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[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['In view of the clinical similarities between polyarticular osteoarthritis (POA) with metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint involvement and the arthropathy that occurs in hereditary haemochromatosis (HH), it was hypothesized that osteochondral damage in both disorders may be due to localized iron overload. Accordingly, it was predicted that the concentration of ferritin in synovial fluid (SF) would be higher in OA patients with HFE gene mutations than in HFE wild-type (wt) OA patients. The aim of this study was to test this proposition.', 'Sequential patients with physician-diagnosed OA and, for comparison, diverse inflammatory diseases of the joints, who required diagnostic or therapeutic arthrocentesis, were studied. Participants underwent HFE genotyping. SF samples were assayed for ferritin and also for selected cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).', 'Seventy-three patients with diverse rheumatic disorders were recruited. Of the 29 patients who had knee OA, 15 were wt and 14 were heterozygous for HFE mutations (C282Y or H63D). Mean SF ferritin concentrations in the wt and heterozygous OA groups were 273 and 655 ng/mL, respectively (p = 0.0146).']\nQuestion: Are ferritin concentrations in synovial fluid higher in osteoarthritis patients with HFE gene mutations ( C282Y or H63D )?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Cerebral white matter lesions (WML) are regarded as manifestations of small vessel disease, but have also been associated with large vessel atherosclerosis. We investigated whether WML have a predictive value for future ischemic events.', 'Two-hundred-thirty patients with proven atherosclerotic disease, recent ischemic stroke (IS, n=70), recent myocardial infarction (MI, n=71), or peripheral arterial disease (PAD, n=89) were included. The presence of periventricular lesions (PVL) and deep white matter lesions (DWML) on MRI at entry and ischemic events during follow-up were registered. During follow-up with a mean duration of 3.5+/-1.4 years 22 patients had a MI, 21 patients suffered an IS and 2 patients died suddenly. The frequency of ischemic events during follow-up was higher among patients with PVL than in those without PVL (IS: 18% versus 5%, p=0.001; MI: 15% versus 7%, p=0.03; any ischemic event: 36% versus 11%, p<0.001). DWML was associated only with the combined outcome any ischemic event (p=0.04). In multivariate regression analysis the presence of PVL was independently associated with IS (HR 3.2 (95%CI 1.3-8.4) and MI (HR 3.4 (95%CI 1.4-8.0)).']\nQuestion: Do cerebral white matter lesions predict both ischemic strokes and myocardial infarctions in patients with established atherosclerotic disease?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Estrogen participates in the control of energy homeostasis and lipid metabolism. However the role of hepatic estrogen receptor α (ERα) in triglyceride (TG) homeostasis remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the roles of estrogen and ERα in the regulation of hepatic TG metabolism.', 'Liver TG metabolism was analyzed in female mice with ovariectomy or tamoxifen treatment, and in hepatic ERα knockdown or overexpression. Phenotypes and expression of genes were compared in male and female mice with farnesoid X receptor deficiency. The mechanism of ERα in the regulation of small heterodimer partner (SHP) expression was further investigated.', 'Female mice receiving ovariectomy or tamoxifen treatment exhibited hepatic TG accumulation. Ablation of ERα using adenoviral shRNA markedly increased hepatic TG accumulation, while overexpression of ERα ameliorated hepatosteatosis in obese mice. At the molecular level, estrogen upregulated hepatic SHP expression through binding to its proximal promoter. In addition, the roles of estrogen were largely blunted in mice with SHP deficiency.']\nQuestion: Does hepatic estrogen receptor α improve hepatosteatosis through upregulation of small heterodimer partner?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Cardiac myxomas are generally considered benign, but malignant tumors have been reported. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an angiogenic factor, plays a role in the growth, progression, and metastasis of solid tumors and it has been reported that VEGF expression is upregulated in cardiac myxomas that have a high microvessel density. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cardiac myxoma cells possess a VEGF-autocrine system that regulates tumor growth.', 'Immunohistochemical analyses revealed the presence of VEGF and its receptors, VEGFR-1 (flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR/flk-1), in the cytoplasm of tumor cells from 18 of 18 myxoma tissue specimens examined. Two different myxoma cell lines were established and constitutively secreted large amounts of VEGF as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of VEGF, VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 mRNA was detected in both cell lines by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Myxoma cell proliferation, as determined by thymidine incorporation, was enhanced by the addition of VEGF in a dose-dependent manner, and cell proliferation was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the addition of a neutralizing VEGF antibody.']\nQuestion: Is vascular endothelial growth factor an autocrine growth factor for cardiac myxoma cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['For many years the p38 MAP kinase (MAPK) has been a major anti-inflammatory target for the development of an oral therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, disappointing results from Phase II clinical studies suggest that adaptations may occur, which allow escape from blockade of the p38 pathway. In this study we investigated whether p38 inhibition mediated JNK activation represents such an escape mechanism.', 'Interaction between the JNK and p38 pathways was studied in TNF-α stimulated THP-1 monocytes, primary macrophages and fibroblast-like synoviocytes from OA and RA patients using pharmacological inhibitors and siRNAs.', 'TNF-α induced phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun was sustained by p38 inhibitors in monocytes, primary macrophages and FLS. Upregulation of Mip1α, Mip1β and IL-8 mRNAs and protein were observed upon p38 inhibition. More importantly, inhibition of MK2, the substrate of p38 did not sustain JNK activation upon TNF-α activation and did not elevate Mip1α, Mip1β and IL-8 chemokines as compared to TNF-α alone. In this study, TNF-α or IL-1β induced JNK activation is sustained by p38 inhibition, resulting in enhanced chemokine secretion.']\nQuestion: Does p38 inhibition and not MK2 inhibition enhance the secretion of chemokines from TNF-α activated rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) have been associated with a high remission rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, whether such remission is associated with full restoration of postprandial glucose profile and/or the potentially nonrestored glycemic profile is associated with altered beta cell function, and relapse of T2DM over time is unknown.', 'Cross-sectional studies comparing (1) glucose and proinsulin/insulin response to a standardized liquid mixed meal (SLMM) challenge (n = 31), (2) glucose response in normal living conditions assessed using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) (n = 16), and prospective observational study comparing (3) rates of relapse of T2DM after surgery (n = 232) in subjects with remission of T2DM ensuing RYGBP or SG.', 'In RYGB individuals, SLMM elicited faster and sharper rise in plasma glucose compared with SG, with 88.2% and 42.9% of the study subjects presenting respectively a peak glucose more than 180 mg/dL (all, P < 0.05). During CGM, average percent time in hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic range was larger in RYGBP (respectively, 4.6% and 12.7%) compared with SG subjects (respectively, 0.4% and 3.2%; both P < 0.05). However, (1) no differences were found in fasting or stimulated proinsulin/insulin ratio, and (2) higher rates of T2DM relapse were observed after SG (hazard ratio: 2.339; P = 0.034).']\nQuestion: Is remission of type 2 diabetes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy associated with a distinct glycemic profile?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are thought to be responsible for pancreatic fibrosis. Although fibrosis is a major characteristic of chronic pancreatitis (CP) induced by pancreatic duct obstruction, it is unclear whether pancreatic duct obstruction itself activates PSCs.', 'To test the hypothesis that pancreatic duct obstruction activates PSCs, clinical and experimental analyses were performed using alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) as a marker of their activation. In clinical analysis, surgical specimens from the patients with pancreatic cancer or cancer of the papilla Vater were classified into two groups with or without duct obstruction. alpha-SMA expression was examined on these specimens, and the difference between two groups was evaluated. In animal experiment, duct ligation-induced pancreatitis was developed in rats by ligating the secondary pancreatic duct in duodenal segment, and the expression of alpha-SMA was examined.', 'In clinical analysis, the specimens from the pancreas with duct obstruction (14 cases) expressed alpha-SMA significantly stronger than those from the pancreas without duct obstruction (7 cases). All specimens in the former expressed alpha-SMA, but 4 specimens from the latter did not at all (P < 0.05). In animal experiment, alpha-SMA expression was detected 7 days after the ligation and was increased on the 10th day.']\nQuestion: Does pancreatic duct obstruction itself induce expression of alpha smooth muscle actin in pancreatic stellate cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Somatostatin inhibits proliferation of many solid tumors. The current study examines whether inhibition of the growth of pancreatic cancer by the somatostatin analog, octreotide, requires tumor expression of somatostatin receptors.', 'We studied five human pancreatic cancer cell lines, Capan-1, Capan-2, CAV, MIA PaCa-2, and Panc-1. Solid tumors were established in nude mice (n = 20/cell line) by flank injection of tumor cells. Subcutaneous octreotide (500 micrograms/kg/day) was administered by osmotic pumps to 10 of the animals in each group, and the other 10 received control infusions of saline solution. On day 36, the tumors were excised and weighed. Plasma levels of the putative trophic peptides cholecystokinin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and insulin were assessed by radioimmunoassay. Each of the five cell lines was assayed for the presence of cell surface somatostatin receptors by using whole cell competitive binding assays with 125I-somatostatin. Expression of the somatostatin receptor subtype-2 (SSR2) gene was determined with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions. Southern blot hybridization was used to assess the presence of the SSR2 gene.', 'Octreotide inhibited tumor growth in the MIA PaCa-2 group (512 +/- 75 mg control versus 285 +/- 71 mg treated; p < 0.05) but had no significant effect on tumor weight in the other four cell lines. Plasma levels of cholecystokinin, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulin were not altered by chronic octreotide infusion. Cell surface somatostatin receptors and SSR2 gene expression were detected only in the MIA PaCa-2 tumors. The gene for the SSR2 receptor was found in all five tumor lines.']\nQuestion: Does expression of the somatostatin receptor subtype-2 gene predict response of human pancreatic cancer to octreotide?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['High concentration of isoflurane often induces not only tachycardia but also hypertension during induction of anesthesia and causes further hyperdynamic changes after tracheal intubation.', 'Forty patients, ASA physical status I, were randomly assigned to receive 4% or 2.5% isoflurane. Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal and vecuronium followed by mask ventilation with 0.5% isoflurane in oxygen. Isoflurane concentration was gradually increased to 4% or 2.5% in 2 min and the trachea was intubated after 3 min. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded every minute from induction of anesthesia.', 'Mask ventilation with isoflurane induced a significant increase in HR in both groups, but the HR just before intubation was significantly lower in the 2.5% group than in the 4% group. SBP was significantly decreased in the 2.5% group, but a transient increase was seen in the 4% group. Tracheal intubation induced a marked increase in HR in both groups, but the HR was significantly lower in the 2.5% group than in the 4% group (115 +/- 14 and 130 +/- 18 beats x min(-1), respectively; P < 0.01). SBPs just after intubation were 166 +/- 24 and 154 +/- 20 mmHg in the 4% and 2.5% groups, respectively. The difference between the groups was not significant, but the patients in whom the SBP increased more than 180 mmHg were significantly fewer in the 2.5% group than in the 4% group (P < 0.05).']\nQuestion: Does [ Reduction of the concentration of isoflurane prevent tachycardia and hypertension associated with tracheal intubation ]?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Estrogen receptor positive breast cancers have high recurrence rates despite tamoxifen therapy. Breast cancer stem/progenitor cells (BCSCs) initiate tumors, but expression of estrogen (ER) or progesterone receptors (PR) and response to tamoxifen is unknown. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) may influence tumor response to therapy but expression in BCSCs is also unknown.', 'BCSCs were isolated from breast cancer and benign surgical specimens based on CD49f/CD24 markers. CD44 was measured. Gene and protein expression of ER alpha, ER beta, PR, IL-6 and IL-8 were measured by proximity ligation assay and qRT-PCR.', 'Gene expression was highly variable between patients. On average, BCSCs expressed 10-106 fold less ERα mRNA and 10-103 fold more ERβ than tumors or benign stem/progenitor cells (SC). BCSC lin-CD49f-CD24-cells were the exception and expressed higher ERα mRNA. PR mRNA in BCSCs averaged 10-104 fold less than in tumors or benign tissue, but was similar to benign SCs. ERα and PR protein detection in BCSCs was lower than ER positive and similar to ER negative tumors. IL-8 mRNA was 10-104 higher than tumor and 102 fold higher than benign tissue. IL-6 mRNA levels were equivalent to benign and only higher than tumor in lin-CD49f-CD24-cells. IL-6 and IL-8 proteins showed overlapping levels of expressions among various tissues and cell populations.']\nQuestion: Are estrogen receptor , progesterone receptor , interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 variable in breast cancer and benign stem/progenitor cell populations?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Epidemiological prospective data on cardiovascular (CV) events in elderly subjects from Mediterranean populations are lacking. We aimed to investigate 15-year incidence of CV events and to evaluate the association with CV risk factors in an elderly Mediterranean population.', 'The population of a small Sicilian village were enrolled, visited and a blood sample was drawn at baseline. CV events were recorded in the 15 years of follow-up. From 1351 subjects (75% of the resident population); 315 were in the age range 65-85 years; 266 subjects free from CV disease were analysed. Seventy-seven CV events were recorded in 73 out of 266 subjects, with a 19.7% rate (in 10 years). Hypertension (HTN) (hazards ratio=2.1) and diabetes mellitus (DM) (hazards ratio=1.8) were independently associated with CV events. Subjects with both DM and HTN showed a lower survival free of CV events compared to those with DM or HTN.']\nQuestion: Are hypertension and diabetes mellitus associated with cardiovascular events in the elderly without cardiovascular disease . Results of a 15-year follow-up in a Mediterranean population?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: [\"Unsedated transnasal upper endoscopy has a diagnostic yield comparable with that of sedated conventional upper endoscopy. The ability of transnasal upper endoscopy to detect Barrett's metaplasia or dysplastic change has not been systematically evaluated. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of transnasal upper endoscopy for surveillance of patients with Barrett's esophagus and to evaluate its histopathologic yield for Barrett's metaplasia and dysplasia.\", \"Thirty-two patients with Barrett's esophagus were evaluated with conventional upper endoscopy and transnasal upper endoscopy. An effort was made to recruit patients known to have dysplasia. Quadrantic biopsy specimens were taken with standard (conventional upper endoscopy) and pediatric (transnasal upper endoscopy) biopsy forceps at procedures performed at least 1 week apart. Two blinded pathologists evaluated the specimens.\", \"Transnasal upper endoscopy detected Barrett's metaplasia histopathologically in 31 of 32 patients. Level of agreement for presence of dysplasia in biopsy specimens obtained between conventional upper endoscopy and transnasal upper endoscopy was excellent (k = 0.79). Interobserver agreement for dysplasia in specimens obtained by conventional upper endoscopy (k = 0.61) and by transnasal upper endoscopy (k = 0.61) were similar. Intraobserver agreement between conventional upper endoscopy and transnasal upper endoscopy biopsy specimens for dysplasia by pathologist 1 (k = 0.73) and pathologist 2 (k = 0.75) were also similar. No significant adverse effects were noted.\"]\nQuestion: Does unsedated transnasal endoscopy accurately detect Barrett 's metaplasia and dysplasia?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To examine if overall diet quality is associated with cellular and soluble biomarkers of systemic inflammation in middle-aged individuals.', 'A group of 667 individuals, aged 63-68 years, selected from the cardiovascular arm of the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort, participated in this study. Baseline examinations consisted of an extensive socio-demographic questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, blood sampling and detailed dietary data. Mononuclear leukocytes frozen at baseline were thawed and analysed with flow cytometry to quantify monocyte subsets based on CD14 and CD16 expression. Plasma cytokines were measured using multiplexed immune assays. A diet quality index consisting of six components (saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fish and shellfish, dietary fibre, fruit and vegetables, and sucrose) was constructed to measure adherence to the Swedish Nutrition Recommendations/Dietary Guidelines. General linear models were used to investigate associations between index scores and several biomarkers of inflammation.', 'A higher percentage of women reported adherence to the nutritional recommendations and had better overall diet quality than men. Participants with higher diet quality were more likely to have a healthier lifestyle. The levels of high-sensitive CRP, S100A8/A9, TNF-α, white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes and CD14(+)CD16(++) were lower in participants with higher index scores. The associations remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders.']\nQuestion: Is a high quality diet associated with reduced systemic inflammation in middle-aged individuals?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Dentine hypersensitivity is a common problem attributed by patent dentinal tubules. Ingredients incorporated in toothpastes aim to occlude patent dentinal tubules to minimise the dentine hypersensitivity. However, frequent consumption of acidic soft drinks may reverse the dentinal tubules occlusion. In this in vitro study, the efficacy of dentinal tubules occluded by commercially available toothpastes to withstand different duration of an acidic soft drink challenge was investigated.', 'One hundred and twenty dentine discs were divided into three groups. The discs from each group were brushed with toothpaste containing bioactive glass, arginine and control toothpaste. Each group were then divided into four subgroups and exposed to acidic soft drink over four different time durations.', 'The scoring and the percentage of occluded dentinal tubules by Novamin containing toothpaste was significantly better compared to arginine or the control toothpaste. Acidic soft drink challenge reduced the extent of dentinal tubules occlusion along with time. Dentinal tubules occluded by Novamin containing toothpaste withstand the acidic challenge comparatively for longer period.']\nQuestion: Do dentinal tubules occluded by bioactive-glass containing toothpaste exhibit high resistance toward acidic soft drink challenge?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Genetic factors are believed to be important in early-onset lone atrial fibrillation (AF). The gene GJA5 encodes the gap-junction protein Cx40, which together with Cx43 is responsible for the electrical coupling of the atrial cardiomyocytes. The regulatory single nucleotide polymorphism rs10465885 in GJA5 was recently associated with early-onset lone AF (< 60 years) and was also found to be strongly associated with Cx40 messenger RNA levels. We hypothesized that this gene would have a strong effect in patients with a more selected phenotype, and that the findings regarding rs10465885 could be replicated in this group.', 'The coding region and flanking intron sequences of GJA5 were resequenced in 342 patients with onset of lone AF before the age of 50 (mean age at onset 34 ± 9 years), and in 216 controls. The single nucleotide polymorphism rs10465885 was genotyped in 342 patients and 534 control subjects and odds ratios were calculated for different genetic models.', 'Genotyping of rs10465885 showed that the patients with early-onset lone AF were more likely to carry the A allele compared with controls (odds ratio = 1.30; P = 0.011). When resequencing GJA5, we identified the mutation A96S, previously associated with lone AF, which was not present in our control subjects or in any publicly available database or the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Exome Variant Server (NHLBI EVS; 10,758 alleles).']\nQuestion: Are rare variants in GJA5 associated with early-onset lone atrial fibrillation?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Previous animal studies demonstrated that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has the potential to regenerate scarred vocal folds. In addition, HGF is now produced under a good manufacturing practice (GMP) procedure. Therefore, human clinical trials of HGF are warranted in patients with vocal fold scarring. In the current study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics and the local tissue responses of HGF administered to rat vocal folds.', 'Prospective animal experiment.', 'Five μg of recombinant human HGF was administered to the vocal folds of Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 60) using a microsyringe. The concentration of HGF in larynges and blood was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To evaluate the local tissue responses caused by HGF administration, endoscopic and histological examinations were performed.', 'HGF concentration in the larynges was 50.1 μg/g tissue 5 minutes after administration. The concentration decreased rapidly to 1.71 μg/g tissue at 12 hours after administration and to 0.29 ng/g tissue at 24 hours after administration. Seven days after administration, HGF concentration was minimal in one-half of the cases and was not detected in the other cases. Transmission of HGF to blood was detected in two of six cases at 5 minutes after administration, but was no longer detected 12 hours later. Endoscopic and histological examinations revealed no edema or erythema of the vocal folds in any of the cases.']\nQuestion: Does pharmacokinetics and safety of human recombinant hepatocyte growth factor administered to vocal fold?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['\\u2002 Fish oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is known to affect hepatic lipid metabolism. Several studies have demonstrated that fish oil may affect the bile acid metabolism as well as lipid metabolism, whereas only scarce data are available. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fish oil on the gene expression of the transporters and enzymes related to bile acid as well as lipid metabolism in the liver and small intestine.', '\\u2002 Seven-week old male C57BL/6 mice were fed diets enriched in 10% soybean oil or 10% fish oil for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, blood, liver and small intestine were obtained.', '\\u2002 Hepatic mRNA expression of lipids (Abcg5/8, multidrug resistance gene product 2) and bile acids transporters (bile salt export pump, multidrug resistance associated protein 2 and 3, organic solute transporter α) was induced in fish oil-fed mice. Hepatic Cyp8b1, Cyp27a1 and bile acid CoA\\u2003:\\u2003amino acid N-acyltransferase were increased in fish oil-fed mice compared with soybean-oil fed mice. Besides, intestinal cholesterol (Abcg5/8) and bile acid transporters (multidrug resistance associated protein 2 and organic solute transporter α) were induced in fish oil-fed mice.']\nQuestion: Does dietary fish oil regulate gene expression of cholesterol and bile acid transporters in mice?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Diminish interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signaling in a model of primary osteoarthritis by RNA interference-based transcript reduction or receptor blockade, and quantify changes incurred on transcript expression of additional mediators.', 'Knees of Hartley guinea pigs were collected at 120 and 180 days of age following injection with viral vectors (N\\xa0=\\xa04/treatment group/date) at 60 days. Two groups received either adeno-associated viral serotype 5 vector containing a knockdown sequence (TV), or adenoviral vector encoding for IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (Ad-IRAP); treatments were contrasted with opposite knees administered corresponding vector controls. A third group evaluated TV relative to saline-only injected knees. Chondropathy and immunohistochemistry findings were compared to untreated guinea pigs. Transcript expression levels in cartilage were calculated using the comparative CT (2(-ΔΔCT)) method and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with pairwise comparisons using Tukey 95% confidence intervals.', 'Vector transduction was confirmed at both harvest dates. TV and Ad-IRAP, relative to vector controls, significantly decreased IL-1β. Inflammatory mediators [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-8, interferon-γ (IFN-γ)], and catabolic matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) were also decreased, while anabolic transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was increased. IL-1β was also decreased by TV vs saline, with a decrease in MMP13 and increase TGF-β1; TNF-α, IL-8, and IFN-γ were transiently increased.']\nQuestion: Does in vivo reduction or blockade of interleukin-1β in primary osteoarthritis influence expression of mediators implicated in pathogenesis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The present study was conducted to determine whether preservation of the right atrial appendage lessens the decrease of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels after the maze procedure and whether the increase of plasma atrial natriuretic peptides improves the ability of the kidneys to excrete the fluid load after the operation.', 'We evaluated 42 patients who underwent the maze procedure. The right atrial appendage was preserved in 22 patients but not in 20. Blood samples were obtained before and after the operation for measurement of atrial natriuretic peptides. To evaluate the influence of atrial natriuretic peptides on the ability of the kidneys, we also measured body weight, fluid balance, and the doses of furosemide and dopamine administered after the operation.', 'The restoration to sinus rhythm at 1 month after was comparable in the two groups. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels significantly increased after the operation in patients in whom the right atrial appendage was preserved (1 day after: 23.4 +/- 17.8 vs 3 days after: 42.7 +/- 23.6 and 7 days after: 36.3 +/- 23.7 pg/mL, P <.05) but not in patients in whom the right atrial appendage was not preserved (1 day after: 20.0 +/- 19.6, 3 days after: 28.5 +/- 19.3, and 7 days after: 23.0 +/- 16.1 pg/mL). Furthermore, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels were significantly lower in patients in whom the right atrial appendage was not preserved than in patients in whom the right atrial appendage was preserved at 3 and 7 days after the operation. The fluid balance during the first 7 days of the postoperative period was comparable in the two groups, although the total dose of dopamine used in the same period was significantly smaller in patients in whom the right atrial appendage was preserved than in patients in whom the right atrial appendage was not preserved (155.3 +/- 119.0 vs 244.9 +/- 129.0 microg/kg, P <.05).']\nQuestion: Does preservation of the right atrial appendage improve reduced plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels after the maze procedure?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the initial process of atherosclerosis, whereas it remains to be determined how atherogenic stimulus causes ROS-mediated proinflammatory reactions. Here, we focused on proline-rich tyrosine kinase (PYK2)-mediated ROS generation and examined how atherogenic stimulus causes early proinflammatory reactions.', 'PYK2-deficient (knockout [KO]) (PYK2-KO) mice were crossbred with apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient (PYK2-KO/ApoE-KO) mice. PYK2-KO/ApoE-KO mice and endothelial cells (EC) were used for the study. Aortic atherogenic lesions in PYK2-KO/ApoE-KO mice were markedly decreased (55% versus ApoE-KO) after 8 weeks of a Western diet. Aortic PYK2 was activated as early as 7 days after the Western diet, when inflammatory cells were not yet activated. Addition of the proatherogenic oxidized phospholipid lysophosphatidylcholine caused activation of endothelial PYK2. Lysophosphatidylcholine-activated PYK2 induced NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS generation and ROS-mediated synthesis of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and p21Cip1/Ets-1. Neutralizing anti-TNFα antibody or knockdown of p21Cip1/Ets-1 system blocked the induction of VCAM-1 and MCP-1. PYK2 deficiency abolished these ROS-mediated proinflammatory reactions. Further analysis revealed that PYK2/ROS-mediated p21Cip1/Ets-1 activation upregulated the transcription of the MCP-1 gene in collaboration with p300 transcription coactivator.']\nQuestion: Are early inflammatory reactions in atherosclerosis induced by proline-rich tyrosine kinase/reactive oxygen species-mediated release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and subsequent activation of the p21Cip1/Ets-1/p300 system?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Obesity is associated with an impaired ability to switch from fatty acid to glucose oxidation during the fasted to fed transition, particularly in skeletal muscle. However, whether such metabolic inflexibility is reflected at the gene transcription level in circulatory mononuclear cells (MNC) is not known.', 'The whole-body respiratory quotient (RQ) and transcriptional regulation of genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in MNC were measured during fasting and in response (up to 6\\xa0h) to high-carbohydrate and high-fat meals in nine lean insulin-sensitive and nine obese insulin-resistant men.', 'Compared to lean subjects, obese subjects had an impaired ability to increase RQ and switch from fatty acid to glucose oxidation following the high-carbohydrate meal (interaction term ']\nQuestion: Does metabolic gene expression profile in circulating mononuclear cells reflect obesity-associated metabolic inflexibility?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['LDL-receptor deficiency may provide a mechanism which contributes to atherogenic lipoprotein abnormalities in experimental nephrosis and in humans with glomerular proteinuria. The proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) pathway plays a key role in lipoprotein metabolism by promoting LDL-receptor degradation. We tested whether plasma PCSK9 is elevated in proteinuric states, and determined relationships of PCSK9 with lipoprotein responses to proteinuria reduction.', 'Thirty-nine kidney patients (e-GFR 61\\xa0±\\xa029\\xa0mL/min/1.73\\xa0m(2), proteinuria 1.9 [0.9-3.3]\\xa0g/day; 19 on statin treatment) were studied during 2 randomized double-blind 6-week periods on either lisinopril (40\\xa0mg/day) and a regular sodium diet (194\\xa0±\\xa049\\xa0mmol Na+/day; baseline treatment) or lisinopril plus valsartan (320\\xa0mg/day) and a low sodium diet (102\\xa0±\\xa052\\xa0mmol Na(+)/day; maximal treatment), and compared to age- and sex-matched controls. Maximal treatment decreased proteinuria to 0.5 [0.3-1.1]\\xa0g/day (P\\xa0<\\xa00.001).', 'Plasma PCSK9 was increased at baseline in proteinuric subjects (213 [161-314] vs. 143 [113-190]\\xa0ug/L in controls, P\\xa0≤\\xa00.001), irrespective of statin use, e-GFR and BMI. PCSK9 correlated with proteinuria at baseline (R\\xa0=\\xa00.399, P\\xa0=\\xa00.018) and at maximal antiproteinuric treatment (R\\xa0=\\xa00.525, P\\xa0=\\xa00.001), but did not decrease during proteinuria reduction (P\\xa0=\\xa00.84). Individual changes in total cholesterol (R\\xa0=\\xa00.365, P\\xa0=\\xa00.024), non-HDL cholesterol (R\\xa0=\\xa00.333, P\\xa0=\\xa00.041), and LDL cholesterol (R\\xa0=\\xa00.346, P\\xa0=\\xa00.033) were\\xa0correlated positively with individual PCSK9 responses. PCSK9 at baseline independently predicted the total/HDL cholesterol ratio response to treatment (P\\xa0=\\xa00.04).']\nQuestion: Is proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 elevated in proteinuric subjects : relationship with lipoprotein response to antiproteinuric treatment?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Differential diagnosis between bipolar disorder (BD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) is often challenging due to some overlap in symptoms and comorbidity of disorders. We investigated correlations in self-reported symptoms of BD and BPD in screening questionnaires at the levels of both total scores and individual items and explored overlapping dimensions.', \"The McLean Screening Instrument (MSI) for BPD and the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) for BD were filled in by patients with unipolar and bipolar mood disorders (n=313) from specialized psychiatric care within a pilot study of the Helsinki University Psychiatric Consortium. Pearson's correlation coefficients between total scores and individual items of the MSI and the MDQ were estimated. Relationships between MDQ and MSI were evaluated by exploratory factor analysis (EFA).\", 'The correlation between total scores of the MDQ and MSI was moderate (r=0.431, P<0.001). Significant correlations were found between the MSI items of \"impulsivity\" and \"mood instability\" and all MDQ items (P<0.01). In the EFA, the MSI \"impulsivity\" and \"mood instability\" items had significant cross-loadings (0.348 and 0.298, respectively) with the MDQ factor. The MDQ items of \"irritability\", \"flight of thoughts\" and \"distractibility\" (0.280, 0.210 and 0.386, respectively) cross-loaded on the MSI factor.']\nQuestion: Do differences and overlap in self-reported symptoms of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Congenital laryngomalacia (CLM) is the major cause of stridor in infants. Most cases are expected to resolve before 2\\u2005years of age, but long-term respiratory prospects are poorly described. We aimed to investigate if CLM was associated with altered laryngeal structure or function in later life.', 'Twenty of 23 (87%) infants hospitalised at Haukeland University Hospital during 1990-2000 for CLM without comorbidities and matched controls were assessed at mean age 13\\u2005years. Past and current respiratory morbidity was recorded in a questionnaire, and spirometry performed according to standard quality criteria. Laryngoscopy was performed at rest and continuously throughout a maximal treadmill exercise test (continuous laryngoscopy exercise test (CLE-test)), and scored and classified in a blinded fashion according to preset criteria.', 'In the CLM group, laryngeal anatomy supporting CLM in infancy was described at rest in nine (45%) adolescents. Eleven (55%) reported breathing difficulties in relation to exercise, of whom 7 had similarities to CLM at rest and 10 had supraglottic obstruction during CLE-test. Overall, 6/20 had symptoms during exercise and similarities to CLM at rest and obstruction during CLE-test. In the control group, one adolescent reported breathing difficulty during exercise and two had laryngeal obstruction during CLE-test. The two groups differed significantly from each other regarding laryngoscopy scores, obtained at rest and during exercise (p=0.001 or less).']\nQuestion: Is congenital laryngomalacia related to exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction in adolescence?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To evaluate possible sex differences in prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of asthma, and influence on lung function associated with asthma severity in a population-based birth cohort (BAMSE) of 4089 children.', \"At 4-y follow-up, 92% responded to a questionnaire on symptoms of asthma, current medication and doctor's diagnosis of asthma. A total of 2965 children participated in clinical testing, including measurements of peak expiratory flow (PEF), and were assigned to groups of asthma or no asthma by reported airway symptoms.\", \"Children in asthma groups had lower PEF readings compared to healthy children. This effect was most pronounced for both sexes in the persistent group (boys p<0.05, girls p<0.001) and for girls in the transient group (p<0.01). A doctor's diagnosis of asthma did not significantly differ between boys and girls, but significantly more boys than girls had inhaled corticosteroids, even when stratifying by frequency of symptoms.\"]\nQuestion: Does sex influence on lung function and medication in childhood asthma?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: [\"The independent predictive information from progesterone receptor (PgR) positivity for breast cancer treated with tamoxifen has been questioned after an overview by the Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). However, the studies in the overview were to a large content performed before modern PgR immunohistochemistry (IHC) was developed. We therefore investigated the predictive value of PgR determined with IHC in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors from patients participating in the Stockholm trial of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy.\", 'The Stockholm Breast Cancer Study Group conducted a randomized trial during 1976 through 1990 comparing adjuvant tamoxifen versus control. The patients were stratified according to tumor size and lymph node status in high-risk and low-risk groups. In this study, we evaluated 618 patients with ER-positive \"low-risk\" breast cancer (size\\xa0≤\\xa030\\xa0mm, lymph node-negative) for whom PgR was determined by IHC at one pathology laboratory. The median time of follow-up was 21\\xa0years.', 'Patients with ER-positive tumors that were also PgR-positive by IHC did benefit from tamoxifen, while we could not show any long-term benefit for those with tumors positive for ER only (recurrence rate ratio 0.43, 95\\xa0% CI 0.29-0.62 and 0.87, 95\\xa0% CI 0.52-1.46, respectively). We further investigated the influence of different levels of PgR positivity on recurrence risk. The results show that at all receptor levels with\\xa0≥10\\xa0% stained PgR-positive cells, the patients did benefit from tamoxifen. There was no clear linear trend in benefit with increasing proportion of stained cells.']\nQuestion: Is progesterone receptor positivity a predictor of long-term benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The early loss of renal function in patients with type 1 diabetes may begin before proteinuria. Only 30% of patients with diabetes manifest overt proteinuria. According to the previous studies, increased urinary albumin excretion, which is considered a classic marker of progression of diabetic kidney disease, can regress to normal urine albumin excretion. The current studies conducted in patients with type 1 diabetes without increased urine albumin excretion showed that the uric acid concentration was an independent factor for the development of diabetic kidney disease. The aim of study was to assess the impact of uric acid concentration and to identify risk factors of the early glomerular filtration loss in patients with type 1 diabetes and normal urinary albumin excretion.', '147 patients (61 women and 86 men) with type 1 diabetes without increased urine albumin excretion were analysed. GFR (gromerular filtration rate) was estimated based on the serum cystatin C concentration. Centile charts were used to determine the variation of uric acid concentration depending on GFR and gender.', 'The mean value of the filtration rate for the study group was 117 ml/min/m2. The uric acid level above 90th percentile in relation to GFR was diagnosed in 8.2% of women and 0% of men, between 90th and 50th percentile in 44.3 % of women and 5.8% of men and below 50th percentile in 47.5% of women and 94.2% of men. Contrary to men in women higher serum acid concentration was strongly associated with higher glomerular filtration rate. Hyperfiltraion was diagnosed in 15 of women and 19 of men.']\nQuestion: Is serum uric acid concentration associated with early changes of glomerular filtration rate in patients with diabetes type 1 without increased albumin excretion?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has preclinically and clinically shown promise to overcome radio- and chemoresistance of tumor cells. NDACI054 is a novel HDAC inhibitor, which has been evaluated here for its effects on cell survival and radiosensitization of human tumor cell lines from different origins cultured under more physiological three-dimensional (3D), extracellular matrix (ECM)-based conditions.', 'A549 lung, DLD-1 colorectal, MiaPaCa2 pancreatic and UT-SCC15 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells were treated with increasing NDACI054 concentrations (0-50 nM, 24 h) either alone or in combination with X-rays (single dose, 0-6 Gy). Subsequently, 3D clonogenic cell survival, HDAC activity, histone H3 acetylation, apoptosis, residual DNA damage (γH2AX/p53BP1 foci assay 24h post irradiation) and phosphorylation kinetics of Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), Caspase-3 and Poly(ADP-ribose)-Polymerase 1 (PARP 1) cleavage were analyzed.', 'NDACI054 potently decreased HDAC activity with concomitant increase in acetyl-histone H3 levels, mediated significant cytotoxicity and radiosensitization. These effects were accompanied by a significant increase of residual γH2AX/p53BP1-positive foci, slightly elevated levels of Caspase-3 and PARP 1 cleavage but no induction of apoptosis.']\nQuestion: Does the novel HDAC inhibitor NDACI054 sensitize human cancer cells to radiotherapy?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['In previous studies cellular prion protein (PrPc) is confirmed to be involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) of gastric cancer. Although octarepeat peptides are important functional domains of PrPc and are closely related to the transport of Cu2+/Zn2+ and antioxidative function, the significance in MDR remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the role of octarepeat peptides in gastric cancer MDR.', 'Small interfering RNA (siRNA) against PrPc were transfected into adriamycin-resistant gastric cancer cell lines to inhibit the expression of wild type PrPc, and then constructs encoding PrPc without octarepeat peptides and PrPc without the fifth repeat peptide were transfected, respectively, to establish the cell models. In vitro drug sensitivity, cell apoptosis, measurement of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione (GSH), as well as changes in glutathione S-transferase (GST) were detected.', 'In vitro drug sensitivity test showed that octarepeat peptides could modulate the drug resistance of gastric cancer cells, but the deletion of the fifth repeat peptide had no effect. Specifically, the anti-apoptotic capacity of gastric cancer cells decreased significantly when the octarepeat peptides of PrPc was absent. Moreover, the activities of total SOD, Cu2+/Zn2+-SOD, GSH-Px, GSH, and GST detected in different stressing periods revealed that cells lacking octarepeat peptides of PrPc exhibited weakened responses to stress. However, absence of the fifth repeat peptide did not exert any effect on stress response.']\nQuestion: Are octarepeat peptides of prion essential for multidrug resistance in gastric cancer cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To determine the relationship between endogenous total serum testosterone levels and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations. If a correlation exists between these two parameters, then use of testosterone-specific reference ranges may enhance the utility of PSA as a marker for prostate cancer.', 'Data were obtained from 150 men without previous history of prostate cancer. PSA was measured by the Abbott IMX microparticle enzyme immunoassay and total testosterone determined by the Coat-A-Count radioimmunoassay.', 'No correlation was found between testosterone and PSA, even when corrected for age and weight.']\nQuestion: Do physiologic variations of serum testosterone within the normal range affect serum prostate-specific antigen?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system, which is characterized by autoantibodies directed against the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4). As one of the main water regulators in the central nervous system, APQ4 is supposed to be involved in the dynamics of brain edema. Cerebral edema seriously affects clinical outcome after ischemic stroke; we therefore aimed to investigate whether NMO-antibodies may exert the same functional effects as an AQP4-inhibitor in-vivo in acute ischemic stroke.', 'Sixteen male Wistar rats were randomized into two groups twice receiving either purified NMO-IgG or immune globulin from healthy controls, 24\\xa0hours and 30\\xa0minutes before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed. T2-weighted MRI was carried out 24\\xa0hours after MCAO.', 'MRI-examination showed a significant increase of infarct size in relation to the cerebral hemisphere volume with NMO-IgG treated animals (27.1%\\u2009±\\u200911.1% vs. 14.3%\\u2009±\\u20097.2%; p\\u2009<\\u20090.05) when corrected for the space-occupying effect of vasogenic edema formation and similar results without edema correction (34.4%\\u2009±\\u200916.4% vs. 17.5%\\u2009±\\u20099.3%; p\\u2009<\\u20090.05). Furthermore, T2-RT revealed a significant increase in cortical brain water content of the treatment group (19.5\\xa0ms\\u2009±\\u20099.7\\xa0ms vs. 9.2\\xa0ms\\u2009±\\u20095.2\\xa0ms; p\\u2009<\\u20090.05).']\nQuestion: Do aquaporin-4 autoantibodies increase vasogenic edema formation and infarct size in a rat stroke model?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To test the hypothesis that patients with hyperprolactinaemia due to biologically inactive macroprolactin will not show the characteristically increased dopaminergic inhibition of TSH release seen in patients with microprolactinomas secreting biologically active monomeric PRL.', 'Comparison of the TSH and PRL responses to dopamine antagonism with domperidone (10 mg i.v.) in patients with hyperprolactinaemia due to macroprolactinaemia or microprolactinomas.', 'Twenty-two patients referred for the investigation of their hyperprolactinaemia were studied: 11 patients with macroprolactinaemia and 11 patients with hyperprolactinaemia due to microprolactinoma.', 'TSH and PRL levels were measured at baseline and 30 min following domperidone in both groups.', 'Patients with macroprolactinaemia showed normal TSH and PRL responses to dopamine antagonism whereas patients with microprolactinomas showed exaggerated TSH responses and reduced PRL responses. Although there was considerable overlap between the PRL responses in the two groups, there was very clear separation between the PRL/TSH response ratios (normal > 1.0) of 4.0 +/- 1.8 for the macroprolactinaemia group and 0.4 +/- 0.2 for the microprolactinoma group (P < 0.0001).']\nQuestion: Does the TSH response to domperidone reflect the biological activity of prolactin in macroprolactinaemia and hyperprolactinaemia?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['A maximal-exercise RER (RER(max) ≥ 1.10 is commonly used as a criterion to determine whether a \"true\" maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O(2max)) has been attained during maximal-effort exercise testing. Because RER(max) is heavily influenced by CO2 production from acid buffering during maximal exercise, we postulated that dietary acid load, which affects acid-base regulation, might contribute to variability in RER(max).', \"The study's purpose was to determine whether a habitual dietary intake that promotes systemic alkalinity results in higher RER(max) during V˙O(2max) testing.\", 'Sedentary men and women (47-63 yr, n = 57) with no evidence of cardiovascular disease underwent maximal graded treadmill exercise tests. V˙O(2max) and RER(max) were measured with indirect calorimetry. Habitual diet was assessed for its long-term effect on systemic acid-base status by performing nutrient analysis of food diaries and using this information to calculate the potential renal acid load (PRAL). Participants were grouped into tertiles on the basis of PRAL.', 'The lowest PRAL tertile (alkaline PRAL) had higher RERmax values (1.21 ± 0.01, P ≤ 0.05) than the middle PRAL tertile (1.17 ± 0.01) and highest PRAL tertile (1.15 ± 0.01). There were no significant differences (all P ≥ 0.30) among PRAL tertiles for RER at submaximal exercise intensities of 70%, 80%, or 90% V˙O2max. After controlling for age, sex, V˙O(2max), and HRmax, regression analysis demonstrated that 19% of the variability in RER(max) was attributed to PRAL (r = -0.43, P = 0.001). Unexpectedly, HRmax was lower (P ≤ 0.05) in the low PRAL tertile (164 ± 3 beats·min⁻¹) versus the highest PRAL tertile (173 ± 3 beats·min⁻¹).']\nQuestion: Does systemic acid load from the diet affect maximal-exercise RER?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Osteoclastogenesis is primarily activated by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) and is inhibited by osteoprotegerin (OPG). A previous study demonstrated that local OPG gene transfer to periodontal tissue inhibited RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis and experimental tooth movement. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that local OPG gene transfer to the periodontium can neutralize RANKL activity induced by lipopolysaccharide injection, thereby inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and diminishing alveolar bone resorption in experimental periodontal disease.', 'Seven-week-old male Wistar rats received an injection of lipopolysaccharide or phosphate-buffered saline in the palatal gingiva of the upper first molars on both the right and left sides. An inactivated haemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) envelope vector containing a mouse OPG expression plasmid [pcDNA3.1(+)-mOPG] or mock vector was injected periodically into the palatal periodontal tissue of the upper first molars.', 'Lipopolysaccharide injection induced severe periodontal bone resorption. Local OPG gene transfer induced OPG production, and osteoclastogenesis was inhibited. Local OPG gene transfer significantly decreased alveolar bone resorption.']\nQuestion: Does local osteoprotegerin gene transfer to periodontal tissue inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced alveolar bone resorption?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Oxidative metabolism, resulting in the formation of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) metabolites, may enhance the neurotoxic potential of brominated flame retardants.', \"Our objective was to investigate the effects of a hydroxylated metabolite of 2,2',4,4'-tetra-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47; 6-OH-BDE-47) on changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and vesicular catecholamine release in PC12 cells.\", 'We measured vesicular catecholamine release and [Ca2+]i using amperometry and imaging of the fluorescent Ca2+-sensitive dye Fura-2, respectively.', 'Acute exposure of PC12 cells to 6-OH-BDE-47 (5 microM) induced vesicular catecholamine release. Catecholamine release coincided with a transient increase in [Ca2+]i, which was observed shortly after the onset of exposure to 6-OH-BDE-47 (120 microM). An additional late increase in [Ca2+]i was often observed at > or =1 microM 6-OH-BDE-47. The initial transient increase was absent in cells exposed to the parent compound BDE-47, whereas the late increase was observed only at 20 microM. Using the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP) and thapsigargin to empty intracellular Ca2+ stores, we found that the initial increase originates from emptying of the endoplasmic reticulum and consequent influx of extracellular Ca2+, whereas the late increase originates primarily from mitochondria.']\nQuestion: Does hydroxylation increase the neurotoxic potential of BDE-47 to affect exocytosis and calcium homeostasis in PC12 cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The primary purpose was to investigate whether serum vitamin A concentration is associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). The secondary aim was to obtain pilot data regarding the amount of vitamin A ingested by patients and controls.', 'Vitamin A is an attractive candidate mediator of IIH as many of the symptoms and signs of hypervitaminosis A mimic those of IIH.', 'We prospectively determined serum retinol and retinyl ester concentration in 16 women with IIH and 70 healthy young women. Using a survey instrument, we also determined the average daily vitamin A ingestion in a convenience sample of patients and controls.', 'Serum retinol concentration was significantly higher in the patient group (median 752 ug/L) compared with the control group (median 530 ug/L), even after adjusting for age and body mass index (p < 0.001). Retinyl ester concentration, however, was similar in the patient (median 48 ug/L) and control (median 41 ug/L) groups (p = 0.32). There was no significant correlation between serum retinol concentration and body mass index in the patients (r = 0.16) or controls (r = -0.02). Finally, there was no significant difference in the amounts of vitamin A ingested by the patients or controls, although the small number of subjects in both groups reduced the power of this conclusion.']\nQuestion: Is serum vitamin A concentration elevated in idiopathic intracranial hypertension?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['CXCL12 is a small chemotactic cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family expressed in various organs. It contributes to the migration, invasion and angiogenesis of cancer cells. Recently, the CXCL12 G801A polymorphism was shown to be associated with an increased risk of various kinds of cancers, but the results were too inconsistent to be conclusive.', 'To solve the problem of inadequate statistical power and conflicting results, a meta-analysis of published case-control studies was performed, including 4,435 cancer cases and 6,898 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to determine the strength of association between CXCL12 G801A polymorphism and cancer risk.', 'A significant association between CXCL12 G801A polymorphism and cancer risk was found under all genetic models. Further, subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity suggested a significant association between CXCL12 G801A polymorphism and cancer risk in the Asian subgroup under all genetic models. However, in the Caucasian subgroup, a significant association was only found under an additive genetic model and a dominant genetic model. The analysis stratified by cancer type found that CXCL12 G801A polymorphism may increase the risk of breast cancer, lung cancer, and \"other\" cancers. Based on subgroup stratified by source of controls, a significant association was observed in hospital-based studies under all genetic models.']\nQuestion: Is the CXCL12 G801A polymorphism associated with cancer risk : a meta-analysis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Pim-1 is a proto-oncogene involved in cell survival, differentiation and proliferation in several hematologic and epithelial malignancies. Clinically, absence of Pim-1 expression correlates with poor prognosis in prostate cancer. In the present study, the expression of Pim-1 is analyzed in pancreatic cancer and correlated to clinicopathological parameters.', 'Compared to benign, inflammatory and pre-malignant conditions (i.e., the normal pancreas, chronic pancreatitis and benign intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm), expression of Pim-1 mRNA and protein increased significantly in pancreatic malignancies. Absence of Pim-1 immunopositivity in cancer cells strongly correlated with a poor prognosis (median survival 13.8 vs. 23.4 months, p = 0.0016). In vitro, rapidly dividing (high versus low serum concentrations) and hypoxic cells displayed higher Pim-1 mRNA and protein levels.', 'Pim-1 mRNA and protein was evaluated with quantitative real-time RT-PCR, immunofluorescence and immunocytochemistry analyses. Ex vivo expression analysis using semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry was performed using human pancreatic tissues of the normal pancreas (n = 10), chronic pancreatitis (n = 30), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (n = 59) and other pancreatic tumors (n = 42). In consecutive sections HIF1-alpha was used as a marker of hypoxia. Survival of patients (n = 35) was compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and a log-rank test. In vitro analyses were performed using cultured pancreatic cancer cell lines (n = 8) and primary human pancreatic stellate cells.']\nQuestion: Is hypoxia-inducible proto-oncogene Pim-1 a prognostic marker in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The safety and effectiveness of emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS) are currently unknown.', 'To compare the outcome of elderly patients with AMI complicated by CS who were treated with primary PCI or thrombolysis.', 'Between 2001 and 2006 at Xijing Hospital we evaluated the outcome of 94 patients ł75 years old with AMI complicated by CS, of whom 33 underwent emergency PCI (PCI group), whereas the other 61 received initially conventional medication (CM group).', 'Baseline characteristics, infarct location, rate of intra-aortic balloon pump support and time from AMI onset to therapy were similar between the two groups. The success rate of revascularisation in the PCI group was 90.9% and the success rate of thrombolysis in the CM group was 60.7% (p=0.004). The PCI group had a lower in-hospital mortality than the CM group (42.4 vs. 65.6%, p=0.026). Kaplan-Meier curves showed a significant difference in survival (48.48 vs. 21.31%, p=0.006), favouring early PCI. Multiple logistic regression identified time from AMI onset to therapy as an independent predictor of in-hospital death (p=0.036). Cox regression analysis indicated early PCI as an independent factor to improve mid-term survival (p=0.015).']\nQuestion: Does early percutaneous intervention improve survival in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['A significant proportion of individuals taking antihypertensive therapies fail to achieve blood pressures <140/90 mmHg. In order to develop strategies for improved treatment of blood pressure, we examined the association of blood pressure control with antihypertensive therapies and clinical and lifestyle factors in a cohort of adults at increased cardiovascular risk.', 'A cross-sectional study of 3994 adults from Melbourne and Shepparton, Australia enrolled in the SCReening Evaluation of the Evolution of New Heart Failure (SCREEN-HF) study. Inclusion criteria were age ≥60 years with one or more of self-reported ischaemic or other heart disease, atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular disease, renal impairment or treatment for hypertension or diabetes for ≥2 years. Exclusion criteria were known heart failure or cardiac abnormality on echocardiography or other imaging. The main outcome measures were the proportion of participants receiving antihypertensive therapy with blood pressures ≥140/90 mmHg and the association of blood pressure control with antihypertensive therapies and clinical and lifestyle factors.', 'Of 3623 participants (1975 men and 1648 women) receiving antihypertensive therapy, 1867 (52%) had blood pressures ≥140/90 mmHg. Of these 1867 participants, 1483 (79%) were receiving only one or two antihypertensive drug classes. Blood pressures ≥140/90 mmHg were associated with increased age, male sex, waist circumference and log amino-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels.']\nQuestion: Do most individuals with treated blood pressures above target receive only one or two antihypertensive drug classes?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Extravesical ureteral reimplantation and subureteral Deflux injection are used to correct vesicoureteral reflux with success rates of 94% to 99% and up to 89%, respectively. It was reported that unilateral extravesical reimplantation may be performed safely in an outpatient setting. Given that, we analyzed total system reimbursement to compare planned outpatient unilateral extravesical reimplantation to subureteral Deflux injection in patients with unilateral vesicoureteral reflux.', 'Data were collected on consecutive patients undergoing outpatient procedures for unilateral vesicoureteral reflux. Assessment of total system reimbursement was made using a payer mix adjusted calculation of surgery plus anesthesia plus hospital reimbursement. This was compared per procedure and in terms of total system reimbursement for each approach to obtain a similar resolution rate.', 'A total of 209 consecutive patients were identified, of whom 26 underwent subureteral Deflux injection and 183 underwent unilateral extravesical reimplantation. Mean operative time was 93 minutes for reimplantation and 45 minutes for injection. The mean volume of dextranomer-hyaluronic acid was 1.2 ml. Total initial system reimbursement per patient was $3,813 for reimplantation and $4,259 for injection. A 3% hospital admission rate for reimplantation increased the total to $3,945. Higher reimbursement for injection depended largely on the material expense for dextranomer-hyaluronic acid.']\nQuestion: Is endoscopic subureteral injection less expensive than outpatient open reimplantation for unilateral vesicoureteral reflux?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To investigate the effects of sulforaphane on endothelial inflammatory gene expression in endothelial cells.', 'Human aortic endothelial cells were used in the study.', 'One-hour pretreatment of endothelial cells (EC) with sulforaphane (1-4 muM) suppressed TNF-alpha-induced MCP-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA and protein levels, but had no effect on TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 expression. Sulforaphane also inhibited TNF-alpha-induced activation of p38 MAP kinase, but not c-Jun-N-terminal kinase. Sulforaphane had no effect on TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB nuclear binding activity, IkappaB-alpha degradation or activation of NF-kappaB-driven transcriptional activity. Expression of dominant negative Nrf2 inhibited sulforaphane-induced antioxidant response element (ARE)-driven promoter activity, but had no effect on sulforaphane-mediated inhibition of VCAM-1 and MCP-1 expression.']\nQuestion: Does sulforaphane inhibit TNF-alpha-induced activation of p38 MAP kinase and VCAM-1 and MCP-1 expression in endothelial cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To investigate the potential relation between cumulative exposure to cigarette smoking in patients with or without rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and a positive family history of the disease.', '239 outpatient based patients with RA were compared with 239 controls matched for age, sex, and social class. A detailed smoking history was recorded and expressed as pack years smoked. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the association between RA and pack years smoked. The patients with RA were also interviewed about a family history of disease and recorded as positive if a first or second degree relative had RA. The smoking history at the time of the study of the patients with RA with or without a family history of the disease was compared directly with that of their respective controls. Patients with RA with or without a family history of the disease were also compared retrospectively for current smoking at the time of disease onset.', 'An increasing association between increased pack years smoked and RA was found. There was a striking association between heavy cigarette smoking and RA. A history for 41-50 pack years smoked was associated with RA (odds ratio (OR) 13.54, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.89 to 63.38; p<0.001). The association between ever having smoked and RA was modest (OR 1.81, CI 1.22 to 2.19; p=0.002). Furthermore, cigarette smoking in the patients with RA without a positive family history of RA was more prevalent than in the patients with a positive family history of RA for ever having smoked (72% v 54%; p=0.006), the number of pack years smoked (median 25.0 v 4.0; p<0.001), and for smoking at the time of disease onset (58% v 39%; p=0.003).']\nQuestion: Is heavy cigarette smoking strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) , particularly in patients without a family history of RA?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Recent genome-wide association studies in East Asian populations reported that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in KCNQ1 are associated with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to validate this finding in a Chinese population.', 'We genotyped four SNPs, rs2074196, rs2237892, rs2237895 and rs2237897, in a group of 3,503 Shanghai Chinese individuals, comprising 1,769 type 2 diabetic patients and 1,734 normoglycaemic controls. Both the cases and the controls were extensively phenotyped for anthropometric and biochemical traits related to glucose metabolism. Arginine stimulation tests under fasting conditions were performed in a subgroup of 466 cases.', 'All four of the SNPs were associated with type 2 diabetes, with rs2237892 showing strongest evidence for association (OR 1.532, 95% CI 1.381-1.698, p = 5.0 x 10(-16)). The SNP rs2237897 was associated with both acute insulin and C-peptide response after arginine stimulation in a subgroup of cases (p = 0.0471 and p = 0.0156, respectively). The SNP rs2237895 was associated with both first- and second-phase insulin secretion in the controls (p = 0.0334 and p = 0.0002, respectively).']\nQuestion: Are variations in KCNQ1 associated with type 2 diabetes and beta cell function in a Chinese population?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Elevated myocardial energy expenditure (MEE) is related with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and has also been documented as an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality. However, the serum small-molecule metabolite profiles and pathophysiological mechanisms of elevated MEE in heart failure (HF) are still lacking. Herein, we used 1H-NMR-based metabolomics analysis to screen for potential biomarkers of MEE in HF.', 'A total of 61 subjects were enrolled, including 46 patients with heart failure and 15 age-matched controls. Venous serum samples were collected from subjects after an 8-hour fast. An INOVA 600 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer with Carr-Purcell-Melboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence was employed for the metabolomics analysis and MEE was calculated using colored Doppler echocardiography. Metabolomics data were processed using orthogonal signal correction and regression analysis was performed using the partial least squares method.', 'The mean MEE levels of HF patients and controls were 139.61±58.18 cal/min and 61.09±23.54 cal/min, respectively. Serum metabolomics varied with MEE changed, and 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetone and succinate were significantly elevated with the increasing MEE. Importantly, these three metabolites were independent of administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, β-receptor blockers, diuretics and statins (P>0.05).']\nQuestion: Does 1H-NMR-based metabolic analysis of human serum reveal novel markers of myocardial energy expenditure in heart failure patients?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major agents of chronic hepatitis and liver disease worldwide. Infection with HCV leads to chronic hepatitis in about 80% of the cases. The most used treatment is based on interferon (IFN)-alpha, which is effective in less than 50% of patients; however, a high proportion of responders may relapse after interferon withdrawal. Fatigue is a common complaint in patients with liver disease. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of carnitine on IFN-induced fatigue in subjects with chronic hepatitis C.', \"We studied 50 patients (30 males and 20 females) with chronic hepatitis C. Chronic hepatitis was diagnosed by determination of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (at least 2-fold upper normal values for 1 year). Our study series was divided into two groups and matched as to number, age, sex, as well as grade and duration of disease. Group 1, composed of 25 patients, was treated with leucocytic IFN-alpha at a dosage of 3 million IU thrice a week; group 2 (25 patients) was treated with the same protocol as group 1, but was also administered carnitine 2 g per os daily. Patients' response was evaluated on the basis of serum levels of AST and ALT as well as liver functions; fatigue was evaluated by Wessely and Powell scores. All patients studied were tested before treatment and then 1, 3 and 6 months after the beginning of IFN administration.\", 'The difference of physical fatigue between the two groups after 1 month of therapy was significant (p < 0.01) for patients treated with carnitine. This significance continued at the end of month 3 (p < 0.01). With reference to mental fatigue, the comparison between the two groups showed a significant difference for group 2 after 1 month (p < 0.01). Finally, with respect to the fatigue severity, the comparison between the two groups showed that after 1 and 3 months of therapy, fatigue was significantly less severe in group 2 than group 1 (p < 0.0005).']\nQuestion: Does l-carnitine decrease severity and type of fatigue induced by interferon-alpha in the treatment of patients with hepatitis C?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Risk assessment occurs over different temporal and spatial scales and is selected for when individuals show an adaptive response to a threat. Here, we test if birds respond to the threat of brood parasitism using the acoustical cues of brood parasites in the absence of visual stimuli. We broadcast the playback of song of three brood parasites (Chalcites cuckoo species) and a sympatric non-parasite (striated thornbill, Acanthiza lineata) in the territories of superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) during the peak breeding period and opportunistic breeding period. The three cuckoo species differ in brood parasite prevalence and the probability of detection by the host, which we used to rank the risk of parasitism (high risk, moderate risk, low risk).', \"Host birds showed the strongest response to the threat of cuckoo parasitism in accordance with the risk of parasitism. Resident wrens had many alarm calls and close and rapid approach to the playback speaker that was broadcasting song of the high risk brood parasite (Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo, C. basalis) across the year (peak and opportunistic breeding period), some response to the moderate risk brood parasite (shining bronze-cuckoo, C. lucidus) during the peak breeding period, and the weakest response to the low risk brood parasite (little bronze-cuckoo, C. minutillus). Playback of the familiar control stimulus in wren territories evoked the least response.\"]\nQuestion: Is host response to cuckoo song predicted by the future risk of brood parasitism?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['We sought to define effects of glibenclamide, a sulfonylurea known to block ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channels, and Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an L-arginine analog known to block nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, on coronary vascular responsiveness to adenosine.', 'The role of adenosine in coronary flow regulation becomes increasingly important when KATP channel function or NO synthesis is impaired. Both variables are potentially altered in patients with coronary artery disease taking a sulfonylurea.', 'Dose-response curves relating coronary conductance to plasma adenosine concentration were obtained by using intracoronary infusions of adenosine (10 to 1,000 microg/min) in chronically instrumented dogs.', 'ED50, the plasma concentration of adenosine needed to produce 50% of the maximal increase in conductance under baseline conditions, increased threefold after either 1 or 10 mg/kg of L-NAME. ED50 also increased in response to glibenclamide in a dose-related fashion (5.7-fold increase per 1 mg/kg body weight of glibenclamide). Effects of combined blockade of KATP channels and NO synthesis were additive, with increases in ED50 as high as 15-fold. Both L-NAME and glibenclamide increased systemic pressure and reduced coronary conductance, confirming the roles of NO and KATP channels in regulating coronary and systemic vascular tone under rest conditions as well as during stress.']\nQuestion: Is coronary vascular responsiveness to adenosine impaired additively by blockade of nitric oxide synthesis and a sulfonylurea?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To investigate in vitro, the cellular network activity of the hippocampus in Q54 mice that display spontaneous seizures because of a gain-of-function mutation of the Scn2a sodium channel gene.', 'Extacellular recordings were obtained from CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices prepared from Q54 transgenic and nontransgenic littermates (WT) under physiologic conditions as well as during periods of orthodromic stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals. Cerebral spinal fluid samples were analyzed and cresyl violet histology of the hippocampus was conducted.', 'Increased spontaneous extracellular activity was found in both CA1 and CA3 regions of Q54 hippocampal slices. Q54 slices also demonstrated significantly greater spontaneous and afterdischarge activity as well as population spike amplitude and duration following tetanic stimulus in comparison to WT slices. Frequency analysis of tetanically stimulated recordings indicated high-frequency components (100 and 200 Hz) unique to Q45 slices. Analysis of cresyl violet histology supports healthy Q54 slices up to 10 weeks, while Q54 cerebral spinal fluid shows elevated osmolarity.']\nQuestion: Does scn2a sodium channel mutation result in hyperexcitability in the hippocampus in vitro?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Macroscopic hematuria (MH) may cause acute kidney injury (AKI) in IgA nephropathy. Up to 25% of patients with MH-associated AKI do not recover baseline renal function. Our objective was to identify subjects at high risk for an adverse renal function.', 'We examined macrophages, oxidative stress markers (NADPH-p22 and HO-1) and the hemoglobin scavenger receptor (CD163) in renal biopsy specimens from 33 MH-AKI patients with complete recovery (CR, n = 17) or incomplete recovery (IR, n = 16) of renal function after 6.72 (range 0.5-21.5) years of follow-up.', 'CD163-expressing macrophages, HO-1 and NADPH-p22 expression were located in areas surrounding tubules with iron deposits and filled with erythrocyte casts. CD163-positive macrophages score and HO-1- and p22-positive staining correlated positively with percentage of tubules with erythrocyte casts and tubular necrosis. Macrophage infiltration, CD163-positive macrophage score, NADPH-p22- and HO-1-positive staining areas were significantly greater in IR patients when compared with CR patients. The CD163-positive macrophage score and oxidative stress markers (p22 and HO-1) were negatively correlated with renal function outcome, as determined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and proteinuria, at the end of the follow-up period. In multivariate analysis, the CD163-positive macrophage score remained significantly associated with final eGFR and proteinuria after adjustment by age, gender, duration of MH, initial eGFR and proteinuria.']\nQuestion: Are oxidative stress , macrophage infiltration and CD163 expression determinants of long-term renal outcome in macrohematuria-induced acute kidney injury of IgA nephropathy?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The molecular and cellular events that regulate inflammatory lung injury, a major cause of morbidity in surgical patients, remain unclear. The authors hypothesize that nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in regulating polymorphonuclear cell (PMN)-induced acute lung injury, and further, that attenuated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and therefore decreased production of NO by lung microvascular endothelial cells (LMVEC), accelerates inflammation and injury.', 'LMVEC and aortic EC (AEC) from rat and human were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokines; changes in iNOS mRNA expression and iNOS activity were determined. The role of NO in mediating inflammatory responses was evaluated by determining PMN adherence to LMVEC and lung tissue slices in the presence and absence of NOS inhibitors and NO donors. Human LMVEC and AEC were assessed by FACS analysis for ICAM-1 expression, because this is thought to be a critical determinant of PMN adherence.', 'When stimulated with endotoxin and cytokines, rat AEC monolayers express nearly 3-fold more iNOS mRNA than rat LMVEC. The low levels of LMVEC iNOS expression are associated with a 4-fold lower nitrite and nitrate production. Similar trends are seen in human endothelial cells. When iNOS activity was blocked, PMN adherence to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)/LPS-stimulated LMVEC was markedly increased. In contrast, adding a nitric oxide donor to endotoxin/cytokine-stimulated LMVEC monolayers reduced PMN adherence to near background levels. Similar responses were observed in vivo. Human lung microvascular endothelial cells show a substantially increased level of ICAM-1 upregulation when compared with similarly stimulated human aortic macrovascular endothelial cells.']\nQuestion: Is attenuated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in lung microvascular endothelial cells associated with an increase in ICAM-1 expression?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Immunization with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been shown to augment T helper (Th) 1 biased response and hence gives protection against developing allergies. However, results across the studies have been inconclusive and there is no Indian study verifying this association. We explored the link between BCG vaccination and prevalence of allergic diseases among school children of Chandigarh, North India.', 'In a large cross-sectional study, children aged 7-14 years, with and without documentation and/or scar consistent with BCG vaccination, were examined over a period of 2 years and 5 months with the help of a questionnaire-based survey followed by skin-prick test (SPT).', 'A total of 10,028 children were included. The mean age was 11.04 ± 2.8 years and M/F ratio was 1.1:1. Among them, 77.7% had documentation of BCG vaccination, 17% had a BCG-like scar but no documentation and 5.3% had no scar/documentation. SPT was performed on 1614 (16%) children. In the BCG group (vaccination and/or scar) 16.7% were atopic (positive SPT) compared with 21.3% in no BCG (no vaccination/scar). The prevalence of allergic diseases among BCG(+) subjects was 10.1%. Among these, asthma was the commonest one (6.1%), followed by rhinitis (3.5%) and eczema (0.5%). There was significant negative correlation between BCG positivity, atopy (p = 0.037), and allergic diseases as a whole (p = 0.028), but on independent analysis the negative correlation was strongest with allergic rhinitis (p = 0.011).']\nQuestion: Is bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination associated with lower prevalence of allergic diseases in Indian children?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Upper limb trauma occurs frequently in elderly patients for whom peripheral nerve blocks are often preferred for anesthesia. The characteristics of such regional blocks have, however, never been described in an elderly population. Therefore, the authors assessed prospectively the onset and duration of upper extremity peripheral nerve block (the mid-humeral block) in elderly and young patients undergoing emergency upper extremity surgery.', 'Consecutive patients aged > 70 yr or < 70 yr received a mid-humeral block with a small volume of ropivacaine, 0.75%. Five milliliters was injected onto each of the musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar, and median nerves. Time to complete sensory and motor block and durations of complete sensory and motor block were assessed. Results are shown as median and its 95% confidence interval.', 'Median ages were 77 yr (95% CI, 72-81 yr) and 39 yr (95% CI, 27-46 yr) in the two groups. Both groups had similar times to complete sensory blockade. The elderly group had longer durations of complete sensory (390 min [range, 280-435 min] vs.150 min [range, 105-160 min]; P< 0.05) and motor (357 min [range, 270-475 min] vs. 150 min [range, 90-210 min]; P< 0.05) blockade. Duration of complete sensory block was significantly correlated with age (rho = 0.56; P< 0.05).']\nQuestion: Does brachial plexus nerve block exhibit prolonged duration in the elderly?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells are poorly immunogenic and inhibit T-cell function. AML-derived dendritic cells (AML-DCs) have better antigen-presentation capacity than undifferentiated leukemic blasts, but may not be fully competent to stimulate T cells previously inhibited by leukemic cells.', 'AML-DCs were generated from AML cells and used to stimulate proliferation and cytokine production by T cells previously inhibited by AML cells. AML-DCs were also transfected with interleukin (IL)-12 gene by the nonviral method, nucleofection.', 'Mature AML-DCs stimulated naive and, to a lesser extent, leukemic cell (LC)-cultured T cells more efficiently than their immature counterparts and their activity was mediated by IL-12. AML-DCs generated from CD14(-) AML samples (which represent 80% of total AML patients) were defective in IL-12 production and T-cell activation. Addition of exogenous IL-12 to LC-cultured T cells stimulated by CD14(-)-derived AML-DCs restored optimal interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production and Th1 skewing. IL-12 gene-nucleofected AML-DCs derived from CD14(-) cells produced significant amounts of IL-12, maintained leukemia-specific karyotype, DC-like phenotype, and function. When stimulated by IL-12-gene transduced CD14(-)-derived AML-DCs, LC-cultured T cells produced higher concentrations of IFN-gamma, thus maintaining a Th1 cytokine profile.']\nQuestion: Does interleukin-12 production by leukemia-derived dendritic cells counteract the inhibitory effect of leukemic microenvironment on T cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To investigate whether atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta, internal carotid arteries, and coronary arteries is predictive of postoperative delirium in subjects undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.', 'Prospective cohort study.', 'Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System.', 'Thirty-six male veterans undergoing primary CABG surgery.', 'Subjects underwent Duplex ultrasound to assess stenosis in the internal carotid arteries. Information on the ascending aortic plaque, as assessed by transesophageal echocardiogram, and the number of coronary vessels bypassed was collected. To create an atherosclerosis score, the number of atherosclerotic areas was added. A validated delirium battery was administered to the subjects preoperatively and on postoperative Days 2 and 5.', 'Fifteen subjects (41.7%) developed delirium postoperatively. In bivariate analysis, carotid stenosis of 50% or more (relative risk (RR)=3.5, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.5-8.1) and moderate-severe ascending aortic plaque (RR=2.9, 95% CI=1.0-8.5) were significantly associated with the development of delirium. There was a trend toward a significant association for three or more vessels bypassed (RR=9.6, 95% CI=0.6-145.3). After controlling for age, baseline cognition, and medical comorbidity, the atherosclerosis score was significantly associated with postoperative delirium (adjusted RR=2.7, 95% CI=1.1-6.8).']\nQuestion: Is atherosclerosis associated with delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Segmented 2D-selective radiofrequency excitations can be used to acquire irregularly shaped target regions, e.g., in single-voxel MR spectroscopy, without involving excessive radiofrequency pulse durations. However, segments covering only outer k-space regions nominally use reduced B1 amplitudes (i.e., smaller flip angles) and yield lower signal contributions, which decreases the efficiency of the measurement. The purpose of this study was to show that applying the full flip angle for all segments and scaling down the acquired signal appropriately (signal scaling) retains the desired signal amplitude but reduces the noise level accordingly and, thus, increases the signal-to-noise ratio.', 'The principles and improvements of signal scaling were demonstrated with MR imaging and spectroscopy experiments at 3 T for a single-line segmentation of a blipped-planar trajectory.', \"The observed signal-to-noise ration gain depended on the 2D-selective radiofrequency excitation's resolution, field-of-excitation, and its excitation profile and was between 40 and 500% for typical acquisition parameters.\"]\nQuestion: Does signal scaling improve the signal-to-noise ratio of measurements with segmented 2D-selective radiofrequency excitations?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Graft survival in HCV (hepatitis C virus) infected recipients is worse than those transplanted for other liver diseases. We studied whether several donor cardiovascular risk factors (including advanced age, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus) contribute to worse outcomes for HCV positive and HCV negative liver transplant recipients.', 'We obtained data from the United Network for Organ Sharing on all adult liver transplants performed in the United States between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2003. In total, 27,033 transplant cases were evaluated. Independent predictors of graft survival were determined using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis after controlling for factors previously found to be associated with differences in transplant outcomes.', 'Donor diabetes was a strong independent risk factor for graft failure [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.20, p = 0.006] only in HCV positive recipients. Neither donor smoking status nor hypertension predicted graft loss in either cohort. Consistent with previous studies, advanced donor age, donation after cardiac death, height, and African American donor all predicted graft loss amongst both cohorts.']\nQuestion: Is donor diabetes mellitus an independent risk factor for graft loss in HCV positive but not HCV negative liver transplant recipients?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Marathon running is presumed to improve cardiovascular risk, but health benefits of high volume running are unknown. High resolution coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and a cardiac risk factor assessment were completed in women with long term marathon running histories to compare to sedentary women with similar risk factors.', 'Women who had run at least one marathon per year for 10-25 years underwent CCTA, 12-lead ECG, blood pressure and heart rate measurement, lipid panel, and a demographic/health risk factor survey. Sedentary matched controls were derived from a contemporaneous clinical study database. CT scans were analyzed for calcified and non-calcified plaque prevalence, volume, stenosis severity, and calcium score.', 'Women marathon runners (n=26), age 42-82, with combined 1217 marathons (average 47) exhibited significantly lower coronary plaque prevalence and less calcific plaque volume. The marathon runners also had less risk factors (smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia); significantly lower resting heart rate, body weight, body mass index, and triglyceride levels; and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared to controls (n=28). The five women runners with coronary plaque had run marathons for more years and were on average 12 years older (65 vs. 53) than the runners without plaque.']\nQuestion: Does long-Term Marathon Running be Associated with Low Coronary Plaque Formation in Women?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Acute dyspnoea is the leading cause of unscheduled admission of elderly patients. Several biomarkers are used to diagnose acute heart failure (AHF) and assess prognosis of dyspnoeic patients, but their value in elderly patients is unclear.', 'To compare diagnostic and prognostic performances of conventional and novel cardiovascular biomarkers in 2 age groups: young (<75 years old) vs. old (≥75 years old) dyspnoeic patients.', 'Prospective observational registry.', 'Emergency department (ED).', 'Acutely dyspnoeic adult patients.', 'Blood samples were collected at ED admission. The diagnostic value of 4 natriuretic peptides (BNP, proBNP, NT-proBNP, MR-proANP) for AHF was tested. We also assessed the prognostic value of same natriuretic peptides and of 3 novel cardiovascular biomarkers (galectin-3, sST2 and proenkephalin), using 1-year all-cause mortality as end-point. Diagnostic or prognostic performances are expressed as area under the receiveroperating characteristic curve (AUC) with 95% confidence interval.', 'Two hundred one acutely dyspnoeic patients were studied. AHF was the cause of dyspnoea in 57% of old and 44% of young patients, respectively. All 4 natriuretic peptides performed well in diagnosing AHF in both age groups (all AUC>0.7). BNP showed the best diagnostic performance in both old (AUC: 0.98 [0.97-1.00]) and young (AUC 0.98 [0.95-1.00]) patients. Galectin-3 showed the best prognostic performance in both old (AUC 0.74 [0.62-0.87]) and young patients (AUC 0.75 [0.56-0.94]).']\nQuestion: Are clinical benefits of natriuretic peptides and galectin-3 maintained in old dyspnoeic patients?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['We investigated C-peptide effects on inflammatory cytokine release and adhesion of monocytes exposed to high glucose and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro.', 'Monocytic cells (U-937) were cultured in the presence of 30\\xa0mmol/L glucose and stimulated with 0.5\\xa0ng/μL LPS in the presence or absence of C-peptide (1\\xa0μmol/L) for 24\\xa0h to induce inflammatory cytokine secretion. Adhesion of U-937 monocytes to human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) was also studied in the presence or absence of C-peptide. Concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, macrophage inflammatory protein(MIP)-1α, and MIP-1β in supernatants from LPS-stimulated U-937 monocytes were assessed by Luminex. To gain insights into potential intracellular signaling pathways affected by C-peptide, we investigated nuclear translocation of nuclear factor(NF)-κB p65/p50 subunits by western blot in LPS-treated U-937 cells. The effect of C-peptide on LPS-induced phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic protein IκB-α was also investigated by immunoblotting.', 'Addition of C-peptide significantly reduced cytokine secretion from LPS-stimulated U-937 monocytes. Adhesion of U-937 cells to HAEC was also significantly reduced by C-peptide. These effects were accompanied by reduced NF-κB p65/p50 nuclear translocation and decreased phosphorylation of IκB-α.']\nQuestion: Does c-peptide reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in LPS-stimulated U937 monocytes in condition of hyperglycemia?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Picture Archiving Communication System (PACS) is a sophisticated software and hardware package that enables clinicians to retrieve, review, and digitally manipulate radiographs from computer workstations throughout the hospital. PACS was instituted at Brooke Army Medical Center in July 1993.', 'Fifty consecutive trauma and 50 consecutive motor vehicle crash (MVC) trauma admissions to an urban trauma center were reviewed before PACS (January 1993) and 18 months after PACS was instituted (January 1995). Patients were compared by the number of radiographs needed during the initial evaluation by type and total. The trauma groups were subdivided by mechanism and also compared. Demographic and physiologic data were collected for each patient.', 'There are no differences in the demographic and physiologic data between groups. For the 50 consecutive trauma admissions, only two areas of statistical difference were found: more chest films were obtained in the MVC PACS group and more pelvis films were obtained in the gunshot wound pre-PACS group. For the 50 consecutive MVC trauma admissions, the PACS group had more chest and total radiographs per patient than the pre-PACS group. More computed tomographic scans of the neck were obtained in the PACS group.']\nQuestion: Does picture archiving communication system decrease the number of radiographs needed to evaluate the trauma patient?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The effects of intense systemic or local cooling on aqueous humor dynamics in animals are an increased total outflow facility and a decreased aqueous flow. Few studies suggest that only vasoconstriction of arteriolar segments of the episcleral vasculature may be the cause for a decrease in intraocular pressure after local cooling in humans. Because corneal changes may have influenced such studies, the effect of local cooling was assessed in normal subjects.', 'Intraocular pressure and corneal thickness were measured in 18 healthy human subjects before and after exposure of the right eye to both, an air stream at 20 degrees C, and an air stream at 0 degrees C.', 'No significant changes in IOP or corneal thickness occurred under 20 degrees C conditions. After local cooling, the mean corneal thickness increased from 0.52 +/- 0.01 mm to 0.57 +/- 0.02 mm (p < 0.001). Mean intraocular pressure decreased from 13.8 +/- 2.9 mmHg to 12.9 +/- 3.1 mmHg (p < 0.026). The observed decrease in IOP correlated significantly but negatively (R = -0.53; p = 0.024) with the increase in corneal thickness, indicating that the cooling effect on IOP may be rather underestimated.']\nQuestion: Is intraocular pressure decrease after local ocular cooling underestimated by applanation tonometry?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of specific inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on inspiratory muscle strength, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal lactate accumulation (Lmax), dyspnea sensation and rowing performance in rowers.', 'Ninteen well-trained rowers were divided into two groups: IMT (T) and control (C). The T group, in addition to their daily rowing practice, performed IMT by means of a threshold inspiratory muscle trainer for approximately 0.5h.d(-1), 5 times a week for 6 weeks. The C group participated only in their regular daily rowing training. Prior to the initiation and at the completion of the 6-week IMT program, both groups underwent an incremental treadmill run test to determine VO2max. Maximum inspiratory mouth pressure (PImax) was measured at rest and following the VO2max test. On a separate occasion, rowing performance was evaluated by a 2000 m all-out effort on a rowing ergometer. Dyspnea sensation was assessed by a modified Borg scale and Lmax was measured by an enzymatic method.', 'Six weeks of IMT significantly (P < 0.05) increased resting PImax. Moreover, inspiratory muscle training increased PImax following the VO2max test in the T group. In contrast, no changes in PImax were observed in the C group during the 6-week period. No significant differences were observed between pre- and post-test values in VO2max, dyspnea sensation, Lmax, and 2000 m race time in both groups.']\nQuestion: Does specific inspiratory muscle training improve performance or VO2max levels in well trained rowers?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To investigate the effect of mild manipulations of core and skin temperature on psychomotor vigilance (PVT) in young adults, elderly, and elderly insomniacs.', '432 PVTs were obtained during a 2-day semi-constant routine protocol, while differentially manipulating core and skin temperatures within a comfortable thermoneutral range.', 'Sleep laboratory of the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience.', 'Groups of 8 sex-matched young adults (27.0 +/- 2.4 years, mean +/- s.e.m.), elderly (65.8 +/- 2.8 years), and insomniacs (59.1 +/-1.9 years).', 'During the 7-minute PVTs, response speed typically declined with increasing time-on-task. Proximal skin warming by only +/- 0.6 degrees C accelerated this decline by 67% (P = 0.05) in young adults and by 50% (P < 0.05) in elderly subjects. In elderly insomniacs, proximal warming slowed down the mean response speed already from the onset of the task (3% level drop, P < 0.001). Response speed tended to decrease with age (P < 0.10), reaching significance only in elderly insomniacs (P < 0.05). Speed decrements occurred mostly towards the end of the time-on-task in young adults; earlier and more gradually in elderly without sleep complaints; and very early and in a pronounced fashion in insomniacs. Interestingly, the worsening by warming followed the time pattern already present within each group.']\nQuestion: Is time-on-task impairment of psychomotor vigilance affected by mild skin warming and changes with aging and insomnia?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['An elevated plasma aldosterone level is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Although excess aldosterone promotes cardiovascular disease, no studies have examined the effect of increased plasma aldosterone on the cerebral circulation. A major source of vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cardiovascular disease is the NADPH oxidases. Because Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase (Nox2 oxidase) is highly expressed in the cerebral endothelium, we postulated that it might contribute to ROS generation and vascular dysfunction in response to aldosterone. Here, we examined the effect of aldosterone and Nox2 oxidase on ROS production and endothelial dysfunction in the cerebral circulation, and whether the effects of aldosterone are exacerbated in aged mice.', 'In adult (average age ∼24-25 weeks) wild-type and Nox2-deficient (Nox2(/y)) mice, neither vehicle nor aldosterone (0.28\\u200a mg/kg per day for 14 days) affected blood pressure (measured using tail-cuff). By contrast, aldosterone treatment reduced dilation of the basilar artery (measured using myography) to the endothelium-dependent agonist acetylcholine in wild-type mice (P\\u200a<\\u200a0.05), but had no such effect in Nox2(/y) mice (P\\u200a>\\u200a0.05). Aldosterone increased basal and phorbol dibutyrate-stimulated superoxide production (measured using L-012-enhanced chemiluminesence) in cerebral arteries from wild-type but not from Nox2(/y) mice. In aged wild-type mice (average age ∼70 weeks), aldosterone treatment increased blood pressure, but had a similar effect on cerebral artery superoxide levels as in adult wild-type mice.']\nQuestion: Does chronic aldosterone administration cause Nox2-mediated increases in reactive oxygen species production and endothelial dysfunction in the cerebral circulation?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Breast cancer micrometastases are frequently found during pathological examination of sentinel lymph nodes and complete axillary lymph node dissection. Despite this, their clinical relevance is still debated. The aim of this study is to investigate features that affect disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with nodal micrometastases from breast cancer.', 'We retrospectively investigated the outcome of 122 patients with nodal micrometastases from breast cancer followed up for 60 months.', 'At univariate analysis, worse DFS was related to features of primary tumor (multifocality P = 0.002; size >2 cm, P = 0.022; grade P = 0.022; absence of estrogen P < 0.001 and progesterone P < 0.001 receptors; HER-2 overexpression P = 0.006; vascular invasion P = 0.039; proliferative fraction > or =20% P = 0.034) and micrometastases (sinusal localization P = 0.010). Among the above-mentioned features, two were strongly associated with worse DFS in the multivariate model, i.e. negative receptorial status [hazard ratio (HR) = 11.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.06-31.09; P < 0.001] and sinusal localization of micrometastasis (HR = 3.66, 1.18-11.36; P = 0.025). The OS was influenced by multifocality (P < 0.001) and receptor status (P = 0.005).']\nQuestion: Is sinusal localization of nodal micrometastases a prognostic factor in breast cancer?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The azoxymethane (AOM) model recapitulates many features of human colon cancer, lacking an inflammatory component. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induces colitis and promotes AOM-induced colon cancer in mice. Vitamin D analogues are anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive in models of colon cancer. Our aim was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive efficacy of the vitamin D analogue Ro26-2198 in the AOM/DSS model and in vitro in HCA-7 colon cancer cells.', 'A/J mice received Ro26-2198 (0.01 microg/kg body wt/day x 28 days) or vehicle by mini-osmotic pump. Animals were treated with a single dose of AOM (5 mg/kg body wt) or vehicle 1 week after pump insertion. Mice received 3% DSS or water x 7 days beginning week 3. Animals were sacrificed after 8 weeks and colon segments were fixed in formalin or flash-frozen. Hematoxylin and eosin colonic sections were examined for dysplasia and colonic lysates were assessed for c-Myc, cyclooxygenase 2, and phospho-(active) extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) by Western blotting. For in vitro studies, HCA-7 cells were treated with Ro26-2198 followed by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Proliferation was measured by WST-1 assay.', 'Ro26-2198 delayed the onset of clinical colitis. Several dysplastic foci were present in the AOM/DSS group; none were found in the Ro26-2198 group. Compared with control, AOM/DSS significantly increased c-Myc (15-fold), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) (2.5-fold), and pERK (10-fold), and Ro26-2198 abolished these increases. In vitro, Ro26-2198 inhibited IL-1beta-induced ERK activation and COX-2 induction and decreased HCA-7 cell proliferation.']\nQuestion: Does a vitamin D analogue inhibit colonic carcinogenesis in the AOM/DSS model?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Macrophages have many functions in development and homeostasis as well as innate immunity. Recent studies in mammals suggest that cells arising in the yolk sac give rise to self-renewing macrophage populations that persist in adult tissues. Macrophage proliferation and differentiation is controlled by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1) and interleukin 34 (IL34), both agonists of the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R). In the current manuscript we describe the origin, function and regulation of macrophages, and the role of CSF1R signaling during embryonic development, using the chick as a model.', 'Based upon RNA-sequencing comparison to bone marrow-derived macrophages grown in CSF1, we show that embryonic macrophages contribute around 2% of the total embryo RNA in day 7 chick embryos, and have similar gene expression profiles to bone marrow-derived macrophages. To explore the origins of embryonic and adult macrophages, we injected Hamburger-Hamilton stage 16 to 17 chick embryos with either yolk sac-derived blood cells, or bone marrow cells from EGFP+ donors. In both cases, the transferred cells gave rise to large numbers of EGFP+ tissue macrophages in the embryo. In the case of the yolk sac, these cells were not retained in hatched birds. Conversely, bone marrow EGFP+ cells gave rise to tissue macrophages in all organs of adult birds, and regenerated CSF1-responsive marrow macrophage progenitors. Surprisingly, they did not contribute to any other hematopoietic lineage. To explore the role of CSF1 further, we injected embryonic or hatchling CSF1R-reporter transgenic birds with a novel chicken CSF1-Fc conjugate. In both cases, the treatment produced a large increase in macrophage numbers in all tissues examined. There were no apparent adverse effects of chicken CSF1-Fc on embryonic or post-hatch development, but there was an unexpected increase in bone density in the treated hatchlings.']\nQuestion: Is the development and maintenance of the mononuclear phagocyte system of the chick controlled by signals from the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Promotion of remyelination is a major goal in treating demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). The recombinant human monoclonal IgM, rHIgM22, targets myelin and oligodendrocytes (OLs) and promotes remyelination in animal models of MS. It is unclear whether rHIgM22-mediated stimulation of lesion repair is due to promotion of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation and survival, OPC differentiation into myelinating OLs or protection of mature OLs. It is also unknown whether astrocytes or microglia play a functional role in IgM-mediated lesion repair.', 'We assessed the effect of rHIgM22 on cell proliferation in mixed CNS glial and OPC cultures by tritiated-thymidine uptake and by double-label immunocytochemistry using the proliferation marker, Ki-67. Antibody-mediated signaling events, OPC differentiation and OPC survival were investigated and quantified by Western blots.', 'rHIgM22 stimulates OPC proliferation in mixed glial cultures but not in purified OPCs. There is no proliferative response in astrocytes or microglia. rHIgM22 activates PDGFαR in OPCs in mixed glial cultures. Blocking PDGFR-kinase inhibits rHIgM22-mediated OPC proliferation in mixed glia. We confirm in isolated OPCs that rHIgM22-mediated anti-apoptotic signaling and inhibition of OPC differentiation requires PDGF and FGF-2. We observed no IgM-mediated effect in mature OLs in the absence of PDGF and FGF-2.']\nQuestion: Is pDGF required for remyelination-promoting IgM stimulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Clinical gene therapy trials for cardiovascular diseases have demonstrated the crucial role of efficient gene delivery and transfection technologies in achieving clinically relevant results. We hypothesized that the use of tropism-modified adenoviruses would improve transduction efficacy and to this end we analyzed the transduction efficiency and toxicity of standard Ad5 and tropism-modified Ad5/35 in combination with ultrasound-guided intramyocardial gene delivery.', 'Ultrasound-guided intracardiac injections were used to deliver 1 × 10(10) pfu/ml Ad5-lacZ and Ad5/35-lacZ vectors into mouse left ventricle wall. Since Ad5/35 uses human CD46 as its primary receptor, we used transgenic hCD46Ge mice expressing human CD46 at levels comparable to man. Mice were sacrificed 6 or 14 days post-injection and immunohistochemistry and X-gal staining were used to detect transgene and viral receptor expression. Virus-induced cardiac toxicity was evaluated by a pathologist.', 'The intramyocardial injection was well tolerated and both Ad5-lacZ and Ad5/35-lacZ were able to give robust transgene expression after a single injection. Interestingly, while Ad5-lacZ was able to generate greater transgene expression than Ad5/35-lacZ, it also evoked more severe tissue damage with large areas of interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration and myocyte necrosis.']\nQuestion: Does intracardiac injection of a capsid-modified Ad5/35 result in decreased heart toxicity when compared to standard Ad5?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The purpose of this study is to estimate the maternal and fetal morbidities associated with asynchronous delivery.', 'A review of maternal and fetal medical records was performed at 2 tertiary care centers over 12 years. Charts were identified by the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes for twin and triplet gestations. Asynchronous delivery was defined as an active attempt (tocolysis and/or emergent cerclage placement) to increase latency between delivery of the first fetus and subsequent fetuses.', 'Fourteen cases of asynchronous delivery were identified out of 96922 deliveries including 1352 pregnancies complicated by multifetal gestation. The occurrence rate of asynchronous delivery was 0.14 per 1000 births. The etiology of preterm birth of the first fetus in 12 (86%) of 14 cases was second-trimester rupture of membranes. The mean gestational age for delivery of the first fetus was 21.+/- 2.0 weeks. All women received tocolysis and intravenous antibiotics. Two of 3 attempts at cerclage placement were successful. Median latency obtained was 2 days (range less than 1-70 days). There was 1 survival of a first born. There were 19 retained fetuses, 2 died in utero, 10 died between birth and day 57 of life, and 7 survived (37%; 95% confidence interval 16%, 62%) until hospital discharge. Six of 7 survivors had major sequelae from prematurity. One of 19 fetuses was discharged without major sequelae (5%; 95% confidence interval 0%, 25%). Maternal morbidity included 2 placental abruptions and 8 cases of infectious morbidity including 1 case of septic shock.']\nQuestion: Does second-trimester asynchronous multifetal delivery result in poor perinatal outcome?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Interactions between the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib (Bay 43-9006) and the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat were examined in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells sensitive and resistant to imatinib mesylate.', 'K562, LAMA 84, and primary CML patient-derived CD34(+) mononuclear cells were exposed to vorinostat followed by sorafenib, after which effects on cell viability and various survival signaling pathways were monitored by flow cytometry, clonogenic assays, and Western blotting. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR was used to monitor gene expression, and the functional contribution of p21(CIP1) and Mcl-1 down-regulation were determined in cells transfected with corresponding constructs.', 'Pretreatment (24 h) with vorinostat followed by sorafenib optimally induced mitochondrial injury and cell death in Bcr/Abl(+) cells (e.g., K562 and LAMA 84). Similar results were obtained in imatinib mesylate-resistant cells expressing activated Lyn as well as in primary CD34(+) bone marrow cells obtained from CML patients. This regimen also markedly inhibited CML cell colony formation. Combined but not individual treatment of CML cells with vorinostat and sorafenib triggered pronounced mitochondrial dysfunction (i.e., cytochrome c, Smac, and AIF release), caspase activation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and down-regulation of Mcl-1. Sorafenib also blocked vorinostat-mediated induction of p21(CIP1). Down-regulation of Mcl-1 was caspase and transcription independent, whereas p21(CIP1) down-regulation was partially caspase and transcription dependent. Enforced expression of p21(CIP1) and particularly Mcl-1 significantly attenuated vorinostat/sorafenib-mediated lethality.']\nQuestion: Do synergistic interactions between vorinostat and sorafenib in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells involve Mcl-1 and p21CIP1 down-regulation?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The bladder is normally impermeable to possible hostile environmental factors and toxic urinary wastes. Any disruption of the permeability barrier would permit the leakage of urine constituents into the underlying cells layers and subsequent inflammation. Protamine sulfate, which increases urothelial permeability, is used in experimental models of cystitis. We examined whether protamine sulfate alone could cause bladder inflammation or if the association of protamine sulfate and urine is needed for this condition.', 'Female Wistar rats (Center for the Development of Experimental Models for Medicine and Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil) had the bladder catheterized and instilled with protamine sulfate (10 mg) or sterile saline for 30 minutes. To exclude urine other groups of rats underwent bilateral nephrectomy and the same procedure was used. One day after instillation the bladders were removed for histopathology. Edema and vascular congestion were graded from 0-none to 3-severe. Polymorphonuclear and mast cells were counted. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed for statistical analysis.', 'Intravesical instillation of protamine sulfate in nonnephrectomized rats led to inflammation, in contrast to findings in rats instilled with saline. On the other hand, nephrectomized rats showed no inflammatory changes following the instillation of protamine sulfate or saline. The mast cell count was similar in all groups.']\nQuestion: Is urine necessary to provoke bladder inflammation in protamine sulfate induced urothelial injury?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) on B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and to determine the effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) treatment on BNP levels.', 'Increased sympathetic activity, repetitive rises in blood pressure, and apnea-induced wall stress may contribute as a trigger to release BNP in OSAS. However, there is uncertainty about whether OSAS affects BNP and whether application of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) ventilation affects release of BNP.', 'A prospective study in 69 consecutive patients with suspected sleep disordered breathing referred to our sleep laboratory was conducted. OSAS was confirmed in 26 normotensive and 34 hypertensive patients and ruled out in nine normotensive patients (controls) by polysomnography (PSG).', 'Baseline N-terminal fragment of BNP prohormone (NT-pro-BNP) did not differ significantly between OSAS patients (hypertensive: mean +/-SEM 60.8+/-9.9 pg/ml, normotensive: 43.2+/-6.8 pg/ml) and controls (36.5+/-8.5 pg/ml). Application of CPAP resulted in a significant decrease of NT-pro-BNP in hypertensive (60.8+/-9.9 pg/ml to 47.6+/-7.4 pg/ml, p=0.023) and normotensive OSAS (43.2+/-6.8 pg/ml to 29.6+/-5.3 pg/ml, p=0.0002). In contrast, controls showed no significant differences in NT-pro-BNP after a second PSG (36.5+/-8.5 pg/ml to 40.7+/-12.3 pg/ml, p=0.597).']\nQuestion: Is nT-pro-BNP in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome decreased by nasal continuous positive airway pressure?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Morbid obesity may be accompanied by diabetes and painful diabetic neuropathy, a poorly understood condition that is manifested by mechanical or thermal allodynia and hyperalgesia. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of T-type calcium channels (T-channels) in peripheral nociception; therefore, our goal was to examine the function of these channels in the pathophysiology and development of painful diabetic neuropathy.', 'In vivo testing of mechanical and thermal sensation, morphometric peripheral nerve studies, and electrophysiological and biochemical measurements were used to characterize the role of T-channels and the development of painful diabetic neuropathy in leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice.', 'We found that ob/ob mice developed significant mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity early in life that coincided with hyperglycemia and was readily reversed with insulin therapy. These disturbances were accompanied by significant biophysical and biochemical modulation of T-channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons as measured by a large increase in the amplitude of T-currents and the expression of mRNA. The most prevalent subtype, alpha1H (Ca(v)3.2), was most strongly affected. Moreover, (3beta,5alpha,17beta)-17-hydroxyestrane-3-carbonitrile (ECN), a novel neuroactive steroid and selective T-channel antagonist, provided dose-dependent alleviation of neuropathic thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in diabetic ob/ob mice.']\nQuestion: Does selective T-type calcium channel blockade alleviate hyperalgesia in ob/ob mice?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Most adolescents consume ≥1 snack/d; exploring the relevance of snacking patterns for overall diet and weight status is important to guide dietary counseling and public health strategies for obesity prevention.', 'This study examined intake of common energy-dense snack foods, total number of snacks consumed, frequency of consuming snacks prepared away from home, and frequency of snacking while watching television in adolescents and how these behaviors may be linked to diet and weight status. Relations were examined with attention to potential confounders that may help explain the mixed findings of previous research.', 'Survey measures of snacking behavior, a food-frequency questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements were completed by 2793 adolescents (53.2% girls, mean age = 14.4 y) in Minneapolis-St. Paul school classrooms in 2009-2010. Linear regression was used to examine associations with adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics and other potential confounding factors, such as meal skipping, underreporting energy intake, dieting to lose weight, and physical activity.', 'Adolescents reported consuming a mean of 2.2 energy-dense snack food servings/d and 4.3 snacks/d and purchasing snacks prepared away from home on 3.2 occasions/wk. More than two-thirds of adolescents reported that they sometimes, usually, or always consumed a snack while watching television. The measures of snacking were directly associated (P < 0.01) with higher energy, lower fruit/vegetable, higher sugar-sweetened beverage, and more frequent fast-food intakes in all models except for one: energy-dense snack food servings were not related to sugar-sweetened beverage intake. A direct relation between daily servings of energy-dense snack foods and body mass index (BMI) z score was found; however, the snacking behaviors were inversely related to BMI z score (P < 0.01).']\nQuestion: Do adolescent Snacking Behaviors Are Associated with Dietary Intake and Weight Status?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Both hyperinflammation during sepsis and etomidate can suppress adrenal function. In this study, we explored whether pretreatment with etomidate can relieve adrenal suppression and its impact on outcomes of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced septic rats.', 'Rats (n\\xa0=\\xa018 per group) were divided in seven groups, including two control groups and treated with different combinations of a small pretreatment dose (0.6\\xa0mg/kg) and a large continuous dose (2\\xa0mg/kg/h over 2\\xa0h) of etomidate to evaluate the impact of the different administration combinations on the adrenal glands and outcomes in the septic rats. Animals (n\\xa0=\\xa08 per group) were euthanized at 24\\xa0h after CLP and blood samples and adrenal glands were then collected for further measurements. The remaining rats (n\\xa0=\\xa010 per group) were used to observe the 7-d survival rate post-CLP.', 'The survival rate (30%) was much lower in the group pretreated with a small dose before CLP surgery and followed by a large dose of etomidate than in the other groups. Etomidate decreased serum corticosterone, but not adrenocorticotropic hormone levels in septic rats, and also decreased serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels. In rat pretreated with a small dose of etomidate, the toll-like receptor-4 expression level in the adrenal glands was decreased and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappa B) translocation was inhibited.']\nQuestion: Does etomidate increase mortality in septic rats through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B rather than by causing adrenal insufficiency?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Atherosclerosis is a progressive chronic disease, in which inflammation plays a key role. The calcium-binding proteins calgranulins including S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 are involved in many cellular activities and pathological processes including inflammation. We therefore hypothesized that calgranulins may be markers of plaque instability in patients with carotid atherosclerosis.', 'Plasma levels of S100A8/A9 and S100A10 were measured in 159 consecutive patients with high-grade carotid stenosis and in 22 healthy control subjects. The mRNA levels of calgranulins were also measured within the atherosclerotic carotid plaques, and their regulation was analyzed in vitro in monocytes.', 'Our main findings were: (1) plasma levels of S100A12 were significantly higher in patients with carotid atherosclerosis compared with healthy control subjects with the highest levels in patients with the most recent symptoms (ie, within 2 months); (2) plasma levels of S100A8/S100A9 showed a modest increase in patients with symptoms in the previous 2 to 6 months but not in the other patients; (3) mRNA levels of S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 showed increased expression in atherosclerotic carotid plaques from patients with the most recent symptoms compared with the remaining patients; (4) in THP-1 monocytes, activation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 increased mRNA levels of S100A8, S100A9, and S10012 and interleukin-1β, interferon γ, and releasate from thrombin-activated platelets significantly enhanced the expression of S100A12.']\nQuestion: Are high levels of S100A12 associated with recent plaque symptomatology in patients with carotid atherosclerosis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a dismal 5-year-survival rate of 10%, so novel strategies are warranted. IL-24 mediates anti-tumor activity reducing STAT3 expression, which suggests that interferon (IFN) alpha may augment tumor cell lysis and reduce angiogenesis. We investigated the antitumor activity of treatment with IFN-α, with the oncolytic adenovirus SG600-IL-24, or the combination of both in HCC in vitro and in vivo.', 'RT-PCR, ELISA assay and Western-blot confirmed that the exogenous IL-24 gene was highly expressed in HCC cells infected with SG600-IL-24. Treatment with combined IFN-α and SG600-IL-24 suppressed growth and promoted apoptosis of the HepG2, MHCC97L, and HCCLM3 cell lines compared with the normal cell line L02. The combined therapy increased STAT1 and SOCS1 and apoptosis, but decreased the expression of the metastatic and angiogenic proteins MMP-2, XIAP, OPN, and VEGF, which are regulated by STAT3 in HCC cells in vitro. To assess the effects in vivo, the HCC cell line HCCLM3 was transplanted subcutaneously into the right flanks of nude mice. Mice in the IFN-α group, the SG600-IL-24 group, or the combined therapy group had significantly suppressed growth of the HCC xenografted tumors compared to the PBS control group of mice. Among the mice treated with the combination of IFN-α and SG600-IL-24, three of those eight mice had long-term survival and no evidence of a tumor. These mice also had decreased expression of the metastatic and angiogenic proteins MMP-2, XIAP, OPN, and VEGF.']\nQuestion: Does interferon-α enhance antitumor activities of oncolytic adenovirus-mediated IL-24 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) is the main protein component of plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and a key determinant of HDL cholesterol levels and metabolism. The relevance of HDL in controlling the traffic of cholesterol from plasma into bile has been partially addressed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of apo A-I expression in controlling the secretion of biliary lipids as well as the risk of gallstone disease in vivo.', 'We evaluated biliary lipid secretion and bile acid homeostasis in mice deficient for apo A-I compared with wild-type animals when fed with low- or high-cholesterol diets. In addition, we assessed the importance of murine apoA-I expression for gallstone formation after feeding a lithogenic diet.', 'Bile acid pool size and faecal excretion were within the normal range in chow- and cholesterol-fed apo A-I knockout (KO) mice. Basal biliary cholesterol secretion was comparable and increased similarly in both murine strains after cholesterol feeding. Lithogenic diet-fed apo A-I KO mice exhibited an impaired hypercholesterolaemic response owing to a lower increase in cholesterol levels transported in large lipoproteins. However, the lack of apo A-I expression did not affect biliary cholesterol precipitation or gallstone formation in lithogenic diet-fed mice.']\nQuestion: Does apolipoprotein A-I deficiency affect biliary lipid secretion and gallstone formation in mice?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Direct (pulmonary) and indirect (extrapulmonary) ARDS are distinct syndromes with important pathophysiologic differences. The goal of this study was to determine whether clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality differ between direct or indirect ARDS.', 'A retrospective observational cohort study of 417 ARDS patients. Each patient was classified as having direct (pneumonia or aspiration, n=250) or indirect ARDS (non-pulmonary sepsis or pancreatitis, n=167).', 'Patients with direct ARDS had higher lung injury scores (LIS, 3.0 vs. 2.8, p<0.001), lower SAPS II scores (51 vs. 62, p<0.001), lower APACHE II scores (27 vs. 30, p<0.001), and fewer non-pulmonary organ failures (1 vs. 2, p<0.001) compared to patients with indirect ARDS. Hospital mortality was similar (28 vs. 31%). In patients with direct ARDS, age (OR 1.29 per 10 yrs, p=0.01, p for interaction=0.03), LIS (OR 2.29 per point, p=0.001, p for interaction=0.058), and number of non-pulmonary organ failures (OR 1.67, p=0.01) were independent risk factors for increased hospital mortality, while pre-existing DM was an independent risk factor for reduced hospital mortality (OR 0.47, p=0.04, p for interaction=0.02). In indirect ARDS, only number of organ failures was an independent predictor of mortality (OR 2.08, p<0.001).']\nQuestion: Do clinical predictors of hospital mortality differ between direct and indirect acute respiratory distress syndrome?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: [\"An association between Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM) was postulated recently. The dendritic cells of patients with MM were proposed to be infected with the virus.\", 'Bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNC) of 23 patients, 22 with MM and one with MGUS, were cultured according to three distinct protocols for the generation of dendritic cells. One was essentially the stromal cell culture protocol described by Rettig et al. (Science 1997; 276: 1851-4), while the two other protocols comprised growth factors. Cultured cells were characterised by FACS analysis and assessed for the presence of KSHV DNA with a highly sensitive and specific nested PCR assay detecting the KS 330233 sequence of the virus genome followed by hybridisation with a KSHV specific oligonucleotide.', 'FACS analysis of the cells with the specific markers CD1a, CD86 and HLA-DR, characteristic for dendritic cells, revealed differences in the expression pattern depending on the protocol used. The proportion of CD1a+ cells was very low in the stromal cell cultures (median 0.4%), while a higher percentage of CD14+ cells could be observed (median 37.8%). Growth factor containing cultures revealed a distinctly higher median percentage of CD1a+ cells of 32.5%. The proportion of CD86+ cells varied between 10.4% and 78.5% and HLA-DR+ cells between 26% and 94.4%. Examination of those cells with PCR did not reveal positivity for KSHV in any of the 34 samples assessed. Amplification of seven samples revealed PCR products of approximately the size of the KS 330(233), which, however, could not be confirmed as KSHV specific after hybridisation.']\nQuestion: Do bone marrow derived dendritic cells from patients with multiple myeloma cultured with three distinct protocols bear Kaposi 's sarcoma associated herpesvirus DNA?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Treatment options for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) are limited and typically are centered on docetaxel-based chemotherapy. We previously reported that elevated miR-375 levels were significantly associated with poor overall survival of mCRPC patients. In this study, we evaluated if miR-375 induced chemo-resistance to docetaxel through regulating target genes associated with drug resistance.', 'We first compared miR-375 expression level between prostate cancer tissues and normal prostate tissues using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). To examine the role of miR-375 in docetaxel resistance, we transfected miR-375 using a pre-miRNA lentiviral vector and examined the effects of exogenously overexpressed miR-375 on cell growth in two prostate cancer cell lines, DU145 and PC-3. To determine the effect of overexpressed miR-375 on tumor growth and chemo-resistance in vivo, we injected prostate cancer cells overexpressing miR-375 into nude mice subcutaneously and evaluated tumor growth rate during docetaxel treatment. Lastly, we utilized qRT-PCR and Western blot assay to examine two miR-375 target genes, SEC23A and YAP1, for their expression changes after miR-375 transfection.', 'By examining 495 tumor tissues and 52 normal tissues from TCGA data, we found that compared to normal prostate, miR-375 was significantly overexpressed in prostate cancer tissues (8.45-fold increase, p value\\u2009=\\u20091.98E-23). Docetaxel treatment induced higher expression of miR-375 with 5.83- and 3.02-fold increases in DU145 and PC-3 cells, respectively. Interestingly, miR-375 appeared to play a dual role in prostate cancer proliferation. While miR-375 overexpression caused cell growth inhibition and cell apoptosis, elevated miR-375 also significantly reduced cell sensitivity to docetaxel treatment in vitro, as evidenced by decreased apoptotic cells. In vivo xenograft mouse study showed that tumors with increased miR-375 expression were more tolerant to docetaxel treatment, demonstrated by greater tumor weight and less apoptotic cells in miR-375 transfected group when compared to empty vector control group. In addition, we examined expression levels of the two miR-375 target genes (SEC23A and YAP1) and observed significant reduction in the expression at both protein and mRNA levels in miR-375 transfected prostate cancer cell lines. TCGA dataset analysis further confirmed the negative correlations between miR-375 and the two target genes (r\\u2009=\\u2009-0.62 and -0.56 for SEC23A and YAP1, respectively; p\\u2009<\\u20090.0001).']\nQuestion: Does miR-375 induce docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer by targeting SEC23A and YAP1?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To investigate the two variants (rs1387153 and rs10830963) near/in the melatonin receptor 1B gene (MTNR1B) and to determine their association with Type 2 diabetes, as well as with the regulation of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in Han Chinese subjects.', 'The two variants were genotyped in 1912 unrelated Type 2 diabetic patients and 2041 healthy individuals. Association with Type 2 diabetes was calculated by logistic regression with adjustments for sex, age and body mass index. The possible connection between the risk alleles and FPG was analysed by multiple linear regression.', 'The two polymorphisms were associated with FPG levels in the healthy individuals (P = 0.003 and P = 0.002, respectively), and the G allele of rs10830963 was also associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes in our patient sample (odds ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.23; P = 0.024). Moreover, the linkage disequilibrium degree of two single nucleotide polymorphisms was high (r(2) = 0.66), which is similar to that of Europeans.']\nQuestion: Are two susceptible diabetogenic variants near/in MTNR1B associated with fasting plasma glucose in a Han Chinese cohort?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Cysteinyl leukotrienes are important mediators of airway inflammation, whereas 8-isoprostane is a biomarker of oxidative stress. This study evaluated the distributions of cysteinyl leukotriene and 8-isoprostane concentrations in exhaled breath condensates (EBCs) of children. The relationship between cysteinyl leukotriene and 8-isoprostane concentrations in the EBCs was also evaluated.', 'The EBCs were collected from 34 children with allergic respiratory diseases and 24 healthy children. All recruited children underwent pulmonary function testing every season. The severity of allergic respiratory diseases and medication status were assessed every month in children with allergic respiratory diseases.', 'The EBC cysteinyl leukotriene and 8-isoprostane levels were higher in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis than in those with asthma only and healthy children. In asthmatic children, cysteinyl leukotriene and 8-isoprostane levels peaked in the summer. All children showed a clear association between EBC cysteinyl leukotriene and EBC 8-isoprostane levels.']\nQuestion: Do cysteinyl leukotriene levels correlate with 8-isoprostane levels in exhaled breath condensates of atopic and healthy children?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Riverine ecosystems, highly sensitive to climate change and human activities, are characterized by rapid environmental change to fluctuating water levels and siltation, causing stress on their biological components. We have little understanding of mechanisms by which riverine plant species have developed adaptive strategies to cope with stress in dynamic environments while maintaining growth and development.', 'We report that poplar (Populus spp.) has evolved a systems level \"stress proteome\" in the leaf-stem-root apoplast continuum to counter biotic and abiotic factors. To obtain apoplast proteins from P. deltoides, we developed pressure-chamber and water-displacement methods for leaves and stems, respectively. Analyses of 303 proteins and corresponding transcripts coupled with controlled experiments and bioinformatics demonstrate that poplar depends on constitutive and inducible factors to deal with water, pathogen, and oxidative stress. However, each apoplast possessed a unique set of proteins, indicating that response to stress is partly compartmentalized. Apoplast proteins that are involved in glycolysis, fermentation, and catabolism of sucrose and starch appear to enable poplar to grow normally under water stress. Pathogenesis-related proteins mediating water and pathogen stress in apoplast were particularly abundant and effective in suppressing growth of the most prevalent poplar pathogen Melampsora. Unexpectedly, we found diverse peroxidases that appear to be involved in stress-induced cell wall modification in apoplast, particularly during the growing season. Poplar developed a robust antioxidative system to buffer oxidation in stem apoplast.']\nQuestion: Does apoplast proteome reveal that extracellular matrix contributes to multistress response in poplar?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['What are the experiences of Indigenous children with physical disability and their carers of their community-based physiotherapy service? What factors influence their experiences of the physiotherapy service and how could the service be improved?', \"A qualitative study using in-depth, semi-structured open-ended interviews consistent with the researchers' interpretivist perspectives and ethical principles of Indigenous health research. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and coded for themes with qualitative research software using inductive analysis. The interviews were then checked for transcription accuracy and the themes were confirmed with the participants.\", 'Nine parents and foster carers of children with physical disability aged 0 to 21 years, five children and youth with physical disability aged 8 to 21 years.', \"The data generated three themes, which informed practice recommendations: carers of children with physical disability experience increased demands and complexity in their lives; relationships involving caring, consistency and communication are important to consumers using the physiotherapy service; and being Indigenous influences consumers' experiences in ways that may not be obvious to non-Indigenous service providers. The issue of communication underpinned the participants' experiences throughout these themes.\"]\nQuestion: Are communication and context important to Indigenous children with physical disability and their carers at a community-based physiotherapy service : a qualitative study?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To describe the influence of maternal weight and weight gain, placental volume and the rate of placental growth in early pregnancy on fetal dimensions measured sonographically.', 'In a prospective study, 712 women were recruited from the antenatal clinic of the University Hospital of the West Indies. Data analysis was confined to 374 women on whom measurements of the placental volume at 14, 17 and 20 weeks gestation were complete. Measurements of maternal anthropometry and fetal size (by ultrasound) were performed. Weight gain in pregnancy between the first antenatal visit (8-10 weeks) and 20 weeks gestation, and the rate of growth of the placenta between 14-17 and 17-20 weeks gestation were calculated.', 'Fetal anthropometry (abdominal and head circumferences, femoral length, and biparietal diameter) at 35 weeks gestation.', 'Lower maternal weight at the first antenatal visit was associated with a significantly smaller placental volume at 17 and 20 weeks gestation (P<0.002 and <0.0001 respectively). In all women, maternal weight gain was directly related to fetal anthropometry. Placental volume at 14 weeks gestation and the rate of growth of the placenta between 17 and 20 weeks gestation were significantly related to all four fetal measurements.']\nQuestion: Is fetal growth directly related to maternal anthropometry and placental volume?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The burden of disease due to influenza B is often underestimated. Clinical studies have shown that oseltamivir, a widely used neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) antiviral drug, may have reduced effectiveness against influenza B viruses. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of neuraminidase mutations in influenza B viruses that may further reduce NAI susceptibility, and to determine whether these mutations have the same effect in the two lineages of influenza B viruses that are currently circulating (B/Yamagata-like and B/Victoria-like).', 'We characterized the effect of 16 amino acid substitutions across five framework residues and four monomeric interface residues on the susceptibility to four different NAIs (oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir and laninamivir).', 'Framework residue mutations E117A and E117G conferred highly reduced inhibition to three of the four NAIs, but substantially reduced neuraminidase activity, whereas other framework mutations retained a greater level of NA activity. Mutations E105K, P139S and G140R of the monomeric interface were also found to cause highly reduced inhibition, but, interestingly, their effect was substantially greater in a B/Victoria-like neuraminidase than in a B/Yamagata-like neuraminidase, with some susceptibility values being up to 1000-fold different between lineages.']\nQuestion: Do influenza viruses with B/Yamagata- and B/Victoria-like neuraminidases are differentially affected by mutations that alter antiviral susceptibility?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide capsule is a well-characterized virulence factor with immunomodulatory properties. The organism and/or shed capsule is postulated to raise intracranial pressure (ICP) in cryptococcal meningitis (CM) by mechanical obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow. Little is known regarding capsule phenotype in human cryptococcosis. We investigated the relationship of ex vivo CSF capsular phenotype with ICP and CSF immune response, as well as in vitro phenotype.', 'In total, 134 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected Ugandan adults with CM had serial lumbar punctures with measurement of CSF opening pressures, quantitative cultures, ex vivo capsule size and shedding, viscosity, and CSF cytokines; 108 had complete data. Induced capsular size and shedding were measured in vitro for 48 C. neoformans isolates.', 'Cryptococcal strains producing larger ex vivo capsules in the baseline (pretreatment) CSF correlated with higher ICP (P = .02), slower rate of fungal clearance (P = .02), and paucity of CSF inflammation, including decreased CSF white blood cell (WBC) count (P < .001), interleukin (IL)-4 (P = .02), IL-6 (P = .01), IL-7 (P = .04), IL-8 (P = .03), and interferon γ (P = .03). CSF capsule shedding did not correlate with ICP. On multivariable analysis, capsule size remained independently associated with ICP. Ex vivo capsular size and shedding did not correlate with that of the same isolates grown in vitro.']\nQuestion: Is cryptococcus neoformans ex vivo capsule size associated with intracranial pressure and host immune response in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To explore the association between baseline life-space mobility and nursing home (NH) admission among community-dwelling older adults over 6 years.', 'Using data from a prospective, observational cohort study consisting of a random sample of 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries ≥ 65 years of age stratified by race (African American and non-Hispanic White), sex, and rural/urban residence. Baseline life-space mobility was assessed during in-home interviews. Participants were contacted by telephone every 6 months to ascertain NH admissions, Life-Space Assessment (LSA) scores, and vital status (living or deceased). Using multivariate logistic regression, the significance and independence of the relationship of life-space mobility with NH admission were examined.', 'Over 6 years, the odds of NH admission increased 2% for every one point lower baseline life-space score independent of previously recognized risk factors.']\nQuestion: Does life-space mobility predict nursing home admission over 6 years?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To assess the predictive value of glycated albumin (GA) and other risk factors on a progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR).', 'In this retrospective longitudinal study, we enrolled the subjects with type 2 diabetes who had undergone fundus photography twice with a 5-years gap between January 2006 and December 2012, and had been measured consecutively for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and GA levels every 3 or 6 months. The subjects were divided into two groups with or without a progression of DR. The mean HbA1c and mean GA were calculated separately by the sum of all measured values divided by the numbers of values throughout the study period.', 'Of the 359 subjects, progression group showed significantly higher diabetes duration (8.41±5.72 vs. 6.46±5.77, P<0.01), baseline HbA1c (9.13±2.71 vs. 8.41±2.32, P<0.05), fasting plasma glucose (8.71±2.78 vs. 7.94±2.63, P<0.05), 2h-postprandial glucose (15.12±11.20 vs.13.14±4.72, P<0.05), eGFR (114.81±39.15 vs. 103.23±32.18, P<0.01), mean HbA1c (8.32±1.69 vs. 7.39±1.35, P<0.01) and mean GA (22.66±5.92 vs. 19.83±5.18, P<0.01) than non-progression group. The frequencies of subjects with DR progression increased obviously with the increment of baseline HbA1c, mean HbA1c and mean GA according to quartile stratification of the above three glucose parameters. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis investigated that the factors affected the DR progression were the presence of DR at baseline (OR=0.391, P=0.005), mean HbA1c (OR=1.389, P=0.021), mean GA (OR=1.087, P=0.039) and eGFR (OR=1.008, P=0.045). The optimal cut-off values of mean HbA1c and GA to predict DR progression were 7.27% and 21.85%, respectively.']\nQuestion: Does serum glycated albumin predict the progression of diabetic retinopathy -- a five year retrospective longitudinal study?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Liver fibrosis, which involves activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC), is a major health problem and is the end outcome of all chronic liver diseases. The liver is populated with lymphocytes, among which are natural killer (NK) cells, whose activity is controlled by inhibitory and activating receptors. NKp46, one of the major NK activating receptors expressed by NK cells, is also a specific NK marker that discriminates NK cells from all other lymphocyte subsets. It recognises viral haemagglutinins and unknown cellular ligands.', 'The anti-fibrotic activity of the NKp46 receptor was assessed in vivo and in vitro using NKp46-deficient mice (NCR1(gfp/gfp)), the carbon tetrachloride model and in vitro NK killing assays. Primary murine and human HSC were stained for the expression of the NKp46 ligand using fusion proteins composed of the extracellular portions of the murine and human NKp46 receptors fused to human IgG1.', 'It was shown that murine HSC express a ligand for the murine orthologue of the NKp46 receptor, NCR1. NCR1 inhibited liver fibrosis in vivo; in vitro, murine HSC were killed in an NCR1-dependent manner. In humans it was shown that human HSC also express a ligand for the human NKp46 receptor and that the killing of human HSC is NKp46 dependent.']\nQuestion: Does nKp46-mediated killing of human and mouse hepatic stellate cells attenuate liver fibrosis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['In a follow-up to a survey ten years earlier, the authors investigated current administrative relationships between academic departments of psychiatry and state hospitals.', 'A 20-item questionnaire was sent to the chairs of the 110 medical school departments of psychiatry with accredited psychiatric residencies.', 'Eighty-two departments, or 75 percent, responded. Seventy-one percent of the respondents reported that their department had a relationship with a state hospital; 79 percent of these relationships involved the education of psychiatric residents. Most respondents rated the quality of the relationship favorably (4 or 5 on a 5-point scale). Almost all respondents believed that residents can obtain a high-quality education in a state hospital. More than half of the departments responding to a question about the importance of a state hospital rotation rated it of major importance in their residency program.']\nQuestion: Do a ten-year update of administrative relationships between state hospitals and academic psychiatry departments?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To examine whether changes in knee-extension strength and functional performance are related to knee swelling after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).', 'Prospective, descriptive, hypothesis-generating study.', 'A fast-track orthopedic arthroplasty unit at a university hospital.', 'Patients (N=24; mean age, 66y; 13 women) scheduled for primary unilateral TKA were investigated 1 week before surgery and on the day of hospital discharge 2.4 days postsurgery.', 'Not applicable.', 'We assessed all patients for knee-joint circumference, knee-extension strength, and functional performance using the Timed Up & Go, 30-second Chair Stand, and 10-m fast speed walking tests, together with knee pain during all active test procedures.', 'All investigated variables changed significantly from pre- to postsurgery independent of knee pain. Importantly, knee circumference increased (knee swelling) and correlated significantly with the decrease in knee-extension strength (r=-.51; P=.01). Reduced fast-speed walking correlated significantly with decreased knee-extension strength (r=.59; P=.003) and decreased knee flexion (r=.52; P=.011). Multiple linear regression showed that knee swelling (P=.023), adjusted for age and sex, could explain 27% of the decrease in knee-extension strength. Another model showed that changes in knee-extension strength (P=.009) and knee flexion (P=.018) were associated independently with decreased performance in fast-speed walking, explaining 57% of the variation in fast-speed walking.']\nQuestion: Is loss of knee-extension strength related to knee swelling after total knee arthroplasty?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['AIDS-related lymphoma contributes to significant morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We assessed the predictive role of cumulative HIV viremia and other risk factors in the development of AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma.', 'Data from the Clinical Surveillance of HIV Disease (ClinSurv) study, an ongoing, observational, open cohort study of HIV-infected patients from different urban areas in Germany, were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model.', 'In the Cox model, which comprised 6022 patients and 27,812 patient-years of follow-up while patients were receiving HAART from 1999 through 2006, cumulative HIV viremia was found to be independently associated with the risk of lymphoma (hazard ratio, [HR], 1.67 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.27-2.20]) (P < .001]). This association differed markedly between lymphoma subtypes. Although the association was more pronounced for Burkitt-type lymphoma (HR, 3.45 [95% CI, 1.52-7.85]) (P = .003), there was no association between cumulative HIV viremia and the incidence of primary central nervous system lymphoma (HR, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.39-2.57]) (P = .997). Other risk factors associated with an increased risk in a multivariable analysis included the latest CD4 T cell count as well as age per 10-year increment.']\nQuestion: Is cumulative HIV viremia during highly active antiretroviral therapy a strong predictor of AIDS-related lymphoma?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To investigate the cell viability of Bifidobacterium longum 5(1A) in fermented milks and to study its immunostimulating and protective capacity against Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in mice.', 'Bifidobacterium longum 5(1A) was added to milk fermented with different yoghurt starter cultures, before or after fermentation, and viability was monitored during storage (5°C, 28 days). Resistance to simulated gastric acid digestion was assessed. Fermented milks were orally administered to mice for 10 days followed by oral infection with Salmonella Typhimurium. The number of IgA+ cells in the small and large intestine was determined before infection. Survival to infection was monitored for 20 days. Bifidobacterium longum 5(1A) lost viability during storage, but the product containing it was effective for the induction of IgA+ cells proliferation in the gut and for the protection of mice against Salm. Typhimurium infection.']\nQuestion: Are cell viability and immunostimulating and protective capacities of Bifidobacterium longum 51A differentially affected by technological variables in fermented milks?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The objective of this report was to compare the prevalence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and associated mortality between military service members with burns sustained during or in support of combat operations and civilian burn patients treated at a single burn center.', 'Demographic and physiologic data were collected retrospectively on mechanically ventilated military and civilian patients admitted to our burn intensive care unit between January 2003 and December 2011. Patients with ARDS were identified and categorized as mild, moderate, or severe using the Berlin criteria. Demographics and clinical outcomes were compared. After initial comparison, propensity matching was performed and mortality compared.', 'A total of 891 burn patients required mechanical ventilation during the study period; 291 military and 600 civilian. The prevalence of ARDS was 34% (n=304) for the entire cohort, 33% (n=96) for military, and 35% (n=208) for civilians (p=0.55). For the entire cohort, despite more severe injury burden, military patients had a significantly lower overall mortality (17% vs. 28%; p=0.0002) as well as ARDS mortality (33 vs. 48%, p=0.02) when compared to civilians. This difference was not significant after propensity matching based on age.']\nQuestion: Do a comparison of acute respiratory distress syndrome outcomes between military and civilian burn patients?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To explore the clinical effect and possible mechanism of macrolides on otitis media with effusion in children.', 'Children with otitis media with effusion were recruited and prescribed for macrolides according to a designed scheme, and followed up for 8-12 weeks. Middle ear effusion samples were collected from the participants to assess the presence of biofilm.', \"Macrolides were found to have significant effect on the therapy of early stage otitis media with effusion for 88.7-92.5% of participants compared with 50.9-60.3% in control group after 8-12 weeks. Almost 72.1% of chronic otitis media with effusion patients recovered after an 8 weeks' course low dose macrolides prescription. Biofilm occurred in 30.8% (4/13) of middle ear effusion.\"]\nQuestion: Is low dose macrolide administration for long term effective for otitis media with effusion in children?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Statin use has been associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and with impaired glycemic control in T2DM patients. The association between statin use and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is unknown. The association between use of statins and glycemic control in T1DM patients without known heart disease was examined.', 'Cross-sectional study of 1093 T1DM patients from the outpatient clinic at Steno Diabetes Center. Physical examination, questionnaires, and echocardiography were performed in all patients. Investigators were blinded to all laboratory measurements. Data were analyzed in uni-and multivariable models.', 'Mean age 49.6 years, 53% men, mean diabetes duration 25.5 years, 475 (43.5%) received statins. In baseline analyses statin users tended to be older, have longer diabetes duration, and have more severe kidney disease. Left ventricular ejection fraction was not associated with statin use. In multivariable models including age, gender, diabetes duration, BMI, blood pressure, physical activity, family history of cardiovascular disease, physical activity, albuminuria, eGFR, retinopathy, smoking, cholesterol, ejection fraction, triglycerides, and use of ACE/ATII-antagonists, aspirin, calcium-antagonists, betablockers or diuretics, statin use was independently and significantly associated with higher HbA1c (0.2% (95%CI: 0.1; 0.4) (2.0 mmol/mol (0.2; 3.8)), p=0.029).']\nQuestion: Are statins independently associated with increased HbA1c in type 1 diabetes -- The Thousand & 1 Study?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]