1973 , he dated for a short while Michèle Watrin , before she died the following year in a car accident . In 1976 , he married actress Candice Patou , with whom he had a son . Religion . Nearing the age of fifty , Hossein was baptized in the Roman Catholic Church . According to an article written by Emannuel Peze , Hossein experienced a conversion to Catholicism in 1971 during a visit to the Marian apparition at San Damiano in Lombard , Italy . In 2007 , he presented a play entitled Do Not be Afraid ( Nayez pas peur ) of the life of Pope John Paul II . He had a special devotion to Saint Therese of Lisieux . Death . Hossein died of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in France on 31 December 2020 , one day after his 93rd birthday . Honours . - : Commander of the Légion dhonneur , 2005 Foreign honours . - : Commander of the Order of Cultural Merit ( 2006 ) Member of Eurasian Academy ( 2016 ) .

hard

Who was the spouse of Robert Hossein in Dec 1963?

/wiki/Robert_Hossein#P26#1

Robert Hossein Robert Hossein ( 30 December 1927 – 31 December 2020 ) was a French film actor , director , and writer . He directed the 1982 adaptation of Les Misérables , and appeared in Vice and Virtue , Le Casse , Les Uns et les Autres and Venus Beauty Institute . His other roles include Michèle Merciers husband in the Angélique series , a gunfighter in the Spaghetti Western Cemetery Without Crosses ( which he also directed and co-wrote ) , and a Catholic priest who falls in love with Claude Jade and becomes a communist in Forbidden Priests . Cinematic career . Hossein started directing films in 1955 with Les Salauds vont en enfer , from a story by Frédéric Dard whose novels and plays went on to furnish Hossein with much of his later film material . Right from the start Hossein established his characteristic trademarks : using a seemingly straightforward suspense plot and subverting its conventions ( sometimes to the extent of a complete disregard of the traditional demand for a final twist or revelation ) in order to concentrate on ritualistic relationships . This is the directors running preoccupation which is always stressed in his films by an extraordinary command of film space and often striking frame compositions where the geometry of human figures and set design is used to accentuate the psychological set-up of the scene . The mechanisms of guilt and the way it destroys relationships is another recurring theme , presumably influenced by Hosseins lifelong interest in the works of Dostoyevsky . In 1967 , he was a member of the jury of the 5th Moscow International Film Festival . His 1982 film Les Misérables was entered into the 13th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Special Prize . Although Hossein had some modest international successes with films like Toi , le venin and The Vampire of Düsseldorf , he was much singled out for scorching criticism by the critics and followers of the New Wave for the unashamedly melodramatic frameworks of his films . The fact that he was essentially an auteur director with a consistent set of themes and an extraordinary mastery of original and unusual approaches to staging his stories , was never appreciated . He was not averse to trying his hand at widely different genres and was never defeated , making the strikingly different Spaghetti Western Cemetery Without Crosses and the low-budgeted but daringly subversive period drama I Killed Rasputin . However , because of the lack of wider success and continuing adverse criticism , Hossein virtually ended his film directing career in 1970 , having concentrated on theatre where his achievements were never questioned , and subsequently returning to film directing only twice . With two or three exceptions , his films remain commercially unavailable and very difficult to see . Personal life . Robert Hosseins father was André Hossein , a composer of Iranian Azerbaijani origin , and his mother was Anna Mincovschi , a Jewish comedy actress from Soroca ( Bessarabia ) . He was married three times : first to Marina Vlady ( then Marina Poliakoff ; on 23 December 1955 , they had two sons , Pierre and Igor ) , later on 7 June 1962 , to Caroline Eliacheff , daughter of Françoise Giroud ( they had a son , Nicholas , who became rabbi Aaron Eliacheff ) . She was fifteen at the time and he was 34 . In 1973 , he dated for a short while Michèle Watrin , before she died the following year in a car accident . In 1976 , he married actress Candice Patou , with whom he had a son . Religion . Nearing the age of fifty , Hossein was baptized in the Roman Catholic Church . According to an article written by Emannuel Peze , Hossein experienced a conversion to Catholicism in 1971 during a visit to the Marian apparition at San Damiano in Lombard , Italy . In 2007 , he presented a play entitled Do Not be Afraid ( Nayez pas peur ) of the life of Pope John Paul II . He had a special devotion to Saint Therese of Lisieux . Death . Hossein died of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in France on 31 December 2020 , one day after his 93rd birthday . Honours . - : Commander of the Légion dhonneur , 2005 Foreign honours . - : Commander of the Order of Cultural Merit ( 2006 ) Member of Eurasian Academy ( 2016 ) .

hard

Who was the spouse of Robert Hossein between Apr 1976 and Aug 1976?

/wiki/Robert_Hossein#P26#2

Robert Hossein Robert Hossein ( 30 December 1927 – 31 December 2020 ) was a French film actor , director , and writer . He directed the 1982 adaptation of Les Misérables , and appeared in Vice and Virtue , Le Casse , Les Uns et les Autres and Venus Beauty Institute . His other roles include Michèle Merciers husband in the Angélique series , a gunfighter in the Spaghetti Western Cemetery Without Crosses ( which he also directed and co-wrote ) , and a Catholic priest who falls in love with Claude Jade and becomes a communist in Forbidden Priests . Cinematic career . Hossein started directing films in 1955 with Les Salauds vont en enfer , from a story by Frédéric Dard whose novels and plays went on to furnish Hossein with much of his later film material . Right from the start Hossein established his characteristic trademarks : using a seemingly straightforward suspense plot and subverting its conventions ( sometimes to the extent of a complete disregard of the traditional demand for a final twist or revelation ) in order to concentrate on ritualistic relationships . This is the directors running preoccupation which is always stressed in his films by an extraordinary command of film space and often striking frame compositions where the geometry of human figures and set design is used to accentuate the psychological set-up of the scene . The mechanisms of guilt and the way it destroys relationships is another recurring theme , presumably influenced by Hosseins lifelong interest in the works of Dostoyevsky . In 1967 , he was a member of the jury of the 5th Moscow International Film Festival . His 1982 film Les Misérables was entered into the 13th Moscow International Film Festival where it won a Special Prize . Although Hossein had some modest international successes with films like Toi , le venin and The Vampire of Düsseldorf , he was much singled out for scorching criticism by the critics and followers of the New Wave for the unashamedly melodramatic frameworks of his films . The fact that he was essentially an auteur director with a consistent set of themes and an extraordinary mastery of original and unusual approaches to staging his stories , was never appreciated . He was not averse to trying his hand at widely different genres and was never defeated , making the strikingly different Spaghetti Western Cemetery Without Crosses and the low-budgeted but daringly subversive period drama I Killed Rasputin . However , because of the lack of wider success and continuing adverse criticism , Hossein virtually ended his film directing career in 1970 , having concentrated on theatre where his achievements were never questioned , and subsequently returning to film directing only twice . With two or three exceptions , his films remain commercially unavailable and very difficult to see . Personal life . Robert Hosseins father was André Hossein , a composer of Iranian Azerbaijani origin , and his mother was Anna Mincovschi , a Jewish comedy actress from Soroca ( Bessarabia ) . He was married three times : first to Marina Vlady ( then Marina Poliakoff ; on 23 December 1955 , they had two sons , Pierre and Igor ) , later on 7 June 1962 , to Caroline Eliacheff , daughter of Françoise Giroud ( they had a son , Nicholas , who became rabbi Aaron Eliacheff ) . She was fifteen at the time and he was 34 . In 1973 , he dated for a short while Michèle Watrin , before she died the following year in a car accident . In 1976 , he married actress Candice Patou , with whom he had a son . Religion . Nearing the age of fifty , Hossein was baptized in the Roman Catholic Church . According to an article written by Emannuel Peze , Hossein experienced a conversion to Catholicism in 1971 during a visit to the Marian apparition at San Damiano in Lombard , Italy . In 2007 , he presented a play entitled Do Not be Afraid ( Nayez pas peur ) of the life of Pope John Paul II . He had a special devotion to Saint Therese of Lisieux . Death . Hossein died of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in France on 31 December 2020 , one day after his 93rd birthday . Honours . - : Commander of the Légion dhonneur , 2005 Foreign honours . - : Commander of the Order of Cultural Merit ( 2006 ) Member of Eurasian Academy ( 2016 ) .

hard

Which team did Bernie Lilavois play for in Apr 1991?

/wiki/Bernie_Lilavois#P54#0

Bernie Lilavois Bernie Lilavois ( born August 31 , 1970 in Far Rockaway , New York ) is an American soccer forward who played two seasons in the American Professional Soccer League , one in the USISL , one in the USL A-League , four in the Continental Indoor Soccer League , six in the National Professional Soccer League , and four in the Major Indoor Soccer League . He was the head coach of the Stockton Cougars in the Professional Arena Soccer League and the head coach of the US National Arena Soccer Team . He is currently the head coach and a managing partner for the Ontario Fury . Player . Youth . Lilavois grew up in Buena Park , California . He attended La Salle High School in Pasadena , California where he holds the schools record for goal scoring . He is a member of the La Salle Hall of Fame . Lilavois then attended Cal State Northridge , playing on the mens soccer team in 1988 . That year , Northridge finished runner up to Florida Tech in the NCAA Division II championship game . Professional . In 1991 , Lilavois signed with the San Francisco Bay Blackhawks in the American Professional Soccer League winning the 1991 title with the team . He then had a brief stint with Ayr United in the Scottish Football League . In 1994 , Lilavois signed with the San Jose Grizzlies of the Continental Indoor Soccer League . The CISL played a summer indoor season . In 1995 , he began the season with the Grizzlies , playing seven games before being traded to the Anaheim Splash on September 1 , 1995 . He would continue to play for Anaheim through the 1997 CISL season . That year was his most productive for the team , netting 44 goals in 27 games as he was named to the CISL All Star team . Following the 1997 season , the CISL collapsed . In the fall of 1995 , Lilavois signed with the Cincinnati Silverbacks in the National Professional Soccer League which played a winter indoor season . He played only three games for the Silverbacks that season , but scored 31 in 31 games in 1996–1997 and 66 goals in 40 games in 1997–1998 . In the summer of 1998 , he played for the Charleston Battery in the USISL . The Silverbacks had folded during the summer of 1998 so Lilavois signed with the Buffalo Blizzard for the 1998–1999 season . He was traded to the Harrisburg Heat in March 1999 . He went on to play another two season in Harrisburg , scoring a total of 119 goals in 81 games . In the spring of 1999 , he joined the Portland Pythons in the World Indoor Soccer League . In the summer of 2000 , Lilavois returned to outdoor soccer with the Connecticut Wolves in the USL A-League . Lilavois then moved to the Cleveland Force for the 2002–2003 Major Indoor Soccer League season . After he played only three games in February and March 2003 , he retired . In October 2005 , the expansion Stockton Cougars of MISL signed Lilavois as a free agent . He played through the end of the 2006–2007 season , then was forced to retire from playing when he became the head coach . However , he returned on February 23 , 2008 when Stockton was hit with several injuries . National team . In 2000 , Lilavois played for the U.S . National Futsal team which took third at the CONCACAF championship . He scored one goal in five games . Coach . On February 17 , 2006 , the Cougars elevated Lilavois from player to player-coach . League rules prohibited a coach from playing , so Lilavois was not allowed to be the official coach . When he became the official coach at the end of the season , he was forced to retire from playing , but was re-instated by the league commissioner when the Cougars were hit with several injuries . In addition to the Cougars , Lilavois also coaches the United States National Arena Soccer Team . In 2011 , the Professional Arena Soccer League announced a new team in the league , the Anaheim Bolts . Lilavois was named head coach and managing partner . In 2013 , he helped found a new PASL franchise , the Ontario Fury , as the Anaheim team was put up for sale and allowed to go dormant . External links . - Stockton Cougars player profile

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Which team did Bernie Lilavois play for between Dec 1994 and Dec 1994?

/wiki/Bernie_Lilavois#P54#1

Bernie Lilavois Bernie Lilavois ( born August 31 , 1970 in Far Rockaway , New York ) is an American soccer forward who played two seasons in the American Professional Soccer League , one in the USISL , one in the USL A-League , four in the Continental Indoor Soccer League , six in the National Professional Soccer League , and four in the Major Indoor Soccer League . He was the head coach of the Stockton Cougars in the Professional Arena Soccer League and the head coach of the US National Arena Soccer Team . He is currently the head coach and a managing partner for the Ontario Fury . Player . Youth . Lilavois grew up in Buena Park , California . He attended La Salle High School in Pasadena , California where he holds the schools record for goal scoring . He is a member of the La Salle Hall of Fame . Lilavois then attended Cal State Northridge , playing on the mens soccer team in 1988 . That year , Northridge finished runner up to Florida Tech in the NCAA Division II championship game . Professional . In 1991 , Lilavois signed with the San Francisco Bay Blackhawks in the American Professional Soccer League winning the 1991 title with the team . He then had a brief stint with Ayr United in the Scottish Football League . In 1994 , Lilavois signed with the San Jose Grizzlies of the Continental Indoor Soccer League . The CISL played a summer indoor season . In 1995 , he began the season with the Grizzlies , playing seven games before being traded to the Anaheim Splash on September 1 , 1995 . He would continue to play for Anaheim through the 1997 CISL season . That year was his most productive for the team , netting 44 goals in 27 games as he was named to the CISL All Star team . Following the 1997 season , the CISL collapsed . In the fall of 1995 , Lilavois signed with the Cincinnati Silverbacks in the National Professional Soccer League which played a winter indoor season . He played only three games for the Silverbacks that season , but scored 31 in 31 games in 1996–1997 and 66 goals in 40 games in 1997–1998 . In the summer of 1998 , he played for the Charleston Battery in the USISL . The Silverbacks had folded during the summer of 1998 so Lilavois signed with the Buffalo Blizzard for the 1998–1999 season . He was traded to the Harrisburg Heat in March 1999 . He went on to play another two season in Harrisburg , scoring a total of 119 goals in 81 games . In the spring of 1999 , he joined the Portland Pythons in the World Indoor Soccer League . In the summer of 2000 , Lilavois returned to outdoor soccer with the Connecticut Wolves in the USL A-League . Lilavois then moved to the Cleveland Force for the 2002–2003 Major Indoor Soccer League season . After he played only three games in February and March 2003 , he retired . In October 2005 , the expansion Stockton Cougars of MISL signed Lilavois as a free agent . He played through the end of the 2006–2007 season , then was forced to retire from playing when he became the head coach . However , he returned on February 23 , 2008 when Stockton was hit with several injuries . National team . In 2000 , Lilavois played for the U.S . National Futsal team which took third at the CONCACAF championship . He scored one goal in five games . Coach . On February 17 , 2006 , the Cougars elevated Lilavois from player to player-coach . League rules prohibited a coach from playing , so Lilavois was not allowed to be the official coach . When he became the official coach at the end of the season , he was forced to retire from playing , but was re-instated by the league commissioner when the Cougars were hit with several injuries . In addition to the Cougars , Lilavois also coaches the United States National Arena Soccer Team . In 2011 , the Professional Arena Soccer League announced a new team in the league , the Anaheim Bolts . Lilavois was named head coach and managing partner . In 2013 , he helped found a new PASL franchise , the Ontario Fury , as the Anaheim team was put up for sale and allowed to go dormant . External links . - Stockton Cougars player profile

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Which team did Bernie Lilavois play for between Apr 1997 and Aug 1997?

/wiki/Bernie_Lilavois#P54#2

Bernie Lilavois Bernie Lilavois ( born August 31 , 1970 in Far Rockaway , New York ) is an American soccer forward who played two seasons in the American Professional Soccer League , one in the USISL , one in the USL A-League , four in the Continental Indoor Soccer League , six in the National Professional Soccer League , and four in the Major Indoor Soccer League . He was the head coach of the Stockton Cougars in the Professional Arena Soccer League and the head coach of the US National Arena Soccer Team . He is currently the head coach and a managing partner for the Ontario Fury . Player . Youth . Lilavois grew up in Buena Park , California . He attended La Salle High School in Pasadena , California where he holds the schools record for goal scoring . He is a member of the La Salle Hall of Fame . Lilavois then attended Cal State Northridge , playing on the mens soccer team in 1988 . That year , Northridge finished runner up to Florida Tech in the NCAA Division II championship game . Professional . In 1991 , Lilavois signed with the San Francisco Bay Blackhawks in the American Professional Soccer League winning the 1991 title with the team . He then had a brief stint with Ayr United in the Scottish Football League . In 1994 , Lilavois signed with the San Jose Grizzlies of the Continental Indoor Soccer League . The CISL played a summer indoor season . In 1995 , he began the season with the Grizzlies , playing seven games before being traded to the Anaheim Splash on September 1 , 1995 . He would continue to play for Anaheim through the 1997 CISL season . That year was his most productive for the team , netting 44 goals in 27 games as he was named to the CISL All Star team . Following the 1997 season , the CISL collapsed . In the fall of 1995 , Lilavois signed with the Cincinnati Silverbacks in the National Professional Soccer League which played a winter indoor season . He played only three games for the Silverbacks that season , but scored 31 in 31 games in 1996–1997 and 66 goals in 40 games in 1997–1998 . In the summer of 1998 , he played for the Charleston Battery in the USISL . The Silverbacks had folded during the summer of 1998 so Lilavois signed with the Buffalo Blizzard for the 1998–1999 season . He was traded to the Harrisburg Heat in March 1999 . He went on to play another two season in Harrisburg , scoring a total of 119 goals in 81 games . In the spring of 1999 , he joined the Portland Pythons in the World Indoor Soccer League . In the summer of 2000 , Lilavois returned to outdoor soccer with the Connecticut Wolves in the USL A-League . Lilavois then moved to the Cleveland Force for the 2002–2003 Major Indoor Soccer League season . After he played only three games in February and March 2003 , he retired . In October 2005 , the expansion Stockton Cougars of MISL signed Lilavois as a free agent . He played through the end of the 2006–2007 season , then was forced to retire from playing when he became the head coach . However , he returned on February 23 , 2008 when Stockton was hit with several injuries . National team . In 2000 , Lilavois played for the U.S . National Futsal team which took third at the CONCACAF championship . He scored one goal in five games . Coach . On February 17 , 2006 , the Cougars elevated Lilavois from player to player-coach . League rules prohibited a coach from playing , so Lilavois was not allowed to be the official coach . When he became the official coach at the end of the season , he was forced to retire from playing , but was re-instated by the league commissioner when the Cougars were hit with several injuries . In addition to the Cougars , Lilavois also coaches the United States National Arena Soccer Team . In 2011 , the Professional Arena Soccer League announced a new team in the league , the Anaheim Bolts . Lilavois was named head coach and managing partner . In 2013 , he helped found a new PASL franchise , the Ontario Fury , as the Anaheim team was put up for sale and allowed to go dormant . External links . - Stockton Cougars player profile

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Which team did Bernie Lilavois play for between Nov 1998 and Dec 1998?

/wiki/Bernie_Lilavois#P54#3

Bernie Lilavois Bernie Lilavois ( born August 31 , 1970 in Far Rockaway , New York ) is an American soccer forward who played two seasons in the American Professional Soccer League , one in the USISL , one in the USL A-League , four in the Continental Indoor Soccer League , six in the National Professional Soccer League , and four in the Major Indoor Soccer League . He was the head coach of the Stockton Cougars in the Professional Arena Soccer League and the head coach of the US National Arena Soccer Team . He is currently the head coach and a managing partner for the Ontario Fury . Player . Youth . Lilavois grew up in Buena Park , California . He attended La Salle High School in Pasadena , California where he holds the schools record for goal scoring . He is a member of the La Salle Hall of Fame . Lilavois then attended Cal State Northridge , playing on the mens soccer team in 1988 . That year , Northridge finished runner up to Florida Tech in the NCAA Division II championship game . Professional . In 1991 , Lilavois signed with the San Francisco Bay Blackhawks in the American Professional Soccer League winning the 1991 title with the team . He then had a brief stint with Ayr United in the Scottish Football League . In 1994 , Lilavois signed with the San Jose Grizzlies of the Continental Indoor Soccer League . The CISL played a summer indoor season . In 1995 , he began the season with the Grizzlies , playing seven games before being traded to the Anaheim Splash on September 1 , 1995 . He would continue to play for Anaheim through the 1997 CISL season . That year was his most productive for the team , netting 44 goals in 27 games as he was named to the CISL All Star team . Following the 1997 season , the CISL collapsed . In the fall of 1995 , Lilavois signed with the Cincinnati Silverbacks in the National Professional Soccer League which played a winter indoor season . He played only three games for the Silverbacks that season , but scored 31 in 31 games in 1996–1997 and 66 goals in 40 games in 1997–1998 . In the summer of 1998 , he played for the Charleston Battery in the USISL . The Silverbacks had folded during the summer of 1998 so Lilavois signed with the Buffalo Blizzard for the 1998–1999 season . He was traded to the Harrisburg Heat in March 1999 . He went on to play another two season in Harrisburg , scoring a total of 119 goals in 81 games . In the spring of 1999 , he joined the Portland Pythons in the World Indoor Soccer League . In the summer of 2000 , Lilavois returned to outdoor soccer with the Connecticut Wolves in the USL A-League . Lilavois then moved to the Cleveland Force for the 2002–2003 Major Indoor Soccer League season . After he played only three games in February and March 2003 , he retired . In October 2005 , the expansion Stockton Cougars of MISL signed Lilavois as a free agent . He played through the end of the 2006–2007 season , then was forced to retire from playing when he became the head coach . However , he returned on February 23 , 2008 when Stockton was hit with several injuries . National team . In 2000 , Lilavois played for the U.S . National Futsal team which took third at the CONCACAF championship . He scored one goal in five games . Coach . On February 17 , 2006 , the Cougars elevated Lilavois from player to player-coach . League rules prohibited a coach from playing , so Lilavois was not allowed to be the official coach . When he became the official coach at the end of the season , he was forced to retire from playing , but was re-instated by the league commissioner when the Cougars were hit with several injuries . In addition to the Cougars , Lilavois also coaches the United States National Arena Soccer Team . In 2011 , the Professional Arena Soccer League announced a new team in the league , the Anaheim Bolts . Lilavois was named head coach and managing partner . In 2013 , he helped found a new PASL franchise , the Ontario Fury , as the Anaheim team was put up for sale and allowed to go dormant . External links . - Stockton Cougars player profile

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Which team did Bernie Lilavois play for between Apr 1999 and Feb 2000?

/wiki/Bernie_Lilavois#P54#4

Bernie Lilavois Bernie Lilavois ( born August 31 , 1970 in Far Rockaway , New York ) is an American soccer forward who played two seasons in the American Professional Soccer League , one in the USISL , one in the USL A-League , four in the Continental Indoor Soccer League , six in the National Professional Soccer League , and four in the Major Indoor Soccer League . He was the head coach of the Stockton Cougars in the Professional Arena Soccer League and the head coach of the US National Arena Soccer Team . He is currently the head coach and a managing partner for the Ontario Fury . Player . Youth . Lilavois grew up in Buena Park , California . He attended La Salle High School in Pasadena , California where he holds the schools record for goal scoring . He is a member of the La Salle Hall of Fame . Lilavois then attended Cal State Northridge , playing on the mens soccer team in 1988 . That year , Northridge finished runner up to Florida Tech in the NCAA Division II championship game . Professional . In 1991 , Lilavois signed with the San Francisco Bay Blackhawks in the American Professional Soccer League winning the 1991 title with the team . He then had a brief stint with Ayr United in the Scottish Football League . In 1994 , Lilavois signed with the San Jose Grizzlies of the Continental Indoor Soccer League . The CISL played a summer indoor season . In 1995 , he began the season with the Grizzlies , playing seven games before being traded to the Anaheim Splash on September 1 , 1995 . He would continue to play for Anaheim through the 1997 CISL season . That year was his most productive for the team , netting 44 goals in 27 games as he was named to the CISL All Star team . Following the 1997 season , the CISL collapsed . In the fall of 1995 , Lilavois signed with the Cincinnati Silverbacks in the National Professional Soccer League which played a winter indoor season . He played only three games for the Silverbacks that season , but scored 31 in 31 games in 1996–1997 and 66 goals in 40 games in 1997–1998 . In the summer of 1998 , he played for the Charleston Battery in the USISL . The Silverbacks had folded during the summer of 1998 so Lilavois signed with the Buffalo Blizzard for the 1998–1999 season . He was traded to the Harrisburg Heat in March 1999 . He went on to play another two season in Harrisburg , scoring a total of 119 goals in 81 games . In the spring of 1999 , he joined the Portland Pythons in the World Indoor Soccer League . In the summer of 2000 , Lilavois returned to outdoor soccer with the Connecticut Wolves in the USL A-League . Lilavois then moved to the Cleveland Force for the 2002–2003 Major Indoor Soccer League season . After he played only three games in February and March 2003 , he retired . In October 2005 , the expansion Stockton Cougars of MISL signed Lilavois as a free agent . He played through the end of the 2006–2007 season , then was forced to retire from playing when he became the head coach . However , he returned on February 23 , 2008 when Stockton was hit with several injuries . National team . In 2000 , Lilavois played for the U.S . National Futsal team which took third at the CONCACAF championship . He scored one goal in five games . Coach . On February 17 , 2006 , the Cougars elevated Lilavois from player to player-coach . League rules prohibited a coach from playing , so Lilavois was not allowed to be the official coach . When he became the official coach at the end of the season , he was forced to retire from playing , but was re-instated by the league commissioner when the Cougars were hit with several injuries . In addition to the Cougars , Lilavois also coaches the United States National Arena Soccer Team . In 2011 , the Professional Arena Soccer League announced a new team in the league , the Anaheim Bolts . Lilavois was named head coach and managing partner . In 2013 , he helped found a new PASL franchise , the Ontario Fury , as the Anaheim team was put up for sale and allowed to go dormant . External links . - Stockton Cougars player profile

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Which team did Bernie Lilavois play for after Jul 2013?

/wiki/Bernie_Lilavois#P54#5

Bernie Lilavois Bernie Lilavois ( born August 31 , 1970 in Far Rockaway , New York ) is an American soccer forward who played two seasons in the American Professional Soccer League , one in the USISL , one in the USL A-League , four in the Continental Indoor Soccer League , six in the National Professional Soccer League , and four in the Major Indoor Soccer League . He was the head coach of the Stockton Cougars in the Professional Arena Soccer League and the head coach of the US National Arena Soccer Team . He is currently the head coach and a managing partner for the Ontario Fury . Player . Youth . Lilavois grew up in Buena Park , California . He attended La Salle High School in Pasadena , California where he holds the schools record for goal scoring . He is a member of the La Salle Hall of Fame . Lilavois then attended Cal State Northridge , playing on the mens soccer team in 1988 . That year , Northridge finished runner up to Florida Tech in the NCAA Division II championship game . Professional . In 1991 , Lilavois signed with the San Francisco Bay Blackhawks in the American Professional Soccer League winning the 1991 title with the team . He then had a brief stint with Ayr United in the Scottish Football League . In 1994 , Lilavois signed with the San Jose Grizzlies of the Continental Indoor Soccer League . The CISL played a summer indoor season . In 1995 , he began the season with the Grizzlies , playing seven games before being traded to the Anaheim Splash on September 1 , 1995 . He would continue to play for Anaheim through the 1997 CISL season . That year was his most productive for the team , netting 44 goals in 27 games as he was named to the CISL All Star team . Following the 1997 season , the CISL collapsed . In the fall of 1995 , Lilavois signed with the Cincinnati Silverbacks in the National Professional Soccer League which played a winter indoor season . He played only three games for the Silverbacks that season , but scored 31 in 31 games in 1996–1997 and 66 goals in 40 games in 1997–1998 . In the summer of 1998 , he played for the Charleston Battery in the USISL . The Silverbacks had folded during the summer of 1998 so Lilavois signed with the Buffalo Blizzard for the 1998–1999 season . He was traded to the Harrisburg Heat in March 1999 . He went on to play another two season in Harrisburg , scoring a total of 119 goals in 81 games . In the spring of 1999 , he joined the Portland Pythons in the World Indoor Soccer League . In the summer of 2000 , Lilavois returned to outdoor soccer with the Connecticut Wolves in the USL A-League . Lilavois then moved to the Cleveland Force for the 2002–2003 Major Indoor Soccer League season . After he played only three games in February and March 2003 , he retired . In October 2005 , the expansion Stockton Cougars of MISL signed Lilavois as a free agent . He played through the end of the 2006–2007 season , then was forced to retire from playing when he became the head coach . However , he returned on February 23 , 2008 when Stockton was hit with several injuries . National team . In 2000 , Lilavois played for the U.S . National Futsal team which took third at the CONCACAF championship . He scored one goal in five games . Coach . On February 17 , 2006 , the Cougars elevated Lilavois from player to player-coach . League rules prohibited a coach from playing , so Lilavois was not allowed to be the official coach . When he became the official coach at the end of the season , he was forced to retire from playing , but was re-instated by the league commissioner when the Cougars were hit with several injuries . In addition to the Cougars , Lilavois also coaches the United States National Arena Soccer Team . In 2011 , the Professional Arena Soccer League announced a new team in the league , the Anaheim Bolts . Lilavois was named head coach and managing partner . In 2013 , he helped found a new PASL franchise , the Ontario Fury , as the Anaheim team was put up for sale and allowed to go dormant . External links . - Stockton Cougars player profile

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Which team did the player Carlos Gamarra belong to between Jun 1991 and Jul 1991?

/wiki/Carlos_Gamarra#P54#0

Carlos Gamarra Carlos Alberto Gamarra Pavón ( ) ( born 17 February 1971 ) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer . He captained the Paraguay national team at international level , playing at centre back , and was for a long time the most capped player in Paraguayan football history , having made 110 international appearances and scoring 12 goals . Throughout his career , Gamarra was known for his leadership , physical strength , ability in the air , heading accuracy , and outstanding tackling skills , which made him one of the most respected defenders in South America . Gamarra appeared for the Paraguay national team 110 times , scoring 12 goals , from 1993 to 2006 , representing the team at 10 major tournaments and captained the squad during the latter part of his career . He is the second most capped player of the national team , his record being broken by Paulo da Silva in 2013 . Gamarra appeared for Paraguay at three FIFA World Cup tournaments ( 1998 , 2002 and 2006 ) , five Copa América tournaments ( 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 and 2004 ) , and twice at the Summer Olympic Games ( 1992 and 2004 , with Paraguay claiming Silver Medals in the latter ) . Gamarra was named as the Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 and 1998 , and was also included in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament . Playing career . Club . Born in Ypacarai , Gamarra began his club career playing for Cerro Porteño in his home country in 1991 , and went on to win the Paraguayan national championship with Cerro in 1992 . He moved to Independiente for the 1992–93 football season in Argentina , but stayed only briefly before moving back to Cerro Porteño . In 1995 , Gamarra joined Internacional in Brazil , where his profile grew , eventually resulting in the naming of him as Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 by the Paraguayan newspaper Diario ABC Color ( an achievement which Gamarra repeated in 1998 ) . He moved to S.L . Benfica for the Portuguese 1997–1998 season , before returning to Brazil , this time with SC Corinthians , where he won Serie A Brazilian Championship in 1998 . After finishing the 1999 Brazilian football season with Corinthians , he moved to the Spanish league , playing for Atlético Madrid . Atlético were relegated in 2000 , and Gamarra briefly moved back to Brazil , this time joining CR Flamengo . The 2001–2002 season was more successful for Gamarra , as he joined AEK Athens in Greece in a transfer record of 5m€ for the club . There he played in 24 league games and won the Greek Cup . He also became a favorite player of the AEK fans . On the back of his World Cup performance in 2002 , he joined Internazionale in Italys Serie A for the 2002–2003 season . In his first pre-season , he scored the winning goal in the Pirelli Cup final against A.S . Roma . Inter finished the season as runners-up in the league , with Gamarra making 14 appearances . His next season at the club was less successful , as Inter finished fourth in the league , and Gamarra made only 10 appearances . He remained at Inter for the 2004–2005 season , but after another season largely spent on the bench he joined the Brazilian side Palmeiras in July 2005 . In 2007 , Gamarra decided to return to Paraguay to end his football career and signed for Olimpia . Gamarra decided to retire after the 2007 season being Olimpia his last professional club International . His first international cap came against Bolivia on 27 March 1993 , a game which Paraguay lost 2–1 . He stayed at Cerro Porteño until 1995 . Gamarra made his first big impact in international football during Paraguays campaign at World Cup France 1998 , in the second round of which Paraguay were knocked out by France ( the eventual winners ) . Gamarra played in all four of Paraguays games , garnering great respect for his defensive skills , and did not concede a single foul in any of his sides matches . FIFA named him as part of the All-Star team of the World Cup . At the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan , Paraguay were once again knocked out in the second round . Gamarra played every single minute of Paraguays campaign , and again completed his sides participation without conceding a foul . Gamarra captained the Paraguay side to a silver medal in the football tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic Games , losing 1-0 to Argentina in the final . In the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra was the first player in the tournament to score an own goal , from an incoming free kick from David Beckham in his teams opening match against England , which eventually led to Englands 1-0 win . ( Scored after just three minutes , this became the fastest World Cup finals own goal in history , until the 2014 FIFA World Cup where Sead Kolašinac scored just after two minutes playing for Bosnia and Herzegovina against Argentina in the group stages. ) During the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra announced his retirement from the Paraguay national team . Honours . Player . Club . Cerro Porteño - Paraguayan League : 1990 , 1992 Internacional - Campeonato Gaúcho : 1997 Corinthians - Campeonato Brasileiro : 1998 - Campeonato Paulista : 1999 Flamengo - Campeonato Carioca : 2001 - Copa dos Campeões : 2001 AEK Athens - Greek football Cup : 2002 Internazionale - Coppa Italia : 2005 International . Paraguay - Silver medal , Olympic Games : 2004 Individual . - Paraguayan Footballer of the Year : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA World Cup : All-star team 1998 - 1998 Best Defender CONMEBOL - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year : 2005 - Bola de Prata : 1998 , 2005 External links . - International statistics at rsssf

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Which team did the player Carlos Gamarra belong to in Dec 1992?

/wiki/Carlos_Gamarra#P54#1

Carlos Gamarra Carlos Alberto Gamarra Pavón ( ) ( born 17 February 1971 ) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer . He captained the Paraguay national team at international level , playing at centre back , and was for a long time the most capped player in Paraguayan football history , having made 110 international appearances and scoring 12 goals . Throughout his career , Gamarra was known for his leadership , physical strength , ability in the air , heading accuracy , and outstanding tackling skills , which made him one of the most respected defenders in South America . Gamarra appeared for the Paraguay national team 110 times , scoring 12 goals , from 1993 to 2006 , representing the team at 10 major tournaments and captained the squad during the latter part of his career . He is the second most capped player of the national team , his record being broken by Paulo da Silva in 2013 . Gamarra appeared for Paraguay at three FIFA World Cup tournaments ( 1998 , 2002 and 2006 ) , five Copa América tournaments ( 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 and 2004 ) , and twice at the Summer Olympic Games ( 1992 and 2004 , with Paraguay claiming Silver Medals in the latter ) . Gamarra was named as the Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 and 1998 , and was also included in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament . Playing career . Club . Born in Ypacarai , Gamarra began his club career playing for Cerro Porteño in his home country in 1991 , and went on to win the Paraguayan national championship with Cerro in 1992 . He moved to Independiente for the 1992–93 football season in Argentina , but stayed only briefly before moving back to Cerro Porteño . In 1995 , Gamarra joined Internacional in Brazil , where his profile grew , eventually resulting in the naming of him as Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 by the Paraguayan newspaper Diario ABC Color ( an achievement which Gamarra repeated in 1998 ) . He moved to S.L . Benfica for the Portuguese 1997–1998 season , before returning to Brazil , this time with SC Corinthians , where he won Serie A Brazilian Championship in 1998 . After finishing the 1999 Brazilian football season with Corinthians , he moved to the Spanish league , playing for Atlético Madrid . Atlético were relegated in 2000 , and Gamarra briefly moved back to Brazil , this time joining CR Flamengo . The 2001–2002 season was more successful for Gamarra , as he joined AEK Athens in Greece in a transfer record of 5m€ for the club . There he played in 24 league games and won the Greek Cup . He also became a favorite player of the AEK fans . On the back of his World Cup performance in 2002 , he joined Internazionale in Italys Serie A for the 2002–2003 season . In his first pre-season , he scored the winning goal in the Pirelli Cup final against A.S . Roma . Inter finished the season as runners-up in the league , with Gamarra making 14 appearances . His next season at the club was less successful , as Inter finished fourth in the league , and Gamarra made only 10 appearances . He remained at Inter for the 2004–2005 season , but after another season largely spent on the bench he joined the Brazilian side Palmeiras in July 2005 . In 2007 , Gamarra decided to return to Paraguay to end his football career and signed for Olimpia . Gamarra decided to retire after the 2007 season being Olimpia his last professional club International . His first international cap came against Bolivia on 27 March 1993 , a game which Paraguay lost 2–1 . He stayed at Cerro Porteño until 1995 . Gamarra made his first big impact in international football during Paraguays campaign at World Cup France 1998 , in the second round of which Paraguay were knocked out by France ( the eventual winners ) . Gamarra played in all four of Paraguays games , garnering great respect for his defensive skills , and did not concede a single foul in any of his sides matches . FIFA named him as part of the All-Star team of the World Cup . At the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan , Paraguay were once again knocked out in the second round . Gamarra played every single minute of Paraguays campaign , and again completed his sides participation without conceding a foul . Gamarra captained the Paraguay side to a silver medal in the football tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic Games , losing 1-0 to Argentina in the final . In the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra was the first player in the tournament to score an own goal , from an incoming free kick from David Beckham in his teams opening match against England , which eventually led to Englands 1-0 win . ( Scored after just three minutes , this became the fastest World Cup finals own goal in history , until the 2014 FIFA World Cup where Sead Kolašinac scored just after two minutes playing for Bosnia and Herzegovina against Argentina in the group stages. ) During the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra announced his retirement from the Paraguay national team . Honours . Player . Club . Cerro Porteño - Paraguayan League : 1990 , 1992 Internacional - Campeonato Gaúcho : 1997 Corinthians - Campeonato Brasileiro : 1998 - Campeonato Paulista : 1999 Flamengo - Campeonato Carioca : 2001 - Copa dos Campeões : 2001 AEK Athens - Greek football Cup : 2002 Internazionale - Coppa Italia : 2005 International . Paraguay - Silver medal , Olympic Games : 2004 Individual . - Paraguayan Footballer of the Year : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA World Cup : All-star team 1998 - 1998 Best Defender CONMEBOL - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year : 2005 - Bola de Prata : 1998 , 2005 External links . - International statistics at rsssf

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Which team did the player Carlos Gamarra belong to in Jul 1996?

/wiki/Carlos_Gamarra#P54#2

Carlos Gamarra Carlos Alberto Gamarra Pavón ( ) ( born 17 February 1971 ) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer . He captained the Paraguay national team at international level , playing at centre back , and was for a long time the most capped player in Paraguayan football history , having made 110 international appearances and scoring 12 goals . Throughout his career , Gamarra was known for his leadership , physical strength , ability in the air , heading accuracy , and outstanding tackling skills , which made him one of the most respected defenders in South America . Gamarra appeared for the Paraguay national team 110 times , scoring 12 goals , from 1993 to 2006 , representing the team at 10 major tournaments and captained the squad during the latter part of his career . He is the second most capped player of the national team , his record being broken by Paulo da Silva in 2013 . Gamarra appeared for Paraguay at three FIFA World Cup tournaments ( 1998 , 2002 and 2006 ) , five Copa América tournaments ( 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 and 2004 ) , and twice at the Summer Olympic Games ( 1992 and 2004 , with Paraguay claiming Silver Medals in the latter ) . Gamarra was named as the Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 and 1998 , and was also included in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament . Playing career . Club . Born in Ypacarai , Gamarra began his club career playing for Cerro Porteño in his home country in 1991 , and went on to win the Paraguayan national championship with Cerro in 1992 . He moved to Independiente for the 1992–93 football season in Argentina , but stayed only briefly before moving back to Cerro Porteño . In 1995 , Gamarra joined Internacional in Brazil , where his profile grew , eventually resulting in the naming of him as Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 by the Paraguayan newspaper Diario ABC Color ( an achievement which Gamarra repeated in 1998 ) . He moved to S.L . Benfica for the Portuguese 1997–1998 season , before returning to Brazil , this time with SC Corinthians , where he won Serie A Brazilian Championship in 1998 . After finishing the 1999 Brazilian football season with Corinthians , he moved to the Spanish league , playing for Atlético Madrid . Atlético were relegated in 2000 , and Gamarra briefly moved back to Brazil , this time joining CR Flamengo . The 2001–2002 season was more successful for Gamarra , as he joined AEK Athens in Greece in a transfer record of 5m€ for the club . There he played in 24 league games and won the Greek Cup . He also became a favorite player of the AEK fans . On the back of his World Cup performance in 2002 , he joined Internazionale in Italys Serie A for the 2002–2003 season . In his first pre-season , he scored the winning goal in the Pirelli Cup final against A.S . Roma . Inter finished the season as runners-up in the league , with Gamarra making 14 appearances . His next season at the club was less successful , as Inter finished fourth in the league , and Gamarra made only 10 appearances . He remained at Inter for the 2004–2005 season , but after another season largely spent on the bench he joined the Brazilian side Palmeiras in July 2005 . In 2007 , Gamarra decided to return to Paraguay to end his football career and signed for Olimpia . Gamarra decided to retire after the 2007 season being Olimpia his last professional club International . His first international cap came against Bolivia on 27 March 1993 , a game which Paraguay lost 2–1 . He stayed at Cerro Porteño until 1995 . Gamarra made his first big impact in international football during Paraguays campaign at World Cup France 1998 , in the second round of which Paraguay were knocked out by France ( the eventual winners ) . Gamarra played in all four of Paraguays games , garnering great respect for his defensive skills , and did not concede a single foul in any of his sides matches . FIFA named him as part of the All-Star team of the World Cup . At the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan , Paraguay were once again knocked out in the second round . Gamarra played every single minute of Paraguays campaign , and again completed his sides participation without conceding a foul . Gamarra captained the Paraguay side to a silver medal in the football tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic Games , losing 1-0 to Argentina in the final . In the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra was the first player in the tournament to score an own goal , from an incoming free kick from David Beckham in his teams opening match against England , which eventually led to Englands 1-0 win . ( Scored after just three minutes , this became the fastest World Cup finals own goal in history , until the 2014 FIFA World Cup where Sead Kolašinac scored just after two minutes playing for Bosnia and Herzegovina against Argentina in the group stages. ) During the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra announced his retirement from the Paraguay national team . Honours . Player . Club . Cerro Porteño - Paraguayan League : 1990 , 1992 Internacional - Campeonato Gaúcho : 1997 Corinthians - Campeonato Brasileiro : 1998 - Campeonato Paulista : 1999 Flamengo - Campeonato Carioca : 2001 - Copa dos Campeões : 2001 AEK Athens - Greek football Cup : 2002 Internazionale - Coppa Italia : 2005 International . Paraguay - Silver medal , Olympic Games : 2004 Individual . - Paraguayan Footballer of the Year : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA World Cup : All-star team 1998 - 1998 Best Defender CONMEBOL - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year : 2005 - Bola de Prata : 1998 , 2005 External links . - International statistics at rsssf

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Which team did the player Carlos Gamarra belong to between Feb 1998 and Sep 1998?

/wiki/Carlos_Gamarra#P54#3

Carlos Gamarra Carlos Alberto Gamarra Pavón ( ) ( born 17 February 1971 ) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer . He captained the Paraguay national team at international level , playing at centre back , and was for a long time the most capped player in Paraguayan football history , having made 110 international appearances and scoring 12 goals . Throughout his career , Gamarra was known for his leadership , physical strength , ability in the air , heading accuracy , and outstanding tackling skills , which made him one of the most respected defenders in South America . Gamarra appeared for the Paraguay national team 110 times , scoring 12 goals , from 1993 to 2006 , representing the team at 10 major tournaments and captained the squad during the latter part of his career . He is the second most capped player of the national team , his record being broken by Paulo da Silva in 2013 . Gamarra appeared for Paraguay at three FIFA World Cup tournaments ( 1998 , 2002 and 2006 ) , five Copa América tournaments ( 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 and 2004 ) , and twice at the Summer Olympic Games ( 1992 and 2004 , with Paraguay claiming Silver Medals in the latter ) . Gamarra was named as the Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 and 1998 , and was also included in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament . Playing career . Club . Born in Ypacarai , Gamarra began his club career playing for Cerro Porteño in his home country in 1991 , and went on to win the Paraguayan national championship with Cerro in 1992 . He moved to Independiente for the 1992–93 football season in Argentina , but stayed only briefly before moving back to Cerro Porteño . In 1995 , Gamarra joined Internacional in Brazil , where his profile grew , eventually resulting in the naming of him as Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 by the Paraguayan newspaper Diario ABC Color ( an achievement which Gamarra repeated in 1998 ) . He moved to S.L . Benfica for the Portuguese 1997–1998 season , before returning to Brazil , this time with SC Corinthians , where he won Serie A Brazilian Championship in 1998 . After finishing the 1999 Brazilian football season with Corinthians , he moved to the Spanish league , playing for Atlético Madrid . Atlético were relegated in 2000 , and Gamarra briefly moved back to Brazil , this time joining CR Flamengo . The 2001–2002 season was more successful for Gamarra , as he joined AEK Athens in Greece in a transfer record of 5m€ for the club . There he played in 24 league games and won the Greek Cup . He also became a favorite player of the AEK fans . On the back of his World Cup performance in 2002 , he joined Internazionale in Italys Serie A for the 2002–2003 season . In his first pre-season , he scored the winning goal in the Pirelli Cup final against A.S . Roma . Inter finished the season as runners-up in the league , with Gamarra making 14 appearances . His next season at the club was less successful , as Inter finished fourth in the league , and Gamarra made only 10 appearances . He remained at Inter for the 2004–2005 season , but after another season largely spent on the bench he joined the Brazilian side Palmeiras in July 2005 . In 2007 , Gamarra decided to return to Paraguay to end his football career and signed for Olimpia . Gamarra decided to retire after the 2007 season being Olimpia his last professional club International . His first international cap came against Bolivia on 27 March 1993 , a game which Paraguay lost 2–1 . He stayed at Cerro Porteño until 1995 . Gamarra made his first big impact in international football during Paraguays campaign at World Cup France 1998 , in the second round of which Paraguay were knocked out by France ( the eventual winners ) . Gamarra played in all four of Paraguays games , garnering great respect for his defensive skills , and did not concede a single foul in any of his sides matches . FIFA named him as part of the All-Star team of the World Cup . At the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan , Paraguay were once again knocked out in the second round . Gamarra played every single minute of Paraguays campaign , and again completed his sides participation without conceding a foul . Gamarra captained the Paraguay side to a silver medal in the football tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic Games , losing 1-0 to Argentina in the final . In the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra was the first player in the tournament to score an own goal , from an incoming free kick from David Beckham in his teams opening match against England , which eventually led to Englands 1-0 win . ( Scored after just three minutes , this became the fastest World Cup finals own goal in history , until the 2014 FIFA World Cup where Sead Kolašinac scored just after two minutes playing for Bosnia and Herzegovina against Argentina in the group stages. ) During the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra announced his retirement from the Paraguay national team . Honours . Player . Club . Cerro Porteño - Paraguayan League : 1990 , 1992 Internacional - Campeonato Gaúcho : 1997 Corinthians - Campeonato Brasileiro : 1998 - Campeonato Paulista : 1999 Flamengo - Campeonato Carioca : 2001 - Copa dos Campeões : 2001 AEK Athens - Greek football Cup : 2002 Internazionale - Coppa Italia : 2005 International . Paraguay - Silver medal , Olympic Games : 2004 Individual . - Paraguayan Footballer of the Year : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA World Cup : All-star team 1998 - 1998 Best Defender CONMEBOL - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year : 2005 - Bola de Prata : 1998 , 2005 External links . - International statistics at rsssf

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Which team did the player Carlos Gamarra belong to in May 2000?

/wiki/Carlos_Gamarra#P54#4

Carlos Gamarra Carlos Alberto Gamarra Pavón ( ) ( born 17 February 1971 ) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer . He captained the Paraguay national team at international level , playing at centre back , and was for a long time the most capped player in Paraguayan football history , having made 110 international appearances and scoring 12 goals . Throughout his career , Gamarra was known for his leadership , physical strength , ability in the air , heading accuracy , and outstanding tackling skills , which made him one of the most respected defenders in South America . Gamarra appeared for the Paraguay national team 110 times , scoring 12 goals , from 1993 to 2006 , representing the team at 10 major tournaments and captained the squad during the latter part of his career . He is the second most capped player of the national team , his record being broken by Paulo da Silva in 2013 . Gamarra appeared for Paraguay at three FIFA World Cup tournaments ( 1998 , 2002 and 2006 ) , five Copa América tournaments ( 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 and 2004 ) , and twice at the Summer Olympic Games ( 1992 and 2004 , with Paraguay claiming Silver Medals in the latter ) . Gamarra was named as the Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 and 1998 , and was also included in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament . Playing career . Club . Born in Ypacarai , Gamarra began his club career playing for Cerro Porteño in his home country in 1991 , and went on to win the Paraguayan national championship with Cerro in 1992 . He moved to Independiente for the 1992–93 football season in Argentina , but stayed only briefly before moving back to Cerro Porteño . In 1995 , Gamarra joined Internacional in Brazil , where his profile grew , eventually resulting in the naming of him as Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 by the Paraguayan newspaper Diario ABC Color ( an achievement which Gamarra repeated in 1998 ) . He moved to S.L . Benfica for the Portuguese 1997–1998 season , before returning to Brazil , this time with SC Corinthians , where he won Serie A Brazilian Championship in 1998 . After finishing the 1999 Brazilian football season with Corinthians , he moved to the Spanish league , playing for Atlético Madrid . Atlético were relegated in 2000 , and Gamarra briefly moved back to Brazil , this time joining CR Flamengo . The 2001–2002 season was more successful for Gamarra , as he joined AEK Athens in Greece in a transfer record of 5m€ for the club . There he played in 24 league games and won the Greek Cup . He also became a favorite player of the AEK fans . On the back of his World Cup performance in 2002 , he joined Internazionale in Italys Serie A for the 2002–2003 season . In his first pre-season , he scored the winning goal in the Pirelli Cup final against A.S . Roma . Inter finished the season as runners-up in the league , with Gamarra making 14 appearances . His next season at the club was less successful , as Inter finished fourth in the league , and Gamarra made only 10 appearances . He remained at Inter for the 2004–2005 season , but after another season largely spent on the bench he joined the Brazilian side Palmeiras in July 2005 . In 2007 , Gamarra decided to return to Paraguay to end his football career and signed for Olimpia . Gamarra decided to retire after the 2007 season being Olimpia his last professional club International . His first international cap came against Bolivia on 27 March 1993 , a game which Paraguay lost 2–1 . He stayed at Cerro Porteño until 1995 . Gamarra made his first big impact in international football during Paraguays campaign at World Cup France 1998 , in the second round of which Paraguay were knocked out by France ( the eventual winners ) . Gamarra played in all four of Paraguays games , garnering great respect for his defensive skills , and did not concede a single foul in any of his sides matches . FIFA named him as part of the All-Star team of the World Cup . At the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan , Paraguay were once again knocked out in the second round . Gamarra played every single minute of Paraguays campaign , and again completed his sides participation without conceding a foul . Gamarra captained the Paraguay side to a silver medal in the football tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic Games , losing 1-0 to Argentina in the final . In the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra was the first player in the tournament to score an own goal , from an incoming free kick from David Beckham in his teams opening match against England , which eventually led to Englands 1-0 win . ( Scored after just three minutes , this became the fastest World Cup finals own goal in history , until the 2014 FIFA World Cup where Sead Kolašinac scored just after two minutes playing for Bosnia and Herzegovina against Argentina in the group stages. ) During the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra announced his retirement from the Paraguay national team . Honours . Player . Club . Cerro Porteño - Paraguayan League : 1990 , 1992 Internacional - Campeonato Gaúcho : 1997 Corinthians - Campeonato Brasileiro : 1998 - Campeonato Paulista : 1999 Flamengo - Campeonato Carioca : 2001 - Copa dos Campeões : 2001 AEK Athens - Greek football Cup : 2002 Internazionale - Coppa Italia : 2005 International . Paraguay - Silver medal , Olympic Games : 2004 Individual . - Paraguayan Footballer of the Year : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA World Cup : All-star team 1998 - 1998 Best Defender CONMEBOL - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year : 2005 - Bola de Prata : 1998 , 2005 External links . - International statistics at rsssf

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Which team did the player Carlos Gamarra belong to in Jan 2001?

/wiki/Carlos_Gamarra#P54#5

Carlos Gamarra Carlos Alberto Gamarra Pavón ( ) ( born 17 February 1971 ) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer . He captained the Paraguay national team at international level , playing at centre back , and was for a long time the most capped player in Paraguayan football history , having made 110 international appearances and scoring 12 goals . Throughout his career , Gamarra was known for his leadership , physical strength , ability in the air , heading accuracy , and outstanding tackling skills , which made him one of the most respected defenders in South America . Gamarra appeared for the Paraguay national team 110 times , scoring 12 goals , from 1993 to 2006 , representing the team at 10 major tournaments and captained the squad during the latter part of his career . He is the second most capped player of the national team , his record being broken by Paulo da Silva in 2013 . Gamarra appeared for Paraguay at three FIFA World Cup tournaments ( 1998 , 2002 and 2006 ) , five Copa América tournaments ( 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 and 2004 ) , and twice at the Summer Olympic Games ( 1992 and 2004 , with Paraguay claiming Silver Medals in the latter ) . Gamarra was named as the Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 and 1998 , and was also included in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament . Playing career . Club . Born in Ypacarai , Gamarra began his club career playing for Cerro Porteño in his home country in 1991 , and went on to win the Paraguayan national championship with Cerro in 1992 . He moved to Independiente for the 1992–93 football season in Argentina , but stayed only briefly before moving back to Cerro Porteño . In 1995 , Gamarra joined Internacional in Brazil , where his profile grew , eventually resulting in the naming of him as Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 by the Paraguayan newspaper Diario ABC Color ( an achievement which Gamarra repeated in 1998 ) . He moved to S.L . Benfica for the Portuguese 1997–1998 season , before returning to Brazil , this time with SC Corinthians , where he won Serie A Brazilian Championship in 1998 . After finishing the 1999 Brazilian football season with Corinthians , he moved to the Spanish league , playing for Atlético Madrid . Atlético were relegated in 2000 , and Gamarra briefly moved back to Brazil , this time joining CR Flamengo . The 2001–2002 season was more successful for Gamarra , as he joined AEK Athens in Greece in a transfer record of 5m€ for the club . There he played in 24 league games and won the Greek Cup . He also became a favorite player of the AEK fans . On the back of his World Cup performance in 2002 , he joined Internazionale in Italys Serie A for the 2002–2003 season . In his first pre-season , he scored the winning goal in the Pirelli Cup final against A.S . Roma . Inter finished the season as runners-up in the league , with Gamarra making 14 appearances . His next season at the club was less successful , as Inter finished fourth in the league , and Gamarra made only 10 appearances . He remained at Inter for the 2004–2005 season , but after another season largely spent on the bench he joined the Brazilian side Palmeiras in July 2005 . In 2007 , Gamarra decided to return to Paraguay to end his football career and signed for Olimpia . Gamarra decided to retire after the 2007 season being Olimpia his last professional club International . His first international cap came against Bolivia on 27 March 1993 , a game which Paraguay lost 2–1 . He stayed at Cerro Porteño until 1995 . Gamarra made his first big impact in international football during Paraguays campaign at World Cup France 1998 , in the second round of which Paraguay were knocked out by France ( the eventual winners ) . Gamarra played in all four of Paraguays games , garnering great respect for his defensive skills , and did not concede a single foul in any of his sides matches . FIFA named him as part of the All-Star team of the World Cup . At the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan , Paraguay were once again knocked out in the second round . Gamarra played every single minute of Paraguays campaign , and again completed his sides participation without conceding a foul . Gamarra captained the Paraguay side to a silver medal in the football tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic Games , losing 1-0 to Argentina in the final . In the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra was the first player in the tournament to score an own goal , from an incoming free kick from David Beckham in his teams opening match against England , which eventually led to Englands 1-0 win . ( Scored after just three minutes , this became the fastest World Cup finals own goal in history , until the 2014 FIFA World Cup where Sead Kolašinac scored just after two minutes playing for Bosnia and Herzegovina against Argentina in the group stages. ) During the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra announced his retirement from the Paraguay national team . Honours . Player . Club . Cerro Porteño - Paraguayan League : 1990 , 1992 Internacional - Campeonato Gaúcho : 1997 Corinthians - Campeonato Brasileiro : 1998 - Campeonato Paulista : 1999 Flamengo - Campeonato Carioca : 2001 - Copa dos Campeões : 2001 AEK Athens - Greek football Cup : 2002 Internazionale - Coppa Italia : 2005 International . Paraguay - Silver medal , Olympic Games : 2004 Individual . - Paraguayan Footballer of the Year : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA World Cup : All-star team 1998 - 1998 Best Defender CONMEBOL - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year : 2005 - Bola de Prata : 1998 , 2005 External links . - International statistics at rsssf

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Which team did the player Carlos Gamarra belong to between Aug 2003 and Jun 2004?

/wiki/Carlos_Gamarra#P54#6

Carlos Gamarra Carlos Alberto Gamarra Pavón ( ) ( born 17 February 1971 ) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer . He captained the Paraguay national team at international level , playing at centre back , and was for a long time the most capped player in Paraguayan football history , having made 110 international appearances and scoring 12 goals . Throughout his career , Gamarra was known for his leadership , physical strength , ability in the air , heading accuracy , and outstanding tackling skills , which made him one of the most respected defenders in South America . Gamarra appeared for the Paraguay national team 110 times , scoring 12 goals , from 1993 to 2006 , representing the team at 10 major tournaments and captained the squad during the latter part of his career . He is the second most capped player of the national team , his record being broken by Paulo da Silva in 2013 . Gamarra appeared for Paraguay at three FIFA World Cup tournaments ( 1998 , 2002 and 2006 ) , five Copa América tournaments ( 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 and 2004 ) , and twice at the Summer Olympic Games ( 1992 and 2004 , with Paraguay claiming Silver Medals in the latter ) . Gamarra was named as the Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 and 1998 , and was also included in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament . Playing career . Club . Born in Ypacarai , Gamarra began his club career playing for Cerro Porteño in his home country in 1991 , and went on to win the Paraguayan national championship with Cerro in 1992 . He moved to Independiente for the 1992–93 football season in Argentina , but stayed only briefly before moving back to Cerro Porteño . In 1995 , Gamarra joined Internacional in Brazil , where his profile grew , eventually resulting in the naming of him as Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 by the Paraguayan newspaper Diario ABC Color ( an achievement which Gamarra repeated in 1998 ) . He moved to S.L . Benfica for the Portuguese 1997–1998 season , before returning to Brazil , this time with SC Corinthians , where he won Serie A Brazilian Championship in 1998 . After finishing the 1999 Brazilian football season with Corinthians , he moved to the Spanish league , playing for Atlético Madrid . Atlético were relegated in 2000 , and Gamarra briefly moved back to Brazil , this time joining CR Flamengo . The 2001–2002 season was more successful for Gamarra , as he joined AEK Athens in Greece in a transfer record of 5m€ for the club . There he played in 24 league games and won the Greek Cup . He also became a favorite player of the AEK fans . On the back of his World Cup performance in 2002 , he joined Internazionale in Italys Serie A for the 2002–2003 season . In his first pre-season , he scored the winning goal in the Pirelli Cup final against A.S . Roma . Inter finished the season as runners-up in the league , with Gamarra making 14 appearances . His next season at the club was less successful , as Inter finished fourth in the league , and Gamarra made only 10 appearances . He remained at Inter for the 2004–2005 season , but after another season largely spent on the bench he joined the Brazilian side Palmeiras in July 2005 . In 2007 , Gamarra decided to return to Paraguay to end his football career and signed for Olimpia . Gamarra decided to retire after the 2007 season being Olimpia his last professional club International . His first international cap came against Bolivia on 27 March 1993 , a game which Paraguay lost 2–1 . He stayed at Cerro Porteño until 1995 . Gamarra made his first big impact in international football during Paraguays campaign at World Cup France 1998 , in the second round of which Paraguay were knocked out by France ( the eventual winners ) . Gamarra played in all four of Paraguays games , garnering great respect for his defensive skills , and did not concede a single foul in any of his sides matches . FIFA named him as part of the All-Star team of the World Cup . At the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan , Paraguay were once again knocked out in the second round . Gamarra played every single minute of Paraguays campaign , and again completed his sides participation without conceding a foul . Gamarra captained the Paraguay side to a silver medal in the football tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic Games , losing 1-0 to Argentina in the final . In the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra was the first player in the tournament to score an own goal , from an incoming free kick from David Beckham in his teams opening match against England , which eventually led to Englands 1-0 win . ( Scored after just three minutes , this became the fastest World Cup finals own goal in history , until the 2014 FIFA World Cup where Sead Kolašinac scored just after two minutes playing for Bosnia and Herzegovina against Argentina in the group stages. ) During the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra announced his retirement from the Paraguay national team . Honours . Player . Club . Cerro Porteño - Paraguayan League : 1990 , 1992 Internacional - Campeonato Gaúcho : 1997 Corinthians - Campeonato Brasileiro : 1998 - Campeonato Paulista : 1999 Flamengo - Campeonato Carioca : 2001 - Copa dos Campeões : 2001 AEK Athens - Greek football Cup : 2002 Internazionale - Coppa Italia : 2005 International . Paraguay - Silver medal , Olympic Games : 2004 Individual . - Paraguayan Footballer of the Year : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA World Cup : All-star team 1998 - 1998 Best Defender CONMEBOL - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year : 2005 - Bola de Prata : 1998 , 2005 External links . - International statistics at rsssf

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Which team did the player Carlos Gamarra belong to after Jan 2005?

/wiki/Carlos_Gamarra#P54#7

Carlos Gamarra Carlos Alberto Gamarra Pavón ( ) ( born 17 February 1971 ) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer . He captained the Paraguay national team at international level , playing at centre back , and was for a long time the most capped player in Paraguayan football history , having made 110 international appearances and scoring 12 goals . Throughout his career , Gamarra was known for his leadership , physical strength , ability in the air , heading accuracy , and outstanding tackling skills , which made him one of the most respected defenders in South America . Gamarra appeared for the Paraguay national team 110 times , scoring 12 goals , from 1993 to 2006 , representing the team at 10 major tournaments and captained the squad during the latter part of his career . He is the second most capped player of the national team , his record being broken by Paulo da Silva in 2013 . Gamarra appeared for Paraguay at three FIFA World Cup tournaments ( 1998 , 2002 and 2006 ) , five Copa América tournaments ( 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 and 2004 ) , and twice at the Summer Olympic Games ( 1992 and 2004 , with Paraguay claiming Silver Medals in the latter ) . Gamarra was named as the Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 and 1998 , and was also included in the 1998 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament . Playing career . Club . Born in Ypacarai , Gamarra began his club career playing for Cerro Porteño in his home country in 1991 , and went on to win the Paraguayan national championship with Cerro in 1992 . He moved to Independiente for the 1992–93 football season in Argentina , but stayed only briefly before moving back to Cerro Porteño . In 1995 , Gamarra joined Internacional in Brazil , where his profile grew , eventually resulting in the naming of him as Paraguayan Footballer of the Year in 1997 by the Paraguayan newspaper Diario ABC Color ( an achievement which Gamarra repeated in 1998 ) . He moved to S.L . Benfica for the Portuguese 1997–1998 season , before returning to Brazil , this time with SC Corinthians , where he won Serie A Brazilian Championship in 1998 . After finishing the 1999 Brazilian football season with Corinthians , he moved to the Spanish league , playing for Atlético Madrid . Atlético were relegated in 2000 , and Gamarra briefly moved back to Brazil , this time joining CR Flamengo . The 2001–2002 season was more successful for Gamarra , as he joined AEK Athens in Greece in a transfer record of 5m€ for the club . There he played in 24 league games and won the Greek Cup . He also became a favorite player of the AEK fans . On the back of his World Cup performance in 2002 , he joined Internazionale in Italys Serie A for the 2002–2003 season . In his first pre-season , he scored the winning goal in the Pirelli Cup final against A.S . Roma . Inter finished the season as runners-up in the league , with Gamarra making 14 appearances . His next season at the club was less successful , as Inter finished fourth in the league , and Gamarra made only 10 appearances . He remained at Inter for the 2004–2005 season , but after another season largely spent on the bench he joined the Brazilian side Palmeiras in July 2005 . In 2007 , Gamarra decided to return to Paraguay to end his football career and signed for Olimpia . Gamarra decided to retire after the 2007 season being Olimpia his last professional club International . His first international cap came against Bolivia on 27 March 1993 , a game which Paraguay lost 2–1 . He stayed at Cerro Porteño until 1995 . Gamarra made his first big impact in international football during Paraguays campaign at World Cup France 1998 , in the second round of which Paraguay were knocked out by France ( the eventual winners ) . Gamarra played in all four of Paraguays games , garnering great respect for his defensive skills , and did not concede a single foul in any of his sides matches . FIFA named him as part of the All-Star team of the World Cup . At the 2002 World Cup in South Korea and Japan , Paraguay were once again knocked out in the second round . Gamarra played every single minute of Paraguays campaign , and again completed his sides participation without conceding a foul . Gamarra captained the Paraguay side to a silver medal in the football tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic Games , losing 1-0 to Argentina in the final . In the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra was the first player in the tournament to score an own goal , from an incoming free kick from David Beckham in his teams opening match against England , which eventually led to Englands 1-0 win . ( Scored after just three minutes , this became the fastest World Cup finals own goal in history , until the 2014 FIFA World Cup where Sead Kolašinac scored just after two minutes playing for Bosnia and Herzegovina against Argentina in the group stages. ) During the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Gamarra announced his retirement from the Paraguay national team . Honours . Player . Club . Cerro Porteño - Paraguayan League : 1990 , 1992 Internacional - Campeonato Gaúcho : 1997 Corinthians - Campeonato Brasileiro : 1998 - Campeonato Paulista : 1999 Flamengo - Campeonato Carioca : 2001 - Copa dos Campeões : 2001 AEK Athens - Greek football Cup : 2002 Internazionale - Coppa Italia : 2005 International . Paraguay - Silver medal , Olympic Games : 2004 Individual . - Paraguayan Footballer of the Year : 1997 , 1998 - FIFA World Cup : All-star team 1998 - 1998 Best Defender CONMEBOL - Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year : 2005 - Bola de Prata : 1998 , 2005 External links . - International statistics at rsssf

hard

University of Maryland College of Information Studies was officially named what in late 1960s?

/wiki/University_of_Maryland_College_of_Information_Studies#P1448#0

University of Maryland College of Information Studies The College of Information Studies ( Marylands iSchool ) is a school within the University of Maryland , College Park in Maryland , United States . The College offers graduate study leading to the Master of Library and Information Science ( MLIS ) , the Master of Information Management ( MIM ) , the Master of Science in Human Computer Interaction ( HCIM ) , and the Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph.D. ) in Information Studies . In addition , it offers an undergraduate degree , the Bachelor of Science in Information Science . The College of Information Studies focuses on creating new designs and addressing issues involving Information Management . History . The iSchool was founded in 1965 with Paul Wasserman as its first dean . Wasserman , a former military man who was part of the Invasion of Normandy , held the post for 5 years . Wasserman was very supportive of research and the school became the first Information school to require a technology course . Wasserman saw technology as a tool for information management . Wasserman was a librarian , and his broad vision helped the program get on its feet . He was constantly traveling and recruiting international faculty members and students . Wasserman would later write an autobiography which is available at McKeldin Library . The schools original name was the School of Library and Information Services and by 1972 it had established its location in Hornbake Librarys South Wing . The school attained full accreditation from the American Library Association ( it has never lost its accreditation ) in 1966 and the first PhD students were in 1967 . In 1991 the school had a major crisis as it was very close to being shut down . In 1993 Ann Prentice became dean of the school . During this time period the University of Marylands Provost prompted a general review of the school and a reexamination of the goals and mission statement . The Provost wanted to promote more innovation , creation , research and services . Therefore , the school went through significant changes as the MLS curriculum was revised and the school started to morph into what it is now , an iSchool . Bruce Dearstyne took over as Interim Dean in 2001 , after Prentice retired , and the transformation continued under his leadership . His signature initiative was introduction of the Master of Information Management program ( MIM ) . In 2005 , Jenny Preece became Dean . Under Preece , the MIM program has grown substantially . In the 2007 school year the MIM program had its highest student body count at 149 . In addition , under Preeces directorship , a new masters program was added , Master of Science in Human-Computer Interaction . In the summer of 2015 , Brian Butler took over as interim dean as Jenny Preece stepped down . Keith Marzullo is the new incoming dean from the summer of 2016 . List of Deans . - Paul Wasserman : 1965-1970 - Michael Reynolds ( interim ) : 1970 - James Liesener ( interim ) : 1970-1971 - Margaret Chisholm : 1971-1975 - Henry Duebster ( interim ) - Keith Wright : 1977-1980 - Michael Reynolds ( interim ) - Anne MacLeod ( interim ) - Claude Walston : 1983-1992 - Ann Prentice : 1993-2001 - Bruce Dearstyne ( interim ) : 2001-2005 - Charles Lowry ( interim ) : 2005 - Jenny Preece : 2005–2015 - Brian Butler ( interim ) : 2015-2016 - Keith Marzullo : 2016-onwards Challenges . The iSchool has faced several challenges throughout its history . Crisis of 1991 . In the 1980s there was heated debate over whether Library Schools should be a part of major research-oriented universities . The University of Chicagos Graduate Library School was closed in 1989 and its closing was attributed to the divorce of the Schools research activities from what the profession perceived as its needs for training . Shortly thereafter , in 1990 , Columbia Universitys School of Library Service was closed . There were reports of fierce opposition from tenured faculty to sever ties to all library communities and reorient priorities to support newly emerging information communities as well as deemphasize professionally relevant education and practitioner connections . In 1991 , coupled with the economic downturn ( the University had implemented furloughs as well ) there was a call for the iSchool at Maryland to be shut down . It was proposed that the school became a department rather than a self-standing college . There was a public , open meeting where the issue was debated . The school was given support by Representative Steny Hoyer . In addition , past deans , faculty and alumni were on hand to counter the proposal . Former students spoke up in defense of the program , attributing their successes in public service jobs to the colleges educational programs . The school was able to avoid being shut down . Transition Phase . In the late 1990s and early 2000s ( decade ) , there was a period of transition within the iSchool . There was a general realization that the field was changing and that the business model was changing . With the advent of the Web and search engines there were changes in how information was being gathered and consumed . There would be more of a demand for Information Technology Professionals rather than Librarians . During this time , there was a lot of funding going to the Human Computer Interaction Lab at the University and with the perceived growth of technology the lab was moved into the South wing of Hornbake Library where the iSchool was located . This move caused some tension as the iSchools teaching library was disbanded and in its place faculty offices and research facilities were set up to accommodate the growth of the school . There was a fight to keep the iSchools library - there were protests and petitions but none were fruitful and the library was removed from Hornbake . There was a recognized opportunity to train professionals for the corporate world and so when Dearstyne took over he helped lead the school as it introduced the new MIM program . Some faculty felt like the school was abandoning its ontology and abandoning libraries as an institution . There wasnt necessarily resistance to the MIM but rather to a second masters program in general . The question , not will it be but what will it be defined the debates . Despite initial concerns , the school has seen a steady rise in acceptance and interest . 2007 was a record year for the MIM program in number of students ( 149 ) . In 2009 U.S . News & World Report recognized Maryland’s iSchool as one of the top information schools in the country , ranking it 10th among all public universities Community . As part of a major research university the iSchool has initiated and led many programs both internally and externally that have helped serve the community . Inside the iSchool . HCIL . The Human Computer Interaction Lab , located in the South wing of Hornbake , has had ties with the community for many years . The Information Policy and Access Center ( iPAC ) . The Information Policy and Research Center ( iPAC ) is a research and education facility that explores social , policy , and technology aspects of information access and use across cultural institutions , government agencies , and other information-based organizations ; communities ; and populations . Researchers at iPAC study what policies and/or technologies lead to equitable and inclusive information access , a digitally literate population , and an informed and engaged public . The Center for the Advanced Study of Communities and Information ( CASCI ) . CASCI is a multidisciplinary network of researchers interested in supporting learning , facilitating innovation , transforming science and scholarship , promoting economic development , and enhancing individual and civic well-being . This network focuses on the facilitation of research and education around technology , information , and organization approaches to help communities realize their potential . The Digital Curation Innovation Center ( DCIC ) . The DCIC is a center focused on education and partnership for research and practice on big archival projects . Specialities include computational and digital archiving bringing together the public , government , and industry for scaled archiving . Privacy Education & Research Lab ( PEARL ) . Dr . Jessica Vitak leads PEARL , which focuses on studying and curating ways for people to manage and understanding their privacy and security in networked contexts including social networking websites and other online communities . Research areas include big data ethics and mobile privacy and surveillance . Ethics and Values in Design Lab ( EViD ) . The EViD lab , led by Dr . Katie Shilton , focuses on the way that ethics and policy affect the design and use of technology . EViD is part of both CASCI and iPAC . Notable Faculty and Accomplishments . - Dr . Diane Barlow helped develop a proposal in 1993 that awarded tuition to women who were part-time students . 6-8 students were chosen and their tuition remitted so they could complete the program . The initiative was part of the schools goal to help provide monetary relief to students during bad economic times . - Dr . Barlow and Dr . Prentice helped initiate a collaboration and exchange program with a Chinese Institution in Beijing . - Dr . Barlow helped expand the schools reach to Shady Grove and now the school has extended its educational reach . - During Prentices deanship there was an increased demand for Library Media Specialists in the state of Maryland . Prince Georges County , Howard County and Montgomery County entered into an agreement with the school where tuition was taken care of for a certain number of students who entered the program . In exchange these students committed to working for the county for a period of time . Outside the iSchool . Research Support . There has been research support for the iSchool from National Science Foundation , Google , IBM , Microsoft , the Library of Congress and the Institute of Museum and Library Services . Kidsteam . Children , ages 7–11 , work with HCIL faculty/staff/students after school and over the summer to create new technologies for children . Curriculum . Bachelor of Science in Information Science . Started in 2016 , the undergraduate program in Information Science is one of the most recent additions to the undergraduate majors offered at the University of Maryland in College Park . Its goal is to educate students in an interdisciplinary curriculum with aspects from computer science , business , and psychology . In the iSchool , this bachelors program is meant to focus on how information , people , and technology come together within the field of Information Science . Undergraduate students focused on this major will learn skills related to online website development essential to the work force . These skills include database design , web and mobile development , and data analytics . These students will also prepare for leadership and management roles while taking humanities classes and engaging in internships . MLIS . The Master of Library & Information Science Program educates students in the knowledge , skills , habits of thought and inquiry , and ethics of the library and information professions to enable them to be leaders in the state , national , and global information society . The program for the MLIS degree requires 36 credit hours of academic work to be completed with a minimum average of B within five calendar years from the first registration . In the non -thesis option , all credits are coursework . The thesis option requires 30 credits of coursework and six credits of thesis research . The usual and recommended course of study for a full-time student is approximately 18–24 months . As of 2018 , the program offered seven specializations : Archives and Digital Curation , Diversity and Inclusion , Intelligence and Analytics , Legal Informatics , School Library , Youth Experience , and the Individualized Program Plan . In addition , there was a Certificate in Museum Scholarship and Material Culture , and a joint program offering the MLIS alongside a masters degree in history . MIM . The MIM program trains information technology professionals who know how to strategically manage information and technology and who understand the issues of information management , business management , computer science , and information systems . The MIM degree requires 36 credit hours of academic work to be completed with a minimum average of B within five calendar years from the first registration . A unique component of the MIM program is the pair of project courses taken at the end of the coursework . One of the courses involves a team project focused on solving an actual information management project at a real-world organization , and the other is an individual project . Each of these courses carry three credits , and require about 120 hours of work per student over a regular semester of three months . As of 2018 , the program offered six specializations : Data Analytics , Strategic Management , User Experience , Technology Development , Individualized Program Plan , and Information Management Research . HCIM . The Master of Science in Human-Computer Interaction degree integrates information studies , computer science , education , psychology and engineering to prepare HCI leaders of the future . Through coursework and research experiences , students in this program will develop skills in : - Fundamentals of Human-Computer Interaction - Advanced research methods - Usability analysis and testing - Social computing strategies and technologies - Technology design Doctoral Program . Students must complete a minimum of 25 graduate credit hours while matriculated at the University of Maryland ( or 28 hours if basic statistics is taken as a graduate course ) . Course-work will be taken in three areas of study which include : Information Studies ( 6 credit hours ) ; Research Methods and Design ( 10 credit hours ) and specialized area ( s ) ( 9 credit hours ) . All students have a First Year Review the first full academic year that a student takes his/her first doctoral seminar . Students prepare a portfolio that self-evaluates progress . This may include papers written for coursework or research , a presentation on a research topic and/or reviews by previous course instructors . A committee of at least three faculty members , a majority of whom must be members of the iSchool faculty , will review the work and inform the student in writing of the results . Students do not take comprehensive exams , but instead write an Integrative Paper that synthesizes and applies knowledge from broad areas of the information field . A committee of at least three faculty members , a majority of whom must be members of the iSchool faculty , approves the topic and abstract of the paper , and certifies its successful completion . The paper will typically be written after completion of coursework or equivalent experience ( e.g. , extensive work in a research environment ) and must be completed and approved before advancement to candidacy . Students are required to successfully defend a dissertation to complete the program . External links . - College of Information Studies - Human Computer Interaction Lab - The Center for the Advanced Study of Communities and Information ( CASCI ) - The Information Policy and Access Center ( iPAC ) - Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities ( MITH ) - The Digital Curation Innovation Center ( DCIC ) - Privacy Education & Research Lab ( PEARL ) - Ethics and Values in Design Lab ( EViD ) - College of Library and Information Cervices records at the University of Maryland Libraries

hard

University of Maryland College of Information Studies was officially named what between Aug 1997 and Mar 2001?

/wiki/University_of_Maryland_College_of_Information_Studies#P1448#1

University of Maryland College of Information Studies The College of Information Studies ( Marylands iSchool ) is a school within the University of Maryland , College Park in Maryland , United States . The College offers graduate study leading to the Master of Library and Information Science ( MLIS ) , the Master of Information Management ( MIM ) , the Master of Science in Human Computer Interaction ( HCIM ) , and the Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph.D. ) in Information Studies . In addition , it offers an undergraduate degree , the Bachelor of Science in Information Science . The College of Information Studies focuses on creating new designs and addressing issues involving Information Management . History . The iSchool was founded in 1965 with Paul Wasserman as its first dean . Wasserman , a former military man who was part of the Invasion of Normandy , held the post for 5 years . Wasserman was very supportive of research and the school became the first Information school to require a technology course . Wasserman saw technology as a tool for information management . Wasserman was a librarian , and his broad vision helped the program get on its feet . He was constantly traveling and recruiting international faculty members and students . Wasserman would later write an autobiography which is available at McKeldin Library . The schools original name was the School of Library and Information Services and by 1972 it had established its location in Hornbake Librarys South Wing . The school attained full accreditation from the American Library Association ( it has never lost its accreditation ) in 1966 and the first PhD students were in 1967 . In 1991 the school had a major crisis as it was very close to being shut down . In 1993 Ann Prentice became dean of the school . During this time period the University of Marylands Provost prompted a general review of the school and a reexamination of the goals and mission statement . The Provost wanted to promote more innovation , creation , research and services . Therefore , the school went through significant changes as the MLS curriculum was revised and the school started to morph into what it is now , an iSchool . Bruce Dearstyne took over as Interim Dean in 2001 , after Prentice retired , and the transformation continued under his leadership . His signature initiative was introduction of the Master of Information Management program ( MIM ) . In 2005 , Jenny Preece became Dean . Under Preece , the MIM program has grown substantially . In the 2007 school year the MIM program had its highest student body count at 149 . In addition , under Preeces directorship , a new masters program was added , Master of Science in Human-Computer Interaction . In the summer of 2015 , Brian Butler took over as interim dean as Jenny Preece stepped down . Keith Marzullo is the new incoming dean from the summer of 2016 . List of Deans . - Paul Wasserman : 1965-1970 - Michael Reynolds ( interim ) : 1970 - James Liesener ( interim ) : 1970-1971 - Margaret Chisholm : 1971-1975 - Henry Duebster ( interim ) - Keith Wright : 1977-1980 - Michael Reynolds ( interim ) - Anne MacLeod ( interim ) - Claude Walston : 1983-1992 - Ann Prentice : 1993-2001 - Bruce Dearstyne ( interim ) : 2001-2005 - Charles Lowry ( interim ) : 2005 - Jenny Preece : 2005–2015 - Brian Butler ( interim ) : 2015-2016 - Keith Marzullo : 2016-onwards Challenges . The iSchool has faced several challenges throughout its history . Crisis of 1991 . In the 1980s there was heated debate over whether Library Schools should be a part of major research-oriented universities . The University of Chicagos Graduate Library School was closed in 1989 and its closing was attributed to the divorce of the Schools research activities from what the profession perceived as its needs for training . Shortly thereafter , in 1990 , Columbia Universitys School of Library Service was closed . There were reports of fierce opposition from tenured faculty to sever ties to all library communities and reorient priorities to support newly emerging information communities as well as deemphasize professionally relevant education and practitioner connections . In 1991 , coupled with the economic downturn ( the University had implemented furloughs as well ) there was a call for the iSchool at Maryland to be shut down . It was proposed that the school became a department rather than a self-standing college . There was a public , open meeting where the issue was debated . The school was given support by Representative Steny Hoyer . In addition , past deans , faculty and alumni were on hand to counter the proposal . Former students spoke up in defense of the program , attributing their successes in public service jobs to the colleges educational programs . The school was able to avoid being shut down . Transition Phase . In the late 1990s and early 2000s ( decade ) , there was a period of transition within the iSchool . There was a general realization that the field was changing and that the business model was changing . With the advent of the Web and search engines there were changes in how information was being gathered and consumed . There would be more of a demand for Information Technology Professionals rather than Librarians . During this time , there was a lot of funding going to the Human Computer Interaction Lab at the University and with the perceived growth of technology the lab was moved into the South wing of Hornbake Library where the iSchool was located . This move caused some tension as the iSchools teaching library was disbanded and in its place faculty offices and research facilities were set up to accommodate the growth of the school . There was a fight to keep the iSchools library - there were protests and petitions but none were fruitful and the library was removed from Hornbake . There was a recognized opportunity to train professionals for the corporate world and so when Dearstyne took over he helped lead the school as it introduced the new MIM program . Some faculty felt like the school was abandoning its ontology and abandoning libraries as an institution . There wasnt necessarily resistance to the MIM but rather to a second masters program in general . The question , not will it be but what will it be defined the debates . Despite initial concerns , the school has seen a steady rise in acceptance and interest . 2007 was a record year for the MIM program in number of students ( 149 ) . In 2009 U.S . News & World Report recognized Maryland’s iSchool as one of the top information schools in the country , ranking it 10th among all public universities Community . As part of a major research university the iSchool has initiated and led many programs both internally and externally that have helped serve the community . Inside the iSchool . HCIL . The Human Computer Interaction Lab , located in the South wing of Hornbake , has had ties with the community for many years . The Information Policy and Access Center ( iPAC ) . The Information Policy and Research Center ( iPAC ) is a research and education facility that explores social , policy , and technology aspects of information access and use across cultural institutions , government agencies , and other information-based organizations ; communities ; and populations . Researchers at iPAC study what policies and/or technologies lead to equitable and inclusive information access , a digitally literate population , and an informed and engaged public . The Center for the Advanced Study of Communities and Information ( CASCI ) . CASCI is a multidisciplinary network of researchers interested in supporting learning , facilitating innovation , transforming science and scholarship , promoting economic development , and enhancing individual and civic well-being . This network focuses on the facilitation of research and education around technology , information , and organization approaches to help communities realize their potential . The Digital Curation Innovation Center ( DCIC ) . The DCIC is a center focused on education and partnership for research and practice on big archival projects . Specialities include computational and digital archiving bringing together the public , government , and industry for scaled archiving . Privacy Education & Research Lab ( PEARL ) . Dr . Jessica Vitak leads PEARL , which focuses on studying and curating ways for people to manage and understanding their privacy and security in networked contexts including social networking websites and other online communities . Research areas include big data ethics and mobile privacy and surveillance . Ethics and Values in Design Lab ( EViD ) . The EViD lab , led by Dr . Katie Shilton , focuses on the way that ethics and policy affect the design and use of technology . EViD is part of both CASCI and iPAC . Notable Faculty and Accomplishments . - Dr . Diane Barlow helped develop a proposal in 1993 that awarded tuition to women who were part-time students . 6-8 students were chosen and their tuition remitted so they could complete the program . The initiative was part of the schools goal to help provide monetary relief to students during bad economic times . - Dr . Barlow and Dr . Prentice helped initiate a collaboration and exchange program with a Chinese Institution in Beijing . - Dr . Barlow helped expand the schools reach to Shady Grove and now the school has extended its educational reach . - During Prentices deanship there was an increased demand for Library Media Specialists in the state of Maryland . Prince Georges County , Howard County and Montgomery County entered into an agreement with the school where tuition was taken care of for a certain number of students who entered the program . In exchange these students committed to working for the county for a period of time . Outside the iSchool . Research Support . There has been research support for the iSchool from National Science Foundation , Google , IBM , Microsoft , the Library of Congress and the Institute of Museum and Library Services . Kidsteam . Children , ages 7–11 , work with HCIL faculty/staff/students after school and over the summer to create new technologies for children . Curriculum . Bachelor of Science in Information Science . Started in 2016 , the undergraduate program in Information Science is one of the most recent additions to the undergraduate majors offered at the University of Maryland in College Park . Its goal is to educate students in an interdisciplinary curriculum with aspects from computer science , business , and psychology . In the iSchool , this bachelors program is meant to focus on how information , people , and technology come together within the field of Information Science . Undergraduate students focused on this major will learn skills related to online website development essential to the work force . These skills include database design , web and mobile development , and data analytics . These students will also prepare for leadership and management roles while taking humanities classes and engaging in internships . MLIS . The Master of Library & Information Science Program educates students in the knowledge , skills , habits of thought and inquiry , and ethics of the library and information professions to enable them to be leaders in the state , national , and global information society . The program for the MLIS degree requires 36 credit hours of academic work to be completed with a minimum average of B within five calendar years from the first registration . In the non -thesis option , all credits are coursework . The thesis option requires 30 credits of coursework and six credits of thesis research . The usual and recommended course of study for a full-time student is approximately 18–24 months . As of 2018 , the program offered seven specializations : Archives and Digital Curation , Diversity and Inclusion , Intelligence and Analytics , Legal Informatics , School Library , Youth Experience , and the Individualized Program Plan . In addition , there was a Certificate in Museum Scholarship and Material Culture , and a joint program offering the MLIS alongside a masters degree in history . MIM . The MIM program trains information technology professionals who know how to strategically manage information and technology and who understand the issues of information management , business management , computer science , and information systems . The MIM degree requires 36 credit hours of academic work to be completed with a minimum average of B within five calendar years from the first registration . A unique component of the MIM program is the pair of project courses taken at the end of the coursework . One of the courses involves a team project focused on solving an actual information management project at a real-world organization , and the other is an individual project . Each of these courses carry three credits , and require about 120 hours of work per student over a regular semester of three months . As of 2018 , the program offered six specializations : Data Analytics , Strategic Management , User Experience , Technology Development , Individualized Program Plan , and Information Management Research . HCIM . The Master of Science in Human-Computer Interaction degree integrates information studies , computer science , education , psychology and engineering to prepare HCI leaders of the future . Through coursework and research experiences , students in this program will develop skills in : - Fundamentals of Human-Computer Interaction - Advanced research methods - Usability analysis and testing - Social computing strategies and technologies - Technology design Doctoral Program . Students must complete a minimum of 25 graduate credit hours while matriculated at the University of Maryland ( or 28 hours if basic statistics is taken as a graduate course ) . Course-work will be taken in three areas of study which include : Information Studies ( 6 credit hours ) ; Research Methods and Design ( 10 credit hours ) and specialized area ( s ) ( 9 credit hours ) . All students have a First Year Review the first full academic year that a student takes his/her first doctoral seminar . Students prepare a portfolio that self-evaluates progress . This may include papers written for coursework or research , a presentation on a research topic and/or reviews by previous course instructors . A committee of at least three faculty members , a majority of whom must be members of the iSchool faculty , will review the work and inform the student in writing of the results . Students do not take comprehensive exams , but instead write an Integrative Paper that synthesizes and applies knowledge from broad areas of the information field . A committee of at least three faculty members , a majority of whom must be members of the iSchool faculty , approves the topic and abstract of the paper , and certifies its successful completion . The paper will typically be written after completion of coursework or equivalent experience ( e.g. , extensive work in a research environment ) and must be completed and approved before advancement to candidacy . Students are required to successfully defend a dissertation to complete the program . External links . - College of Information Studies - Human Computer Interaction Lab - The Center for the Advanced Study of Communities and Information ( CASCI ) - The Information Policy and Access Center ( iPAC ) - Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities ( MITH ) - The Digital Curation Innovation Center ( DCIC ) - Privacy Education & Research Lab ( PEARL ) - Ethics and Values in Design Lab ( EViD ) - College of Library and Information Cervices records at the University of Maryland Libraries

hard

University of Maryland College of Information Studies was officially named what before Oct 1963?

/wiki/University_of_Maryland_College_of_Information_Studies#P1448#2

University of Maryland College of Information Studies The College of Information Studies ( Marylands iSchool ) is a school within the University of Maryland , College Park in Maryland , United States . The College offers graduate study leading to the Master of Library and Information Science ( MLIS ) , the Master of Information Management ( MIM ) , the Master of Science in Human Computer Interaction ( HCIM ) , and the Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph.D. ) in Information Studies . In addition , it offers an undergraduate degree , the Bachelor of Science in Information Science . The College of Information Studies focuses on creating new designs and addressing issues involving Information Management . History . The iSchool was founded in 1965 with Paul Wasserman as its first dean . Wasserman , a former military man who was part of the Invasion of Normandy , held the post for 5 years . Wasserman was very supportive of research and the school became the first Information school to require a technology course . Wasserman saw technology as a tool for information management . Wasserman was a librarian , and his broad vision helped the program get on its feet . He was constantly traveling and recruiting international faculty members and students . Wasserman would later write an autobiography which is available at McKeldin Library . The schools original name was the School of Library and Information Services and by 1972 it had established its location in Hornbake Librarys South Wing . The school attained full accreditation from the American Library Association ( it has never lost its accreditation ) in 1966 and the first PhD students were in 1967 . In 1991 the school had a major crisis as it was very close to being shut down . In 1993 Ann Prentice became dean of the school . During this time period the University of Marylands Provost prompted a general review of the school and a reexamination of the goals and mission statement . The Provost wanted to promote more innovation , creation , research and services . Therefore , the school went through significant changes as the MLS curriculum was revised and the school started to morph into what it is now , an iSchool . Bruce Dearstyne took over as Interim Dean in 2001 , after Prentice retired , and the transformation continued under his leadership . His signature initiative was introduction of the Master of Information Management program ( MIM ) . In 2005 , Jenny Preece became Dean . Under Preece , the MIM program has grown substantially . In the 2007 school year the MIM program had its highest student body count at 149 . In addition , under Preeces directorship , a new masters program was added , Master of Science in Human-Computer Interaction . In the summer of 2015 , Brian Butler took over as interim dean as Jenny Preece stepped down . Keith Marzullo is the new incoming dean from the summer of 2016 . List of Deans . - Paul Wasserman : 1965-1970 - Michael Reynolds ( interim ) : 1970 - James Liesener ( interim ) : 1970-1971 - Margaret Chisholm : 1971-1975 - Henry Duebster ( interim ) - Keith Wright : 1977-1980 - Michael Reynolds ( interim ) - Anne MacLeod ( interim ) - Claude Walston : 1983-1992 - Ann Prentice : 1993-2001 - Bruce Dearstyne ( interim ) : 2001-2005 - Charles Lowry ( interim ) : 2005 - Jenny Preece : 2005–2015 - Brian Butler ( interim ) : 2015-2016 - Keith Marzullo : 2016-onwards Challenges . The iSchool has faced several challenges throughout its history . Crisis of 1991 . In the 1980s there was heated debate over whether Library Schools should be a part of major research-oriented universities . The University of Chicagos Graduate Library School was closed in 1989 and its closing was attributed to the divorce of the Schools research activities from what the profession perceived as its needs for training . Shortly thereafter , in 1990 , Columbia Universitys School of Library Service was closed . There were reports of fierce opposition from tenured faculty to sever ties to all library communities and reorient priorities to support newly emerging information communities as well as deemphasize professionally relevant education and practitioner connections . In 1991 , coupled with the economic downturn ( the University had implemented furloughs as well ) there was a call for the iSchool at Maryland to be shut down . It was proposed that the school became a department rather than a self-standing college . There was a public , open meeting where the issue was debated . The school was given support by Representative Steny Hoyer . In addition , past deans , faculty and alumni were on hand to counter the proposal . Former students spoke up in defense of the program , attributing their successes in public service jobs to the colleges educational programs . The school was able to avoid being shut down . Transition Phase . In the late 1990s and early 2000s ( decade ) , there was a period of transition within the iSchool . There was a general realization that the field was changing and that the business model was changing . With the advent of the Web and search engines there were changes in how information was being gathered and consumed . There would be more of a demand for Information Technology Professionals rather than Librarians . During this time , there was a lot of funding going to the Human Computer Interaction Lab at the University and with the perceived growth of technology the lab was moved into the South wing of Hornbake Library where the iSchool was located . This move caused some tension as the iSchools teaching library was disbanded and in its place faculty offices and research facilities were set up to accommodate the growth of the school . There was a fight to keep the iSchools library - there were protests and petitions but none were fruitful and the library was removed from Hornbake . There was a recognized opportunity to train professionals for the corporate world and so when Dearstyne took over he helped lead the school as it introduced the new MIM program . Some faculty felt like the school was abandoning its ontology and abandoning libraries as an institution . There wasnt necessarily resistance to the MIM but rather to a second masters program in general . The question , not will it be but what will it be defined the debates . Despite initial concerns , the school has seen a steady rise in acceptance and interest . 2007 was a record year for the MIM program in number of students ( 149 ) . In 2009 U.S . News & World Report recognized Maryland’s iSchool as one of the top information schools in the country , ranking it 10th among all public universities Community . As part of a major research university the iSchool has initiated and led many programs both internally and externally that have helped serve the community . Inside the iSchool . HCIL . The Human Computer Interaction Lab , located in the South wing of Hornbake , has had ties with the community for many years . The Information Policy and Access Center ( iPAC ) . The Information Policy and Research Center ( iPAC ) is a research and education facility that explores social , policy , and technology aspects of information access and use across cultural institutions , government agencies , and other information-based organizations ; communities ; and populations . Researchers at iPAC study what policies and/or technologies lead to equitable and inclusive information access , a digitally literate population , and an informed and engaged public . The Center for the Advanced Study of Communities and Information ( CASCI ) . CASCI is a multidisciplinary network of researchers interested in supporting learning , facilitating innovation , transforming science and scholarship , promoting economic development , and enhancing individual and civic well-being . This network focuses on the facilitation of research and education around technology , information , and organization approaches to help communities realize their potential . The Digital Curation Innovation Center ( DCIC ) . The DCIC is a center focused on education and partnership for research and practice on big archival projects . Specialities include computational and digital archiving bringing together the public , government , and industry for scaled archiving . Privacy Education & Research Lab ( PEARL ) . Dr . Jessica Vitak leads PEARL , which focuses on studying and curating ways for people to manage and understanding their privacy and security in networked contexts including social networking websites and other online communities . Research areas include big data ethics and mobile privacy and surveillance . Ethics and Values in Design Lab ( EViD ) . The EViD lab , led by Dr . Katie Shilton , focuses on the way that ethics and policy affect the design and use of technology . EViD is part of both CASCI and iPAC . Notable Faculty and Accomplishments . - Dr . Diane Barlow helped develop a proposal in 1993 that awarded tuition to women who were part-time students . 6-8 students were chosen and their tuition remitted so they could complete the program . The initiative was part of the schools goal to help provide monetary relief to students during bad economic times . - Dr . Barlow and Dr . Prentice helped initiate a collaboration and exchange program with a Chinese Institution in Beijing . - Dr . Barlow helped expand the schools reach to Shady Grove and now the school has extended its educational reach . - During Prentices deanship there was an increased demand for Library Media Specialists in the state of Maryland . Prince Georges County , Howard County and Montgomery County entered into an agreement with the school where tuition was taken care of for a certain number of students who entered the program . In exchange these students committed to working for the county for a period of time . Outside the iSchool . Research Support . There has been research support for the iSchool from National Science Foundation , Google , IBM , Microsoft , the Library of Congress and the Institute of Museum and Library Services . Kidsteam . Children , ages 7–11 , work with HCIL faculty/staff/students after school and over the summer to create new technologies for children . Curriculum . Bachelor of Science in Information Science . Started in 2016 , the undergraduate program in Information Science is one of the most recent additions to the undergraduate majors offered at the University of Maryland in College Park . Its goal is to educate students in an interdisciplinary curriculum with aspects from computer science , business , and psychology . In the iSchool , this bachelors program is meant to focus on how information , people , and technology come together within the field of Information Science . Undergraduate students focused on this major will learn skills related to online website development essential to the work force . These skills include database design , web and mobile development , and data analytics . These students will also prepare for leadership and management roles while taking humanities classes and engaging in internships . MLIS . The Master of Library & Information Science Program educates students in the knowledge , skills , habits of thought and inquiry , and ethics of the library and information professions to enable them to be leaders in the state , national , and global information society . The program for the MLIS degree requires 36 credit hours of academic work to be completed with a minimum average of B within five calendar years from the first registration . In the non -thesis option , all credits are coursework . The thesis option requires 30 credits of coursework and six credits of thesis research . The usual and recommended course of study for a full-time student is approximately 18–24 months . As of 2018 , the program offered seven specializations : Archives and Digital Curation , Diversity and Inclusion , Intelligence and Analytics , Legal Informatics , School Library , Youth Experience , and the Individualized Program Plan . In addition , there was a Certificate in Museum Scholarship and Material Culture , and a joint program offering the MLIS alongside a masters degree in history . MIM . The MIM program trains information technology professionals who know how to strategically manage information and technology and who understand the issues of information management , business management , computer science , and information systems . The MIM degree requires 36 credit hours of academic work to be completed with a minimum average of B within five calendar years from the first registration . A unique component of the MIM program is the pair of project courses taken at the end of the coursework . One of the courses involves a team project focused on solving an actual information management project at a real-world organization , and the other is an individual project . Each of these courses carry three credits , and require about 120 hours of work per student over a regular semester of three months . As of 2018 , the program offered six specializations : Data Analytics , Strategic Management , User Experience , Technology Development , Individualized Program Plan , and Information Management Research . HCIM . The Master of Science in Human-Computer Interaction degree integrates information studies , computer science , education , psychology and engineering to prepare HCI leaders of the future . Through coursework and research experiences , students in this program will develop skills in : - Fundamentals of Human-Computer Interaction - Advanced research methods - Usability analysis and testing - Social computing strategies and technologies - Technology design Doctoral Program . Students must complete a minimum of 25 graduate credit hours while matriculated at the University of Maryland ( or 28 hours if basic statistics is taken as a graduate course ) . Course-work will be taken in three areas of study which include : Information Studies ( 6 credit hours ) ; Research Methods and Design ( 10 credit hours ) and specialized area ( s ) ( 9 credit hours ) . All students have a First Year Review the first full academic year that a student takes his/her first doctoral seminar . Students prepare a portfolio that self-evaluates progress . This may include papers written for coursework or research , a presentation on a research topic and/or reviews by previous course instructors . A committee of at least three faculty members , a majority of whom must be members of the iSchool faculty , will review the work and inform the student in writing of the results . Students do not take comprehensive exams , but instead write an Integrative Paper that synthesizes and applies knowledge from broad areas of the information field . A committee of at least three faculty members , a majority of whom must be members of the iSchool faculty , approves the topic and abstract of the paper , and certifies its successful completion . The paper will typically be written after completion of coursework or equivalent experience ( e.g. , extensive work in a research environment ) and must be completed and approved before advancement to candidacy . Students are required to successfully defend a dissertation to complete the program . External links . - College of Information Studies - Human Computer Interaction Lab - The Center for the Advanced Study of Communities and Information ( CASCI ) - The Information Policy and Access Center ( iPAC ) - Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities ( MITH ) - The Digital Curation Innovation Center ( DCIC ) - Privacy Education & Research Lab ( PEARL ) - Ethics and Values in Design Lab ( EViD ) - College of Library and Information Cervices records at the University of Maryland Libraries

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Which organization owned University of Tours between Nov 2014 and Dec 2014?

/wiki/University_of_Tours#P749#0

University of Tours The University of Tours ( French : Université de Tours ) , till 18 December 2017 François Rabelais University of Tours ( Université François-Rabelais de Tours ) , is a public university in Tours , France . The university was formerly named after the French writer François Rabelais , and was founded in 1969 . It is the largest university in the Centre-Val de Loire region . As of July 2015 it is a member of the regional university association Leonardo da Vinci consolidated University . History . The University of Tours was established as part of efforts to modernize and democratize higher education in France after the events of 1968 . The university was created by grouping together a number of older educational institutions . Organisation . The university has a number of campuses , often dedicated to a specific faculty , distributed across the city of Tours : - Plat d’Étain ( administration and offices ) - Tanneurs ( languages and literature , arts and humanities ) - Tonnellé ( medicine ) - Portalis/Deux-Lions ( engineering , law , economics , geography ) - Grandmont ( sciences , pharmaceutical studies ) - Pont-Volant ( contains a University Institute of Technology ) - Fromont - Emile Zola The university also has a satellite campus in Blois . Academics . The university comprises seven departments , as well as an engineering school and two technology institutes : - Department of Arts and Humanities - Center for Advanced Renaissance Studies ( Centre dEtudes Supérieures de la Renaissance ) - Department of Law , Economics and Social Sciences - Department of Literature and Languages - Department of Medicine - Department of Sciences and Technology - Department of Pharmacy - School of Engineering ( Ecole Polytechnique de luniversité de Tours ) - Tours University Institute of Technology ( Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Tours ) - Blois University Institute of Technology ( Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Blois ) The university offers bachelor , master and doctorate degrees in line with the Bologna Process . It also provides Technological Diploma courses ( diplômes universitaire de technologie ) through the two University Institutes of Technology . Several other institutions operate within the framework of the university : - École publique de journalisme de Tours , a semi-autonomous journalism school affiliated to the university . - Centre hospitalier régional et universitaire de Tours ( CHU de Tours ) , a grouping of six regional hospitals affiliated to the university that collaborate on health services and medical training . - Institut européen dhistoire et des cultures de lalimentation , a humanities and social sciences research center that studies the history of food cultures . Research . Research at the University is at the forefront in the social sciences and humanities in the study of the Renaissance through the Graduate Center of the Renaissance since 1956 and in knowledge of food heritage through a program ambitious research at the Institute of European history and culture of food . The University of Tours is also distinguished in the field of materials for energy technology research with the Microelectronic at CERTEM in collaboration with ST Microelectronics in 1996 . The research also extends into the field of medical imaging and bio-medicine , oncology , and eminently in the study of autism at the University Hospital of Tours . Geo-science and environment with the study of insects at the Institute for Research on the biology of the insect ( IRBI ) . Since 1969 the CESA , Planning Department today PolytechTours research in the field of cities , territories and societies is deemed to France . Finally the University of Tours works in the field of mathematical research through the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Mathematics . Rankings . In 2016 , the Center for World University Rankings placed François Rabelais University 682nd in the world and 30th in France . François Rabelais University undergraduate law program is ranked 3rd in France by Eduniversal , with 3 stars ( 2016/17 ) . Alumni . Well-known alumni of the university include : - Marie-Laure Augry - France 3 journalist . - Philippe Briand - member of the National Assembly . - Adolé Isabelle Glitho-Akueson - Professor of Animal Biology at the University of Lome . - Moshe Prywes , Israeli physician and first President of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev . - Harry Roselmack - TF1 journalist .

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Which organization owned University of Tours between Jan 2016 and Sep 2016?

/wiki/University_of_Tours#P749#1

University of Tours The University of Tours ( French : Université de Tours ) , till 18 December 2017 François Rabelais University of Tours ( Université François-Rabelais de Tours ) , is a public university in Tours , France . The university was formerly named after the French writer François Rabelais , and was founded in 1969 . It is the largest university in the Centre-Val de Loire region . As of July 2015 it is a member of the regional university association Leonardo da Vinci consolidated University . History . The University of Tours was established as part of efforts to modernize and democratize higher education in France after the events of 1968 . The university was created by grouping together a number of older educational institutions . Organisation . The university has a number of campuses , often dedicated to a specific faculty , distributed across the city of Tours : - Plat d’Étain ( administration and offices ) - Tanneurs ( languages and literature , arts and humanities ) - Tonnellé ( medicine ) - Portalis/Deux-Lions ( engineering , law , economics , geography ) - Grandmont ( sciences , pharmaceutical studies ) - Pont-Volant ( contains a University Institute of Technology ) - Fromont - Emile Zola The university also has a satellite campus in Blois . Academics . The university comprises seven departments , as well as an engineering school and two technology institutes : - Department of Arts and Humanities - Center for Advanced Renaissance Studies ( Centre dEtudes Supérieures de la Renaissance ) - Department of Law , Economics and Social Sciences - Department of Literature and Languages - Department of Medicine - Department of Sciences and Technology - Department of Pharmacy - School of Engineering ( Ecole Polytechnique de luniversité de Tours ) - Tours University Institute of Technology ( Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Tours ) - Blois University Institute of Technology ( Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Blois ) The university offers bachelor , master and doctorate degrees in line with the Bologna Process . It also provides Technological Diploma courses ( diplômes universitaire de technologie ) through the two University Institutes of Technology . Several other institutions operate within the framework of the university : - École publique de journalisme de Tours , a semi-autonomous journalism school affiliated to the university . - Centre hospitalier régional et universitaire de Tours ( CHU de Tours ) , a grouping of six regional hospitals affiliated to the university that collaborate on health services and medical training . - Institut européen dhistoire et des cultures de lalimentation , a humanities and social sciences research center that studies the history of food cultures . Research . Research at the University is at the forefront in the social sciences and humanities in the study of the Renaissance through the Graduate Center of the Renaissance since 1956 and in knowledge of food heritage through a program ambitious research at the Institute of European history and culture of food . The University of Tours is also distinguished in the field of materials for energy technology research with the Microelectronic at CERTEM in collaboration with ST Microelectronics in 1996 . The research also extends into the field of medical imaging and bio-medicine , oncology , and eminently in the study of autism at the University Hospital of Tours . Geo-science and environment with the study of insects at the Institute for Research on the biology of the insect ( IRBI ) . Since 1969 the CESA , Planning Department today PolytechTours research in the field of cities , territories and societies is deemed to France . Finally the University of Tours works in the field of mathematical research through the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Mathematics . Rankings . In 2016 , the Center for World University Rankings placed François Rabelais University 682nd in the world and 30th in France . François Rabelais University undergraduate law program is ranked 3rd in France by Eduniversal , with 3 stars ( 2016/17 ) . Alumni . Well-known alumni of the university include : - Marie-Laure Augry - France 3 journalist . - Philippe Briand - member of the National Assembly . - Adolé Isabelle Glitho-Akueson - Professor of Animal Biology at the University of Lome . - Moshe Prywes , Israeli physician and first President of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev . - Harry Roselmack - TF1 journalist .

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Which organization owned University of Tours after Mar 2017?

/wiki/University_of_Tours#P749#2

University of Tours The University of Tours ( French : Université de Tours ) , till 18 December 2017 François Rabelais University of Tours ( Université François-Rabelais de Tours ) , is a public university in Tours , France . The university was formerly named after the French writer François Rabelais , and was founded in 1969 . It is the largest university in the Centre-Val de Loire region . As of July 2015 it is a member of the regional university association Leonardo da Vinci consolidated University . History . The University of Tours was established as part of efforts to modernize and democratize higher education in France after the events of 1968 . The university was created by grouping together a number of older educational institutions . Organisation . The university has a number of campuses , often dedicated to a specific faculty , distributed across the city of Tours : - Plat d’Étain ( administration and offices ) - Tanneurs ( languages and literature , arts and humanities ) - Tonnellé ( medicine ) - Portalis/Deux-Lions ( engineering , law , economics , geography ) - Grandmont ( sciences , pharmaceutical studies ) - Pont-Volant ( contains a University Institute of Technology ) - Fromont - Emile Zola The university also has a satellite campus in Blois . Academics . The university comprises seven departments , as well as an engineering school and two technology institutes : - Department of Arts and Humanities - Center for Advanced Renaissance Studies ( Centre dEtudes Supérieures de la Renaissance ) - Department of Law , Economics and Social Sciences - Department of Literature and Languages - Department of Medicine - Department of Sciences and Technology - Department of Pharmacy - School of Engineering ( Ecole Polytechnique de luniversité de Tours ) - Tours University Institute of Technology ( Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Tours ) - Blois University Institute of Technology ( Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Blois ) The university offers bachelor , master and doctorate degrees in line with the Bologna Process . It also provides Technological Diploma courses ( diplômes universitaire de technologie ) through the two University Institutes of Technology . Several other institutions operate within the framework of the university : - École publique de journalisme de Tours , a semi-autonomous journalism school affiliated to the university . - Centre hospitalier régional et universitaire de Tours ( CHU de Tours ) , a grouping of six regional hospitals affiliated to the university that collaborate on health services and medical training . - Institut européen dhistoire et des cultures de lalimentation , a humanities and social sciences research center that studies the history of food cultures . Research . Research at the University is at the forefront in the social sciences and humanities in the study of the Renaissance through the Graduate Center of the Renaissance since 1956 and in knowledge of food heritage through a program ambitious research at the Institute of European history and culture of food . The University of Tours is also distinguished in the field of materials for energy technology research with the Microelectronic at CERTEM in collaboration with ST Microelectronics in 1996 . The research also extends into the field of medical imaging and bio-medicine , oncology , and eminently in the study of autism at the University Hospital of Tours . Geo-science and environment with the study of insects at the Institute for Research on the biology of the insect ( IRBI ) . Since 1969 the CESA , Planning Department today PolytechTours research in the field of cities , territories and societies is deemed to France . Finally the University of Tours works in the field of mathematical research through the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Mathematics . Rankings . In 2016 , the Center for World University Rankings placed François Rabelais University 682nd in the world and 30th in France . François Rabelais University undergraduate law program is ranked 3rd in France by Eduniversal , with 3 stars ( 2016/17 ) . Alumni . Well-known alumni of the university include : - Marie-Laure Augry - France 3 journalist . - Philippe Briand - member of the National Assembly . - Adolé Isabelle Glitho-Akueson - Professor of Animal Biology at the University of Lome . - Moshe Prywes , Israeli physician and first President of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev . - Harry Roselmack - TF1 journalist .

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Who owned Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. before Sep 1963?

/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica,_Inc.#P127#0

Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . is a British-American company known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica , the worlds oldest continuously published encyclopaedia , as well as extensive digital efforts—including text and audiovisual—that are aimed at educational tools for primary and secondary schools , and for everyday learners accessing information through online search . In 2012 , after 244 years , Britannica ended the print editions , with the 32 volumes of the 2010 encyclopædia being the last to be printed in the traditional hard-bound volumes . By the time the company had stopped publishing the print editions , their sales only represented about 1% of their business . Since then , Britannica has published the encyclopedia exclusively online . History . Founding years . The company was founded in Edinburgh , Scotland , in the 18th century , during the historical period termed the Scottish Enlightenment . Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell began the first edition in 1768 . The pair engaged William Smellie , who produced most of the articles in the first edition . The second edition was published in 1784 . After Macfarquhars death in 1793 , Bell became its sole proprietor , and published the third and fourth editions . Archibald Constable , an Edinburgh publisher , published the fifth and sixth editions . When Constable died in 1827 , A & C Black Ltd . bought the copyrights to the encyclopædia at auction , and they published it for the next 70 years . Beginning with the ninth edition in 1875 , the range of topics were expanded by bringing in contributors from the literary field , social sciences and the scientific community . The ninth edition has since been acknowledged as one of the most impressive collections of scholarship ever produced . In 1901 , Horace E . Hooper and Walter M . Jackson purchased all copyrights to the encyclopædia . Hooper and Jackson formed companies in both the United States and England . Hugh Chisholm became the editor for the tenth , eleventh and twelfth editions . Sears Roebuck ownership . In 1915 , Sears agreed to market a new and less expensive version of the eleventh edition for middle-class buyers . In 1920 , Sears bought Britannica outright , and after only three years of operation , Sears reported a loss of $1.8 million . In 1923 , they sold the company back to the widow of Hooper ( who had died in 1922 ) and her brother William Cox . They published the twelfth and thirteenth editions in 1922 and 1926 . After Cox failed to raise the money needed to publish the fourteenth edition , Sears ended up financing it , and resumed ownership of Britannica in 1928 . In 1932 , Sears restructured Britannica , ending sales through their outlets , opting instead for a network of sales representatives who went door-to-door , and staffing booths at conventions and shopping centers . In 1938 , Britannica began publishing a yearly synopsis of world events , called the Britannica Book of the Year . Benton family ownership . In 1941 , Britannica was gifted to the University of Chicago by Sears . However , the university didnt believe they could manage the company . William Benton , then vice president of the university , offered to put up the operating capital to protect the university against any losses . Benton bought two‐thirds of the stock , and subsequently bought the remaining third . In 1952 , Benton started preparations for the fifteenth edition . Britannica acquired Merriam-Webster in 1964 and Comptons Encyclopedia as well in the early 1960s . Benton died in 1973 , before the fifteenth edition was published in 1974 . The newly titled Britannica 3 , was composed of a ten-volume Micropædia , a 19-volume Macropædia and a one-volume guide to the encyclopædias use , called Propædia . In 1985 , a two-volume index was added , as well as other refinements . Robert P . Gwinn succeeded Benton as publisher and chairman of Britannica in 1974 . He divided the companys operations into Britannica USA and Britannica International . In 1990 , nearly 120,000 encyclopædias were sold in the United States , with sales for the year rising to $650 million . By 1994 , sales had slumped to $453 million , with only 51,000 sets being sold in the states . Sales continued to decline after 1994 , finally forcing the company to close more than 70 percent of its sales offices . Safra ownership . In 1996 , Britannica was sold to an investment group led by Jacob E . Safra , a Switzerland-based financier . He restructured the company , laying off more than 120 people including many of the companys top employees . Safra also dissolved the home sales force , with an additional 140 losing their jobs , along with 300 independent contractors . In 1999 , they launched Britannica.com , which contained the complete Encyclopædia Britannica . The website repeatedly crashed on its opening day , due to an estimated ten million users who attempted to access the site . After several days of continued problems it was shut down , and restarted a few weeks later with upgraded capacity . Britannica.com laid off 20 percent of its work force one year later . In 2009 , Britannica Global Edition was printed with 30 volumes . It contained over 40,000 articles and 8,500 photographs . In 2012 , after 244 years , Britannica ended the print editions , with the 32 volumes of the 2010 installment being the last on paper ; future editions have been published exclusively online since . In 2018 , the company released Britannica Insights , an extension for the Chrome web browser . The extension supplements Googles featured snippets with accurate information . In 2019 , in a partnership with Binumi , Britannica released a video product that gives schools the opportunity to use millions of royalty-free multimedia clips , to create digital storytelling projects about content they are already teaching .

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Who owned Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. in Aug 1983?

/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica,_Inc.#P127#1

Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . is a British-American company known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica , the worlds oldest continuously published encyclopaedia , as well as extensive digital efforts—including text and audiovisual—that are aimed at educational tools for primary and secondary schools , and for everyday learners accessing information through online search . In 2012 , after 244 years , Britannica ended the print editions , with the 32 volumes of the 2010 encyclopædia being the last to be printed in the traditional hard-bound volumes . By the time the company had stopped publishing the print editions , their sales only represented about 1% of their business . Since then , Britannica has published the encyclopedia exclusively online . History . Founding years . The company was founded in Edinburgh , Scotland , in the 18th century , during the historical period termed the Scottish Enlightenment . Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell began the first edition in 1768 . The pair engaged William Smellie , who produced most of the articles in the first edition . The second edition was published in 1784 . After Macfarquhars death in 1793 , Bell became its sole proprietor , and published the third and fourth editions . Archibald Constable , an Edinburgh publisher , published the fifth and sixth editions . When Constable died in 1827 , A & C Black Ltd . bought the copyrights to the encyclopædia at auction , and they published it for the next 70 years . Beginning with the ninth edition in 1875 , the range of topics were expanded by bringing in contributors from the literary field , social sciences and the scientific community . The ninth edition has since been acknowledged as one of the most impressive collections of scholarship ever produced . In 1901 , Horace E . Hooper and Walter M . Jackson purchased all copyrights to the encyclopædia . Hooper and Jackson formed companies in both the United States and England . Hugh Chisholm became the editor for the tenth , eleventh and twelfth editions . Sears Roebuck ownership . In 1915 , Sears agreed to market a new and less expensive version of the eleventh edition for middle-class buyers . In 1920 , Sears bought Britannica outright , and after only three years of operation , Sears reported a loss of $1.8 million . In 1923 , they sold the company back to the widow of Hooper ( who had died in 1922 ) and her brother William Cox . They published the twelfth and thirteenth editions in 1922 and 1926 . After Cox failed to raise the money needed to publish the fourteenth edition , Sears ended up financing it , and resumed ownership of Britannica in 1928 . In 1932 , Sears restructured Britannica , ending sales through their outlets , opting instead for a network of sales representatives who went door-to-door , and staffing booths at conventions and shopping centers . In 1938 , Britannica began publishing a yearly synopsis of world events , called the Britannica Book of the Year . Benton family ownership . In 1941 , Britannica was gifted to the University of Chicago by Sears . However , the university didnt believe they could manage the company . William Benton , then vice president of the university , offered to put up the operating capital to protect the university against any losses . Benton bought two‐thirds of the stock , and subsequently bought the remaining third . In 1952 , Benton started preparations for the fifteenth edition . Britannica acquired Merriam-Webster in 1964 and Comptons Encyclopedia as well in the early 1960s . Benton died in 1973 , before the fifteenth edition was published in 1974 . The newly titled Britannica 3 , was composed of a ten-volume Micropædia , a 19-volume Macropædia and a one-volume guide to the encyclopædias use , called Propædia . In 1985 , a two-volume index was added , as well as other refinements . Robert P . Gwinn succeeded Benton as publisher and chairman of Britannica in 1974 . He divided the companys operations into Britannica USA and Britannica International . In 1990 , nearly 120,000 encyclopædias were sold in the United States , with sales for the year rising to $650 million . By 1994 , sales had slumped to $453 million , with only 51,000 sets being sold in the states . Sales continued to decline after 1994 , finally forcing the company to close more than 70 percent of its sales offices . Safra ownership . In 1996 , Britannica was sold to an investment group led by Jacob E . Safra , a Switzerland-based financier . He restructured the company , laying off more than 120 people including many of the companys top employees . Safra also dissolved the home sales force , with an additional 140 losing their jobs , along with 300 independent contractors . In 1999 , they launched Britannica.com , which contained the complete Encyclopædia Britannica . The website repeatedly crashed on its opening day , due to an estimated ten million users who attempted to access the site . After several days of continued problems it was shut down , and restarted a few weeks later with upgraded capacity . Britannica.com laid off 20 percent of its work force one year later . In 2009 , Britannica Global Edition was printed with 30 volumes . It contained over 40,000 articles and 8,500 photographs . In 2012 , after 244 years , Britannica ended the print editions , with the 32 volumes of the 2010 installment being the last on paper ; future editions have been published exclusively online since . In 2018 , the company released Britannica Insights , an extension for the Chrome web browser . The extension supplements Googles featured snippets with accurate information . In 2019 , in a partnership with Binumi , Britannica released a video product that gives schools the opportunity to use millions of royalty-free multimedia clips , to create digital storytelling projects about content they are already teaching .

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Who owned Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. in Jul 1996?

/wiki/Encyclopædia_Britannica,_Inc.#P127#2

Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . is a British-American company known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica , the worlds oldest continuously published encyclopaedia , as well as extensive digital efforts—including text and audiovisual—that are aimed at educational tools for primary and secondary schools , and for everyday learners accessing information through online search . In 2012 , after 244 years , Britannica ended the print editions , with the 32 volumes of the 2010 encyclopædia being the last to be printed in the traditional hard-bound volumes . By the time the company had stopped publishing the print editions , their sales only represented about 1% of their business . Since then , Britannica has published the encyclopedia exclusively online . History . Founding years . The company was founded in Edinburgh , Scotland , in the 18th century , during the historical period termed the Scottish Enlightenment . Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell began the first edition in 1768 . The pair engaged William Smellie , who produced most of the articles in the first edition . The second edition was published in 1784 . After Macfarquhars death in 1793 , Bell became its sole proprietor , and published the third and fourth editions . Archibald Constable , an Edinburgh publisher , published the fifth and sixth editions . When Constable died in 1827 , A & C Black Ltd . bought the copyrights to the encyclopædia at auction , and they published it for the next 70 years . Beginning with the ninth edition in 1875 , the range of topics were expanded by bringing in contributors from the literary field , social sciences and the scientific community . The ninth edition has since been acknowledged as one of the most impressive collections of scholarship ever produced . In 1901 , Horace E . Hooper and Walter M . Jackson purchased all copyrights to the encyclopædia . Hooper and Jackson formed companies in both the United States and England . Hugh Chisholm became the editor for the tenth , eleventh and twelfth editions . Sears Roebuck ownership . In 1915 , Sears agreed to market a new and less expensive version of the eleventh edition for middle-class buyers . In 1920 , Sears bought Britannica outright , and after only three years of operation , Sears reported a loss of $1.8 million . In 1923 , they sold the company back to the widow of Hooper ( who had died in 1922 ) and her brother William Cox . They published the twelfth and thirteenth editions in 1922 and 1926 . After Cox failed to raise the money needed to publish the fourteenth edition , Sears ended up financing it , and resumed ownership of Britannica in 1928 . In 1932 , Sears restructured Britannica , ending sales through their outlets , opting instead for a network of sales representatives who went door-to-door , and staffing booths at conventions and shopping centers . In 1938 , Britannica began publishing a yearly synopsis of world events , called the Britannica Book of the Year . Benton family ownership . In 1941 , Britannica was gifted to the University of Chicago by Sears . However , the university didnt believe they could manage the company . William Benton , then vice president of the university , offered to put up the operating capital to protect the university against any losses . Benton bought two‐thirds of the stock , and subsequently bought the remaining third . In 1952 , Benton started preparations for the fifteenth edition . Britannica acquired Merriam-Webster in 1964 and Comptons Encyclopedia as well in the early 1960s . Benton died in 1973 , before the fifteenth edition was published in 1974 . The newly titled Britannica 3 , was composed of a ten-volume Micropædia , a 19-volume Macropædia and a one-volume guide to the encyclopædias use , called Propædia . In 1985 , a two-volume index was added , as well as other refinements . Robert P . Gwinn succeeded Benton as publisher and chairman of Britannica in 1974 . He divided the companys operations into Britannica USA and Britannica International . In 1990 , nearly 120,000 encyclopædias were sold in the United States , with sales for the year rising to $650 million . By 1994 , sales had slumped to $453 million , with only 51,000 sets being sold in the states . Sales continued to decline after 1994 , finally forcing the company to close more than 70 percent of its sales offices . Safra ownership . In 1996 , Britannica was sold to an investment group led by Jacob E . Safra , a Switzerland-based financier . He restructured the company , laying off more than 120 people including many of the companys top employees . Safra also dissolved the home sales force , with an additional 140 losing their jobs , along with 300 independent contractors . In 1999 , they launched Britannica.com , which contained the complete Encyclopædia Britannica . The website repeatedly crashed on its opening day , due to an estimated ten million users who attempted to access the site . After several days of continued problems it was shut down , and restarted a few weeks later with upgraded capacity . Britannica.com laid off 20 percent of its work force one year later . In 2009 , Britannica Global Edition was printed with 30 volumes . It contained over 40,000 articles and 8,500 photographs . In 2012 , after 244 years , Britannica ended the print editions , with the 32 volumes of the 2010 installment being the last on paper ; future editions have been published exclusively online since . In 2018 , the company released Britannica Insights , an extension for the Chrome web browser . The extension supplements Googles featured snippets with accurate information . In 2019 , in a partnership with Binumi , Britannica released a video product that gives schools the opportunity to use millions of royalty-free multimedia clips , to create digital storytelling projects about content they are already teaching .

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Robin Walker took which position in Aug 2012?

/wiki/Robin_Walker#P39#0

Robin Walker Robin Caspar Walker ( born 12 April 1978 ) is a British politician serving as Minister of State for Northern Ireland since 2020 . A member of the Conservative Party , he was a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State serving jointly between the Scotland Office and Northern Ireland Office under Prime Minister Boris Johnson from 2019 to 2020 . Walker has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Worcester since 2010 . He identifies as a one-nation Conservative . Education . Robin Caspar Walker was educated at St Pauls School , an independent school for boys in Barnes in West London , followed by a scholarship at Balliol College , Oxford , where he read Ancient and Modern History . His father was Lord Walker of Worcester , who was the MP for Worcester from 1961 to 1992 . Career . After leaving University , Walker set up his own internet business , before pursuing a career in the City of London with the financial communications company Finsbury . Walker has campaigned in three elections , working for Secretary of State for Health Stephen Dorrell in 1997 , for Richard Adams , the Conservative Candidate for Worcester in 2001 , and as press officer for Oliver Letwin , then Shadow Chancellor , in 2005 . In the 2010 General Election , he defeated incumbent MP Mike Foster to win the Worcester seat , eighteen years after his father retired as a member of parliament for the same constituency ( with revised boundaries ) and joined the House of Lords . Parliamentary career . Walker was selected to contest the Worcester constituency in August 2006 , in which he was elected in 2010 , and then was re elected in the 2015 General Election , defeating Labour challenger Joy Squires . Since being elected Member of Parliament for Worcester , Walker has campaigned for jobs for local people in Worcester , more and better apprenticeships , fairer funding in education , cutting fuel duty as well as a referendum on the European Union . Walker was elected to the Business Innovation and Skills Committee in 2012 , focusing on apprenticeships , SME ( small and medium-sized enterprises ) policy and business rates reform to improve opportunities for young people and businesses . He was made Parliamentary Private Secretary to Elizabeth Truss , the Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs , in September 2014 . Walker was one of a small group of Conservative MPs who rebelled from the party line and voted in favour of an in/out referendum on Britains membership of the European Union . He ultimately supported the governments plan to hold a referendum by 2017 , and voted against a rebel amendment to hold the referendum in 2014 . Walker has campaigned for fairer funding in education as a member of the cross party F40 campaign , which in 2014 secured an extra £350 million for lower funded areas – £5 million of which is earmarked for Worcestershire . Walker was made the Chairman of the All Party Group for Credit Unions in October 2014 . Walker has supported a number of cross party initiatives on making credit unions available in post offices as well as helping them to compete with larger lenders . He had also received the Citizens Advice Parliamentarian of the Year Award earlier in the year , in recognition for his campaign for better regulation of pay day lenders . In July 2014 , Walker called on Prime Minister David Cameron to use every tool in the box to de-escalate the violence in Gaza , and bring both sides to the table . Later that year , Walker campaigned for a two-hour train service from Worcester to London , citing benefits to local constituents and businesses . He spoke on this topic during a parliamentary debate in the House of Commons calling for a faster and more frequent train service . In May 2015 , Walker was made PPS to Secretary of State for Education , Nicky Morgan and also sat on the House of Commons Select Committee for Administration . Walker was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 Referendum . In July 2016 , he was appointed as Minister at the Department for Exiting the European Union , in the government led by Theresa May . He campaigned for Scotland to remain part of the United Kingdom during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum . In October 2016 , Walker formally debated a petition calling for the observance of a British Independence Day in the United Kingdom . Arguing against , he said that tempting though that might be , I think the idea of an independence day would face fierce competition from the likes of St Georges Day , Trafalgar Day and many more . Personal life . Walker is a long-term supporter of both Worcester RFC The Worcester Warriors and the Worcestershire County Cricket Club . He wore the Worcestershire CCC tie whilst delivering his maiden parliamentary speech in the House of Commons . On 9 April 2011 , Walker married Charlotte Keenan , former Chief Executive of the Tony Blair Faith Foundation . Their daughter , Hermione , was born in 2018 . External links . - Official website - Worcester Conservatives

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Robin Walker took which position in Jan 2016?

/wiki/Robin_Walker#P39#1

Robin Walker Robin Caspar Walker ( born 12 April 1978 ) is a British politician serving as Minister of State for Northern Ireland since 2020 . A member of the Conservative Party , he was a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State serving jointly between the Scotland Office and Northern Ireland Office under Prime Minister Boris Johnson from 2019 to 2020 . Walker has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Worcester since 2010 . He identifies as a one-nation Conservative . Education . Robin Caspar Walker was educated at St Pauls School , an independent school for boys in Barnes in West London , followed by a scholarship at Balliol College , Oxford , where he read Ancient and Modern History . His father was Lord Walker of Worcester , who was the MP for Worcester from 1961 to 1992 . Career . After leaving University , Walker set up his own internet business , before pursuing a career in the City of London with the financial communications company Finsbury . Walker has campaigned in three elections , working for Secretary of State for Health Stephen Dorrell in 1997 , for Richard Adams , the Conservative Candidate for Worcester in 2001 , and as press officer for Oliver Letwin , then Shadow Chancellor , in 2005 . In the 2010 General Election , he defeated incumbent MP Mike Foster to win the Worcester seat , eighteen years after his father retired as a member of parliament for the same constituency ( with revised boundaries ) and joined the House of Lords . Parliamentary career . Walker was selected to contest the Worcester constituency in August 2006 , in which he was elected in 2010 , and then was re elected in the 2015 General Election , defeating Labour challenger Joy Squires . Since being elected Member of Parliament for Worcester , Walker has campaigned for jobs for local people in Worcester , more and better apprenticeships , fairer funding in education , cutting fuel duty as well as a referendum on the European Union . Walker was elected to the Business Innovation and Skills Committee in 2012 , focusing on apprenticeships , SME ( small and medium-sized enterprises ) policy and business rates reform to improve opportunities for young people and businesses . He was made Parliamentary Private Secretary to Elizabeth Truss , the Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs , in September 2014 . Walker was one of a small group of Conservative MPs who rebelled from the party line and voted in favour of an in/out referendum on Britains membership of the European Union . He ultimately supported the governments plan to hold a referendum by 2017 , and voted against a rebel amendment to hold the referendum in 2014 . Walker has campaigned for fairer funding in education as a member of the cross party F40 campaign , which in 2014 secured an extra £350 million for lower funded areas – £5 million of which is earmarked for Worcestershire . Walker was made the Chairman of the All Party Group for Credit Unions in October 2014 . Walker has supported a number of cross party initiatives on making credit unions available in post offices as well as helping them to compete with larger lenders . He had also received the Citizens Advice Parliamentarian of the Year Award earlier in the year , in recognition for his campaign for better regulation of pay day lenders . In July 2014 , Walker called on Prime Minister David Cameron to use every tool in the box to de-escalate the violence in Gaza , and bring both sides to the table . Later that year , Walker campaigned for a two-hour train service from Worcester to London , citing benefits to local constituents and businesses . He spoke on this topic during a parliamentary debate in the House of Commons calling for a faster and more frequent train service . In May 2015 , Walker was made PPS to Secretary of State for Education , Nicky Morgan and also sat on the House of Commons Select Committee for Administration . Walker was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 Referendum . In July 2016 , he was appointed as Minister at the Department for Exiting the European Union , in the government led by Theresa May . He campaigned for Scotland to remain part of the United Kingdom during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum . In October 2016 , Walker formally debated a petition calling for the observance of a British Independence Day in the United Kingdom . Arguing against , he said that tempting though that might be , I think the idea of an independence day would face fierce competition from the likes of St Georges Day , Trafalgar Day and many more . Personal life . Walker is a long-term supporter of both Worcester RFC The Worcester Warriors and the Worcestershire County Cricket Club . He wore the Worcestershire CCC tie whilst delivering his maiden parliamentary speech in the House of Commons . On 9 April 2011 , Walker married Charlotte Keenan , former Chief Executive of the Tony Blair Faith Foundation . Their daughter , Hermione , was born in 2018 . External links . - Official website - Worcester Conservatives

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Robin Walker took which position in Mar 2018?

/wiki/Robin_Walker#P39#2

Robin Walker Robin Caspar Walker ( born 12 April 1978 ) is a British politician serving as Minister of State for Northern Ireland since 2020 . A member of the Conservative Party , he was a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State serving jointly between the Scotland Office and Northern Ireland Office under Prime Minister Boris Johnson from 2019 to 2020 . Walker has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Worcester since 2010 . He identifies as a one-nation Conservative . Education . Robin Caspar Walker was educated at St Pauls School , an independent school for boys in Barnes in West London , followed by a scholarship at Balliol College , Oxford , where he read Ancient and Modern History . His father was Lord Walker of Worcester , who was the MP for Worcester from 1961 to 1992 . Career . After leaving University , Walker set up his own internet business , before pursuing a career in the City of London with the financial communications company Finsbury . Walker has campaigned in three elections , working for Secretary of State for Health Stephen Dorrell in 1997 , for Richard Adams , the Conservative Candidate for Worcester in 2001 , and as press officer for Oliver Letwin , then Shadow Chancellor , in 2005 . In the 2010 General Election , he defeated incumbent MP Mike Foster to win the Worcester seat , eighteen years after his father retired as a member of parliament for the same constituency ( with revised boundaries ) and joined the House of Lords . Parliamentary career . Walker was selected to contest the Worcester constituency in August 2006 , in which he was elected in 2010 , and then was re elected in the 2015 General Election , defeating Labour challenger Joy Squires . Since being elected Member of Parliament for Worcester , Walker has campaigned for jobs for local people in Worcester , more and better apprenticeships , fairer funding in education , cutting fuel duty as well as a referendum on the European Union . Walker was elected to the Business Innovation and Skills Committee in 2012 , focusing on apprenticeships , SME ( small and medium-sized enterprises ) policy and business rates reform to improve opportunities for young people and businesses . He was made Parliamentary Private Secretary to Elizabeth Truss , the Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs , in September 2014 . Walker was one of a small group of Conservative MPs who rebelled from the party line and voted in favour of an in/out referendum on Britains membership of the European Union . He ultimately supported the governments plan to hold a referendum by 2017 , and voted against a rebel amendment to hold the referendum in 2014 . Walker has campaigned for fairer funding in education as a member of the cross party F40 campaign , which in 2014 secured an extra £350 million for lower funded areas – £5 million of which is earmarked for Worcestershire . Walker was made the Chairman of the All Party Group for Credit Unions in October 2014 . Walker has supported a number of cross party initiatives on making credit unions available in post offices as well as helping them to compete with larger lenders . He had also received the Citizens Advice Parliamentarian of the Year Award earlier in the year , in recognition for his campaign for better regulation of pay day lenders . In July 2014 , Walker called on Prime Minister David Cameron to use every tool in the box to de-escalate the violence in Gaza , and bring both sides to the table . Later that year , Walker campaigned for a two-hour train service from Worcester to London , citing benefits to local constituents and businesses . He spoke on this topic during a parliamentary debate in the House of Commons calling for a faster and more frequent train service . In May 2015 , Walker was made PPS to Secretary of State for Education , Nicky Morgan and also sat on the House of Commons Select Committee for Administration . Walker was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 Referendum . In July 2016 , he was appointed as Minister at the Department for Exiting the European Union , in the government led by Theresa May . He campaigned for Scotland to remain part of the United Kingdom during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum . In October 2016 , Walker formally debated a petition calling for the observance of a British Independence Day in the United Kingdom . Arguing against , he said that tempting though that might be , I think the idea of an independence day would face fierce competition from the likes of St Georges Day , Trafalgar Day and many more . Personal life . Walker is a long-term supporter of both Worcester RFC The Worcester Warriors and the Worcestershire County Cricket Club . He wore the Worcestershire CCC tie whilst delivering his maiden parliamentary speech in the House of Commons . On 9 April 2011 , Walker married Charlotte Keenan , former Chief Executive of the Tony Blair Faith Foundation . Their daughter , Hermione , was born in 2018 . External links . - Official website - Worcester Conservatives

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Robin Walker took which position between Dec 2020 and Dec 2020?

/wiki/Robin_Walker#P39#3

Robin Walker Robin Caspar Walker ( born 12 April 1978 ) is a British politician serving as Minister of State for Northern Ireland since 2020 . A member of the Conservative Party , he was a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State serving jointly between the Scotland Office and Northern Ireland Office under Prime Minister Boris Johnson from 2019 to 2020 . Walker has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Worcester since 2010 . He identifies as a one-nation Conservative . Education . Robin Caspar Walker was educated at St Pauls School , an independent school for boys in Barnes in West London , followed by a scholarship at Balliol College , Oxford , where he read Ancient and Modern History . His father was Lord Walker of Worcester , who was the MP for Worcester from 1961 to 1992 . Career . After leaving University , Walker set up his own internet business , before pursuing a career in the City of London with the financial communications company Finsbury . Walker has campaigned in three elections , working for Secretary of State for Health Stephen Dorrell in 1997 , for Richard Adams , the Conservative Candidate for Worcester in 2001 , and as press officer for Oliver Letwin , then Shadow Chancellor , in 2005 . In the 2010 General Election , he defeated incumbent MP Mike Foster to win the Worcester seat , eighteen years after his father retired as a member of parliament for the same constituency ( with revised boundaries ) and joined the House of Lords . Parliamentary career . Walker was selected to contest the Worcester constituency in August 2006 , in which he was elected in 2010 , and then was re elected in the 2015 General Election , defeating Labour challenger Joy Squires . Since being elected Member of Parliament for Worcester , Walker has campaigned for jobs for local people in Worcester , more and better apprenticeships , fairer funding in education , cutting fuel duty as well as a referendum on the European Union . Walker was elected to the Business Innovation and Skills Committee in 2012 , focusing on apprenticeships , SME ( small and medium-sized enterprises ) policy and business rates reform to improve opportunities for young people and businesses . He was made Parliamentary Private Secretary to Elizabeth Truss , the Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs , in September 2014 . Walker was one of a small group of Conservative MPs who rebelled from the party line and voted in favour of an in/out referendum on Britains membership of the European Union . He ultimately supported the governments plan to hold a referendum by 2017 , and voted against a rebel amendment to hold the referendum in 2014 . Walker has campaigned for fairer funding in education as a member of the cross party F40 campaign , which in 2014 secured an extra £350 million for lower funded areas – £5 million of which is earmarked for Worcestershire . Walker was made the Chairman of the All Party Group for Credit Unions in October 2014 . Walker has supported a number of cross party initiatives on making credit unions available in post offices as well as helping them to compete with larger lenders . He had also received the Citizens Advice Parliamentarian of the Year Award earlier in the year , in recognition for his campaign for better regulation of pay day lenders . In July 2014 , Walker called on Prime Minister David Cameron to use every tool in the box to de-escalate the violence in Gaza , and bring both sides to the table . Later that year , Walker campaigned for a two-hour train service from Worcester to London , citing benefits to local constituents and businesses . He spoke on this topic during a parliamentary debate in the House of Commons calling for a faster and more frequent train service . In May 2015 , Walker was made PPS to Secretary of State for Education , Nicky Morgan and also sat on the House of Commons Select Committee for Administration . Walker was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 Referendum . In July 2016 , he was appointed as Minister at the Department for Exiting the European Union , in the government led by Theresa May . He campaigned for Scotland to remain part of the United Kingdom during the 2014 Scottish independence referendum . In October 2016 , Walker formally debated a petition calling for the observance of a British Independence Day in the United Kingdom . Arguing against , he said that tempting though that might be , I think the idea of an independence day would face fierce competition from the likes of St Georges Day , Trafalgar Day and many more . Personal life . Walker is a long-term supporter of both Worcester RFC The Worcester Warriors and the Worcestershire County Cricket Club . He wore the Worcestershire CCC tie whilst delivering his maiden parliamentary speech in the House of Commons . On 9 April 2011 , Walker married Charlotte Keenan , former Chief Executive of the Tony Blair Faith Foundation . Their daughter , Hermione , was born in 2018 . External links . - Official website - Worcester Conservatives

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What organization or association or team did Holy See join in Jun 1973?

/wiki/Holy_See#P463#0

Holy See The Holy See ( , ; ) , also called the See of Rome , is the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome , known as the Pope , which includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome with universal ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the worldwide Catholic Church , as well as a sovereign entity of international law , governing the Vatican City . According to Catholic tradition it was founded in the first century by Saints Peter and Paul and , by virtue of Petrine and papal primacy , is the focal point of full communion for Catholic Christians around the world . As a sovereign entity , the Holy See is headquartered in , operates from , and exercises exclusive dominion over the independent Vatican City State enclave in Rome , of which the pope is sovereign . It is organized into polities of the Latin Church and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches , and their dioceses and religious institutes . The Holy See is administered by the Roman Curia ( Latin for Court ) , which is the central government of the Catholic Church . The Roman Curia includes various dicasteries , comparable to ministries and executive departments , with the Cardinal Secretary of State as its chief administrator . Papal elections are carried out by the College of Cardinals . Although the Holy See is sometimes metonymically referred to as the Vatican , the Vatican City State was distinctively established with the Lateran Treaty of 1929 , between the Holy See and Italy , to ensure the temporal , diplomatic , and spiritual independence of the papacy . As such , papal nuncios , who are papal diplomats to states and international organizations , are recognized as representing the Holy See , and not the Vatican City State , as prescribed in the Canon law of the Catholic Church . The Holy See is thus viewed as the central government of the Catholic Church . The Catholic Church , in turn , is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world . The diplomatic status of the Holy See facilitates the access of its vast international network of charities . The Holy See maintains bilateral diplomatic relations with 183 sovereign states , signs concordats and treaties , and performs multilateral diplomacy with multiple intergovernmental organizations , including the United Nations and its agencies , the Council of Europe , the European Communities , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , and the Organization of American States . Terminology . The word see comes from the Latin word sedes , meaning seat , which refers to the episcopal throne ( cathedra ) . The term Apostolic See can refer to any see founded by one of the Twelve Apostles , but , when used with the definite article , it is used in the Catholic Church to refer specifically to the see of the Bishop of Rome , whom that Church sees as the successor of Saint Peter . While Saint Peters Basilica in Vatican City is perhaps the church most associated with the papacy , the actual cathedral of the Holy See is the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in the city of Rome . Every see is considered holy . In Greek , the adjective holy or sacred ( transliterated as hiera ) is constantly applied to all such sees as a matter of course . In the West , the adjective is not commonly added , but it does form part of an official title of two sees : besides the Holy See , the Bishopric of Mainz ( the former Archbishopric of Mainz , which was also of electoral and primatial rank ) bears the title of the Holy See of Mainz ( Latin : Sancta Sedes Moguntina ) . History . The apostolic see of Diocese of Rome was established in the 1st century by Saint Peter and Saint Paul , then the capital of the Roman Empire , according to Catholic tradition . The legal status of the Catholic Church and its property was recognised by the Edict of Milan in 313 by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great , and it became the state church of the Roman Empire by the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 by Emperor Theodosius I . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 , the temporal legal jurisdisction of the papal primacy was further recognised as promulgated in Canon law . The Holy See was granted territory in Duchy of Rome by the Donation of Sutri in 728 of King Liutprand of the Lombards , and sovereignty by the Donation of Pepin in 756 by King Pepin of the Franks . The Papal States thus held extensive territory and armed forces in 756–1870 . Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor by translatio imperii in 800 . The popes temporal power peaked around the time of the papal coronations of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 858 , and the Dictatus papae in 1075 , which conversely also described Papal deposing power . Several modern states still trace their own sovereignty to recognition in medieval papal bulls . The sovereignty of the Holy See was retained despite multiple sacks of Rome during the Early Middle Ages . Yet , relations with the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy Roman Empire were at times strained , reaching from the Diploma Ottonianum and Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma regarding the Patrimony of Saint Peter in the 10th century , to the Investiture Controversy in 1076–1122 , and settled again by the Concordat of Worms in 1122 . The exiled Avignon Papacy during 1309–1376 also put a strain on the Papacy , which however finally returned to Rome . Pope Innocent X was critical of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 as it weakened the authority of the Holy See throughout much of Europe . Following the French Revolution , the Papal States were briefly occupied as the Roman Republic from 1798 to 1799 as a sister republic of the First French Empire under Napoleon , before their territory was reestablished . Notwithstanding , the Holy See was represented in and identified as a permanent subject of general customary international law vis-à-vis all states in the Congress of Vienna ( 1814–1815 ) . The Papal States were recognised under the rule of the Papacy and largely restored to their former extent . Despite the Capture of Rome in 1870 by the Kingdom of Italy and the Roman Question during the Savoyard era ( which made the pope a prisoner in the Vatican from 1870 to 1929 ) , its international legal subject was constituted by the ongoing reciprocity of diplomatic relationships that not only were maintained but multiplied . The Lateran Treaty on 11 February 1929 between the Holy See and Italy recognised Vatican City as an independent city-state , along with extraterritorial properties around the region . Since then , Vatican City is distinct from yet under full ownership , exclusive dominion , and sovereign authority and jurisdiction of the Holy See ( ) . Organization . The Holy See is one of the last remaining seven absolute monarchies in the world , along with Saudi Arabia , Eswatini ( Swaziland ) , United Arab Emirates , Qatar , Brunei and Oman . The pope governs the Catholic Church through the Roman Curia . The Curia consists of a complex of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level , including the Secretariat of State , nine Congregations , three Tribunals , eleven Pontifical Councils , and seven Pontifical Commissions . The Secretariat of State , under the Cardinal Secretary of State , directs and coordinates the Curia . The incumbent , Cardinal Pietro Parolin , is the Sees equivalent of a prime minister . Archbishop Paul Gallagher , Secretary of the Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State , acts as the Holy Sees minister of foreign affairs . Parolin was named in his role by Pope Francis on 31 August 2013 . The Secretariat of State is the only body of the Curia that is situated within Vatican City . The others are in buildings in different parts of Rome that have extraterritorial rights similar to those of embassies . Among the most active of the major Curial institutions are the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , which oversees the Catholic Churchs doctrine ; the Congregation for Bishops , which coordinates the appointment of bishops worldwide ; the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples , which oversees all missionary activities ; and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace , which deals with international peace and social issues . Three tribunals exercise judicial power . The Roman Rota handles normal judicial appeals , the most numerous being those that concern alleged nullity of marriage . The Apostolic Signatura is the supreme appellate and administrative court concerning decisions even of the Roman Rota and administrative decisions of ecclesiastical superiors ( bishops and superiors of religious institutes ) , such as closing a parish or removing someone from office . It also oversees the work of other ecclesiastical tribunals at all levels . The Apostolic Penitentiary deals not with external judgments or decrees , but with matters of conscience , granting absolutions from censures , dispensations , commutations , validations , condonations , and other favors ; it also grants indulgences . The Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See coordinates the finances of the Holy See departments and supervises the administration of all offices , whatever be their degree of autonomy , that manage these finances . The most important of these is the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See . The Prefecture of the Papal Household is responsible for the organization of the papal household , audiences , and ceremonies ( apart from the strictly liturgical part ) . The Holy See does not dissolve upon a popes death or resignation . It instead operates under a different set of laws sede vacante . During this interregnum , the heads of the dicasteries of the Curia ( such as the prefects of congregations ) cease immediately to hold office , the only exceptions being the Major Penitentiary , who continues his important role regarding absolutions and dispensations , and the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church , who administers the temporalities ( i.e. , properties and finances ) of the See of St . Peter during this period . The government of the See , and therefore of the Catholic Church , then falls to the College of Cardinals . Canon law prohibits the College and the Camerlengo from introducing any innovations or novelties in the government of the Church during this period . In 2001 , the Holy See had a revenue of 422.098 billion Italian lire ( about US$202 million at the time ) , and a net income of 17.720 billion Italian lire ( about US$8 million ) . According to an article by David Leigh in the Guardian newspaper , a 2012 report from the Council of Europe identified the value of a section of the Vaticans property assets as an amount in excess of €680m ( £570m ) ; as of January 2013 , Paolo Mennini , a papal official in Rome , manages this portion of the Holy Sees assets—consisting of British investments , other European holdings and a currency trading arm . The Guardian newspaper described Mennini and his role in the following manner : .. . Paolo Mennini , who is in effect the popes merchant banker . Mennini heads a special unit inside the Vatican called the extraordinary division of APSA – Amministrazione del Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica – which handles the patrimony of the Holy See . The Orders , decorations , and medals of the Holy See are conferred by the pope as temporal sovereign and fons honorum of the Holy See , similar to the orders awarded by other heads of state . Status in international law . The Holy See has been recognized , both in state practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars , as a subject of public international law , with rights and duties analogous to those of States . Although the Holy See , as distinct from the Vatican City State , does not fulfill the long-established criteria in international law of statehood—having a permanent population , a defined territory , a stable government , and the capacity to enter into relations with other states—its possession of full legal personality in international law is shown by the fact that it maintains diplomatic relations with 180 states , that it is a member-state in various intergovernmental international organizations , and that it is : respected by the international community of sovereign States and treated as a subject of international law having the capacity to engage in diplomatic relations and to enter into binding agreements with one , several , or many states under international law that are largely geared to establish and preserving peace in the world . Diplomacy . Since medieval times the episcopal see of Rome has been recognized as a sovereign entity . The Holy See ( not the State of Vatican City ) maintains formal diplomatic relations with and for the most recent establishment of diplomatic relations with sovereign states , and also with the European Union , and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta , as well as having relations of a special character with the Palestine Liberation Organization ; 69 of the diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See are situated in Rome . The Holy See maintains 180 permanent diplomatic missions abroad , of which 74 are non-residential , so that many of its 106 concrete missions are accredited to two or more countries or international organizations . The diplomatic activities of the Holy See are directed by the Secretariat of State ( headed by the Cardinal Secretary of State ) , through the Section for Relations with States . There are 13 internationally recognized states with which the Holy See does not have relations . The Holy See is the only European subject of international law that has diplomatic relations with the government of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) as representing China , rather than the government of the Peoples Republic of China ( see Holy See–Taiwan relations ) . The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office speaks of Vatican City as the capital of the Holy See , although it compares the legal personality of the Holy See to that of the Crown in Christian monarchies and declares that the Holy See and the state of Vatican City are two international identities . It also distinguishes between the employees of the Holy See ( 2,750 working in the Roman Curia with another 333 working in the Holy Sees diplomatic missions abroad ) and the 1,909 employees of the Vatican City State . The British Ambassador to the Holy See uses more precise language , saying that the Holy See is not the same as the Vatican City State . … ( It ) is the universal government of the Catholic Church and operates from the Vatican City State . This agrees exactly with the expression used by the website of the United States Department of State , in giving information on both the Holy See and the Vatican City State : it too says that the Holy See operates from the Vatican City State . The Holy See is a member of various international organizations and groups including the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) , International Telecommunication Union , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) , the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ( OPCW ) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . The Holy See is also a permanent observer in various international organizations , including the United Nations General Assembly , the Council of Europe , UNESCO ( United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) . Relationship with the Vatican City and other territories . The Holy See participates as an observer to African Union , Arab League , Council of Europe , Organization of American States , International Organization for Migration , and in the United Nations and its agencies FAO , ILO , UNCTAD , UNEP , UNESCO , UN-HABITAT , UNHCR , UNIDO , UNWTO , WFP , WHO , WIPO . It participates as a guest in the Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) , and as a full member in IAEA , OPCW , Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) . Although the Holy See is closely associated with the Vatican City , the independent territory over which the Holy See is sovereign , the two entities are separate and distinct . After the Italian seizure of the Papal States in 1870 , the Holy See had no territorial sovereignty . In spite of some uncertainty among jurists as to whether it could continue to act as an independent personality in international matters , the Holy See continued in fact to exercise the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives , maintaining relations with states that included the major powers Russia , Prussia , and Austria-Hungary . Where , in accordance with the decision of the 1815 Congress of Vienna , the Nuncio was not only a member of the Diplomatic Corps but its dean , this arrangement continued to be accepted by the other ambassadors . In the course of the 59 years during which the Holy See held no territorial sovereignty , the number of states that had diplomatic relations with it , which had been reduced to 16 , actually increased to 29 . The State of the Vatican City was created by the Lateran Treaty in 1929 to ensure the absolute and visible independence of the Holy See and to guarantee to it indisputable sovereignty in international affairs . Archbishop Jean-Louis Tauran , the Holy Sees former Secretary for Relations with States , said that the Vatican City is a minuscule support-state that guarantees the spiritual freedom of the pope with the minimum territory . The Holy See , not the Vatican City , maintains diplomatic relations with states . Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See , not to the Vatican City , and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities . When necessary , the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of the Vatican City . Under the terms of the Lateran Treaty , the Holy See has extraterritorial authority over various sites in Rome and two Italian sites outside of Rome , including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo . The same authority is extended under international law over the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See in a foreign country . Military . Though , like various European powers , earlier popes recruited Swiss mercenaries as part of an army , the Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the personal bodyguards of the pope and continues to fulfill that function . It is listed in the Annuario Pontificio under Holy See , not under State of Vatican City . At the end of 2005 , the Guard had 134 members . Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland . All recruits must be Catholic , unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed their basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces with certificates of good conduct , be between the ages of 19 and 30 , and be at least 175 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) in height . Members are armed with small arms and the traditional halberd ( also called the Swiss voulge ) , and trained in bodyguarding tactics . The police force within Vatican City , known as the Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City , belongs to the city state , not to the Holy See . Holy See signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons , a binding agreement for negotiations for the total elimination of nuclear weapons . Coat of arms . The main difference between the two coats of arms is that the arms of the Holy See have the gold key in bend and the silver key in bend sinister ( as in the sede vacante coat of arms and in the external ornaments of the papal coats of arms of individual popes ) , while the reversed arrangement of the keys was chosen for the arms of the newly founded Vatican City State in 1929 .

hard

What organization or association or team did Holy See join in Jul 2004?

/wiki/Holy_See#P463#1

Holy See The Holy See ( , ; ) , also called the See of Rome , is the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome , known as the Pope , which includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome with universal ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the worldwide Catholic Church , as well as a sovereign entity of international law , governing the Vatican City . According to Catholic tradition it was founded in the first century by Saints Peter and Paul and , by virtue of Petrine and papal primacy , is the focal point of full communion for Catholic Christians around the world . As a sovereign entity , the Holy See is headquartered in , operates from , and exercises exclusive dominion over the independent Vatican City State enclave in Rome , of which the pope is sovereign . It is organized into polities of the Latin Church and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches , and their dioceses and religious institutes . The Holy See is administered by the Roman Curia ( Latin for Court ) , which is the central government of the Catholic Church . The Roman Curia includes various dicasteries , comparable to ministries and executive departments , with the Cardinal Secretary of State as its chief administrator . Papal elections are carried out by the College of Cardinals . Although the Holy See is sometimes metonymically referred to as the Vatican , the Vatican City State was distinctively established with the Lateran Treaty of 1929 , between the Holy See and Italy , to ensure the temporal , diplomatic , and spiritual independence of the papacy . As such , papal nuncios , who are papal diplomats to states and international organizations , are recognized as representing the Holy See , and not the Vatican City State , as prescribed in the Canon law of the Catholic Church . The Holy See is thus viewed as the central government of the Catholic Church . The Catholic Church , in turn , is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world . The diplomatic status of the Holy See facilitates the access of its vast international network of charities . The Holy See maintains bilateral diplomatic relations with 183 sovereign states , signs concordats and treaties , and performs multilateral diplomacy with multiple intergovernmental organizations , including the United Nations and its agencies , the Council of Europe , the European Communities , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , and the Organization of American States . Terminology . The word see comes from the Latin word sedes , meaning seat , which refers to the episcopal throne ( cathedra ) . The term Apostolic See can refer to any see founded by one of the Twelve Apostles , but , when used with the definite article , it is used in the Catholic Church to refer specifically to the see of the Bishop of Rome , whom that Church sees as the successor of Saint Peter . While Saint Peters Basilica in Vatican City is perhaps the church most associated with the papacy , the actual cathedral of the Holy See is the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in the city of Rome . Every see is considered holy . In Greek , the adjective holy or sacred ( transliterated as hiera ) is constantly applied to all such sees as a matter of course . In the West , the adjective is not commonly added , but it does form part of an official title of two sees : besides the Holy See , the Bishopric of Mainz ( the former Archbishopric of Mainz , which was also of electoral and primatial rank ) bears the title of the Holy See of Mainz ( Latin : Sancta Sedes Moguntina ) . History . The apostolic see of Diocese of Rome was established in the 1st century by Saint Peter and Saint Paul , then the capital of the Roman Empire , according to Catholic tradition . The legal status of the Catholic Church and its property was recognised by the Edict of Milan in 313 by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great , and it became the state church of the Roman Empire by the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 by Emperor Theodosius I . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 , the temporal legal jurisdisction of the papal primacy was further recognised as promulgated in Canon law . The Holy See was granted territory in Duchy of Rome by the Donation of Sutri in 728 of King Liutprand of the Lombards , and sovereignty by the Donation of Pepin in 756 by King Pepin of the Franks . The Papal States thus held extensive territory and armed forces in 756–1870 . Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor by translatio imperii in 800 . The popes temporal power peaked around the time of the papal coronations of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 858 , and the Dictatus papae in 1075 , which conversely also described Papal deposing power . Several modern states still trace their own sovereignty to recognition in medieval papal bulls . The sovereignty of the Holy See was retained despite multiple sacks of Rome during the Early Middle Ages . Yet , relations with the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy Roman Empire were at times strained , reaching from the Diploma Ottonianum and Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma regarding the Patrimony of Saint Peter in the 10th century , to the Investiture Controversy in 1076–1122 , and settled again by the Concordat of Worms in 1122 . The exiled Avignon Papacy during 1309–1376 also put a strain on the Papacy , which however finally returned to Rome . Pope Innocent X was critical of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 as it weakened the authority of the Holy See throughout much of Europe . Following the French Revolution , the Papal States were briefly occupied as the Roman Republic from 1798 to 1799 as a sister republic of the First French Empire under Napoleon , before their territory was reestablished . Notwithstanding , the Holy See was represented in and identified as a permanent subject of general customary international law vis-à-vis all states in the Congress of Vienna ( 1814–1815 ) . The Papal States were recognised under the rule of the Papacy and largely restored to their former extent . Despite the Capture of Rome in 1870 by the Kingdom of Italy and the Roman Question during the Savoyard era ( which made the pope a prisoner in the Vatican from 1870 to 1929 ) , its international legal subject was constituted by the ongoing reciprocity of diplomatic relationships that not only were maintained but multiplied . The Lateran Treaty on 11 February 1929 between the Holy See and Italy recognised Vatican City as an independent city-state , along with extraterritorial properties around the region . Since then , Vatican City is distinct from yet under full ownership , exclusive dominion , and sovereign authority and jurisdiction of the Holy See ( ) . Organization . The Holy See is one of the last remaining seven absolute monarchies in the world , along with Saudi Arabia , Eswatini ( Swaziland ) , United Arab Emirates , Qatar , Brunei and Oman . The pope governs the Catholic Church through the Roman Curia . The Curia consists of a complex of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level , including the Secretariat of State , nine Congregations , three Tribunals , eleven Pontifical Councils , and seven Pontifical Commissions . The Secretariat of State , under the Cardinal Secretary of State , directs and coordinates the Curia . The incumbent , Cardinal Pietro Parolin , is the Sees equivalent of a prime minister . Archbishop Paul Gallagher , Secretary of the Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State , acts as the Holy Sees minister of foreign affairs . Parolin was named in his role by Pope Francis on 31 August 2013 . The Secretariat of State is the only body of the Curia that is situated within Vatican City . The others are in buildings in different parts of Rome that have extraterritorial rights similar to those of embassies . Among the most active of the major Curial institutions are the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , which oversees the Catholic Churchs doctrine ; the Congregation for Bishops , which coordinates the appointment of bishops worldwide ; the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples , which oversees all missionary activities ; and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace , which deals with international peace and social issues . Three tribunals exercise judicial power . The Roman Rota handles normal judicial appeals , the most numerous being those that concern alleged nullity of marriage . The Apostolic Signatura is the supreme appellate and administrative court concerning decisions even of the Roman Rota and administrative decisions of ecclesiastical superiors ( bishops and superiors of religious institutes ) , such as closing a parish or removing someone from office . It also oversees the work of other ecclesiastical tribunals at all levels . The Apostolic Penitentiary deals not with external judgments or decrees , but with matters of conscience , granting absolutions from censures , dispensations , commutations , validations , condonations , and other favors ; it also grants indulgences . The Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See coordinates the finances of the Holy See departments and supervises the administration of all offices , whatever be their degree of autonomy , that manage these finances . The most important of these is the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See . The Prefecture of the Papal Household is responsible for the organization of the papal household , audiences , and ceremonies ( apart from the strictly liturgical part ) . The Holy See does not dissolve upon a popes death or resignation . It instead operates under a different set of laws sede vacante . During this interregnum , the heads of the dicasteries of the Curia ( such as the prefects of congregations ) cease immediately to hold office , the only exceptions being the Major Penitentiary , who continues his important role regarding absolutions and dispensations , and the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church , who administers the temporalities ( i.e. , properties and finances ) of the See of St . Peter during this period . The government of the See , and therefore of the Catholic Church , then falls to the College of Cardinals . Canon law prohibits the College and the Camerlengo from introducing any innovations or novelties in the government of the Church during this period . In 2001 , the Holy See had a revenue of 422.098 billion Italian lire ( about US$202 million at the time ) , and a net income of 17.720 billion Italian lire ( about US$8 million ) . According to an article by David Leigh in the Guardian newspaper , a 2012 report from the Council of Europe identified the value of a section of the Vaticans property assets as an amount in excess of €680m ( £570m ) ; as of January 2013 , Paolo Mennini , a papal official in Rome , manages this portion of the Holy Sees assets—consisting of British investments , other European holdings and a currency trading arm . The Guardian newspaper described Mennini and his role in the following manner : .. . Paolo Mennini , who is in effect the popes merchant banker . Mennini heads a special unit inside the Vatican called the extraordinary division of APSA – Amministrazione del Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica – which handles the patrimony of the Holy See . The Orders , decorations , and medals of the Holy See are conferred by the pope as temporal sovereign and fons honorum of the Holy See , similar to the orders awarded by other heads of state . Status in international law . The Holy See has been recognized , both in state practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars , as a subject of public international law , with rights and duties analogous to those of States . Although the Holy See , as distinct from the Vatican City State , does not fulfill the long-established criteria in international law of statehood—having a permanent population , a defined territory , a stable government , and the capacity to enter into relations with other states—its possession of full legal personality in international law is shown by the fact that it maintains diplomatic relations with 180 states , that it is a member-state in various intergovernmental international organizations , and that it is : respected by the international community of sovereign States and treated as a subject of international law having the capacity to engage in diplomatic relations and to enter into binding agreements with one , several , or many states under international law that are largely geared to establish and preserving peace in the world . Diplomacy . Since medieval times the episcopal see of Rome has been recognized as a sovereign entity . The Holy See ( not the State of Vatican City ) maintains formal diplomatic relations with and for the most recent establishment of diplomatic relations with sovereign states , and also with the European Union , and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta , as well as having relations of a special character with the Palestine Liberation Organization ; 69 of the diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See are situated in Rome . The Holy See maintains 180 permanent diplomatic missions abroad , of which 74 are non-residential , so that many of its 106 concrete missions are accredited to two or more countries or international organizations . The diplomatic activities of the Holy See are directed by the Secretariat of State ( headed by the Cardinal Secretary of State ) , through the Section for Relations with States . There are 13 internationally recognized states with which the Holy See does not have relations . The Holy See is the only European subject of international law that has diplomatic relations with the government of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) as representing China , rather than the government of the Peoples Republic of China ( see Holy See–Taiwan relations ) . The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office speaks of Vatican City as the capital of the Holy See , although it compares the legal personality of the Holy See to that of the Crown in Christian monarchies and declares that the Holy See and the state of Vatican City are two international identities . It also distinguishes between the employees of the Holy See ( 2,750 working in the Roman Curia with another 333 working in the Holy Sees diplomatic missions abroad ) and the 1,909 employees of the Vatican City State . The British Ambassador to the Holy See uses more precise language , saying that the Holy See is not the same as the Vatican City State . … ( It ) is the universal government of the Catholic Church and operates from the Vatican City State . This agrees exactly with the expression used by the website of the United States Department of State , in giving information on both the Holy See and the Vatican City State : it too says that the Holy See operates from the Vatican City State . The Holy See is a member of various international organizations and groups including the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) , International Telecommunication Union , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) , the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ( OPCW ) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . The Holy See is also a permanent observer in various international organizations , including the United Nations General Assembly , the Council of Europe , UNESCO ( United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) . Relationship with the Vatican City and other territories . The Holy See participates as an observer to African Union , Arab League , Council of Europe , Organization of American States , International Organization for Migration , and in the United Nations and its agencies FAO , ILO , UNCTAD , UNEP , UNESCO , UN-HABITAT , UNHCR , UNIDO , UNWTO , WFP , WHO , WIPO . It participates as a guest in the Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) , and as a full member in IAEA , OPCW , Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) . Although the Holy See is closely associated with the Vatican City , the independent territory over which the Holy See is sovereign , the two entities are separate and distinct . After the Italian seizure of the Papal States in 1870 , the Holy See had no territorial sovereignty . In spite of some uncertainty among jurists as to whether it could continue to act as an independent personality in international matters , the Holy See continued in fact to exercise the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives , maintaining relations with states that included the major powers Russia , Prussia , and Austria-Hungary . Where , in accordance with the decision of the 1815 Congress of Vienna , the Nuncio was not only a member of the Diplomatic Corps but its dean , this arrangement continued to be accepted by the other ambassadors . In the course of the 59 years during which the Holy See held no territorial sovereignty , the number of states that had diplomatic relations with it , which had been reduced to 16 , actually increased to 29 . The State of the Vatican City was created by the Lateran Treaty in 1929 to ensure the absolute and visible independence of the Holy See and to guarantee to it indisputable sovereignty in international affairs . Archbishop Jean-Louis Tauran , the Holy Sees former Secretary for Relations with States , said that the Vatican City is a minuscule support-state that guarantees the spiritual freedom of the pope with the minimum territory . The Holy See , not the Vatican City , maintains diplomatic relations with states . Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See , not to the Vatican City , and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities . When necessary , the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of the Vatican City . Under the terms of the Lateran Treaty , the Holy See has extraterritorial authority over various sites in Rome and two Italian sites outside of Rome , including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo . The same authority is extended under international law over the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See in a foreign country . Military . Though , like various European powers , earlier popes recruited Swiss mercenaries as part of an army , the Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the personal bodyguards of the pope and continues to fulfill that function . It is listed in the Annuario Pontificio under Holy See , not under State of Vatican City . At the end of 2005 , the Guard had 134 members . Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland . All recruits must be Catholic , unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed their basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces with certificates of good conduct , be between the ages of 19 and 30 , and be at least 175 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) in height . Members are armed with small arms and the traditional halberd ( also called the Swiss voulge ) , and trained in bodyguarding tactics . The police force within Vatican City , known as the Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City , belongs to the city state , not to the Holy See . Holy See signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons , a binding agreement for negotiations for the total elimination of nuclear weapons . Coat of arms . The main difference between the two coats of arms is that the arms of the Holy See have the gold key in bend and the silver key in bend sinister ( as in the sede vacante coat of arms and in the external ornaments of the papal coats of arms of individual popes ) , while the reversed arrangement of the keys was chosen for the arms of the newly founded Vatican City State in 1929 .

hard

What organization or association or team did Holy See join in 1957?

/wiki/Holy_See#P463#2

Holy See The Holy See ( , ; ) , also called the See of Rome , is the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome , known as the Pope , which includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome with universal ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the worldwide Catholic Church , as well as a sovereign entity of international law , governing the Vatican City . According to Catholic tradition it was founded in the first century by Saints Peter and Paul and , by virtue of Petrine and papal primacy , is the focal point of full communion for Catholic Christians around the world . As a sovereign entity , the Holy See is headquartered in , operates from , and exercises exclusive dominion over the independent Vatican City State enclave in Rome , of which the pope is sovereign . It is organized into polities of the Latin Church and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches , and their dioceses and religious institutes . The Holy See is administered by the Roman Curia ( Latin for Court ) , which is the central government of the Catholic Church . The Roman Curia includes various dicasteries , comparable to ministries and executive departments , with the Cardinal Secretary of State as its chief administrator . Papal elections are carried out by the College of Cardinals . Although the Holy See is sometimes metonymically referred to as the Vatican , the Vatican City State was distinctively established with the Lateran Treaty of 1929 , between the Holy See and Italy , to ensure the temporal , diplomatic , and spiritual independence of the papacy . As such , papal nuncios , who are papal diplomats to states and international organizations , are recognized as representing the Holy See , and not the Vatican City State , as prescribed in the Canon law of the Catholic Church . The Holy See is thus viewed as the central government of the Catholic Church . The Catholic Church , in turn , is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world . The diplomatic status of the Holy See facilitates the access of its vast international network of charities . The Holy See maintains bilateral diplomatic relations with 183 sovereign states , signs concordats and treaties , and performs multilateral diplomacy with multiple intergovernmental organizations , including the United Nations and its agencies , the Council of Europe , the European Communities , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe , and the Organization of American States . Terminology . The word see comes from the Latin word sedes , meaning seat , which refers to the episcopal throne ( cathedra ) . The term Apostolic See can refer to any see founded by one of the Twelve Apostles , but , when used with the definite article , it is used in the Catholic Church to refer specifically to the see of the Bishop of Rome , whom that Church sees as the successor of Saint Peter . While Saint Peters Basilica in Vatican City is perhaps the church most associated with the papacy , the actual cathedral of the Holy See is the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran in the city of Rome . Every see is considered holy . In Greek , the adjective holy or sacred ( transliterated as hiera ) is constantly applied to all such sees as a matter of course . In the West , the adjective is not commonly added , but it does form part of an official title of two sees : besides the Holy See , the Bishopric of Mainz ( the former Archbishopric of Mainz , which was also of electoral and primatial rank ) bears the title of the Holy See of Mainz ( Latin : Sancta Sedes Moguntina ) . History . The apostolic see of Diocese of Rome was established in the 1st century by Saint Peter and Saint Paul , then the capital of the Roman Empire , according to Catholic tradition . The legal status of the Catholic Church and its property was recognised by the Edict of Milan in 313 by Roman Emperor Constantine the Great , and it became the state church of the Roman Empire by the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 by Emperor Theodosius I . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 , the temporal legal jurisdisction of the papal primacy was further recognised as promulgated in Canon law . The Holy See was granted territory in Duchy of Rome by the Donation of Sutri in 728 of King Liutprand of the Lombards , and sovereignty by the Donation of Pepin in 756 by King Pepin of the Franks . The Papal States thus held extensive territory and armed forces in 756–1870 . Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor by translatio imperii in 800 . The popes temporal power peaked around the time of the papal coronations of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire from 858 , and the Dictatus papae in 1075 , which conversely also described Papal deposing power . Several modern states still trace their own sovereignty to recognition in medieval papal bulls . The sovereignty of the Holy See was retained despite multiple sacks of Rome during the Early Middle Ages . Yet , relations with the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy Roman Empire were at times strained , reaching from the Diploma Ottonianum and Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma regarding the Patrimony of Saint Peter in the 10th century , to the Investiture Controversy in 1076–1122 , and settled again by the Concordat of Worms in 1122 . The exiled Avignon Papacy during 1309–1376 also put a strain on the Papacy , which however finally returned to Rome . Pope Innocent X was critical of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 as it weakened the authority of the Holy See throughout much of Europe . Following the French Revolution , the Papal States were briefly occupied as the Roman Republic from 1798 to 1799 as a sister republic of the First French Empire under Napoleon , before their territory was reestablished . Notwithstanding , the Holy See was represented in and identified as a permanent subject of general customary international law vis-à-vis all states in the Congress of Vienna ( 1814–1815 ) . The Papal States were recognised under the rule of the Papacy and largely restored to their former extent . Despite the Capture of Rome in 1870 by the Kingdom of Italy and the Roman Question during the Savoyard era ( which made the pope a prisoner in the Vatican from 1870 to 1929 ) , its international legal subject was constituted by the ongoing reciprocity of diplomatic relationships that not only were maintained but multiplied . The Lateran Treaty on 11 February 1929 between the Holy See and Italy recognised Vatican City as an independent city-state , along with extraterritorial properties around the region . Since then , Vatican City is distinct from yet under full ownership , exclusive dominion , and sovereign authority and jurisdiction of the Holy See ( ) . Organization . The Holy See is one of the last remaining seven absolute monarchies in the world , along with Saudi Arabia , Eswatini ( Swaziland ) , United Arab Emirates , Qatar , Brunei and Oman . The pope governs the Catholic Church through the Roman Curia . The Curia consists of a complex of offices that administer church affairs at the highest level , including the Secretariat of State , nine Congregations , three Tribunals , eleven Pontifical Councils , and seven Pontifical Commissions . The Secretariat of State , under the Cardinal Secretary of State , directs and coordinates the Curia . The incumbent , Cardinal Pietro Parolin , is the Sees equivalent of a prime minister . Archbishop Paul Gallagher , Secretary of the Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State , acts as the Holy Sees minister of foreign affairs . Parolin was named in his role by Pope Francis on 31 August 2013 . The Secretariat of State is the only body of the Curia that is situated within Vatican City . The others are in buildings in different parts of Rome that have extraterritorial rights similar to those of embassies . Among the most active of the major Curial institutions are the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , which oversees the Catholic Churchs doctrine ; the Congregation for Bishops , which coordinates the appointment of bishops worldwide ; the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples , which oversees all missionary activities ; and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace , which deals with international peace and social issues . Three tribunals exercise judicial power . The Roman Rota handles normal judicial appeals , the most numerous being those that concern alleged nullity of marriage . The Apostolic Signatura is the supreme appellate and administrative court concerning decisions even of the Roman Rota and administrative decisions of ecclesiastical superiors ( bishops and superiors of religious institutes ) , such as closing a parish or removing someone from office . It also oversees the work of other ecclesiastical tribunals at all levels . The Apostolic Penitentiary deals not with external judgments or decrees , but with matters of conscience , granting absolutions from censures , dispensations , commutations , validations , condonations , and other favors ; it also grants indulgences . The Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See coordinates the finances of the Holy See departments and supervises the administration of all offices , whatever be their degree of autonomy , that manage these finances . The most important of these is the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See . The Prefecture of the Papal Household is responsible for the organization of the papal household , audiences , and ceremonies ( apart from the strictly liturgical part ) . The Holy See does not dissolve upon a popes death or resignation . It instead operates under a different set of laws sede vacante . During this interregnum , the heads of the dicasteries of the Curia ( such as the prefects of congregations ) cease immediately to hold office , the only exceptions being the Major Penitentiary , who continues his important role regarding absolutions and dispensations , and the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church , who administers the temporalities ( i.e. , properties and finances ) of the See of St . Peter during this period . The government of the See , and therefore of the Catholic Church , then falls to the College of Cardinals . Canon law prohibits the College and the Camerlengo from introducing any innovations or novelties in the government of the Church during this period . In 2001 , the Holy See had a revenue of 422.098 billion Italian lire ( about US$202 million at the time ) , and a net income of 17.720 billion Italian lire ( about US$8 million ) . According to an article by David Leigh in the Guardian newspaper , a 2012 report from the Council of Europe identified the value of a section of the Vaticans property assets as an amount in excess of €680m ( £570m ) ; as of January 2013 , Paolo Mennini , a papal official in Rome , manages this portion of the Holy Sees assets—consisting of British investments , other European holdings and a currency trading arm . The Guardian newspaper described Mennini and his role in the following manner : .. . Paolo Mennini , who is in effect the popes merchant banker . Mennini heads a special unit inside the Vatican called the extraordinary division of APSA – Amministrazione del Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica – which handles the patrimony of the Holy See . The Orders , decorations , and medals of the Holy See are conferred by the pope as temporal sovereign and fons honorum of the Holy See , similar to the orders awarded by other heads of state . Status in international law . The Holy See has been recognized , both in state practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars , as a subject of public international law , with rights and duties analogous to those of States . Although the Holy See , as distinct from the Vatican City State , does not fulfill the long-established criteria in international law of statehood—having a permanent population , a defined territory , a stable government , and the capacity to enter into relations with other states—its possession of full legal personality in international law is shown by the fact that it maintains diplomatic relations with 180 states , that it is a member-state in various intergovernmental international organizations , and that it is : respected by the international community of sovereign States and treated as a subject of international law having the capacity to engage in diplomatic relations and to enter into binding agreements with one , several , or many states under international law that are largely geared to establish and preserving peace in the world . Diplomacy . Since medieval times the episcopal see of Rome has been recognized as a sovereign entity . The Holy See ( not the State of Vatican City ) maintains formal diplomatic relations with and for the most recent establishment of diplomatic relations with sovereign states , and also with the European Union , and the Sovereign Military Order of Malta , as well as having relations of a special character with the Palestine Liberation Organization ; 69 of the diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See are situated in Rome . The Holy See maintains 180 permanent diplomatic missions abroad , of which 74 are non-residential , so that many of its 106 concrete missions are accredited to two or more countries or international organizations . The diplomatic activities of the Holy See are directed by the Secretariat of State ( headed by the Cardinal Secretary of State ) , through the Section for Relations with States . There are 13 internationally recognized states with which the Holy See does not have relations . The Holy See is the only European subject of international law that has diplomatic relations with the government of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) as representing China , rather than the government of the Peoples Republic of China ( see Holy See–Taiwan relations ) . The British Foreign and Commonwealth Office speaks of Vatican City as the capital of the Holy See , although it compares the legal personality of the Holy See to that of the Crown in Christian monarchies and declares that the Holy See and the state of Vatican City are two international identities . It also distinguishes between the employees of the Holy See ( 2,750 working in the Roman Curia with another 333 working in the Holy Sees diplomatic missions abroad ) and the 1,909 employees of the Vatican City State . The British Ambassador to the Holy See uses more precise language , saying that the Holy See is not the same as the Vatican City State . … ( It ) is the universal government of the Catholic Church and operates from the Vatican City State . This agrees exactly with the expression used by the website of the United States Department of State , in giving information on both the Holy See and the Vatican City State : it too says that the Holy See operates from the Vatican City State . The Holy See is a member of various international organizations and groups including the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) , International Telecommunication Union , the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) , the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ( OPCW ) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) . The Holy See is also a permanent observer in various international organizations , including the United Nations General Assembly , the Council of Europe , UNESCO ( United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ) , the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) , and the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) . Relationship with the Vatican City and other territories . The Holy See participates as an observer to African Union , Arab League , Council of Europe , Organization of American States , International Organization for Migration , and in the United Nations and its agencies FAO , ILO , UNCTAD , UNEP , UNESCO , UN-HABITAT , UNHCR , UNIDO , UNWTO , WFP , WHO , WIPO . It participates as a guest in the Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) , and as a full member in IAEA , OPCW , Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) . Although the Holy See is closely associated with the Vatican City , the independent territory over which the Holy See is sovereign , the two entities are separate and distinct . After the Italian seizure of the Papal States in 1870 , the Holy See had no territorial sovereignty . In spite of some uncertainty among jurists as to whether it could continue to act as an independent personality in international matters , the Holy See continued in fact to exercise the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives , maintaining relations with states that included the major powers Russia , Prussia , and Austria-Hungary . Where , in accordance with the decision of the 1815 Congress of Vienna , the Nuncio was not only a member of the Diplomatic Corps but its dean , this arrangement continued to be accepted by the other ambassadors . In the course of the 59 years during which the Holy See held no territorial sovereignty , the number of states that had diplomatic relations with it , which had been reduced to 16 , actually increased to 29 . The State of the Vatican City was created by the Lateran Treaty in 1929 to ensure the absolute and visible independence of the Holy See and to guarantee to it indisputable sovereignty in international affairs . Archbishop Jean-Louis Tauran , the Holy Sees former Secretary for Relations with States , said that the Vatican City is a minuscule support-state that guarantees the spiritual freedom of the pope with the minimum territory . The Holy See , not the Vatican City , maintains diplomatic relations with states . Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See , not to the Vatican City , and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities . When necessary , the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of the Vatican City . Under the terms of the Lateran Treaty , the Holy See has extraterritorial authority over various sites in Rome and two Italian sites outside of Rome , including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo . The same authority is extended under international law over the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See in a foreign country . Military . Though , like various European powers , earlier popes recruited Swiss mercenaries as part of an army , the Pontifical Swiss Guard was founded by Pope Julius II on 22 January 1506 as the personal bodyguards of the pope and continues to fulfill that function . It is listed in the Annuario Pontificio under Holy See , not under State of Vatican City . At the end of 2005 , the Guard had 134 members . Recruitment is arranged by a special agreement between the Holy See and Switzerland . All recruits must be Catholic , unmarried males with Swiss citizenship who have completed their basic training with the Swiss Armed Forces with certificates of good conduct , be between the ages of 19 and 30 , and be at least 175 cm ( 5 ft 9 in ) in height . Members are armed with small arms and the traditional halberd ( also called the Swiss voulge ) , and trained in bodyguarding tactics . The police force within Vatican City , known as the Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City , belongs to the city state , not to the Holy See . Holy See signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons , a binding agreement for negotiations for the total elimination of nuclear weapons . Coat of arms . The main difference between the two coats of arms is that the arms of the Holy See have the gold key in bend and the silver key in bend sinister ( as in the sede vacante coat of arms and in the external ornaments of the papal coats of arms of individual popes ) , while the reversed arrangement of the keys was chosen for the arms of the newly founded Vatican City State in 1929 .

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Which team did Taylor Graham play for between Dec 2003 and 2004?

/wiki/Taylor_Graham#P54#0

Taylor Graham Taylor Graham ( born June 3 , 1980 ) is a former American soccer player . Career . Youth and college . Graham attended Rio Americano High School and played five years of college soccer at Stanford University , registering as a walk-on his freshman year of 1998 , and only appearing in two games in 1999 . After appearing in 18 games his sophomore season , Graham started every possible game his final two , winning first team All-Pac-10 his senior year , as he led the Cardinal to an appearance in the NCAA College Cup . Professional . After graduating from Stanford , Graham was drafted 33rd overall in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft by the Kansas City Wizards . Graham was signed to a developmental contract , making two appearances and playing a total of ten minutes . In his second season Graham was given significantly more playing time , playing as both a right back and central defender . After a season in the USL First Division when he played every minute for the Seattle Sounders , led his team to the title , and was named USL Defender of the Year , Graham was acquired by the MetroStars , now New York Red Bulls . He was released midway through the 2007 season and signed with his former club Seattle Sounders . He then signed with Seattle Sounders FC , a continuation of the Sounders in Major League Soccer . On May 26 , 2010 he had his first appearance of the 2010 season in a friendly against Boca Juniors of Argentina , playing the full 90 minutes and putting up a solid performance . Graham announced his retirement on December 2 , 2011 , after he was dropped from the roster by the Seattle Sounders . International . Graham represented Puerto Rico in three international friendlies ( including the team’s first win in 14 years ) during early 2008 . The national team coach Colin Clarke had misunderstood the requirements to play for Puerto Rican national side following a change to the eligibility criteria . Previously , all U.S . citizens were eligible for Puerto Rico national teams , but now the player pool is restricted to players who have lived on the island for at least five years , meaning that Graham is no longer eligible for the Puerto Rico national team per federation rules . Honors . Kansas City Wizards . - Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Major League Soccer Western Conference Championship ( 1 ) : 2004 Seattle Sounders . - USL First Division Championship ( 2 ) : 2005 , 2007 - USL First Division Commissioners Cup ( 1 ) : 2007 Seattle Sounders FC . - Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Television . Graham appeared on The Price Is Right on June 24 , 2009 . In the showcase he spoke on one of the prizes which was a vacation to Seattle , to go to any 2 home games of Seattle Sounders and watch them play . Personal life . After retiring as a player , Taylor Graham became Director of Business Operations for his former club , Seattle Sounders FC . External links . - Seattle Sounders bio

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Which team did Taylor Graham play for between Nov 2006 and Dec 2006?

/wiki/Taylor_Graham#P54#1

Taylor Graham Taylor Graham ( born June 3 , 1980 ) is a former American soccer player . Career . Youth and college . Graham attended Rio Americano High School and played five years of college soccer at Stanford University , registering as a walk-on his freshman year of 1998 , and only appearing in two games in 1999 . After appearing in 18 games his sophomore season , Graham started every possible game his final two , winning first team All-Pac-10 his senior year , as he led the Cardinal to an appearance in the NCAA College Cup . Professional . After graduating from Stanford , Graham was drafted 33rd overall in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft by the Kansas City Wizards . Graham was signed to a developmental contract , making two appearances and playing a total of ten minutes . In his second season Graham was given significantly more playing time , playing as both a right back and central defender . After a season in the USL First Division when he played every minute for the Seattle Sounders , led his team to the title , and was named USL Defender of the Year , Graham was acquired by the MetroStars , now New York Red Bulls . He was released midway through the 2007 season and signed with his former club Seattle Sounders . He then signed with Seattle Sounders FC , a continuation of the Sounders in Major League Soccer . On May 26 , 2010 he had his first appearance of the 2010 season in a friendly against Boca Juniors of Argentina , playing the full 90 minutes and putting up a solid performance . Graham announced his retirement on December 2 , 2011 , after he was dropped from the roster by the Seattle Sounders . International . Graham represented Puerto Rico in three international friendlies ( including the team’s first win in 14 years ) during early 2008 . The national team coach Colin Clarke had misunderstood the requirements to play for Puerto Rican national side following a change to the eligibility criteria . Previously , all U.S . citizens were eligible for Puerto Rico national teams , but now the player pool is restricted to players who have lived on the island for at least five years , meaning that Graham is no longer eligible for the Puerto Rico national team per federation rules . Honors . Kansas City Wizards . - Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Major League Soccer Western Conference Championship ( 1 ) : 2004 Seattle Sounders . - USL First Division Championship ( 2 ) : 2005 , 2007 - USL First Division Commissioners Cup ( 1 ) : 2007 Seattle Sounders FC . - Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Television . Graham appeared on The Price Is Right on June 24 , 2009 . In the showcase he spoke on one of the prizes which was a vacation to Seattle , to go to any 2 home games of Seattle Sounders and watch them play . Personal life . After retiring as a player , Taylor Graham became Director of Business Operations for his former club , Seattle Sounders FC . External links . - Seattle Sounders bio

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Which team did Taylor Graham play for in May 2007?

/wiki/Taylor_Graham#P54#2

Taylor Graham Taylor Graham ( born June 3 , 1980 ) is a former American soccer player . Career . Youth and college . Graham attended Rio Americano High School and played five years of college soccer at Stanford University , registering as a walk-on his freshman year of 1998 , and only appearing in two games in 1999 . After appearing in 18 games his sophomore season , Graham started every possible game his final two , winning first team All-Pac-10 his senior year , as he led the Cardinal to an appearance in the NCAA College Cup . Professional . After graduating from Stanford , Graham was drafted 33rd overall in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft by the Kansas City Wizards . Graham was signed to a developmental contract , making two appearances and playing a total of ten minutes . In his second season Graham was given significantly more playing time , playing as both a right back and central defender . After a season in the USL First Division when he played every minute for the Seattle Sounders , led his team to the title , and was named USL Defender of the Year , Graham was acquired by the MetroStars , now New York Red Bulls . He was released midway through the 2007 season and signed with his former club Seattle Sounders . He then signed with Seattle Sounders FC , a continuation of the Sounders in Major League Soccer . On May 26 , 2010 he had his first appearance of the 2010 season in a friendly against Boca Juniors of Argentina , playing the full 90 minutes and putting up a solid performance . Graham announced his retirement on December 2 , 2011 , after he was dropped from the roster by the Seattle Sounders . International . Graham represented Puerto Rico in three international friendlies ( including the team’s first win in 14 years ) during early 2008 . The national team coach Colin Clarke had misunderstood the requirements to play for Puerto Rican national side following a change to the eligibility criteria . Previously , all U.S . citizens were eligible for Puerto Rico national teams , but now the player pool is restricted to players who have lived on the island for at least five years , meaning that Graham is no longer eligible for the Puerto Rico national team per federation rules . Honors . Kansas City Wizards . - Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Major League Soccer Western Conference Championship ( 1 ) : 2004 Seattle Sounders . - USL First Division Championship ( 2 ) : 2005 , 2007 - USL First Division Commissioners Cup ( 1 ) : 2007 Seattle Sounders FC . - Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Television . Graham appeared on The Price Is Right on June 24 , 2009 . In the showcase he spoke on one of the prizes which was a vacation to Seattle , to go to any 2 home games of Seattle Sounders and watch them play . Personal life . After retiring as a player , Taylor Graham became Director of Business Operations for his former club , Seattle Sounders FC . External links . - Seattle Sounders bio

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Which team did Taylor Graham play for between Oct 2009 and Aug 2010?

/wiki/Taylor_Graham#P54#3

Taylor Graham Taylor Graham ( born June 3 , 1980 ) is a former American soccer player . Career . Youth and college . Graham attended Rio Americano High School and played five years of college soccer at Stanford University , registering as a walk-on his freshman year of 1998 , and only appearing in two games in 1999 . After appearing in 18 games his sophomore season , Graham started every possible game his final two , winning first team All-Pac-10 his senior year , as he led the Cardinal to an appearance in the NCAA College Cup . Professional . After graduating from Stanford , Graham was drafted 33rd overall in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft by the Kansas City Wizards . Graham was signed to a developmental contract , making two appearances and playing a total of ten minutes . In his second season Graham was given significantly more playing time , playing as both a right back and central defender . After a season in the USL First Division when he played every minute for the Seattle Sounders , led his team to the title , and was named USL Defender of the Year , Graham was acquired by the MetroStars , now New York Red Bulls . He was released midway through the 2007 season and signed with his former club Seattle Sounders . He then signed with Seattle Sounders FC , a continuation of the Sounders in Major League Soccer . On May 26 , 2010 he had his first appearance of the 2010 season in a friendly against Boca Juniors of Argentina , playing the full 90 minutes and putting up a solid performance . Graham announced his retirement on December 2 , 2011 , after he was dropped from the roster by the Seattle Sounders . International . Graham represented Puerto Rico in three international friendlies ( including the team’s first win in 14 years ) during early 2008 . The national team coach Colin Clarke had misunderstood the requirements to play for Puerto Rican national side following a change to the eligibility criteria . Previously , all U.S . citizens were eligible for Puerto Rico national teams , but now the player pool is restricted to players who have lived on the island for at least five years , meaning that Graham is no longer eligible for the Puerto Rico national team per federation rules . Honors . Kansas City Wizards . - Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup ( 1 ) : 2004 - Major League Soccer Western Conference Championship ( 1 ) : 2004 Seattle Sounders . - USL First Division Championship ( 2 ) : 2005 , 2007 - USL First Division Commissioners Cup ( 1 ) : 2007 Seattle Sounders FC . - Lamar Hunt U.S . Open Cup ( 3 ) : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 Television . Graham appeared on The Price Is Right on June 24 , 2009 . In the showcase he spoke on one of the prizes which was a vacation to Seattle , to go to any 2 home games of Seattle Sounders and watch them play . Personal life . After retiring as a player , Taylor Graham became Director of Business Operations for his former club , Seattle Sounders FC . External links . - Seattle Sounders bio

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Which employer did Marissa Mayer work for before Mar 1999?

/wiki/Marissa_Mayer#P108#0

Marissa Mayer Marissa Ann Mayer ( ; born May 30 , 1975 ) is an American businesswoman and investor . She is an information technology executive , and co-founder of Sunshine Contact . Mayer formerly served as the president and chief executive officer of Yahoo! , a position she held from July 2012 . It was announced in January 2017 that she would step down from the companys board upon the sale of Yahoo s operating business to Verizon Communications for $4.8 billion . She would not join the newly combined company , now called Verizon Media ( formerly Oath ) , and announced her resignation on June 13 , 2017 . She is a graduate of Stanford University and was a long-time executive , usability leader , and key spokeswoman for Google ( employee #20 ) . Early life . Mayer was born in Wausau , Wisconsin , the daughter of Margaret Mayer , an art teacher of Finnish descent , and Michael Mayer , an environmental engineer who worked for water companies . Her grandfather , Clem Mayer , had polio when he was 7 and served as mayor of Jackson , Wisconsin , for 32 years . She has a younger brother . She would later describe herself as having been painfully shy as a child and teenager . She never had fewer than one after-school activity per day , participating in ballet , ice-skating , piano , swimming , debate , and Brownies . During middle school and high school , she took piano and ballet lessons , the latter of which taught her criticism and discipline , poise , and confidence . At an early age , she showed an interest in math and science . Education . Wausau West High School . When she was attending Wausau West High School , Mayer was on the curling team and the precision dance team . She excelled in chemistry , calculus , biology , and physics . She took part in extracurricular activities , becoming president of her high schools Spanish club , treasurer of the Key Club , captain of the debate team , and captain of the pom-pom squad . Her high school debate team won the Wisconsin state championship and the pom-pom squad was the state runner-up . During high school , she worked as a grocery clerk . After graduating from high school in 1993 , Mayer was selected by Tommy Thompson , then the Governor of Wisconsin , as one of the states two delegates to attend the National Youth Science Camp in West Virginia . Stanford University . Intending to become a pediatric neurosurgeon , Mayer took pre-med classes at Stanford University . She later switched her major from pediatric neuroscience to symbolic systems , a major which combined philosophy , cognitive psychology , linguistics , and computer science . At Stanford , she danced in the university ballets Nutcracker , was a member of parliamentary debate , volunteered at childrens hospitals , and helped bring computer science education to Bermudas schools . During her junior year , she taught a class in symbolic systems , with Eric S . Roberts as her supervisor . The class was so well received by students that Roberts asked Mayer to teach another class over the summer . Mayer went on to graduate with honors from Stanford with a BS in symbolic systems in 1997 and an MS in computer science in 1999 . For both degrees , her specialization was in artificial intelligence . For her undergraduate thesis , she built travel-recommendation software that advised users in natural-sounding human language . Illinois Institute of Technology . In 2009 , the Illinois Institute of Technology granted Mayer an honoris causa doctorate degree in recognition of her work in the field of search . Mayer interned at SRI International in Menlo Park , California , and Ubilab , UBSs research lab based in Zurich , Switzerland . She holds several patents in artificial intelligence and interface design . Career . Google ( 1999–2012 ) . After graduating from Stanford , Mayer received 14 job offers , including a teaching job at Carnegie Mellon University and a consulting job at McKinsey & Company . She joined Google in 1999 as employee number 20 . She started out writing code and overseeing small teams of engineers , developing and designing Googles search offerings . She became known for her attention to detail , which helped land her a promotion to product manager , and later she became director of consumer web products . She oversaw the layout of Googles well-known , unadorned search homepage . She was also on the three-person team responsible for Google AdWords , which is an advertising platform that allows businesses to show their product to relevant potential customers based on their search terms . AdWords helped deliver 96% of the companys revenue in the first quarter of 2011 . In 2002 , Mayer started the Associate Product Manager ( APM ) program , a Google mentorship initiative to recruit new talents and cultivate them for leadership roles . Each year , Mayer selected a number of junior employees for the two-year program , where they took on extracurricular assignments and intensive evening classes . Notable graduates of the program include Bret Taylor and Justin Rosenstein . In 2005 , Mayer became Vice President of Search Products and User Experience . Mayer held key roles in Google Search , Google Images , Google News , Google Maps , Google Books , Google Product Search , Google Toolbar , iGoogle , and Gmail . Mayer was the vice president of Google Search Products and User Experience until the end of 2010 , when she was asked by then-CEO Eric Schmidt to head the Local , Maps , and Location Services . In 2011 , she secured Googles acquisition of survey site Zagat for $125 million . While Mayer was working at Google , she taught introductory computer programming at Stanford and mentored students at the East Palo Alto Charter School . She was awarded the Centennial Teaching Award and the Forsythe Award from Stanford . Yahoo ! ( 2012–2017 ) . On July 16 , 2012 , Mayer was appointed president and CEO of Yahoo! , effective the following day . She was also a member of the companys board of directors . At the time of her appointment , Yahoos numbers had been falling behind those of Google for over a year and the company had been through several top management changes . To simplify the bureaucratic process and make the culture the best version of itself , Mayer launched a new online program called PB&J . It collects employee complaints , as well as their votes on problems in the office ; if a problem generates at least 50 votes , online management automatically investigates the matter . In February 2013 , Mayer oversaw a major personnel policy change at Yahoo ! that required all remote-working employees to convert to in-office roles . Having worked from home toward the end of her pregnancy , Mayer returned to work after giving birth to a boy , and built a mothers room next to her office suite—Mayer was consequently criticized for the telecommuting ban . In April 2013 , Mayer changed Yahoo s maternity leave policy , lengthening its time allowance and providing a cash bonus to parents . CNN noted this was in line with other Silicon Valley companies , such as Facebook and Google . Mayer has been criticized for many of her management decisions in pieces by The New York Times and The New Yorker . On May 20 , 2013 , Mayer led Yahoo ! to acquire Tumblr in a $1.1 billion acquisition . In February 2016 , Yahoo ! acknowledged that the value of Tumblr had fallen by $230 million since it was acquired . In July 2013 , Yahoo ! reported a fall in revenues , but a rise in profits compared with the same period in the previous year . Reaction on Wall Street was muted , with shares falling 1.7% . In September 2013 , it was reported that the stock price of Yahoo ! had doubled over the 14 months since Mayers appointment . However , much of this growth may be attributed to Yahoo s stake in the Chinese e-commerce company Alibaba Group , which was acquired before Mayers tenure . In November 2013 , Mayer instituted a performance review system based on a bell curve ranking of employees , suggesting that managers rank their employees on a bell curve , with those at the low end being fired . Employees complained that some managers were viewing the process as mandatory . In February 2016 , a former Yahoo ! employee filed a lawsuit against the company claiming that Yahoos firing practices have violated both California and federal labor laws . In 2014 , Mayer was ranked sixth on Fortunes 40 under 40 list , and was ranked the 16th most-powerful businesswoman in the world that year according to the same publication . In March 2016 Fortune would name Mayer as one of the worlds most disappointing leaders . Yahoo ! stocks continued to fall by more than 30% throughout 2015 , while 12 key executives left the company . In December 2015 , the New York-based hedge fund SpringOwl , a shareholder in Yahoo Inc. , released a statement arguing that Mayer be replaced as CEO . Starboard Value , an activist investing firm that owns a stake in Yahoo , likewise wrote a scathing letter regarding Mayers performance at Yahoo . By January 2016 , it was further estimated that Yahoo s core business has been worth less than zero dollars for the past few quarters . In February 2016 , Mayer confirmed that Yahoo ! was considering the possibility of selling its core business . In March 2017 , it was reported that Mayer could receive a $23 million termination package upon the sale of Yahoo ! to Verizon . Mayer announced her resignation on June 13 , 2017 . In spite of large losses in advertising revenue at Yahoo ! and a 50% reduction in staff during her 5 years as CEO , Mayer was paid a total of $239 million over that time , mainly in stock and stock options . On the day of her resignation , Mayer publicly highlighted many of the companys achievements during her tenure , including : creating $43B in market capitalization , tripling Yahoo stock , growing mobile users to over 650 million , building a $1.5B mobile ad business , and transforming Yahoos culture . Over Mayers tenure , the number of monthly visits on Yahoos home page went down from nearly 10 billion to less than 4.5 while Googles went up from 17 billion to over 56 . At the time of Mayers hiring , Yahoos numbers had already been falling behind those of Googles for over a year . However , Mayer proved unable to reverse this trend . On 8 November 2017 , along with several other present and former corporate CEOs , Mayer testified before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation regarding major security breaches at Yahoo during 2013 and 2014 . Allegations of gender-based discrimination . Scott Ard , a prominent editorial director , fired from Yahoo ! in 2015 , filed a lawsuit alleging that Mayer encouraged and fostered the use of an employee performance-rating system to accommodate management’s subjective biases and personal opinions , to the detriment of Yahoo!’s male employees . He claimed that , prior to his firing , he had received fully satisfactory performance reviews since starting at the company in 2011 as head of editorial programming for Yahoo s home page ; however , he was relieved of his role , which was given to a woman who had been recently hired . This case was dismissed in March 2018 . An earlier lawsuit was filed by Gregory Anderson , who was fired in 2014 , alleging the company’s performance management system was arbitrary and unfair and disguised layoffs as terminations for the purpose of evading state and federal WARN Acts , making it the first WARN Act and gender discrimination lawsuit Yahoo ! and Mayer faced in 2016 . Sunshine ( 2018–present ) . After leaving Yahoo ! in 2017 , Mayer started Sunshine ( formerly Lumi Labs ) with former colleague Enrique Munoz Torres . The company is based in Palo Alto and is focused on artificial intelligence and consumer media . On November 18 , 2020 , Mayer announced that Lumi Labs would be rebranded as Sunshine at the same time as revealing its first product : Sunshine Contacts . Sunshine Contacts claims to improve the users iPhone contacts and Google contacts using intelligent algorithms , contact data , public sources , and more . Boards . As well as sitting on the boards of directors of Walmart , Maisonette , and Jawbone , Mayer also sits on several non-profit boards , such as Cooper–Hewitt , National Design Museum , New York City Ballet , San Francisco Ballet , and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art . Business investments . Mayer actively invests in technology companies , including crowd-sourced design retailer Minted , live video platform Airtime.com , wireless power startup uBeam , online DIY community/e-commerce company Brit + Co. , mobile payments processor Square , home décor site One Kings Lane , genetic testing company Natera , and nootropics and biohacking company Nootrobox . Accolades . Mayer was named to Fortune magazines annual list of Americas 50 Most Powerful Women in Business in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 with ranks at 50 , 44 , 42 , 38 , 14 , 8 and 16 respectively . In 2008 , at age 33 , she was the youngest woman ever listed . Mayer was named one of Glamour Magazines Women of the Year in 2009 . She was listed in Forbes Magazines List of The Worlds 100 Most Powerful Women in 2012 , 2013 and 2014 , with ranks of 20 , 32 and 18 respectively . In September 2013 , Mayer became the first CEO of a Fortune 500 company to be featured in a Vogue magazine spread . In 2013 , she was also named in the Time 100 , becoming the first woman listed as number one on Fortune magazines annual list of the top 40 business stars under 40 years old . Mayer made Fortune magazine history in 2013 , as the only person to feature in all three of its annual lists during the same year : Businessperson of the Year ( No . 10 ) , Most Powerful Women ( at No . 8 ) , and 40 Under 40 ( No . 1 ) at the same time . In March 2016 , Fortune then named Mayer as one of the worlds most disappointing leaders . On 24 December 2015 , Mayer was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 14 in the list of 500 Most Influential CEOs . Mayer appeared on the List of women CEOs of Fortune 500 companies in 2017 , having ranked 498 of the top 500 Fortune 500 company CEOs . Personal life . Mayer married lawyer and investor Zachary Bogue on December 12 , 2009 . On the day Yahoo ! announced her hiring , Mayer revealed that she was pregnant ; she gave birth to a baby boy on September 30 , 2012 . Although she asked for baby name suggestions via social media , she eventually chose the name Macallister from an existing list . On December 10 , 2015 , Mayer announced that she had given birth to identical twin girls , Marielle and Sylvana . Mayer is Lutheran , but she has said—referencing Vince Lombardis Your God , your family and the Green Bay Packers—that her priorities are God , family and Yahoo! , except Im not that religious , so its really family and Yahoo! . Further reading . - What Happened When Marissa Mayer Tried to Be Steve Jobs ( 2014-12-17 ) , Nicholas Carlson , The New York Times - Marissa Mayer – How Yahoo ! went from mess to an Apple Design award ( 2014-08-15 ) , Tim Green , Hot Topics External links . - Marissa Mayer : One of the Most Powerful Women in Business at Richtopia

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Which employer did Marissa Mayer work for after Jun 2014?

/wiki/Marissa_Mayer#P108#1

Marissa Mayer Marissa Ann Mayer ( ; born May 30 , 1975 ) is an American businesswoman and investor . She is an information technology executive , and co-founder of Sunshine Contact . Mayer formerly served as the president and chief executive officer of Yahoo! , a position she held from July 2012 . It was announced in January 2017 that she would step down from the companys board upon the sale of Yahoo s operating business to Verizon Communications for $4.8 billion . She would not join the newly combined company , now called Verizon Media ( formerly Oath ) , and announced her resignation on June 13 , 2017 . She is a graduate of Stanford University and was a long-time executive , usability leader , and key spokeswoman for Google ( employee #20 ) . Early life . Mayer was born in Wausau , Wisconsin , the daughter of Margaret Mayer , an art teacher of Finnish descent , and Michael Mayer , an environmental engineer who worked for water companies . Her grandfather , Clem Mayer , had polio when he was 7 and served as mayor of Jackson , Wisconsin , for 32 years . She has a younger brother . She would later describe herself as having been painfully shy as a child and teenager . She never had fewer than one after-school activity per day , participating in ballet , ice-skating , piano , swimming , debate , and Brownies . During middle school and high school , she took piano and ballet lessons , the latter of which taught her criticism and discipline , poise , and confidence . At an early age , she showed an interest in math and science . Education . Wausau West High School . When she was attending Wausau West High School , Mayer was on the curling team and the precision dance team . She excelled in chemistry , calculus , biology , and physics . She took part in extracurricular activities , becoming president of her high schools Spanish club , treasurer of the Key Club , captain of the debate team , and captain of the pom-pom squad . Her high school debate team won the Wisconsin state championship and the pom-pom squad was the state runner-up . During high school , she worked as a grocery clerk . After graduating from high school in 1993 , Mayer was selected by Tommy Thompson , then the Governor of Wisconsin , as one of the states two delegates to attend the National Youth Science Camp in West Virginia . Stanford University . Intending to become a pediatric neurosurgeon , Mayer took pre-med classes at Stanford University . She later switched her major from pediatric neuroscience to symbolic systems , a major which combined philosophy , cognitive psychology , linguistics , and computer science . At Stanford , she danced in the university ballets Nutcracker , was a member of parliamentary debate , volunteered at childrens hospitals , and helped bring computer science education to Bermudas schools . During her junior year , she taught a class in symbolic systems , with Eric S . Roberts as her supervisor . The class was so well received by students that Roberts asked Mayer to teach another class over the summer . Mayer went on to graduate with honors from Stanford with a BS in symbolic systems in 1997 and an MS in computer science in 1999 . For both degrees , her specialization was in artificial intelligence . For her undergraduate thesis , she built travel-recommendation software that advised users in natural-sounding human language . Illinois Institute of Technology . In 2009 , the Illinois Institute of Technology granted Mayer an honoris causa doctorate degree in recognition of her work in the field of search . Mayer interned at SRI International in Menlo Park , California , and Ubilab , UBSs research lab based in Zurich , Switzerland . She holds several patents in artificial intelligence and interface design . Career . Google ( 1999–2012 ) . After graduating from Stanford , Mayer received 14 job offers , including a teaching job at Carnegie Mellon University and a consulting job at McKinsey & Company . She joined Google in 1999 as employee number 20 . She started out writing code and overseeing small teams of engineers , developing and designing Googles search offerings . She became known for her attention to detail , which helped land her a promotion to product manager , and later she became director of consumer web products . She oversaw the layout of Googles well-known , unadorned search homepage . She was also on the three-person team responsible for Google AdWords , which is an advertising platform that allows businesses to show their product to relevant potential customers based on their search terms . AdWords helped deliver 96% of the companys revenue in the first quarter of 2011 . In 2002 , Mayer started the Associate Product Manager ( APM ) program , a Google mentorship initiative to recruit new talents and cultivate them for leadership roles . Each year , Mayer selected a number of junior employees for the two-year program , where they took on extracurricular assignments and intensive evening classes . Notable graduates of the program include Bret Taylor and Justin Rosenstein . In 2005 , Mayer became Vice President of Search Products and User Experience . Mayer held key roles in Google Search , Google Images , Google News , Google Maps , Google Books , Google Product Search , Google Toolbar , iGoogle , and Gmail . Mayer was the vice president of Google Search Products and User Experience until the end of 2010 , when she was asked by then-CEO Eric Schmidt to head the Local , Maps , and Location Services . In 2011 , she secured Googles acquisition of survey site Zagat for $125 million . While Mayer was working at Google , she taught introductory computer programming at Stanford and mentored students at the East Palo Alto Charter School . She was awarded the Centennial Teaching Award and the Forsythe Award from Stanford . Yahoo ! ( 2012–2017 ) . On July 16 , 2012 , Mayer was appointed president and CEO of Yahoo! , effective the following day . She was also a member of the companys board of directors . At the time of her appointment , Yahoos numbers had been falling behind those of Google for over a year and the company had been through several top management changes . To simplify the bureaucratic process and make the culture the best version of itself , Mayer launched a new online program called PB&J . It collects employee complaints , as well as their votes on problems in the office ; if a problem generates at least 50 votes , online management automatically investigates the matter . In February 2013 , Mayer oversaw a major personnel policy change at Yahoo ! that required all remote-working employees to convert to in-office roles . Having worked from home toward the end of her pregnancy , Mayer returned to work after giving birth to a boy , and built a mothers room next to her office suite—Mayer was consequently criticized for the telecommuting ban . In April 2013 , Mayer changed Yahoo s maternity leave policy , lengthening its time allowance and providing a cash bonus to parents . CNN noted this was in line with other Silicon Valley companies , such as Facebook and Google . Mayer has been criticized for many of her management decisions in pieces by The New York Times and The New Yorker . On May 20 , 2013 , Mayer led Yahoo ! to acquire Tumblr in a $1.1 billion acquisition . In February 2016 , Yahoo ! acknowledged that the value of Tumblr had fallen by $230 million since it was acquired . In July 2013 , Yahoo ! reported a fall in revenues , but a rise in profits compared with the same period in the previous year . Reaction on Wall Street was muted , with shares falling 1.7% . In September 2013 , it was reported that the stock price of Yahoo ! had doubled over the 14 months since Mayers appointment . However , much of this growth may be attributed to Yahoo s stake in the Chinese e-commerce company Alibaba Group , which was acquired before Mayers tenure . In November 2013 , Mayer instituted a performance review system based on a bell curve ranking of employees , suggesting that managers rank their employees on a bell curve , with those at the low end being fired . Employees complained that some managers were viewing the process as mandatory . In February 2016 , a former Yahoo ! employee filed a lawsuit against the company claiming that Yahoos firing practices have violated both California and federal labor laws . In 2014 , Mayer was ranked sixth on Fortunes 40 under 40 list , and was ranked the 16th most-powerful businesswoman in the world that year according to the same publication . In March 2016 Fortune would name Mayer as one of the worlds most disappointing leaders . Yahoo ! stocks continued to fall by more than 30% throughout 2015 , while 12 key executives left the company . In December 2015 , the New York-based hedge fund SpringOwl , a shareholder in Yahoo Inc. , released a statement arguing that Mayer be replaced as CEO . Starboard Value , an activist investing firm that owns a stake in Yahoo , likewise wrote a scathing letter regarding Mayers performance at Yahoo . By January 2016 , it was further estimated that Yahoo s core business has been worth less than zero dollars for the past few quarters . In February 2016 , Mayer confirmed that Yahoo ! was considering the possibility of selling its core business . In March 2017 , it was reported that Mayer could receive a $23 million termination package upon the sale of Yahoo ! to Verizon . Mayer announced her resignation on June 13 , 2017 . In spite of large losses in advertising revenue at Yahoo ! and a 50% reduction in staff during her 5 years as CEO , Mayer was paid a total of $239 million over that time , mainly in stock and stock options . On the day of her resignation , Mayer publicly highlighted many of the companys achievements during her tenure , including : creating $43B in market capitalization , tripling Yahoo stock , growing mobile users to over 650 million , building a $1.5B mobile ad business , and transforming Yahoos culture . Over Mayers tenure , the number of monthly visits on Yahoos home page went down from nearly 10 billion to less than 4.5 while Googles went up from 17 billion to over 56 . At the time of Mayers hiring , Yahoos numbers had already been falling behind those of Googles for over a year . However , Mayer proved unable to reverse this trend . On 8 November 2017 , along with several other present and former corporate CEOs , Mayer testified before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation regarding major security breaches at Yahoo during 2013 and 2014 . Allegations of gender-based discrimination . Scott Ard , a prominent editorial director , fired from Yahoo ! in 2015 , filed a lawsuit alleging that Mayer encouraged and fostered the use of an employee performance-rating system to accommodate management’s subjective biases and personal opinions , to the detriment of Yahoo!’s male employees . He claimed that , prior to his firing , he had received fully satisfactory performance reviews since starting at the company in 2011 as head of editorial programming for Yahoo s home page ; however , he was relieved of his role , which was given to a woman who had been recently hired . This case was dismissed in March 2018 . An earlier lawsuit was filed by Gregory Anderson , who was fired in 2014 , alleging the company’s performance management system was arbitrary and unfair and disguised layoffs as terminations for the purpose of evading state and federal WARN Acts , making it the first WARN Act and gender discrimination lawsuit Yahoo ! and Mayer faced in 2016 . Sunshine ( 2018–present ) . After leaving Yahoo ! in 2017 , Mayer started Sunshine ( formerly Lumi Labs ) with former colleague Enrique Munoz Torres . The company is based in Palo Alto and is focused on artificial intelligence and consumer media . On November 18 , 2020 , Mayer announced that Lumi Labs would be rebranded as Sunshine at the same time as revealing its first product : Sunshine Contacts . Sunshine Contacts claims to improve the users iPhone contacts and Google contacts using intelligent algorithms , contact data , public sources , and more . Boards . As well as sitting on the boards of directors of Walmart , Maisonette , and Jawbone , Mayer also sits on several non-profit boards , such as Cooper–Hewitt , National Design Museum , New York City Ballet , San Francisco Ballet , and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art . Business investments . Mayer actively invests in technology companies , including crowd-sourced design retailer Minted , live video platform Airtime.com , wireless power startup uBeam , online DIY community/e-commerce company Brit + Co. , mobile payments processor Square , home décor site One Kings Lane , genetic testing company Natera , and nootropics and biohacking company Nootrobox . Accolades . Mayer was named to Fortune magazines annual list of Americas 50 Most Powerful Women in Business in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 with ranks at 50 , 44 , 42 , 38 , 14 , 8 and 16 respectively . In 2008 , at age 33 , she was the youngest woman ever listed . Mayer was named one of Glamour Magazines Women of the Year in 2009 . She was listed in Forbes Magazines List of The Worlds 100 Most Powerful Women in 2012 , 2013 and 2014 , with ranks of 20 , 32 and 18 respectively . In September 2013 , Mayer became the first CEO of a Fortune 500 company to be featured in a Vogue magazine spread . In 2013 , she was also named in the Time 100 , becoming the first woman listed as number one on Fortune magazines annual list of the top 40 business stars under 40 years old . Mayer made Fortune magazine history in 2013 , as the only person to feature in all three of its annual lists during the same year : Businessperson of the Year ( No . 10 ) , Most Powerful Women ( at No . 8 ) , and 40 Under 40 ( No . 1 ) at the same time . In March 2016 , Fortune then named Mayer as one of the worlds most disappointing leaders . On 24 December 2015 , Mayer was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 14 in the list of 500 Most Influential CEOs . Mayer appeared on the List of women CEOs of Fortune 500 companies in 2017 , having ranked 498 of the top 500 Fortune 500 company CEOs . Personal life . Mayer married lawyer and investor Zachary Bogue on December 12 , 2009 . On the day Yahoo ! announced her hiring , Mayer revealed that she was pregnant ; she gave birth to a baby boy on September 30 , 2012 . Although she asked for baby name suggestions via social media , she eventually chose the name Macallister from an existing list . On December 10 , 2015 , Mayer announced that she had given birth to identical twin girls , Marielle and Sylvana . Mayer is Lutheran , but she has said—referencing Vince Lombardis Your God , your family and the Green Bay Packers—that her priorities are God , family and Yahoo! , except Im not that religious , so its really family and Yahoo! . Further reading . - What Happened When Marissa Mayer Tried to Be Steve Jobs ( 2014-12-17 ) , Nicholas Carlson , The New York Times - Marissa Mayer – How Yahoo ! went from mess to an Apple Design award ( 2014-08-15 ) , Tim Green , Hot Topics External links . - Marissa Mayer : One of the Most Powerful Women in Business at Richtopia

hard

Which employer did Marissa Mayer work for after Oct 2018?

/wiki/Marissa_Mayer#P108#2

Marissa Mayer Marissa Ann Mayer ( ; born May 30 , 1975 ) is an American businesswoman and investor . She is an information technology executive , and co-founder of Sunshine Contact . Mayer formerly served as the president and chief executive officer of Yahoo! , a position she held from July 2012 . It was announced in January 2017 that she would step down from the companys board upon the sale of Yahoo s operating business to Verizon Communications for $4.8 billion . She would not join the newly combined company , now called Verizon Media ( formerly Oath ) , and announced her resignation on June 13 , 2017 . She is a graduate of Stanford University and was a long-time executive , usability leader , and key spokeswoman for Google ( employee #20 ) . Early life . Mayer was born in Wausau , Wisconsin , the daughter of Margaret Mayer , an art teacher of Finnish descent , and Michael Mayer , an environmental engineer who worked for water companies . Her grandfather , Clem Mayer , had polio when he was 7 and served as mayor of Jackson , Wisconsin , for 32 years . She has a younger brother . She would later describe herself as having been painfully shy as a child and teenager . She never had fewer than one after-school activity per day , participating in ballet , ice-skating , piano , swimming , debate , and Brownies . During middle school and high school , she took piano and ballet lessons , the latter of which taught her criticism and discipline , poise , and confidence . At an early age , she showed an interest in math and science . Education . Wausau West High School . When she was attending Wausau West High School , Mayer was on the curling team and the precision dance team . She excelled in chemistry , calculus , biology , and physics . She took part in extracurricular activities , becoming president of her high schools Spanish club , treasurer of the Key Club , captain of the debate team , and captain of the pom-pom squad . Her high school debate team won the Wisconsin state championship and the pom-pom squad was the state runner-up . During high school , she worked as a grocery clerk . After graduating from high school in 1993 , Mayer was selected by Tommy Thompson , then the Governor of Wisconsin , as one of the states two delegates to attend the National Youth Science Camp in West Virginia . Stanford University . Intending to become a pediatric neurosurgeon , Mayer took pre-med classes at Stanford University . She later switched her major from pediatric neuroscience to symbolic systems , a major which combined philosophy , cognitive psychology , linguistics , and computer science . At Stanford , she danced in the university ballets Nutcracker , was a member of parliamentary debate , volunteered at childrens hospitals , and helped bring computer science education to Bermudas schools . During her junior year , she taught a class in symbolic systems , with Eric S . Roberts as her supervisor . The class was so well received by students that Roberts asked Mayer to teach another class over the summer . Mayer went on to graduate with honors from Stanford with a BS in symbolic systems in 1997 and an MS in computer science in 1999 . For both degrees , her specialization was in artificial intelligence . For her undergraduate thesis , she built travel-recommendation software that advised users in natural-sounding human language . Illinois Institute of Technology . In 2009 , the Illinois Institute of Technology granted Mayer an honoris causa doctorate degree in recognition of her work in the field of search . Mayer interned at SRI International in Menlo Park , California , and Ubilab , UBSs research lab based in Zurich , Switzerland . She holds several patents in artificial intelligence and interface design . Career . Google ( 1999–2012 ) . After graduating from Stanford , Mayer received 14 job offers , including a teaching job at Carnegie Mellon University and a consulting job at McKinsey & Company . She joined Google in 1999 as employee number 20 . She started out writing code and overseeing small teams of engineers , developing and designing Googles search offerings . She became known for her attention to detail , which helped land her a promotion to product manager , and later she became director of consumer web products . She oversaw the layout of Googles well-known , unadorned search homepage . She was also on the three-person team responsible for Google AdWords , which is an advertising platform that allows businesses to show their product to relevant potential customers based on their search terms . AdWords helped deliver 96% of the companys revenue in the first quarter of 2011 . In 2002 , Mayer started the Associate Product Manager ( APM ) program , a Google mentorship initiative to recruit new talents and cultivate them for leadership roles . Each year , Mayer selected a number of junior employees for the two-year program , where they took on extracurricular assignments and intensive evening classes . Notable graduates of the program include Bret Taylor and Justin Rosenstein . In 2005 , Mayer became Vice President of Search Products and User Experience . Mayer held key roles in Google Search , Google Images , Google News , Google Maps , Google Books , Google Product Search , Google Toolbar , iGoogle , and Gmail . Mayer was the vice president of Google Search Products and User Experience until the end of 2010 , when she was asked by then-CEO Eric Schmidt to head the Local , Maps , and Location Services . In 2011 , she secured Googles acquisition of survey site Zagat for $125 million . While Mayer was working at Google , she taught introductory computer programming at Stanford and mentored students at the East Palo Alto Charter School . She was awarded the Centennial Teaching Award and the Forsythe Award from Stanford . Yahoo ! ( 2012–2017 ) . On July 16 , 2012 , Mayer was appointed president and CEO of Yahoo! , effective the following day . She was also a member of the companys board of directors . At the time of her appointment , Yahoos numbers had been falling behind those of Google for over a year and the company had been through several top management changes . To simplify the bureaucratic process and make the culture the best version of itself , Mayer launched a new online program called PB&J . It collects employee complaints , as well as their votes on problems in the office ; if a problem generates at least 50 votes , online management automatically investigates the matter . In February 2013 , Mayer oversaw a major personnel policy change at Yahoo ! that required all remote-working employees to convert to in-office roles . Having worked from home toward the end of her pregnancy , Mayer returned to work after giving birth to a boy , and built a mothers room next to her office suite—Mayer was consequently criticized for the telecommuting ban . In April 2013 , Mayer changed Yahoo s maternity leave policy , lengthening its time allowance and providing a cash bonus to parents . CNN noted this was in line with other Silicon Valley companies , such as Facebook and Google . Mayer has been criticized for many of her management decisions in pieces by The New York Times and The New Yorker . On May 20 , 2013 , Mayer led Yahoo ! to acquire Tumblr in a $1.1 billion acquisition . In February 2016 , Yahoo ! acknowledged that the value of Tumblr had fallen by $230 million since it was acquired . In July 2013 , Yahoo ! reported a fall in revenues , but a rise in profits compared with the same period in the previous year . Reaction on Wall Street was muted , with shares falling 1.7% . In September 2013 , it was reported that the stock price of Yahoo ! had doubled over the 14 months since Mayers appointment . However , much of this growth may be attributed to Yahoo s stake in the Chinese e-commerce company Alibaba Group , which was acquired before Mayers tenure . In November 2013 , Mayer instituted a performance review system based on a bell curve ranking of employees , suggesting that managers rank their employees on a bell curve , with those at the low end being fired . Employees complained that some managers were viewing the process as mandatory . In February 2016 , a former Yahoo ! employee filed a lawsuit against the company claiming that Yahoos firing practices have violated both California and federal labor laws . In 2014 , Mayer was ranked sixth on Fortunes 40 under 40 list , and was ranked the 16th most-powerful businesswoman in the world that year according to the same publication . In March 2016 Fortune would name Mayer as one of the worlds most disappointing leaders . Yahoo ! stocks continued to fall by more than 30% throughout 2015 , while 12 key executives left the company . In December 2015 , the New York-based hedge fund SpringOwl , a shareholder in Yahoo Inc. , released a statement arguing that Mayer be replaced as CEO . Starboard Value , an activist investing firm that owns a stake in Yahoo , likewise wrote a scathing letter regarding Mayers performance at Yahoo . By January 2016 , it was further estimated that Yahoo s core business has been worth less than zero dollars for the past few quarters . In February 2016 , Mayer confirmed that Yahoo ! was considering the possibility of selling its core business . In March 2017 , it was reported that Mayer could receive a $23 million termination package upon the sale of Yahoo ! to Verizon . Mayer announced her resignation on June 13 , 2017 . In spite of large losses in advertising revenue at Yahoo ! and a 50% reduction in staff during her 5 years as CEO , Mayer was paid a total of $239 million over that time , mainly in stock and stock options . On the day of her resignation , Mayer publicly highlighted many of the companys achievements during her tenure , including : creating $43B in market capitalization , tripling Yahoo stock , growing mobile users to over 650 million , building a $1.5B mobile ad business , and transforming Yahoos culture . Over Mayers tenure , the number of monthly visits on Yahoos home page went down from nearly 10 billion to less than 4.5 while Googles went up from 17 billion to over 56 . At the time of Mayers hiring , Yahoos numbers had already been falling behind those of Googles for over a year . However , Mayer proved unable to reverse this trend . On 8 November 2017 , along with several other present and former corporate CEOs , Mayer testified before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation regarding major security breaches at Yahoo during 2013 and 2014 . Allegations of gender-based discrimination . Scott Ard , a prominent editorial director , fired from Yahoo ! in 2015 , filed a lawsuit alleging that Mayer encouraged and fostered the use of an employee performance-rating system to accommodate management’s subjective biases and personal opinions , to the detriment of Yahoo!’s male employees . He claimed that , prior to his firing , he had received fully satisfactory performance reviews since starting at the company in 2011 as head of editorial programming for Yahoo s home page ; however , he was relieved of his role , which was given to a woman who had been recently hired . This case was dismissed in March 2018 . An earlier lawsuit was filed by Gregory Anderson , who was fired in 2014 , alleging the company’s performance management system was arbitrary and unfair and disguised layoffs as terminations for the purpose of evading state and federal WARN Acts , making it the first WARN Act and gender discrimination lawsuit Yahoo ! and Mayer faced in 2016 . Sunshine ( 2018–present ) . After leaving Yahoo ! in 2017 , Mayer started Sunshine ( formerly Lumi Labs ) with former colleague Enrique Munoz Torres . The company is based in Palo Alto and is focused on artificial intelligence and consumer media . On November 18 , 2020 , Mayer announced that Lumi Labs would be rebranded as Sunshine at the same time as revealing its first product : Sunshine Contacts . Sunshine Contacts claims to improve the users iPhone contacts and Google contacts using intelligent algorithms , contact data , public sources , and more . Boards . As well as sitting on the boards of directors of Walmart , Maisonette , and Jawbone , Mayer also sits on several non-profit boards , such as Cooper–Hewitt , National Design Museum , New York City Ballet , San Francisco Ballet , and San Francisco Museum of Modern Art . Business investments . Mayer actively invests in technology companies , including crowd-sourced design retailer Minted , live video platform Airtime.com , wireless power startup uBeam , online DIY community/e-commerce company Brit + Co. , mobile payments processor Square , home décor site One Kings Lane , genetic testing company Natera , and nootropics and biohacking company Nootrobox . Accolades . Mayer was named to Fortune magazines annual list of Americas 50 Most Powerful Women in Business in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 with ranks at 50 , 44 , 42 , 38 , 14 , 8 and 16 respectively . In 2008 , at age 33 , she was the youngest woman ever listed . Mayer was named one of Glamour Magazines Women of the Year in 2009 . She was listed in Forbes Magazines List of The Worlds 100 Most Powerful Women in 2012 , 2013 and 2014 , with ranks of 20 , 32 and 18 respectively . In September 2013 , Mayer became the first CEO of a Fortune 500 company to be featured in a Vogue magazine spread . In 2013 , she was also named in the Time 100 , becoming the first woman listed as number one on Fortune magazines annual list of the top 40 business stars under 40 years old . Mayer made Fortune magazine history in 2013 , as the only person to feature in all three of its annual lists during the same year : Businessperson of the Year ( No . 10 ) , Most Powerful Women ( at No . 8 ) , and 40 Under 40 ( No . 1 ) at the same time . In March 2016 , Fortune then named Mayer as one of the worlds most disappointing leaders . On 24 December 2015 , Mayer was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 14 in the list of 500 Most Influential CEOs . Mayer appeared on the List of women CEOs of Fortune 500 companies in 2017 , having ranked 498 of the top 500 Fortune 500 company CEOs . Personal life . Mayer married lawyer and investor Zachary Bogue on December 12 , 2009 . On the day Yahoo ! announced her hiring , Mayer revealed that she was pregnant ; she gave birth to a baby boy on September 30 , 2012 . Although she asked for baby name suggestions via social media , she eventually chose the name Macallister from an existing list . On December 10 , 2015 , Mayer announced that she had given birth to identical twin girls , Marielle and Sylvana . Mayer is Lutheran , but she has said—referencing Vince Lombardis Your God , your family and the Green Bay Packers—that her priorities are God , family and Yahoo! , except Im not that religious , so its really family and Yahoo! . Further reading . - What Happened When Marissa Mayer Tried to Be Steve Jobs ( 2014-12-17 ) , Nicholas Carlson , The New York Times - Marissa Mayer – How Yahoo ! went from mess to an Apple Design award ( 2014-08-15 ) , Tim Green , Hot Topics External links . - Marissa Mayer : One of the Most Powerful Women in Business at Richtopia

hard

Which award did David N. Livingstone receive in 1995?

/wiki/David_N._Livingstone#P166#0

David N . Livingstone David Noel Livingstone ( born 15 March 1953 ) is a Northern Ireland-born geographer , historian , and academic . He is Professor of Geography and Intellectual History at Queens University Belfast . Personal background . David Livingstone was born in Northern Ireland , and educated at Banbridge Academy and Queens University Belfast ( B.A. , Ph.D. ) . Following graduation , he continued at Queens as a Research Officer and Lecturer , becoming Reader and then full Professor . He has held visiting professorships at Calvin College , Michigan , University of British Columbia , University of Notre Dame , and Baylor University . He is married to Frances Livingstone , has two children ( Justin and Emma ) , and lives in Belfast . He was appointed an OBE for his services to Geography and History , and CBE for services to scholarship in Geography , History of Science and Intellectual History . Books . - Darwins Forgotten Defenders : The Encounter Between Evangelical Theology and Evolutionary Thought ( Scottish Academic Press , 1984 ) . - Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science ( University of Alabama Press , 1987 ) . - The Geographical Tradition : Episodes in the History of a Contested Enterprise ( Blackwell , 1992 ) - The Preadamite Theory and the Marriage of Science and Religion ( American Philosophical Society , 1992 ) - Human Geography : An Essential Anthology , joint editor with John A . Agnew and Alistair Rodgers ( Blackwell , 1996 ) - Evangelicals and Science in Historical Perspective , edited with D . G . Hart and Mark A . Noll ( Oxford University Press , 1999 ) . - Geography and Enlightenment , edited with Charles W . J . Withers ( University of Chicago Press , 1999 ) - Ulster-American Religion : Moments in the History of a Cultural Connection , with Ronald Wells ( University of Notre Dame Press , 1999 ) - Science , Space and Hermeneutics , The Hettner Lectures 2001 ( University of Heidelberg , 2002 ) - Putting Science in its Place : Geographies of Scientific Knowledge ( University of Chicago Press , 2003 ) - Geography and Revolution , joint editor with Charles W . J . Withers ( University of Chicago Press , 2005 ) - Adams Ancestors : Race , Religion & the Politics of Human Origins ( The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 ) - Dealing with Darwin : Place , Politics , and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with Evolution ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press 2014 ) Awards . - Fellow of the British Academy ( FBA ) - Member of the Royal Irish Academy ( MRIA ) - 1997 : Back Award , Royal Geographical Society - 1998 : Centenary Medal , Royal Scottish Geographical Society - British Academy Research Reader - Member of the Academia Europaea ( MAE ) - Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( FRSA ) - Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences ( FAcSS ) - OBE for services to Geography and History - 2008 : Gold Medal , Royal Irish Academy - Corresponding Member , International Academy of the History of Science - 2011 : Founders’ Medal , Royal Geographical Society - 2013 : Hon.D.Litt , University of Aberdeen - 2019 : CBE for services to scholarship Professional distinctions . - President of the Geography Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 2004–05 . - Vice President ( for Research ) and Member of Council , Royal Geographical Society , 2007– . - Charles Lyell Lecturer , British Association for the Advancement of Science , 1994–95 . - Hettner Lectures , University of Heidelberg , 2001 . - Murrin Lectures , University of British Columbia , 2002 . - Progress in Human Geography Lecture , Royal Geographical Society , 2005 . - Appleton Lecture , University of Hull , 2007 - Von Humboldt Lecture , U.C.L.A. , 2007 - Gordon Manley Lecture , Royal Holloway , University of London , 2007 - Gunning Lecture , University of Edinburgh , 2009 - Gregory Lecture , University of Southampton , 2010 - Gifford Lectures , University of Aberdeen , 2014 - Dudleian Lecture , Harvard University , 2015 External links . - David N . Livingstone

hard

Which award did David N. Livingstone receive in 1998?

/wiki/David_N._Livingstone#P166#1

David N . Livingstone David Noel Livingstone ( born 15 March 1953 ) is a Northern Ireland-born geographer , historian , and academic . He is Professor of Geography and Intellectual History at Queens University Belfast . Personal background . David Livingstone was born in Northern Ireland , and educated at Banbridge Academy and Queens University Belfast ( B.A. , Ph.D. ) . Following graduation , he continued at Queens as a Research Officer and Lecturer , becoming Reader and then full Professor . He has held visiting professorships at Calvin College , Michigan , University of British Columbia , University of Notre Dame , and Baylor University . He is married to Frances Livingstone , has two children ( Justin and Emma ) , and lives in Belfast . He was appointed an OBE for his services to Geography and History , and CBE for services to scholarship in Geography , History of Science and Intellectual History . Books . - Darwins Forgotten Defenders : The Encounter Between Evangelical Theology and Evolutionary Thought ( Scottish Academic Press , 1984 ) . - Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science ( University of Alabama Press , 1987 ) . - The Geographical Tradition : Episodes in the History of a Contested Enterprise ( Blackwell , 1992 ) - The Preadamite Theory and the Marriage of Science and Religion ( American Philosophical Society , 1992 ) - Human Geography : An Essential Anthology , joint editor with John A . Agnew and Alistair Rodgers ( Blackwell , 1996 ) - Evangelicals and Science in Historical Perspective , edited with D . G . Hart and Mark A . Noll ( Oxford University Press , 1999 ) . - Geography and Enlightenment , edited with Charles W . J . Withers ( University of Chicago Press , 1999 ) - Ulster-American Religion : Moments in the History of a Cultural Connection , with Ronald Wells ( University of Notre Dame Press , 1999 ) - Science , Space and Hermeneutics , The Hettner Lectures 2001 ( University of Heidelberg , 2002 ) - Putting Science in its Place : Geographies of Scientific Knowledge ( University of Chicago Press , 2003 ) - Geography and Revolution , joint editor with Charles W . J . Withers ( University of Chicago Press , 2005 ) - Adams Ancestors : Race , Religion & the Politics of Human Origins ( The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 ) - Dealing with Darwin : Place , Politics , and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with Evolution ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press 2014 ) Awards . - Fellow of the British Academy ( FBA ) - Member of the Royal Irish Academy ( MRIA ) - 1997 : Back Award , Royal Geographical Society - 1998 : Centenary Medal , Royal Scottish Geographical Society - British Academy Research Reader - Member of the Academia Europaea ( MAE ) - Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( FRSA ) - Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences ( FAcSS ) - OBE for services to Geography and History - 2008 : Gold Medal , Royal Irish Academy - Corresponding Member , International Academy of the History of Science - 2011 : Founders’ Medal , Royal Geographical Society - 2013 : Hon.D.Litt , University of Aberdeen - 2019 : CBE for services to scholarship Professional distinctions . - President of the Geography Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 2004–05 . - Vice President ( for Research ) and Member of Council , Royal Geographical Society , 2007– . - Charles Lyell Lecturer , British Association for the Advancement of Science , 1994–95 . - Hettner Lectures , University of Heidelberg , 2001 . - Murrin Lectures , University of British Columbia , 2002 . - Progress in Human Geography Lecture , Royal Geographical Society , 2005 . - Appleton Lecture , University of Hull , 2007 - Von Humboldt Lecture , U.C.L.A. , 2007 - Gordon Manley Lecture , Royal Holloway , University of London , 2007 - Gunning Lecture , University of Edinburgh , 2009 - Gregory Lecture , University of Southampton , 2010 - Gifford Lectures , University of Aberdeen , 2014 - Dudleian Lecture , Harvard University , 2015 External links . - David N . Livingstone

hard

Which award did David N. Livingstone receive in 2001?

/wiki/David_N._Livingstone#P166#2

David N . Livingstone David Noel Livingstone ( born 15 March 1953 ) is a Northern Ireland-born geographer , historian , and academic . He is Professor of Geography and Intellectual History at Queens University Belfast . Personal background . David Livingstone was born in Northern Ireland , and educated at Banbridge Academy and Queens University Belfast ( B.A. , Ph.D. ) . Following graduation , he continued at Queens as a Research Officer and Lecturer , becoming Reader and then full Professor . He has held visiting professorships at Calvin College , Michigan , University of British Columbia , University of Notre Dame , and Baylor University . He is married to Frances Livingstone , has two children ( Justin and Emma ) , and lives in Belfast . He was appointed an OBE for his services to Geography and History , and CBE for services to scholarship in Geography , History of Science and Intellectual History . Books . - Darwins Forgotten Defenders : The Encounter Between Evangelical Theology and Evolutionary Thought ( Scottish Academic Press , 1984 ) . - Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science ( University of Alabama Press , 1987 ) . - The Geographical Tradition : Episodes in the History of a Contested Enterprise ( Blackwell , 1992 ) - The Preadamite Theory and the Marriage of Science and Religion ( American Philosophical Society , 1992 ) - Human Geography : An Essential Anthology , joint editor with John A . Agnew and Alistair Rodgers ( Blackwell , 1996 ) - Evangelicals and Science in Historical Perspective , edited with D . G . Hart and Mark A . Noll ( Oxford University Press , 1999 ) . - Geography and Enlightenment , edited with Charles W . J . Withers ( University of Chicago Press , 1999 ) - Ulster-American Religion : Moments in the History of a Cultural Connection , with Ronald Wells ( University of Notre Dame Press , 1999 ) - Science , Space and Hermeneutics , The Hettner Lectures 2001 ( University of Heidelberg , 2002 ) - Putting Science in its Place : Geographies of Scientific Knowledge ( University of Chicago Press , 2003 ) - Geography and Revolution , joint editor with Charles W . J . Withers ( University of Chicago Press , 2005 ) - Adams Ancestors : Race , Religion & the Politics of Human Origins ( The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 ) - Dealing with Darwin : Place , Politics , and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with Evolution ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press 2014 ) Awards . - Fellow of the British Academy ( FBA ) - Member of the Royal Irish Academy ( MRIA ) - 1997 : Back Award , Royal Geographical Society - 1998 : Centenary Medal , Royal Scottish Geographical Society - British Academy Research Reader - Member of the Academia Europaea ( MAE ) - Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( FRSA ) - Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences ( FAcSS ) - OBE for services to Geography and History - 2008 : Gold Medal , Royal Irish Academy - Corresponding Member , International Academy of the History of Science - 2011 : Founders’ Medal , Royal Geographical Society - 2013 : Hon.D.Litt , University of Aberdeen - 2019 : CBE for services to scholarship Professional distinctions . - President of the Geography Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 2004–05 . - Vice President ( for Research ) and Member of Council , Royal Geographical Society , 2007– . - Charles Lyell Lecturer , British Association for the Advancement of Science , 1994–95 . - Hettner Lectures , University of Heidelberg , 2001 . - Murrin Lectures , University of British Columbia , 2002 . - Progress in Human Geography Lecture , Royal Geographical Society , 2005 . - Appleton Lecture , University of Hull , 2007 - Von Humboldt Lecture , U.C.L.A. , 2007 - Gordon Manley Lecture , Royal Holloway , University of London , 2007 - Gunning Lecture , University of Edinburgh , 2009 - Gregory Lecture , University of Southampton , 2010 - Gifford Lectures , University of Aberdeen , 2014 - Dudleian Lecture , Harvard University , 2015 External links . - David N . Livingstone

hard

Which award did David N. Livingstone receive in 2002?

/wiki/David_N._Livingstone#P166#3

David N . Livingstone David Noel Livingstone ( born 15 March 1953 ) is a Northern Ireland-born geographer , historian , and academic . He is Professor of Geography and Intellectual History at Queens University Belfast . Personal background . David Livingstone was born in Northern Ireland , and educated at Banbridge Academy and Queens University Belfast ( B.A. , Ph.D. ) . Following graduation , he continued at Queens as a Research Officer and Lecturer , becoming Reader and then full Professor . He has held visiting professorships at Calvin College , Michigan , University of British Columbia , University of Notre Dame , and Baylor University . He is married to Frances Livingstone , has two children ( Justin and Emma ) , and lives in Belfast . He was appointed an OBE for his services to Geography and History , and CBE for services to scholarship in Geography , History of Science and Intellectual History . Books . - Darwins Forgotten Defenders : The Encounter Between Evangelical Theology and Evolutionary Thought ( Scottish Academic Press , 1984 ) . - Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science ( University of Alabama Press , 1987 ) . - The Geographical Tradition : Episodes in the History of a Contested Enterprise ( Blackwell , 1992 ) - The Preadamite Theory and the Marriage of Science and Religion ( American Philosophical Society , 1992 ) - Human Geography : An Essential Anthology , joint editor with John A . Agnew and Alistair Rodgers ( Blackwell , 1996 ) - Evangelicals and Science in Historical Perspective , edited with D . G . Hart and Mark A . Noll ( Oxford University Press , 1999 ) . - Geography and Enlightenment , edited with Charles W . J . Withers ( University of Chicago Press , 1999 ) - Ulster-American Religion : Moments in the History of a Cultural Connection , with Ronald Wells ( University of Notre Dame Press , 1999 ) - Science , Space and Hermeneutics , The Hettner Lectures 2001 ( University of Heidelberg , 2002 ) - Putting Science in its Place : Geographies of Scientific Knowledge ( University of Chicago Press , 2003 ) - Geography and Revolution , joint editor with Charles W . J . Withers ( University of Chicago Press , 2005 ) - Adams Ancestors : Race , Religion & the Politics of Human Origins ( The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 ) - Dealing with Darwin : Place , Politics , and Rhetoric in Religious Engagements with Evolution ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press 2014 ) Awards . - Fellow of the British Academy ( FBA ) - Member of the Royal Irish Academy ( MRIA ) - 1997 : Back Award , Royal Geographical Society - 1998 : Centenary Medal , Royal Scottish Geographical Society - British Academy Research Reader - Member of the Academia Europaea ( MAE ) - Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( FRSA ) - Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences ( FAcSS ) - OBE for services to Geography and History - 2008 : Gold Medal , Royal Irish Academy - Corresponding Member , International Academy of the History of Science - 2011 : Founders’ Medal , Royal Geographical Society - 2013 : Hon.D.Litt , University of Aberdeen - 2019 : CBE for services to scholarship Professional distinctions . - President of the Geography Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 2004–05 . - Vice President ( for Research ) and Member of Council , Royal Geographical Society , 2007– . - Charles Lyell Lecturer , British Association for the Advancement of Science , 1994–95 . - Hettner Lectures , University of Heidelberg , 2001 . - Murrin Lectures , University of British Columbia , 2002 . - Progress in Human Geography Lecture , Royal Geographical Society , 2005 . - Appleton Lecture , University of Hull , 2007 - Von Humboldt Lecture , U.C.L.A. , 2007 - Gordon Manley Lecture , Royal Holloway , University of London , 2007 - Gunning Lecture , University of Edinburgh , 2009 - Gregory Lecture , University of Southampton , 2010 - Gifford Lectures , University of Aberdeen , 2014 - Dudleian Lecture , Harvard University , 2015 External links . - David N . Livingstone

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Who was the spouse of Sy Bartlett in Jul 1932?

/wiki/Sy_Bartlett#P26#0

Sy Bartlett Sidney Sy Bartlett ( born Sacha Baraniev ; July 10 , 1900 – May 29 , 1978 ) was an American author and screenwriter/producer of Hollywood films . Early life . Sy Bartlett was born on July 10 , 1900 in the Black Sea seaport of Mykolaiv in southern Ukraine . His parents immigrated to the United States in 1904 , settling in Chicago . Bartlett attended Northwestern University and was trained at the Medill School of Journalism . He worked as a newspaper reporter before moving to Hollywood to become a screenwriter . His first credited work was for RKO Studios in 1933 and he wrote 28 screenplays from 1933 to 1969 . In the 1950s , he became interested in producing films , and with film star Gregory Peck founded Melville Productions in 1956 . Bartlett enjoyed being a Hollywood socialite in the 1930s and was well known for the Sunday barbecues he frequently hosted . He was sometimes connected by tabloids to scandals on occasion , and married three times , each time to Hollywood actresses – Alice White , Ellen Drew , and Patricia Owens . Of Jewish descent , Bartlett was strongly anti-Nazi , once striking an employee of the German consulate in the face during an argument in a nightclub . Military service . Bartlett joined the United States Army during World War II as a captain and was assigned to the Army Pictorial Service . However he was not interested in making training films and used connections to meet Beirne Lay , Jr. , who was on the staff of Army Air Forces Brig . Gen . Ira Eaker . Lay had a background in both journalism and Hollywood and arranged for Bartlett to meet Maj . Gen . Carl Spaatz , and Bartlett became Spaatzs aide-de-camp . With the establishment of the Eighth Air Force in England , Bartlett was transferred there and joined the staff of the Eighths Bomber Command as an intelligence assistant . There he came into daily contact with the inner workings of Air Force commanders in England , including Brig . Gen . Frank A . Armstrong , and was a close observer of the development of the Eighth into a powerful combat force . In November 1944 , Major Bartlett became the wing intelligence officer for the B-29 315th Bomb Wing under Armstrong and served with it on Guam . Return to Hollywood and writing . Following World War II , Bartlett returned to Hollywood and joined 20th Century Fox as a writer . In 1946 , he began a collaboration with Beirne Lay which resulted in the 1948 publication of the novel Twelve OClock High ( Harper & Brothers ) , and in December 1949 , the release of the film based on the same story ( work on production began a year before publication ) . Bartlett died in Hollywood on May 29 , 1978 , aged 77 , from cancer . Filmography ( screenwriter ) . - Che ! ( 1969 ) – also producer - In Enemy Country ( 1968 ) - A Gathering of Eagles ( 1963 ) -- also producer - Cape Fear ( 1962 ) --also producer - The Outsider ( 1961 ) – also producer - Beloved Infidel ( 1959 ) - Pork Chop Hill ( 1959 ) -- also producer - The Big Country ( 1958 ) - Suspicion ( TV series ; episode : Doomsday ) ( 1957 ) - The Last Command ( 1955 ) - That Lady ( 1955 ) -- also producer - The Red Beret ( 1953 ) - Twelve OClock High ( 1949 ) - Down to the Sea in Ships ( 1949 ) - 13 Rue Madeleine ( 1947 ) - The Princess and the Pirate ( 1944 ) - Two Yanks in Trinidad ( 1942 ) - Bullet Scars ( 1942 ) - Road to Zanzibar ( 1941 ) - Sandy Gets Her Man ( 1940 ) - The Amazing Mr . Williams ( 1939 ) - Cocoanut Grove ( 1938 ) - Sergeant Murphy ( 1938 ) - Danger Patrol ( 1937 ) - The Man Who Cried Wolf ( 1937 ) - Under Your Spell ( 1936 ) - Boulder Dam ( 1936 ) - The Murder of Dr . Harrigan ( 1936 ) - Going Highbrow ( 1935 ) - Kansas City Princess ( 1934 ) - The Big Brain ( 1933 ) References . - Duffin , Alan T. , and Matheis , Paul . The 12 OClock High Logbook ( 2005 ) , External links . - Portrait of screenwriter Sy Bartlett , Los Angeles , California , circa 1939 . Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive ( Collection 1429 ) . UCLA Library Special Collections , Charles E . Young Research Library , University of California , Los Angeles .

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Who was the spouse of Sy Bartlett between Mar 1935 and May 1935?

/wiki/Sy_Bartlett#P26#1

Sy Bartlett Sidney Sy Bartlett ( born Sacha Baraniev ; July 10 , 1900 – May 29 , 1978 ) was an American author and screenwriter/producer of Hollywood films . Early life . Sy Bartlett was born on July 10 , 1900 in the Black Sea seaport of Mykolaiv in southern Ukraine . His parents immigrated to the United States in 1904 , settling in Chicago . Bartlett attended Northwestern University and was trained at the Medill School of Journalism . He worked as a newspaper reporter before moving to Hollywood to become a screenwriter . His first credited work was for RKO Studios in 1933 and he wrote 28 screenplays from 1933 to 1969 . In the 1950s , he became interested in producing films , and with film star Gregory Peck founded Melville Productions in 1956 . Bartlett enjoyed being a Hollywood socialite in the 1930s and was well known for the Sunday barbecues he frequently hosted . He was sometimes connected by tabloids to scandals on occasion , and married three times , each time to Hollywood actresses – Alice White , Ellen Drew , and Patricia Owens . Of Jewish descent , Bartlett was strongly anti-Nazi , once striking an employee of the German consulate in the face during an argument in a nightclub . Military service . Bartlett joined the United States Army during World War II as a captain and was assigned to the Army Pictorial Service . However he was not interested in making training films and used connections to meet Beirne Lay , Jr. , who was on the staff of Army Air Forces Brig . Gen . Ira Eaker . Lay had a background in both journalism and Hollywood and arranged for Bartlett to meet Maj . Gen . Carl Spaatz , and Bartlett became Spaatzs aide-de-camp . With the establishment of the Eighth Air Force in England , Bartlett was transferred there and joined the staff of the Eighths Bomber Command as an intelligence assistant . There he came into daily contact with the inner workings of Air Force commanders in England , including Brig . Gen . Frank A . Armstrong , and was a close observer of the development of the Eighth into a powerful combat force . In November 1944 , Major Bartlett became the wing intelligence officer for the B-29 315th Bomb Wing under Armstrong and served with it on Guam . Return to Hollywood and writing . Following World War II , Bartlett returned to Hollywood and joined 20th Century Fox as a writer . In 1946 , he began a collaboration with Beirne Lay which resulted in the 1948 publication of the novel Twelve OClock High ( Harper & Brothers ) , and in December 1949 , the release of the film based on the same story ( work on production began a year before publication ) . Bartlett died in Hollywood on May 29 , 1978 , aged 77 , from cancer . Filmography ( screenwriter ) . - Che ! ( 1969 ) – also producer - In Enemy Country ( 1968 ) - A Gathering of Eagles ( 1963 ) -- also producer - Cape Fear ( 1962 ) --also producer - The Outsider ( 1961 ) – also producer - Beloved Infidel ( 1959 ) - Pork Chop Hill ( 1959 ) -- also producer - The Big Country ( 1958 ) - Suspicion ( TV series ; episode : Doomsday ) ( 1957 ) - The Last Command ( 1955 ) - That Lady ( 1955 ) -- also producer - The Red Beret ( 1953 ) - Twelve OClock High ( 1949 ) - Down to the Sea in Ships ( 1949 ) - 13 Rue Madeleine ( 1947 ) - The Princess and the Pirate ( 1944 ) - Two Yanks in Trinidad ( 1942 ) - Bullet Scars ( 1942 ) - Road to Zanzibar ( 1941 ) - Sandy Gets Her Man ( 1940 ) - The Amazing Mr . Williams ( 1939 ) - Cocoanut Grove ( 1938 ) - Sergeant Murphy ( 1938 ) - Danger Patrol ( 1937 ) - The Man Who Cried Wolf ( 1937 ) - Under Your Spell ( 1936 ) - Boulder Dam ( 1936 ) - The Murder of Dr . Harrigan ( 1936 ) - Going Highbrow ( 1935 ) - Kansas City Princess ( 1934 ) - The Big Brain ( 1933 ) References . - Duffin , Alan T. , and Matheis , Paul . The 12 OClock High Logbook ( 2005 ) , External links . - Portrait of screenwriter Sy Bartlett , Los Angeles , California , circa 1939 . Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive ( Collection 1429 ) . UCLA Library Special Collections , Charles E . Young Research Library , University of California , Los Angeles .

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Who was the spouse of Sy Bartlett in Jul 1939?

/wiki/Sy_Bartlett#P26#2

Sy Bartlett Sidney Sy Bartlett ( born Sacha Baraniev ; July 10 , 1900 – May 29 , 1978 ) was an American author and screenwriter/producer of Hollywood films . Early life . Sy Bartlett was born on July 10 , 1900 in the Black Sea seaport of Mykolaiv in southern Ukraine . His parents immigrated to the United States in 1904 , settling in Chicago . Bartlett attended Northwestern University and was trained at the Medill School of Journalism . He worked as a newspaper reporter before moving to Hollywood to become a screenwriter . His first credited work was for RKO Studios in 1933 and he wrote 28 screenplays from 1933 to 1969 . In the 1950s , he became interested in producing films , and with film star Gregory Peck founded Melville Productions in 1956 . Bartlett enjoyed being a Hollywood socialite in the 1930s and was well known for the Sunday barbecues he frequently hosted . He was sometimes connected by tabloids to scandals on occasion , and married three times , each time to Hollywood actresses – Alice White , Ellen Drew , and Patricia Owens . Of Jewish descent , Bartlett was strongly anti-Nazi , once striking an employee of the German consulate in the face during an argument in a nightclub . Military service . Bartlett joined the United States Army during World War II as a captain and was assigned to the Army Pictorial Service . However he was not interested in making training films and used connections to meet Beirne Lay , Jr. , who was on the staff of Army Air Forces Brig . Gen . Ira Eaker . Lay had a background in both journalism and Hollywood and arranged for Bartlett to meet Maj . Gen . Carl Spaatz , and Bartlett became Spaatzs aide-de-camp . With the establishment of the Eighth Air Force in England , Bartlett was transferred there and joined the staff of the Eighths Bomber Command as an intelligence assistant . There he came into daily contact with the inner workings of Air Force commanders in England , including Brig . Gen . Frank A . Armstrong , and was a close observer of the development of the Eighth into a powerful combat force . In November 1944 , Major Bartlett became the wing intelligence officer for the B-29 315th Bomb Wing under Armstrong and served with it on Guam . Return to Hollywood and writing . Following World War II , Bartlett returned to Hollywood and joined 20th Century Fox as a writer . In 1946 , he began a collaboration with Beirne Lay which resulted in the 1948 publication of the novel Twelve OClock High ( Harper & Brothers ) , and in December 1949 , the release of the film based on the same story ( work on production began a year before publication ) . Bartlett died in Hollywood on May 29 , 1978 , aged 77 , from cancer . Filmography ( screenwriter ) . - Che ! ( 1969 ) – also producer - In Enemy Country ( 1968 ) - A Gathering of Eagles ( 1963 ) -- also producer - Cape Fear ( 1962 ) --also producer - The Outsider ( 1961 ) – also producer - Beloved Infidel ( 1959 ) - Pork Chop Hill ( 1959 ) -- also producer - The Big Country ( 1958 ) - Suspicion ( TV series ; episode : Doomsday ) ( 1957 ) - The Last Command ( 1955 ) - That Lady ( 1955 ) -- also producer - The Red Beret ( 1953 ) - Twelve OClock High ( 1949 ) - Down to the Sea in Ships ( 1949 ) - 13 Rue Madeleine ( 1947 ) - The Princess and the Pirate ( 1944 ) - Two Yanks in Trinidad ( 1942 ) - Bullet Scars ( 1942 ) - Road to Zanzibar ( 1941 ) - Sandy Gets Her Man ( 1940 ) - The Amazing Mr . Williams ( 1939 ) - Cocoanut Grove ( 1938 ) - Sergeant Murphy ( 1938 ) - Danger Patrol ( 1937 ) - The Man Who Cried Wolf ( 1937 ) - Under Your Spell ( 1936 ) - Boulder Dam ( 1936 ) - The Murder of Dr . Harrigan ( 1936 ) - Going Highbrow ( 1935 ) - Kansas City Princess ( 1934 ) - The Big Brain ( 1933 ) References . - Duffin , Alan T. , and Matheis , Paul . The 12 OClock High Logbook ( 2005 ) , External links . - Portrait of screenwriter Sy Bartlett , Los Angeles , California , circa 1939 . Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive ( Collection 1429 ) . UCLA Library Special Collections , Charles E . Young Research Library , University of California , Los Angeles .

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Who was the spouse of Sy Bartlett in Aug 1957?

/wiki/Sy_Bartlett#P26#3

Sy Bartlett Sidney Sy Bartlett ( born Sacha Baraniev ; July 10 , 1900 – May 29 , 1978 ) was an American author and screenwriter/producer of Hollywood films . Early life . Sy Bartlett was born on July 10 , 1900 in the Black Sea seaport of Mykolaiv in southern Ukraine . His parents immigrated to the United States in 1904 , settling in Chicago . Bartlett attended Northwestern University and was trained at the Medill School of Journalism . He worked as a newspaper reporter before moving to Hollywood to become a screenwriter . His first credited work was for RKO Studios in 1933 and he wrote 28 screenplays from 1933 to 1969 . In the 1950s , he became interested in producing films , and with film star Gregory Peck founded Melville Productions in 1956 . Bartlett enjoyed being a Hollywood socialite in the 1930s and was well known for the Sunday barbecues he frequently hosted . He was sometimes connected by tabloids to scandals on occasion , and married three times , each time to Hollywood actresses – Alice White , Ellen Drew , and Patricia Owens . Of Jewish descent , Bartlett was strongly anti-Nazi , once striking an employee of the German consulate in the face during an argument in a nightclub . Military service . Bartlett joined the United States Army during World War II as a captain and was assigned to the Army Pictorial Service . However he was not interested in making training films and used connections to meet Beirne Lay , Jr. , who was on the staff of Army Air Forces Brig . Gen . Ira Eaker . Lay had a background in both journalism and Hollywood and arranged for Bartlett to meet Maj . Gen . Carl Spaatz , and Bartlett became Spaatzs aide-de-camp . With the establishment of the Eighth Air Force in England , Bartlett was transferred there and joined the staff of the Eighths Bomber Command as an intelligence assistant . There he came into daily contact with the inner workings of Air Force commanders in England , including Brig . Gen . Frank A . Armstrong , and was a close observer of the development of the Eighth into a powerful combat force . In November 1944 , Major Bartlett became the wing intelligence officer for the B-29 315th Bomb Wing under Armstrong and served with it on Guam . Return to Hollywood and writing . Following World War II , Bartlett returned to Hollywood and joined 20th Century Fox as a writer . In 1946 , he began a collaboration with Beirne Lay which resulted in the 1948 publication of the novel Twelve OClock High ( Harper & Brothers ) , and in December 1949 , the release of the film based on the same story ( work on production began a year before publication ) . Bartlett died in Hollywood on May 29 , 1978 , aged 77 , from cancer . Filmography ( screenwriter ) . - Che ! ( 1969 ) – also producer - In Enemy Country ( 1968 ) - A Gathering of Eagles ( 1963 ) -- also producer - Cape Fear ( 1962 ) --also producer - The Outsider ( 1961 ) – also producer - Beloved Infidel ( 1959 ) - Pork Chop Hill ( 1959 ) -- also producer - The Big Country ( 1958 ) - Suspicion ( TV series ; episode : Doomsday ) ( 1957 ) - The Last Command ( 1955 ) - That Lady ( 1955 ) -- also producer - The Red Beret ( 1953 ) - Twelve OClock High ( 1949 ) - Down to the Sea in Ships ( 1949 ) - 13 Rue Madeleine ( 1947 ) - The Princess and the Pirate ( 1944 ) - Two Yanks in Trinidad ( 1942 ) - Bullet Scars ( 1942 ) - Road to Zanzibar ( 1941 ) - Sandy Gets Her Man ( 1940 ) - The Amazing Mr . Williams ( 1939 ) - Cocoanut Grove ( 1938 ) - Sergeant Murphy ( 1938 ) - Danger Patrol ( 1937 ) - The Man Who Cried Wolf ( 1937 ) - Under Your Spell ( 1936 ) - Boulder Dam ( 1936 ) - The Murder of Dr . Harrigan ( 1936 ) - Going Highbrow ( 1935 ) - Kansas City Princess ( 1934 ) - The Big Brain ( 1933 ) References . - Duffin , Alan T. , and Matheis , Paul . The 12 OClock High Logbook ( 2005 ) , External links . - Portrait of screenwriter Sy Bartlett , Los Angeles , California , circa 1939 . Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive ( Collection 1429 ) . UCLA Library Special Collections , Charles E . Young Research Library , University of California , Los Angeles .

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What was the position of Steph Key before Jun 1999?

/wiki/Steph_Key#P39#0

Steph Key Stephanie Wendy Key ( born 13 December 1954 ) is a former Australian politician who was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly for the Australian Labor Party from the 1997 election until her retirement in 2018 , representing the electorates of Hanson ( 1997–2002 ) and Ashford ( 2002–2018 ) . Early life . Born at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Adelaides western suburbs , Key attended the Largs Bay Primary , Port Adelaide Girls Technical , and Marryatville Adult Matriculation High School ( where she was among the second group of adults in South Australia to matriculate ) before completing a Bachelor of Arts majoring in politics and sociology at Flinders University , where she was elected as the first female general secretary of the Flinders University Students Association . Before entering parliament , Key worked as waitress , cook , cleaner and clerk , as well as a number of positions within the Transport Workers Union , the Australian Council of Trades Unions ( ACTU ) and the United Trades and Labor Council of South Australia ( UTLC ) . Key also served as the director of the Working Womens Centre and as a member of the South Australian Housing Trusts board of directors . Parliament . Key was elected as member for the electoral district of Hanson at the 1997 election , and immediately assumed shadow ministerial responsibilities for industrial affairs , youth affairs and assisting in multicultural and ethnic affairs . Changes in the shadow cabinet during 2000 saw her responsibilities change to housing and urban development , employment and training , local government and youth affairs . The 2002 election saw they seat of Hanson abolished and Key was re-elected to parliament as member for Ashford . With the election of the Rann government in 2002 , Key became Australias first Minister for Social Justice , with further portfolio responsibilities for community and disability services , ageing , housing , youth and the status of women . Key has been attempting to decriminalize prostitution in South Australia. , SIN is supporting her efforts . Key oversaw a comprehensive overhaul of South Australias child protection laws and strategies to improve and sharpen the way in which Government responds to the needs and welfare of children in care . During Keys term as Social Justice Minister , South Australian also saw the redrafting of anti-discrimination legislation and the Equal Opportunity Act . Following a mid-term cabinet reshuffle in 2004 , Key became the Minister for Employment , Training and Further Education while also retaining the youth and status of women portfolios . During her time in parliament , Key has pushed for progressive legislation . She is from the Labor Left faction . Though her seat of Ashford was renamed to Badcoe along with a significant increase to the Labor margin in the seat following the electoral redistribution , Key announced on 3 February 2017 that she would be retiring from parliament as of the 2018 election . Electoral results . Key defeated Liberal Stewart Leggett in the seat of Hanson at the 1997 election with a 55.6 percent two-party vote . Hanson was abolished before the 2002 election and was replaced by Ashford which Key retained with an increased 53.7 percent two-party vote from a 0.8-point swing . Key increased her two-party vote to 66.1 percent , a two-party swing of 12.4 points , at the 2006 election . Key retained her seat at the 2010 election with a 54.8 percent two-party vote , despite suffering a 10.4-point swing . Keys two-party vote was reduced to 50.6 percent in a redistribution however she retained the seat at the 2014 election with an increased 51.9 percent two-party vote from a 1.3-point swing . External links . - Former Members Parliamentary Profile : SA Parliament website

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What was the position of Steph Key in Oct 2002?

/wiki/Steph_Key#P39#1

Steph Key Stephanie Wendy Key ( born 13 December 1954 ) is a former Australian politician who was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly for the Australian Labor Party from the 1997 election until her retirement in 2018 , representing the electorates of Hanson ( 1997–2002 ) and Ashford ( 2002–2018 ) . Early life . Born at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Adelaides western suburbs , Key attended the Largs Bay Primary , Port Adelaide Girls Technical , and Marryatville Adult Matriculation High School ( where she was among the second group of adults in South Australia to matriculate ) before completing a Bachelor of Arts majoring in politics and sociology at Flinders University , where she was elected as the first female general secretary of the Flinders University Students Association . Before entering parliament , Key worked as waitress , cook , cleaner and clerk , as well as a number of positions within the Transport Workers Union , the Australian Council of Trades Unions ( ACTU ) and the United Trades and Labor Council of South Australia ( UTLC ) . Key also served as the director of the Working Womens Centre and as a member of the South Australian Housing Trusts board of directors . Parliament . Key was elected as member for the electoral district of Hanson at the 1997 election , and immediately assumed shadow ministerial responsibilities for industrial affairs , youth affairs and assisting in multicultural and ethnic affairs . Changes in the shadow cabinet during 2000 saw her responsibilities change to housing and urban development , employment and training , local government and youth affairs . The 2002 election saw they seat of Hanson abolished and Key was re-elected to parliament as member for Ashford . With the election of the Rann government in 2002 , Key became Australias first Minister for Social Justice , with further portfolio responsibilities for community and disability services , ageing , housing , youth and the status of women . Key has been attempting to decriminalize prostitution in South Australia. , SIN is supporting her efforts . Key oversaw a comprehensive overhaul of South Australias child protection laws and strategies to improve and sharpen the way in which Government responds to the needs and welfare of children in care . During Keys term as Social Justice Minister , South Australian also saw the redrafting of anti-discrimination legislation and the Equal Opportunity Act . Following a mid-term cabinet reshuffle in 2004 , Key became the Minister for Employment , Training and Further Education while also retaining the youth and status of women portfolios . During her time in parliament , Key has pushed for progressive legislation . She is from the Labor Left faction . Though her seat of Ashford was renamed to Badcoe along with a significant increase to the Labor margin in the seat following the electoral redistribution , Key announced on 3 February 2017 that she would be retiring from parliament as of the 2018 election . Electoral results . Key defeated Liberal Stewart Leggett in the seat of Hanson at the 1997 election with a 55.6 percent two-party vote . Hanson was abolished before the 2002 election and was replaced by Ashford which Key retained with an increased 53.7 percent two-party vote from a 0.8-point swing . Key increased her two-party vote to 66.1 percent , a two-party swing of 12.4 points , at the 2006 election . Key retained her seat at the 2010 election with a 54.8 percent two-party vote , despite suffering a 10.4-point swing . Keys two-party vote was reduced to 50.6 percent in a redistribution however she retained the seat at the 2014 election with an increased 51.9 percent two-party vote from a 1.3-point swing . External links . - Former Members Parliamentary Profile : SA Parliament website

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What was the position of Steph Key between Jul 2005 and Jan 2006?

/wiki/Steph_Key#P39#2

Steph Key Stephanie Wendy Key ( born 13 December 1954 ) is a former Australian politician who was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly for the Australian Labor Party from the 1997 election until her retirement in 2018 , representing the electorates of Hanson ( 1997–2002 ) and Ashford ( 2002–2018 ) . Early life . Born at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Adelaides western suburbs , Key attended the Largs Bay Primary , Port Adelaide Girls Technical , and Marryatville Adult Matriculation High School ( where she was among the second group of adults in South Australia to matriculate ) before completing a Bachelor of Arts majoring in politics and sociology at Flinders University , where she was elected as the first female general secretary of the Flinders University Students Association . Before entering parliament , Key worked as waitress , cook , cleaner and clerk , as well as a number of positions within the Transport Workers Union , the Australian Council of Trades Unions ( ACTU ) and the United Trades and Labor Council of South Australia ( UTLC ) . Key also served as the director of the Working Womens Centre and as a member of the South Australian Housing Trusts board of directors . Parliament . Key was elected as member for the electoral district of Hanson at the 1997 election , and immediately assumed shadow ministerial responsibilities for industrial affairs , youth affairs and assisting in multicultural and ethnic affairs . Changes in the shadow cabinet during 2000 saw her responsibilities change to housing and urban development , employment and training , local government and youth affairs . The 2002 election saw they seat of Hanson abolished and Key was re-elected to parliament as member for Ashford . With the election of the Rann government in 2002 , Key became Australias first Minister for Social Justice , with further portfolio responsibilities for community and disability services , ageing , housing , youth and the status of women . Key has been attempting to decriminalize prostitution in South Australia. , SIN is supporting her efforts . Key oversaw a comprehensive overhaul of South Australias child protection laws and strategies to improve and sharpen the way in which Government responds to the needs and welfare of children in care . During Keys term as Social Justice Minister , South Australian also saw the redrafting of anti-discrimination legislation and the Equal Opportunity Act . Following a mid-term cabinet reshuffle in 2004 , Key became the Minister for Employment , Training and Further Education while also retaining the youth and status of women portfolios . During her time in parliament , Key has pushed for progressive legislation . She is from the Labor Left faction . Though her seat of Ashford was renamed to Badcoe along with a significant increase to the Labor margin in the seat following the electoral redistribution , Key announced on 3 February 2017 that she would be retiring from parliament as of the 2018 election . Electoral results . Key defeated Liberal Stewart Leggett in the seat of Hanson at the 1997 election with a 55.6 percent two-party vote . Hanson was abolished before the 2002 election and was replaced by Ashford which Key retained with an increased 53.7 percent two-party vote from a 0.8-point swing . Key increased her two-party vote to 66.1 percent , a two-party swing of 12.4 points , at the 2006 election . Key retained her seat at the 2010 election with a 54.8 percent two-party vote , despite suffering a 10.4-point swing . Keys two-party vote was reduced to 50.6 percent in a redistribution however she retained the seat at the 2014 election with an increased 51.9 percent two-party vote from a 1.3-point swing . External links . - Former Members Parliamentary Profile : SA Parliament website

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Which team did Mark Farren play for between Nov 2000 and Dec 2000?

/wiki/Mark_Farren#P54#0

Mark Farren Mark Farren ( 1 May 1982 – 3 February 2016 ) was an Irish footballer who played as a forward for Derry City in his prime . Career . Farren began his football career with a largely unsuccessful period , throughout which he was dogged by injury , in the youth setup at Tranmere Rovers . Following this and a spell at Huddersfield Town , he returned to his home county to play for Finn Harps . After only one substitute League appearance in the 2000–01 League of Ireland season and a lack of first-team opportunities Farren moved south to fellow League of Ireland First Division side Monaghan United . He became a regular in the Monaghan team and quickly gained a reputation as a promising , pacy striker with much potential . He earned a move to Derry City in 2003 with a free transfer . Farren stayed clear of injury in the 2005 season to produce some magnificent displays . He finished the season as second top scorer with 18 league goals in 31 appearances and 22 goals in all competitions . It was this excellent form that saw him named PFAI Player of the Year . With the signing of Kevin McHugh and the establishment of Gary Beckett as a top forward in League of Ireland football , Farrens starting place was placed under threat for the 2006 season . However , he returned to the form he showed in 2005 and did manage to hold down a regular spot in the team , with an especially strong finish to the season , which helped Derry win the FAI Cup . His efforts also helped keep Derry in the league title race up until the very last day of the season , only to see his club lose the title to Dublin rivals , Shelbourne , on goal difference . In all , Farren finished the 2006 season with 18 goals to his name . In 2010 Farren was instrumental in Derry gaining promotion from the First Division scoring 20 goals in the season . Farren , who scored in the 1–0 victory in the last game over Monagahan United to give Derry the championship , may however be forced to put his playing career on hold due to a brain tumour . He was named in the squad travelling to Sligo to play in a crucial league match at the start of September 2011 . Commenting on Farren attempting to surpass Liam Coyles goal tally , Kenny stated : In August 2012 it was announced that he would be moving to Glenavon in January 2013 after signing a pre-contract agreement . In September 2012 he overtook Liam Coyle as Derrys top scorer with 113 goals . He made his IFA Premiership debut for Glenavon on 5 January 2013 and scored his first goal at Dungannon Swifts . Farren died of cancer on 3 February 2016 . In his honour , Derry City retired the number 18 jersey , which he wore during his time at the club . Honours . Club . - FAI Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 and 2012 . - League of Ireland Cup ( 5 ) : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 and 2011 . - League of Ireland First Division ( 1 ) : 2010 . Individual . - League of Ireland Premier Division Top Scorer ( 1 ) : 2008 ( 16 goals ) . - League of Ireland First Division Top Scorer ( 1 ) : 2010 ( 18 goals ) .

hard

Which team did Mark Farren play for in May 2002?

/wiki/Mark_Farren#P54#1

Mark Farren Mark Farren ( 1 May 1982 – 3 February 2016 ) was an Irish footballer who played as a forward for Derry City in his prime . Career . Farren began his football career with a largely unsuccessful period , throughout which he was dogged by injury , in the youth setup at Tranmere Rovers . Following this and a spell at Huddersfield Town , he returned to his home county to play for Finn Harps . After only one substitute League appearance in the 2000–01 League of Ireland season and a lack of first-team opportunities Farren moved south to fellow League of Ireland First Division side Monaghan United . He became a regular in the Monaghan team and quickly gained a reputation as a promising , pacy striker with much potential . He earned a move to Derry City in 2003 with a free transfer . Farren stayed clear of injury in the 2005 season to produce some magnificent displays . He finished the season as second top scorer with 18 league goals in 31 appearances and 22 goals in all competitions . It was this excellent form that saw him named PFAI Player of the Year . With the signing of Kevin McHugh and the establishment of Gary Beckett as a top forward in League of Ireland football , Farrens starting place was placed under threat for the 2006 season . However , he returned to the form he showed in 2005 and did manage to hold down a regular spot in the team , with an especially strong finish to the season , which helped Derry win the FAI Cup . His efforts also helped keep Derry in the league title race up until the very last day of the season , only to see his club lose the title to Dublin rivals , Shelbourne , on goal difference . In all , Farren finished the 2006 season with 18 goals to his name . In 2010 Farren was instrumental in Derry gaining promotion from the First Division scoring 20 goals in the season . Farren , who scored in the 1–0 victory in the last game over Monagahan United to give Derry the championship , may however be forced to put his playing career on hold due to a brain tumour . He was named in the squad travelling to Sligo to play in a crucial league match at the start of September 2011 . Commenting on Farren attempting to surpass Liam Coyles goal tally , Kenny stated : In August 2012 it was announced that he would be moving to Glenavon in January 2013 after signing a pre-contract agreement . In September 2012 he overtook Liam Coyle as Derrys top scorer with 113 goals . He made his IFA Premiership debut for Glenavon on 5 January 2013 and scored his first goal at Dungannon Swifts . Farren died of cancer on 3 February 2016 . In his honour , Derry City retired the number 18 jersey , which he wore during his time at the club . Honours . Club . - FAI Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 and 2012 . - League of Ireland Cup ( 5 ) : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 and 2011 . - League of Ireland First Division ( 1 ) : 2010 . Individual . - League of Ireland Premier Division Top Scorer ( 1 ) : 2008 ( 16 goals ) . - League of Ireland First Division Top Scorer ( 1 ) : 2010 ( 18 goals ) .

hard

Which team did Mark Farren play for between Feb 2010 and Jul 2011?

/wiki/Mark_Farren#P54#2

Mark Farren Mark Farren ( 1 May 1982 – 3 February 2016 ) was an Irish footballer who played as a forward for Derry City in his prime . Career . Farren began his football career with a largely unsuccessful period , throughout which he was dogged by injury , in the youth setup at Tranmere Rovers . Following this and a spell at Huddersfield Town , he returned to his home county to play for Finn Harps . After only one substitute League appearance in the 2000–01 League of Ireland season and a lack of first-team opportunities Farren moved south to fellow League of Ireland First Division side Monaghan United . He became a regular in the Monaghan team and quickly gained a reputation as a promising , pacy striker with much potential . He earned a move to Derry City in 2003 with a free transfer . Farren stayed clear of injury in the 2005 season to produce some magnificent displays . He finished the season as second top scorer with 18 league goals in 31 appearances and 22 goals in all competitions . It was this excellent form that saw him named PFAI Player of the Year . With the signing of Kevin McHugh and the establishment of Gary Beckett as a top forward in League of Ireland football , Farrens starting place was placed under threat for the 2006 season . However , he returned to the form he showed in 2005 and did manage to hold down a regular spot in the team , with an especially strong finish to the season , which helped Derry win the FAI Cup . His efforts also helped keep Derry in the league title race up until the very last day of the season , only to see his club lose the title to Dublin rivals , Shelbourne , on goal difference . In all , Farren finished the 2006 season with 18 goals to his name . In 2010 Farren was instrumental in Derry gaining promotion from the First Division scoring 20 goals in the season . Farren , who scored in the 1–0 victory in the last game over Monagahan United to give Derry the championship , may however be forced to put his playing career on hold due to a brain tumour . He was named in the squad travelling to Sligo to play in a crucial league match at the start of September 2011 . Commenting on Farren attempting to surpass Liam Coyles goal tally , Kenny stated : In August 2012 it was announced that he would be moving to Glenavon in January 2013 after signing a pre-contract agreement . In September 2012 he overtook Liam Coyle as Derrys top scorer with 113 goals . He made his IFA Premiership debut for Glenavon on 5 January 2013 and scored his first goal at Dungannon Swifts . Farren died of cancer on 3 February 2016 . In his honour , Derry City retired the number 18 jersey , which he wore during his time at the club . Honours . Club . - FAI Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 and 2012 . - League of Ireland Cup ( 5 ) : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 and 2011 . - League of Ireland First Division ( 1 ) : 2010 . Individual . - League of Ireland Premier Division Top Scorer ( 1 ) : 2008 ( 16 goals ) . - League of Ireland First Division Top Scorer ( 1 ) : 2010 ( 18 goals ) .

hard

Which team did Mark Farren play for in Nov 2013?

/wiki/Mark_Farren#P54#3

Mark Farren Mark Farren ( 1 May 1982 – 3 February 2016 ) was an Irish footballer who played as a forward for Derry City in his prime . Career . Farren began his football career with a largely unsuccessful period , throughout which he was dogged by injury , in the youth setup at Tranmere Rovers . Following this and a spell at Huddersfield Town , he returned to his home county to play for Finn Harps . After only one substitute League appearance in the 2000–01 League of Ireland season and a lack of first-team opportunities Farren moved south to fellow League of Ireland First Division side Monaghan United . He became a regular in the Monaghan team and quickly gained a reputation as a promising , pacy striker with much potential . He earned a move to Derry City in 2003 with a free transfer . Farren stayed clear of injury in the 2005 season to produce some magnificent displays . He finished the season as second top scorer with 18 league goals in 31 appearances and 22 goals in all competitions . It was this excellent form that saw him named PFAI Player of the Year . With the signing of Kevin McHugh and the establishment of Gary Beckett as a top forward in League of Ireland football , Farrens starting place was placed under threat for the 2006 season . However , he returned to the form he showed in 2005 and did manage to hold down a regular spot in the team , with an especially strong finish to the season , which helped Derry win the FAI Cup . His efforts also helped keep Derry in the league title race up until the very last day of the season , only to see his club lose the title to Dublin rivals , Shelbourne , on goal difference . In all , Farren finished the 2006 season with 18 goals to his name . In 2010 Farren was instrumental in Derry gaining promotion from the First Division scoring 20 goals in the season . Farren , who scored in the 1–0 victory in the last game over Monagahan United to give Derry the championship , may however be forced to put his playing career on hold due to a brain tumour . He was named in the squad travelling to Sligo to play in a crucial league match at the start of September 2011 . Commenting on Farren attempting to surpass Liam Coyles goal tally , Kenny stated : In August 2012 it was announced that he would be moving to Glenavon in January 2013 after signing a pre-contract agreement . In September 2012 he overtook Liam Coyle as Derrys top scorer with 113 goals . He made his IFA Premiership debut for Glenavon on 5 January 2013 and scored his first goal at Dungannon Swifts . Farren died of cancer on 3 February 2016 . In his honour , Derry City retired the number 18 jersey , which he wore during his time at the club . Honours . Club . - FAI Cup ( 2 ) : 2006 and 2012 . - League of Ireland Cup ( 5 ) : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 and 2011 . - League of Ireland First Division ( 1 ) : 2010 . Individual . - League of Ireland Premier Division Top Scorer ( 1 ) : 2008 ( 16 goals ) . - League of Ireland First Division Top Scorer ( 1 ) : 2010 ( 18 goals ) .

hard

Which position did Wright Patman hold before Nov 1916?

/wiki/Wright_Patman#P39#0

Wright Patman John William Wright Patman ( August 6 , 1893 – March 7 , 1976 ) was an American politician . First elected in 1928 , Patman served 24 consecutive terms in the United States House of Representatives for Texass 1st congressional district from 1929 to 1976 . He was a member of the Democratic Party . Patman grew up in Hughes Springs , Texas . After graduating from Cumberland University , Patman returned to Hughes Springs to be a lawyer . From 1916 to 1917 , Patman held his first political office as assistant county attorney for Cass County , Texas . He then served in the United States Army during World War I from 1917 to 1919 . After the war , Patman was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1920 . Patman served two terms in the Texas House before serving as a district attorney in Texas from 1924 to 1929 . In Congress , Patman was a fiscal watchdog who challenged practices of major banks and the Federal Reserve . He co-sponsored the Robinson-Patman Act of 1935 , which was designed to protect small retail shops against competition from chain stores by fixing a minimum price for retail products . From 1963 to 1975 , Patman chaired the United States House Committee on Banking and Currency . Patman served in Congress until his death in 1976 . His son Bill Patman later served in a different U.S . House seat in Texas from 1981 to 1985 . Early life . Patman was the son of John N . and Emma ( Spurlin ) Patman , was born near Hughes Springs in Cass County , Texas , on August 6 , 1893 . After graduating from Hughes Springs High School in 1912 , he enrolled in Cumberland University Law School in Lebanon , Tennessee . Receiving his law degree in 1916 he was admitted to the Texas bar the same year . During World War I Patman enlisted in the United States Army as a private . He later received a commission as a first lieutenant and machine gun officer in the Texas Army National Guards 144th Infantry Regiment , a unit of the 36th Division . He remained in the National Guard for several years after the war . Political career . Early political career . Patman was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1920 . He left the House in 1924 when he was appointed district attorney of the fifth judicial district of Texas . Early Congressional career . In 1928 , Patman was elected to the House of Representatives from Texass 1st congressional district . In 1932 , Patman introduced a bill that would have mandated the immediate payment of the bonus to World War I veterans . It was during the consideration of this bill that the Bonus Army came to Washington . Patman was a supporter of the New Deal . In January 1932 , Patman spearheaded a movement to impeach Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon , which forced the latters resignation the following month . In 1935 , Patman took on the cause of independent retailers , who were engaged in a nationwide battle to stop the growth of chain retailing by taxing chains and restricting their business practices . Patman in the House and Joseph Taylor Robinson in the United States Senate were the sponsors of the 1936 Robinson-Patman Act , an effort to preserve independent wholesalers and retail outlets ( Mom and Pop stores ) by preventing manufacturers or large retailers from becoming involved in wholesaling . Patman was one of four members of the Texas congressional delegation to originally sign the Southern Manifesto , ( Martin Dies Jr . signed subsequently ) a resolution in protest of the United States Supreme Court decision in Brown v . Board of Education . Watergate inquiry . Wright Patmans eponymous committee played an important role in the early days of the Watergate scandal that eventually brought down President Richard Nixon . The Patman Committee investigated the hundred dollar bills found on the Watergate plumbers upon their arrest , suspecting they could directly link them to CREEP , the presidents re-election committee . The Patman Committees 1972 investigation was stymied by pressure from the White House , in part aided by Congressman Gerald R . Ford . Despite these efforts to stop Patman , his investigative course ultimately proved to be Nixons undoing in the sense that the money trail , as reported on in the Washington Post , helped lead to the establishment of the Ervin Senate Select Committee on Watergate in April 1973 . Loss of chairmanship . In 1975 , Patman was voted out of his position as Chairman of the Banking committee by younger Congressmen , in a revolt against the Seniority system which also removed Felix Edward Hébert and William R . Poage from their positions as chairmen . Patman was replaced by Henry S . Reuss by a caucus vote of 152–117 . The main reason given for the caucus removing Patman was concern about his age and effectiveness . Personal life . In 1919 , Patman married Merle Connor , who died in 1967 . They had four children , including Bill Patman , who served in the U.S . House from 1981 to 1985 . Wright Patman remarried in 1968 to Pauline Tucker . Patman died of pneumonia in Bethesda , Maryland on March 7 , 1976 . He was buried at Hillcrest Cemetery in Texarkana . His funeral in Texarkana was one of the largest , most important occurrences in the towns history , wrote Mark Stanley in a 2004 essay for the East Texas Historical Journal . Legacy . Patman is regarded as a liberal and populist who brought federal jobs and works projects to his district , where agriculture previously was the dominant economic sector . However , the left wing Americans for Democratic Action scored Patman low in its 100-point liberal quotient ( LQ ) scale , at 13 in 1972 and 24 in 1973 . In contrast , the American Conservative Union rated Patman a more favorable 47 out of 100 in 1973 . In the U.S . House of Representatives in Washington , the Wright Patman Congressional Federal Credit Union is named after him . This credit union serves the banking needs of elected and former members of the House and their staff . In addition , Wright Patman Lake and Wright Patman Dam in Northeast Texas are also named for him . In 2011 Rick Perry condemned the monetary policies of Ben Bernanke in populist-like language , earning him criticism from some mainstream Republicans , including Karl Rove . One observer , Alexander Cockburn , recalled that it used to be Texas Democrats like Patman who were regarded as the populists . According to Cockburn , Patman , sitting as chair of the House Banking Committee in the early 1970s , snarl [ ed ] at then Fed chairman Arthur Burns , before him to give testimony , Can you give me any reason why you should not be in the penitentiary ? Publications . - Tax Exempt Foundations and Charitable Trusts : Their Impact on Our Economy ( December 1962 ) 87th Congress , 2nd Session - Commercial Banks and Their Trust Activities : Emerging Influence on the American Economy ( Washington DC 1968 ) 90th Congress , 2nd Session , volumes I and II

hard

Which position did Wright Patman hold between Apr 1922 and May 1922?

/wiki/Wright_Patman#P39#1

Wright Patman John William Wright Patman ( August 6 , 1893 – March 7 , 1976 ) was an American politician . First elected in 1928 , Patman served 24 consecutive terms in the United States House of Representatives for Texass 1st congressional district from 1929 to 1976 . He was a member of the Democratic Party . Patman grew up in Hughes Springs , Texas . After graduating from Cumberland University , Patman returned to Hughes Springs to be a lawyer . From 1916 to 1917 , Patman held his first political office as assistant county attorney for Cass County , Texas . He then served in the United States Army during World War I from 1917 to 1919 . After the war , Patman was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1920 . Patman served two terms in the Texas House before serving as a district attorney in Texas from 1924 to 1929 . In Congress , Patman was a fiscal watchdog who challenged practices of major banks and the Federal Reserve . He co-sponsored the Robinson-Patman Act of 1935 , which was designed to protect small retail shops against competition from chain stores by fixing a minimum price for retail products . From 1963 to 1975 , Patman chaired the United States House Committee on Banking and Currency . Patman served in Congress until his death in 1976 . His son Bill Patman later served in a different U.S . House seat in Texas from 1981 to 1985 . Early life . Patman was the son of John N . and Emma ( Spurlin ) Patman , was born near Hughes Springs in Cass County , Texas , on August 6 , 1893 . After graduating from Hughes Springs High School in 1912 , he enrolled in Cumberland University Law School in Lebanon , Tennessee . Receiving his law degree in 1916 he was admitted to the Texas bar the same year . During World War I Patman enlisted in the United States Army as a private . He later received a commission as a first lieutenant and machine gun officer in the Texas Army National Guards 144th Infantry Regiment , a unit of the 36th Division . He remained in the National Guard for several years after the war . Political career . Early political career . Patman was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1920 . He left the House in 1924 when he was appointed district attorney of the fifth judicial district of Texas . Early Congressional career . In 1928 , Patman was elected to the House of Representatives from Texass 1st congressional district . In 1932 , Patman introduced a bill that would have mandated the immediate payment of the bonus to World War I veterans . It was during the consideration of this bill that the Bonus Army came to Washington . Patman was a supporter of the New Deal . In January 1932 , Patman spearheaded a movement to impeach Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon , which forced the latters resignation the following month . In 1935 , Patman took on the cause of independent retailers , who were engaged in a nationwide battle to stop the growth of chain retailing by taxing chains and restricting their business practices . Patman in the House and Joseph Taylor Robinson in the United States Senate were the sponsors of the 1936 Robinson-Patman Act , an effort to preserve independent wholesalers and retail outlets ( Mom and Pop stores ) by preventing manufacturers or large retailers from becoming involved in wholesaling . Patman was one of four members of the Texas congressional delegation to originally sign the Southern Manifesto , ( Martin Dies Jr . signed subsequently ) a resolution in protest of the United States Supreme Court decision in Brown v . Board of Education . Watergate inquiry . Wright Patmans eponymous committee played an important role in the early days of the Watergate scandal that eventually brought down President Richard Nixon . The Patman Committee investigated the hundred dollar bills found on the Watergate plumbers upon their arrest , suspecting they could directly link them to CREEP , the presidents re-election committee . The Patman Committees 1972 investigation was stymied by pressure from the White House , in part aided by Congressman Gerald R . Ford . Despite these efforts to stop Patman , his investigative course ultimately proved to be Nixons undoing in the sense that the money trail , as reported on in the Washington Post , helped lead to the establishment of the Ervin Senate Select Committee on Watergate in April 1973 . Loss of chairmanship . In 1975 , Patman was voted out of his position as Chairman of the Banking committee by younger Congressmen , in a revolt against the Seniority system which also removed Felix Edward Hébert and William R . Poage from their positions as chairmen . Patman was replaced by Henry S . Reuss by a caucus vote of 152–117 . The main reason given for the caucus removing Patman was concern about his age and effectiveness . Personal life . In 1919 , Patman married Merle Connor , who died in 1967 . They had four children , including Bill Patman , who served in the U.S . House from 1981 to 1985 . Wright Patman remarried in 1968 to Pauline Tucker . Patman died of pneumonia in Bethesda , Maryland on March 7 , 1976 . He was buried at Hillcrest Cemetery in Texarkana . His funeral in Texarkana was one of the largest , most important occurrences in the towns history , wrote Mark Stanley in a 2004 essay for the East Texas Historical Journal . Legacy . Patman is regarded as a liberal and populist who brought federal jobs and works projects to his district , where agriculture previously was the dominant economic sector . However , the left wing Americans for Democratic Action scored Patman low in its 100-point liberal quotient ( LQ ) scale , at 13 in 1972 and 24 in 1973 . In contrast , the American Conservative Union rated Patman a more favorable 47 out of 100 in 1973 . In the U.S . House of Representatives in Washington , the Wright Patman Congressional Federal Credit Union is named after him . This credit union serves the banking needs of elected and former members of the House and their staff . In addition , Wright Patman Lake and Wright Patman Dam in Northeast Texas are also named for him . In 2011 Rick Perry condemned the monetary policies of Ben Bernanke in populist-like language , earning him criticism from some mainstream Republicans , including Karl Rove . One observer , Alexander Cockburn , recalled that it used to be Texas Democrats like Patman who were regarded as the populists . According to Cockburn , Patman , sitting as chair of the House Banking Committee in the early 1970s , snarl [ ed ] at then Fed chairman Arthur Burns , before him to give testimony , Can you give me any reason why you should not be in the penitentiary ? Publications . - Tax Exempt Foundations and Charitable Trusts : Their Impact on Our Economy ( December 1962 ) 87th Congress , 2nd Session - Commercial Banks and Their Trust Activities : Emerging Influence on the American Economy ( Washington DC 1968 ) 90th Congress , 2nd Session , volumes I and II

hard

Which position did Wright Patman hold in Jul 1927?

/wiki/Wright_Patman#P39#2

Wright Patman John William Wright Patman ( August 6 , 1893 – March 7 , 1976 ) was an American politician . First elected in 1928 , Patman served 24 consecutive terms in the United States House of Representatives for Texass 1st congressional district from 1929 to 1976 . He was a member of the Democratic Party . Patman grew up in Hughes Springs , Texas . After graduating from Cumberland University , Patman returned to Hughes Springs to be a lawyer . From 1916 to 1917 , Patman held his first political office as assistant county attorney for Cass County , Texas . He then served in the United States Army during World War I from 1917 to 1919 . After the war , Patman was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1920 . Patman served two terms in the Texas House before serving as a district attorney in Texas from 1924 to 1929 . In Congress , Patman was a fiscal watchdog who challenged practices of major banks and the Federal Reserve . He co-sponsored the Robinson-Patman Act of 1935 , which was designed to protect small retail shops against competition from chain stores by fixing a minimum price for retail products . From 1963 to 1975 , Patman chaired the United States House Committee on Banking and Currency . Patman served in Congress until his death in 1976 . His son Bill Patman later served in a different U.S . House seat in Texas from 1981 to 1985 . Early life . Patman was the son of John N . and Emma ( Spurlin ) Patman , was born near Hughes Springs in Cass County , Texas , on August 6 , 1893 . After graduating from Hughes Springs High School in 1912 , he enrolled in Cumberland University Law School in Lebanon , Tennessee . Receiving his law degree in 1916 he was admitted to the Texas bar the same year . During World War I Patman enlisted in the United States Army as a private . He later received a commission as a first lieutenant and machine gun officer in the Texas Army National Guards 144th Infantry Regiment , a unit of the 36th Division . He remained in the National Guard for several years after the war . Political career . Early political career . Patman was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1920 . He left the House in 1924 when he was appointed district attorney of the fifth judicial district of Texas . Early Congressional career . In 1928 , Patman was elected to the House of Representatives from Texass 1st congressional district . In 1932 , Patman introduced a bill that would have mandated the immediate payment of the bonus to World War I veterans . It was during the consideration of this bill that the Bonus Army came to Washington . Patman was a supporter of the New Deal . In January 1932 , Patman spearheaded a movement to impeach Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon , which forced the latters resignation the following month . In 1935 , Patman took on the cause of independent retailers , who were engaged in a nationwide battle to stop the growth of chain retailing by taxing chains and restricting their business practices . Patman in the House and Joseph Taylor Robinson in the United States Senate were the sponsors of the 1936 Robinson-Patman Act , an effort to preserve independent wholesalers and retail outlets ( Mom and Pop stores ) by preventing manufacturers or large retailers from becoming involved in wholesaling . Patman was one of four members of the Texas congressional delegation to originally sign the Southern Manifesto , ( Martin Dies Jr . signed subsequently ) a resolution in protest of the United States Supreme Court decision in Brown v . Board of Education . Watergate inquiry . Wright Patmans eponymous committee played an important role in the early days of the Watergate scandal that eventually brought down President Richard Nixon . The Patman Committee investigated the hundred dollar bills found on the Watergate plumbers upon their arrest , suspecting they could directly link them to CREEP , the presidents re-election committee . The Patman Committees 1972 investigation was stymied by pressure from the White House , in part aided by Congressman Gerald R . Ford . Despite these efforts to stop Patman , his investigative course ultimately proved to be Nixons undoing in the sense that the money trail , as reported on in the Washington Post , helped lead to the establishment of the Ervin Senate Select Committee on Watergate in April 1973 . Loss of chairmanship . In 1975 , Patman was voted out of his position as Chairman of the Banking committee by younger Congressmen , in a revolt against the Seniority system which also removed Felix Edward Hébert and William R . Poage from their positions as chairmen . Patman was replaced by Henry S . Reuss by a caucus vote of 152–117 . The main reason given for the caucus removing Patman was concern about his age and effectiveness . Personal life . In 1919 , Patman married Merle Connor , who died in 1967 . They had four children , including Bill Patman , who served in the U.S . House from 1981 to 1985 . Wright Patman remarried in 1968 to Pauline Tucker . Patman died of pneumonia in Bethesda , Maryland on March 7 , 1976 . He was buried at Hillcrest Cemetery in Texarkana . His funeral in Texarkana was one of the largest , most important occurrences in the towns history , wrote Mark Stanley in a 2004 essay for the East Texas Historical Journal . Legacy . Patman is regarded as a liberal and populist who brought federal jobs and works projects to his district , where agriculture previously was the dominant economic sector . However , the left wing Americans for Democratic Action scored Patman low in its 100-point liberal quotient ( LQ ) scale , at 13 in 1972 and 24 in 1973 . In contrast , the American Conservative Union rated Patman a more favorable 47 out of 100 in 1973 . In the U.S . House of Representatives in Washington , the Wright Patman Congressional Federal Credit Union is named after him . This credit union serves the banking needs of elected and former members of the House and their staff . In addition , Wright Patman Lake and Wright Patman Dam in Northeast Texas are also named for him . In 2011 Rick Perry condemned the monetary policies of Ben Bernanke in populist-like language , earning him criticism from some mainstream Republicans , including Karl Rove . One observer , Alexander Cockburn , recalled that it used to be Texas Democrats like Patman who were regarded as the populists . According to Cockburn , Patman , sitting as chair of the House Banking Committee in the early 1970s , snarl [ ed ] at then Fed chairman Arthur Burns , before him to give testimony , Can you give me any reason why you should not be in the penitentiary ? Publications . - Tax Exempt Foundations and Charitable Trusts : Their Impact on Our Economy ( December 1962 ) 87th Congress , 2nd Session - Commercial Banks and Their Trust Activities : Emerging Influence on the American Economy ( Washington DC 1968 ) 90th Congress , 2nd Session , volumes I and II

hard

Which position did Wright Patman hold in early 1970s?

/wiki/Wright_Patman#P39#3

Wright Patman John William Wright Patman ( August 6 , 1893 – March 7 , 1976 ) was an American politician . First elected in 1928 , Patman served 24 consecutive terms in the United States House of Representatives for Texass 1st congressional district from 1929 to 1976 . He was a member of the Democratic Party . Patman grew up in Hughes Springs , Texas . After graduating from Cumberland University , Patman returned to Hughes Springs to be a lawyer . From 1916 to 1917 , Patman held his first political office as assistant county attorney for Cass County , Texas . He then served in the United States Army during World War I from 1917 to 1919 . After the war , Patman was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1920 . Patman served two terms in the Texas House before serving as a district attorney in Texas from 1924 to 1929 . In Congress , Patman was a fiscal watchdog who challenged practices of major banks and the Federal Reserve . He co-sponsored the Robinson-Patman Act of 1935 , which was designed to protect small retail shops against competition from chain stores by fixing a minimum price for retail products . From 1963 to 1975 , Patman chaired the United States House Committee on Banking and Currency . Patman served in Congress until his death in 1976 . His son Bill Patman later served in a different U.S . House seat in Texas from 1981 to 1985 . Early life . Patman was the son of John N . and Emma ( Spurlin ) Patman , was born near Hughes Springs in Cass County , Texas , on August 6 , 1893 . After graduating from Hughes Springs High School in 1912 , he enrolled in Cumberland University Law School in Lebanon , Tennessee . Receiving his law degree in 1916 he was admitted to the Texas bar the same year . During World War I Patman enlisted in the United States Army as a private . He later received a commission as a first lieutenant and machine gun officer in the Texas Army National Guards 144th Infantry Regiment , a unit of the 36th Division . He remained in the National Guard for several years after the war . Political career . Early political career . Patman was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1920 . He left the House in 1924 when he was appointed district attorney of the fifth judicial district of Texas . Early Congressional career . In 1928 , Patman was elected to the House of Representatives from Texass 1st congressional district . In 1932 , Patman introduced a bill that would have mandated the immediate payment of the bonus to World War I veterans . It was during the consideration of this bill that the Bonus Army came to Washington . Patman was a supporter of the New Deal . In January 1932 , Patman spearheaded a movement to impeach Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon , which forced the latters resignation the following month . In 1935 , Patman took on the cause of independent retailers , who were engaged in a nationwide battle to stop the growth of chain retailing by taxing chains and restricting their business practices . Patman in the House and Joseph Taylor Robinson in the United States Senate were the sponsors of the 1936 Robinson-Patman Act , an effort to preserve independent wholesalers and retail outlets ( Mom and Pop stores ) by preventing manufacturers or large retailers from becoming involved in wholesaling . Patman was one of four members of the Texas congressional delegation to originally sign the Southern Manifesto , ( Martin Dies Jr . signed subsequently ) a resolution in protest of the United States Supreme Court decision in Brown v . Board of Education . Watergate inquiry . Wright Patmans eponymous committee played an important role in the early days of the Watergate scandal that eventually brought down President Richard Nixon . The Patman Committee investigated the hundred dollar bills found on the Watergate plumbers upon their arrest , suspecting they could directly link them to CREEP , the presidents re-election committee . The Patman Committees 1972 investigation was stymied by pressure from the White House , in part aided by Congressman Gerald R . Ford . Despite these efforts to stop Patman , his investigative course ultimately proved to be Nixons undoing in the sense that the money trail , as reported on in the Washington Post , helped lead to the establishment of the Ervin Senate Select Committee on Watergate in April 1973 . Loss of chairmanship . In 1975 , Patman was voted out of his position as Chairman of the Banking committee by younger Congressmen , in a revolt against the Seniority system which also removed Felix Edward Hébert and William R . Poage from their positions as chairmen . Patman was replaced by Henry S . Reuss by a caucus vote of 152–117 . The main reason given for the caucus removing Patman was concern about his age and effectiveness . Personal life . In 1919 , Patman married Merle Connor , who died in 1967 . They had four children , including Bill Patman , who served in the U.S . House from 1981 to 1985 . Wright Patman remarried in 1968 to Pauline Tucker . Patman died of pneumonia in Bethesda , Maryland on March 7 , 1976 . He was buried at Hillcrest Cemetery in Texarkana . His funeral in Texarkana was one of the largest , most important occurrences in the towns history , wrote Mark Stanley in a 2004 essay for the East Texas Historical Journal . Legacy . Patman is regarded as a liberal and populist who brought federal jobs and works projects to his district , where agriculture previously was the dominant economic sector . However , the left wing Americans for Democratic Action scored Patman low in its 100-point liberal quotient ( LQ ) scale , at 13 in 1972 and 24 in 1973 . In contrast , the American Conservative Union rated Patman a more favorable 47 out of 100 in 1973 . In the U.S . House of Representatives in Washington , the Wright Patman Congressional Federal Credit Union is named after him . This credit union serves the banking needs of elected and former members of the House and their staff . In addition , Wright Patman Lake and Wright Patman Dam in Northeast Texas are also named for him . In 2011 Rick Perry condemned the monetary policies of Ben Bernanke in populist-like language , earning him criticism from some mainstream Republicans , including Karl Rove . One observer , Alexander Cockburn , recalled that it used to be Texas Democrats like Patman who were regarded as the populists . According to Cockburn , Patman , sitting as chair of the House Banking Committee in the early 1970s , snarl [ ed ] at then Fed chairman Arthur Burns , before him to give testimony , Can you give me any reason why you should not be in the penitentiary ? Publications . - Tax Exempt Foundations and Charitable Trusts : Their Impact on Our Economy ( December 1962 ) 87th Congress , 2nd Session - Commercial Banks and Their Trust Activities : Emerging Influence on the American Economy ( Washington DC 1968 ) 90th Congress , 2nd Session , volumes I and II

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Which position did Wright Patman hold between Jul 1974 and Feb 1976?

/wiki/Wright_Patman#P39#4

Wright Patman John William Wright Patman ( August 6 , 1893 – March 7 , 1976 ) was an American politician . First elected in 1928 , Patman served 24 consecutive terms in the United States House of Representatives for Texass 1st congressional district from 1929 to 1976 . He was a member of the Democratic Party . Patman grew up in Hughes Springs , Texas . After graduating from Cumberland University , Patman returned to Hughes Springs to be a lawyer . From 1916 to 1917 , Patman held his first political office as assistant county attorney for Cass County , Texas . He then served in the United States Army during World War I from 1917 to 1919 . After the war , Patman was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1920 . Patman served two terms in the Texas House before serving as a district attorney in Texas from 1924 to 1929 . In Congress , Patman was a fiscal watchdog who challenged practices of major banks and the Federal Reserve . He co-sponsored the Robinson-Patman Act of 1935 , which was designed to protect small retail shops against competition from chain stores by fixing a minimum price for retail products . From 1963 to 1975 , Patman chaired the United States House Committee on Banking and Currency . Patman served in Congress until his death in 1976 . His son Bill Patman later served in a different U.S . House seat in Texas from 1981 to 1985 . Early life . Patman was the son of John N . and Emma ( Spurlin ) Patman , was born near Hughes Springs in Cass County , Texas , on August 6 , 1893 . After graduating from Hughes Springs High School in 1912 , he enrolled in Cumberland University Law School in Lebanon , Tennessee . Receiving his law degree in 1916 he was admitted to the Texas bar the same year . During World War I Patman enlisted in the United States Army as a private . He later received a commission as a first lieutenant and machine gun officer in the Texas Army National Guards 144th Infantry Regiment , a unit of the 36th Division . He remained in the National Guard for several years after the war . Political career . Early political career . Patman was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1920 . He left the House in 1924 when he was appointed district attorney of the fifth judicial district of Texas . Early Congressional career . In 1928 , Patman was elected to the House of Representatives from Texass 1st congressional district . In 1932 , Patman introduced a bill that would have mandated the immediate payment of the bonus to World War I veterans . It was during the consideration of this bill that the Bonus Army came to Washington . Patman was a supporter of the New Deal . In January 1932 , Patman spearheaded a movement to impeach Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon , which forced the latters resignation the following month . In 1935 , Patman took on the cause of independent retailers , who were engaged in a nationwide battle to stop the growth of chain retailing by taxing chains and restricting their business practices . Patman in the House and Joseph Taylor Robinson in the United States Senate were the sponsors of the 1936 Robinson-Patman Act , an effort to preserve independent wholesalers and retail outlets ( Mom and Pop stores ) by preventing manufacturers or large retailers from becoming involved in wholesaling . Patman was one of four members of the Texas congressional delegation to originally sign the Southern Manifesto , ( Martin Dies Jr . signed subsequently ) a resolution in protest of the United States Supreme Court decision in Brown v . Board of Education . Watergate inquiry . Wright Patmans eponymous committee played an important role in the early days of the Watergate scandal that eventually brought down President Richard Nixon . The Patman Committee investigated the hundred dollar bills found on the Watergate plumbers upon their arrest , suspecting they could directly link them to CREEP , the presidents re-election committee . The Patman Committees 1972 investigation was stymied by pressure from the White House , in part aided by Congressman Gerald R . Ford . Despite these efforts to stop Patman , his investigative course ultimately proved to be Nixons undoing in the sense that the money trail , as reported on in the Washington Post , helped lead to the establishment of the Ervin Senate Select Committee on Watergate in April 1973 . Loss of chairmanship . In 1975 , Patman was voted out of his position as Chairman of the Banking committee by younger Congressmen , in a revolt against the Seniority system which also removed Felix Edward Hébert and William R . Poage from their positions as chairmen . Patman was replaced by Henry S . Reuss by a caucus vote of 152–117 . The main reason given for the caucus removing Patman was concern about his age and effectiveness . Personal life . In 1919 , Patman married Merle Connor , who died in 1967 . They had four children , including Bill Patman , who served in the U.S . House from 1981 to 1985 . Wright Patman remarried in 1968 to Pauline Tucker . Patman died of pneumonia in Bethesda , Maryland on March 7 , 1976 . He was buried at Hillcrest Cemetery in Texarkana . His funeral in Texarkana was one of the largest , most important occurrences in the towns history , wrote Mark Stanley in a 2004 essay for the East Texas Historical Journal . Legacy . Patman is regarded as a liberal and populist who brought federal jobs and works projects to his district , where agriculture previously was the dominant economic sector . However , the left wing Americans for Democratic Action scored Patman low in its 100-point liberal quotient ( LQ ) scale , at 13 in 1972 and 24 in 1973 . In contrast , the American Conservative Union rated Patman a more favorable 47 out of 100 in 1973 . In the U.S . House of Representatives in Washington , the Wright Patman Congressional Federal Credit Union is named after him . This credit union serves the banking needs of elected and former members of the House and their staff . In addition , Wright Patman Lake and Wright Patman Dam in Northeast Texas are also named for him . In 2011 Rick Perry condemned the monetary policies of Ben Bernanke in populist-like language , earning him criticism from some mainstream Republicans , including Karl Rove . One observer , Alexander Cockburn , recalled that it used to be Texas Democrats like Patman who were regarded as the populists . According to Cockburn , Patman , sitting as chair of the House Banking Committee in the early 1970s , snarl [ ed ] at then Fed chairman Arthur Burns , before him to give testimony , Can you give me any reason why you should not be in the penitentiary ? Publications . - Tax Exempt Foundations and Charitable Trusts : Their Impact on Our Economy ( December 1962 ) 87th Congress , 2nd Session - Commercial Banks and Their Trust Activities : Emerging Influence on the American Economy ( Washington DC 1968 ) 90th Congress , 2nd Session , volumes I and II

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Which team did the player Derek Stillie belong to before Jul 1995?

/wiki/Derek_Stillie#P54#0

Derek Stillie Derek Daniel Stillie ( born 3 December 1973 ) is a Scottish retired footballer , who played as a goalkeeper for a number of clubs in Scotland and England . After retiring from football , Stillie pursued a career in English law , and contested the 2019 UK general election as the Conservative candidate for the Central Ayrshire constituency . Football career . Club . Raised in Cumnock , Stillie started his career as a youth player at Aberdeen and signed a professional contract in August 1995 at the age of 21 ; by that time he had already made his senior debut during the 1993–94 season due to an injury crisis . He was an unused substitute as the Dons won the 1995–96 Scottish League Cup , but did not make any appearances that season with Theo Snelders and Michael Watt ahead of him ; he remained a back-up as Nicky Walker came in as first choice for a short period , and then the veteran Jim Leighton took the place . In six years at Pittodrie , Stillie managed only 25 appearances in all competitions and in 1999 he moved to Wigan Athletic . At the Lancashire club he played 57 times , twice helping them reach the Division Two play-offs . In July 2002 , Stillie moved back to Scotland to sign for Fife club Dunfermline Athletic and became a virtual ever-present for the Pars , making a total of 117 appearances after replacing first-choice keeper Marco Ruitenbeek in November 2002 . During the 2003–04 season , Stillie was part of the Dunfermline team that were runners-up to Celtic in the 2004 Scottish Cup Final . Dundee United manager Gordon Chisholm signed Stillie at the start of the 2005–06 season , bringing him to Tannadice Park for an undisclosed fee after first-choice keeper Tony Bullock signed for Gillingham . In May 2007 , Stillie confirmed that he would be leaving Dundee United to relocate to England to pursue his English law career , for which he had begun studying during his time with Wigan . He helped the Terrors to a clean sheet in the final day goalless draw at home to Motherwell . During the 2007 close season , Stillie signed a one-year contract with Gillingham , making his debut in the 4–0 away defeat to Nottingham Forest on 22 September 2007 . Stillie announced his retirement at the end of the 2007–08 season to pursue his career as a lawyer . International . Having played more often for the Under-21s ( 14 appearances across two seasons ) than he had for Aberdeen at club level in the same period in the mid-1990s , Stillie was named in two senior Scotland national squads , latterly in October 2003 , but never won a full cap ; he was an unused substitute in the Future Cup match versus Germany , also in 2003 . In May 2012 , Stillie gained his first international cap for Sealand , playing alongside Ralf Little versus Chagos Islands , conceding three goals as the match finished 3–1 . After football . After retiring as a footballer , Stillie became a lawyer . He acted in defence of the footballers David Goodwillie and David Robertson , who were accused of rape . This legal case made history as the first time a rape complainant had successfully sued the accused for civil damages . As part of the defence of Goodwillie , Stillie as his solicitor lodged court proceedings to seek to revoke legal aid support from the accuser . In November 2019 , Stillie announced that he would be contesting the general election as the Conservative candidate for the Central Ayrshire constituency . Stillie finished in second place as the incumbent MP , Philippa Whitford , was re-elected . At the 2021 Scottish Parliament election , Stillie was nominated on the Scottish Conservatives list for the West Scotland region . However , as he was placed seventh on the list , he was not one of those elected . Honours . Aberdeen - Scottish League Cup : 1995–96 Dunfermline Athletic - Scottish Cup runner-up : 2003–04

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Which team did the player Derek Stillie belong to in Oct 2000?

/wiki/Derek_Stillie#P54#1

Derek Stillie Derek Daniel Stillie ( born 3 December 1973 ) is a Scottish retired footballer , who played as a goalkeeper for a number of clubs in Scotland and England . After retiring from football , Stillie pursued a career in English law , and contested the 2019 UK general election as the Conservative candidate for the Central Ayrshire constituency . Football career . Club . Raised in Cumnock , Stillie started his career as a youth player at Aberdeen and signed a professional contract in August 1995 at the age of 21 ; by that time he had already made his senior debut during the 1993–94 season due to an injury crisis . He was an unused substitute as the Dons won the 1995–96 Scottish League Cup , but did not make any appearances that season with Theo Snelders and Michael Watt ahead of him ; he remained a back-up as Nicky Walker came in as first choice for a short period , and then the veteran Jim Leighton took the place . In six years at Pittodrie , Stillie managed only 25 appearances in all competitions and in 1999 he moved to Wigan Athletic . At the Lancashire club he played 57 times , twice helping them reach the Division Two play-offs . In July 2002 , Stillie moved back to Scotland to sign for Fife club Dunfermline Athletic and became a virtual ever-present for the Pars , making a total of 117 appearances after replacing first-choice keeper Marco Ruitenbeek in November 2002 . During the 2003–04 season , Stillie was part of the Dunfermline team that were runners-up to Celtic in the 2004 Scottish Cup Final . Dundee United manager Gordon Chisholm signed Stillie at the start of the 2005–06 season , bringing him to Tannadice Park for an undisclosed fee after first-choice keeper Tony Bullock signed for Gillingham . In May 2007 , Stillie confirmed that he would be leaving Dundee United to relocate to England to pursue his English law career , for which he had begun studying during his time with Wigan . He helped the Terrors to a clean sheet in the final day goalless draw at home to Motherwell . During the 2007 close season , Stillie signed a one-year contract with Gillingham , making his debut in the 4–0 away defeat to Nottingham Forest on 22 September 2007 . Stillie announced his retirement at the end of the 2007–08 season to pursue his career as a lawyer . International . Having played more often for the Under-21s ( 14 appearances across two seasons ) than he had for Aberdeen at club level in the same period in the mid-1990s , Stillie was named in two senior Scotland national squads , latterly in October 2003 , but never won a full cap ; he was an unused substitute in the Future Cup match versus Germany , also in 2003 . In May 2012 , Stillie gained his first international cap for Sealand , playing alongside Ralf Little versus Chagos Islands , conceding three goals as the match finished 3–1 . After football . After retiring as a footballer , Stillie became a lawyer . He acted in defence of the footballers David Goodwillie and David Robertson , who were accused of rape . This legal case made history as the first time a rape complainant had successfully sued the accused for civil damages . As part of the defence of Goodwillie , Stillie as his solicitor lodged court proceedings to seek to revoke legal aid support from the accuser . In November 2019 , Stillie announced that he would be contesting the general election as the Conservative candidate for the Central Ayrshire constituency . Stillie finished in second place as the incumbent MP , Philippa Whitford , was re-elected . At the 2021 Scottish Parliament election , Stillie was nominated on the Scottish Conservatives list for the West Scotland region . However , as he was placed seventh on the list , he was not one of those elected . Honours . Aberdeen - Scottish League Cup : 1995–96 Dunfermline Athletic - Scottish Cup runner-up : 2003–04

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Which team did the player Derek Stillie belong to in Nov 2002?

/wiki/Derek_Stillie#P54#2

Derek Stillie Derek Daniel Stillie ( born 3 December 1973 ) is a Scottish retired footballer , who played as a goalkeeper for a number of clubs in Scotland and England . After retiring from football , Stillie pursued a career in English law , and contested the 2019 UK general election as the Conservative candidate for the Central Ayrshire constituency . Football career . Club . Raised in Cumnock , Stillie started his career as a youth player at Aberdeen and signed a professional contract in August 1995 at the age of 21 ; by that time he had already made his senior debut during the 1993–94 season due to an injury crisis . He was an unused substitute as the Dons won the 1995–96 Scottish League Cup , but did not make any appearances that season with Theo Snelders and Michael Watt ahead of him ; he remained a back-up as Nicky Walker came in as first choice for a short period , and then the veteran Jim Leighton took the place . In six years at Pittodrie , Stillie managed only 25 appearances in all competitions and in 1999 he moved to Wigan Athletic . At the Lancashire club he played 57 times , twice helping them reach the Division Two play-offs . In July 2002 , Stillie moved back to Scotland to sign for Fife club Dunfermline Athletic and became a virtual ever-present for the Pars , making a total of 117 appearances after replacing first-choice keeper Marco Ruitenbeek in November 2002 . During the 2003–04 season , Stillie was part of the Dunfermline team that were runners-up to Celtic in the 2004 Scottish Cup Final . Dundee United manager Gordon Chisholm signed Stillie at the start of the 2005–06 season , bringing him to Tannadice Park for an undisclosed fee after first-choice keeper Tony Bullock signed for Gillingham . In May 2007 , Stillie confirmed that he would be leaving Dundee United to relocate to England to pursue his English law career , for which he had begun studying during his time with Wigan . He helped the Terrors to a clean sheet in the final day goalless draw at home to Motherwell . During the 2007 close season , Stillie signed a one-year contract with Gillingham , making his debut in the 4–0 away defeat to Nottingham Forest on 22 September 2007 . Stillie announced his retirement at the end of the 2007–08 season to pursue his career as a lawyer . International . Having played more often for the Under-21s ( 14 appearances across two seasons ) than he had for Aberdeen at club level in the same period in the mid-1990s , Stillie was named in two senior Scotland national squads , latterly in October 2003 , but never won a full cap ; he was an unused substitute in the Future Cup match versus Germany , also in 2003 . In May 2012 , Stillie gained his first international cap for Sealand , playing alongside Ralf Little versus Chagos Islands , conceding three goals as the match finished 3–1 . After football . After retiring as a footballer , Stillie became a lawyer . He acted in defence of the footballers David Goodwillie and David Robertson , who were accused of rape . This legal case made history as the first time a rape complainant had successfully sued the accused for civil damages . As part of the defence of Goodwillie , Stillie as his solicitor lodged court proceedings to seek to revoke legal aid support from the accuser . In November 2019 , Stillie announced that he would be contesting the general election as the Conservative candidate for the Central Ayrshire constituency . Stillie finished in second place as the incumbent MP , Philippa Whitford , was re-elected . At the 2021 Scottish Parliament election , Stillie was nominated on the Scottish Conservatives list for the West Scotland region . However , as he was placed seventh on the list , he was not one of those elected . Honours . Aberdeen - Scottish League Cup : 1995–96 Dunfermline Athletic - Scottish Cup runner-up : 2003–04

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Which team did the player Derek Stillie belong to between Aug 2005 and Jan 2006?

/wiki/Derek_Stillie#P54#3

Derek Stillie Derek Daniel Stillie ( born 3 December 1973 ) is a Scottish retired footballer , who played as a goalkeeper for a number of clubs in Scotland and England . After retiring from football , Stillie pursued a career in English law , and contested the 2019 UK general election as the Conservative candidate for the Central Ayrshire constituency . Football career . Club . Raised in Cumnock , Stillie started his career as a youth player at Aberdeen and signed a professional contract in August 1995 at the age of 21 ; by that time he had already made his senior debut during the 1993–94 season due to an injury crisis . He was an unused substitute as the Dons won the 1995–96 Scottish League Cup , but did not make any appearances that season with Theo Snelders and Michael Watt ahead of him ; he remained a back-up as Nicky Walker came in as first choice for a short period , and then the veteran Jim Leighton took the place . In six years at Pittodrie , Stillie managed only 25 appearances in all competitions and in 1999 he moved to Wigan Athletic . At the Lancashire club he played 57 times , twice helping them reach the Division Two play-offs . In July 2002 , Stillie moved back to Scotland to sign for Fife club Dunfermline Athletic and became a virtual ever-present for the Pars , making a total of 117 appearances after replacing first-choice keeper Marco Ruitenbeek in November 2002 . During the 2003–04 season , Stillie was part of the Dunfermline team that were runners-up to Celtic in the 2004 Scottish Cup Final . Dundee United manager Gordon Chisholm signed Stillie at the start of the 2005–06 season , bringing him to Tannadice Park for an undisclosed fee after first-choice keeper Tony Bullock signed for Gillingham . In May 2007 , Stillie confirmed that he would be leaving Dundee United to relocate to England to pursue his English law career , for which he had begun studying during his time with Wigan . He helped the Terrors to a clean sheet in the final day goalless draw at home to Motherwell . During the 2007 close season , Stillie signed a one-year contract with Gillingham , making his debut in the 4–0 away defeat to Nottingham Forest on 22 September 2007 . Stillie announced his retirement at the end of the 2007–08 season to pursue his career as a lawyer . International . Having played more often for the Under-21s ( 14 appearances across two seasons ) than he had for Aberdeen at club level in the same period in the mid-1990s , Stillie was named in two senior Scotland national squads , latterly in October 2003 , but never won a full cap ; he was an unused substitute in the Future Cup match versus Germany , also in 2003 . In May 2012 , Stillie gained his first international cap for Sealand , playing alongside Ralf Little versus Chagos Islands , conceding three goals as the match finished 3–1 . After football . After retiring as a footballer , Stillie became a lawyer . He acted in defence of the footballers David Goodwillie and David Robertson , who were accused of rape . This legal case made history as the first time a rape complainant had successfully sued the accused for civil damages . As part of the defence of Goodwillie , Stillie as his solicitor lodged court proceedings to seek to revoke legal aid support from the accuser . In November 2019 , Stillie announced that he would be contesting the general election as the Conservative candidate for the Central Ayrshire constituency . Stillie finished in second place as the incumbent MP , Philippa Whitford , was re-elected . At the 2021 Scottish Parliament election , Stillie was nominated on the Scottish Conservatives list for the West Scotland region . However , as he was placed seventh on the list , he was not one of those elected . Honours . Aberdeen - Scottish League Cup : 1995–96 Dunfermline Athletic - Scottish Cup runner-up : 2003–04

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Which team did the player Derek Stillie belong to after Dec 2007?

/wiki/Derek_Stillie#P54#4

Derek Stillie Derek Daniel Stillie ( born 3 December 1973 ) is a Scottish retired footballer , who played as a goalkeeper for a number of clubs in Scotland and England . After retiring from football , Stillie pursued a career in English law , and contested the 2019 UK general election as the Conservative candidate for the Central Ayrshire constituency . Football career . Club . Raised in Cumnock , Stillie started his career as a youth player at Aberdeen and signed a professional contract in August 1995 at the age of 21 ; by that time he had already made his senior debut during the 1993–94 season due to an injury crisis . He was an unused substitute as the Dons won the 1995–96 Scottish League Cup , but did not make any appearances that season with Theo Snelders and Michael Watt ahead of him ; he remained a back-up as Nicky Walker came in as first choice for a short period , and then the veteran Jim Leighton took the place . In six years at Pittodrie , Stillie managed only 25 appearances in all competitions and in 1999 he moved to Wigan Athletic . At the Lancashire club he played 57 times , twice helping them reach the Division Two play-offs . In July 2002 , Stillie moved back to Scotland to sign for Fife club Dunfermline Athletic and became a virtual ever-present for the Pars , making a total of 117 appearances after replacing first-choice keeper Marco Ruitenbeek in November 2002 . During the 2003–04 season , Stillie was part of the Dunfermline team that were runners-up to Celtic in the 2004 Scottish Cup Final . Dundee United manager Gordon Chisholm signed Stillie at the start of the 2005–06 season , bringing him to Tannadice Park for an undisclosed fee after first-choice keeper Tony Bullock signed for Gillingham . In May 2007 , Stillie confirmed that he would be leaving Dundee United to relocate to England to pursue his English law career , for which he had begun studying during his time with Wigan . He helped the Terrors to a clean sheet in the final day goalless draw at home to Motherwell . During the 2007 close season , Stillie signed a one-year contract with Gillingham , making his debut in the 4–0 away defeat to Nottingham Forest on 22 September 2007 . Stillie announced his retirement at the end of the 2007–08 season to pursue his career as a lawyer . International . Having played more often for the Under-21s ( 14 appearances across two seasons ) than he had for Aberdeen at club level in the same period in the mid-1990s , Stillie was named in two senior Scotland national squads , latterly in October 2003 , but never won a full cap ; he was an unused substitute in the Future Cup match versus Germany , also in 2003 . In May 2012 , Stillie gained his first international cap for Sealand , playing alongside Ralf Little versus Chagos Islands , conceding three goals as the match finished 3–1 . After football . After retiring as a footballer , Stillie became a lawyer . He acted in defence of the footballers David Goodwillie and David Robertson , who were accused of rape . This legal case made history as the first time a rape complainant had successfully sued the accused for civil damages . As part of the defence of Goodwillie , Stillie as his solicitor lodged court proceedings to seek to revoke legal aid support from the accuser . In November 2019 , Stillie announced that he would be contesting the general election as the Conservative candidate for the Central Ayrshire constituency . Stillie finished in second place as the incumbent MP , Philippa Whitford , was re-elected . At the 2021 Scottish Parliament election , Stillie was nominated on the Scottish Conservatives list for the West Scotland region . However , as he was placed seventh on the list , he was not one of those elected . Honours . Aberdeen - Scottish League Cup : 1995–96 Dunfermline Athletic - Scottish Cup runner-up : 2003–04

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Who was the chair of Democratic Action Party between Aug 1973 and Mar 1998?

/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party#P488#0

Democratic Action Party The Democratic Action Party , or DAP ( , , ) , is a multi-racial , centre-left Malaysian political party advocating social democracy and secularism , social justice , progressivism , and multi-racialism . One of the component parties of the Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) coalition , it was an opposition party for 51 years until PH won the 2018 Malaysian general election and formed the federal government . However , before the coalition finished its first term , defections from partnering PH component parties caused it to lose power after 22 months , culminating in the 2020 Malaysian political crisis . As of 24 February 2020 , DAP is the largest party in Malaysias Dewan Rakyat . The partys vision is to establish a peaceful and prosperous social democracy that can unite its disparate races and diverse religions and cultures , based on the Malaysian Malaysia concept of forging a Malaysian race grounded on universal moral values , offering equal access and opportunity , upholding democratic governance and the rule of law , creating wealth and distributing it equitably , and fighting corruption . The DAP usually draws much of their support from secular and liberal voters with a stable electorate from voters of big cities , coastal regions , professional middle-class , and working class . The partys strongholds are primarily in the urban and semi-urban areas of Penang , Perak , Selangor , Negeri Sembilan , Johor , Malacca and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur . In the 2018 Malaysian general election , DAP contested in 47 federal constituencies and won 42 seats and 101 out of 104 state seats contested , most under the ticket of its ally Peoples Justice Party , representing a win rate of 95% , the highest among the major political parties contesting . History . Formation . On 11 October 1965 , the DAP was formed by former members of the deregistered Peoples Action Party of Malaysia , including Bangsar Member of Parliament Devan Nair , who later became President of Singapore . The party formally registered itself as a democratic socialist party on 18 March 1966 . The ten members of the pro-tem committee were Devan Nair as secretary-general , Chen Man Hin ( who won the Seremban state constituency as an independent ) as chairman , D . P . Xavier as assistant secretary-general , Goh Hock Guan as vice-chairman , Seeveratnam Sinnathamby ( younger brother of Singapore minister S . Rajaratnam ) as treasurer and Zain Azahari bin Zainal Abidin , Chin Chan Sung , Michael Khong Chye Huat , Tan Chong Bee and Too Chee Cheong as members . In the August of that year , the official party organ , The Rocket , was first published . At the first DAP National Congress held in Setapak , Kuala Lumpur on 29 July 1967 , the DAP declared itself to be irrevocably committed to the ideal of a free , democratic and socialist Malaysia , based on the principles of racial and religious equality , social and economic justice , and founded on the institution of parliamentary democracy . In October that year , the DAP joined 55 other socialist parties belonging to the Socialist International at the SI International Conference in Zurich , Switzerland . Devan Nair , who was amongst those who founded the DAP , later returned to Singapore . Lee Kuan Yew , then Prime Minister of Singapore under the PAP , explained in 1981 that the Cabinet decided that Singapore-Malaysia relations would always be bedevilled if Devan Nair remained a DAP leader . I persuaded him to come back . Early electoral successes . The DAP contested a general election for the first time in 1969 . In line with their commitment to equality , the DAP originally campaigned against Bumiputera privileges , such as those afforded to them by Article 153 of the Constitution . They also continued Lee Kuan Yews campaign for a Malaysian Malaysia , the idea of which was originally conveyed by Lee in Parliament : Malaysia – to whom does it belong ? To Malaysians . But who are Malaysians ? I hope I am , Mr Speaker , Sir . But sometimes , sitting in this chamber , I doubt whether I am allowed to be a Malaysian . The DAP went on to win 13 Parliamentary seats and 31 State Assembly seats , with 11.9% of all valid votes that were cast in the election ; the Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia ( Gerakan ) which campaigned on a similar platform also made major gains . The 1969 election marked the biggest gains ever made by an opposition party in Malaysia ( before 2008 ) , and came close to seeing the ruling Alliance toppled from power . However , a march made by the DAP along with Gerakan as part of the opposition team led to violence , and resulted in what was euphemistically termed the 13 May Incident . Parliament was suspended for two years , and the executive branch of the government assumed power . When Parliament reconvened , it passed pieces of legislation such as the Sedition Act that illegalised discussion of repealing certain portions of the Constitution . Most of these concerned Bumiputra privileges , such as Article 153 . The DAP and the Peoples Progressive Party were the only parties that voted against the Act , which passed by a vote of 125 to 17 . After the 1969 election , the DAP would never come close to repeating its past successes for the next 38 years . Although the DAP remained a major opposition party , the ruling coalition had clung solidly to its two-thirds parliamentary majority . The DAP , however , continued campaigning on its platform of abolishing the Bumiputra privileges , giving equal rights for all Malaysians regardless of race and establishing a democratic socialist state in Malaysia . During the Mahathir administration in 1987 , several DAP leaders , including Parliamentary Opposition Leader Lim Kit Siang , were detained by the government without trial during Operation Lalang , under the accusation of being a national security threat . It is widely believed they were arrested for protesting the expansion of the New Economic Policy . 1995–2008 . In 1995 , the party ran what has become widely known as the Robocop campaign to wrest Penang from the Barisan Nasional . Despite the hype , the campaign was a failure as the party only won one state and three parliamentary seats . The strategy backfired when Prime Minister Mahathir , BN leaders and the media criticised Lim Kit Siang as a robot and soulless person . Following the ousting of Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in September 1998 , DAP co-founded the Barisan Alternatif coalition along with Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party and the newly formed Peoples Justice Party . However , the coalition did not work out very well for the DAP , with two of its top leaders , Lim Kit Siang and Karpal Singh losing their Parliamentary seats in the 1999 election ; the DAP managed to win only 5% ( 10 out of 193 ) of the seats in Parliament . PAS became the leading opposition party in Parliament . It left the coalition in 2001 due to a disagreement with PAS over the issue of an Islamic state . In the 2004 general election , the DAP managed to capture 12 seats in Parliament , while PAS and Keadilan suffered major setbacks , with PAS losing 20 of the 27 seats it had held after the 1999 elections , and Keadilan lost all seats except one returned after a recount . The eventual outcome saw Lim Kit Siang , who had been elected in his constituency of Ipoh Timur with a majority of 10,000 votes , formally elected as the leader of the opposition in Parliament , a post he had lost to the president of PAS in 1999 . In the 2006 Sarawak state election , the Democratic Action Party won 6 of the 12 seats it contested and narrowly lost three other seats with small majorities . Up til then it was the partys best showing ever in the history of Sarawaks state elections since 1979 . 2008–2015 . Pakatan Rakyat was formed in 2008 by DAP , PKR and PAS . In the 2008 general election , the DAP won 13% ( 28 out of 222 ) of the seats in the Dewan Rakyat , with PAS and PKR making substantial gains as well with 23 seats and 31 seats respectively . In total , the taking of 82 seats ( 37% ) by the opposition to Barisan Nasionals 140 seats ( 63% ) , makes it the best performance in Malaysian history by the opposition , and denied Barisan Nasional the two-thirds majority required to make constitutional changes in the Dewan Rakyat . DAP advisor Lim Kit Siang expressed surprise at the election results but declared it to be the true power of the voice of the Malaysian people for the leaders of the country to hear them . In addition , DAP , having secured all its contested seats in the state of Penang , formed the Penang state government with its alliance partners PKR and PAS , the Chief Minister being DAPs Lim Guan Eng , son of Lim Kit Siang . In the 2011 Sarawak state election , DAP furthered its gains from the previous election , winning 12 out of the 70 state assembly seats , with PR winning a total of 15 state seats and 41% of the popular vote . The PRs success was further enhanced in the 2013 general election when DAP went on to win 17% ( 38 out of 222 ) of the seats in the Dewan Rakyat and the PR coalition won the popular vote , giving the BN government its worst election showing since independence . In 2015 , the PR alliance broke up after a PAS Muktamar ( General Assembly ) motion unanimously approved the breaking of ties with DAP due to disagreements over PASs decision to propose a private members bill to implement hudud ( Islamic penal code ) . Following PASs decision to cut ties with DAP , DAP announced that PR had ceased to exist . 2015 to Present . On 22 September 2015 , Pakatan Harapan was formed by DAP , PKR and National Trust Party to succeed PR . In the 2016 Sarawak state election , DAP lost its gains from the previous election , retained only 7 out of the 82 state assembly seats , with PH retained only a total of 10 state seats and 29.43% of the popular vote . On 12 February 2017 , Kota Melaka MP , Sim Tong Him along with three other DAP state assemblymen from Melaka namely Goh ( Duyong ) , Lim Jack Wong ( Bachang ) , and Chin Choong Seong ( Kesidang ) announced their resignation from the party to be Independent , citing lack of trust in the party leadership . On 14 March 2017 , PPBM officially joined PH as a member party . This made the coalition parties increase to four , where they competed in the 2018 general election against the BN coalition . During the election , PH achieved simple majority in Parliament when the coalition has secured 113 seats and finally able to form a new federal government through an early pact signed with Sabah Heritage Party . DAP won 42 seats out of the 47 seats it contested , making it the second-highest number of seats in PH behind PKR with 47 seats . Together with other coalition members , Lim Guan Eng and his peers took on ministerial roles in the newly formed cabinet . Lim became the Minister of Finance of the current ruling government when Mahathir announced the initial 10 minister portfolio holders . He subsequently became the first Malaysian Chinese to hold the post in 44 years since Tun Tan Siew Sin of Malaysian Chinese Association , who served from 1959 until 1974 . Loke Siew Fook replaced Lim Kit Siang as DAP parliamentary leader on 11 July 2018 for the 14th Dewan Rakyat session . On 24 February 2020 , the DAP became the largest party in the Dewan Rakyat for the first time after 11 out of 50 PKR MPs resigned over the political crisis . UMNO had also lost 16 out of 54 MPs over several months , mostly through defections to PPBM . The 42 MPs of the DAP have remained intact . On 9 March , Paul Yong Choo Kiong & Buntong A Sivasubramaniam declare out of party . On March 10 , DAP sack Norhizam Hassan Baktee , Pengkalan Batu Assemblyman . The dismissal came after Norhizam decided to support a new Perikatan Nasional coalition in Malacca state . On 7 July , DAP sack 3 members ( Kong Lai Ling , Ng Sook Whye and Khi Poh Chong ) due to the involved in the incident of the fall of the Perak state government to the Perikatan Nasional . On 10 July , Mary Josephine , Rahang assemblywomen declare out of party . She said the decision was made after admitting that she could no longer face the challenges and pressures from the state DAP leadership . However , she had revert her decision and rejoin the party on 20 July . On 27 July , Padungan assemblyman and Sarawak DAP vice-chairman Wong King Wei has announced his resignation from DAP with immediate effect , saying he was disillusioned with its direction and management . He claimed the party has deviated from the aims , objectives and struggle of the earlier days when he joined in 2006 . On 30 July , nominated Sabah assemblyman Ronnie Loh Ee Eng was sacked from the DAP for supporting the Perikatan Nasionals treacherous attempt to topple the Warisan Plus Sabah state government led by Shafie Apdal . Ethnic diversity . In spite of being a multi-racial party , the majority of DAPs party membership is of ethnic-Chinese heritage , with most elected positions within the party being held by Chinese members . The partys first Malay member of parliament , Ahmad Nor only won his seat in the 1990 general election , The DAP also only gained its first native Sabahan ( Kadazandusun ) legislator in the 2013 election , Edwin Jack Bosi who sat in Sabah State Legislative Assembly . The lack of ethnic diversity within the party has led to DAP being viewed as a racist party in that it is exclusively concerned with the issues of the Chinese community by Malays . Party symbols . Party logo . The symbol or logo of the DAP ( see above ) is the rocket , which it has used since the 1969 general election . Its components are symbolised as follows : - The red rocket symbolises the Partys aspiration for a modern , dynamic and progressive society - The four rocket boosters represent the support and drive given to the Party objectives by the three major ethnicities ( Malay , Chinese , Indian ) and others - The blue circle stands for the unity of the multi-racial people of Malaysia - The white background stands for purity and incorruptibility Ubah mascot . In 2008 , DAP initially introduced Rocket Kid , a rocket as the partys official mascot during the 12th Malaysian general election . This was then changed to Ubah bird , a hornbill which was designed by Ooi Leng Hang and was launched during the Sarawak state election in 2011 and also used as part of their political campaigning during the 13th Malaysian general election in 2013 . DAP had adopted this bird as a symbol for change both for its unique characteristics , hardiness and representation of the unity of both East Malaysia and West Malaysia into a Malaysian nation . Its merchandise such as plush toys , buttons and car stickers were very well received by the public . The idea of the mascot came from Sarawak DAP Secretary , Chong Chieng Jen , who felt a mascot would boost the spirit of the people . The name Ubah , which means change in Malay , is in line with the partys aspirations in changing the ruling party of the Malaysian federal government . In addition to its original Sarawak Iban costume , Ubah now comes in a Malay costume for Hari Raya , Indian costume for Deepavali , Chinese costume for Chinese New Year , Santa Claus costume for Christmas , and a Superman costume that depicts the power of the people . On 13 July 2013 , a gigantic float known as the Ubah Inflatable Bird ( Water Ubah ) was officially launched at IJM Promenade , Jelutong , Penang by DAP Secretary General Lim Guan Eng . Songs . DAPs official party anthem is Berjuang Untuk Rakyat Malaysia ( Fighting for Malaysians ) . Other than the official party anthem , DAP has also unveiled several theme songs and music videos mostly with an Ubah theme such as Ubah with over 1,000,000 views , 明天 with over 500,000 views and Ubah Rocket Style with over 300,000 views , which is a parody of the viral YouTube hit Gangnam Style . Leadership structure . National Central Executive Committee . The leadership of the Democratic Action Party are elected through party delegates in national level . The executive power is vested for the Secretary-General . The leader and the highest-ranked member of the party is the Secretary-General . The current Secretary-General is former Minister of Finance Lim Guan Eng . There will only be 20 CEC positions available for grabs while the remaining positions will be appointed by the new Central Executive Committees . The latest leadership structure could be found below . - Life Advisor : - Chen Man Hin - National Chairman : - Tan Kok Wai - Deputy Chairman : - Gobind Singh Deo - Vice Chairman : - Chong Chieng Jen - Chow Kon Yeow - Kulasegaran Murugeson - Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji - Secretary-General : - Lim Guan Eng - Deputy Secretaries-General : - Teresa Kok Suh Sim - David Nga Kor Ming - Sivakumar Varatharaju Naidu - National Treasurer : - Fong Kui Lun - Assistant National Treasurer : - James Ngeh Koo Ham - National Organising Secretary : - Anthony Loke Siew Fook - Assistant National Organising Secretary : - Thomas Su Keong Siong - Khoo Poay Tiong - National Publicity Secretary : - Tony Pua Kiam Wee - Assistant National Publicity Secretary : - Yeo Bee Yin - Zairil Khir Johari - Political Education Director : - Liew Chin Tong - Assistant Political Education Director : - Ong Kian Ming - International Secretary : - Teo Nie Ching - Committee members : - Lim Kit Siang - Chong Eng - Ronnie Liu Tian Khiew - Teng Chang Khim - Jannie Lasimbang - John Brian Anthony - Wong Kah Woh - P . Ramasamy - Poon Ming Fung - Parliamentary Leader : - Anthony Loke Siew Fook - Women Chief : - Chong Eng - Socialist Youth Chief : - Howard Lee Chuan How - Central Policy and Strategic Planning Commission Chairman : - Lim Kit Siang - State Chairman : - Johor : Liew Chin Tong - Kedah : Tan Kok Yew - Kelantan : Azaha Abdul Rani - Melaka : Tey Kok Kiew - Negeri Sembilan : Anthony Loke Siew Fook - Pahang : Leong Ngah Ngah - Penang : Chow Kon Yeow - Perak : David Nga Kor Ming - Perlis : Teh Seng Chuan - Sabah : Frankie Poon Ming Fung - Sarawak : Chong Chieng Jen - Selangor : Gobind Singh Deo - Terengganu : Ng Chai Hing - Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur : Tan Kok Wai - Deputy State Chairman : - Johor : Teo Nie Ching - Kedah : Siau Suen Miin - Kelantan : Wong Tiam Guey - Melaka : Saminathan Ganesan - Negeri Sembilan : Gulasekaran Palasamy - Pahang : Manogaran Marimuthu - Penang : Ramasamy Palanisamy - Perak : Sivakumar Varatharaju - Terengganu : Mohd Nasir Zainal - Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur : Fong Kui Lun List of the leaders of the Democratic Action Party ( since 1966 ) . Below are the lists of various leaders post for every term . List of Life Advisor List of National Chairmen List of Secretaries-General ( Leaders ) List of Acting Secretaries-General ( Acting Leaders ) List of Chairman of the Central Policy and Strategic Planning Commission List of Parliamentary Leaders Elected representatives . Dewan Negara ( Senate ) . Senators . - His Majestys appointee : - Liew Chin Tong - Alan Ling Sie Kiong - Adrian Banie Lasimbang - Penang State Legislative Assembly : - Lim Hui Ying - Perak State Legislative Assembly : - Nga Hock Cheh - Selangor State Legislative Assembly : - Suresh Singh - Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly : - Kesavadas A . Achyuthan Nair Dewan Rakyat ( House of Representatives ) . Members of Parliament of the 14th Malaysian Parliament . DAP has 42 members in the House of Representatives . Dewan Undangan Negeri ( State Legislative Assembly ) . Malaysian State Assembly Representatives . Penang State Legislative Assembly Selangor State Legislative Assembly Perak State Legislative Assembly Johor State Legislative Assembly Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly Melaka State Legislative Assembly Pahang State Legislative Assembly Sabah State Legislative Assembly Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Kedah State Legislative Assembly Perlis State Legislative Assembly Terengganu State Legislative Assembly Kelantan State Legislative Assembly Controversy . Allegations of racism and chauvinism . Despite constant rebuttals by party leaders , DAP has been depicted by their political opponents as a party that favours the Malaysian Chinese minority above others . This allegation of racial chauvinism culminated in a two-piece television program broadcast on government-controlled TV channel RTM entitled Bahaya Cauvinisme . The program forced then party leader Lim Kit Siang to issue a formal media statement to counter the allegations . On 15 November 2011 , Ismail Sabri Yaakob , the Malaysian Minister for Domestic Trade , Co-operatives and Consumerism , accused DAPs publicity chief , Tony Pua of racism for making repeated attacks against the Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia , a government initiative to supply cheap retail products to Malaysian consumers . Tony Pua was criticised for singling out Kedai Rakyat 1 Malaysia , whose suppliers to the store generally come from the Malaysian Bumiputra community , and for not investigating the quality of products supplied by Malaysian-Chinese suppliers or making similar accusations against independent Malaysian-Chinese stores . Allegations of racism have forced DAP party leader Lim Guan Eng to issue a formal denial in the Penang High Court . 2012 party election controversy . At the DAP election in December 2012 , Vincent Wu , who was initially declared to have secured the sixth spot with 1,202 votes , dropped to 26th place because he had actually secured only 669 . Zairil Khir Johari was elected to the central executive committee ( CEC ) with 803 votes to secure the 20th spot . The glitch , reportedly because of a vote tabulation error due to the copy-and-paste method in Microsoft Excel , had raised suspicion . DAP admitted the counting error after discovering the mistake . The DAP election fiasco had caused unease among party members and led to protests to the Registrar of Societies ( RoS ) . Two dissatisfied life members of the DAP then lodged reports with the RoS on the party elections following the revelations . Following the report the RoS had informed DAP of the dispute by its members and in turn as provided for under Section 3A of the Societies Act 1966 did recognise the office-bearers of the committee formed in the party elections on 15 December 2012 , the point of contention . GE-13 logo issue . DAP chairperson Karpal Singh said DAP will contest under the PAS logo for the Peninsula and PKR logo in Sabah and Sarawak in the 13th general election , following the Registrar of Societies ( RoS ) failure to respond on the withdrawal letter of RoS informing that it does not recognise the partys top leadership line-up . DAP had appealed to the RoS to withdraw its letter to suspend the partys existing central executive committee ( CEC ) but the department was silent on the matter . On 19 April 2013 , DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng informed all its 51 parliament and 103 state candidates to use the rocket symbol first during nomination tomorrow , and show the Election Commission the letter of authorisation signed by secretary-general Lim Guan Eng . If the rocket symbol is rejected , then use the letter of authorisation signed by PAS secretary-general Mustafa Ali for Peninsula Malaysia and PKR letter of authorisation for Sabah and Sarawak . This came after the DAP decided to use PAS and PKR symbols for the coming general election on 5 May . On 20 April 2013 , DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng said DAP can use its iconic rocket symbol for the 5 May general election after getting last-minute confirmation late at night on 19 April 2013 . He said the DAP headquarters in Kuala Lumpur received a letter by hand from the RoS at 10 p.m . on 19 April , stating that it had no objections to the DAP using the logo , and that the Election Commission ( EC ) had informed all returning officers to accept nominations from the DAP .

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Democratic Action Party The Democratic Action Party , or DAP ( , , ) , is a multi-racial , centre-left Malaysian political party advocating social democracy and secularism , social justice , progressivism , and multi-racialism . One of the component parties of the Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) coalition , it was an opposition party for 51 years until PH won the 2018 Malaysian general election and formed the federal government . However , before the coalition finished its first term , defections from partnering PH component parties caused it to lose power after 22 months , culminating in the 2020 Malaysian political crisis . As of 24 February 2020 , DAP is the largest party in Malaysias Dewan Rakyat . The partys vision is to establish a peaceful and prosperous social democracy that can unite its disparate races and diverse religions and cultures , based on the Malaysian Malaysia concept of forging a Malaysian race grounded on universal moral values , offering equal access and opportunity , upholding democratic governance and the rule of law , creating wealth and distributing it equitably , and fighting corruption . The DAP usually draws much of their support from secular and liberal voters with a stable electorate from voters of big cities , coastal regions , professional middle-class , and working class . The partys strongholds are primarily in the urban and semi-urban areas of Penang , Perak , Selangor , Negeri Sembilan , Johor , Malacca and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur . In the 2018 Malaysian general election , DAP contested in 47 federal constituencies and won 42 seats and 101 out of 104 state seats contested , most under the ticket of its ally Peoples Justice Party , representing a win rate of 95% , the highest among the major political parties contesting . History . Formation . On 11 October 1965 , the DAP was formed by former members of the deregistered Peoples Action Party of Malaysia , including Bangsar Member of Parliament Devan Nair , who later became President of Singapore . The party formally registered itself as a democratic socialist party on 18 March 1966 . The ten members of the pro-tem committee were Devan Nair as secretary-general , Chen Man Hin ( who won the Seremban state constituency as an independent ) as chairman , D . P . Xavier as assistant secretary-general , Goh Hock Guan as vice-chairman , Seeveratnam Sinnathamby ( younger brother of Singapore minister S . Rajaratnam ) as treasurer and Zain Azahari bin Zainal Abidin , Chin Chan Sung , Michael Khong Chye Huat , Tan Chong Bee and Too Chee Cheong as members . In the August of that year , the official party organ , The Rocket , was first published . At the first DAP National Congress held in Setapak , Kuala Lumpur on 29 July 1967 , the DAP declared itself to be irrevocably committed to the ideal of a free , democratic and socialist Malaysia , based on the principles of racial and religious equality , social and economic justice , and founded on the institution of parliamentary democracy . In October that year , the DAP joined 55 other socialist parties belonging to the Socialist International at the SI International Conference in Zurich , Switzerland . Devan Nair , who was amongst those who founded the DAP , later returned to Singapore . Lee Kuan Yew , then Prime Minister of Singapore under the PAP , explained in 1981 that the Cabinet decided that Singapore-Malaysia relations would always be bedevilled if Devan Nair remained a DAP leader . I persuaded him to come back . Early electoral successes . The DAP contested a general election for the first time in 1969 . In line with their commitment to equality , the DAP originally campaigned against Bumiputera privileges , such as those afforded to them by Article 153 of the Constitution . They also continued Lee Kuan Yews campaign for a Malaysian Malaysia , the idea of which was originally conveyed by Lee in Parliament : Malaysia – to whom does it belong ? To Malaysians . But who are Malaysians ? I hope I am , Mr Speaker , Sir . But sometimes , sitting in this chamber , I doubt whether I am allowed to be a Malaysian . The DAP went on to win 13 Parliamentary seats and 31 State Assembly seats , with 11.9% of all valid votes that were cast in the election ; the Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia ( Gerakan ) which campaigned on a similar platform also made major gains . The 1969 election marked the biggest gains ever made by an opposition party in Malaysia ( before 2008 ) , and came close to seeing the ruling Alliance toppled from power . However , a march made by the DAP along with Gerakan as part of the opposition team led to violence , and resulted in what was euphemistically termed the 13 May Incident . Parliament was suspended for two years , and the executive branch of the government assumed power . When Parliament reconvened , it passed pieces of legislation such as the Sedition Act that illegalised discussion of repealing certain portions of the Constitution . Most of these concerned Bumiputra privileges , such as Article 153 . The DAP and the Peoples Progressive Party were the only parties that voted against the Act , which passed by a vote of 125 to 17 . After the 1969 election , the DAP would never come close to repeating its past successes for the next 38 years . Although the DAP remained a major opposition party , the ruling coalition had clung solidly to its two-thirds parliamentary majority . The DAP , however , continued campaigning on its platform of abolishing the Bumiputra privileges , giving equal rights for all Malaysians regardless of race and establishing a democratic socialist state in Malaysia . During the Mahathir administration in 1987 , several DAP leaders , including Parliamentary Opposition Leader Lim Kit Siang , were detained by the government without trial during Operation Lalang , under the accusation of being a national security threat . It is widely believed they were arrested for protesting the expansion of the New Economic Policy . 1995–2008 . In 1995 , the party ran what has become widely known as the Robocop campaign to wrest Penang from the Barisan Nasional . Despite the hype , the campaign was a failure as the party only won one state and three parliamentary seats . The strategy backfired when Prime Minister Mahathir , BN leaders and the media criticised Lim Kit Siang as a robot and soulless person . Following the ousting of Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in September 1998 , DAP co-founded the Barisan Alternatif coalition along with Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party and the newly formed Peoples Justice Party . However , the coalition did not work out very well for the DAP , with two of its top leaders , Lim Kit Siang and Karpal Singh losing their Parliamentary seats in the 1999 election ; the DAP managed to win only 5% ( 10 out of 193 ) of the seats in Parliament . PAS became the leading opposition party in Parliament . It left the coalition in 2001 due to a disagreement with PAS over the issue of an Islamic state . In the 2004 general election , the DAP managed to capture 12 seats in Parliament , while PAS and Keadilan suffered major setbacks , with PAS losing 20 of the 27 seats it had held after the 1999 elections , and Keadilan lost all seats except one returned after a recount . The eventual outcome saw Lim Kit Siang , who had been elected in his constituency of Ipoh Timur with a majority of 10,000 votes , formally elected as the leader of the opposition in Parliament , a post he had lost to the president of PAS in 1999 . In the 2006 Sarawak state election , the Democratic Action Party won 6 of the 12 seats it contested and narrowly lost three other seats with small majorities . Up til then it was the partys best showing ever in the history of Sarawaks state elections since 1979 . 2008–2015 . Pakatan Rakyat was formed in 2008 by DAP , PKR and PAS . In the 2008 general election , the DAP won 13% ( 28 out of 222 ) of the seats in the Dewan Rakyat , with PAS and PKR making substantial gains as well with 23 seats and 31 seats respectively . In total , the taking of 82 seats ( 37% ) by the opposition to Barisan Nasionals 140 seats ( 63% ) , makes it the best performance in Malaysian history by the opposition , and denied Barisan Nasional the two-thirds majority required to make constitutional changes in the Dewan Rakyat . DAP advisor Lim Kit Siang expressed surprise at the election results but declared it to be the true power of the voice of the Malaysian people for the leaders of the country to hear them . In addition , DAP , having secured all its contested seats in the state of Penang , formed the Penang state government with its alliance partners PKR and PAS , the Chief Minister being DAPs Lim Guan Eng , son of Lim Kit Siang . In the 2011 Sarawak state election , DAP furthered its gains from the previous election , winning 12 out of the 70 state assembly seats , with PR winning a total of 15 state seats and 41% of the popular vote . The PRs success was further enhanced in the 2013 general election when DAP went on to win 17% ( 38 out of 222 ) of the seats in the Dewan Rakyat and the PR coalition won the popular vote , giving the BN government its worst election showing since independence . In 2015 , the PR alliance broke up after a PAS Muktamar ( General Assembly ) motion unanimously approved the breaking of ties with DAP due to disagreements over PASs decision to propose a private members bill to implement hudud ( Islamic penal code ) . Following PASs decision to cut ties with DAP , DAP announced that PR had ceased to exist . 2015 to Present . On 22 September 2015 , Pakatan Harapan was formed by DAP , PKR and National Trust Party to succeed PR . In the 2016 Sarawak state election , DAP lost its gains from the previous election , retained only 7 out of the 82 state assembly seats , with PH retained only a total of 10 state seats and 29.43% of the popular vote . On 12 February 2017 , Kota Melaka MP , Sim Tong Him along with three other DAP state assemblymen from Melaka namely Goh ( Duyong ) , Lim Jack Wong ( Bachang ) , and Chin Choong Seong ( Kesidang ) announced their resignation from the party to be Independent , citing lack of trust in the party leadership . On 14 March 2017 , PPBM officially joined PH as a member party . This made the coalition parties increase to four , where they competed in the 2018 general election against the BN coalition . During the election , PH achieved simple majority in Parliament when the coalition has secured 113 seats and finally able to form a new federal government through an early pact signed with Sabah Heritage Party . DAP won 42 seats out of the 47 seats it contested , making it the second-highest number of seats in PH behind PKR with 47 seats . Together with other coalition members , Lim Guan Eng and his peers took on ministerial roles in the newly formed cabinet . Lim became the Minister of Finance of the current ruling government when Mahathir announced the initial 10 minister portfolio holders . He subsequently became the first Malaysian Chinese to hold the post in 44 years since Tun Tan Siew Sin of Malaysian Chinese Association , who served from 1959 until 1974 . Loke Siew Fook replaced Lim Kit Siang as DAP parliamentary leader on 11 July 2018 for the 14th Dewan Rakyat session . On 24 February 2020 , the DAP became the largest party in the Dewan Rakyat for the first time after 11 out of 50 PKR MPs resigned over the political crisis . UMNO had also lost 16 out of 54 MPs over several months , mostly through defections to PPBM . The 42 MPs of the DAP have remained intact . On 9 March , Paul Yong Choo Kiong & Buntong A Sivasubramaniam declare out of party . On March 10 , DAP sack Norhizam Hassan Baktee , Pengkalan Batu Assemblyman . The dismissal came after Norhizam decided to support a new Perikatan Nasional coalition in Malacca state . On 7 July , DAP sack 3 members ( Kong Lai Ling , Ng Sook Whye and Khi Poh Chong ) due to the involved in the incident of the fall of the Perak state government to the Perikatan Nasional . On 10 July , Mary Josephine , Rahang assemblywomen declare out of party . She said the decision was made after admitting that she could no longer face the challenges and pressures from the state DAP leadership . However , she had revert her decision and rejoin the party on 20 July . On 27 July , Padungan assemblyman and Sarawak DAP vice-chairman Wong King Wei has announced his resignation from DAP with immediate effect , saying he was disillusioned with its direction and management . He claimed the party has deviated from the aims , objectives and struggle of the earlier days when he joined in 2006 . On 30 July , nominated Sabah assemblyman Ronnie Loh Ee Eng was sacked from the DAP for supporting the Perikatan Nasionals treacherous attempt to topple the Warisan Plus Sabah state government led by Shafie Apdal . Ethnic diversity . In spite of being a multi-racial party , the majority of DAPs party membership is of ethnic-Chinese heritage , with most elected positions within the party being held by Chinese members . The partys first Malay member of parliament , Ahmad Nor only won his seat in the 1990 general election , The DAP also only gained its first native Sabahan ( Kadazandusun ) legislator in the 2013 election , Edwin Jack Bosi who sat in Sabah State Legislative Assembly . The lack of ethnic diversity within the party has led to DAP being viewed as a racist party in that it is exclusively concerned with the issues of the Chinese community by Malays . Party symbols . Party logo . The symbol or logo of the DAP ( see above ) is the rocket , which it has used since the 1969 general election . Its components are symbolised as follows : - The red rocket symbolises the Partys aspiration for a modern , dynamic and progressive society - The four rocket boosters represent the support and drive given to the Party objectives by the three major ethnicities ( Malay , Chinese , Indian ) and others - The blue circle stands for the unity of the multi-racial people of Malaysia - The white background stands for purity and incorruptibility Ubah mascot . In 2008 , DAP initially introduced Rocket Kid , a rocket as the partys official mascot during the 12th Malaysian general election . This was then changed to Ubah bird , a hornbill which was designed by Ooi Leng Hang and was launched during the Sarawak state election in 2011 and also used as part of their political campaigning during the 13th Malaysian general election in 2013 . DAP had adopted this bird as a symbol for change both for its unique characteristics , hardiness and representation of the unity of both East Malaysia and West Malaysia into a Malaysian nation . Its merchandise such as plush toys , buttons and car stickers were very well received by the public . The idea of the mascot came from Sarawak DAP Secretary , Chong Chieng Jen , who felt a mascot would boost the spirit of the people . The name Ubah , which means change in Malay , is in line with the partys aspirations in changing the ruling party of the Malaysian federal government . In addition to its original Sarawak Iban costume , Ubah now comes in a Malay costume for Hari Raya , Indian costume for Deepavali , Chinese costume for Chinese New Year , Santa Claus costume for Christmas , and a Superman costume that depicts the power of the people . On 13 July 2013 , a gigantic float known as the Ubah Inflatable Bird ( Water Ubah ) was officially launched at IJM Promenade , Jelutong , Penang by DAP Secretary General Lim Guan Eng . Songs . DAPs official party anthem is Berjuang Untuk Rakyat Malaysia ( Fighting for Malaysians ) . Other than the official party anthem , DAP has also unveiled several theme songs and music videos mostly with an Ubah theme such as Ubah with over 1,000,000 views , 明天 with over 500,000 views and Ubah Rocket Style with over 300,000 views , which is a parody of the viral YouTube hit Gangnam Style . Leadership structure . National Central Executive Committee . The leadership of the Democratic Action Party are elected through party delegates in national level . The executive power is vested for the Secretary-General . The leader and the highest-ranked member of the party is the Secretary-General . The current Secretary-General is former Minister of Finance Lim Guan Eng . There will only be 20 CEC positions available for grabs while the remaining positions will be appointed by the new Central Executive Committees . The latest leadership structure could be found below . - Life Advisor : - Chen Man Hin - National Chairman : - Tan Kok Wai - Deputy Chairman : - Gobind Singh Deo - Vice Chairman : - Chong Chieng Jen - Chow Kon Yeow - Kulasegaran Murugeson - Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji - Secretary-General : - Lim Guan Eng - Deputy Secretaries-General : - Teresa Kok Suh Sim - David Nga Kor Ming - Sivakumar Varatharaju Naidu - National Treasurer : - Fong Kui Lun - Assistant National Treasurer : - James Ngeh Koo Ham - National Organising Secretary : - Anthony Loke Siew Fook - Assistant National Organising Secretary : - Thomas Su Keong Siong - Khoo Poay Tiong - National Publicity Secretary : - Tony Pua Kiam Wee - Assistant National Publicity Secretary : - Yeo Bee Yin - Zairil Khir Johari - Political Education Director : - Liew Chin Tong - Assistant Political Education Director : - Ong Kian Ming - International Secretary : - Teo Nie Ching - Committee members : - Lim Kit Siang - Chong Eng - Ronnie Liu Tian Khiew - Teng Chang Khim - Jannie Lasimbang - John Brian Anthony - Wong Kah Woh - P . Ramasamy - Poon Ming Fung - Parliamentary Leader : - Anthony Loke Siew Fook - Women Chief : - Chong Eng - Socialist Youth Chief : - Howard Lee Chuan How - Central Policy and Strategic Planning Commission Chairman : - Lim Kit Siang - State Chairman : - Johor : Liew Chin Tong - Kedah : Tan Kok Yew - Kelantan : Azaha Abdul Rani - Melaka : Tey Kok Kiew - Negeri Sembilan : Anthony Loke Siew Fook - Pahang : Leong Ngah Ngah - Penang : Chow Kon Yeow - Perak : David Nga Kor Ming - Perlis : Teh Seng Chuan - Sabah : Frankie Poon Ming Fung - Sarawak : Chong Chieng Jen - Selangor : Gobind Singh Deo - Terengganu : Ng Chai Hing - Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur : Tan Kok Wai - Deputy State Chairman : - Johor : Teo Nie Ching - Kedah : Siau Suen Miin - Kelantan : Wong Tiam Guey - Melaka : Saminathan Ganesan - Negeri Sembilan : Gulasekaran Palasamy - Pahang : Manogaran Marimuthu - Penang : Ramasamy Palanisamy - Perak : Sivakumar Varatharaju - Terengganu : Mohd Nasir Zainal - Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur : Fong Kui Lun List of the leaders of the Democratic Action Party ( since 1966 ) . Below are the lists of various leaders post for every term . List of Life Advisor List of National Chairmen List of Secretaries-General ( Leaders ) List of Acting Secretaries-General ( Acting Leaders ) List of Chairman of the Central Policy and Strategic Planning Commission List of Parliamentary Leaders Elected representatives . Dewan Negara ( Senate ) . Senators . - His Majestys appointee : - Liew Chin Tong - Alan Ling Sie Kiong - Adrian Banie Lasimbang - Penang State Legislative Assembly : - Lim Hui Ying - Perak State Legislative Assembly : - Nga Hock Cheh - Selangor State Legislative Assembly : - Suresh Singh - Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly : - Kesavadas A . Achyuthan Nair Dewan Rakyat ( House of Representatives ) . Members of Parliament of the 14th Malaysian Parliament . DAP has 42 members in the House of Representatives . Dewan Undangan Negeri ( State Legislative Assembly ) . Malaysian State Assembly Representatives . Penang State Legislative Assembly Selangor State Legislative Assembly Perak State Legislative Assembly Johor State Legislative Assembly Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly Melaka State Legislative Assembly Pahang State Legislative Assembly Sabah State Legislative Assembly Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Kedah State Legislative Assembly Perlis State Legislative Assembly Terengganu State Legislative Assembly Kelantan State Legislative Assembly Controversy . Allegations of racism and chauvinism . Despite constant rebuttals by party leaders , DAP has been depicted by their political opponents as a party that favours the Malaysian Chinese minority above others . This allegation of racial chauvinism culminated in a two-piece television program broadcast on government-controlled TV channel RTM entitled Bahaya Cauvinisme . The program forced then party leader Lim Kit Siang to issue a formal media statement to counter the allegations . On 15 November 2011 , Ismail Sabri Yaakob , the Malaysian Minister for Domestic Trade , Co-operatives and Consumerism , accused DAPs publicity chief , Tony Pua of racism for making repeated attacks against the Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia , a government initiative to supply cheap retail products to Malaysian consumers . Tony Pua was criticised for singling out Kedai Rakyat 1 Malaysia , whose suppliers to the store generally come from the Malaysian Bumiputra community , and for not investigating the quality of products supplied by Malaysian-Chinese suppliers or making similar accusations against independent Malaysian-Chinese stores . Allegations of racism have forced DAP party leader Lim Guan Eng to issue a formal denial in the Penang High Court . 2012 party election controversy . At the DAP election in December 2012 , Vincent Wu , who was initially declared to have secured the sixth spot with 1,202 votes , dropped to 26th place because he had actually secured only 669 . Zairil Khir Johari was elected to the central executive committee ( CEC ) with 803 votes to secure the 20th spot . The glitch , reportedly because of a vote tabulation error due to the copy-and-paste method in Microsoft Excel , had raised suspicion . DAP admitted the counting error after discovering the mistake . The DAP election fiasco had caused unease among party members and led to protests to the Registrar of Societies ( RoS ) . Two dissatisfied life members of the DAP then lodged reports with the RoS on the party elections following the revelations . Following the report the RoS had informed DAP of the dispute by its members and in turn as provided for under Section 3A of the Societies Act 1966 did recognise the office-bearers of the committee formed in the party elections on 15 December 2012 , the point of contention . GE-13 logo issue . DAP chairperson Karpal Singh said DAP will contest under the PAS logo for the Peninsula and PKR logo in Sabah and Sarawak in the 13th general election , following the Registrar of Societies ( RoS ) failure to respond on the withdrawal letter of RoS informing that it does not recognise the partys top leadership line-up . DAP had appealed to the RoS to withdraw its letter to suspend the partys existing central executive committee ( CEC ) but the department was silent on the matter . On 19 April 2013 , DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng informed all its 51 parliament and 103 state candidates to use the rocket symbol first during nomination tomorrow , and show the Election Commission the letter of authorisation signed by secretary-general Lim Guan Eng . If the rocket symbol is rejected , then use the letter of authorisation signed by PAS secretary-general Mustafa Ali for Peninsula Malaysia and PKR letter of authorisation for Sabah and Sarawak . This came after the DAP decided to use PAS and PKR symbols for the coming general election on 5 May . On 20 April 2013 , DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng said DAP can use its iconic rocket symbol for the 5 May general election after getting last-minute confirmation late at night on 19 April 2013 . He said the DAP headquarters in Kuala Lumpur received a letter by hand from the RoS at 10 p.m . on 19 April , stating that it had no objections to the DAP using the logo , and that the Election Commission ( EC ) had informed all returning officers to accept nominations from the DAP .

hard

Who was the chair of Democratic Action Party between Jul 2009 and Feb 2012?

/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party#P488#2

Democratic Action Party The Democratic Action Party , or DAP ( , , ) , is a multi-racial , centre-left Malaysian political party advocating social democracy and secularism , social justice , progressivism , and multi-racialism . One of the component parties of the Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) coalition , it was an opposition party for 51 years until PH won the 2018 Malaysian general election and formed the federal government . However , before the coalition finished its first term , defections from partnering PH component parties caused it to lose power after 22 months , culminating in the 2020 Malaysian political crisis . As of 24 February 2020 , DAP is the largest party in Malaysias Dewan Rakyat . The partys vision is to establish a peaceful and prosperous social democracy that can unite its disparate races and diverse religions and cultures , based on the Malaysian Malaysia concept of forging a Malaysian race grounded on universal moral values , offering equal access and opportunity , upholding democratic governance and the rule of law , creating wealth and distributing it equitably , and fighting corruption . The DAP usually draws much of their support from secular and liberal voters with a stable electorate from voters of big cities , coastal regions , professional middle-class , and working class . The partys strongholds are primarily in the urban and semi-urban areas of Penang , Perak , Selangor , Negeri Sembilan , Johor , Malacca and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur . In the 2018 Malaysian general election , DAP contested in 47 federal constituencies and won 42 seats and 101 out of 104 state seats contested , most under the ticket of its ally Peoples Justice Party , representing a win rate of 95% , the highest among the major political parties contesting . History . Formation . On 11 October 1965 , the DAP was formed by former members of the deregistered Peoples Action Party of Malaysia , including Bangsar Member of Parliament Devan Nair , who later became President of Singapore . The party formally registered itself as a democratic socialist party on 18 March 1966 . The ten members of the pro-tem committee were Devan Nair as secretary-general , Chen Man Hin ( who won the Seremban state constituency as an independent ) as chairman , D . P . Xavier as assistant secretary-general , Goh Hock Guan as vice-chairman , Seeveratnam Sinnathamby ( younger brother of Singapore minister S . Rajaratnam ) as treasurer and Zain Azahari bin Zainal Abidin , Chin Chan Sung , Michael Khong Chye Huat , Tan Chong Bee and Too Chee Cheong as members . In the August of that year , the official party organ , The Rocket , was first published . At the first DAP National Congress held in Setapak , Kuala Lumpur on 29 July 1967 , the DAP declared itself to be irrevocably committed to the ideal of a free , democratic and socialist Malaysia , based on the principles of racial and religious equality , social and economic justice , and founded on the institution of parliamentary democracy . In October that year , the DAP joined 55 other socialist parties belonging to the Socialist International at the SI International Conference in Zurich , Switzerland . Devan Nair , who was amongst those who founded the DAP , later returned to Singapore . Lee Kuan Yew , then Prime Minister of Singapore under the PAP , explained in 1981 that the Cabinet decided that Singapore-Malaysia relations would always be bedevilled if Devan Nair remained a DAP leader . I persuaded him to come back . Early electoral successes . The DAP contested a general election for the first time in 1969 . In line with their commitment to equality , the DAP originally campaigned against Bumiputera privileges , such as those afforded to them by Article 153 of the Constitution . They also continued Lee Kuan Yews campaign for a Malaysian Malaysia , the idea of which was originally conveyed by Lee in Parliament : Malaysia – to whom does it belong ? To Malaysians . But who are Malaysians ? I hope I am , Mr Speaker , Sir . But sometimes , sitting in this chamber , I doubt whether I am allowed to be a Malaysian . The DAP went on to win 13 Parliamentary seats and 31 State Assembly seats , with 11.9% of all valid votes that were cast in the election ; the Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia ( Gerakan ) which campaigned on a similar platform also made major gains . The 1969 election marked the biggest gains ever made by an opposition party in Malaysia ( before 2008 ) , and came close to seeing the ruling Alliance toppled from power . However , a march made by the DAP along with Gerakan as part of the opposition team led to violence , and resulted in what was euphemistically termed the 13 May Incident . Parliament was suspended for two years , and the executive branch of the government assumed power . When Parliament reconvened , it passed pieces of legislation such as the Sedition Act that illegalised discussion of repealing certain portions of the Constitution . Most of these concerned Bumiputra privileges , such as Article 153 . The DAP and the Peoples Progressive Party were the only parties that voted against the Act , which passed by a vote of 125 to 17 . After the 1969 election , the DAP would never come close to repeating its past successes for the next 38 years . Although the DAP remained a major opposition party , the ruling coalition had clung solidly to its two-thirds parliamentary majority . The DAP , however , continued campaigning on its platform of abolishing the Bumiputra privileges , giving equal rights for all Malaysians regardless of race and establishing a democratic socialist state in Malaysia . During the Mahathir administration in 1987 , several DAP leaders , including Parliamentary Opposition Leader Lim Kit Siang , were detained by the government without trial during Operation Lalang , under the accusation of being a national security threat . It is widely believed they were arrested for protesting the expansion of the New Economic Policy . 1995–2008 . In 1995 , the party ran what has become widely known as the Robocop campaign to wrest Penang from the Barisan Nasional . Despite the hype , the campaign was a failure as the party only won one state and three parliamentary seats . The strategy backfired when Prime Minister Mahathir , BN leaders and the media criticised Lim Kit Siang as a robot and soulless person . Following the ousting of Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in September 1998 , DAP co-founded the Barisan Alternatif coalition along with Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party and the newly formed Peoples Justice Party . However , the coalition did not work out very well for the DAP , with two of its top leaders , Lim Kit Siang and Karpal Singh losing their Parliamentary seats in the 1999 election ; the DAP managed to win only 5% ( 10 out of 193 ) of the seats in Parliament . PAS became the leading opposition party in Parliament . It left the coalition in 2001 due to a disagreement with PAS over the issue of an Islamic state . In the 2004 general election , the DAP managed to capture 12 seats in Parliament , while PAS and Keadilan suffered major setbacks , with PAS losing 20 of the 27 seats it had held after the 1999 elections , and Keadilan lost all seats except one returned after a recount . The eventual outcome saw Lim Kit Siang , who had been elected in his constituency of Ipoh Timur with a majority of 10,000 votes , formally elected as the leader of the opposition in Parliament , a post he had lost to the president of PAS in 1999 . In the 2006 Sarawak state election , the Democratic Action Party won 6 of the 12 seats it contested and narrowly lost three other seats with small majorities . Up til then it was the partys best showing ever in the history of Sarawaks state elections since 1979 . 2008–2015 . Pakatan Rakyat was formed in 2008 by DAP , PKR and PAS . In the 2008 general election , the DAP won 13% ( 28 out of 222 ) of the seats in the Dewan Rakyat , with PAS and PKR making substantial gains as well with 23 seats and 31 seats respectively . In total , the taking of 82 seats ( 37% ) by the opposition to Barisan Nasionals 140 seats ( 63% ) , makes it the best performance in Malaysian history by the opposition , and denied Barisan Nasional the two-thirds majority required to make constitutional changes in the Dewan Rakyat . DAP advisor Lim Kit Siang expressed surprise at the election results but declared it to be the true power of the voice of the Malaysian people for the leaders of the country to hear them . In addition , DAP , having secured all its contested seats in the state of Penang , formed the Penang state government with its alliance partners PKR and PAS , the Chief Minister being DAPs Lim Guan Eng , son of Lim Kit Siang . In the 2011 Sarawak state election , DAP furthered its gains from the previous election , winning 12 out of the 70 state assembly seats , with PR winning a total of 15 state seats and 41% of the popular vote . The PRs success was further enhanced in the 2013 general election when DAP went on to win 17% ( 38 out of 222 ) of the seats in the Dewan Rakyat and the PR coalition won the popular vote , giving the BN government its worst election showing since independence . In 2015 , the PR alliance broke up after a PAS Muktamar ( General Assembly ) motion unanimously approved the breaking of ties with DAP due to disagreements over PASs decision to propose a private members bill to implement hudud ( Islamic penal code ) . Following PASs decision to cut ties with DAP , DAP announced that PR had ceased to exist . 2015 to Present . On 22 September 2015 , Pakatan Harapan was formed by DAP , PKR and National Trust Party to succeed PR . In the 2016 Sarawak state election , DAP lost its gains from the previous election , retained only 7 out of the 82 state assembly seats , with PH retained only a total of 10 state seats and 29.43% of the popular vote . On 12 February 2017 , Kota Melaka MP , Sim Tong Him along with three other DAP state assemblymen from Melaka namely Goh ( Duyong ) , Lim Jack Wong ( Bachang ) , and Chin Choong Seong ( Kesidang ) announced their resignation from the party to be Independent , citing lack of trust in the party leadership . On 14 March 2017 , PPBM officially joined PH as a member party . This made the coalition parties increase to four , where they competed in the 2018 general election against the BN coalition . During the election , PH achieved simple majority in Parliament when the coalition has secured 113 seats and finally able to form a new federal government through an early pact signed with Sabah Heritage Party . DAP won 42 seats out of the 47 seats it contested , making it the second-highest number of seats in PH behind PKR with 47 seats . Together with other coalition members , Lim Guan Eng and his peers took on ministerial roles in the newly formed cabinet . Lim became the Minister of Finance of the current ruling government when Mahathir announced the initial 10 minister portfolio holders . He subsequently became the first Malaysian Chinese to hold the post in 44 years since Tun Tan Siew Sin of Malaysian Chinese Association , who served from 1959 until 1974 . Loke Siew Fook replaced Lim Kit Siang as DAP parliamentary leader on 11 July 2018 for the 14th Dewan Rakyat session . On 24 February 2020 , the DAP became the largest party in the Dewan Rakyat for the first time after 11 out of 50 PKR MPs resigned over the political crisis . UMNO had also lost 16 out of 54 MPs over several months , mostly through defections to PPBM . The 42 MPs of the DAP have remained intact . On 9 March , Paul Yong Choo Kiong & Buntong A Sivasubramaniam declare out of party . On March 10 , DAP sack Norhizam Hassan Baktee , Pengkalan Batu Assemblyman . The dismissal came after Norhizam decided to support a new Perikatan Nasional coalition in Malacca state . On 7 July , DAP sack 3 members ( Kong Lai Ling , Ng Sook Whye and Khi Poh Chong ) due to the involved in the incident of the fall of the Perak state government to the Perikatan Nasional . On 10 July , Mary Josephine , Rahang assemblywomen declare out of party . She said the decision was made after admitting that she could no longer face the challenges and pressures from the state DAP leadership . However , she had revert her decision and rejoin the party on 20 July . On 27 July , Padungan assemblyman and Sarawak DAP vice-chairman Wong King Wei has announced his resignation from DAP with immediate effect , saying he was disillusioned with its direction and management . He claimed the party has deviated from the aims , objectives and struggle of the earlier days when he joined in 2006 . On 30 July , nominated Sabah assemblyman Ronnie Loh Ee Eng was sacked from the DAP for supporting the Perikatan Nasionals treacherous attempt to topple the Warisan Plus Sabah state government led by Shafie Apdal . Ethnic diversity . In spite of being a multi-racial party , the majority of DAPs party membership is of ethnic-Chinese heritage , with most elected positions within the party being held by Chinese members . The partys first Malay member of parliament , Ahmad Nor only won his seat in the 1990 general election , The DAP also only gained its first native Sabahan ( Kadazandusun ) legislator in the 2013 election , Edwin Jack Bosi who sat in Sabah State Legislative Assembly . The lack of ethnic diversity within the party has led to DAP being viewed as a racist party in that it is exclusively concerned with the issues of the Chinese community by Malays . Party symbols . Party logo . The symbol or logo of the DAP ( see above ) is the rocket , which it has used since the 1969 general election . Its components are symbolised as follows : - The red rocket symbolises the Partys aspiration for a modern , dynamic and progressive society - The four rocket boosters represent the support and drive given to the Party objectives by the three major ethnicities ( Malay , Chinese , Indian ) and others - The blue circle stands for the unity of the multi-racial people of Malaysia - The white background stands for purity and incorruptibility Ubah mascot . In 2008 , DAP initially introduced Rocket Kid , a rocket as the partys official mascot during the 12th Malaysian general election . This was then changed to Ubah bird , a hornbill which was designed by Ooi Leng Hang and was launched during the Sarawak state election in 2011 and also used as part of their political campaigning during the 13th Malaysian general election in 2013 . DAP had adopted this bird as a symbol for change both for its unique characteristics , hardiness and representation of the unity of both East Malaysia and West Malaysia into a Malaysian nation . Its merchandise such as plush toys , buttons and car stickers were very well received by the public . The idea of the mascot came from Sarawak DAP Secretary , Chong Chieng Jen , who felt a mascot would boost the spirit of the people . The name Ubah , which means change in Malay , is in line with the partys aspirations in changing the ruling party of the Malaysian federal government . In addition to its original Sarawak Iban costume , Ubah now comes in a Malay costume for Hari Raya , Indian costume for Deepavali , Chinese costume for Chinese New Year , Santa Claus costume for Christmas , and a Superman costume that depicts the power of the people . On 13 July 2013 , a gigantic float known as the Ubah Inflatable Bird ( Water Ubah ) was officially launched at IJM Promenade , Jelutong , Penang by DAP Secretary General Lim Guan Eng . Songs . DAPs official party anthem is Berjuang Untuk Rakyat Malaysia ( Fighting for Malaysians ) . Other than the official party anthem , DAP has also unveiled several theme songs and music videos mostly with an Ubah theme such as Ubah with over 1,000,000 views , 明天 with over 500,000 views and Ubah Rocket Style with over 300,000 views , which is a parody of the viral YouTube hit Gangnam Style . Leadership structure . National Central Executive Committee . The leadership of the Democratic Action Party are elected through party delegates in national level . The executive power is vested for the Secretary-General . The leader and the highest-ranked member of the party is the Secretary-General . The current Secretary-General is former Minister of Finance Lim Guan Eng . There will only be 20 CEC positions available for grabs while the remaining positions will be appointed by the new Central Executive Committees . The latest leadership structure could be found below . - Life Advisor : - Chen Man Hin - National Chairman : - Tan Kok Wai - Deputy Chairman : - Gobind Singh Deo - Vice Chairman : - Chong Chieng Jen - Chow Kon Yeow - Kulasegaran Murugeson - Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji - Secretary-General : - Lim Guan Eng - Deputy Secretaries-General : - Teresa Kok Suh Sim - David Nga Kor Ming - Sivakumar Varatharaju Naidu - National Treasurer : - Fong Kui Lun - Assistant National Treasurer : - James Ngeh Koo Ham - National Organising Secretary : - Anthony Loke Siew Fook - Assistant National Organising Secretary : - Thomas Su Keong Siong - Khoo Poay Tiong - National Publicity Secretary : - Tony Pua Kiam Wee - Assistant National Publicity Secretary : - Yeo Bee Yin - Zairil Khir Johari - Political Education Director : - Liew Chin Tong - Assistant Political Education Director : - Ong Kian Ming - International Secretary : - Teo Nie Ching - Committee members : - Lim Kit Siang - Chong Eng - Ronnie Liu Tian Khiew - Teng Chang Khim - Jannie Lasimbang - John Brian Anthony - Wong Kah Woh - P . Ramasamy - Poon Ming Fung - Parliamentary Leader : - Anthony Loke Siew Fook - Women Chief : - Chong Eng - Socialist Youth Chief : - Howard Lee Chuan How - Central Policy and Strategic Planning Commission Chairman : - Lim Kit Siang - State Chairman : - Johor : Liew Chin Tong - Kedah : Tan Kok Yew - Kelantan : Azaha Abdul Rani - Melaka : Tey Kok Kiew - Negeri Sembilan : Anthony Loke Siew Fook - Pahang : Leong Ngah Ngah - Penang : Chow Kon Yeow - Perak : David Nga Kor Ming - Perlis : Teh Seng Chuan - Sabah : Frankie Poon Ming Fung - Sarawak : Chong Chieng Jen - Selangor : Gobind Singh Deo - Terengganu : Ng Chai Hing - Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur : Tan Kok Wai - Deputy State Chairman : - Johor : Teo Nie Ching - Kedah : Siau Suen Miin - Kelantan : Wong Tiam Guey - Melaka : Saminathan Ganesan - Negeri Sembilan : Gulasekaran Palasamy - Pahang : Manogaran Marimuthu - Penang : Ramasamy Palanisamy - Perak : Sivakumar Varatharaju - Terengganu : Mohd Nasir Zainal - Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur : Fong Kui Lun List of the leaders of the Democratic Action Party ( since 1966 ) . Below are the lists of various leaders post for every term . List of Life Advisor List of National Chairmen List of Secretaries-General ( Leaders ) List of Acting Secretaries-General ( Acting Leaders ) List of Chairman of the Central Policy and Strategic Planning Commission List of Parliamentary Leaders Elected representatives . Dewan Negara ( Senate ) . Senators . - His Majestys appointee : - Liew Chin Tong - Alan Ling Sie Kiong - Adrian Banie Lasimbang - Penang State Legislative Assembly : - Lim Hui Ying - Perak State Legislative Assembly : - Nga Hock Cheh - Selangor State Legislative Assembly : - Suresh Singh - Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly : - Kesavadas A . Achyuthan Nair Dewan Rakyat ( House of Representatives ) . Members of Parliament of the 14th Malaysian Parliament . DAP has 42 members in the House of Representatives . Dewan Undangan Negeri ( State Legislative Assembly ) . Malaysian State Assembly Representatives . Penang State Legislative Assembly Selangor State Legislative Assembly Perak State Legislative Assembly Johor State Legislative Assembly Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly Melaka State Legislative Assembly Pahang State Legislative Assembly Sabah State Legislative Assembly Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Kedah State Legislative Assembly Perlis State Legislative Assembly Terengganu State Legislative Assembly Kelantan State Legislative Assembly Controversy . Allegations of racism and chauvinism . Despite constant rebuttals by party leaders , DAP has been depicted by their political opponents as a party that favours the Malaysian Chinese minority above others . This allegation of racial chauvinism culminated in a two-piece television program broadcast on government-controlled TV channel RTM entitled Bahaya Cauvinisme . The program forced then party leader Lim Kit Siang to issue a formal media statement to counter the allegations . On 15 November 2011 , Ismail Sabri Yaakob , the Malaysian Minister for Domestic Trade , Co-operatives and Consumerism , accused DAPs publicity chief , Tony Pua of racism for making repeated attacks against the Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia , a government initiative to supply cheap retail products to Malaysian consumers . Tony Pua was criticised for singling out Kedai Rakyat 1 Malaysia , whose suppliers to the store generally come from the Malaysian Bumiputra community , and for not investigating the quality of products supplied by Malaysian-Chinese suppliers or making similar accusations against independent Malaysian-Chinese stores . Allegations of racism have forced DAP party leader Lim Guan Eng to issue a formal denial in the Penang High Court . 2012 party election controversy . At the DAP election in December 2012 , Vincent Wu , who was initially declared to have secured the sixth spot with 1,202 votes , dropped to 26th place because he had actually secured only 669 . Zairil Khir Johari was elected to the central executive committee ( CEC ) with 803 votes to secure the 20th spot . The glitch , reportedly because of a vote tabulation error due to the copy-and-paste method in Microsoft Excel , had raised suspicion . DAP admitted the counting error after discovering the mistake . The DAP election fiasco had caused unease among party members and led to protests to the Registrar of Societies ( RoS ) . Two dissatisfied life members of the DAP then lodged reports with the RoS on the party elections following the revelations . Following the report the RoS had informed DAP of the dispute by its members and in turn as provided for under Section 3A of the Societies Act 1966 did recognise the office-bearers of the committee formed in the party elections on 15 December 2012 , the point of contention . GE-13 logo issue . DAP chairperson Karpal Singh said DAP will contest under the PAS logo for the Peninsula and PKR logo in Sabah and Sarawak in the 13th general election , following the Registrar of Societies ( RoS ) failure to respond on the withdrawal letter of RoS informing that it does not recognise the partys top leadership line-up . DAP had appealed to the RoS to withdraw its letter to suspend the partys existing central executive committee ( CEC ) but the department was silent on the matter . On 19 April 2013 , DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng informed all its 51 parliament and 103 state candidates to use the rocket symbol first during nomination tomorrow , and show the Election Commission the letter of authorisation signed by secretary-general Lim Guan Eng . If the rocket symbol is rejected , then use the letter of authorisation signed by PAS secretary-general Mustafa Ali for Peninsula Malaysia and PKR letter of authorisation for Sabah and Sarawak . This came after the DAP decided to use PAS and PKR symbols for the coming general election on 5 May . On 20 April 2013 , DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng said DAP can use its iconic rocket symbol for the 5 May general election after getting last-minute confirmation late at night on 19 April 2013 . He said the DAP headquarters in Kuala Lumpur received a letter by hand from the RoS at 10 p.m . on 19 April , stating that it had no objections to the DAP using the logo , and that the Election Commission ( EC ) had informed all returning officers to accept nominations from the DAP .

hard

Who was the chair of Democratic Action Party between May 2014 and Aug 2014?

/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party#P488#3

Democratic Action Party The Democratic Action Party , or DAP ( , , ) , is a multi-racial , centre-left Malaysian political party advocating social democracy and secularism , social justice , progressivism , and multi-racialism . One of the component parties of the Pakatan Harapan ( PH ) coalition , it was an opposition party for 51 years until PH won the 2018 Malaysian general election and formed the federal government . However , before the coalition finished its first term , defections from partnering PH component parties caused it to lose power after 22 months , culminating in the 2020 Malaysian political crisis . As of 24 February 2020 , DAP is the largest party in Malaysias Dewan Rakyat . The partys vision is to establish a peaceful and prosperous social democracy that can unite its disparate races and diverse religions and cultures , based on the Malaysian Malaysia concept of forging a Malaysian race grounded on universal moral values , offering equal access and opportunity , upholding democratic governance and the rule of law , creating wealth and distributing it equitably , and fighting corruption . The DAP usually draws much of their support from secular and liberal voters with a stable electorate from voters of big cities , coastal regions , professional middle-class , and working class . The partys strongholds are primarily in the urban and semi-urban areas of Penang , Perak , Selangor , Negeri Sembilan , Johor , Malacca and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur . In the 2018 Malaysian general election , DAP contested in 47 federal constituencies and won 42 seats and 101 out of 104 state seats contested , most under the ticket of its ally Peoples Justice Party , representing a win rate of 95% , the highest among the major political parties contesting . History . Formation . On 11 October 1965 , the DAP was formed by former members of the deregistered Peoples Action Party of Malaysia , including Bangsar Member of Parliament Devan Nair , who later became President of Singapore . The party formally registered itself as a democratic socialist party on 18 March 1966 . The ten members of the pro-tem committee were Devan Nair as secretary-general , Chen Man Hin ( who won the Seremban state constituency as an independent ) as chairman , D . P . Xavier as assistant secretary-general , Goh Hock Guan as vice-chairman , Seeveratnam Sinnathamby ( younger brother of Singapore minister S . Rajaratnam ) as treasurer and Zain Azahari bin Zainal Abidin , Chin Chan Sung , Michael Khong Chye Huat , Tan Chong Bee and Too Chee Cheong as members . In the August of that year , the official party organ , The Rocket , was first published . At the first DAP National Congress held in Setapak , Kuala Lumpur on 29 July 1967 , the DAP declared itself to be irrevocably committed to the ideal of a free , democratic and socialist Malaysia , based on the principles of racial and religious equality , social and economic justice , and founded on the institution of parliamentary democracy . In October that year , the DAP joined 55 other socialist parties belonging to the Socialist International at the SI International Conference in Zurich , Switzerland . Devan Nair , who was amongst those who founded the DAP , later returned to Singapore . Lee Kuan Yew , then Prime Minister of Singapore under the PAP , explained in 1981 that the Cabinet decided that Singapore-Malaysia relations would always be bedevilled if Devan Nair remained a DAP leader . I persuaded him to come back . Early electoral successes . The DAP contested a general election for the first time in 1969 . In line with their commitment to equality , the DAP originally campaigned against Bumiputera privileges , such as those afforded to them by Article 153 of the Constitution . They also continued Lee Kuan Yews campaign for a Malaysian Malaysia , the idea of which was originally conveyed by Lee in Parliament : Malaysia – to whom does it belong ? To Malaysians . But who are Malaysians ? I hope I am , Mr Speaker , Sir . But sometimes , sitting in this chamber , I doubt whether I am allowed to be a Malaysian . The DAP went on to win 13 Parliamentary seats and 31 State Assembly seats , with 11.9% of all valid votes that were cast in the election ; the Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia ( Gerakan ) which campaigned on a similar platform also made major gains . The 1969 election marked the biggest gains ever made by an opposition party in Malaysia ( before 2008 ) , and came close to seeing the ruling Alliance toppled from power . However , a march made by the DAP along with Gerakan as part of the opposition team led to violence , and resulted in what was euphemistically termed the 13 May Incident . Parliament was suspended for two years , and the executive branch of the government assumed power . When Parliament reconvened , it passed pieces of legislation such as the Sedition Act that illegalised discussion of repealing certain portions of the Constitution . Most of these concerned Bumiputra privileges , such as Article 153 . The DAP and the Peoples Progressive Party were the only parties that voted against the Act , which passed by a vote of 125 to 17 . After the 1969 election , the DAP would never come close to repeating its past successes for the next 38 years . Although the DAP remained a major opposition party , the ruling coalition had clung solidly to its two-thirds parliamentary majority . The DAP , however , continued campaigning on its platform of abolishing the Bumiputra privileges , giving equal rights for all Malaysians regardless of race and establishing a democratic socialist state in Malaysia . During the Mahathir administration in 1987 , several DAP leaders , including Parliamentary Opposition Leader Lim Kit Siang , were detained by the government without trial during Operation Lalang , under the accusation of being a national security threat . It is widely believed they were arrested for protesting the expansion of the New Economic Policy . 1995–2008 . In 1995 , the party ran what has become widely known as the Robocop campaign to wrest Penang from the Barisan Nasional . Despite the hype , the campaign was a failure as the party only won one state and three parliamentary seats . The strategy backfired when Prime Minister Mahathir , BN leaders and the media criticised Lim Kit Siang as a robot and soulless person . Following the ousting of Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in September 1998 , DAP co-founded the Barisan Alternatif coalition along with Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party and the newly formed Peoples Justice Party . However , the coalition did not work out very well for the DAP , with two of its top leaders , Lim Kit Siang and Karpal Singh losing their Parliamentary seats in the 1999 election ; the DAP managed to win only 5% ( 10 out of 193 ) of the seats in Parliament . PAS became the leading opposition party in Parliament . It left the coalition in 2001 due to a disagreement with PAS over the issue of an Islamic state . In the 2004 general election , the DAP managed to capture 12 seats in Parliament , while PAS and Keadilan suffered major setbacks , with PAS losing 20 of the 27 seats it had held after the 1999 elections , and Keadilan lost all seats except one returned after a recount . The eventual outcome saw Lim Kit Siang , who had been elected in his constituency of Ipoh Timur with a majority of 10,000 votes , formally elected as the leader of the opposition in Parliament , a post he had lost to the president of PAS in 1999 . In the 2006 Sarawak state election , the Democratic Action Party won 6 of the 12 seats it contested and narrowly lost three other seats with small majorities . Up til then it was the partys best showing ever in the history of Sarawaks state elections since 1979 . 2008–2015 . Pakatan Rakyat was formed in 2008 by DAP , PKR and PAS . In the 2008 general election , the DAP won 13% ( 28 out of 222 ) of the seats in the Dewan Rakyat , with PAS and PKR making substantial gains as well with 23 seats and 31 seats respectively . In total , the taking of 82 seats ( 37% ) by the opposition to Barisan Nasionals 140 seats ( 63% ) , makes it the best performance in Malaysian history by the opposition , and denied Barisan Nasional the two-thirds majority required to make constitutional changes in the Dewan Rakyat . DAP advisor Lim Kit Siang expressed surprise at the election results but declared it to be the true power of the voice of the Malaysian people for the leaders of the country to hear them . In addition , DAP , having secured all its contested seats in the state of Penang , formed the Penang state government with its alliance partners PKR and PAS , the Chief Minister being DAPs Lim Guan Eng , son of Lim Kit Siang . In the 2011 Sarawak state election , DAP furthered its gains from the previous election , winning 12 out of the 70 state assembly seats , with PR winning a total of 15 state seats and 41% of the popular vote . The PRs success was further enhanced in the 2013 general election when DAP went on to win 17% ( 38 out of 222 ) of the seats in the Dewan Rakyat and the PR coalition won the popular vote , giving the BN government its worst election showing since independence . In 2015 , the PR alliance broke up after a PAS Muktamar ( General Assembly ) motion unanimously approved the breaking of ties with DAP due to disagreements over PASs decision to propose a private members bill to implement hudud ( Islamic penal code ) . Following PASs decision to cut ties with DAP , DAP announced that PR had ceased to exist . 2015 to Present . On 22 September 2015 , Pakatan Harapan was formed by DAP , PKR and National Trust Party to succeed PR . In the 2016 Sarawak state election , DAP lost its gains from the previous election , retained only 7 out of the 82 state assembly seats , with PH retained only a total of 10 state seats and 29.43% of the popular vote . On 12 February 2017 , Kota Melaka MP , Sim Tong Him along with three other DAP state assemblymen from Melaka namely Goh ( Duyong ) , Lim Jack Wong ( Bachang ) , and Chin Choong Seong ( Kesidang ) announced their resignation from the party to be Independent , citing lack of trust in the party leadership . On 14 March 2017 , PPBM officially joined PH as a member party . This made the coalition parties increase to four , where they competed in the 2018 general election against the BN coalition . During the election , PH achieved simple majority in Parliament when the coalition has secured 113 seats and finally able to form a new federal government through an early pact signed with Sabah Heritage Party . DAP won 42 seats out of the 47 seats it contested , making it the second-highest number of seats in PH behind PKR with 47 seats . Together with other coalition members , Lim Guan Eng and his peers took on ministerial roles in the newly formed cabinet . Lim became the Minister of Finance of the current ruling government when Mahathir announced the initial 10 minister portfolio holders . He subsequently became the first Malaysian Chinese to hold the post in 44 years since Tun Tan Siew Sin of Malaysian Chinese Association , who served from 1959 until 1974 . Loke Siew Fook replaced Lim Kit Siang as DAP parliamentary leader on 11 July 2018 for the 14th Dewan Rakyat session . On 24 February 2020 , the DAP became the largest party in the Dewan Rakyat for the first time after 11 out of 50 PKR MPs resigned over the political crisis . UMNO had also lost 16 out of 54 MPs over several months , mostly through defections to PPBM . The 42 MPs of the DAP have remained intact . On 9 March , Paul Yong Choo Kiong & Buntong A Sivasubramaniam declare out of party . On March 10 , DAP sack Norhizam Hassan Baktee , Pengkalan Batu Assemblyman . The dismissal came after Norhizam decided to support a new Perikatan Nasional coalition in Malacca state . On 7 July , DAP sack 3 members ( Kong Lai Ling , Ng Sook Whye and Khi Poh Chong ) due to the involved in the incident of the fall of the Perak state government to the Perikatan Nasional . On 10 July , Mary Josephine , Rahang assemblywomen declare out of party . She said the decision was made after admitting that she could no longer face the challenges and pressures from the state DAP leadership . However , she had revert her decision and rejoin the party on 20 July . On 27 July , Padungan assemblyman and Sarawak DAP vice-chairman Wong King Wei has announced his resignation from DAP with immediate effect , saying he was disillusioned with its direction and management . He claimed the party has deviated from the aims , objectives and struggle of the earlier days when he joined in 2006 . On 30 July , nominated Sabah assemblyman Ronnie Loh Ee Eng was sacked from the DAP for supporting the Perikatan Nasionals treacherous attempt to topple the Warisan Plus Sabah state government led by Shafie Apdal . Ethnic diversity . In spite of being a multi-racial party , the majority of DAPs party membership is of ethnic-Chinese heritage , with most elected positions within the party being held by Chinese members . The partys first Malay member of parliament , Ahmad Nor only won his seat in the 1990 general election , The DAP also only gained its first native Sabahan ( Kadazandusun ) legislator in the 2013 election , Edwin Jack Bosi who sat in Sabah State Legislative Assembly . The lack of ethnic diversity within the party has led to DAP being viewed as a racist party in that it is exclusively concerned with the issues of the Chinese community by Malays . Party symbols . Party logo . The symbol or logo of the DAP ( see above ) is the rocket , which it has used since the 1969 general election . Its components are symbolised as follows : - The red rocket symbolises the Partys aspiration for a modern , dynamic and progressive society - The four rocket boosters represent the support and drive given to the Party objectives by the three major ethnicities ( Malay , Chinese , Indian ) and others - The blue circle stands for the unity of the multi-racial people of Malaysia - The white background stands for purity and incorruptibility Ubah mascot . In 2008 , DAP initially introduced Rocket Kid , a rocket as the partys official mascot during the 12th Malaysian general election . This was then changed to Ubah bird , a hornbill which was designed by Ooi Leng Hang and was launched during the Sarawak state election in 2011 and also used as part of their political campaigning during the 13th Malaysian general election in 2013 . DAP had adopted this bird as a symbol for change both for its unique characteristics , hardiness and representation of the unity of both East Malaysia and West Malaysia into a Malaysian nation . Its merchandise such as plush toys , buttons and car stickers were very well received by the public . The idea of the mascot came from Sarawak DAP Secretary , Chong Chieng Jen , who felt a mascot would boost the spirit of the people . The name Ubah , which means change in Malay , is in line with the partys aspirations in changing the ruling party of the Malaysian federal government . In addition to its original Sarawak Iban costume , Ubah now comes in a Malay costume for Hari Raya , Indian costume for Deepavali , Chinese costume for Chinese New Year , Santa Claus costume for Christmas , and a Superman costume that depicts the power of the people . On 13 July 2013 , a gigantic float known as the Ubah Inflatable Bird ( Water Ubah ) was officially launched at IJM Promenade , Jelutong , Penang by DAP Secretary General Lim Guan Eng . Songs . DAPs official party anthem is Berjuang Untuk Rakyat Malaysia ( Fighting for Malaysians ) . Other than the official party anthem , DAP has also unveiled several theme songs and music videos mostly with an Ubah theme such as Ubah with over 1,000,000 views , 明天 with over 500,000 views and Ubah Rocket Style with over 300,000 views , which is a parody of the viral YouTube hit Gangnam Style . Leadership structure . National Central Executive Committee . The leadership of the Democratic Action Party are elected through party delegates in national level . The executive power is vested for the Secretary-General . The leader and the highest-ranked member of the party is the Secretary-General . The current Secretary-General is former Minister of Finance Lim Guan Eng . There will only be 20 CEC positions available for grabs while the remaining positions will be appointed by the new Central Executive Committees . The latest leadership structure could be found below . - Life Advisor : - Chen Man Hin - National Chairman : - Tan Kok Wai - Deputy Chairman : - Gobind Singh Deo - Vice Chairman : - Chong Chieng Jen - Chow Kon Yeow - Kulasegaran Murugeson - Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji - Secretary-General : - Lim Guan Eng - Deputy Secretaries-General : - Teresa Kok Suh Sim - David Nga Kor Ming - Sivakumar Varatharaju Naidu - National Treasurer : - Fong Kui Lun - Assistant National Treasurer : - James Ngeh Koo Ham - National Organising Secretary : - Anthony Loke Siew Fook - Assistant National Organising Secretary : - Thomas Su Keong Siong - Khoo Poay Tiong - National Publicity Secretary : - Tony Pua Kiam Wee - Assistant National Publicity Secretary : - Yeo Bee Yin - Zairil Khir Johari - Political Education Director : - Liew Chin Tong - Assistant Political Education Director : - Ong Kian Ming - International Secretary : - Teo Nie Ching - Committee members : - Lim Kit Siang - Chong Eng - Ronnie Liu Tian Khiew - Teng Chang Khim - Jannie Lasimbang - John Brian Anthony - Wong Kah Woh - P . Ramasamy - Poon Ming Fung - Parliamentary Leader : - Anthony Loke Siew Fook - Women Chief : - Chong Eng - Socialist Youth Chief : - Howard Lee Chuan How - Central Policy and Strategic Planning Commission Chairman : - Lim Kit Siang - State Chairman : - Johor : Liew Chin Tong - Kedah : Tan Kok Yew - Kelantan : Azaha Abdul Rani - Melaka : Tey Kok Kiew - Negeri Sembilan : Anthony Loke Siew Fook - Pahang : Leong Ngah Ngah - Penang : Chow Kon Yeow - Perak : David Nga Kor Ming - Perlis : Teh Seng Chuan - Sabah : Frankie Poon Ming Fung - Sarawak : Chong Chieng Jen - Selangor : Gobind Singh Deo - Terengganu : Ng Chai Hing - Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur : Tan Kok Wai - Deputy State Chairman : - Johor : Teo Nie Ching - Kedah : Siau Suen Miin - Kelantan : Wong Tiam Guey - Melaka : Saminathan Ganesan - Negeri Sembilan : Gulasekaran Palasamy - Pahang : Manogaran Marimuthu - Penang : Ramasamy Palanisamy - Perak : Sivakumar Varatharaju - Terengganu : Mohd Nasir Zainal - Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur : Fong Kui Lun List of the leaders of the Democratic Action Party ( since 1966 ) . Below are the lists of various leaders post for every term . List of Life Advisor List of National Chairmen List of Secretaries-General ( Leaders ) List of Acting Secretaries-General ( Acting Leaders ) List of Chairman of the Central Policy and Strategic Planning Commission List of Parliamentary Leaders Elected representatives . Dewan Negara ( Senate ) . Senators . - His Majestys appointee : - Liew Chin Tong - Alan Ling Sie Kiong - Adrian Banie Lasimbang - Penang State Legislative Assembly : - Lim Hui Ying - Perak State Legislative Assembly : - Nga Hock Cheh - Selangor State Legislative Assembly : - Suresh Singh - Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly : - Kesavadas A . Achyuthan Nair Dewan Rakyat ( House of Representatives ) . Members of Parliament of the 14th Malaysian Parliament . DAP has 42 members in the House of Representatives . Dewan Undangan Negeri ( State Legislative Assembly ) . Malaysian State Assembly Representatives . Penang State Legislative Assembly Selangor State Legislative Assembly Perak State Legislative Assembly Johor State Legislative Assembly Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly Melaka State Legislative Assembly Pahang State Legislative Assembly Sabah State Legislative Assembly Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Kedah State Legislative Assembly Perlis State Legislative Assembly Terengganu State Legislative Assembly Kelantan State Legislative Assembly Controversy . Allegations of racism and chauvinism . Despite constant rebuttals by party leaders , DAP has been depicted by their political opponents as a party that favours the Malaysian Chinese minority above others . This allegation of racial chauvinism culminated in a two-piece television program broadcast on government-controlled TV channel RTM entitled Bahaya Cauvinisme . The program forced then party leader Lim Kit Siang to issue a formal media statement to counter the allegations . On 15 November 2011 , Ismail Sabri Yaakob , the Malaysian Minister for Domestic Trade , Co-operatives and Consumerism , accused DAPs publicity chief , Tony Pua of racism for making repeated attacks against the Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia , a government initiative to supply cheap retail products to Malaysian consumers . Tony Pua was criticised for singling out Kedai Rakyat 1 Malaysia , whose suppliers to the store generally come from the Malaysian Bumiputra community , and for not investigating the quality of products supplied by Malaysian-Chinese suppliers or making similar accusations against independent Malaysian-Chinese stores . Allegations of racism have forced DAP party leader Lim Guan Eng to issue a formal denial in the Penang High Court . 2012 party election controversy . At the DAP election in December 2012 , Vincent Wu , who was initially declared to have secured the sixth spot with 1,202 votes , dropped to 26th place because he had actually secured only 669 . Zairil Khir Johari was elected to the central executive committee ( CEC ) with 803 votes to secure the 20th spot . The glitch , reportedly because of a vote tabulation error due to the copy-and-paste method in Microsoft Excel , had raised suspicion . DAP admitted the counting error after discovering the mistake . The DAP election fiasco had caused unease among party members and led to protests to the Registrar of Societies ( RoS ) . Two dissatisfied life members of the DAP then lodged reports with the RoS on the party elections following the revelations . Following the report the RoS had informed DAP of the dispute by its members and in turn as provided for under Section 3A of the Societies Act 1966 did recognise the office-bearers of the committee formed in the party elections on 15 December 2012 , the point of contention . GE-13 logo issue . DAP chairperson Karpal Singh said DAP will contest under the PAS logo for the Peninsula and PKR logo in Sabah and Sarawak in the 13th general election , following the Registrar of Societies ( RoS ) failure to respond on the withdrawal letter of RoS informing that it does not recognise the partys top leadership line-up . DAP had appealed to the RoS to withdraw its letter to suspend the partys existing central executive committee ( CEC ) but the department was silent on the matter . On 19 April 2013 , DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng informed all its 51 parliament and 103 state candidates to use the rocket symbol first during nomination tomorrow , and show the Election Commission the letter of authorisation signed by secretary-general Lim Guan Eng . If the rocket symbol is rejected , then use the letter of authorisation signed by PAS secretary-general Mustafa Ali for Peninsula Malaysia and PKR letter of authorisation for Sabah and Sarawak . This came after the DAP decided to use PAS and PKR symbols for the coming general election on 5 May . On 20 April 2013 , DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng said DAP can use its iconic rocket symbol for the 5 May general election after getting last-minute confirmation late at night on 19 April 2013 . He said the DAP headquarters in Kuala Lumpur received a letter by hand from the RoS at 10 p.m . on 19 April , stating that it had no objections to the DAP using the logo , and that the Election Commission ( EC ) had informed all returning officers to accept nominations from the DAP .

hard

Which country did Orenburg belong to before Apr 1916?

/wiki/Orenburg#P17#0

Orenburg Orenburg ( ) is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast , Russia . It lies on the Ural River , southeast of Moscow . Orenburg is also very close to the border with Kazakhstan . Population : 548,331 ( 2010 Census ) ; 549,361 ( 2002 Census ) ; Geography . The city is in the basin of the middle current of the River Ural ( near its confluence with the River Sakmara ) . The highest point of the city is . The origins of the citys name . Several historians have tried to explain the origins of the citys name . It was traditionally accepted that the word orenburg means a fortress on the River Or . In all probability , the word combination orenburg was proposed by I . K . Kirillov , who was the founder of the city . In 1734 , in accordance with his project , a package of governmental documents was worked out . This was the starting point for Orenburg as a fortress city near the meeting of the Or and Ural rivers . On 7 June 1734 , A Privilege for Orenburg ( tsars edict ) was ordered by Empress Anna Ivanovna . While a construction site of the main fortress changed many times ( down the River Ural ) , the name Orenburg has not changed since its founding in 1743 . Between 1938 and 1957 , the city was referred to as Chkalov , named after the famous Soviet pilot Valery Chkalov , although he was not born in and never lived in Orenburg , and never visited Orenburg . In 1954 , Chkalovs 5-meter bronze sculpture was erected on the occasion of his 50th birth anniversary ; this was installed on a 7-meter pedestal in the Boulevard ( on the riverside promenade of the city , commonly named Belovka ) . Orenburg was unofficially called the Asian capital of Russia . History . In 1734 , the Russian Empire began expanding its control and influence in Asia starting from the construction of the fortress city called Orenburg on its eastern border ( in Southern Ural ) . For this purpose , a settlement was founded here in 1735 - at the place where the Or and the Ural rivers join . The initial site was chosen for settlement during the expedition of I.K . Kirilov , who initiated developmental activities in the region . He argued that the city was necessary ...for opening up transit routes to Bukhara , Badakhshan , Bulk , and to India , making it possible to receive wealth from there — gold , lapis lazuli , and garnet . After his death , a new administrator of the Orenburg expedition , Vasily Tatishchev , was appointed . He did not consider this place to be convenient for construction of the city , because it was constantly flooded by the spring high waters . This encouraged to launch in 1739 preparations for building a new town with the old name downstream the river Ural ( Yaik ) on the mountain Krasnaya ( Red ) . The old settlement was named the Orsk fortress ( now the city of Orsk ) . On 6 August 1741 , the new town was founded . However , its construction did not start . The location on the mountain Krasnaya — treeless , rocky and remote from the river — was also inappropriate for building the town . A new administrator of the Orenburg expedition , Ivan Neplyuyev , was appointed . On 19 ( 30 ) April 1743 , Orenburg was founded for a third time , on the compound that was once the Berda fortress , from the Krasnogorsk mountain area . In the summer of 1742 , Neplyuev personally chose a new place surrounded by forests and crop fields , where the Yaik and the Sakmara rivers meet . Now it is the historical centre of the city . The city built upon the mountain Krasnaya was named Krasnogorsk . Orenburg , therefore , was successfully established by Ivan Neplyuyev in its present location approximately west down the Ural from Orsk in 1743 . This third Orenburg has functioned as an important military outpost on the border with the nomadic Kazakhs . It became the centre of the Orenburg Cossacks . Orenburg played a major role in Pugachevs Rebellion ( 1773–1774 ) , the largest peasant revolt in Russian history . At the time , it was the capital of a vast district and the seat of the governor . Yemelyan Pugachev besieged the city and its fortress from nearby Berda from October 1773 - March 26 , 1774 . The defense was organized by Governor of Orenburg lieutenant-general . General defeated Pugachev at Berda , and later again at ( north of Orenburg ) . Most of the city was left in ruins , and thousands of inhabitants had died in the siege . Government forces crushed revolt towards the end of 1774 by General Michelsohn at Tsaritsyn . Further reprisals against rebel areas were carried out by General Peter Panin . Alexander Pushkin visited Orenburg in 1833 during a research trip for his books The History of Pugachev and his famous novel The Captains Daughter . He met his friend Vladimir Dal here , who would later write the first serious dictionary of the Russian language . Orenburg was the base for General Perovskys expeditions against the Khanate of Khiva in the 1830s through 1850s . After the incorporation of Central Asia into the Russian Empire , Orenburg became a trading station and , since the completion of the Trans-Aral Railway , a prominent railway junction en route to the new Central Asian possessions and to Siberia . Orenburg functioned as the capital of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( in present-day Kazakhstan ) within Russia from 1920–1925 . When that republic was renamed Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1925 , Orenburg joined Russia and Kyzylorda became the new capital . Almaty became the capital in 1929 after the construction of the Turkestan–Siberia Railway . Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was promoted to the union republic status as the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Kazakh SSR in 1936 . Orenburg remained in Russia . From 1938 to 1957 , the city bore the name Chkalov ( ) ( after the prominent test pilot Valery Chkalov ) . The citys distance from the German invasion during World War II led many Soviet enterprises to flee there , helping to spur the citys economic growth . Administrative and municipal status . Orenburg is the administrative center of the oblast and , within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative centre of Orenburgsky District , even though it is not a part of it . As an administrative division , it is , together with ten rural localities , incorporated separately as the City of Orenburg—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Orenburg is incorporated as Orenburg Urban Okrug . Economy . Orenburg is a home to several large companies or their subsidiaries : Orenburggazprom , the subsidiary of Gazprom ; Orenburgneft , the subsidiary of TNK-BP oil company ; Orenburgenergy , one of the biggest energy generating companies in Russia . Transportation . Orenburg has been a major railway centre ever since the Samara-Zlatoust and Orenburg-Tashkent railroads were completed , respectively in 1876 and 1905 . Orenburgs main airport is the Orenburg Tsentralny Airport , located about east of the city , on the Orsk destination , and used to be the headquarters of now defunct Orenair . City public transport includes bus , trolleybus and also marshrutkas ( fixed-route cabs ) . Military . There is an airbase located southwest of the city . Climate . Orenburg has a relatively dry humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) with quite long and hot summers and long and cold winters . April and October are transition months , with the rest of the months being either summer or winter . Education and culture . Orenburg is a regional centre of education and has a number of cultural institutions and museums . Education . - Orenburg State University - Orenburg State Medical Academy . Established in 1944 as Chkalov State Medical Institute . It was renamed to Orenburg State Medical Institute in 1957 ( at that time Orenburg city regained its original name after being named Chkalov from 1937 till 1957 ) . It gained the status of academy in 1994 . Currently there are eight faculties : Medicine , Pediatric , Stomatology ( Dentistry ) , Pharmacy , Clinical Psychology , Nursing , Public Health ( Медико-профилактический ) , and Continuing Education . - Orenburg State Agrarian University . Established in 1930 as Orenburg Agricultural Institute . It was transformed to Orenburg State Agricultural Academy in 1992 . Since 1995 named as Orenburg State Agrarian University . There are 8 faculties and four institutes . - Orenburg State Pedagogical University . Established in 1919 as Institute of Public Education . Renamed to Pedagogical Institute in 1930 . Transformed to Pedagogical University in 1996 . There are 10 faculties and four research institutes . - Orenburg Branch of Kutafin Moscow State Law University - Orenburg Branch of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas - Physics and Mathematics Lyceum Museums . - Orenburg Regional Museum of History and Natural Science - Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts - Museum of Orenburg History - Memorial Apartment of Yuri and Valentina Gagarin - Memorial Apartment of Leopold and Mstislav Rostropovich - Memorial Apartment of T.G . Shevchenko - Orenburg City Memorial House Theatres . - Orenburg Maxim Gorky State Drama Theater - Orenburg State Regional Music Theater - Orenburg State Tatar Drama Theater - Orenburg State Regional Puppet Theater - Orenburg Municipal Puppet Theater Pierrot - Orenburg Municipal Chamber Choir - Orenburg State Academic Russian Folk Choir Tourism . Mountain and river tourism are developed in the region . There are a number of fast mountain rivers and rocks in pleated spurs of the southern edge of the Urals range , popular with tourists . The city is known for its location between Europe and Asia . The Ural River marks the border of Asia and Europe , and there is a bridge which connects the two sides . The city is famous for its down Orenburg shawls . The thinnest lacy design , knitted by hand shawls and cobweb-like kerchiefs ( pautinkas ) , is not only warm , but also is used for decorative purposes . Architecture . - See also A famous boulevard on the embankment of the Ural River is one of the most notable places in Orenburg . Orenburg TV Tower is a guyed mast of unusual design . It is a tall mast equipped with six crossbars running from the mast structure to the guys . Sports . - FC Orenburg , the local football team founded in 1970 , reached the Russian Premier League for the first time during the 2016-17 season . - Lokomotiv has played in the highest division of the Russian Bandy League . Now they play in the second highest division , Russian Bandy Supreme League . Their home arena has a capacity of 5000 . - Nadezhda Orenburg is a womens basketball club competing in the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League and playing in the Orenburzhe Sports Hall . - Fakel Gazproma is a table tennis club with , among other players , the three time European champion Uładzimir Samsonaŭ . National events . In October 2015 , the Russian Rink Bandy Cup was to be organised . Honors . The asteroid 27709 Orenburg was named after the city on June 1 , 2007 . Notable people . - Ivan Krylov ( 1769–1844 ) , writer - Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky ( 1794—1857 ) , statesman - Vladimir Dal ( 1801–1872 ) , lexicographer - Yevgraf Fyodorov ( 1853–1919 ) , mathematician , crystallographer , and mineralogist - Paul Nazaroff ( 1890–1942 ) , geologist and writer - Joseph Kessel ( 1898–1979 ) , journalist and novelist - Georgy Malenkov ( 1902–1988 ) , Communist Party leader - Musa Cälil ( 1906–1944 ) , poet - Alexander Schmorell ( 1917–1943 ) , a member of the anti-Nazi group White Rose - Aleksander Burba ( 1918–1984 ) , industry leader and educator - Leo Pevzner ( born 1975 ) , Russian-American writer , Boris Yeltsins widows nephew . - Mstislav Rostropovich ( 1927–2007 ) , cellist - Yuri Gagarin ( 1934–1968 ) , cosmonaut - Denis Istomin ( born 1986 ) , tennis player - Alexander Alexandrovich Prokhorenko ( 1990-2016 ) , a Senior lieutenant with the Special Operations Forces of the Russian Armed Forces . He was killed during the Palmyra offensive of the Syrian Civil War . Prokhorenko was identifying targets for Russian airstrikes when he was surrounded by ISIS fighters near Palmyra and ordered an airstrike on his own location Twin towns – sister cities . Orenburg is twinned with : - Aktobe , Kazakhstan - Khujand , Tajikistan - Oral , Kazakhstan - Orlando , United States External links . - Official website of Orenburg - Orenburg State Institute of Management - Photos of Orenburg

hard

Which country did Orenburg belong to in late 1910s?

/wiki/Orenburg#P17#1

Orenburg Orenburg ( ) is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast , Russia . It lies on the Ural River , southeast of Moscow . Orenburg is also very close to the border with Kazakhstan . Population : 548,331 ( 2010 Census ) ; 549,361 ( 2002 Census ) ; Geography . The city is in the basin of the middle current of the River Ural ( near its confluence with the River Sakmara ) . The highest point of the city is . The origins of the citys name . Several historians have tried to explain the origins of the citys name . It was traditionally accepted that the word orenburg means a fortress on the River Or . In all probability , the word combination orenburg was proposed by I . K . Kirillov , who was the founder of the city . In 1734 , in accordance with his project , a package of governmental documents was worked out . This was the starting point for Orenburg as a fortress city near the meeting of the Or and Ural rivers . On 7 June 1734 , A Privilege for Orenburg ( tsars edict ) was ordered by Empress Anna Ivanovna . While a construction site of the main fortress changed many times ( down the River Ural ) , the name Orenburg has not changed since its founding in 1743 . Between 1938 and 1957 , the city was referred to as Chkalov , named after the famous Soviet pilot Valery Chkalov , although he was not born in and never lived in Orenburg , and never visited Orenburg . In 1954 , Chkalovs 5-meter bronze sculpture was erected on the occasion of his 50th birth anniversary ; this was installed on a 7-meter pedestal in the Boulevard ( on the riverside promenade of the city , commonly named Belovka ) . Orenburg was unofficially called the Asian capital of Russia . History . In 1734 , the Russian Empire began expanding its control and influence in Asia starting from the construction of the fortress city called Orenburg on its eastern border ( in Southern Ural ) . For this purpose , a settlement was founded here in 1735 - at the place where the Or and the Ural rivers join . The initial site was chosen for settlement during the expedition of I.K . Kirilov , who initiated developmental activities in the region . He argued that the city was necessary ...for opening up transit routes to Bukhara , Badakhshan , Bulk , and to India , making it possible to receive wealth from there — gold , lapis lazuli , and garnet . After his death , a new administrator of the Orenburg expedition , Vasily Tatishchev , was appointed . He did not consider this place to be convenient for construction of the city , because it was constantly flooded by the spring high waters . This encouraged to launch in 1739 preparations for building a new town with the old name downstream the river Ural ( Yaik ) on the mountain Krasnaya ( Red ) . The old settlement was named the Orsk fortress ( now the city of Orsk ) . On 6 August 1741 , the new town was founded . However , its construction did not start . The location on the mountain Krasnaya — treeless , rocky and remote from the river — was also inappropriate for building the town . A new administrator of the Orenburg expedition , Ivan Neplyuyev , was appointed . On 19 ( 30 ) April 1743 , Orenburg was founded for a third time , on the compound that was once the Berda fortress , from the Krasnogorsk mountain area . In the summer of 1742 , Neplyuev personally chose a new place surrounded by forests and crop fields , where the Yaik and the Sakmara rivers meet . Now it is the historical centre of the city . The city built upon the mountain Krasnaya was named Krasnogorsk . Orenburg , therefore , was successfully established by Ivan Neplyuyev in its present location approximately west down the Ural from Orsk in 1743 . This third Orenburg has functioned as an important military outpost on the border with the nomadic Kazakhs . It became the centre of the Orenburg Cossacks . Orenburg played a major role in Pugachevs Rebellion ( 1773–1774 ) , the largest peasant revolt in Russian history . At the time , it was the capital of a vast district and the seat of the governor . Yemelyan Pugachev besieged the city and its fortress from nearby Berda from October 1773 - March 26 , 1774 . The defense was organized by Governor of Orenburg lieutenant-general . General defeated Pugachev at Berda , and later again at ( north of Orenburg ) . Most of the city was left in ruins , and thousands of inhabitants had died in the siege . Government forces crushed revolt towards the end of 1774 by General Michelsohn at Tsaritsyn . Further reprisals against rebel areas were carried out by General Peter Panin . Alexander Pushkin visited Orenburg in 1833 during a research trip for his books The History of Pugachev and his famous novel The Captains Daughter . He met his friend Vladimir Dal here , who would later write the first serious dictionary of the Russian language . Orenburg was the base for General Perovskys expeditions against the Khanate of Khiva in the 1830s through 1850s . After the incorporation of Central Asia into the Russian Empire , Orenburg became a trading station and , since the completion of the Trans-Aral Railway , a prominent railway junction en route to the new Central Asian possessions and to Siberia . Orenburg functioned as the capital of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( in present-day Kazakhstan ) within Russia from 1920–1925 . When that republic was renamed Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1925 , Orenburg joined Russia and Kyzylorda became the new capital . Almaty became the capital in 1929 after the construction of the Turkestan–Siberia Railway . Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was promoted to the union republic status as the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Kazakh SSR in 1936 . Orenburg remained in Russia . From 1938 to 1957 , the city bore the name Chkalov ( ) ( after the prominent test pilot Valery Chkalov ) . The citys distance from the German invasion during World War II led many Soviet enterprises to flee there , helping to spur the citys economic growth . Administrative and municipal status . Orenburg is the administrative center of the oblast and , within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative centre of Orenburgsky District , even though it is not a part of it . As an administrative division , it is , together with ten rural localities , incorporated separately as the City of Orenburg—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Orenburg is incorporated as Orenburg Urban Okrug . Economy . Orenburg is a home to several large companies or their subsidiaries : Orenburggazprom , the subsidiary of Gazprom ; Orenburgneft , the subsidiary of TNK-BP oil company ; Orenburgenergy , one of the biggest energy generating companies in Russia . Transportation . Orenburg has been a major railway centre ever since the Samara-Zlatoust and Orenburg-Tashkent railroads were completed , respectively in 1876 and 1905 . Orenburgs main airport is the Orenburg Tsentralny Airport , located about east of the city , on the Orsk destination , and used to be the headquarters of now defunct Orenair . City public transport includes bus , trolleybus and also marshrutkas ( fixed-route cabs ) . Military . There is an airbase located southwest of the city . Climate . Orenburg has a relatively dry humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) with quite long and hot summers and long and cold winters . April and October are transition months , with the rest of the months being either summer or winter . Education and culture . Orenburg is a regional centre of education and has a number of cultural institutions and museums . Education . - Orenburg State University - Orenburg State Medical Academy . Established in 1944 as Chkalov State Medical Institute . It was renamed to Orenburg State Medical Institute in 1957 ( at that time Orenburg city regained its original name after being named Chkalov from 1937 till 1957 ) . It gained the status of academy in 1994 . Currently there are eight faculties : Medicine , Pediatric , Stomatology ( Dentistry ) , Pharmacy , Clinical Psychology , Nursing , Public Health ( Медико-профилактический ) , and Continuing Education . - Orenburg State Agrarian University . Established in 1930 as Orenburg Agricultural Institute . It was transformed to Orenburg State Agricultural Academy in 1992 . Since 1995 named as Orenburg State Agrarian University . There are 8 faculties and four institutes . - Orenburg State Pedagogical University . Established in 1919 as Institute of Public Education . Renamed to Pedagogical Institute in 1930 . Transformed to Pedagogical University in 1996 . There are 10 faculties and four research institutes . - Orenburg Branch of Kutafin Moscow State Law University - Orenburg Branch of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas - Physics and Mathematics Lyceum Museums . - Orenburg Regional Museum of History and Natural Science - Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts - Museum of Orenburg History - Memorial Apartment of Yuri and Valentina Gagarin - Memorial Apartment of Leopold and Mstislav Rostropovich - Memorial Apartment of T.G . Shevchenko - Orenburg City Memorial House Theatres . - Orenburg Maxim Gorky State Drama Theater - Orenburg State Regional Music Theater - Orenburg State Tatar Drama Theater - Orenburg State Regional Puppet Theater - Orenburg Municipal Puppet Theater Pierrot - Orenburg Municipal Chamber Choir - Orenburg State Academic Russian Folk Choir Tourism . Mountain and river tourism are developed in the region . There are a number of fast mountain rivers and rocks in pleated spurs of the southern edge of the Urals range , popular with tourists . The city is known for its location between Europe and Asia . The Ural River marks the border of Asia and Europe , and there is a bridge which connects the two sides . The city is famous for its down Orenburg shawls . The thinnest lacy design , knitted by hand shawls and cobweb-like kerchiefs ( pautinkas ) , is not only warm , but also is used for decorative purposes . Architecture . - See also A famous boulevard on the embankment of the Ural River is one of the most notable places in Orenburg . Orenburg TV Tower is a guyed mast of unusual design . It is a tall mast equipped with six crossbars running from the mast structure to the guys . Sports . - FC Orenburg , the local football team founded in 1970 , reached the Russian Premier League for the first time during the 2016-17 season . - Lokomotiv has played in the highest division of the Russian Bandy League . Now they play in the second highest division , Russian Bandy Supreme League . Their home arena has a capacity of 5000 . - Nadezhda Orenburg is a womens basketball club competing in the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League and playing in the Orenburzhe Sports Hall . - Fakel Gazproma is a table tennis club with , among other players , the three time European champion Uładzimir Samsonaŭ . National events . In October 2015 , the Russian Rink Bandy Cup was to be organised . Honors . The asteroid 27709 Orenburg was named after the city on June 1 , 2007 . Notable people . - Ivan Krylov ( 1769–1844 ) , writer - Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky ( 1794—1857 ) , statesman - Vladimir Dal ( 1801–1872 ) , lexicographer - Yevgraf Fyodorov ( 1853–1919 ) , mathematician , crystallographer , and mineralogist - Paul Nazaroff ( 1890–1942 ) , geologist and writer - Joseph Kessel ( 1898–1979 ) , journalist and novelist - Georgy Malenkov ( 1902–1988 ) , Communist Party leader - Musa Cälil ( 1906–1944 ) , poet - Alexander Schmorell ( 1917–1943 ) , a member of the anti-Nazi group White Rose - Aleksander Burba ( 1918–1984 ) , industry leader and educator - Leo Pevzner ( born 1975 ) , Russian-American writer , Boris Yeltsins widows nephew . - Mstislav Rostropovich ( 1927–2007 ) , cellist - Yuri Gagarin ( 1934–1968 ) , cosmonaut - Denis Istomin ( born 1986 ) , tennis player - Alexander Alexandrovich Prokhorenko ( 1990-2016 ) , a Senior lieutenant with the Special Operations Forces of the Russian Armed Forces . He was killed during the Palmyra offensive of the Syrian Civil War . Prokhorenko was identifying targets for Russian airstrikes when he was surrounded by ISIS fighters near Palmyra and ordered an airstrike on his own location Twin towns – sister cities . Orenburg is twinned with : - Aktobe , Kazakhstan - Khujand , Tajikistan - Oral , Kazakhstan - Orlando , United States External links . - Official website of Orenburg - Orenburg State Institute of Management - Photos of Orenburg

hard

Which country did Orenburg belong to between Mar 1907 and Apr 1907?

/wiki/Orenburg#P17#2

Orenburg Orenburg ( ) is the administrative center of Orenburg Oblast , Russia . It lies on the Ural River , southeast of Moscow . Orenburg is also very close to the border with Kazakhstan . Population : 548,331 ( 2010 Census ) ; 549,361 ( 2002 Census ) ; Geography . The city is in the basin of the middle current of the River Ural ( near its confluence with the River Sakmara ) . The highest point of the city is . The origins of the citys name . Several historians have tried to explain the origins of the citys name . It was traditionally accepted that the word orenburg means a fortress on the River Or . In all probability , the word combination orenburg was proposed by I . K . Kirillov , who was the founder of the city . In 1734 , in accordance with his project , a package of governmental documents was worked out . This was the starting point for Orenburg as a fortress city near the meeting of the Or and Ural rivers . On 7 June 1734 , A Privilege for Orenburg ( tsars edict ) was ordered by Empress Anna Ivanovna . While a construction site of the main fortress changed many times ( down the River Ural ) , the name Orenburg has not changed since its founding in 1743 . Between 1938 and 1957 , the city was referred to as Chkalov , named after the famous Soviet pilot Valery Chkalov , although he was not born in and never lived in Orenburg , and never visited Orenburg . In 1954 , Chkalovs 5-meter bronze sculpture was erected on the occasion of his 50th birth anniversary ; this was installed on a 7-meter pedestal in the Boulevard ( on the riverside promenade of the city , commonly named Belovka ) . Orenburg was unofficially called the Asian capital of Russia . History . In 1734 , the Russian Empire began expanding its control and influence in Asia starting from the construction of the fortress city called Orenburg on its eastern border ( in Southern Ural ) . For this purpose , a settlement was founded here in 1735 - at the place where the Or and the Ural rivers join . The initial site was chosen for settlement during the expedition of I.K . Kirilov , who initiated developmental activities in the region . He argued that the city was necessary ...for opening up transit routes to Bukhara , Badakhshan , Bulk , and to India , making it possible to receive wealth from there — gold , lapis lazuli , and garnet . After his death , a new administrator of the Orenburg expedition , Vasily Tatishchev , was appointed . He did not consider this place to be convenient for construction of the city , because it was constantly flooded by the spring high waters . This encouraged to launch in 1739 preparations for building a new town with the old name downstream the river Ural ( Yaik ) on the mountain Krasnaya ( Red ) . The old settlement was named the Orsk fortress ( now the city of Orsk ) . On 6 August 1741 , the new town was founded . However , its construction did not start . The location on the mountain Krasnaya — treeless , rocky and remote from the river — was also inappropriate for building the town . A new administrator of the Orenburg expedition , Ivan Neplyuyev , was appointed . On 19 ( 30 ) April 1743 , Orenburg was founded for a third time , on the compound that was once the Berda fortress , from the Krasnogorsk mountain area . In the summer of 1742 , Neplyuev personally chose a new place surrounded by forests and crop fields , where the Yaik and the Sakmara rivers meet . Now it is the historical centre of the city . The city built upon the mountain Krasnaya was named Krasnogorsk . Orenburg , therefore , was successfully established by Ivan Neplyuyev in its present location approximately west down the Ural from Orsk in 1743 . This third Orenburg has functioned as an important military outpost on the border with the nomadic Kazakhs . It became the centre of the Orenburg Cossacks . Orenburg played a major role in Pugachevs Rebellion ( 1773–1774 ) , the largest peasant revolt in Russian history . At the time , it was the capital of a vast district and the seat of the governor . Yemelyan Pugachev besieged the city and its fortress from nearby Berda from October 1773 - March 26 , 1774 . The defense was organized by Governor of Orenburg lieutenant-general . General defeated Pugachev at Berda , and later again at ( north of Orenburg ) . Most of the city was left in ruins , and thousands of inhabitants had died in the siege . Government forces crushed revolt towards the end of 1774 by General Michelsohn at Tsaritsyn . Further reprisals against rebel areas were carried out by General Peter Panin . Alexander Pushkin visited Orenburg in 1833 during a research trip for his books The History of Pugachev and his famous novel The Captains Daughter . He met his friend Vladimir Dal here , who would later write the first serious dictionary of the Russian language . Orenburg was the base for General Perovskys expeditions against the Khanate of Khiva in the 1830s through 1850s . After the incorporation of Central Asia into the Russian Empire , Orenburg became a trading station and , since the completion of the Trans-Aral Railway , a prominent railway junction en route to the new Central Asian possessions and to Siberia . Orenburg functioned as the capital of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ( in present-day Kazakhstan ) within Russia from 1920–1925 . When that republic was renamed Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1925 , Orenburg joined Russia and Kyzylorda became the new capital . Almaty became the capital in 1929 after the construction of the Turkestan–Siberia Railway . Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was promoted to the union republic status as the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic Kazakh SSR in 1936 . Orenburg remained in Russia . From 1938 to 1957 , the city bore the name Chkalov ( ) ( after the prominent test pilot Valery Chkalov ) . The citys distance from the German invasion during World War II led many Soviet enterprises to flee there , helping to spur the citys economic growth . Administrative and municipal status . Orenburg is the administrative center of the oblast and , within the framework of administrative divisions , it also serves as the administrative centre of Orenburgsky District , even though it is not a part of it . As an administrative division , it is , together with ten rural localities , incorporated separately as the City of Orenburg—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Orenburg is incorporated as Orenburg Urban Okrug . Economy . Orenburg is a home to several large companies or their subsidiaries : Orenburggazprom , the subsidiary of Gazprom ; Orenburgneft , the subsidiary of TNK-BP oil company ; Orenburgenergy , one of the biggest energy generating companies in Russia . Transportation . Orenburg has been a major railway centre ever since the Samara-Zlatoust and Orenburg-Tashkent railroads were completed , respectively in 1876 and 1905 . Orenburgs main airport is the Orenburg Tsentralny Airport , located about east of the city , on the Orsk destination , and used to be the headquarters of now defunct Orenair . City public transport includes bus , trolleybus and also marshrutkas ( fixed-route cabs ) . Military . There is an airbase located southwest of the city . Climate . Orenburg has a relatively dry humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ) with quite long and hot summers and long and cold winters . April and October are transition months , with the rest of the months being either summer or winter . Education and culture . Orenburg is a regional centre of education and has a number of cultural institutions and museums . Education . - Orenburg State University - Orenburg State Medical Academy . Established in 1944 as Chkalov State Medical Institute . It was renamed to Orenburg State Medical Institute in 1957 ( at that time Orenburg city regained its original name after being named Chkalov from 1937 till 1957 ) . It gained the status of academy in 1994 . Currently there are eight faculties : Medicine , Pediatric , Stomatology ( Dentistry ) , Pharmacy , Clinical Psychology , Nursing , Public Health ( Медико-профилактический ) , and Continuing Education . - Orenburg State Agrarian University . Established in 1930 as Orenburg Agricultural Institute . It was transformed to Orenburg State Agricultural Academy in 1992 . Since 1995 named as Orenburg State Agrarian University . There are 8 faculties and four institutes . - Orenburg State Pedagogical University . Established in 1919 as Institute of Public Education . Renamed to Pedagogical Institute in 1930 . Transformed to Pedagogical University in 1996 . There are 10 faculties and four research institutes . - Orenburg Branch of Kutafin Moscow State Law University - Orenburg Branch of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas - Physics and Mathematics Lyceum Museums . - Orenburg Regional Museum of History and Natural Science - Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts - Museum of Orenburg History - Memorial Apartment of Yuri and Valentina Gagarin - Memorial Apartment of Leopold and Mstislav Rostropovich - Memorial Apartment of T.G . Shevchenko - Orenburg City Memorial House Theatres . - Orenburg Maxim Gorky State Drama Theater - Orenburg State Regional Music Theater - Orenburg State Tatar Drama Theater - Orenburg State Regional Puppet Theater - Orenburg Municipal Puppet Theater Pierrot - Orenburg Municipal Chamber Choir - Orenburg State Academic Russian Folk Choir Tourism . Mountain and river tourism are developed in the region . There are a number of fast mountain rivers and rocks in pleated spurs of the southern edge of the Urals range , popular with tourists . The city is known for its location between Europe and Asia . The Ural River marks the border of Asia and Europe , and there is a bridge which connects the two sides . The city is famous for its down Orenburg shawls . The thinnest lacy design , knitted by hand shawls and cobweb-like kerchiefs ( pautinkas ) , is not only warm , but also is used for decorative purposes . Architecture . - See also A famous boulevard on the embankment of the Ural River is one of the most notable places in Orenburg . Orenburg TV Tower is a guyed mast of unusual design . It is a tall mast equipped with six crossbars running from the mast structure to the guys . Sports . - FC Orenburg , the local football team founded in 1970 , reached the Russian Premier League for the first time during the 2016-17 season . - Lokomotiv has played in the highest division of the Russian Bandy League . Now they play in the second highest division , Russian Bandy Supreme League . Their home arena has a capacity of 5000 . - Nadezhda Orenburg is a womens basketball club competing in the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League and playing in the Orenburzhe Sports Hall . - Fakel Gazproma is a table tennis club with , among other players , the three time European champion Uładzimir Samsonaŭ . National events . In October 2015 , the Russian Rink Bandy Cup was to be organised . Honors . The asteroid 27709 Orenburg was named after the city on June 1 , 2007 . Notable people . - Ivan Krylov ( 1769–1844 ) , writer - Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky ( 1794—1857 ) , statesman - Vladimir Dal ( 1801–1872 ) , lexicographer - Yevgraf Fyodorov ( 1853–1919 ) , mathematician , crystallographer , and mineralogist - Paul Nazaroff ( 1890–1942 ) , geologist and writer - Joseph Kessel ( 1898–1979 ) , journalist and novelist - Georgy Malenkov ( 1902–1988 ) , Communist Party leader - Musa Cälil ( 1906–1944 ) , poet - Alexander Schmorell ( 1917–1943 ) , a member of the anti-Nazi group White Rose - Aleksander Burba ( 1918–1984 ) , industry leader and educator - Leo Pevzner ( born 1975 ) , Russian-American writer , Boris Yeltsins widows nephew . - Mstislav Rostropovich ( 1927–2007 ) , cellist - Yuri Gagarin ( 1934–1968 ) , cosmonaut - Denis Istomin ( born 1986 ) , tennis player - Alexander Alexandrovich Prokhorenko ( 1990-2016 ) , a Senior lieutenant with the Special Operations Forces of the Russian Armed Forces . He was killed during the Palmyra offensive of the Syrian Civil War . Prokhorenko was identifying targets for Russian airstrikes when he was surrounded by ISIS fighters near Palmyra and ordered an airstrike on his own location Twin towns – sister cities . Orenburg is twinned with : - Aktobe , Kazakhstan - Khujand , Tajikistan - Oral , Kazakhstan - Orlando , United States External links . - Official website of Orenburg - Orenburg State Institute of Management - Photos of Orenburg

hard

Which employer did Harrison B. Tordoff work for before Feb 1952?

/wiki/Harrison_B._Tordoff#P108#0

Harrison B . Tordoff Harrison Bruce Bud Tordoff ( February 8 , 1923 – July 23 , 2008 ) was an American ornithologist and conservationist . He was brought up in Mechanicville in upstate New York , hunting and fishing , and became interested in wildlife management and zoology . He studied as an undergraduate at Cornell University , returning to complete his degree after a period of military service during World War II . He had served as a fighter pilot in the United States Army Air Forces , and his five confirmed aerial victories qualified him as a fighter ace . Tordoff completed his doctoral degree in ornithology at the University of Michigan . During his professional career , he worked as a faculty member and natural history museum curator at a number of public universities . Much of his career was spent at the University of Minnesota , where he served as director of the Bell Museum of Natural History from 1970–83 . He was active in ornithological and conservation organisations , and from 1978–80 was president of the American Ornithologists Union . Most of Tordoffs research was on the evolution of finches , and he is most remembered for his role in the reintroduction of the peregrine falcon in the upper Mississippi valley . Early life and education . Tordoff was born in Mechanicville , New York on February 8 , 1923 , the youngest and the only son among the six children of Harry and Ethel Tordoff . With his father , a stonemason , he learned to hunt and fish , and spent much of his free time observing birds and other wildlife , afield with his dog . He raised ring-necked pheasants for release , and started studying wildlife management , which he expected to be his career . He later said that shooting a black-throated blue warbler and admiring its unusual plumage sparked an interest in ornithology . In 1940 , Tordoff enrolled at Cornell University , where he found that his interest in the natural world could be pursued in a formal setting . While he was there , he met Robert M . Mengel ( his lifelong best friend , later editor of the Auk ) , who encouraged his interest in ornithology , as did one of his professors , Arthur Augustus Allen . His studies were interrupted by his military service during World War II , although he managed to complete some courses while in the military . After the war , Tordoff resumed his studies and in 1946 he graduated with a B.A . degree in zoology . In graduate school at the University of Michigan from 1947 to 1950 he studied ornithology under Josselyn Van Tyne and George Miksch Sutton , earning a Ph.D . with a thesis on the systematics of finches . Military service . In 1942 , Tordoff enlisted in the U.S . Army Air Forces , and trained as a fighter pilot . He later recounted that he naively imagined flying as thrilling , and a way to avoid ground combat . His depth perception was low by Air Force standards , so he passed his vision test by watching another pilot candidate get tested , and figuring out how the settings worked on the apparatus that was used . In 1943 he earned his wings , and joined the 352nd Fighter Squadron , 353rd Fighter Group , 8th Air Force . He flew a total of 85 missions during the war , in support of the Allied bombing of Germany , and reached the rank of captain . During his first missions , flown in a P-47 Thunderbolt he named Anne , he showed himself to have some ability and downed three Bf 109 fighters , two during the first mission in which he engaged in combat . Returning in March 1945 after a period of leave , he was assigned a new P-51D Mustang . At the time aircraft names were under heavy scrutiny due to Nazi propaganda over an American bomber named Murder Inc . He named the plane after the scientific name of the hoopoe—Upupa epops—for the names silliness . In the P-51 , he shot down two more German aircraft—including one chance strike at a Me 262 jet fighter from long distance—and those five victories qualified him as a fighter ace . Upupa Epops is now restored as close as possible to its World War II condition , as part of the Flying Heritage Collection . Scientific career . From 1950 to 1957 , Tordoff was a faculty member at the University of Kansas and a researcher at Kansas Natural History Museum . While at Kansas , he collaborated with a number of other ornithologists , including Mengel , Glen Woolfenden , and Norman A . Ford ; together , they are said to have raised standards for ornithological museum work . Tordoff edited The Wilson Bulletin , the journal of the Wilson Ornithological Society , from 1952 to 1954 . During that time , he convinced a local printer , Ayle Allen , to print the journal , and their collaboration eventually grew into Allen Press , a prominent publisher of scientific journals and books . In 1957 Tordoff moved his family back to Ann Arbor where he replaced Van Tyne as a faculty member at the University of Michigan , becoming curator of birds at the Museum of Zoology . There he advised a number of graduate students who went on to have distinguished careers , among them Frank Gill . In 1970 , he was hired by the University of Minnesota , as a professor and director of the Bell Museum of Natural History . He headed the Bell Museum until 1983 , and retired from the university in 1991 . During his time at Minnesota , he helped build the new Department of Ecology , Evolution and Behavior , and raised a large endowment for graduate work in the biological sciences . Recognized as an expert on running natural history museums , in 1978 he was hired to advise the University of Oklahoma on turning around the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History . He was a member of the American Ornithologists Union and served as its president from 1978 to 1980 . He also helped start and raise funds for the Birds of North America encyclopedia project . Tordoffs own research was largely on the systematics of cardueline finches such as crossbills , continuing from his doctoral thesis . Tordoff also collaborated with Alan Feduccia on the feather anatomy of Archaeopteryx . Conservation work . While at the University of Michigan , Tordoff worked with Harold Ford Mayfield and the Michigan Audubon Society to protect the rare Kirtlands warbler . From 1975 to 1977 , he was the first chair of the Minnesota chapter of the Nature Conservancy . Together with Carrol Henderson , he developed the non-game wildlife program at the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . As a conservationist , Tordoff was known for his ability to engage a wide public audience , including birders and sportsmen as well as academics . Tordoff was especially passionate about peregrine falcons . He said this was because of his experience as a pilot , and that his fighter was as close as a human could get to being a peregrine . Pat Redig , one of his collaborators and the founder of the Raptor Center in St . Paul , called Tordoff the heart and soul of the peregrine restoration effort . When he started his work , there were almost no breeding peregrines in the eastern United States , and the species was listed under the Endangered Species Act . As part of his work to reestablish peregrines , Tordoff raised funds for the Midwest Peregrine Restoration Project , and ringed hundreds of nestlings . As part of this project , 1286 peregrine chicks were hatched and by 2008 Tordoff and his colleagues had established a population of 128 breeding pairs and growing in the upper Mississippi region . A key part of their success arose from his idea to put peregrine nests on the top of skyscrapers in cities like Minneapolis . This not only increased the availability of nesting sites , but also drew the publics attention , since peregrines could be seen in cities and later on captured via webcams . Season after season , he tracked the success of peregrine falcons and created a large database to analyze the statistics of the growing population . During his retirement , he devoted much of his time to peregrine falcon work . Personal life . In 1946 , he married Jean Van Nostrand , and they had three children , Jeffrey ( died 2015 ) , Judith ( died 1970 ) , and James . Tordoff continued his childhood pastimes of hunting and fishing throughout his life . He kept hunting dogs , especially English setters , his companions whenever possible . In July 2008 , Tordoff died at St . Josephs Hospital in St . Paul at the age of 85 , from the effects of Alzheimers disease .

hard

Which employer did Harrison B. Tordoff work for in late 1950s?

/wiki/Harrison_B._Tordoff#P108#1

Harrison B . Tordoff Harrison Bruce Bud Tordoff ( February 8 , 1923 – July 23 , 2008 ) was an American ornithologist and conservationist . He was brought up in Mechanicville in upstate New York , hunting and fishing , and became interested in wildlife management and zoology . He studied as an undergraduate at Cornell University , returning to complete his degree after a period of military service during World War II . He had served as a fighter pilot in the United States Army Air Forces , and his five confirmed aerial victories qualified him as a fighter ace . Tordoff completed his doctoral degree in ornithology at the University of Michigan . During his professional career , he worked as a faculty member and natural history museum curator at a number of public universities . Much of his career was spent at the University of Minnesota , where he served as director of the Bell Museum of Natural History from 1970–83 . He was active in ornithological and conservation organisations , and from 1978–80 was president of the American Ornithologists Union . Most of Tordoffs research was on the evolution of finches , and he is most remembered for his role in the reintroduction of the peregrine falcon in the upper Mississippi valley . Early life and education . Tordoff was born in Mechanicville , New York on February 8 , 1923 , the youngest and the only son among the six children of Harry and Ethel Tordoff . With his father , a stonemason , he learned to hunt and fish , and spent much of his free time observing birds and other wildlife , afield with his dog . He raised ring-necked pheasants for release , and started studying wildlife management , which he expected to be his career . He later said that shooting a black-throated blue warbler and admiring its unusual plumage sparked an interest in ornithology . In 1940 , Tordoff enrolled at Cornell University , where he found that his interest in the natural world could be pursued in a formal setting . While he was there , he met Robert M . Mengel ( his lifelong best friend , later editor of the Auk ) , who encouraged his interest in ornithology , as did one of his professors , Arthur Augustus Allen . His studies were interrupted by his military service during World War II , although he managed to complete some courses while in the military . After the war , Tordoff resumed his studies and in 1946 he graduated with a B.A . degree in zoology . In graduate school at the University of Michigan from 1947 to 1950 he studied ornithology under Josselyn Van Tyne and George Miksch Sutton , earning a Ph.D . with a thesis on the systematics of finches . Military service . In 1942 , Tordoff enlisted in the U.S . Army Air Forces , and trained as a fighter pilot . He later recounted that he naively imagined flying as thrilling , and a way to avoid ground combat . His depth perception was low by Air Force standards , so he passed his vision test by watching another pilot candidate get tested , and figuring out how the settings worked on the apparatus that was used . In 1943 he earned his wings , and joined the 352nd Fighter Squadron , 353rd Fighter Group , 8th Air Force . He flew a total of 85 missions during the war , in support of the Allied bombing of Germany , and reached the rank of captain . During his first missions , flown in a P-47 Thunderbolt he named Anne , he showed himself to have some ability and downed three Bf 109 fighters , two during the first mission in which he engaged in combat . Returning in March 1945 after a period of leave , he was assigned a new P-51D Mustang . At the time aircraft names were under heavy scrutiny due to Nazi propaganda over an American bomber named Murder Inc . He named the plane after the scientific name of the hoopoe—Upupa epops—for the names silliness . In the P-51 , he shot down two more German aircraft—including one chance strike at a Me 262 jet fighter from long distance—and those five victories qualified him as a fighter ace . Upupa Epops is now restored as close as possible to its World War II condition , as part of the Flying Heritage Collection . Scientific career . From 1950 to 1957 , Tordoff was a faculty member at the University of Kansas and a researcher at Kansas Natural History Museum . While at Kansas , he collaborated with a number of other ornithologists , including Mengel , Glen Woolfenden , and Norman A . Ford ; together , they are said to have raised standards for ornithological museum work . Tordoff edited The Wilson Bulletin , the journal of the Wilson Ornithological Society , from 1952 to 1954 . During that time , he convinced a local printer , Ayle Allen , to print the journal , and their collaboration eventually grew into Allen Press , a prominent publisher of scientific journals and books . In 1957 Tordoff moved his family back to Ann Arbor where he replaced Van Tyne as a faculty member at the University of Michigan , becoming curator of birds at the Museum of Zoology . There he advised a number of graduate students who went on to have distinguished careers , among them Frank Gill . In 1970 , he was hired by the University of Minnesota , as a professor and director of the Bell Museum of Natural History . He headed the Bell Museum until 1983 , and retired from the university in 1991 . During his time at Minnesota , he helped build the new Department of Ecology , Evolution and Behavior , and raised a large endowment for graduate work in the biological sciences . Recognized as an expert on running natural history museums , in 1978 he was hired to advise the University of Oklahoma on turning around the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History . He was a member of the American Ornithologists Union and served as its president from 1978 to 1980 . He also helped start and raise funds for the Birds of North America encyclopedia project . Tordoffs own research was largely on the systematics of cardueline finches such as crossbills , continuing from his doctoral thesis . Tordoff also collaborated with Alan Feduccia on the feather anatomy of Archaeopteryx . Conservation work . While at the University of Michigan , Tordoff worked with Harold Ford Mayfield and the Michigan Audubon Society to protect the rare Kirtlands warbler . From 1975 to 1977 , he was the first chair of the Minnesota chapter of the Nature Conservancy . Together with Carrol Henderson , he developed the non-game wildlife program at the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . As a conservationist , Tordoff was known for his ability to engage a wide public audience , including birders and sportsmen as well as academics . Tordoff was especially passionate about peregrine falcons . He said this was because of his experience as a pilot , and that his fighter was as close as a human could get to being a peregrine . Pat Redig , one of his collaborators and the founder of the Raptor Center in St . Paul , called Tordoff the heart and soul of the peregrine restoration effort . When he started his work , there were almost no breeding peregrines in the eastern United States , and the species was listed under the Endangered Species Act . As part of his work to reestablish peregrines , Tordoff raised funds for the Midwest Peregrine Restoration Project , and ringed hundreds of nestlings . As part of this project , 1286 peregrine chicks were hatched and by 2008 Tordoff and his colleagues had established a population of 128 breeding pairs and growing in the upper Mississippi region . A key part of their success arose from his idea to put peregrine nests on the top of skyscrapers in cities like Minneapolis . This not only increased the availability of nesting sites , but also drew the publics attention , since peregrines could be seen in cities and later on captured via webcams . Season after season , he tracked the success of peregrine falcons and created a large database to analyze the statistics of the growing population . During his retirement , he devoted much of his time to peregrine falcon work . Personal life . In 1946 , he married Jean Van Nostrand , and they had three children , Jeffrey ( died 2015 ) , Judith ( died 1970 ) , and James . Tordoff continued his childhood pastimes of hunting and fishing throughout his life . He kept hunting dogs , especially English setters , his companions whenever possible . In July 2008 , Tordoff died at St . Josephs Hospital in St . Paul at the age of 85 , from the effects of Alzheimers disease .

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Which employer did Harrison B. Tordoff work for in Feb 1985?

/wiki/Harrison_B._Tordoff#P108#2

Harrison B . Tordoff Harrison Bruce Bud Tordoff ( February 8 , 1923 – July 23 , 2008 ) was an American ornithologist and conservationist . He was brought up in Mechanicville in upstate New York , hunting and fishing , and became interested in wildlife management and zoology . He studied as an undergraduate at Cornell University , returning to complete his degree after a period of military service during World War II . He had served as a fighter pilot in the United States Army Air Forces , and his five confirmed aerial victories qualified him as a fighter ace . Tordoff completed his doctoral degree in ornithology at the University of Michigan . During his professional career , he worked as a faculty member and natural history museum curator at a number of public universities . Much of his career was spent at the University of Minnesota , where he served as director of the Bell Museum of Natural History from 1970–83 . He was active in ornithological and conservation organisations , and from 1978–80 was president of the American Ornithologists Union . Most of Tordoffs research was on the evolution of finches , and he is most remembered for his role in the reintroduction of the peregrine falcon in the upper Mississippi valley . Early life and education . Tordoff was born in Mechanicville , New York on February 8 , 1923 , the youngest and the only son among the six children of Harry and Ethel Tordoff . With his father , a stonemason , he learned to hunt and fish , and spent much of his free time observing birds and other wildlife , afield with his dog . He raised ring-necked pheasants for release , and started studying wildlife management , which he expected to be his career . He later said that shooting a black-throated blue warbler and admiring its unusual plumage sparked an interest in ornithology . In 1940 , Tordoff enrolled at Cornell University , where he found that his interest in the natural world could be pursued in a formal setting . While he was there , he met Robert M . Mengel ( his lifelong best friend , later editor of the Auk ) , who encouraged his interest in ornithology , as did one of his professors , Arthur Augustus Allen . His studies were interrupted by his military service during World War II , although he managed to complete some courses while in the military . After the war , Tordoff resumed his studies and in 1946 he graduated with a B.A . degree in zoology . In graduate school at the University of Michigan from 1947 to 1950 he studied ornithology under Josselyn Van Tyne and George Miksch Sutton , earning a Ph.D . with a thesis on the systematics of finches . Military service . In 1942 , Tordoff enlisted in the U.S . Army Air Forces , and trained as a fighter pilot . He later recounted that he naively imagined flying as thrilling , and a way to avoid ground combat . His depth perception was low by Air Force standards , so he passed his vision test by watching another pilot candidate get tested , and figuring out how the settings worked on the apparatus that was used . In 1943 he earned his wings , and joined the 352nd Fighter Squadron , 353rd Fighter Group , 8th Air Force . He flew a total of 85 missions during the war , in support of the Allied bombing of Germany , and reached the rank of captain . During his first missions , flown in a P-47 Thunderbolt he named Anne , he showed himself to have some ability and downed three Bf 109 fighters , two during the first mission in which he engaged in combat . Returning in March 1945 after a period of leave , he was assigned a new P-51D Mustang . At the time aircraft names were under heavy scrutiny due to Nazi propaganda over an American bomber named Murder Inc . He named the plane after the scientific name of the hoopoe—Upupa epops—for the names silliness . In the P-51 , he shot down two more German aircraft—including one chance strike at a Me 262 jet fighter from long distance—and those five victories qualified him as a fighter ace . Upupa Epops is now restored as close as possible to its World War II condition , as part of the Flying Heritage Collection . Scientific career . From 1950 to 1957 , Tordoff was a faculty member at the University of Kansas and a researcher at Kansas Natural History Museum . While at Kansas , he collaborated with a number of other ornithologists , including Mengel , Glen Woolfenden , and Norman A . Ford ; together , they are said to have raised standards for ornithological museum work . Tordoff edited The Wilson Bulletin , the journal of the Wilson Ornithological Society , from 1952 to 1954 . During that time , he convinced a local printer , Ayle Allen , to print the journal , and their collaboration eventually grew into Allen Press , a prominent publisher of scientific journals and books . In 1957 Tordoff moved his family back to Ann Arbor where he replaced Van Tyne as a faculty member at the University of Michigan , becoming curator of birds at the Museum of Zoology . There he advised a number of graduate students who went on to have distinguished careers , among them Frank Gill . In 1970 , he was hired by the University of Minnesota , as a professor and director of the Bell Museum of Natural History . He headed the Bell Museum until 1983 , and retired from the university in 1991 . During his time at Minnesota , he helped build the new Department of Ecology , Evolution and Behavior , and raised a large endowment for graduate work in the biological sciences . Recognized as an expert on running natural history museums , in 1978 he was hired to advise the University of Oklahoma on turning around the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History . He was a member of the American Ornithologists Union and served as its president from 1978 to 1980 . He also helped start and raise funds for the Birds of North America encyclopedia project . Tordoffs own research was largely on the systematics of cardueline finches such as crossbills , continuing from his doctoral thesis . Tordoff also collaborated with Alan Feduccia on the feather anatomy of Archaeopteryx . Conservation work . While at the University of Michigan , Tordoff worked with Harold Ford Mayfield and the Michigan Audubon Society to protect the rare Kirtlands warbler . From 1975 to 1977 , he was the first chair of the Minnesota chapter of the Nature Conservancy . Together with Carrol Henderson , he developed the non-game wildlife program at the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . As a conservationist , Tordoff was known for his ability to engage a wide public audience , including birders and sportsmen as well as academics . Tordoff was especially passionate about peregrine falcons . He said this was because of his experience as a pilot , and that his fighter was as close as a human could get to being a peregrine . Pat Redig , one of his collaborators and the founder of the Raptor Center in St . Paul , called Tordoff the heart and soul of the peregrine restoration effort . When he started his work , there were almost no breeding peregrines in the eastern United States , and the species was listed under the Endangered Species Act . As part of his work to reestablish peregrines , Tordoff raised funds for the Midwest Peregrine Restoration Project , and ringed hundreds of nestlings . As part of this project , 1286 peregrine chicks were hatched and by 2008 Tordoff and his colleagues had established a population of 128 breeding pairs and growing in the upper Mississippi region . A key part of their success arose from his idea to put peregrine nests on the top of skyscrapers in cities like Minneapolis . This not only increased the availability of nesting sites , but also drew the publics attention , since peregrines could be seen in cities and later on captured via webcams . Season after season , he tracked the success of peregrine falcons and created a large database to analyze the statistics of the growing population . During his retirement , he devoted much of his time to peregrine falcon work . Personal life . In 1946 , he married Jean Van Nostrand , and they had three children , Jeffrey ( died 2015 ) , Judith ( died 1970 ) , and James . Tordoff continued his childhood pastimes of hunting and fishing throughout his life . He kept hunting dogs , especially English setters , his companions whenever possible . In July 2008 , Tordoff died at St . Josephs Hospital in St . Paul at the age of 85 , from the effects of Alzheimers disease .

hard

Henry Hoyle Howorth took which position before Mar 1887?

/wiki/Henry_Hoyle_Howorth#P39#0

Henry Hoyle Howorth Sir Henry Hoyle Howorth ( 1 July 1842 – 15 July 1923 ) was a British Conservative politician , barrister and amateur historian and geologist . Career . He was born in Lisbon , Portugal , the son of Henry Howorth , a merchant in that city . He was educated at Rossall School before studying law . He was called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1867 , and practised on the Northern Circuit . He was also the maternal great uncle of anthropologist Sir Edmund Ronald Leach . He was a Unionist in politics , and was elected as Conservative Member of Parliament for Salford South in 1886 . He was re-elected in 1892 and 1895 before retiring from the Commons at the 1900 general election . Apart from the law and politics , Howorth was deeply interested in archaeology , history , numismatics and ethnography . He was a prolific writer , contributing articles to a number of journals . In 1892 he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire in recognition of his works on the history and ethnography of Asia . In 1893 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society , against considerable opposition as he lacked any formal scientific education . He subsequently became Honorary Librarian of Chethams College , Manchester , and a Trustee of the British Museum . He was also a Member of the Chetham Society , serving as a Member of Council from 1877 until 1900 . He was also a Member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and a Freemason . Howorth was a controversialist , frequently airing his opinions on the letters page of The Times , sometimes under the pseudonym A Manchester Conservative . He married Katherine Brierley in 1869 and they had three sons , one of whom was Sir Rupert Howorth . His wife predeceased him in 1921 . Sir Henry Howorth died in July 1923 aged 81 , and was buried in Putney Vale Cemetery . Catastrophism . Howorth rejected the uniformitarianism of James Hutton and Charles Lyell . He attacked the ice age theory in his book The Mammoth and the Flood ( 1887 ) . He defended a form of neo-diluvialism , that catastrophic floods had devastated large areas of the earth . He did not believe in a global flood and considered the biblical deluge just one of many flood myths to support his theory . He used geological evidence to support his theory in The Glacial Nightmare and the Flood ( 1893 ) . In 1905 , he wrote another book Ice or Water that attempted to refute the glacial theory in detail . Professional geologists were not convinced by his theory . Works . The books and journals he authored summarise his vast areas of interest : On Mongolia : - H.H . Howorth ( 霍渥斯 ) , History of the Mongols ( in three-volumes , 1876–88 ) : - History of the Mongols : The Mongols proper and the Kalmuks : Part I - History of the Mongols , from the 9th to the 19th Century : Part I - H.H . Howorth , History of Chinghis Khan and his Ancestors . - H.H . Howorth , The Spread of the Slaves , Part III : The Northern Serbs or Sorabians and the Obodoiti , The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland , 9 ( 1880 ) , pp . 181–232 . On the English Church : - H.H . Howorth , The History of the Church in England to the Eighth Century ( in three volumes , 1912–17 ) : - Saint Gregory the Great ( 1912 ) ; - Saint Augustine of Canterbury ( 1913 ) ; and - The Golden Days of the Early English Church ( 1917 ) . In his geological works , he attacked the theories of Charles Lyell , discounting the existence of Ice Ages in favour of great floods : - H.H . Howorth , The Mammoth and the Flood ( 1887 ) ; - H.H . Howorth , ( 1893 ) ; and - H.H . Howorth , Ice or Water ? ( 1905 ) . External links . - Chetham Society

hard

Henry Hoyle Howorth took which position after Mar 1894?

/wiki/Henry_Hoyle_Howorth#P39#1

Henry Hoyle Howorth Sir Henry Hoyle Howorth ( 1 July 1842 – 15 July 1923 ) was a British Conservative politician , barrister and amateur historian and geologist . Career . He was born in Lisbon , Portugal , the son of Henry Howorth , a merchant in that city . He was educated at Rossall School before studying law . He was called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1867 , and practised on the Northern Circuit . He was also the maternal great uncle of anthropologist Sir Edmund Ronald Leach . He was a Unionist in politics , and was elected as Conservative Member of Parliament for Salford South in 1886 . He was re-elected in 1892 and 1895 before retiring from the Commons at the 1900 general election . Apart from the law and politics , Howorth was deeply interested in archaeology , history , numismatics and ethnography . He was a prolific writer , contributing articles to a number of journals . In 1892 he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire in recognition of his works on the history and ethnography of Asia . In 1893 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society , against considerable opposition as he lacked any formal scientific education . He subsequently became Honorary Librarian of Chethams College , Manchester , and a Trustee of the British Museum . He was also a Member of the Chetham Society , serving as a Member of Council from 1877 until 1900 . He was also a Member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and a Freemason . Howorth was a controversialist , frequently airing his opinions on the letters page of The Times , sometimes under the pseudonym A Manchester Conservative . He married Katherine Brierley in 1869 and they had three sons , one of whom was Sir Rupert Howorth . His wife predeceased him in 1921 . Sir Henry Howorth died in July 1923 aged 81 , and was buried in Putney Vale Cemetery . Catastrophism . Howorth rejected the uniformitarianism of James Hutton and Charles Lyell . He attacked the ice age theory in his book The Mammoth and the Flood ( 1887 ) . He defended a form of neo-diluvialism , that catastrophic floods had devastated large areas of the earth . He did not believe in a global flood and considered the biblical deluge just one of many flood myths to support his theory . He used geological evidence to support his theory in The Glacial Nightmare and the Flood ( 1893 ) . In 1905 , he wrote another book Ice or Water that attempted to refute the glacial theory in detail . Professional geologists were not convinced by his theory . Works . The books and journals he authored summarise his vast areas of interest : On Mongolia : - H.H . Howorth ( 霍渥斯 ) , History of the Mongols ( in three-volumes , 1876–88 ) : - History of the Mongols : The Mongols proper and the Kalmuks : Part I - History of the Mongols , from the 9th to the 19th Century : Part I - H.H . Howorth , History of Chinghis Khan and his Ancestors . - H.H . Howorth , The Spread of the Slaves , Part III : The Northern Serbs or Sorabians and the Obodoiti , The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland , 9 ( 1880 ) , pp . 181–232 . On the English Church : - H.H . Howorth , The History of the Church in England to the Eighth Century ( in three volumes , 1912–17 ) : - Saint Gregory the Great ( 1912 ) ; - Saint Augustine of Canterbury ( 1913 ) ; and - The Golden Days of the Early English Church ( 1917 ) . In his geological works , he attacked the theories of Charles Lyell , discounting the existence of Ice Ages in favour of great floods : - H.H . Howorth , The Mammoth and the Flood ( 1887 ) ; - H.H . Howorth , ( 1893 ) ; and - H.H . Howorth , Ice or Water ? ( 1905 ) . External links . - Chetham Society

hard

Henry Hoyle Howorth took which position in early 1880s?

/wiki/Henry_Hoyle_Howorth#P39#2

Henry Hoyle Howorth Sir Henry Hoyle Howorth ( 1 July 1842 – 15 July 1923 ) was a British Conservative politician , barrister and amateur historian and geologist . Career . He was born in Lisbon , Portugal , the son of Henry Howorth , a merchant in that city . He was educated at Rossall School before studying law . He was called to the bar by the Inner Temple in 1867 , and practised on the Northern Circuit . He was also the maternal great uncle of anthropologist Sir Edmund Ronald Leach . He was a Unionist in politics , and was elected as Conservative Member of Parliament for Salford South in 1886 . He was re-elected in 1892 and 1895 before retiring from the Commons at the 1900 general election . Apart from the law and politics , Howorth was deeply interested in archaeology , history , numismatics and ethnography . He was a prolific writer , contributing articles to a number of journals . In 1892 he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire in recognition of his works on the history and ethnography of Asia . In 1893 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society , against considerable opposition as he lacked any formal scientific education . He subsequently became Honorary Librarian of Chethams College , Manchester , and a Trustee of the British Museum . He was also a Member of the Chetham Society , serving as a Member of Council from 1877 until 1900 . He was also a Member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society and a Freemason . Howorth was a controversialist , frequently airing his opinions on the letters page of The Times , sometimes under the pseudonym A Manchester Conservative . He married Katherine Brierley in 1869 and they had three sons , one of whom was Sir Rupert Howorth . His wife predeceased him in 1921 . Sir Henry Howorth died in July 1923 aged 81 , and was buried in Putney Vale Cemetery . Catastrophism . Howorth rejected the uniformitarianism of James Hutton and Charles Lyell . He attacked the ice age theory in his book The Mammoth and the Flood ( 1887 ) . He defended a form of neo-diluvialism , that catastrophic floods had devastated large areas of the earth . He did not believe in a global flood and considered the biblical deluge just one of many flood myths to support his theory . He used geological evidence to support his theory in The Glacial Nightmare and the Flood ( 1893 ) . In 1905 , he wrote another book Ice or Water that attempted to refute the glacial theory in detail . Professional geologists were not convinced by his theory . Works . The books and journals he authored summarise his vast areas of interest : On Mongolia : - H.H . Howorth ( 霍渥斯 ) , History of the Mongols ( in three-volumes , 1876–88 ) : - History of the Mongols : The Mongols proper and the Kalmuks : Part I - History of the Mongols , from the 9th to the 19th Century : Part I - H.H . Howorth , History of Chinghis Khan and his Ancestors . - H.H . Howorth , The Spread of the Slaves , Part III : The Northern Serbs or Sorabians and the Obodoiti , The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland , 9 ( 1880 ) , pp . 181–232 . On the English Church : - H.H . Howorth , The History of the Church in England to the Eighth Century ( in three volumes , 1912–17 ) : - Saint Gregory the Great ( 1912 ) ; - Saint Augustine of Canterbury ( 1913 ) ; and - The Golden Days of the Early English Church ( 1917 ) . In his geological works , he attacked the theories of Charles Lyell , discounting the existence of Ice Ages in favour of great floods : - H.H . Howorth , The Mammoth and the Flood ( 1887 ) ; - H.H . Howorth , ( 1893 ) ; and - H.H . Howorth , Ice or Water ? ( 1905 ) . External links . - Chetham Society

hard

Which team did the player Nikos Zisis belong to between May 2000 and Dec 2004?

/wiki/Nikos_Zisis#P54#0

Nikos Zisis Nikolaos Nikos Zisis ( alternate spelling : Zissis ; ; born August 16 , 1983 ) is a Greek professional basketball player for AEK Athens of the Greek Basket League and the Basketball Champions League . At a height of 1.97 m ( 65 ) tall , he plays at both the point guard and shooting guard positions . During his senior mens playing career , Zisis won the 2008 EuroLeague championship , while a member of CSKA Moscow . Zisis also won 9 national league championships in various European domestic leagues ( four Italian League titles , two Russian League titles , two German League titles , and one Greek League title ) . In addition to that , he also won 8 national cup titles ( four Italian Cups , two German Cups , one Russian Cup , and one Greek Cup ) . Two of his club teams , XAN Thessaloniki and Brose Bamberg , retired his team jerseys . As a member of the senior Greek national basketball team , Zisis won the gold medal at the 2005 EuroBasket , the silver medal at the 2006 FIBA World Championship , and the bronze medal at the 2009 EuroBasket . Early years . Zisis started his basketball playing career in the year 1996 , playing with the junior teams of XAN Thessaloniki ( English : YMCA Thessaloniki ) . He was with the club until 2000 . The club would later go on to retire his jersey , in 2018 . Professional career . Greece and Italy . At the age of 17 , Zisis moved to Athens , and to the Greek League team AEK , where he began his professional basketball career . With AEK , he won the Greek Cup in 2001 , and also the Greek League championship , in 2002 . He also won the Greek League Best Young Player award in 2002 . He then moved to Treviso , Italy , and played on the Italian League team Benetton Treviso . With Treviso , he won the Italian Super Cup and the Italian League championship in the year 2006 , and also the Italian Cup in the year 2007 . He then left Italy , and moved to Moscow , Russia . Russia , Italy and Spain . On June 13 , 2007 , he signed a 3-year contract worth €5 million euros net income with the Russian team CSKA Moscow . With CSKA , Zisis won the EuroLeague championship at the 2008 EuroLeague Final Four . In 2009 , he left CSKA , and signed a 2-year contract worth €1.6 million euros net income with the Italian League club Montepaschi Siena . In 2010 , he signed a 2-year extension with Montepaschi . In 2012 , he signed a 2-year contract , with the second year being an option year , with the Spanish League club Bilbao . He moved to the Russian VTB United League club UNICS Kazan , in July 2013 . Fenerbahçe . On December 29 , 2014 , the Turkish League club Fenerbahçe Ülker acquired Zisis . With Zisis playing 24.4 minutes per game , Fenerbahçe advanced to the 2015 EuroLeague Final Four . It was the first time in the teams history that they made it to the EuroLeague Final Four . However , on May 15 , 2015 , they lost in the EuroLeague semifinals to Real Madrid , by a score of 87–96 . Brose Bamberg . On July 16 , 2015 , Zisis signed a two-year contract with the German Basketball Bundesliga ( BBL ) club Brose Bamberg . In 2017 , he extended his contract with Brose , through the year 2019 . With Bamberg , he won two German BBL League championships ( 2016 , 2017 ) and two German Cups ( 2017 , 2019 ) . In the 2019 German Cup Final , Zisis hit the game-winner , with 2.4 seconds left in the game , to give Bamberg an 83–82 win over Alba Berlin . On September 7 , 2019 , Bamberg retired Zisis number 6 jersey . Joventut Badalona . On July 15 , 2019 , Zisis signed a two-year deal with the Spanish Liga ACB club Joventut Badalona . National team career . Greek junior national team . With Greeces under-16 junior national team , Zisis won the silver medal at the 1999 FIBA Under-16 European Championship , and he also led the tournament in scoring . He also won the bronze medal at the 2000 FIBA Under-18 European Championship . Zisis played with Greeces under-26 national selection at the 2001 Tunis Mediterranean Games . At the 2001 Mediterranean Games , he helped Greece win the silver medal at the tournament . In addition , Zisis won the gold medal with the Greek under-20 junior national team at the 2002 FIBA Under-20 European Championship , where he was also named the tournaments MVP . Greek senior national team . As a member of the senior mens Greek national basketball team , Zisis won the gold medal at the 2005 EuroBasket , which was held in Serbia and Montenegro . He was Greeces leading scorer during the tournament , averaging 10.6 points per game . At the end of the semifinal game against the French national basketball team , Zisis drove the length of the court , drove into the middle of the floor , drew a double team , and then dished the ball out to Dimitris Diamantidis , who hit a game-winning 3 pointer . After his great performance at the EuroBasket in 2005 , Zisis was named the FIBA Europe Young Player of the Year . The next year , at the 2006 FIBA World Championship , which was held in Japan , Zisis hit a game winning 3-point shot at the end of the game against the Australian national basketball team , to give Greece a 72–69 victory . However , in the next game in the tournament , he was hit on the cheekbone and eye socket bone by the elbow of the Brazilian national basketball teams Anderson Varejão . Zisis suffered a severe facial injury that forced him to sit out for the remaining entirety of the 2006 World Championship , as the injury required surgery . Even though Greece lost Zisis , who was their leading scorer the year before at the 2005 EuroBasket , they were still able to win the silver medal ( including an improbable upset victory over Team USA in the semifinals ) during the World Championship tournament . At the 2007 EuroBasket , Zisis was one of the two key Greek players , along with Theo Papaloukas , that led Greeces national team to the biggest comeback in the history of the EuroBasket , against the Slovenian national basketball team . The comeback was called the miracle . Greece finished the tournament in 4th place . Zisis has also competed with Greece at the 2004 Summer Olympics , where Greece finished in 5th place in the world , and at the 2008 Summer Olympics , where Greece also finished in 5th place in the world . He also played at the following tournaments : the 2009 EuroBasket , where he won a bronze medal , the 2010 FIBA World Championship , the 2011 EuroBasket , the 2012 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament , the 2013 EuroBasket , the 2014 FIBA World Cup , and the 2015 EuroBasket . In 2019 , the Hellenic Basketball Federation honored Zisis , in recognition of his contributions to the senior Greek national basketball team , with which he had 189 caps ( games played ) . Player profile . Zisis is 1.97 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) tall , and he plays mainly at the point guard and shooting guard positions , although he can also play at the small forward position if necessary . His primary position with his pro club teams is point guard , while his primary position with the Greek national team was shooting guard . Zisis is known as The Lord of the Rings , because he is the Greek player with the most combined medals won at the cadet , junior , young mens , and senior mens FIBA European and world tournaments . Personal life . Zisis is very close friends with his fellow Greek national basketball team player Vassilis Spanoulis , and he is also friends with Italian national basketball team player Andrea Bargnani . He married Fani Skoufi in 2010 , with Vassilis Spanoulis being his best man . His nickname is The Lord of the Rings . Awards and accomplishments . Club titles and national team medals won . - AEK Athens - Greek Cup : 2000–01 , 2019–20 - Greek Basket League : 2001–02 - Treviso - Lega Basket Serie A : 2005–06 - Italian Cup : 2007 - Italian Super Cup : 2006 - Montepaschi Siena - Lega Basket Serie A ( 3 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - Italian Cup ( 3 ) : ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 ) - Italian Cup Supercup ( 3 ) : ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 ) - CSKA Moscow - EuroLeague champion : 2007–08 - Russian Professional Championship : ( 2 ) 2007–08 , 2008–09 - VTB United League : 2008–09 - Russian Cup : 2013–14 - Brose Bamberg - Basketball Bundesliga champion ( 2 ) : 2015–16 , 2016–17 - BBL-Pokal ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2018–19 - BBL Champions Cup : 2015 Greek junior national team . - 1999 FIBA Under-16 European Championship : - 2000 FIBA Under-18 European Championship : - 2001 Mediterranean Games : - 2002 FIBA Under-20 European Championship : Greek senior national team . - 8× Acropolis Tournament Champion : ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 ) - 2005 EuroBasket : - 2006 FIBA Stanković Continental Champions’ Cup : - 2006 FIBA World Championship : - 2009 EuroBasket : Individual awards . - FIBA Under-16 European Championship Top Scorer : 1999 - Greek League Best Young Player : 2001–02 - FIBA Under-20 European Championship MVP : 2002 - 2× Greek League All-Star : 2004 , 2005 - FIBA Europe Young Player of the Year : 2005 - Acropolis Tournament MVP : ( 2013 ) - Jersey retired by XAN Thessaloniki : 2018 - German Cup Final MVP : 2019 - Number 6 jersey retired by Brose Bamberg : 2019 External links . - Nikos Zisis at acb.com - Nikos Zisis at basket.gr - Nikos Zisis at baskethotel.com - Nikos Zisis at draftexpress.com - Nikos Zisis at eurobasket.com - Nikos Zisis at euroleague.net - Nikos Zisis at fiba.com ( archive ) - Nikos Zisis at fibaeurope.com - Nikos Zisis at legabasket.it - Nikos Zisis at esake.g

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Which team did the player Nikos Zisis belong to between Aug 2005 and Oct 2005?

/wiki/Nikos_Zisis#P54#1

Nikos Zisis Nikolaos Nikos Zisis ( alternate spelling : Zissis ; ; born August 16 , 1983 ) is a Greek professional basketball player for AEK Athens of the Greek Basket League and the Basketball Champions League . At a height of 1.97 m ( 65 ) tall , he plays at both the point guard and shooting guard positions . During his senior mens playing career , Zisis won the 2008 EuroLeague championship , while a member of CSKA Moscow . Zisis also won 9 national league championships in various European domestic leagues ( four Italian League titles , two Russian League titles , two German League titles , and one Greek League title ) . In addition to that , he also won 8 national cup titles ( four Italian Cups , two German Cups , one Russian Cup , and one Greek Cup ) . Two of his club teams , XAN Thessaloniki and Brose Bamberg , retired his team jerseys . As a member of the senior Greek national basketball team , Zisis won the gold medal at the 2005 EuroBasket , the silver medal at the 2006 FIBA World Championship , and the bronze medal at the 2009 EuroBasket . Early years . Zisis started his basketball playing career in the year 1996 , playing with the junior teams of XAN Thessaloniki ( English : YMCA Thessaloniki ) . He was with the club until 2000 . The club would later go on to retire his jersey , in 2018 . Professional career . Greece and Italy . At the age of 17 , Zisis moved to Athens , and to the Greek League team AEK , where he began his professional basketball career . With AEK , he won the Greek Cup in 2001 , and also the Greek League championship , in 2002 . He also won the Greek League Best Young Player award in 2002 . He then moved to Treviso , Italy , and played on the Italian League team Benetton Treviso . With Treviso , he won the Italian Super Cup and the Italian League championship in the year 2006 , and also the Italian Cup in the year 2007 . He then left Italy , and moved to Moscow , Russia . Russia , Italy and Spain . On June 13 , 2007 , he signed a 3-year contract worth €5 million euros net income with the Russian team CSKA Moscow . With CSKA , Zisis won the EuroLeague championship at the 2008 EuroLeague Final Four . In 2009 , he left CSKA , and signed a 2-year contract worth €1.6 million euros net income with the Italian League club Montepaschi Siena . In 2010 , he signed a 2-year extension with Montepaschi . In 2012 , he signed a 2-year contract , with the second year being an option year , with the Spanish League club Bilbao . He moved to the Russian VTB United League club UNICS Kazan , in July 2013 . Fenerbahçe . On December 29 , 2014 , the Turkish League club Fenerbahçe Ülker acquired Zisis . With Zisis playing 24.4 minutes per game , Fenerbahçe advanced to the 2015 EuroLeague Final Four . It was the first time in the teams history that they made it to the EuroLeague Final Four . However , on May 15 , 2015 , they lost in the EuroLeague semifinals to Real Madrid , by a score of 87–96 . Brose Bamberg . On July 16 , 2015 , Zisis signed a two-year contract with the German Basketball Bundesliga ( BBL ) club Brose Bamberg . In 2017 , he extended his contract with Brose , through the year 2019 . With Bamberg , he won two German BBL League championships ( 2016 , 2017 ) and two German Cups ( 2017 , 2019 ) . In the 2019 German Cup Final , Zisis hit the game-winner , with 2.4 seconds left in the game , to give Bamberg an 83–82 win over Alba Berlin . On September 7 , 2019 , Bamberg retired Zisis number 6 jersey . Joventut Badalona . On July 15 , 2019 , Zisis signed a two-year deal with the Spanish Liga ACB club Joventut Badalona . National team career . Greek junior national team . With Greeces under-16 junior national team , Zisis won the silver medal at the 1999 FIBA Under-16 European Championship , and he also led the tournament in scoring . He also won the bronze medal at the 2000 FIBA Under-18 European Championship . Zisis played with Greeces under-26 national selection at the 2001 Tunis Mediterranean Games . At the 2001 Mediterranean Games , he helped Greece win the silver medal at the tournament . In addition , Zisis won the gold medal with the Greek under-20 junior national team at the 2002 FIBA Under-20 European Championship , where he was also named the tournaments MVP . Greek senior national team . As a member of the senior mens Greek national basketball team , Zisis won the gold medal at the 2005 EuroBasket , which was held in Serbia and Montenegro . He was Greeces leading scorer during the tournament , averaging 10.6 points per game . At the end of the semifinal game against the French national basketball team , Zisis drove the length of the court , drove into the middle of the floor , drew a double team , and then dished the ball out to Dimitris Diamantidis , who hit a game-winning 3 pointer . After his great performance at the EuroBasket in 2005 , Zisis was named the FIBA Europe Young Player of the Year . The next year , at the 2006 FIBA World Championship , which was held in Japan , Zisis hit a game winning 3-point shot at the end of the game against the Australian national basketball team , to give Greece a 72–69 victory . However , in the next game in the tournament , he was hit on the cheekbone and eye socket bone by the elbow of the Brazilian national basketball teams Anderson Varejão . Zisis suffered a severe facial injury that forced him to sit out for the remaining entirety of the 2006 World Championship , as the injury required surgery . Even though Greece lost Zisis , who was their leading scorer the year before at the 2005 EuroBasket , they were still able to win the silver medal ( including an improbable upset victory over Team USA in the semifinals ) during the World Championship tournament . At the 2007 EuroBasket , Zisis was one of the two key Greek players , along with Theo Papaloukas , that led Greeces national team to the biggest comeback in the history of the EuroBasket , against the Slovenian national basketball team . The comeback was called the miracle . Greece finished the tournament in 4th place . Zisis has also competed with Greece at the 2004 Summer Olympics , where Greece finished in 5th place in the world , and at the 2008 Summer Olympics , where Greece also finished in 5th place in the world . He also played at the following tournaments : the 2009 EuroBasket , where he won a bronze medal , the 2010 FIBA World Championship , the 2011 EuroBasket , the 2012 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament , the 2013 EuroBasket , the 2014 FIBA World Cup , and the 2015 EuroBasket . In 2019 , the Hellenic Basketball Federation honored Zisis , in recognition of his contributions to the senior Greek national basketball team , with which he had 189 caps ( games played ) . Player profile . Zisis is 1.97 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) tall , and he plays mainly at the point guard and shooting guard positions , although he can also play at the small forward position if necessary . His primary position with his pro club teams is point guard , while his primary position with the Greek national team was shooting guard . Zisis is known as The Lord of the Rings , because he is the Greek player with the most combined medals won at the cadet , junior , young mens , and senior mens FIBA European and world tournaments . Personal life . Zisis is very close friends with his fellow Greek national basketball team player Vassilis Spanoulis , and he is also friends with Italian national basketball team player Andrea Bargnani . He married Fani Skoufi in 2010 , with Vassilis Spanoulis being his best man . His nickname is The Lord of the Rings . Awards and accomplishments . Club titles and national team medals won . - AEK Athens - Greek Cup : 2000–01 , 2019–20 - Greek Basket League : 2001–02 - Treviso - Lega Basket Serie A : 2005–06 - Italian Cup : 2007 - Italian Super Cup : 2006 - Montepaschi Siena - Lega Basket Serie A ( 3 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - Italian Cup ( 3 ) : ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 ) - Italian Cup Supercup ( 3 ) : ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 ) - CSKA Moscow - EuroLeague champion : 2007–08 - Russian Professional Championship : ( 2 ) 2007–08 , 2008–09 - VTB United League : 2008–09 - Russian Cup : 2013–14 - Brose Bamberg - Basketball Bundesliga champion ( 2 ) : 2015–16 , 2016–17 - BBL-Pokal ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2018–19 - BBL Champions Cup : 2015 Greek junior national team . - 1999 FIBA Under-16 European Championship : - 2000 FIBA Under-18 European Championship : - 2001 Mediterranean Games : - 2002 FIBA Under-20 European Championship : Greek senior national team . - 8× Acropolis Tournament Champion : ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 ) - 2005 EuroBasket : - 2006 FIBA Stanković Continental Champions’ Cup : - 2006 FIBA World Championship : - 2009 EuroBasket : Individual awards . - FIBA Under-16 European Championship Top Scorer : 1999 - Greek League Best Young Player : 2001–02 - FIBA Under-20 European Championship MVP : 2002 - 2× Greek League All-Star : 2004 , 2005 - FIBA Europe Young Player of the Year : 2005 - Acropolis Tournament MVP : ( 2013 ) - Jersey retired by XAN Thessaloniki : 2018 - German Cup Final MVP : 2019 - Number 6 jersey retired by Brose Bamberg : 2019 External links . - Nikos Zisis at acb.com - Nikos Zisis at basket.gr - Nikos Zisis at baskethotel.com - Nikos Zisis at draftexpress.com - Nikos Zisis at eurobasket.com - Nikos Zisis at euroleague.net - Nikos Zisis at fiba.com ( archive ) - Nikos Zisis at fibaeurope.com - Nikos Zisis at legabasket.it - Nikos Zisis at esake.g

hard

Which team did the player Nikos Zisis belong to between Feb 2008 and Jul 2008?

/wiki/Nikos_Zisis#P54#2

Nikos Zisis Nikolaos Nikos Zisis ( alternate spelling : Zissis ; ; born August 16 , 1983 ) is a Greek professional basketball player for AEK Athens of the Greek Basket League and the Basketball Champions League . At a height of 1.97 m ( 65 ) tall , he plays at both the point guard and shooting guard positions . During his senior mens playing career , Zisis won the 2008 EuroLeague championship , while a member of CSKA Moscow . Zisis also won 9 national league championships in various European domestic leagues ( four Italian League titles , two Russian League titles , two German League titles , and one Greek League title ) . In addition to that , he also won 8 national cup titles ( four Italian Cups , two German Cups , one Russian Cup , and one Greek Cup ) . Two of his club teams , XAN Thessaloniki and Brose Bamberg , retired his team jerseys . As a member of the senior Greek national basketball team , Zisis won the gold medal at the 2005 EuroBasket , the silver medal at the 2006 FIBA World Championship , and the bronze medal at the 2009 EuroBasket . Early years . Zisis started his basketball playing career in the year 1996 , playing with the junior teams of XAN Thessaloniki ( English : YMCA Thessaloniki ) . He was with the club until 2000 . The club would later go on to retire his jersey , in 2018 . Professional career . Greece and Italy . At the age of 17 , Zisis moved to Athens , and to the Greek League team AEK , where he began his professional basketball career . With AEK , he won the Greek Cup in 2001 , and also the Greek League championship , in 2002 . He also won the Greek League Best Young Player award in 2002 . He then moved to Treviso , Italy , and played on the Italian League team Benetton Treviso . With Treviso , he won the Italian Super Cup and the Italian League championship in the year 2006 , and also the Italian Cup in the year 2007 . He then left Italy , and moved to Moscow , Russia . Russia , Italy and Spain . On June 13 , 2007 , he signed a 3-year contract worth €5 million euros net income with the Russian team CSKA Moscow . With CSKA , Zisis won the EuroLeague championship at the 2008 EuroLeague Final Four . In 2009 , he left CSKA , and signed a 2-year contract worth €1.6 million euros net income with the Italian League club Montepaschi Siena . In 2010 , he signed a 2-year extension with Montepaschi . In 2012 , he signed a 2-year contract , with the second year being an option year , with the Spanish League club Bilbao . He moved to the Russian VTB United League club UNICS Kazan , in July 2013 . Fenerbahçe . On December 29 , 2014 , the Turkish League club Fenerbahçe Ülker acquired Zisis . With Zisis playing 24.4 minutes per game , Fenerbahçe advanced to the 2015 EuroLeague Final Four . It was the first time in the teams history that they made it to the EuroLeague Final Four . However , on May 15 , 2015 , they lost in the EuroLeague semifinals to Real Madrid , by a score of 87–96 . Brose Bamberg . On July 16 , 2015 , Zisis signed a two-year contract with the German Basketball Bundesliga ( BBL ) club Brose Bamberg . In 2017 , he extended his contract with Brose , through the year 2019 . With Bamberg , he won two German BBL League championships ( 2016 , 2017 ) and two German Cups ( 2017 , 2019 ) . In the 2019 German Cup Final , Zisis hit the game-winner , with 2.4 seconds left in the game , to give Bamberg an 83–82 win over Alba Berlin . On September 7 , 2019 , Bamberg retired Zisis number 6 jersey . Joventut Badalona . On July 15 , 2019 , Zisis signed a two-year deal with the Spanish Liga ACB club Joventut Badalona . National team career . Greek junior national team . With Greeces under-16 junior national team , Zisis won the silver medal at the 1999 FIBA Under-16 European Championship , and he also led the tournament in scoring . He also won the bronze medal at the 2000 FIBA Under-18 European Championship . Zisis played with Greeces under-26 national selection at the 2001 Tunis Mediterranean Games . At the 2001 Mediterranean Games , he helped Greece win the silver medal at the tournament . In addition , Zisis won the gold medal with the Greek under-20 junior national team at the 2002 FIBA Under-20 European Championship , where he was also named the tournaments MVP . Greek senior national team . As a member of the senior mens Greek national basketball team , Zisis won the gold medal at the 2005 EuroBasket , which was held in Serbia and Montenegro . He was Greeces leading scorer during the tournament , averaging 10.6 points per game . At the end of the semifinal game against the French national basketball team , Zisis drove the length of the court , drove into the middle of the floor , drew a double team , and then dished the ball out to Dimitris Diamantidis , who hit a game-winning 3 pointer . After his great performance at the EuroBasket in 2005 , Zisis was named the FIBA Europe Young Player of the Year . The next year , at the 2006 FIBA World Championship , which was held in Japan , Zisis hit a game winning 3-point shot at the end of the game against the Australian national basketball team , to give Greece a 72–69 victory . However , in the next game in the tournament , he was hit on the cheekbone and eye socket bone by the elbow of the Brazilian national basketball teams Anderson Varejão . Zisis suffered a severe facial injury that forced him to sit out for the remaining entirety of the 2006 World Championship , as the injury required surgery . Even though Greece lost Zisis , who was their leading scorer the year before at the 2005 EuroBasket , they were still able to win the silver medal ( including an improbable upset victory over Team USA in the semifinals ) during the World Championship tournament . At the 2007 EuroBasket , Zisis was one of the two key Greek players , along with Theo Papaloukas , that led Greeces national team to the biggest comeback in the history of the EuroBasket , against the Slovenian national basketball team . The comeback was called the miracle . Greece finished the tournament in 4th place . Zisis has also competed with Greece at the 2004 Summer Olympics , where Greece finished in 5th place in the world , and at the 2008 Summer Olympics , where Greece also finished in 5th place in the world . He also played at the following tournaments : the 2009 EuroBasket , where he won a bronze medal , the 2010 FIBA World Championship , the 2011 EuroBasket , the 2012 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament , the 2013 EuroBasket , the 2014 FIBA World Cup , and the 2015 EuroBasket . In 2019 , the Hellenic Basketball Federation honored Zisis , in recognition of his contributions to the senior Greek national basketball team , with which he had 189 caps ( games played ) . Player profile . Zisis is 1.97 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) tall , and he plays mainly at the point guard and shooting guard positions , although he can also play at the small forward position if necessary . His primary position with his pro club teams is point guard , while his primary position with the Greek national team was shooting guard . Zisis is known as The Lord of the Rings , because he is the Greek player with the most combined medals won at the cadet , junior , young mens , and senior mens FIBA European and world tournaments . Personal life . Zisis is very close friends with his fellow Greek national basketball team player Vassilis Spanoulis , and he is also friends with Italian national basketball team player Andrea Bargnani . He married Fani Skoufi in 2010 , with Vassilis Spanoulis being his best man . His nickname is The Lord of the Rings . Awards and accomplishments . Club titles and national team medals won . - AEK Athens - Greek Cup : 2000–01 , 2019–20 - Greek Basket League : 2001–02 - Treviso - Lega Basket Serie A : 2005–06 - Italian Cup : 2007 - Italian Super Cup : 2006 - Montepaschi Siena - Lega Basket Serie A ( 3 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - Italian Cup ( 3 ) : ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 ) - Italian Cup Supercup ( 3 ) : ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 ) - CSKA Moscow - EuroLeague champion : 2007–08 - Russian Professional Championship : ( 2 ) 2007–08 , 2008–09 - VTB United League : 2008–09 - Russian Cup : 2013–14 - Brose Bamberg - Basketball Bundesliga champion ( 2 ) : 2015–16 , 2016–17 - BBL-Pokal ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2018–19 - BBL Champions Cup : 2015 Greek junior national team . - 1999 FIBA Under-16 European Championship : - 2000 FIBA Under-18 European Championship : - 2001 Mediterranean Games : - 2002 FIBA Under-20 European Championship : Greek senior national team . - 8× Acropolis Tournament Champion : ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 ) - 2005 EuroBasket : - 2006 FIBA Stanković Continental Champions’ Cup : - 2006 FIBA World Championship : - 2009 EuroBasket : Individual awards . - FIBA Under-16 European Championship Top Scorer : 1999 - Greek League Best Young Player : 2001–02 - FIBA Under-20 European Championship MVP : 2002 - 2× Greek League All-Star : 2004 , 2005 - FIBA Europe Young Player of the Year : 2005 - Acropolis Tournament MVP : ( 2013 ) - Jersey retired by XAN Thessaloniki : 2018 - German Cup Final MVP : 2019 - Number 6 jersey retired by Brose Bamberg : 2019 External links . - Nikos Zisis at acb.com - Nikos Zisis at basket.gr - Nikos Zisis at baskethotel.com - Nikos Zisis at draftexpress.com - Nikos Zisis at eurobasket.com - Nikos Zisis at euroleague.net - Nikos Zisis at fiba.com ( archive ) - Nikos Zisis at fibaeurope.com - Nikos Zisis at legabasket.it - Nikos Zisis at esake.g

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Which team did the player Nikos Zisis belong to in Apr 2011?

/wiki/Nikos_Zisis#P54#3

Nikos Zisis Nikolaos Nikos Zisis ( alternate spelling : Zissis ; ; born August 16 , 1983 ) is a Greek professional basketball player for AEK Athens of the Greek Basket League and the Basketball Champions League . At a height of 1.97 m ( 65 ) tall , he plays at both the point guard and shooting guard positions . During his senior mens playing career , Zisis won the 2008 EuroLeague championship , while a member of CSKA Moscow . Zisis also won 9 national league championships in various European domestic leagues ( four Italian League titles , two Russian League titles , two German League titles , and one Greek League title ) . In addition to that , he also won 8 national cup titles ( four Italian Cups , two German Cups , one Russian Cup , and one Greek Cup ) . Two of his club teams , XAN Thessaloniki and Brose Bamberg , retired his team jerseys . As a member of the senior Greek national basketball team , Zisis won the gold medal at the 2005 EuroBasket , the silver medal at the 2006 FIBA World Championship , and the bronze medal at the 2009 EuroBasket . Early years . Zisis started his basketball playing career in the year 1996 , playing with the junior teams of XAN Thessaloniki ( English : YMCA Thessaloniki ) . He was with the club until 2000 . The club would later go on to retire his jersey , in 2018 . Professional career . Greece and Italy . At the age of 17 , Zisis moved to Athens , and to the Greek League team AEK , where he began his professional basketball career . With AEK , he won the Greek Cup in 2001 , and also the Greek League championship , in 2002 . He also won the Greek League Best Young Player award in 2002 . He then moved to Treviso , Italy , and played on the Italian League team Benetton Treviso . With Treviso , he won the Italian Super Cup and the Italian League championship in the year 2006 , and also the Italian Cup in the year 2007 . He then left Italy , and moved to Moscow , Russia . Russia , Italy and Spain . On June 13 , 2007 , he signed a 3-year contract worth €5 million euros net income with the Russian team CSKA Moscow . With CSKA , Zisis won the EuroLeague championship at the 2008 EuroLeague Final Four . In 2009 , he left CSKA , and signed a 2-year contract worth €1.6 million euros net income with the Italian League club Montepaschi Siena . In 2010 , he signed a 2-year extension with Montepaschi . In 2012 , he signed a 2-year contract , with the second year being an option year , with the Spanish League club Bilbao . He moved to the Russian VTB United League club UNICS Kazan , in July 2013 . Fenerbahçe . On December 29 , 2014 , the Turkish League club Fenerbahçe Ülker acquired Zisis . With Zisis playing 24.4 minutes per game , Fenerbahçe advanced to the 2015 EuroLeague Final Four . It was the first time in the teams history that they made it to the EuroLeague Final Four . However , on May 15 , 2015 , they lost in the EuroLeague semifinals to Real Madrid , by a score of 87–96 . Brose Bamberg . On July 16 , 2015 , Zisis signed a two-year contract with the German Basketball Bundesliga ( BBL ) club Brose Bamberg . In 2017 , he extended his contract with Brose , through the year 2019 . With Bamberg , he won two German BBL League championships ( 2016 , 2017 ) and two German Cups ( 2017 , 2019 ) . In the 2019 German Cup Final , Zisis hit the game-winner , with 2.4 seconds left in the game , to give Bamberg an 83–82 win over Alba Berlin . On September 7 , 2019 , Bamberg retired Zisis number 6 jersey . Joventut Badalona . On July 15 , 2019 , Zisis signed a two-year deal with the Spanish Liga ACB club Joventut Badalona . National team career . Greek junior national team . With Greeces under-16 junior national team , Zisis won the silver medal at the 1999 FIBA Under-16 European Championship , and he also led the tournament in scoring . He also won the bronze medal at the 2000 FIBA Under-18 European Championship . Zisis played with Greeces under-26 national selection at the 2001 Tunis Mediterranean Games . At the 2001 Mediterranean Games , he helped Greece win the silver medal at the tournament . In addition , Zisis won the gold medal with the Greek under-20 junior national team at the 2002 FIBA Under-20 European Championship , where he was also named the tournaments MVP . Greek senior national team . As a member of the senior mens Greek national basketball team , Zisis won the gold medal at the 2005 EuroBasket , which was held in Serbia and Montenegro . He was Greeces leading scorer during the tournament , averaging 10.6 points per game . At the end of the semifinal game against the French national basketball team , Zisis drove the length of the court , drove into the middle of the floor , drew a double team , and then dished the ball out to Dimitris Diamantidis , who hit a game-winning 3 pointer . After his great performance at the EuroBasket in 2005 , Zisis was named the FIBA Europe Young Player of the Year . The next year , at the 2006 FIBA World Championship , which was held in Japan , Zisis hit a game winning 3-point shot at the end of the game against the Australian national basketball team , to give Greece a 72–69 victory . However , in the next game in the tournament , he was hit on the cheekbone and eye socket bone by the elbow of the Brazilian national basketball teams Anderson Varejão . Zisis suffered a severe facial injury that forced him to sit out for the remaining entirety of the 2006 World Championship , as the injury required surgery . Even though Greece lost Zisis , who was their leading scorer the year before at the 2005 EuroBasket , they were still able to win the silver medal ( including an improbable upset victory over Team USA in the semifinals ) during the World Championship tournament . At the 2007 EuroBasket , Zisis was one of the two key Greek players , along with Theo Papaloukas , that led Greeces national team to the biggest comeback in the history of the EuroBasket , against the Slovenian national basketball team . The comeback was called the miracle . Greece finished the tournament in 4th place . Zisis has also competed with Greece at the 2004 Summer Olympics , where Greece finished in 5th place in the world , and at the 2008 Summer Olympics , where Greece also finished in 5th place in the world . He also played at the following tournaments : the 2009 EuroBasket , where he won a bronze medal , the 2010 FIBA World Championship , the 2011 EuroBasket , the 2012 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament , the 2013 EuroBasket , the 2014 FIBA World Cup , and the 2015 EuroBasket . In 2019 , the Hellenic Basketball Federation honored Zisis , in recognition of his contributions to the senior Greek national basketball team , with which he had 189 caps ( games played ) . Player profile . Zisis is 1.97 m ( 6 ft 5 in ) tall , and he plays mainly at the point guard and shooting guard positions , although he can also play at the small forward position if necessary . His primary position with his pro club teams is point guard , while his primary position with the Greek national team was shooting guard . Zisis is known as The Lord of the Rings , because he is the Greek player with the most combined medals won at the cadet , junior , young mens , and senior mens FIBA European and world tournaments . Personal life . Zisis is very close friends with his fellow Greek national basketball team player Vassilis Spanoulis , and he is also friends with Italian national basketball team player Andrea Bargnani . He married Fani Skoufi in 2010 , with Vassilis Spanoulis being his best man . His nickname is The Lord of the Rings . Awards and accomplishments . Club titles and national team medals won . - AEK Athens - Greek Cup : 2000–01 , 2019–20 - Greek Basket League : 2001–02 - Treviso - Lega Basket Serie A : 2005–06 - Italian Cup : 2007 - Italian Super Cup : 2006 - Montepaschi Siena - Lega Basket Serie A ( 3 ) : 2009–10 , 2010–11 , 2011–12 - Italian Cup ( 3 ) : ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 ) - Italian Cup Supercup ( 3 ) : ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 ) - CSKA Moscow - EuroLeague champion : 2007–08 - Russian Professional Championship : ( 2 ) 2007–08 , 2008–09 - VTB United League : 2008–09 - Russian Cup : 2013–14 - Brose Bamberg - Basketball Bundesliga champion ( 2 ) : 2015–16 , 2016–17 - BBL-Pokal ( 2 ) : 2017 , 2018–19 - BBL Champions Cup : 2015 Greek junior national team . - 1999 FIBA Under-16 European Championship : - 2000 FIBA Under-18 European Championship : - 2001 Mediterranean Games : - 2002 FIBA Under-20 European Championship : Greek senior national team . - 8× Acropolis Tournament Champion : ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 ) - 2005 EuroBasket : - 2006 FIBA Stanković Continental Champions’ Cup : - 2006 FIBA World Championship : - 2009 EuroBasket : Individual awards . - FIBA Under-16 European Championship Top Scorer : 1999 - Greek League Best Young Player : 2001–02 - FIBA Under-20 European Championship MVP : 2002 - 2× Greek League All-Star : 2004 , 2005 - FIBA Europe Young Player of the Year : 2005 - Acropolis Tournament MVP : ( 2013 ) - Jersey retired by XAN Thessaloniki : 2018 - German Cup Final MVP : 2019 - Number 6 jersey retired by Brose Bamberg : 2019 External links . - Nikos Zisis at acb.com - Nikos Zisis at basket.gr - Nikos Zisis at baskethotel.com - Nikos Zisis at draftexpress.com - Nikos Zisis at eurobasket.com - Nikos Zisis at euroleague.net - Nikos Zisis at fiba.com ( archive ) - Nikos Zisis at fibaeurope.com - Nikos Zisis at legabasket.it - Nikos Zisis at esake.g