language
stringclasses 1
value | text_id
stringlengths 25
25
| page_url
stringlengths 31
232
| page_title
stringlengths 1
202
| section_title
stringlengths 1
674
| hierarchical_section_title
stringlengths 1
712
| context_page_description
stringlengths 0
1.2k
| context_section_description
stringlengths 0
4.1k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
en | wit-train-topic-005272386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Odoi | Denis Odoi | Introduction | Denis Odoi | Denis Frimpong Odoi (born 27 May 1988) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays for Premier League club Fulham.
On 14 July 2016, it was announced that Odoi had signed for then-English Championship side Fulham. Odoi signed for an undisclosed fee, signing a three-year contract with an option of a further 12 months.
Odoi is a right-footed full-back who can operate on either side. He mainly played at left-back for the past 3 years for his former club, Lokeren. He prefers playing centre back. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paloma_Elsesser | Paloma Elsesser | Introduction | Paloma Elsesser | Paloma Kai Shockley Elsesser (born April 12, 1992) is an American plus-size model. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_no_Michichika | Minamoto no Michichika | Introduction | Minamoto no Michichika | Minamoto no Michichika (源 通親, 1149 – November 7, 1202) was a Japanese noble and statesman of the late Heian period and early Kamakura period. Serving in the courts of seven different emperors, he brought the Murakami Genji to the peak of their success. He is also commonly known as Tsuchimikado Motochika (土御門 通親), and in Sōtō Zen buddhism as Koga no Michichika (久我 通親). |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellanus | Castellanus | Soaring | Castellanus / Soaring | A castellanus is a cloud that displays at least in its upper part cumuliform protuberances having the shape of turrets that give a crenellated aspect. Some of these turrets are higher than they are wide; they have a common base and seem to be arranged in a line. The castellanus characteristic is particularly obvious when the clouds are observed from the side.
It is a cloud species attached to the cloud genera cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus and stratocumulus. Species of the clouds include cirrus castellanus, cirrocumulus castellanus, altocumulus castellanus and stratocumulus castellanus. Sometimes cumulus castellanus are referred to, but the type is not recognised by the France's national meteorological service Météo-France, or by the American Meteorological Society and World Meteorological Organisation. Those clouds some would classify as cumulus castellanus typically do not have a common base and are not arranged in a line, thus differing to some extent from the more universally-recognised castellanus types. Some scientists also think that the castellanus should be a full cloud genus, and not just a cloud species. | Castellanus (clouds made of very narrow columns) are notorious
as being unusable by glider pilots. In order for a cloud to have a usable thermal, the updraft column needs to exist under the cloud, in which case the cloud will have a flat base. An altocumulus castellanus, however, can be identified by the lack of a well-defined base. As said above, a hybrid cloud between cumulus and castellanus can be used by a glider pilot.
Castellanus that are unfavourable to soaring can be easily identified and are nicknamed ''rocket clouds.''
The visual difference between a cumulus and a castellanus is that the former has a flat base while the latter generally has no clearly defined base. However, a visual observation of the cloud may not be sufficient, since in some cases the hybrid castellanus (pseudo cumulus) may have a flat base. The only sure way to distinguish between these two types of clouds is through an atmospheric sounding preceding the flight. If the base of these false cumulus is higher than the convective condensation level, the pilot is probably close to unwanted cumulonimbus. Moreover, when a cumulus breaks down, there may still exist an updraft column under the cloud base that did not originate from the ground. In particular, at the end of the day, the airmass can be stable up to 2000 feet and unstable above this stable layer. The cumulus turn into stratocumulus or altocumulus depending on their height. Before the 1956 version of the International Cloud Atlas, these clouds were called stratocumulus or altocumulus "vesperalis". Directly under these clouds, updrafts are still present. The meteorologist Corfidi explains that these seemingly innocuous clouds that break down rapidly can be a harbinger of nocturnal thunderstorms.
To identify non-ground-based convection, it is possible to compare the height of the base of the "cumulus" c with the convective condensation level h. This height h is given by the following formula:
where a = 0.125 km / ⁰C;
T is the surface temperature and D is the dew point. The variables c, T and D can be easily accessed from a neighbouring METAR.
The computation of this height h is based on first principles and therefore is rather accurate. Consequently, if , the observed cumulus are almost certainly castellanus under Corfidi's meaning. Then, it will be wise to be wary of the presence of a flanking line or of downbursts in the vicinity. Figure 2 shows such a pattern. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9,_Prince_of_Brazil | José, Prince of Brazil | Early life | José, Prince of Brazil / Early life | D. José, Prince of Brazil, Duke of Braganza was the heir apparent to the Kingdom of Portugal until his death in 1788, as the eldest child of Queen Maria I of Portugal and King Pedro III of Portugal, members of the House of Braganza.
José died of smallpox at the age of 27, causing his younger and ill-prepared brother, Infante João, to become heir-apparent and eventually King. João's reign would be a turbulent one, seeing the Napoleonic invasion of Portugal and the loss of the Portuguese Empire's largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil. | José was born at the Real Barraca where the Palace of Ajuda in Lisbon stands today. He was named after his grandfather who was the ruling King of Portugal at the time of his birth. His grandfather created him Prince of Beira, this being the first time when the title was given to a male.
At the time of his birth, his parents were the Prince and Princess of Brazil, his mother the Heir presumptive of the king. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Jacob_Bing | Herman Jacob Bing | Introduction | Herman Jacob Bing | Herman (Heiman) Jacob Bing (16 March 1776 - 10 March 1844) was a Jewish-Danish educator and bookseller. He was a co-founder of Copenhagen's first Jewish school (Bing & Kalich's Institute) in 1703 and established a book shop in 1820 which was later continued by his sons Meyer Herman Bing and Jacob Herman Bing under the name H. J. Bing & Søn. His sons were also co-founders of the Bing & Grøndahl porcelain factory while his grandson Harald Bing was a co-founder of the newspaper Politiken. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Conservatory_of_Music | Wuhan Conservatory of Music | Introduction | Wuhan Conservatory of Music | Wuhan Conservatory of Music is a musical institution of higher learning located in Wuhan City, Hubei Province whose origins can be traced back to 1920 and the Wuchang College of Art located in the Hunan and Hubei College site. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimas_(moth) | Mimas (moth) | Introduction | Mimas (moth) | Mimas is a genus of moths in the family Sphingidae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1819. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATrain | PATrain | Introduction | PATrain | The PATrain, also known as the Mon Valley Commuter Rail, is a defunct commuter rail service formerly operated by the Port Authority of Allegheny County in the Monongahela Valley in the US state of Pennsylvania. Service began in 1975 when the Port Authority assumed control of the Pittsburgh—McKeesport—Versailles commuter trains operated by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) (part of the Chessie System). The Port Authority discontinued the service in 1989. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272404 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Cooper | Nate Cooper | Marriage to Sophie Taylor | Nate Cooper / Development / Marriage to Sophie Taylor | Nate Cooper is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Kyle Pryor. The character made his first screen appearance on 26 September 2013. Pryor originally auditioned for another character before he was offered the role of Nate. He had to keep his involvement with the show a secret prior to arriving on-screen. The actor had moved from another country for work which made him similar to his character. Nate is characterised as a career driven and respected doctor. He comes to work Northern Districts Hospital because he had longed to work in a busy emergency department. Personally he is calm and collected with a love of kayaking.
Nate's storylines have often focused on his on/off relationship with Ricky Sharpe. The pair have reunited at various points during Nate's time in the show. However, the constant presence of Ricky's ex-partner Darryl Braxton has always ruined their relationship. In 2014, the show explored Nate's backstory by casting Bridgette Sneddon to play Nate's estranged wife Sophie Taylor. Their marriage had broken down because of the latter's drug addiction. Her arrival prompts Nate to give her another chance. | Bridgette Sneddon was hired to play Nate's estranged wife Sophie Taylor. She arrives in Summer Bay and introduces herself to Nate's ex-girlfriend Ricky. She is furious with Nate for keeping his marital status a secret, which leaves Nate confused as she is back with Brax. Sneddon told an Inside Soap reporter that Nate and Sophie's marriage was ruined by Sophie's drug addiction. She explained that writers created a backstory in which Sophie was involved in a car accident and relied on pain killers in her recovery. As Nate had access to medication in his profession he was able to supply her with the medication she needed. As she became reliant on the drugs it caused trouble in their relationship, resulting in Nate leaving her. The character remained in the series and aimed to convince Nate to give their marriage another chance. When she feels ill, Nate fears that she is pregnant and is attempting to trap him. She later collapses and is diagnosed with appendicitis. Her operation causes pain and she is required to take prescription medication to aid her recovery. Nate fears that Sophie will become hooked on the drugs once again.
Nate's friend Leah Patterson-Baker (Ada Nicodemou) begins to worry about Sophie's condition. Nate tires of Leah's interference and he becomes aggravated. Pryor said that Nate wants to move on with Sophie but cannot because Leah keeps reminding him of his past. Sneddon added that Sophie takes a dislike to Leah and there is tension between them. Pryor added that Nate is "really pushing his concerns about Sophie to the back of his mind." Sophie uses an opportunity to divert Leah's interest elsewhere and encourages her to romance Zac MacGuire (Charlie Clausen). Sneddon explained that while Sophie genuinely tries to help Leah and Zac, "it helps her cause" to have Nate to herself.
Sophie's dislike of Nate's friends grows. She becomes convinced that Nate is sleeping with his colleague Hannah Wilson (Cassie Howarth). Her accusation is not unfounded as Hannah is secretly in love with Nate. Sophie becomes jealous of their friendship and annoyed when she witnesses Nate consoling Hannah. Nate becomes unhappy with Sophie and his attraction to Hannah grows and the pair kiss. Pryor told Stephen Downie from TV Week that "it's a spur of the moment thing" as Nate too had been in denial. He has relationship problems with Sophie but continues to protest she is imagining the attraction. Pryor added that Hannah is attractive and Nate is not having fun in his marriage. While he should keep away from her, "he's looking for moral support and he finds that in Hannah." Pryor also believed that Nate wanted to help Sophie with her issues but it no longer matters to him.
Following time apart Sophie tries to spend time with Nate. He tells her that he will not give their marriage another chance despite her pleas to overcome her addiction. Sneddon explained that she still had faith in the estranged couple because they share a connection. Nate decides the only way to escape Sophie is to leave Summer Bay. Sophie becomes delusional and tells Ricky that Nate is sending her love letters when he has not. When Ricky confronts Nate he reveals that Sophie has a history of mental health issues. He reveals that when he originally called time on the marriage, she attempted to run him over. Pryor said that it was a difficult situation for Nate because he does love Sophie. However, being apart from each other is the only solution. "Nate believes that tough love is the only approach here." Sophie is upset and begins to forget what day it is. Her "bizarre behaviour" worries other residents. Sophie cannot deal with the "harsh reality" that her marriage is over. She has a mental breakdown and begins a fire in her caravan to attract Nate's attention. Pryor described her as "working herself into a state". Sneddon stated that Sophie "knows what to do to keep Nate on the end of the fishing line." Her plan works and Nate risks his life and pulls her from the burning caravan.
Sophie's mental state deteriorates and she begins to behave more obsessively towar |
en | wit-train-topic-005272405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiser_Madanes | Leiser Madanes | Introduction | Leiser Madanes | Leiser Madanes (1950) is a writer, philosopher and Argentine professor. Throughout his career he has published several books, as the main focus the study of modern philosophy as Hobbes and Spinoza, freedom of expression and the state's relationship with the freedoms of men. Its main areas of study are modern philosophy and political philosophy.
Among his major works are a secret joy: Essays in Modern Philosophy (Ensayo de filosofía moderna) (2012) and The arbitrary referee (El árbitro arbitrario), Hobbes, Spinoza and freedom of expression (Hobbes, Spinoza y la libertad de expresión) (2001). He is the author of numerous articles and book chapters.
Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Buenos Aires, Leiser Madanes is Professor of Political Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences (UNLP) and Principal Investigator of the Center for Philosophical Research.
Previously, he was Professor at the UDESA, National University of Tucuman, a member of the career of scientific researcher, CONICET and Director of the Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts, Member of the Doctoral Committee, National University of La Plata and Member of Board, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella and research policies Consultant, National University of Quilmes. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottilie_Metzger-Lattermann | Ottilie Metzger-Lattermann | References | Ottilie Metzger-Lattermann / References | Ottilie Metzger-Lattermann also formerly Ottilie Metzger-Froitzheim was a German contralto who was a famous performer of works by Wagner during the 1910s, and who after her retirement was murdered in Auschwitz. | cantabile-subito.de Biography with photos. Recording: "In questa tomba oscura" (Beethoven)
Peter Heyworth, Otto Klemperer, His Life and Times: 1885–1933, 1996. p. 103 footnote
Jüdisches Musik- und Theaterleben unter dem NS-Staat. Stephan Stompor, Andor Izsák, Susanne Borchers, 2001. "Zwei Wochen danach gab Ottilie Metzger-Lattermann mit dem Bariton Erhard Wechselmann einen Lieder- und Duette-Abend." (Two weeks later, Metzger-Lattermann gave a concert with Wechselmann.)
Blumenthal, George; Menkin, Arthur H. (1936). My Sixty Years in Show Business: A Chronicle of the American Theater, 1874–1934. F. C. Osberg. pp. 227, 232, 308. I phoned Ottilie Metzger-Lattermann (widow of Theodor Lattermann and sister of Otto Metzger). She was glad to hear that there were prospects of her going back to America and invited me for lunch at her home on Sunday.
Opera Vol. 48, 1997. pp. 914–5. "He [Wolfgang Wagner] has not even been willing to have a modest memorial for the three Bayreuth singers who perished in concentration camps. The proposal for a memorial plaque was proposed to Wolfgang ages ago by a retired singer and Bayreuth antiquarian bookseller, Peer Baedeker. And therein lies a revealing story. When the centenary festival opened in 1976 with a wreath-laying ceremony at Wagner's grave, Baedeker placed his own wreath with a ribbon attached, with the words: 'In memory of Richard Breitenfeld, Henriette Gottlieb, Ottilie Metzger-Lattermann – Honoured as festival singers – Murdered in Nazi concentration camps.' Within 24 hours of the ceremony, the ribbon had vanished. An article about the incident, which later appeared in an Israeli newspaper, was sent to Winifred, who wrote the following ineffable letter to Baedeker: 'Herr Heinrich Schaar in Munich sends me from time to time cuttings from the Israel Nachrichten, including this one. ... Herr Schaar appears to suspect that this was my doing or at my behest, since otherwise he would not have sent me the press cutting. In the first place I had no idea you had laid a wreath, and in the second I seldom go to RW's resting place; since it is now permanently open to the public, it is never possible to visit the grave alone. I myself never heard Frau Metzger-Lattermann in Bayreuth, but I know that my husband had a very high impression of her. Frau Gottlieb sang here in my time and I had a high opinion of her as well. Herr Breitenfeld is unknown to me. But were all three really killed at Auschwitz? I would doubt that in the case of Frau Lattermann, since she must have been terribly old. With best wishes, also to your wife, whom I recently greeted in front of Wahnfried.' – The casualness of this brush-off, the brutal indifference to the murder of three old singers speaks volumes about the attitude in Bayreuth to its past. And so the monument that the festival visitor sees today on the Green Hill – the massive copy of the bust of a glowering Wagner made for Hitler by the Nazi sculptor Arno Breker – is, properly viewed, a brazen symbol of Bayreuth's." |
en | wit-train-topic-005272408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaumatopsis_pexellus | Thaumatopsis pexellus | Introduction | Thaumatopsis pexellus | Thaumatopsis pexellus, the woolly grass-veneer, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Zeller in 1863. It is found in most of North America. The habitat consists of grasslands.
The wingspan is 21–32 mm. The forewings are yellowish grey with a whitish line, the outer half bounded above by a thicker dark brown line. There is a terminal row of three to five dark dots. Adults are on wing from July to early September in most of the range.
The larvae feed on various grasses. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Peter_(Gentilly_Township,_Minnesota) | Church of St. Peter (Gentilly Township, Minnesota) | Introduction | Church of St. Peter (Gentilly Township, Minnesota) | St. Peter's Catholic Church is a historic church in Gentilly Township, Minnesota, United States. The church, built from 1914 to 1915, and the adjacent 1902 rectory were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The church was noted for its exemplary Gothic Revival architecture, and both buildings served as the anchor of a Catholic French Canadian settlement. St. Peter's celebrated its centennial in 2014 with a renovation project. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Education_of_Young_Children | National Association for the Education of Young Children | History | National Association for the Education of Young Children / History | The National Association for the Education of Young Children is a large nonprofit association in the United States representing early childhood education teachers, para-educators, center directors, trainers, college educators, families of young children, policy makers, and advocates. NAEYC is focused on improving the well-being of young children, with particular emphasis on the quality of educational and developmental services for children from birth through age 8. | In the 1920s, concern over the varying quality of emerging nursery school programs in the United States inspired Patty Smith Hill to gather prominent figures in the field to decide how to best ensure the existence of high-quality programs. Meeting in Washington, DC, the group negotiated the issue of a manual, called "Minimum Essentials for Nursery Education," that set out standards and methods of acceptable nursery schools. Three years later, the group cemented the existence of a professional association of nursery school experts named the National Association for Nursery Education (NANE). NANE changed its name to NAEYC in 1964.
The association has existed for over 90 years. Its holds three national early childhood conferences per year, the NAEYC Annual Conference, the NAEYC Public Policy Forum and the NAEYC Professional Learning Institute. The NAEYC Annual Conference is the largest early childhood education conference in the world. The association publishes periodicals, books, professional development materials, and resources, all of which relate to the education of young children. The association is also active in public policy work. The association is well known for accrediting high-quality child care/preschool centers, and more than 10,000 centers, programs and schools have earned NAEYC Accreditation. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician) | Daniel Jones (phonetician) | Introduction | Daniel Jones (phonetician) | Daniel Jones (12 September 1881 – 4 December 1967) was a London-born British phonetician who studied under Paul Passy, professor of phonetics at the École des Hautes Études at the Sorbonne (University of Paris). He was head of the Department of Phonetics at University College, London. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ammann | Thomas Ammann | Introduction | Thomas Ammann | Thomas E. Ammann (1950 – 9 June 1993) was a leading Swiss art dealer in Impressionist and twentieth century art, and a collector of post-war and contemporary art. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Kaldor | Amber Kaldor | Introduction | Amber Kaldor | Amber Kaldor (born 16 October 1990) is an Australian female acrobatic gymnast. With partners Mei Hubnik and Madison Chan, Kaldor achieved 15th in the 2014 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pain | Joseph Pain | Works | Joseph Pain / Works | Marie Joseph Pain was a 19th-century French playwright, poet and essayist. | 1792: Saint-Far, ou la Délicatesse de l'amour, comedy in 1 act, in verse
1794: Les Chouans, ou La Républicaine de Malestroit, with François Marie Joseph Riou de Kersalaün
1794: Le Naufrage au port, comedy in 1 act, mingled with vaudevilles
1798: Le Roi de pique, comedy in 1 act and in verse
1798: L'Appartement à louer, comedy épisodique mingled with vaudevilles
1799: Le Connaisseur, comedy in 1 act, mingled with vaudevilles
1799: La Marchande de plaisir, vaudeville in 1 act
1800: Florian, comedy in 1 act, in prose, mingled with vaudevilles, with Jean-Nicolas Bouilly
1800: Téniers, comedy in 1 act and in prose, mingled with vaudevilles, with Bouilly
1801: Allez voir Dominique, comedy in 1 act, mingled with vaudevilles
1802: Berquin, ou l'Ami des enfans, comedy in 1 act, in prose, mingled with vaudevilles, with Bouilly
1802: Le Méléagre champenois, ou la Chasse interrompue, folie-vaudeville in 1 act
1802: Le Procès, ou la Bibliothèque de Patru, comedy in 1 act, in prose, mingled with vaudevilles
1803: Fanchon la vielleuse, comedy in 3 acts, mingled with vaudeville, with Bouilly
1804: Théophile, ou les Deux poètes, comedy in 1 act and in prose, mingled with vaudevilles, with Théophile Marion Dumersan
1805: La Belle Marie, comédie-anecdote in 1 act, mingled with vaudevilles, with Dumersan
1805: Le Portrait du duc, comedy in 3 acts and in prose, with Ludwig Benedict Franz von Bilderbeck
1806: Brutal, ou Il vaut mieux tard que jamais, vaudeville in 1 act and in prose, parodie of Uthal, with Pierre-Ange Vieillard
1806: Point d'adversaire, opéra comique in 1 act
1807: Amour et mystère, ou Lequel est mon cousin ?, comedy in 1 act, mingled with vaudevilles
1807: Laurette, opera in 1 act, music by Stanislas Champein
1808: La Chaumière moscovite, vaudeville anecdote in 1 act, with Dumersan
1808: Rien de trop, comedy in 1 act, in prose, mingled with vaudevilles
1809: Benoît ou Le pauvre de Notre Dame, comédie-anecdote in 2 acts and in prose, mingled with vaudevilles, with Dumersan
1809: Le Roi et le pèlerin, comedy in 2 acts and in prose, mingled with vaudevilles, with Dumersan
1809: Le Manuscrit déchiré, bagatelle (trifle) in 1 act, in prose
1810: Le Père d'occasion, comedy in 1 act, with Vieillard
1810: La Vieillesse de Piron, comedy in 1 act, in prose, mingled with vaudevilles, with Bouilly
1810: L'Homme de quarante ans, ou Le Rôle de comédie, comedy in 1 act, mingled with vaudevilles
1810: Encore une partie de chasse, ou le Tableau d'histoire, comédie-anecdote in 1 act, in verse, with Dumersan
1810: Deux pour un, comedy in 1 act mingled with vaudevilles, with Henri Dupin
1810: Rien de trop ou Les Deux paravents, opéra comique in 1 act, music by François-Adrien Boïeldieu
1811: Le Dîner d'emprunt, ou Les lettres de Carnaval, vaudeville in 1 act, with Dupin
1812: Les Mines de Beaujonc, ou Ils sont sauvés, fait historique in 3 acts, mingled with couplets, with Dumersan
1813: Les Rêveurs éveillés, parade magnétique in 1 act, mingled with vaudevilles, with Vieillard
1816: Le Revenant, ou l'Héritage, comédie-vaudeville in 1 act, in prose, with Dupin
1818: La Statue de Henri IV, ou la Fête du Pont-Neuf, tableau grivois in 1 act, with René de Chazet, Marc-Antoine Désaugiers and Michel-Joseph Gentil de Chavagnac
1819: Voyage au hasard
1820: Poésies de M. Joseph Pain
1823: Jenny la Bouquetière, opéra comique, with Bouilly
1826: Le Bonhomme, comedy in 1 act, mingled with couplets, with Pierre Carmouche and Antoine Simonnin
1828: Nouveaux tableaux de Paris, ou Observations sur les mœurs et usages des Parisiens au commencement du XIXe siècle, 2 vols
1844: Adieux à l'Aveyron, in Poésies aveyronnaises by Adrien de Séguret |
en | wit-train-topic-005272427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea | Democratic Kampuchea | Ideological influences | Democratic Kampuchea / Khmer Rouge ideology and its relationship to violence / Ideological influences | Kampuchea, officially from 5 January 1976 Democratic Kampuchea, also described as the Genocidal Regime, was the Cambodian state under one-party Marxist-Leninist totalitarian rule that existed between 1975 and 1979. It was controlled by the Khmer Rouge, the name popularly given to the followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea, and was founded when KR forces defeated the Khmer Republic of Lon Nol in 1975.
Between 1975 and 1979, the state and its ruling Khmer Rouge regime was responsible for the deaths of millions of Cambodians through forced labour and genocide. The KR lost control of most Cambodian territory to Vietnamese occupation. From 1979 to 1982, Democratic Kampuchea survived as a rump state supported by China. In June 1982, the Khmer Rouge formed the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea with two non-communist guerrilla factions, which retained international recognition. The state was renamed Cambodia in 1990 in the run up to the UN-sponsored 1991 Paris Peace Agreements. | The Khmer Rouge was heavily influenced by Maoism, the French Communist Party and the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin as well as ideas of Khmer racial superiority. Turning to look at the roots of the ideology which guided the KR intellectuals behind the revolution, it becomes evident that the roots of such radical thought can be traced to an education in France that started many of the top KR officials on the road to thinking that communism demanded violence. Influences from the French Revolution led many who studied in Paris to believe that Marxist political theory that was based on class struggle could be applied to the national cause in Cambodia. The premise of class struggle sowed the ideological seeds for violence and made violence appear all the more necessary for the revolution to succeed. In addition, because many of the top KR officials such as Pol Pot, Khieu Samphan and Kang Kek Iew (also known as Duch) were educators and intellectuals, they were being unable to connect with the masses and were alienated upon their return to Cambodia, further fuelling their radical thought. However, it is important to note that Vickery downplays the importance of personalities in explaining the DK phenomenon, noting that DK leaders were never considered evil by prewar contemporaries. Nonetheless, this view is challenged by some including Rithy Phan, who after interviewing Duch, the head of Tuol Sleng, seems to suggest that Duch was a fearsome individual who preyed on and seized upon the weaknesses of others. All in all, the historical context of civil war, coupled with the ideological ferment in Cambodian intellectuals returning from France, set the stage for the KR revolution and the violence that it would propagate. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukov%C5%A1%C4%8Dica | Bukovščica | Introduction | Bukovščica | Bukovščica ([ˈbuːkɔu̯ʃtʃitsa]; previously Klemen or Sveti Klemen, German: Sankt Clementis) is a village in the Municipality of Škofja Loka in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Doukaina | Irene Doukaina | Empress | Irene Doukaina / Life / Empress | Irene Doukaina or Ducaena was a Byzantine Empress by marriage to the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos, and the mother of the emperor John II Komnenos and of the historian Anna Komnene. | Alexios' mother Anna continued to live in the imperial palace and to meddle in her son's affairs until her death 20 years later; Maria of Alania may have also lived in the palace, and there were rumours that Alexios carried on an affair with her. Anna Komnene denied this, although she herself was not born until December 1, 1083, two years later.
Anna may have been whitewashing her family history; she has nothing but praise for both of her parents. She describes her mother in great detail:
"She stood upright like some young sapling, erect and evergreen, all her limbs and the other parts of her body absolutely symmetrical and in harmony one with another. With her lovely appearance and charming voice she never ceased to fascinate all who saw and heard her. Her face shone with the soft light of the moon; it was not the completely round face of an Assyrian woman, nor long, like the face of a Scyth, but just slightly oval in shape. There were rose blossoms on her cheeks, visible a long way off. Her light-blue eyes were both gay and stern: their charm and beauty attracted, but the fear they caused so dazzled the bystander that he could neither look nor turn away...Generally she accompanied her words with graceful gestures, her hands bare to the wrists, and you would say it was ivory turned by some craftsman into the form of fingers and hand. The pupils of her eyes, with the brilliant blue of deep waves, recalled a calm, still sea, while the white surrounding them shone by contrast, so that the whole eye acquired a peculiar lustre and a charm which was inexpressible."
It "would not have been so very inappropriate," Anna writes, to say that Irene was "Athena made manifest to the human race, or that she had descended suddenly from the sky in some heavenly glory and unapproachable splendour."
Irene was shy and preferred not to appear in public, although she was forceful and severe when acting officially as empress (basileia). She preferred to perform her household duties, and enjoyed reading hagiographic literature and making charitable donations to monks and beggars. Although Alexios may have had Maria as a mistress early in his reign, during the later part of his reign he and Irene were genuinely in love (at least according to their daughter Anna). Irene often accompanied him on his expeditions, including the expedition against Prince Bohemund I of Antioch in 1107 and to the Chersonese in 1112. On these campaigns she acted as a nurse for her husband when he was afflicted with gout in his feet. According to Anna she also acted as a sort of guard, as there were constant conspiracies against Alexios. Alexios' insistence that Irene accompany him on campaigns may suggest that he did not fully trust her enough to leave her in the capital. When she did remain behind in Constantinople, she acted as regent, together with Nikephoros Bryennios, Anna's husband, as a counselor. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Washington_Football_Team_players | List of Washington Football Team players | Introduction | List of Washington Football Team players | This is a list of American football players who have played for the Washington Football Team, as well as its predecessors, the Boston Braves (1932) Boston Redskins (1933–1936), and Washington Redskins (1936–2019) in the National Football League (NFL). It includes players that have played at least five games in the NFL regular season. The Washington Redskins franchise was founded in Boston, Massachusetts as the Boston Braves, named after the local baseball franchise. The name was changed the next year to the Redskins. In 1937, the franchise moved to Washington, D.C.
The Redskins have played over 1,000 games. In those games, the club won five professional American football championships including two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls. The franchise captured ten NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships.
Overall, the Redskins have had a total of 23 players and coaches (17 primary, six minor) inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Many Redskins players have also had successful college football careers, including six who were Heisman Trophy winners: Gary Beban, Desmond Howard, Vic Janowicz, George Rogers, Danny Wuerffel, and Robert Griffin III. In addition, the Heisman Trophy sculpture was modeled after Ed Smith in 1934, who became a Redskins player in 1936.
Several former players have become head coach of the Redskins, including Turk Edwards, Dick Todd, and Jack Pardee. In addition, former players have become assistant coaches, such as Earnest Byner, Russ Grimm, Greg Manusky, and Keenan McCardell. Other players have also become successful in non-sport activities, like acting (Terry Crews and Jamal Duff) and politics (Tom Osborne and Heath Shuler).
Players on the Redskins have also been related from time to time. In 1957, Redskins end Joe Walton became the first son of an NFL player to play in the league. His father, Frank Walton also played on the Redskins. Joe Krakoski and his son, also named Joe Krakoski, also both played for the Redskins. In addition, four sets of brothers have played with each other while on the Redskins: Chris and Nic Clemons, Cecil and Ray Hare, Ed and Robert Khayat, and Dan and Matt Turk. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senter-Rooks_House | Senter-Rooks House | Introduction | Senter-Rooks House | The Senter-Rooks House, also known as Twin Oaks, is a historic house in Humboldt, Tennessee, U.S.. It was the residence of a former mayor of Humboldt. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT8 | IT8 | Targets | IT8 / Targets | IT8 is a set of American National Standards Institute standards for color communications and control specifications. Formerly governed by the IT8 Committee, IT8 activities were merged with those of the Committee for Graphics Arts Technologies Standards in 1994. | Calibrating all devices involved in the process chain (original, scanner/digital camera, monitor/printer) is required for an authentic color reproduction, because their actual color spaces differ device-specifically from the reference color spaces.
An IT8 calibration is done with what are called IT8 targets, which are defined by the IT8 standards.
Example
Special targets, implementing the IT8.7/1 (transparent target) or IT8.7/2 (reflective target) standards, are needed for calibrating scanners. These targets consists of 24 grey fields and 264 color fields in 22 columns:
Column 01 to 12: HCL color model, which differ in Hue, Chroma, and Lightness
Column 13 to 16: CMYK-Colors Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Key (black) in different steps of brightness
Column 17 to 19: RGB-Colors Red, Green, and Blue in different steps of brightness
Column 20 to 22: undefined, producers' choice
After scanning such a target, an ICC profile gets calculated on the basis of reference values. This profile is used for all subsequent scans and assures color fidelity. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDer%C5%AFtky_(Blansko_District) | Žerůtky (Blansko District) | Introduction | Žerůtky (Blansko District) | Žerůtky is a village and municipality (obec) in Blansko District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic.
The municipality covers an area of 2.96 square kilometres (1.14 sq mi), and has a population of 62 (as at 3 July 2006).
Žerůtky lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) north-west of Blansko, 28 km (17 mi) north of Brno, and 168 km (104 mi) south-east of Prague. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Leopold_Sulzberger | Cyrus Leopold Sulzberger | Introduction | Cyrus Leopold Sulzberger | Cyrus Leopold "Leo" Sulzberger (aka Cyrus Lindauer Sulzberger; July 11, 1858 – April 30, 1932) was an American merchant and philanthropist. He was president of the Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwalm_(Meuse) | Schwalm (Meuse) | Course | Schwalm (Meuse) / Course | The Schwalm or Swalm, is a small river in Germany and the Netherlands, tributary to the river Meuse. Its source is near Wegberg, in the district Heinsberg, south-west of Mönchengladbach, in North Rhine-Westphalia. The Schwalm flows through Wegberg and Brüggen before flowing into the Meuse across the border with the Netherlands, in Swalmen. Its total length is 45 km. | The source of the Schwalm is in a wetland area south of the German village of Wegberg-Tüschenbroich at an elevation of about 85 m above NN. From there the river flows mainly through the Maas-Schwalm-Nette Nature Park, its riverbed running between the rivers Rur, Nette and Niers.
Of its total length from this source to its mouth on the Meuse, near the village of Swalmen at about 12 m above NN, 13 kilometres of the river run through Dutch territory.
Parts of the river which, for example, run past the villages of Wegberg, Niederkrüchten, Schwalmtal, Brüggen-Born, Brüggen and Swalmen, form natural meanders.
The catchment area of the Schwalm is 268.7 square kilometres, of which around 27 square kilometres lie in the Netherlands. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Michaels | Glen Michaels | Education and Teaching | Glen Michaels / Education and Teaching | Glen Michaels is a sculptor and painter currently living in Birmingham, Michigan. He was born on July 27, 1927 in Spokane, Washington. | He attended Yale School of Music to study piano, but did not finish his degree. He moved to New York City but later returned to Spokane where he attended Eastern Washington College of Education and received his B.A. in Art Education in 1957. After receiving his degree, he taught art at a local public school for two years. He moved to Michigan to pursue an M.F.A at the Cranbrook Academy of Art. He had a major in painting and a ceramics minor. After graduating, he stayed at Cranbrook working at Young People's Art Center (1958 - 1965). He taught at both Wayne State University (1966-1968) and the University of Windsor (1970 -1971).
Michaels' early ambition was to become a cartoonist and during his time at Yale he was able to pursue it. He work was published in both the Yale Daily News and the Yale Record. He eventually published a book, Oh! You're a musician : a book of cartoons(1951). He was encouraged by Mary Petty and Alan Dunn to seek cartooning and illustration work. He left Yale in the summer of 1952, moving to New York City. He found there was a market for his illustrations, but with little financial success. "I realized that the field of art needed an education, so I must go back to school. So at twenty-six I started all over again." He moved back to Spokane to attend Eastern Washington College of Education. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudagrion_massaicum | Pseudagrion massaicum | Introduction | Pseudagrion massaicum | Pseudagrion massaicum is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Comoros, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, possibly Burundi, and possibly Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, rivers, intermittent freshwater lakes, and freshwater marshes. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoist_philosophy | Taoist philosophy | Post Tang | Taoist philosophy / Post Tang | Taoist philosophy also known as Taology refers to the various philosophical currents of Taoism, a tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao. The Tao is a mysterious and deep principle that is the source, pattern and substance of the entire universe.
Throughout its history, Taoist philosophy has emphasized concepts like wu wei, ziran, yin and yang, Ch'i, Wu, and personal cultivation through meditation and other spiritual practices. Taoism differs from Confucianism in putting more emphasis on physical and spiritual cultivation and less emphasis on political organization.
Since the initial stages of Taoist thought, there have been varying schools of Taoist philosophy and they have drawn from and interacted with other philosophical traditions such as Confucianism and Buddhism. While scholars have sometimes attempted to separate "Taoist philosophy" from "Taoist religion", there was never really such a separation. Taoist texts and the literati and Taoist priests that wrote and commented on them never made the distinction between "religious" and "philosophical" ideas, particularly those related to metaphysics and ethics. | The Song dynasty (960–1279) era saw the foundation of the Quanzhen (Complete perfection or Integrating perfection) school of Taoism during the 12th century among followers of Wang Chongyang (1113–1170), a scholar who wrote various collections of poetry and texts on living a Taoist life who taught that "spiritural immortality” (shen-hsien) can be attained within this life by entering seclusion, cultivating one's internal spiritual realities (hsing), and harmonizing them with the realities of one's external life (ming)." The Quanzhen school was syncretic, combining elements from Buddhism (such as monasticism) and Confucianism with past Taoist traditions. Neidan, a form of internal alchemy, became a major emphasis of the Quanzhen sect. Wang Chongyang taught that the "three teachings" (Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism), "when investigated, prove to be but one school." He taught that, by mental training and asceticism through which one reaches a state of no-mind (Wu Xin 無心) and no-thoughts, attached to nothing, one can recover the primordial, deathless "Radiant Spirit" or "Real Nature" (yangshen/zhenxing).
According to Stephen Eskildsen, Wang Chongyang appears to have been familiar with and influenced by Mahayana Buddhist texts like the Diamond sutra as well as Chan texts, however:
Wang Zhe did not abide by the thoroughgoing negation and non-assertion of Mahayana Buddhist philosophy. Fond as he was of borrowing Buddhist language to preach detachment from this provisional, fleeting world of samsara, Wang Zhe ardently believed in the eternal, universal Real Nature/Radiant Spirit that is the ground and wellspring of consciousness (spirit [shen], Nature [xing]), and vitality (qi, Life [ming]) within all living beings. This to him was not “empty” (lacking inherent existence); it was fully Real (zhen).
One Quanzhen master, Qiu Chuji, became a teacher of Genghis Khan before the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty. Originally from Shanxi and Shandong, the sect established its main center in Beijing's Baiyunguan ("White Cloud Monastery"). Several Song emperors, most notably Huizong, were active in promoting Taoism, collecting Taoist texts and publishing editions of the Daozang.
The Yuan and Ming government meanwhile often attempted to control and regulate Taoism. Taoism suffered a significant setback during the reign of Khubilai Khan when many copies of the Daozang were ordered burned in 1281. This destruction gave Taoism a chance to renew itself. Chinese Taoists during the 12-14th centuries engaged in a revaluation of their tradition, dubbed by some a "reformation", which focused on individual cultivation.
During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the state promoted the notion that “the Three Teachings (Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism) are one”, an idea which over time became popular consensus. The current Taoist textual canon, called the Daozang, was compiled during the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). Moreover, during the Ming dynasty, Taoist ideas also influenced Neo-Confucian thinkers like Wang Yangming and Zhan Ruoshui. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Scroll_(Tokyo_National_Museum) | Hell Scroll (Tokyo National Museum) | Introduction | Hell Scroll (Tokyo National Museum) | The Jigoku-zoshi ("Handscrolls of Buddhist Hell") is a late 12th-century Japanese scroll (emakimono, 絵巻物), depicting the 8 great hells and the 16 lesser hells in text and painting. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Bell | Wisconsin Bell | Introduction | Wisconsin Bell | Wisconsin Bell, Inc. (known as Wisconsin Telephone Co. before 1984) is the name of the Bell Operating Company serving Wisconsin. It is owned by AT&T through AT&T Teleholdings, originally known as Ameritech.
Their headquarters is at 722 North Broadway, Milwaukee, WI. After the 1984 Bell System Divestiture, Wisconsin Bell became a part of Ameritech, one of the 7 original Bell Regional Holding Companies.
In 1985, Wisconsin Bell began to purchase digital switching equipment from Siemens for its 1.6 million customers. In 1989, the change had been completed, and it became the first Ameritech company to use solely electronic switching equipment.
The Wisconsin Bell name continued to be used until September 1993 when Ameritech dropped all of their individual Bell Operating Company names in favor of using their corporate name for marketing purposes. Wisconsin Bell started doing business as Ameritech Wisconsin.
In 1998, Ameritech sold 19 Wisconsin Bell exchanges, primarily located in central and northern Wisconsin, to CenturyTel, now CenturyLink. Those exchanges were transferred to CenturyLink's subsidiary CenturyTel of the Midwest-Kendall.
In 2001, Wisconsin Bell began doing business as SBC Ameritech Wisconsin. In 2002, it began doing business as SBC Wisconsin. In 2005, it adopted the trade name AT&T Wisconsin and continues to do business as such to this day. Its corporate name has remained the same.
After being held by AT&T (pre-1984), Ameritech, and SBC, as of 2005, they are now part of the "new" AT&T. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_presentation | BBC News presentation | 2003 clamshell | BBC News presentation / BBC News Channel / 2003 clamshell | The presentation and the identities of the BBC News Channel, the international counterpart BBC World News and the BBC Parliament coverage channel use specific identities that demonstrate their remit and purpose. | In 2003, BBC News 24 dropped the cream look from 1999 and adopted a new look, designed in house, and featuring a black and red globe. The look had been a result of a government report carried out by Richard Lambert which had investigated whether BBC News 24 had been fulfilling its remit. It praised the improvements made by the channel in April 2002 but stated the BBC needed to become more "distinct" and needed a "clearer sense of direction". This new presentation package aimed to respond to these suggestions.
Nicknamed the 'clamshell' in reference to the finishing position of the red segments, the ident began with the rapid expansion of a red sphere with a disc intersecting it to reveal a globe before the disc segments reform together as the background to the globe in the familiar clamshell design. Overlaid the globe, and formed at the conclusion by the formation of five lines, is a large numeral '24'. Below the ident at the bottom of the screen is a white BBC News logo. The composed by David Lowe was altered by him for the new look. A key part of the look was the inclusion of the top headline into a ribbon which orbited the globe for a time before retracting back; other ribbons of this nature were present in the background, but featured the BBC News logo. The 24 numeral was originally a creamy yellow in colour before becoming silver in colour in 2004 when the identity was subsequently adopted across the television news output. The '24' numeral was dropped when the titles are used in BBC News bulletins on BBC One.
The graphics of the re-launch were different from those of the last look in many ways. The BBC News 24 channel identification was moved from the upper left corner of the screen to become part of the Aston; the News 24 has been brought down below the BBC logo and is contained along with the clock in a red box with the red and black globe visible in the background. The remainder of the aston featured a red heading with black information box with white text with no specific colour used for breaking news. For live broadcasts, a red box containing 'LIVE' was added to the top left corner of the screen, usually with the location written to the right in a black box. Originally no ticker, a device used to scroll news and information across the bottom of the screen, was used consistently on the channel, however one was adopted c.2004. This ticker ran from below the clock across to the right of the screen; the topic of the ticker was shown in a black box below the clock with the news rolling by in black on a white background separated by the BBC logo.
Promotions for the channel changed with the new look, with the channel adopting a box logo of a dark red colour with an upper case 'News 24' below the BBC logo in white inside. The box is located throughout the promotion to the lower right corner of the screen. The channel also began to change their font, making greater use of the Arial font alongside the Gill Sans logo.
The previous countdown style was retained, with images of everyday life alongside time-lapse photography being used. The numerals were moved to the bottom left corner and straightened up. The bottom of the screen was now shaded black, containing the numerals and a small programme menu placed to the right of the numeral. The menu and shading would often fade out at five and ten seconds to the hour respectively.
For bulletins simulcast with BBC World, no numeral was seen over the clamshell, and for some programmes such as The World Today the programme title replaced the numeral, leaving only the BBC News logo at the bottom of the screen.
For the re-launch, the studio was completely redesigned. The newsroom in the background was laid out and separated from the studio by glass panels that were slightly frosted. The studio was split into three sections to allow a more flexible presentation style; the middle section contained the main desk and flanked by two screens behind the desk to the left and right; the left hand segment featured a small round standing studio for delivering headlines and news roundups while t |
en | wit-train-topic-005272462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Corkscrew | Operation Corkscrew | Introduction | Operation Corkscrew | Operation Corkscrew was the code name for the Allied invasion of the Italian island of Pantelleria (between Sicily and Tunisia) on 11 June 1943, prior to the Allied invasion of Sicily during the Second World War. There had been an early plan to occupy the island in late 1940 (Operation Workshop), but this was aborted when the Luftwaffe strengthened the Axis air threat in the region. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiller_Monument_(Berlin) | Schiller Monument (Berlin) | The monument | Schiller Monument (Berlin) / The monument | The Schiller Monument is located in central Berlin on Gendarmenmarkt, in front of the flight of steps leading up to the former royal theater, today a concert hall. It honors the poet, philosopher and historian Friedrich Schiller, who is also regarded as one of the most significant dramatists and lyricists of the German language.
The set of statues was executed by Reinhold Begas a prominent 19th-century German sculptor. It is a registered historic monument. | The statue of the poet stands on a cube-shaped pedestal surrounded by four semicircular basins, above which there are water spouts in the form of lion heads. Although the memorial has the design of a fountain it was never used as such. Schiller wears a crown of laurel leaves and is depicted as a young, self-assured man. The model for the head was the Schiller bust made in 1794 by the sculptor Johann Heinrich von Dannecker, a friend of Begas. Four allegorical figures sit on the edges of the basins and depict the writer’s main areas of creative activity. At front left is Lyric Poetry with a swan-headed harp; at front right Tragedy, with the attribute of a mask. In the back are History, with names including Schiller, Lessing, Kant, Goethe and other famous people on her tablets, and Philosophy, holding a scroll with a text in Ancient Greek: ‘Know Thyself’. The pedestal bears inscriptions relating to Schiller and two small bas reliefs which show Schiller receiving a lyre from the muses and being introduced to great writers of former times.
During the Third Reich Gendarmenmarkt was turned into a parade ground in 1936. The decorative gardening was removed, the Schiller monument dismantled and put into storage. There is a bronze copy in the southern part of Schiller Park in the Berlin locality of Wedding. The metal used was from a memorial fountain for Emil and Walther Rathenau, originally erected in 1930 in a large public park, Volkspark Rehberge, but removed from this location by the Nazis in 1934 for ideological reasons and melted down in 1941. The marble original of the Schiller statue was placed in Lietsensee Park, which was in one of the Western sectors into which the city was divided after World War II. The monument’s heavily damaged allegorical figures were stored in Friedrichsfelde zoo in East Berlin. An East-West cultural agreement of 6 May 1986 was the precondition for reuniting all the surviving parts in East Berlin. In 1988 the partially reconstructed and partially restored monument was rebuilt at its original location on Gendarmenmarkt.
In autumn 2006 extensive renovation was undertaken. The entire monument was cleaned, small missing pieces were replaced and joints were filled. Rust was removed from the decorative cast iron railing and it was repainted. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobbins_Air_Reserve_Base | Dobbins Air Reserve Base | Introduction | Dobbins Air Reserve Base | Dobbins Air Reserve Base or Dobbins ARB (IATA: MGE, ICAO: KMGE, FAA LID: MGE) is a United States Air Force reserve air base located in Marietta, Georgia, a suburb about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Atlanta. Originally known as Dobbins Air Force Base, it was named in honor of Captain Charles M. Dobbins, a World War II C-47 pilot who died near Sicily.
The installation is the home station of the host wing, the 94th Airlift Wing (94 AW) of the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) and its fleet of C-130 Hercules aircraft, and is also the location of the headquarters for AFRC's Twenty-Second Air Force (22 AF).
Dobbins ARB is also home to Army Aviation Service Facility #2 (AASF #2) of the Georgia Army National Guard and their fleet of UH-60 Blackhawks and UH-72 Lakota helicopters. Associated units to AASF #2 include 1st Battalion, 171st General Support Aviation Regiment; Company H, 171st Aviation Regiment; Company C, 2nd Battalion, 151st Aviation; and Detachment 1, Company C, 111th General Aviation Support Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment.
Additional Reserve component organizations at Dobbins include various units of the Marine Corps Reserve and Navy Reserve.
Dobbins ARB has two runways which it shares with the General Lucius D. Clay National Guard Center (formerly Naval Air Station Atlanta) to its south. Runway 11/29 is the primary runway and is 10,000 feet (3,000 m) long and 300 feet (91 m) wide with directions 110 and 290 magnetic. The second runway, called an "assault strip", is a 3500×60-foot (1067×18-meter) runway referred to as 110–290, which is parallel to Runway 11/29.
Over 14,000 flight operations occur annually making the Dobbins complex an extremely active facility with diverse air traffic operations from all branches of the military and other US government agencies. This air traffic environment takes place within the area of the busiest airport in the world (Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport) and is as busy as many medium-sized commercial airports. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikard_Jorgovani%C4%87 | Rikard Jorgovanić | Introduction | Rikard Jorgovanić | Rikard Jorgovanić (Mali Tabor, 1853 – Zagreb, 1880) was a Croatian writer. As the son of a Bohemian immigrant of German ethnicity, and his Croatianized last name was calqued after German Flieder. He enrolled in the public school of Varaždin, and later continued his education in Zagreb. His poetical verses are characterized by intrigue and intimacy. While he is known as the first writer of fantasy in Croatia, his work also differs from the usual pro-nationalistic ideology. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouge_River_(rivi%C3%A8re_au_Saumon) | Rouge River (rivière au Saumon) | Introduction | Rouge River (rivière au Saumon) | The Rivière Rouge is a tributary of the rivière au Saumon. This river flows in the municipalities of Milan (MRC Le Granit Regional County Municipality) and Lingwick (MRC) Le Haut-Saint-François Regional County Municipality), in the administrative region of Estrie, in the province of Quebec, in Canada.
Forestry is the main economic activity in this valley; agriculture, second.
The surface of the Salmon River is usually frozen from mid-December to mid-March, except the rapids areas; however, safe circulation on the ice is generally from late December to early March. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_Emilio_Gaston_Memorial_Elementary_School | Governor Emilio Gaston Memorial Elementary School | Present | Governor Emilio Gaston Memorial Elementary School / Present | Governor Emilio Gaston Memorial Elementary School or locally known as GEGMES is one of the public schools in Silay City. It is located at Rizal Street, next to the Doña Montserrat Lopez Memorial High School. The school was named after the late Negros Occidental governor and Silay City municipal president, Emilio Gaston. | The school has now improved their needs such as the plantation of plants for their ecological projects, refurbished of old classrooms and built new classrooms. The school is now one of the leading primary schools in Silay City, providing more than hundreds of graduates every year. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keswick,_Ontario | Keswick, Ontario | Introduction | Keswick, Ontario | Keswick (/ˈkɛzˌwɪk/) is a community located in the south central Canadian province of Ontario. Situated north of Toronto on Cook's Bay (part of Lake Simcoe), Keswick is part of the Town of Georgina, the northernmost municipality in the Regional Municipality of York. In the Canada 2016 Census, the municipal population of Keswick was 26,757. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co. | J.P. Morgan & Co. | Early history | J.P. Morgan & Co. / Early history | J.P. Morgan & Co. was a commercial and investment banking institution founded by J. P. Morgan in 1871. The company was a predecessor of three of the largest banking institutions in the world — JPMorgan Chase, Morgan Stanley, and Deutsche Bank — and was involved in the formation of Drexel Burnham Lambert. The company is sometimes referred to as the "House of Morgan" or simply "Morgan".
The name J.P. Morgan is now used as a brand name for JPMorgan Chase‘s investment banking operations. | The origins of the firm date back to 1854 when Junius S. Morgan joined George Peabody & Co. (which became Peabody, Morgan & Co.), a London-based banking business headed by George Peabody. Junius took control of the firm, changing its name to J.S. Morgan & Co. in 1864 on Peabody's retirement. Junius's son, J. Pierpont Morgan, first apprenticed at Duncan, Sherman, and Company in New York City, then founded his own firm with a cousin, J. Pierpont Morgan & Company, in 1864. J. Pierpont Morgan & Company traded in government bonds and foreign exchange. It also acted as an agent for Peabody's. Junius, however, considered some of Pierpont's ventures to be highly speculative. Therefore, Pierpont took on Charles H. Dabney (a connection established when Pierpont was sent to the Azores as a child)as a senior partner, and the firm was known first as Dabney, Morgan, and Company (beginning in 1864) and then "Drexel, Morgan & Co." (in 1871). In those firms, Pierpont used his Peabody connection to bring British financial capital together with the rapidly-growing US industrial firms, such as railroads, who needed financial capital. The Drexel of Drexel, Morgan & Co. was Philadelphia banker Anthony J. Drexel, founder of what is now Drexel University. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_First_228_Peace_Memorial_Monument | The First 228 Peace Memorial Monument | Introduction | The First 228 Peace Memorial Monument | The First 228 Peace Memorial Monument (Chinese: 嘉義市二二八紀念公園二二八紀念碑) is a monument in East District, Chiayi City, Taiwan. It was built in 1989, which is the earliest 228 Peace Memorial Monument built in the island. It is the only 228 Peace Memorial Monument to have been built before the 1990s. It was built as a memorial of the February 28 Incident of 1947, in which more than 10,000 Taiwan residents were killed during an uprising against the government. The monument is one of the landmarks of Chiayi City. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talgat_Bigeldinov | Talgat Bigeldinov | Introduction | Talgat Bigeldinov | Talgat Jakypbekuly Bigeldinov (Kazakh: Талғат Жақыпбекұлы Бигелдинов, Russian: Талгат Якубекович Бегельдинов) was a ground-attack pilot during the Second World War and the only Kazakh who was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. He remained in the military after the war and reached the rank of lieutenant colonel before he transferred to the reserve. After Kazakhstan became independent from the Soviet Union he was promoted to the rank of Major-General. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramont-d%27Astarac | Miramont-d'Astarac | Introduction | Miramont-d'Astarac | Miramont-d'Astarac is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan | Grand Rapids, Michigan | Introduction | Grand Rapids, Michigan | Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan and the largest city in West Michigan. It is on the Grand River about 30 miles (48 km) east of Lake Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 188,040. In 2010, the Grand Rapids metropolitan area had a population of 1,005,648, and the combined statistical area of Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland had a population of 1,321,557. Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County.
A historic furniture-manufacturing center, Grand Rapids is home to five of the world's leading office furniture companies, and is nicknamed "Furniture City". Other nicknames include "River City" and more recently, "Beer City" (the latter given by USA Today and adopted by the city as a brand). The city and surrounding communities are economically diverse, based in the health care, information technology, automotive, aviation, and consumer goods manufacturing industries, among others.
Grand Rapids is the childhood home of U.S. President Gerald Ford, who is buried with his wife Betty on the grounds of the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in the city. The city's main airport and one of its freeways are also named after him. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taraval_and_40th_Avenue_station | Taraval and 40th Avenue station | Planned changes | Taraval and 40th Avenue station / Planned changes | Taraval and 40th Avenue is a light rail stop on the Muni Metro L Taraval line, located in the Parkside neighborhood of San Francisco, California. The station opened with the second section of the L Taraval line on January 14, 1923. | Like many stations on the line, Taraval and 40th Avenue has no platforms; trains stop at marked poles before the cross street, and passengers cross travel lanes to board. In March 2014, Muni released details of the proposed implementation of their Transit Effectiveness Project (later rebranded MuniForward), which included a variety of stop changes for the L Taraval line. The stops at 40th Avenue would be moved to the far side of the cross street as boarding islands, with a traffic signal with transit signal priority replacing the existing stop signs to prevent trains from stopping twice.
On September 20, 2016, the SFMTA Board approved the L Taraval Rapid Project. Construction will occur from 2018 to 2020. Boarding islands are planned to be built at 40th Avenue; contrary to the original plan, the stops will remain on the near side of the cross street. Early implementation of some project elements, including painted clear zones where the outbound boarding island will be located, was done in early 2017.
In response to merchants complaining about the loss of parking spaces to allow for boarding islands, the Board agreed to an experimental pilot program on the inbound side at five stops: 26th, 30th, 32nd, 35th, and 40th Avenues. Painted stripes and signage were added to indicate that vehicles should stop behind trains to allow passengers to board and alight safely. If 90% of vehicles were observed to stop behind trains, Muni would not construct inbound boarding islands at the five locations. The six-month testing period ran from April 3, 2017 to October 2017. In November 2017, the SFMTA released the results of the study: only 74% of drivers stopped safely behind trains, and boarding islands will be built (except at 35th Avenue, which was closed for operational reasons in 2018). Painted clear zones were added at the remaining four inbound stops in 2018.
Service was temporarily replaced by buses beginning on August 22, 2020, to allow construction of the L Taraval Rapid project. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Bingham | Henrietta Bingham | Helen Jacobs | Henrietta Bingham / Main partners / Helen Jacobs | Henrietta Bingham was a wealthy American journalist, newspaper executive and horse breeder. When she was twelve, she was present when her mother was killed in a road accident which traumatized the whole family. She subsequently developed a very close relationship with her father who took a long time to recognize her lesbianism although eventually he became reconciled to her sexuality. In the 1920s she became an anglophile flapper and she associated with the Bloomsbury Group. In 1935 she purchased and ran a Kentucky estate for breeding thoroughbred racehorses. Her 1954 marriage, after a succession of partners, men and women, was unsuccessful. | In 1934, the embassy held a reception for the U.S. Wightman Cup team. As a girl, Henrietta had been good at tennis and had won many trophies so she knew of Helen Jacobs, the leading member of the U.S. team who was daring enough to wear shorts on court. Henrietta set about attracting Jacobs and went to all her matches. The U.S team won easily but at the Wimbledon Championships Ladies' Singles Jacobs lost in the final to Dorothy Round, and then, according to the press, "rested ... with Miss Bingham ... at her [weekend] home in Sunningdale". After winning the 1934 U.S. Open, Jacobs sailed to Britain with Henrietta and stayed with her until she could rent her own apartment where she started writing a novel.
The two women spent the winter together with Jacobs taking up foxhunting, already a passion of Bingham's and becoming enraptured with her partner. On an occasion while the ambassador and his wife were away, Henrietta threw a party at the family residence – the Prince of Wales and Douglas Fairbanks Jr. were there – Jacobs wrote that it was a glorious success. Jacobs effectively became part of the Bingham household and she formed a good mutual friendship with Henrietta's father.
In 1935 the two women went to live together near Louisville while the ambassador and his wife stayed in London. Henrietta purchased a magnificent 450-acre country estate, called Harmony Landing, at Goshen intending to use it for breeding thoroughbred horses and pedigree dogs. By 1936 there was strong anti-Nazi feeling in Britain (and particularly in the Bingham family) so when Jacobs won her Wimbledon singles final against the German Hilde Sperling there was, according to the New York Times, "probably the most wholehearted ovation Wimbledon will ever know". Jacobs and Bingham were photographed together and were reported as being "almost inseparable". Robert Bingham resigned his ambassadorship shortly before his death in December 1937 but at his funeral in Kentucky the two women felt they had to stand away from each other because anti-homosexual attitudes were strengthening in America at this time. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montevallo | University of Montevallo | History | University of Montevallo / History | The University of Montevallo is a public university in Montevallo, Alabama. Founded in 1896, it is Alabama's only public liberal arts college and a member of the Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges. The University of Montevallo Historic District was established in 1979 and included 16 buildings on campus. It was expanded in 1990 to include 75 buildings total. | The main part of the campus was designed by the Olmsted brothers and the central part is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The university opened in October 1896 as the Alabama Girls' Industrial School (AGIS), a women-only technical school that also offered high school-level courses. AGIS became the Alabama Girls' Technical Institute in 1911, further adding "and College for Women" in 1919. The school gradually developed as a traditional degree-granting institution, becoming Alabama College, State College for Women in 1923.
The school effectively became coeducational after lobbying by the school's supporters resulted in the Alabama Legislature passing a bill on January 15, 1956 to remove the designation "State College for Women". The first men entered the school that same month. Its student body still maintains a 7:5 ratio of women to men.
In 1965, the board of trustees authorized President D.P. Culp to sign the Certificates of Assurance of Compliance with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In the fall of 1968, three African American women, Carolyn Burpo, Ruby Kennbrew and Dorothy (Lilly) Turner, enrolled in the university. On September 1, 1969, Alabama College was renamed the University of Montevallo.
The Alabama Girls' Industrial School was listed on the National Register in 1978. In 1990, the University of Montevallo Historic District was listed on the National Register, as an expansion.
Montevallo is in the geographic center of Alabama in an area rich with Civil War history. Many of the buildings on campus predate the founding of the college, including King House (reserved for special guests of the campus) and Reynolds Hall (used by the Theater Department and alumni relations). King House was reportedly the first home in Alabama to receive pane glass windows. With nearly 3,000 students, the university has a significant economic impact on the surrounding communities in Shelby County. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter | Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter | Mission profile | Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter / Mission profile | The Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter was a proposed NASA spacecraft designed to explore the icy moons of Jupiter. The main target was Europa, where an ocean of liquid water may harbor alien life. Ganymede and Callisto, which are now thought to have liquid, salty oceans beneath their icy surfaces, were also targets of interest for the probe. | Three launches were planned for May 2015 to LEO in order to assemble the two transfer stages and the probe. Transfer stages were designed to launch the probe on its trajectory to Jupiter during the launch window extending from late October 2015 to mid-January 2016.
During the first month of flight, the probe's main structures would be deployed, the nuclear reactor activated, and the thrusters tested. The interplanetary flight would have lasted until April 2021 (the ion engines were supposed to work two-thirds of the time).
Once the probe was in the influence area of Jupiter, the navigation would become more complex and difficult. The probe would have to use gravity assist maneuvers to enter orbit.
The probe would have studied Callisto and then Ganymede for three months each, and finally Europa for one month (studies of Io were also planned when the orbital conditions would have been favorable).
At the end of the mission in September 2025, the vehicle would have been parked in a stable orbit around Europa. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_genetics | Quantitative genetics | Full-sib crossing (FS) | Quantitative genetics / Relationship / Pedigree analysis / Full-sib crossing (FS) | Quantitative genetics deals with phenotypes that vary continuously —as opposed to discretely identifiable phenotypes and gene-products.
Both branches use the frequencies of different alleles of a gene in breeding populations, and combine them with concepts from simple Mendelian inheritance to analyze inheritance patterns across generations and descendant lines. While population genetics can focus on particular genes and their subsequent metabolic products, quantitative genetics focuses more on the outward phenotypes, and makes summaries only of the underlying genetics.
Due to the continuous distribution of phenotypic values, quantitative genetics must employ many other statistical methods to link phenotypes to genotypes. Some phenotypes may be analyzed either as discrete categories or as continuous phenotypes, depending on the definition of cut-off points, or on the metric used to quantify them. Mendel himself had to discuss this matter in his famous paper, especially with respect to his peas attribute tall/dwarf, which actually was "length of stem". | The diagram to the right shows that full sib crossing is a direct application of cross-Multiplier 1, with the slight modification that parents A and B repeat (in lieu of C and D) to indicate that individuals P1 and P2 have both of their parents in common—that is they are full siblings. Individual Y is the result of the crossing of two full siblings. Therefore, fY = fP1,P2 = (1/4) [ fAA + 2 fAB + fBB ] . Recall that fAA and fBB were defined earlier (in Pedigree analysis) as coefficients of parentage, equal to (1/2)[1+fA ] and (1/2)[1+fB ] respectively, in the present context. Recognize that, in this guise, the grandparents A and B represent generation (t-2) . Thus, assuming that in any one generation all levels of inbreeding are the same, these two coefficients of parentage each represent (1/2) [1 + f₍ₜ₋₂₎ ] .
Now, examine fAB . Recall that this also is fP1 or fP2 , and so represents their generation - f₍ₜ₋₁₎ . Putting it all together, fₜ = (1/4) [ 2 fAA + 2 fAB ] = (1/4) [ 1 + f₍ₜ₋₂₎ + 2 f₍ₜ₋₁₎ ] . That is the inbreeding coefficient for Full-Sib crossing . The graph to the left shows the rate of this inbreeding over twenty repetitive generations. The "repetition" means that the progeny after cycle t become the crossing parents that generate cycle (t+1 ), and so on successively. The graphs also show the inbreeding for random fertilization 2N=20 for comparison. Recall that this inbreeding coefficient for progeny Y is also the co-ancestry coefficient for its parents, and so is a measure of the relatedness of the two Fill siblings. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam | History of Islam | Crusades | History of Islam / Crusades | The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic and cultural developments of Islamic civilization. Most historians accept that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE. Muslims regard Islam as a return to the original faith of the prophets, such as Jesus, Solomon, David, Moses, Abraham, Noah and Adam, with the submission to the will of God.
According to tradition, in 610 CE, the Islamic Prophet Muhammad began receiving what Muslims consider to be divine revelations, calling for submission to the one God, the expectation of the imminent Last Judgement, and caring for the poor and needy. Muhammad's message won over a handful of followers and was met with increasing opposition from Meccan notables. In 622, a few years after losing protection with the death of his influential uncle Abu Talib, Muhammad migrated to the city of Yathrib. With Muhammad's death in 632, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community during the Rashidun Caliphate.
By the 8th century, the Umayyad Caliphate extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east. | Beginning in the 8th century, the Iberian Christian kingdoms had begun the Reconquista aimed at retaking Al-Andalus from the Moors. In 1095, Pope Urban II, inspired by the conquests in Spain by Christian forces and implored by the eastern Roman emperor to help defend Christianity in the East, called for the First Crusade from Western Europe which captured Edessa, Antioch, County of Tripoli and Jerusalem.
In the early period of the Crusades, the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem emerged and for a time controlled Jerusalem. The Kingdom of Jerusalem and other smaller Crusader kingdoms over the next 90 years formed part of the complicated politics of the Levant, but did not threaten the Islamic Caliphate nor other powers in the region. After Shirkuh ended Fatimid rule in 1169, uniting it with Syria, the Crusader kingdoms were faced with a threat, and his nephew Saladin reconquered most of the area in 1187, leaving the Crusaders holding a few ports.
In the Third Crusade armies from Europe failed to recapture Jerusalem, though Crusader states lingered for several decades, and other crusades followed. The Christian Reconquista continued in Al-Andalus, and was eventually completed with the fall of Granada in 1492. During the low period of the Crusades, the Fourth Crusade was diverted from the Levant and instead took Constantinople, leaving the Eastern Roman Empire (now the Byzantine Empire) further weakened in their long struggle against the Turkish peoples to the east. However, the crusaders did manage to damage Islamic caliphates; according to William of Malmesbury, preventing them from further expansion into Christendom and being targets of the Mamluks and the Mongols. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_antenna | Parabolic antenna | Introduction | Parabolic antenna | A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved surface with the cross-sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. The most common form is shaped like a dish and is popularly called a dish antenna or parabolic dish. The main advantage of a parabolic antenna is that it has high directivity. It functions similarly to a searchlight or flashlight reflector to direct the radio waves in a narrow beam, or receive radio waves from one particular direction only. Parabolic antennas have some of the highest gains, meaning that they can produce the narrowest beamwidths, of any antenna type. In order to achieve narrow beamwidths, the parabolic reflector must be much larger than the wavelength of the radio waves used, so parabolic antennas are used in the high frequency part of the radio spectrum, at UHF and microwave (SHF) frequencies, at which the wavelengths are small enough that conveniently-sized reflectors can be used.
Parabolic antennas are used as high-gain antennas for point-to-point communications, in applications such as microwave relay links that carry telephone and television signals between nearby cities, wireless WAN/LAN links for data communications, satellite communications and spacecraft communication antennas. They are also used in radio telescopes.
The other large use of parabolic antennas is for radar antennas, in which there is a need to transmit a narrow beam of radio waves to locate objects like ships, airplanes, and guided missiles, and often for weather detection. With the advent of home satellite television receivers, parabolic antennas have become a common feature of the landscapes of modern countries.
The parabolic antenna was invented by German physicist Heinrich Hertz during his discovery of radio waves in 1887. He used cylindrical parabolic reflectors with spark-excited dipole antennas at their focus for both transmitting and receiving during his historic experiments. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravur_Lake | Paravur Lake | Introduction | Paravur Lake | Paravur Kayal is a lake in Paravur, Kollam district, Kerala, India, Although it is small, with an area of only 6.62 km², it is the end point of the Ithikkara River and part of the system of lakes and canals that make up the Kerala Backwaters. It has been connected to Edava and Ashtamudi Kayal as part of the Trivandrum - Shoranur canal system since the late 19th century. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Brown_(author) | Carrie Brown (author) | Introduction | Carrie Brown (author) | Carrie Brown (born May 29, 1959) is an American novelist. She is the author of seven novels and a collection of short stories. Her most recent novel, The Stargazer's Sister, was published by Pantheon Books in January 2016. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_humid_period | African humid period | Fluctuations | African humid period / Fluctuations | The African humid period is a climate period in Africa during the late Pleistocene and Holocene geologic epochs, when northern Africa was wetter than today. The covering of much of the Sahara desert by grasses, trees and lakes was caused by changes in Earth's orbit around the Sun; changes in vegetation and dust in the Sahara which strengthened the African monsoon; and increased greenhouse gases, which may, or may not, imply that anthropogenic global warming could result in a shrinkage of the Sahara desert.
During the preceding last glacial maximum, the Sahara contained extensive dune fields and was mostly uninhabited. It was much larger than today, but its lakes and rivers such as Lake Victoria and the White Nile were either dry or at low levels. The humid period began about 14,600–14,500 years ago at the end of Heinrich event 1, simultaneously to the Bølling-Allerød warming. Rivers and lakes such as Lake Chad formed or expanded, glaciers grew on Mount Kilimanjaro and the Sahara retreated. Two major dry fluctuations occurred; during the Younger Dryas and the short 8.2 kiloyear event. The African humid period ended 6,000–5,000 years ago during the Piora Oscillation cold period. | Some gaps with less precipitation took place during the late glacial and the Holocene. During the Younger Dryas 12,500–11,500 years ago, the North Atlantic and Europe became much colder again and there was a phase of drought in the area of the African humid period, extending over both East Africa, where lake levels dropped in many places, southern Africa and West Africa. The dry interval extended to India and the Mediterranean where dune activity occurred in the Negev. At the end of the Younger Dryas, precipitation, lake levels and river runoff increased again, although south of the equator the return of humid conditions was slower than the relatively abrupt change to its north.
Another dry phase took place about 8,200 years ago, spanning East Africa and Northern Africa as documented by various lines of evidence such as decreased water levels in lakes. It coincided with cooling in the Northern Atlantic, in surrounding landmasses such as Greenland and around the world; the drought may be related to the 8.2 kiloyear event. The 8,200 year event has also been noted in the Maghreb, where it is associated with a transition of the Capsian culture as well as with cultural changes both in the Sahara and the Mediterranean; at the Gobero cemetery a population change occurred after this dry interruption. This episode appears to have been caused by the draining of ice-dammed lakes in North America although a low latitude origin has also been suggested.
Cooling of the Northern Atlantic during Heinrich event 1 and the Younger Dryas associated with a weaker Atlantic meridional overturning circulation leads to atmospheric pressure anomalies that shift the Tropical Easterly Jet and precipitation belts south, making Northern Africa drier.
Storm tracks shift north away from the Mediterranean. Earlier Heinrich events were also accompanied by drought in North Africa. Likewise, a weakening of moisture transport and a less eastward position of the Congo Air Boundary contributed to reducing precipitation in East Africa although some parts of southern Africa at Lake Malawi were wetter during the Younger Dryas.
Many humidity fluctuations in the early Holocene appear to be caused by the discharge of meltwater from the Laurentide Ice Sheet into the Atlantic, which weakens the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Some dry periods in marine cores in the Gulf of Guinea appear to coincide with events recorded in Greenland ice cores. Other variations in precipitation observed in records have been attributed to solar activity changes, water levels of Lake Turkana for example appear to reflect the 11-year solar cycle.
In Lake Turkana, water level fluctuations took place between 8,500 and 4,500 years before present, with highstands before 8,400, around 7,000 and between 5,500 and 5,000 and lowstands around 8,000, 10,000 and 12,000 years before present. The highstands appear to be controlled by sea surface temperature patterns in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, but also by overflow of water from Lake Suguta and the Chew Bahir basins into Lake Turkana, which themselves received water from additional lakes. Volcanic and tectonic phenomena occur at Lake Turkana, but do not have the magnitude required to explain large changes in lake level. Water level fluctuations have also been inferred for Lake Chad on the basis of pollen data, especially towards the end of the AHP. In the Taoudenni lake fluctuations of about a quarter-millennium have been recorded and frequent droughts occurred in the Eastern Sahara.
Other variations appear to have occurred 9,500 – 9,000 and 7,400 – 6,800 as well as 10,200, 8,200, 6,600 and 6,000 years before present; they were accompanied by decreased population density in parts of the Sahara, and other dry interludes in Egypt have been noted 9,400 – 9,300, 8,800 – 8,600, 7,100 – 6,900 and 6,100 – 5,900 years ago. The duration and severity of dry events is difficult to reconstruct. During dry episodes, humans might have headed to waterbodies which still had resources, and cultural changes in the central Sahara have been linked to |
en | wit-train-topic-005272511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Chennai_Corporation | Greater Chennai Corporation | Parks and open green spaces | Greater Chennai Corporation / Functions / Parks and open green spaces | The Chennai Municipal Corporation, is the civic body that governs the city of Chennai, India. Inaugurated on 29 September 1688, under a Royal Charter issued by King James II on 30 December 1687 as the Corporation of Madras, it is the oldest municipal body of the Commonwealth of Nations outside Great Britain. It is among the oldest municipalities in Asia after Daman Municipality, which was establishedd in 1588. It is headed by a mayor, who presides over 200 councillors each of whom represents one of the 200 wards of the city. It is the second oldest city civic body in the world after the City of London. | Chennai has one of the lowest per capita green space in the country. As of 2012, It has only about 0.46 square metres per city dweller. According to the development rules, when plots measuring more than 10,000 square metres are developed, 10% of the area must be reserved as open space and gifted to the local bodies, and in plots measuring between 3,000 and 10,000 square metres, if gifting of 10% of the area as open space is not possible, cash equivalent can be paid. The money thus collected is utilized to develop the landscaping in the city.
Since 1976, the Chennai Corporation has been collecting OSR charges and taking possession of land under the open space reservation rules. But so far it has not revealed what the total amount of land and cash collected. Data shows that since 2002, about 1.85 million square feet of land has been acquired.
The Corporation maintains 260 public parks, 154 traffic islands, and 103 centre medians on major roads. Since the formation of the Corporation until 1947, the corporation had maintained 18 public play fields. As of 2012, the Corporation maintains 228 play fields, 234 gymnasiums, 4 shuttles indoor stadium, 1 basketball indoor stadium, and 2 swimming pools. Of the 228 play fields, about 14 have been designated as star play ground with facilities such as courts for football, tennis, volleyball, ball badminton, and basketball. The gymnasiums are used by about 50 to 100 people every day. Indoor shuttle courts are located in Mandaiveli, R. R. Colony in Jafferkhanpet, Karpagam Avenue in Mylapore, and Nungambakkam. A basketball indoor stadium is located in Kilpauk Gardens. Swimming pools are located in Marina Beach and My Lady's Park. Skating rinks are located in Anna Nagar, Shenoy Nagar, Nungambakkam, Marina Beach, K. K. Nagar and T. Nagar. The Corporation also maintains beaches within the city.
There are about 13,787 lights installed and maintained in the park and play fields by the Corporation. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itamar_Willner | Itamar Willner | Introduction | Itamar Willner | Itamar Willner FRSC is an Israeli chemist who has been a Professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem since 1986.
He completed his PhD in Physical Organic Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1978.
He was awarded the Israel Prize in Chemistry in 2002. He has an h-index of 139. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Font_Jim%C3%A9nez | Deborah Font Jiménez | Introduction | Deborah Font Jiménez | Deborah Font Jimenez (born 6 September 1985 in El Vendrell, Tarragona) is a swimmer from Spain. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%A1_Hora | Červená Hora | Introduction | Červená Hora | Červená Hora (German: Rothenburg) is a village and municipality in Náchod District in the Hradec Králové Region of the Czech Republic. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Colombian_National_Police | History of the Colombian National Police | Late 1990s improvement drive | History of the Colombian National Police / Late 1990s improvement drive | This is the history of the Colombian National Police, for further reading see history of Colombia. | After some of its members were accused of being involved in many corruption cases, including guerrilla collaboration, paramilitarism and the cleansing of the leftist Patriotic Union Party, among other cases, the corruption generated by the drug cartels illegal money or other criminal activities, also fueled by the successive weak presidencies, the Colombian National Police became untrusted by the general population of Colombia, the country was facing an intense conflict or a full scale civil war.
To prevent this situation the institution began a process of change focusing on reinvigorating the values and principles of the institution mostly led by General Rosso Jose Serrano. Colombia's problems were demanding a strong government with strong institutions to face the numerous violations to the constitution and the population in general. The first steps towards this path was the deputarion process of bad policemen inside the force and targeting the major criminal organizations. The institution also focused on providing better benefits for the Policemen and their families and a particular effort to reinstate the trust of the community on the Police force emphasizing on preventing crime, educating the population and the policemen on cordial relationship, neighbor watch, cooperation with solidarity and community development.
Since 1995 the National Police began to change norms, structures and standard operating procedures, essentially on policemen judgment towards accomplishing missions and emphasizing on those who are willing to work with self-less service, integrity, leadership and vision of improving the population in general.
The National Police continues to have some corruption and human rights problems but the improvement has been considerably positive including the formation and education of personnel in other countries law enforcement institutions and educational institutions through cooperation agreements. The institution is also highly involved in the Plan Colombia. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_with_the_Axis_Powers | Collaboration with the Axis Powers | Central Asia | Collaboration with the Axis Powers / Collaboration by country / Soviet Union / Central Asia | Within nations occupied by the Axis powers in World War II, some citizens and organizations, prompted by nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-communism, antisemitism, opportunism, self-defense, or often a combination, knowingly collaborated with the Axis Powers. Some of these collaborators committed war crimes, crimes against humanity, or atrocities of the Holocaust.
Collaboration has been defined as cooperation between elements of the population of a defeated state and representatives of a victorious power. Stanley Hoffmann subdivided collaboration into involuntary and voluntary. According to Hoffmann, collaborationism can be subdivided into "servile" and "ideological"; the former is deliberate service to an enemy, whereas the latter is deliberate advocacy of cooperation with a foreign force which is seen as a champion of desirable domestic transformations. In contrast, Bertram Gordon uses the terms "collaborator" and "collaborationist", respectively, in reference to non-ideological and ideological collaborations. | Although Turkic peoples had been perceived initially as "racially inferior" by the Nazis, this attitude officially already changed in autumn 1941, when, in view of the difficulties faced in their invasion of the Soviet Union, the Nazis attempted to harness the anti-Russian sentiment of Turkic peoples in Soviet Union for political gain. The first Turkestan Legion was mobilized in May 1942.
The East Battalions contained between 275,000 and 350,000 "Muslim and Caucasian" volunteers and conscripts. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-layer_chromatography | Thin-layer chromatography | Separation process and principle | Thin-layer chromatography / Technique / Separation process and principle | Thin-layer chromatography is a chromatography technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures. Thin-layer chromatography is performed on a sheet of glass, plastic, or aluminium foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminium oxide, or cellulose. This layer of adsorbent is known as the stationary phase.
After the sample has been applied on the plate, a solvent or solvent mixture is drawn up the plate via capillary action. Because different analytes ascend the TLC plate at different rates, separation is achieved. The mobile phase has different properties from the stationary phase. For example, with silica gel, a very polar substance, non-polar mobile phases such as heptane are used. The mobile phase may be a mixture, allowing chemists to fine-tune the bulk properties of the mobile phase.
After the experiment, the spots are visualized. Often this can be done simply by projecting ultraviolet light onto the sheet; the sheets are treated with a phosphor, and dark spots appear on the sheet where compounds absorb the light impinging on a certain area. | Different compounds in the sample mixture travel at different rates due to the differences in their attraction to the stationary phase and because of differences in solubility in the solvent. By changing the solvent, or perhaps using a mixture, the separation of components (measured by the Rf value) can be adjusted. Also, the separation achieved with a TLC plate can be used to estimate the separation of a flash chromatography column. (A compound elutes from a column when the amount of solvent collected is equal to 1/Rf.) Chemists often use TLC to develop a protocol for separation by chromatography and use TLC to determine which fractions contain the desired compounds.
Separation of compounds is based on the competition of the solute and the mobile phase for binding sites on the stationary phase. For instance, if normal-phase silica gel is used as the stationary phase, it can be considered polar. Given two compounds that differ in polarity, the more polar compound has a stronger interaction with the silica and is, therefore, better able to displace the mobile phase from the available binding sites. As a consequence, the less polar compound moves higher up the plate (resulting in a higher Rf value). If the mobile phase is changed to a more polar solvent or mixture of solvents, it becomes better at binding to the polar plate and therefore displacing solutes from it, so all compounds on the TLC plate will move higher up the plate. It is commonly said that "strong" solvents (eluents) push the analyzed compounds up the plate, whereas "weak" eluents barely move them. The order of strength/weakness depends on the coating (stationary phase) of the TLC plate. For silica gel-coated TLC plates, the eluent strength increases in the following order: perfluoroalkane (weakest), hexane, pentane, carbon tetrachloride, benzene/toluene, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, acetone, 2-propanol/n-butanol, water, methanol, triethylamine, acetic acid, formic acid (strongest). For C18-coated plates the order is reverse. In other words, when the stationary phase is polar and the mobile phase is nonpolar, the method is normal-phase as opposed to reverse-phase. This means that if a mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane as the mobile phase is used, adding more ethyl acetate results in higher Rf values for all compounds on the TLC plate. Changing the polarity of the mobile phase will normally not result in reversed order of running of the compounds on the TLC plate. An eluotropic series can be used as a guide in selecting a mobile phase. If a reversed order of running of the compounds is desired, an apolar stationary phase should be used, such as C18-functionalized silica. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Brothers_(builders_merchant) | Elliott Brothers (builders merchant) | Elliott Brothers Ltd | Elliott Brothers (builders merchant) / Elliott Brothers Ltd | Elliott Brothers is a builders' merchant based in Southampton, United Kingdom. The company's headquarters is in Millbank Street, Northam and it has a chain of outlets in and around Hampshire and Dorset. It also operates an online tool warehouse that serves the whole of the United Kingdom. Elliott Brothers and Elliotts Premier Roofing constitute the two components of the holding company, Elliott Brothers Limited.
The company can trace its origins to October 1840 when 26-year-old Thomas Elliott took over the Southampton business of Robert Young who had died earlier in the year. Young's business had been based at Godfrey's Town on the banks of the River Itchen about 0.5 km south-west of the headquarters of the present-day company. Within five years Thomas had purchased a nearby cement works and had extended the range of products sold to include cement, lime, bricks, chimneypieces and many other items. Over the ensuing 40 years until his death in 1886 Thomas continued to expand the firm though at a slower rate. Meanwhile, his brother John was involved with the building and restoration of several churches around Southampton and in Sussex until his death in 1891. | In 1901, Elliott Brothers became a limited company and, as shown in the Articles of Association, the firm's activities were manifold. The products supplied included coal, coke, cement, lime, plaster, whiting, bricks, tiles, pottery, ironmongery and timber. Nevertheless, the sale of Welsh slates continued to be a speciality as it had been since Robert Young's time. In addition to the property mentioned in the report of the previous year the company owned a number of ships and barges. The shareholders were the brothers Frank, Walter, Frederick Elliott, their mother, Mary, and their only sister, Lillian. Frederick had previously been running a timber company in London and brought his business with him to Southampton. At the first board meeting, held at Millbank Wharf, Frank and Walter Elliott were appointed joint managing directors. Meanwhile, another brother, Edgar, was running the Southampton brewery that he had inherited from his father. He had married Emily Gale in 1888 and their first son, Mason Elliott, was born in 1890.
It was during the 30 years from 1891 to 1921 that Southampton's saw its steepest rise in population, increasing from 85,000 in 1891 to 160,000 in 1921. The consequent expansion in house-building during those 30 years – particularly in the town's northern suburbs – stimulated a proportionate increase in Elliotts' business, particularly after its incorporation in 1901.
In 1908, Edgar Elliott's son, Mason, joined the company. On 14 May 1918, Frank Elliott died and his younger brother, Walter, became sole managing director of Elliott Brothers Ltd and, in 1920, Mason was elected to the board. One of Walter's first decisions was to terminate manufacture of cement and lime, an occupation that had been carried on from the earliest days of the company. In December that year, the company purchased the Bishop's Waltham Brickworks of Blanchard & Co Ltd. The Blanchard episode is related in a separate section.
During the 1920s, about 9,400 new houses were built in Southampton. To meet the resulting demand for building materials, Elliotts extended their Millbank premises and acquired an adjacent corn store. In 1924, the firm took a controlling interest in the Guernsey slate and cement dealers, Valpied Ltd. But their presence in Guernsey was not to last long.
The wharf adjacent to the Millbank premises had been a useful asset to the company, particularly for the import coal, slates, sea-sand and timber and of coal and coke. Although the sale of coal was discontinued in 1923, the need for a wharf remained as great as ever. In 1925, after a proposal to enlarge it proved too costly, a small jetty was built to extend it.
On the night of 14 June 1927, a fire broke out in the Millbank timber sheds. The fire it did not extend to the other building but the firm's only lorry was destroyed. Losses for buildings, the lorry and stock amounted to over £10,000. Four new timber sheds were soon built and, during the next few years, several lorries were purchased to replace not only the burnt out one but also the horse-drawn carts that had previously been used.
Frederick Elliott died on 26 October 1928. At a subsequent meeting of the board it was decided that the chairmanship which, since 1918 had rotated amongst members, should in future be held permanently by Walter Elliott. At the same meeting Mason Elliott's brother, Christopher, was elected to the board.
During the 1930s, by acting as agents to various companies, the company added to the range of products it supplied. New items included wood-fibre sheets, bitumen damp courses, steel scaffolding, and clay roofing tiles from France and Belgium. Items such as these contributed to annual sales figures that, during the years 1934–39, annual sales regularly exceeded £50,000.
On 23 May 1935, Walter Elliott died. His 51 years of service with the company had only been interrupted by his wartime service in the Territorial Army during which he had reached the rank of Major. At a board meeting during the following month his nephew, Mason Elliott, was elected managing director. Like his unc |
en | wit-train-topic-005272531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosa_hamata | Mimosa hamata | Introduction | Mimosa hamata | Mimosa hamata (Hindi:Alāy shrub (अलाय) is a species of flowering shrub in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is native to the Thar desert of the Indian subcontinent. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment_Sasolburg | Regiment Sasolburg | Unit Insignia | Regiment Sasolburg / Unit Insignia | Sasolburg Regiment was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve. | |
en | wit-train-topic-005272536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansett_Airlines_Flight_232 | Ansett Airlines Flight 232 | Introduction | Ansett Airlines Flight 232 | Ansett Airlines Flight 232, on Wednesday, 15 November 1972, was a trip from Adelaide, South Australia aboard a Fokker Friendship bound for Alice Springs, Northern Territory. It was Australia's second aircraft hijacking (after the first in 1960), and resulted in the perpetrator's death by suicide.
A male passenger, subsequently identified as Miloslav Hrabinec, a Czech migrant, had boarded the flight in Adelaide with a concealed sawn-off .22 ArmaLite rifle and a sheath knife strapped to his leg. About a half-hour before the scheduled landing time, as the flight was making its descent into Alice Springs Airport, he emerged from the lavatory, produced the gun and said to a flight attendant named Kaye Goreham, "This is a hijack". Hrabinec then forced his way into the cockpit, however the captain informed Hrabinec that he was unable to speak to him as he was too busy landing the plane. Hrabinec was informed by Goreham that he needed to be seated for landing and he complied. After the plane landed police commenced negotiations with the hijacker. According to Goreham's account, Hrabinec stated his motive was not financial (he asked for no money) but that he wanted to commit suicide in a spectacular way by parachuting into a remote location and surviving for as long as he could before killing himself. To this end he demanded a light aircraft, a parachute and a jumpsuit.
A civilian pilot and flying instructor, the local Aero Club manager Ossie Watts, volunteered himself and his Cessna aircraft. An undercover police constable Paul Sandeman, posing as Watts' navigator, was also on board the Cessna. According to Kaye Goreham, Hrabinec became suspicious upon seeing Sandeman and requested Goreham search Sandeman for weapons. Goreham did so but did not inform the hijacker when she felt a small firearm Sandeman had hidden. Goreham states that the policeman "went for his gun" and the hijacker shot Sandeman in the hand and stomach. The hijacker ran off and Watts, who had been shown how to use a gun minutes earlier, began shooting. Police marksmen also opened fire and Hrabinec was wounded. Hrabinec then retreated to a ditch where he fatally shot himself.
Constable Sandeman was awarded the Queen's Commendation for Bravery. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattiyoorkavu_(State_Assembly_constituency) | Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency) | Introduction | Vattiyoorkavu (State Assembly constituency) | Vattiyoorkavu State assembly constituency (Malayalam: വട്ടിയൂര്ക്കാവ് നിയമസഭാ നിയോജക മണ്ഡലം) is one of the 140 state legislative assembly constituencies in Kerala. It is also one of the 7 state legislative assembly constituencies included in the Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency.
As of the 2019 assembly by-elections, the current MLA is V. K. Prasanth of CPI(M). |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Cape_Ray_(T-AKR-9679) | MV Cape Ray (T-AKR-9679) | Introduction | MV Cape Ray (T-AKR-9679) | The 648-foot roll-on/roll-off and container ship MV Cape Ray (T-AKR-9679), built in 1977, was previously known as MV Saudi Makkah and MV Seaspeed Asia. She can carry 1,315 containers and has both bow and stern thrusters.
After being acquired on 29 April 1994, MV Cape Ray (T-AKR-9679) was in the Ready Reserve Force. She is generally used to transport vehicles to war zones from the United States. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_National_Bank_(Huntsville,_Alabama) | First National Bank (Huntsville, Alabama) | Introduction | First National Bank (Huntsville, Alabama) | The First National Bank is a historic bank building in Huntsville, Alabama. The temple-form Greek Revival structure was built in 1835–1836. Designed by locally famous architect George Steele, it occupies a prominent position, facing the courthouse square and sitting on a bluff directly above the Big Spring. It was the longest-serving bank building in Alabama, operating until 2010 when Regions Bank moved their downtown branch to a new location. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnamah_Historical_Society | Carnamah Historical Society | Museum | Carnamah Historical Society / Museum | The Carnamah Historical Society collects, records, preserves and promotes the history of Carnamah, a town and farming community in the Mid West region of Western Australia.
The society was formed in 1983, began a museum in 1992 and established itself online in 2003. It was subsequently profiled at the joint national conference of Museums Australia and Interpretation Australia in Perth in 2011. Its online content also resulted in Carnamah being featured at the National Museum of Australia in Canberra.
The society is an institutional member of Museums Australia, an affiliate of the Royal Western Australian Historical Society and was the first Australian listing with the Society for One-Place Studies. At the RWAHS State History Conference in 2010 it was the recipient of the inaugural Affiliated Societies Merit Award for being a "dynamic, but very different society".
The society was the 2015 winner for contribution by a community-based organisation in the Western Australian Heritage Awards, which are conducted annually by the Heritage Council of Western Australia. | In 1992 the society established the Carnamah Museum near the centre of the Carnamah townsite. The museum contains a diverse collection of objects, tools, machinery, photographs and ephemera relating to Carnamah’s social, domestic, commercial and agricultural past.
In 2010 the society received a grant of $171,500 from Lotterywest to finance the extension of its museum. Additional financial and in-kind contributions were received from various sources including the Royalties for Regions Regional Grants Scheme and the Shire of Carnamah. The extension included the installation of a "Window to the Past" where an enlarged historic photograph of Carnamah's main street was fitted into an old window cavity (creating the illusion of looking through the window and into the past). The extended museum was officially opened on 15 September 2012 by Grant Woodhams, M.L.A. for Moore. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mogford | John Mogford | Life | John Mogford / Life | John Mogford was an English landscape painter. | Mogford's background was in Devon. He studied at the Somerset House Government School of Design, and then exhibited at the Royal Academy, British Institution and Suffolk Street Gallery. He lived in Hampstead, and became a member of the Institute of Painters in Watercolours, where he was known for his Cornish landscapes.
Mogford taught at the Maddox Street art school, where his pupils included Emily Mary Osborn. He married a daughter of Francis Danby. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wangchuck | House of Wangchuck | Nationhood under the Wangchucks | House of Wangchuck / History / Nationhood under the Wangchucks | The House of Wangchuck has ruled Bhutan since it was reunified in 1907. Prior to reunification, the Wangchuck family had governed the district of Trongsa as descendants of Dungkar Choji. They eventually overpowered other regional lords and earned the favour of the British Empire. After consolidating power, the 12th Penlop of Trongsa Gongsar Ugyen Wangchuck was elected Druk Gyalpo, thus founding the royal house. The position of Druk Gyalpo is more commonly known in English as King of Bhutan.
The Wangchuck dynasty ruled government power in Bhutan and established relations with the British Empire and India under its first two monarchs. The third, fourth, and fifth monarchs have put the kingdom on its path toward democratization, decentralization, and development. | The 12th Trongsa Penlop, Ugyen Wangchuck, firmly in power and advised by Kazi Ugyen Dorji, accompanied the British expedition to Tibet as an invaluable intermediary, earning his first British knighthood. Penlop Ugyen Wangchuck further garnered knighthood in the KCIE in 1905. Meanwhile, the last officially recognized Shabdrung and Druk Desi had died in 1903 and 1904, respectively. As a result, a power vacuum formed within the already dysfunctional dual system of government. Civil administration had fallen to the hands of Penlop Ugyen Wangchuck, and in November 1907 he was unanimously elected hereditary monarch by an assembly of the leading members of the clergy, officials, and aristocratic families. His ascendency to the throne ended the traditional dual system of government in place for nearly 300 years. The title Penlop of Trongsa – or Penlop of Chötse, another name for Trongsa – continued to be held by crown princes.
As King of Bhutan, Ugyen Wangchuck secured the Treaty of Punakha (1910), under which Britain guaranteed Bhutan's independence, granted Bhutanese Royal Government a stipend, and took control of Bhutanese foreign relations. After his coronation, Uygen further merited the British Delhi Durbar Gold Medal in 1911; the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI) in 1911; and the Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) in 1921. King Ugyen Wangchuck died in 1926.
The reign of the Second King Jigme Wangchuck (1926–1952) was characterized by an increasingly powerful central government and the beginnings of infrastructure development. Bhutan also established its first diplomatic relations with India under the bilateral Treaty of Friendship, largely patterned after the prior Treaty of Punakha.
The Third King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (r. 1952–1972) ascended the throne at the age of 16, having been educated in England and India. During the reign of the Third King, Bhutan began further political and legal reforms and started to open to the outside world. Notably, the Third King was responsible for establishing a unicameral National Assembly in 1953 and establishing relations with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1958. Under Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, Bhutan also modernized its legal codes. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suva | Suva | Demographics | Suva / Demographics | Suva is the capital and largest metropolitan city in Fiji. It is located on the southeast coast of the island of Viti Levu, in the Rewa Province, Central Division.
In 1877, it was decided to make Suva the capital of Fiji, as the geography of former main European settlement at Levuka on the island of Ovalau, Lomaiviti province proved too restrictive. The administration of the colony was moved from Levuka to Suva in 1882.
At the 2017 census, the city of Suva had a population of 93,970. Including independent suburbs, the population of the Greater Suva urban area was 185,913 at the 2017 census. Suva, along with the bordering towns of Lami, Nasinu, and Nausori, have a total urban population of around 330,000, over a third of the nation's population. This urban complex is known also as the Suva-Nausori corridor.
Suva is the political, economic, and cultural centre of Fiji. It is also the economic and cultural capital of the South Pacific, hosting the majority of regional headquarters of major corporations, as well as international agencies and diplomatic missions in the region. | Suva is a multiracial and multicultural city. Indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians, the two principal ethnic groups of Fiji, comprise the bulk of Suva's population, and the city is home to the majority of Fiji's ethnic minority populations, which include Rotumans, Lauans, Rambians, Caucasians (Europeans or Kaivalagi), part-Europeans (of European and Fijian descent), or Kailoma" and Chinese, amongst others. The most widely spoken language is English, but Fijian, Hindustani, and other languages are also spoken by their respective communities.
Suva boasts having representation of all major indigenous Pacific groups, and is sometimes referred to as the “New York of the Pacific". The city's reputation as a major economic centre in the region, and also its hosting of the University of the South Pacific's main campus has led to an influx of Pacific migrants who study, work and live in the city and its boroughs. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_Rugby_World_Cup | United States at the Rugby World Cup | 2011 Rugby World Cup | United States at the Rugby World Cup / Individual tournaments: 1987 to present / 2011 Rugby World Cup | The United States has played in all but one Rugby World Cup since the inaugural tournament in 1987.
The USA is the second strongest national rugby side in North America, and the third strongest in the Americas after Argentina and Canada.
The U.S. has played in seven World Cups from the inaugural 1987 tournament to the most recent one in 2019 -- all but the 1995 World Cup. The team's best result so far has been to win one game -- which they accomplished in 1987, 2003, and 2011. | Chris Wyles was the USA's leading scorer of the 2011 tournament with 18 points (1 try, 3 penalties, 2 conversions).
Mike Petri, Paul Emerick, and JJ Gagiano each scored 5 points (1 try) for the US.
30 Man Squad:
Hooker: Chris Biller, Phil Thiel, Brian McClenahan
Prop: Mike MacDonald, Mate Moeakiola, Shawn Pittman, Eric Fry
Lock: Hayden Smith, John van der Giessen
Loose: Todd Clever (c), Louis Stanfill, Nic Johnson, Scott LaValla, Patrick Danahy, JJ Gagiano, Inaki Basauri
Scrumhalf: Mike Petri, Tim Usasz
Flyhalf: Roland Suniula, Nese Malifa
Center: Andrew Suniula, Paul Emerick, Tai Enosa, Junior Sifa
Wing: Takudzwa Ngwyenya, James Paterson, Kevin Swiryn, Colin Hawley
Fullback: Chris Wyles, Blaine Scully
The Eagles showed tremendous fight and power in their World Cup opening match against Ireland. The Irish came out strong but the Eagles were stiff in defense. The Irish suffered from poor goal kicking and were only able to gain a 3–0 lead before finally scoring their first try at the 39' mark to take a 10-0 half-time lead. The Irish came out more ready to play in the second half but still ran into stiff Eagles defense. Ultimately the Irish scored two more tries to give a final tally of 22 points. The Eagles succeeded in frustrating Irish expectations to gain a bonus point with a full strength squad and managed to post 10 points led by an interception try on full-time by Paul Emerick.
The Eagles came into the World Cup with their measuring mark for success as being a win over Russia. The Eagles did not disappoint. Russia leaped out to an early 3–0 lead after a penalty goal from inside the 22 set up by a block on a Mike Petri box kick. The Americans took a 10–3 lead into the half after a break by Andrew Suniula set up a try for Mike Petri. The kicking duty fell upon Chris Wyles who capitalized on his first kick, a deep strike in poor conditions from the 10 meter line. Wyles was also successful on a conversion and with his last attempt at goal. He did, however, miss 3 kicks at goal and a drop goal. Russia would land once more on the board to snatch a bonus point from the match but fell to the final tally of USA 13–6 Russia. Both Wyles and Mike MacDonald had amazing matches as McDonald scooped up the man of the match accolades. The Eagles were absolutely dominant at the lineout winning 7 of Russia's 13 throws and winning all 12 of their own throws. The win elevated the Eagles back up to 17th in the IRB rankings and dropped Russia one spot to 21st.
For their third match the Eagles trotted out a squad with 14 changes from the one that met Russia, ensuring that each player on the roster received a cap in the tournament. Australia got on the board early with tries at the 7- and 10-minute marks, but the Eagles answered with a JJ Gagiano try at the 22nd minute that cut the deficit to 10–5. Australia quickly responded with two more tries to take a 22–5 lead into the half along with clinching a bonus point. In the second half the Wallabies jumped on the Eagles leading to the final result of 67–5. This was the worst defeat a US team has ever suffered to Australia.
The final match saw the Eagles playing for a 3rd-place finish in Pool C and an automatic qualification into the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The Eagles faced Italy (the Azzurri) and the scoring began early by the Azzurri, but the Eagles struck back with a Chris Wyles try and conversion to level the match 7-7. The Italians struck quickly with their second try, and scored their third try on the stroke of halftime to lead 20-10 at the half. Italy focused their second-half efforts on scoring a fourth try and the bonus point. The US second-half defense held for 25 minutes, but after tremendous pressure by the Italian scrum - which Italy dominated all match - the Azzurri got their fourth try and the bonus point in the 65th minute. That try and conversion were the only points for the Azzurri in the second half. The defeat marked the end of the 2011 Rugby World Cup and the 2011 season for the Eagles. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Fletcher | Kendall Fletcher | Introduction | Kendall Fletcher | Kendall Lorraine Fletcher (born November 6, 1984) is an American soccer defender who currently plays for Canberra United. She previously played for the Los Angeles Sol, St. Louis Athletica, and Sky Blue FC in the WPS. She has played for Vittsjo in the Swedish top-division Damallsvenskan as well as Melbourne Victory and Canberra United of the Australian W-League. She played for the United States women's national soccer team in 2009. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dent_de_Crolles | Dent de Crolles | Introduction | Dent de Crolles | The Dent de Crolles is a karstic mountain (2,062 m) of the Chartreuse Mountains range, 17 kilometres (11 miles) north east of Grenoble, Isère, France. It has a characteristic "tooth-like" profile and is easily recognizable in the Isère Valley (Grésivaudan) in the Grenoble area. Its name is derived from the town of Crolles, located next to the mountain. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272557 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alpheus_Higgs | William Alpheus Higgs | Career | William Alpheus Higgs / Career | William Alpheus Higgs was a London tea merchant who served as sheriff of London and Middlesex in 1887. He was a liveryman of several of the city's guilds and at the time of his death had been selected as a Radical candidate for a parliamentary constituency in north London. | Higgs was a partner in Barber & Company, tea merchants of London, Liverpool, Manchester, and Bristol. He also traded as William Alpheus Higgs & Company, tea, wine, and spirits importers and grocers with multiple premises in London. He was a liveryman of several of the city's guilds and in June 1887 was elected as a sheriff of London and Middlesex.
In the late 19th century he bought Willenhall House in Pricklers Hill, north London, from T. G. Waterhouse, and at the time of his death had been selected as a Radical candidate for a parliamentary constituency in the area. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esslingen_(Neckar)_station | Esslingen (Neckar) station | Entrance building | Esslingen (Neckar) station / Entrance building | Esslingen (Neckar) station is the most important station in the town of Esslingen am Neckar in the German state of Baden-Württemberg and is located 13.2 kilometres from Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof on the Fils Valley Railway. | Construction of the first single-storey station building in 1846 was probably led by George Morlok to a design by Michael Knoll. Knoll's design was in a simple style and a slim, eight-axis construction with a gable roof. On the city side there was an entranceway through an arcade.
In the 1880s, Esslingen had over 20,000 inhabitants and was the fourth largest city in Württemberg. Therefore, the state railway built a magnificent new entrance building in response to the otherwise frugal station. It was built from 1882 to 1883 in an Italian renaissance style. The building consists of an elongated 15-axis, single-story central building and two two-story wing buildings. The central section is preceded by a portico.
For the design of the entrance portal in the centre of the middle section, the architect was probably inspired by a Roman triumphal arch. The Württemberg coat of arms surrounded by oak leaves and laurels is clearly visible above the entrance. Above that is inscribed MDCCCLXXXIII (1883). On the buttress below is inscribed in large letters the word Bahnhof (station). The old station building, which stood at the end of the street of Bahnhofstraße was closed. Part of it was acquired by the Friedr. Dick Company, which rebuilt it on its factory premises as an office building. It were demolished in the late 1980s.
The entrance building was rehabilitated with energy-saving measures under the 2009 economic stimulus package. In addition to the platforms were made more accessible by lifts. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Francisco_Rodr%C3%ADguez | Ariel Francisco Rodríguez | Introduction | Ariel Francisco Rodríguez | Ariel Francisco Rodríguez Araya, known as Ariel Rodríguez (born September 27, 1989 in San José) is a professional Costa Rican footballer who plays for Ho Chi Minh City FC and the Costa Rica national football team as a forward. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shopay | Tom Shopay | Introduction | Tom Shopay | Thomas Michael Shopay (born February 21, 1945 in Bristol, Connecticut) is a former Major League Baseball player. Shopay was a left-handed hitter who played outfielder for the New York Yankees (1967, 1969) and Baltimore Orioles (1971–72, 1975–77). |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft | Theft | United States | Theft / By jurisdiction / United States | Theft is the taking of another person's property or services without that person's permission or consent with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it. The word theft is also used as an informal shorthand term for some crimes against property, such as burglary, embezzlement, larceny, looting, robbery, shoplifting, library theft or fraud. In some jurisdictions, theft is considered to be synonymous with larceny; in others, theft has replaced larceny. Someone who carries out an act of or makes a career out of theft is known as a thief.
Theft is the name of a statutory offence in California, Canada, England and Wales, Hong Kong, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and the Australian states of South Australia and Victoria. | In the United States, crimes must be prosecuted in the jurisdiction in which they occurred. Although federal and state jurisdiction may overlap, even when a criminal act violates both state and federal law, in most cases only the most serious offenses are prosecuted at the federal level.
The federal government has criminalized certain narrow categories of theft that directly affect federal agencies or interstate commerce. The Model Penal Code, promulgated by the American Law Institute to help state legislatures update and standardize their laws, includes categories of theft by unlawful taking or by unlawfully disposing of property, theft by deception (fraud), theft by extortion, theft by failure to take measures to return lost or mislaid or mistakenly delivered property, theft by receipt of stolen property, theft by failing to make agreed disposition of received funds, and theft of services.
Although many U.S. states have retained larceny as the primary offense, some have now adopted theft provisions.
Grand theft, also called grand larceny, is a term used throughout the United States designating theft that is large in magnitude or serious in potential penological consequences. Grand theft is contrasted with petty theft, also called petit theft, that is of smaller magnitude or lesser seriousness.
Theft laws, including the distinction between grand theft and petty theft for cases falling within its jurisdiction, vary by state. This distinction is established by statute, as are the penological consequences. Most commonly, statutes establishing the distinction between grand theft and petty theft do so on the basis of the value of the money or property taken by the thief or lost by the victim, with the dollar threshold for grand theft varying from state to state. Most commonly, the penological consequences of the distinction include the significant one that grand theft can be treated as a felony, while petty theft is generally treated as a misdemeanor.
In some states, grand theft of a vehicle may be charged as "grand theft auto" (see motor vehicle theft for more information).
Repeat offenders who continue to steal may become subject to life imprisonment in certain states.
Sometimes the federal anti-theft-of-government-property law 18 U.S.C. § 640 is used to prosecute cases where the Espionage Act would otherwise be involved; the theory being that by retaining sensitive information, the defendant has taken a 'thing of value' from the government. For examples, see the Amerasia case and United States v. Manning. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwittsmoor_(Hamburg_U-Bahn_station) | Kiwittsmoor (Hamburg U-Bahn station) | Introduction | Kiwittsmoor (Hamburg U-Bahn station) | Kiwittsmoor is a station on the Hamburg U-Bahn line U1. It was opened in May 1960 and is located in Hamburg, Germany, in the quarter of Langenhorn. Langenhorn is part of the borough of Hamburg-Nord. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85lesund | Ålesund | Transportation | Ålesund / Transportation | Ålesund is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal County, Norway. It is part of the traditional district of Sunnmøre and the centre of the Ålesund Region. The town of Ålesund is the administrative centre of Ålesund Municipality, as well as the principal shipping town of the Sunnmøre district. The town is a sea port and is noted for its concentration of Art Nouveau architecture. Although sometimes internationally spelled by its older name Aalesund, this spelling is obsolete in Norwegian. However, the local football club Aalesunds FK still carries that spelling, having been founded before the official change.
The 99-square-kilometre municipality is the 184th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Ålesund is the 13th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 66,258. The municipality's population density is 109.1 inhabitants per square kilometre and its population has increased by 12.1% over the previous 10-year period. | From Øye at the head of Hjørundfjorden, a road strikes south to the Nordfjorden, and from Maråk on Geirangerfjorden another strikes inland to Otta. The Rauma Line starts at Åndalsnes, 120 kilometres (75 mi) east of Ålesund, going to Dombås, then southwards on the Dovre Line to Lillehammer and Oslo. Ålesund is a port of call for passenger and freight vessels travelling between Bergen, Kingston upon Hull, Newcastle, Hamburg, and Trondheim, including the Hurtigruta (Norwegian Coastal Express) cruise ships, which arrive in Ålesund twice a day.
The town's airport, Ålesund Airport, Vigra, has several daily flights to/from Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, and Copenhagen. It used to have several weekly flights to/from Riga (Riga International Airport) (AirBaltic) and London (London Gatwick Airport) but these routes have since ceased. In November 2012 KLM announced it would fly to Ålesund 5 days a week from Amsterdam starting in April 2013.
Lately, there have been suggestions of a high-speed rail link to Oslo, Bergen, and Trondheim, as well as metro-style local services to meet the needs of the expanding population of the town. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Virginia_Scott | Alberta Virginia Scott | Introduction | Alberta Virginia Scott | Alberta Virginia Scott (c. 1875 — August 30, 1902) was an American educator. She was the first African-American graduate of Radcliffe College, in 1898. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Freight_Vehicle | High Speed Freight Vehicle | Introduction | High Speed Freight Vehicle | The High Speed Freight Vehicle was a generic term for a number of prototype four-wheeled rail vehicles which were fitted with various experimental suspensions developed by the British Rail Research Division in the late 1960s. The development was part of the investigation into the riding of vehicles and the interaction between wheel and rail.
HSFV1 was intended for fundamental empirical research into wheel-rail interaction and suspension dynamics to be better understood, following from work on wheel tread profiles. It was regularly run at speeds of up to 140 mph (225 km/h) on the Vehicles Laboratory's roller rig. It also performed at 90 mph whilst under test on the main line. Its suspension had two vertical coil springs and two vertical and one lateral hydraulic damper at each corner of the vehicle. This was at a time when few freight trains travelled at more than forty mph and most passenger trains averaged about seventy mph. It supported theories of vehicle design which led to most later designs of train.
A similar converted UIC long-wheelbase four-wheeled ferry van (HSFV4) was utilised for high-speed trials. HSFV4 had two coil springs with two 45-degree-inclined hydraulic dampers and a traction rod at each corner.
Although they were excellent riding vehicles in the railway of the day they were viewed as experimental only and far too expensive for widespread adoption. It was also thought that the sophisticated suspension would not stand up to the daily rigours to which freight vehicles were subjected.
However in the early 1970s these experiments resulted in ten covered air-braked vans (COV-AB) being fitted with Taperlite suspension consisting of a long double leaf spring and having hydraulic dampers inclined at 45 degrees to effect both vertical and lateral movement. On test these vehicles were capable of 90 mile/h (MPH) but in service were limited to 75 mile/h due to their running with other UIC long-link suspension vans. Ultimately they were converted to standard after a few years, except two examples. One of these was used by the R&DD on the Tribometer train and one by the DM&EE on their own test trains.
HSFV1 survived until recently in Serco stock at the RTC, but in May 2010 was moved out on its way to preservation. It was intended that it would eventually be displayed at the Electric Railway Museum in Coventry, but that museum is now closed. HSFV1 was donated to the APT-E preservation Group by Serco after the National Railway Museum chose not to preserve it, but NRM have recently relented and it is now displayed at Shildon alongside the restored APT-E, which after all benefitted from the fundamental research carried out into wheel/rail interaction with HSFV1.
HSFV4 is also still extant at the Eden Valley Railway where it is undergoing restoration.
A number of vehicles were produced, including HSFV1 and HSFV4, with various tests being carried out between 1975 and 1979. A variant of HSFV1 formed the basis for the suspension of the Class 140 Pacer railbus. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg | Mecklenburg | Coat of arms of the duchies of Mecklenburg | Mecklenburg / Coat of arms of the duchies of Mecklenburg | Mecklenburg is a historical region in northern Germany comprising the western and larger part of the federal-state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The largest cities of the region are Rostock, Schwerin, Neubrandenburg, Wismar and Güstrow.
The name Mecklenburg derives from a castle named "Mikilenburg", located between the cities of Schwerin and Wismar. In Slavic language it was known as Veligrad, which also means "big castle". It was the ancestral seat of the House of Mecklenburg; for a time the area was divided into Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz among the same dynasty.
Linguistically Mecklenburgers retain and use many features of Low German vocabulary or phonology.
The adjective for the region is Mecklenburgian; inhabitants are called Mecklenburgians. | The House of Mecklenburg was founded by Niklot, prince of the Obotrites, Chizzini and Circipani on the Baltic Sea, who died in 1160. His Christian progeny was recognized as prince of the Holy Roman Empire 1170 and Duke of Mecklenburg 8 July 1348. On 27 February 1658 the ducal house divided in two branches: Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
The flag of both Mecklenburg duchies is traditionally made of the colours blue, yellow and red. The sequence however changed more than once in the past 300 years. In 1813 the duchies used yellow-red-blue. 23 December 1863 for Schwerin and 4 January 1864 for Strelitz blue-yellow-red was ordered. Mecklenburg-Schwerin however used white instead of yellow for flags on sea by law of 24 March 1855.
Siebmachers Wappenbuch gives therefore (?) blue-white-red for Schwerin and blue-yellow-red for Strelitz.
According to this source, the grand ducal house of Schwerin used a flag of 3.75 to 5.625 M with the middle arms on a white quadrant (1.75 M) in the middle.
The middle arms show the shield of Mecklenburg as arranged in the 17th century. The county of Schwerin in the middle and in the quartering Mecklenburg (bull's head with hide), Rostock (griffin), principality of Schwerin (griffin surmounting green rectangle), Ratzeburg (cross surmounted by crown), Stargard (arm with hand holding ring) and Wenden (bull's head). The shield is supported by a bull and a griffin and surmounted by a royal crown.
The dukes of Strelitz used according to Siebmachers the blue-yellow-red flag with just the (oval) shield of Mecklenburg in the yellow band.
Ströhl in 1897 and Bulgaria, show another arrangement: The grand-duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin flows a flag (4:5) with the arms of the figures from the shield of arms.
The former Schwerin standard with the white quadrant is now ascribed to the grand dukes of Strelitz.
Ströhl mentions a flag for the grand ducal house by law of 23 December 1863 with the middle arms in the yellow band. And he mentions a special sea flag, the same but with a white middle band.
'Berühmte Fahnen' shows furthermore a standard for grand duchess Alexandra of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, princess of Hannover (1882–1963), showing her shield and that of Mecklenburg joined by the order of the Wendic Crown in a white oval. On sea the yellow band in her flag was of course white.
The princes (dukes) of Mecklenburg-Schwerin had according to this source their own standard, showing the griffin of Rostock. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Beit_She%27an_attack | 1974 Beit She'an attack | The attack | 1974 Beit She'an attack / The attack | The 1974 Beit She'an attack, which took place during November 19, 1974, was a raid by a squad of three Palestinian militants, belonging to the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine militant organization, on the Israeli city of Beit She'an.
Four civilians were killed during the event and more than 20 civilians were injured. The three attackers were killed by responding Israeli special forces. The incident became notorious after an enraged mob of Israeli civilians that the army and police failed to control burned the bodies of the militants. | On Tuesday, November 19, 1974, three Palestinian militants who infiltrated into Israel from Jordan disguised as laborers. The militant squad arrived at the town of Beit She'an in northern Israel and entered a 4-storey building in the Eliyahu neighborhood. The militants were equipped with AK-47 rifles, grenades, bombs, axes, as well as a loudspeaker and leaflets for the negotiations with the Israeli security forces.
Initially the militants fired through the apartment doors hitting Mazal Edry, who died later of her wounds in the stairwell. Then the squad broke into the apartment of the Bibas family whom lived on the third floor. After murdering the mother of the family, they threw grenades from the windows, demanding the release of their comrades from Israeli prisons. During the event, the three children of the Bibas family, jumped out of the apartment from their third-floor window, suffering only light injuries. Jean Pierre Alimi, a resident of the neighborhood, was killed by the militants while he helped evacuate the wounded.
The people evacuated from the building alerted the Border Police whom soon afterwards surrounded the building. An attempt was made to negotiate with the militants. The IDF sent a team from the elite Sayeret Matkal special forces unit, which included Muki Betser, Shay Avital, and Nehemiah Tamari. After negotiations failed, the Sayeret Matkal team broke into the building, and killed the three militants in an exchange of fire. During the exchange of fire, the father of the Bibas family was killed.
During the entire event some 20 Israeli civilians were injured, many of them children whom jumped out of their apartment windows in order to save their lives. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rock | North Rock | Introduction | North Rock | North Rock (French: Roche North) is an offshore rock with geographical coordinates of 44.53795°N 67.08805°W, located to the east of the North American continent near the boundary between the Gulf of Maine and the Bay of Fundy.
The rock is adjacent to the Canadian province of New Brunswick and the U.S. state of Maine. Its ownership has been disputed by both countries as part of the larger territorial and maritime boundary dispute surrounding Machias Seal Island. The disputed area is referred to colloquially as the "Grey Zone." |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ano_Doliana | Ano Doliana | Information | Ano Doliana / Information | Ano Doliana or simply Doliana, is a stone-built mountainous village in the municipality of North Kynouria, in eastern Arcadia, Greece. As of 2011 it had 90 inhabitants. It is a protected traditional settlement.
It used to be the main residence of the settlers, but nowadays only a handful of them stay throughout the year, as most use it as their summer residence and instead overwinter in Kato Doliana because of the milder climate. In recent years it has emerged as a relatively popular tourist destination, with a significant number of visitors, especially during the winter season weekends. | Traditionally, the main repatriation of the inhabitants of Kato Doliana, as well as internal migrants and expatriates, takes place the week of the feast of Virgin Mary. Especially on the eve and on the day of August 14 and 15, the concentration of Dolianites (as they call themselves) in the settlement is peaking. During this time folk festivals and other events take place, such as a traditional feast on the central square, movie screenings, as well as Youth Festivals at the chapel of Saint John located on a slope that faces the village.
Ancient marble quarries can be found in the vicinity of the community, producing the homonymous "Doliana marble", which was used -among others- in the construction of the Temple of Apollo Epicurius of Bassae, the Temple of Athena Alea in Tegea and possibly the Mantineia Base.
The mountain top of Saint Elias, a name often given to mountain tops in Greece, rises above the village. Here, on July 20, residents gather in the homonymous chapel, at an altitude of 1.280 meters and perform a liturgy. Due to its high altitude of 1.390 meters, it is also being used as a telecommunications hub for the wider region, with antennas transmitting signals for OTE, television, radio and mobile telephony. It is accessible by a 4 km long road that starts from Doliana. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_al-Hadrami | Imam al-Hadrami | Introduction | Imam al-Hadrami | Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Murādī al-Ḥaḍramī (Arabic: أبو بكر محمد بن الحسن المرادي الحضرمي) or el Mûradi Al Hadrami or al-shaykh al imâm Al Hadrami was an 11th century North African Islamic theologian and jurist. He died in 1095. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ria_Antoniou | Ria Antoniou | Introduction | Ria Antoniou | Ria Antoniou (Greek: Ρία Αντωνίου, [ˈria adoˈniu], born 14 July 1988) is a Greek beauty pageant titleholder, the 2nd runner-up in Star Hellas 2008. She is also a model, a singer and an actress. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbershop_quartet | Barbershop quartet | Introduction | Barbershop quartet | A barbershop quartet is a group of four singers who sing music in the barbershop style, characterized by four-part harmony without instrumental accompaniment, or a cappella. The four voices are: the lead, the vocal part which typically carries the melody; a bass, the part which provides the bass line to the melody; a tenor, the part which harmonizes above the lead; and a baritone, the part that frequently completes the chord. The baritone sings either above or below the lead singer as the harmony requires. Barbershop music is typified by close harmony— all voices generally remain within one octave of each other.
While the traditional barbershop quartet included only male singers, contemporary quartets can include any gender combination. All-female barbershop quartets were often called beauty shop quartets, a term that has fallen out of favor. The voice parts for women's and mixed barbershop groups use the same names as those for male groups since the roles perform similar functions in the quartet even though the vocal ranges may be different.
While the regional origins of barbershop quartet singing are not wholly agreed upon, current organizations that promote the style typify it as an "old American institution." While the style is most popular in the United States, barbershop organizations exist in the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Germany, Ireland, South Africa, Finland, Sweden, New Zealand, and Australia.
Barbershop quartets have been featured in popular culture in musical theater productions such as The Music Man, or lampooned in television series such as The Simpsons and Family Guy. Current a cappella groups such as Princeton University's Tigertones perform barbershop style music alongside more contemporary music. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishkashta | Kishkashta | Introduction | Kishkashta | Kishkashta (Hebrew: קישקשתא) was the main character in one of the first Israeli Educational Television shows, Ma Pit'om (מה פתאום; "What on earth?" or "No way!"), written by, among other screenwriters, Tamar Adar. The show aired in the 1970s and '80s, when there was only one television station in Israel, TV was still black and white, and there were only a few hours of television a day. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Pan | Will Pan | Introduction | Will Pan | Wilber Pan (Chinese: 潘瑋柏; pinyin: Pān Wěibó; born 6 August 1980), also known as Will Pan, is a Taiwanese-American singer, songwriter, rapper, actor and entrepreneur. He started his career as a host of Channel V programs. In 2011, Pan was awarded Best Actor for Endless Love (愛∞無限) at the 46th Golden Bell Awards, Taiwan's equivalent to the Emmy Awards.
In recent years, Pan ventured into the business world. Pan's business interests extends into streetwear fashion and developing of mobile games. In 2009, he launched the streetwear boutique N.P.C (New Project Center) which he collaborated with Chinese host Nic Li, in Shanghai. N.P.C also has its stores in Beijing, Hangzhou, Chengdu, and at online shopping website Taobao. In 2010, Pan established his streetwear brand "Undisputed" and modelled for the brand's promotional ads. He is also the cofounder and chief creative officer of software company Camigo Media, which develops popular mobile games such as "Fish Off", "Pig Rockets" and "MeWantBamboo 2", that has achieved over 20 million downloads to date.
In April 2013, Pan was ranked 76th on 2013 Forbes China Celebrity 100 list, and 44th on the income list which was based on his estimated earnings of $31.9 million yuan in 2012. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname | Suriname | Demographics | Suriname / Demographics | Suriname, officially known as the Republic of Suriname, is a country on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west and Brazil to the south. At just under 165,000 square kilometers, it is the smallest sovereign state in South America. Suriname has a population of approximately 575,990, most of whom live on the country's north coast, in and around the capital and largest city, Paramaribo.
Situated slightly north of the Equator, Suriname is a tropical country dominated by rain forests. Its extensive tree cover is vital to the country's efforts to mitigate climate change and reach carbon neutrality. A developing country with a high level of human development, Suriname's economy is heavily dependent on its abundant natural resources, namely bauxite, gold, petroleum and agricultural products.
Suriname was inhabited as early as the fourth millennium BC by various indigenous peoples, including the Arawaks, Caribs, and Wayana. Europeans arrived in the 16th century, with the Dutch establishing control over much of the country's current territory by the late 17th century. | According to the 2012 census, Suriname had a population of 541,638 inhabitants. The Surinamese populace is characterized by its high level of diversity, wherein no particular demographic group constitutes a majority. This is a legacy of centuries of Dutch rule, which entailed successive periods of forced, contracted, or voluntary migration by various nationalities and ethnic groups from around the world.
The largest ethnic group are the Afro-Surinamese which form about 37% of the population, and are usually divided into two groups: the Creoles and the Maroons. Surinamese Maroons, whose ancestors are mostly runaway slaves that fled to the interior, comprise 21.7% of the population; they are divided into six main groups: Ndyuka (Aucans), Saramaccans, Paramaccans, Kwinti, Aluku (Boni) and Matawai. Surinamese Creoles, mixed people descending from African slaves and mostly Dutch Europeans, form 15.7% of the population. East Indians, who form 27% of the population, are the second largest group. They are descendants of 19th-century contract workers from India, hailing mostly from the modern Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, and Eastern Uttar Pradesh along the Nepali border. Javanese make up 14% of the population, and like the East Indians, descend largely from workers contracted from the island of Java in the former Dutch East Indies (modern Indonesia). 13.4% of the population identifies as being of mixed ethnic heritage.
Other sizeable groups include the Chinese, originating from 19th-century contract workers and some recent migration, who number over 40,000 as of 2011; Lebanese, primarily Maronites; Jews of Sephardic and Ashkenazi origin, whose center of population was the community of Jodensavanne; and Brazilians, many of them laborers mining for gold.
A small but influential number of Europeans remain in the country, comprising about 1 percent of the population. They are descended mostly from Dutch 19th-century immigrant farmers, known as "Boeroes" (derived from boer, the Dutch word for "farmer"), and to a lesser degree other European groups, such as Portuguese from Madeira. Many Boeroes left after independence in 1975.
Various indigenous peoples make up 3.7% of the population, with the main groups being the Akurio, Arawak, Kalina (Caribs), Tiriyó and Wayana. They live mainly in the districts of Paramaribo, Wanica, Para, Marowijne and Sipaliwini.
The vast majority of Suriname's inhabitants (about 90%) live in Paramaribo or on the coast. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera) | Boris Godunov (opera) | Part 3 / Act 2 | Boris Godunov (opera) / Synopsis / Part 3 / Act 2 | Boris Godunov is an opera by Modest Mussorgsky. The work was composed between 1868 and 1873 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is Mussorgsky's only completed opera and is considered his masterpiece. Its subjects are the Russian ruler Boris Godunov, who reigned as Tsar during the Time of Troubles, and his nemesis, the False Dmitriy. The Russian-language libretto was written by the composer, and is based on the 1825 drama Boris Godunov by Aleksandr Pushkin, and, in the Revised Version of 1872, on Nikolay Karamzin's History of the Russian State.
Among major operas, Boris Godunov shares with Giuseppe Verdi's Don Carlos the distinction of having an extremely complex creative history, as well as a great wealth of alternative material. The composer created two versions—the Original Version of 1869, which was rejected for production by the Imperial Theatres, and the Revised Version of 1872, which received its first performance in 1874 in Saint Petersburg.
Boris Godunov has seldom been performed in either of the two forms left by the composer, frequently being subjected to cuts, recomposition, re-orchestration, transposition of scenes, or conflation of the original and revised versions. | Kseniya (or Xenia), clutching a portrait of "Prince Ivan", her betrothed who has died, sings a brief mournful aria ("Where are you, my bridegroom?"). Fyodor studies a great map of the Tsardom of Russia.
[Revised 1872 Version only: Fyodor tries to console Kseniya and shows her the magic of the clock, once it starts chiming].
Kseniya's nurse assures her that she will soon forget about "Prince Ivan".
[1872: The nurse and Fyodor attempt to cheer Kseniya up with some songs ("A gnat was chopping wood" and "A little tale of this and that").]
Boris abruptly enters, briefly consoles Kseniya, and then sends her and her nurse to their own quarters. Fyodor shows Boris the map of Russia. After encouraging his son to resume his studies, Boris delivers a long and fine soliloquy ("I have attained supreme power").
[1872: At the end of this arioso he reveals that he has been disturbed by a vision of a bloody child begging for mercy. A commotion breaks out in his children's quarters. Boris sends Fyodor to investigate.]
The boyar-in-attendance brings word of the arrival of Prince Shuysky, and reports a denunciation against him for his intrigues.
[1872: Fyodor returns to relate a whimsical tale ("Our little parrot was sitting") involving a pet parrot. Boris takes comfort in his son's imagination and advises Fyodor, when he becomes Tsar, to beware of evil and cunning advisors such as Shuysky.]
Prince Shuysky now enters. Boris insults him, accusing him of conspiring with Pushkin, an ancestor of the poet. However, the prince brings grave tidings. A Pretender has appeared in Lithuania. Boris angrily demands to know his identity. Shuysky fears the Pretender might attract a following bearing the name of Tsarevich Dmitriy. Shaken by this revelation, Boris dismisses Fyodor. He orders Shuysky to seal the border with Lithuania, and, clearly on the edge of madness, asks Shuysky whether he has ever heard of dead children rising from their graves to question Tsars. Boris seeks assurance that the dead child the prince had seen in Uglich was really Dmitriy. He threatens Shuysky, if he dissembles, with a gruesome execution. The Prince describes the ghastly scene of Dmitriy's murder in a brief and beautiful aria ("In Uglich, in the cathedral"). But he gives hints that a miracle (incorruptibility) has occurred. Boris begins choking with guilt and remorse, and gives a sign for Shuysky to depart.
[1872: The chiming clock again begins working.]
Boris hallucinates (Hallucination or 'Clock' Scene). The spectre of the dead Dmitriy reaches out to him. Addressing the apparition, he denies his responsibility for the crime: "Begone, begone child! I am not thy murderer... the will of the people!" He collapses, praying that God will have mercy on his guilty soul. |
en | wit-train-topic-005272601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Aldridge | Lily Aldridge | Introduction | Lily Aldridge | Lily Maud Aldridge (born November 15, 1985) is an American model best known for being a Victoria's Secret Angel from 2010 until 2018. She also appeared in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, alongside Chrissy Teigen and Nina Agdal, for the 50th anniversary cover in 2014. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272602 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Flora | Jim Flora | Introduction | Jim Flora | James Flora (January 25, 1914 ‒ July 9, 1998), best known for his distinctive and idiosyncratic album cover art for RCA Victor and Columbia Records during the 1940s and 1950s, was also a prolific commercial illustrator from the 1940s to the 1970s and the author/illustrator of 17 popular children's books. He was a fine artist as well, who created hundreds of paintings, drawings, etchings and sketches over his 84-year lifespan. |
|
en | wit-train-topic-005272603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_use_by_animals | Tool use by animals | Sea otters | Tool use by animals / In mammals / Sea otters | Tool use by animals is a phenomenon in which an animal uses any kind of tool in order to achieve a goal such as acquiring food and water, grooming, defense, recreation or construction. Originally thought to be a skill possessed only by humans, some tool use requires a sophisticated level of cognition. There is considerable discussion about the definition of what constitutes a tool and therefore which behaviours can be considered true examples of tool use. A wide range of animals, including mammals, birds, fish, cephalopods, and insects, are considered to use tools.
Primates are well known for using tools for hunting or gathering food and water, cover for rain, and self-defence. Chimpanzees have been the object of study, most famously by Jane Goodall, since these animals are more-often kept in captivity than other primates and are closely related to humans. Tool-use in other primates are lesser-known as many of them are mainly observed in the wild. Many famous researchers, such as Charles Darwin in his book The Descent of Man, mentioned tool-use in monkeys. | Under each foreleg, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) has a loose pouch of skin that extends across the chest. In this pouch (preferentially the left side), the animal stores collected food to bring to the surface. This pouch also holds a rock, unique to the otter, that is used to break open shellfish and clams. To open hard shells, it may pound its prey with both paws against the rock which it places on its chest. Furthermore, sea otters will use large stones to pry an abalone off its rock; they will hammer the abalone shell with observed rates of 45 blows in 15 seconds or 180 rpm, and do it in two or three dives. Releasing an abalone, which can cling to rock with a force equal to 4,000 times its own body weight, requires multiple dives by the otter. |
Subsets and Splits