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[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Cleft palate is one of the major malformations induced by retinoic acid in both rodents and humans. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism by which all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) induces the cleft palate.', 'The cell cycle distribution of mouse embryonic palate mesenchymal (MEPM) cells under atRA (100 mg/kg) treatment on gestation day (GD) 10 or GD 12 were measured by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. The p21, phospho-Rb, Smad2/3, phospho-Smad2 and phospho-Smad3 protein expression levels were detected by western blot, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed for p21, Smad2, and Smad3 gene expression in each group under both conditions. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was applied to inhibit Smad2/3 expression in MEPM cells and the effect was detected by western blot and flow cytometry.', 'The G(0)/G(1) arrest in MEPM cells in vivo was induced by atRA on GD 10. The protein expression levels of p21, Smad2/3, phospho-Smad2, and phospho-Smad3 were increased, while phospho-Rb was decreased in MEPM after atRA treatment on GD 10. These changes were not observed on the GD 12 group. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of p21, Smad2, and Smad3 detected by quantitative real-time PCR were almost consistent with their protein expression trends. Furthermore, p21 was partially decreased and G(0)/G(1) arrest was partially released following Smad2/3 siRNA knockdown.']\nQuestion: Is smad2/3 involved in growth inhibition of mouse embryonic palate mesenchymal cells induced by all-trans retinoic acid?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Surgical procedures such as liver resection and liver transplantation are the first-line treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, the high incidence of tumor recurrence and metastasis after liver surgery remains a major problem. Recent studies have shown that hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to tumor growth and metastasis. We aim to investigate the mechanism of FTY720, which was originally applied as an immunomodulator, on suppression of liver tumor metastasis after liver resection and partial hepatic I/R injury.', 'An orthotopic liver tumor model in Buffalo rat was established using the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line McA-RH7777. Two weeks after orthotopic liver tumor implantation, the rats underwent liver resection for tumor-bearing lobe and partial hepatic I/R injury. FTY720 (2 mg/kg) was administered through the inferior caval vein before and after I/R injury. Blood samples were taken at days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 for detection of circulating EPCs (CD133+CD34+). Our results showed that intrahepatic and lung metastases were significantly inhibited together with less tumor angiogenesis by FTY720 treatment. The number of circulating EPCs was also significantly decreased by FTY720 treatment from day 7 to day 28. Hepatic gene expressions of CXCL10, VEGF, CXCR3, CXCR4 induced by hepatic I/R injury were down-regulated in the treatment group.']\nQuestion: Does fTY720 suppress liver tumor metastasis by reducing the population of circulating endothelial progenitor cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The urinary excretion of N-acetyl-beta-glucosamynidase (NAG) is increased in subjects exposed to substances toxic for renal tubular cells. In experimental and human glomerular diseases, its increased excretion is probably due to the dysfunction of tubular epithelial cells induced by increased traffic of proteins in the tubular lumen. The first aim of this study was to evaluate whether NAG excretion is correlated not only with the amount of proteinuria but also with some proteinuric components which reflect both glomerular capillary wall damage (IgG) and an impairment of tubular reabsorption of microproteins (alpha(1) microglobulin). The second aim was to assess whether NAG excretion has a predictive value on functional outcome and response to therapy.', 'In 136 patients with primary glomerulonephritis [74 with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), 44 with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and 18 with minimal change disease (MCD)] urinary NAG excretion was measured by a colorimetric method and expressed in units per gram of urinary creatinine.', 'Using univariate linear regression analysis NAG excretion in all 136 patients was significantly dependent on IgG excretion, 24-h proteinuria, fractional excretion of alpha(1) microglobulin (FE alpha(1)m) and diagnosis. Using multiple linear regression analysis, NAG excretion was significantly dependent only on IgG excretion and 24-h proteinuria. Limiting the analysis to 67 patients with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and baseline normal renal function, by multiple linear regression, NAG excretion was significantly dependent on IgG excretion (P=0.0004), 24-h proteinuria (P=0.0067) and FE alpha(1)-m (P=0.0032) (R(2)=0.63). In 66 patients with NS and normal baseline renal function (MCD 10 patients; FSGS 20 patients; IMN 36 patients), according to values below or above defined cut-offs (IMN, </= or >18 U/g urinary Cr; FSGS and MCD, </= or >24 U/g urinary Cr), NAG excretion predicted remission in 86 vs 27% of IMN patients (P=0.0002) and 77 vs 14% of FSGS patients (P=0.005). Progression to chronic renal failure (CRF) was 0 vs 47% in IMN patients (P=0.001) and 8 vs 57% in FSGS patients (P=0.03). Using Cox model, in IMN patients only NAG excretion (P=0.01, RR 5.8), but not 24-h proteinuria, predicted progression to CRF. All MCD patients had NAG excretion values below the chosen cut-off, and 90% of them developed remission. Response to immunosuppressive therapy was significantly different in patients with NAG excretion values below or above the cut-offs.']\nQuestion: Is urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase excretion a marker of tubular cell dysfunction and a predictor of outcome in primary glomerulonephritis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is characterized by deposition in the glomerular mesangium of IgA together with C3, C5b-9, and properdin. IgG deposition as a risk factor in IgAN was recently confirmed by a long-term follow-up of patients with IgAN. We previously reported on an acute model of IgA-mediated glomerular inflammation in Wistar rats.', 'To investigate the effect of the combination of IgA and IgG on glomerular injury, Wistar rats were injected with a minimum dose of rat IgG in the presence or absence of a subnephritogenic dose of polymeric rat IgA. Subsequently, glomerular complement activation, influx of inflammatory cells, proteinuria, and hematuria were assessed.', 'Administration of IgG to the rats resulted in maximal proteinuria of 20.3 +/- 12.1 mg/24 h on day 2 and an absence of overt glomerular inflammation. Administration of polymeric rat IgA antibodies to rats resulted in hematuria with a moderate mesangial complement deposition. In the combination group, however, glomerular deposition of C5b-9 was dramatically increased. This was accompanied by increased proteinuria as compared with rats receiving IgA or IgG antibody injections alone on day 7. Microhematuria occurred in rats receiving either polymeric rat IgA or IgG alone or the combination. While both rat IgG and polymeric IgA induced minor mesangial cell (MC) proliferation and MC lysis, the combination resulted in a pronounced, significant increased percentage of aneurysm formation on day 7 after injection.']\nQuestion: Does combined glomerular deposition of polymeric rat IgA and IgG aggravate renal inflammation?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Transmural lesions are essential for efficacious ablation. There are, however, no accurate means to estimate lesion depth.', 'Explore use of the electrical coupling index (ECI) from the EnSite Contact™ System as a potential variable for lesion depth estimation.', 'Radiofrequency (RF) ablation lesions were created in atria and the thighs of swine using an irrigated RF catheter. Power was 30 W for 20 or 30 seconds intracardiac and 30-50 W for 10-60 seconds for the thigh. Intracardiac, the percentage change in ECI during ablation was compared with transmurality and collateral damage occurrence. For the thigh model, an algorithm estimating lesion depth was derived. Factors included: power, duration, and change in the ECI subcomponents (ΔECI+) during ablation. The ΔECI+ algorithm was compared to one using power and duration (PD) alone.', 'Intracardiac, lesions with ≥12% reduction in ECI were more likely to be transmural (92.3% vs. 59.4%, P < 0.001). Twenty-second lesions were less likely to cause collateral damage compared to 30 seconds (33% vs. 70%, P = 0.003), while transmurality was similar. With the thigh model, ΔECI+ had a better correlation than the PD algorithm (P < 0.01). Accuracy of the ΔECI+ algorithm was unimproved with inclusion of tip orientation, while PD improved (R(2) = 0.64).']\nQuestion: Does contact sensing provide a highly accurate means to titrate radiofrequency ablation lesion depth?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['A large spectrum of congenital heart diseases requires valved conduits to establish an anatomical continuity between the right ventricle outflow tract (RVOT) and the pulmonary artery. The aim of the present study was to compare the incidence of graft replacement in patients receiving the Contegra conduit (bovine jugular vein graft) with that in patients receiving a homograft implanted in the RVOT.', 'We reviewed a total of 347 conduits (Contegra 54; homografts 293) implanted in the RVOT from 1989 to 2003 in 323 patients (median age 12.7 years, range 4 days-69 years). Indications were Tetralogy of Fallot (n = 148), Ross operation (n = 89), truncus arteriosus communis (n = 47), pulmonary valve atresia (n = 30), double-outlet right ventricle (n = 15), transposition of the great arteries (n = 12), and endocarditis (n = 6). Follow-up was 99.4% complete (mean time: 5.9 years; range: 0-14.2 years).', 'Freedom from graft replacement at 1, 5, and 10 years of follow-up in the Contegra and homograft groups were 98.1 ± 1.9%, 78.3 ± 5.8%, and 63.5 ± 7.2% and 99.6 ± 0.4%, 94.0 ± 1.6%, and 81.4 ± 3.4%, respectively (log-rank test, p < 0.001). Independent predictors of graft replacement of the whole sample population were: graft size ≤ 20 mm (hazard ratio (HR) 3.6), age ≤ 10.4 years (HR 3.0), the non-anatomical position of the graft (HR 2.9), and the use of the Contegra conduit (HR 2.5). The multivariable analysis carried out on the propensity-score-matched population confirmed three independent predictors of graft replacement: graft size ≤ 20 mm (HR 8.0), the non-anatomical position of the graft (HR 2.3), and the use of the Contegra conduit (HR 3.7).']\nQuestion: Is the Contegra conduit in the right ventricular outflow tract an independent risk factor for graft replacement?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Mast cells participate importantly in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) by releasing inflammatory cytokines to promote vascular cell protease expression and arterial wall remodelling. Mast cells accumulate in AAA lesions during disease progression, but the exact chemokines by which mast cells migrate to the site of vascular inflammation remain unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that mast cells use chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) for their accumulation in experimental mouse AAA lesions.', 'We generated mast cell and apolipoprotein E double-deficient (Apoe(-/-)Kit(W-sh/W-sh)) mice and found that they were protected from angiotensin II (Ang II) chronic infusion-induced AAAs compared with Apoe(-/-) littermates. Using bone-marrow derived mast cells (BMMC) from Apoe(-/-) mice and CCR2 double-deficient (Apoe(-/-)Ccr2(-/-)) mice, we demonstrated that Apoe(-/-)Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice receiving BMMC from Apoe(-/-)Ccr2(-/-) mice, but not those from Apoe(-/-) mice, remained protected from AAA formation. Adoptive transfer of BMMC from Apoe(-/-) mice into Apoe(-/-)Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice also increased lesion content of macrophages, T cells, and MHC class II-positive cells; there was also increased apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, elastin fragmentation, and medial smooth muscle cell loss. In contrast, adoptive transfer of BMMC from Apoe(-/-)Ccr2(-/-) mice into Apoe(-/-)Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice did not affect these variables.']\nQuestion: Does chemokine ( C-C motif ) receptor 2 mediate mast cell migration to abdominal aortic aneurysm lesions in mice?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['We determined the value of preoperative transurethral prostatic urethral biopsy in predicting final distal urethral margin status at radical cystectomy.', 'Of 1,006 patients undergoing radical cystectomy at our institution between 1990 and 2004, 252 were men who underwent ileal neobladder and form the basis of this report. Variables collected include pathology of prostatic urethral biopsies, final pathology of the prostate, frozen section of the distal urethra, final urethral margins and survival data.', 'Median patient age was 61 years. Data regarding preoperative transurethral resection prostatic urethral biopsy and/or frozen section of the urethra at the time of surgery were available for 245 of 252 patients (transurethral resection of the prostatic urethra alone in 127, urethral frozen section alone in 68 and both in 50). The incidence of positive distal urethral margin on final pathological examination was 1.1% (3 of 252) and urethral recurrence was 0.7% (2 of 252). The correlation between transurethral resection findings and frozen section margins was only 68%, and 16 patients with positive transurethral resection findings had negative frozen section margins. The negative predictive value of transurethral resection biopsy with respect to final margins was 99.4% and that of frozen section was 100%.']\nQuestion: Does prostatic urethral biopsy have limited usefulness in counseling patients regarding final urethral margin status during orthotopic neobladder reconstruction?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Excessive sweating is a common symptom of the disease and an unexplored biofluid for TB diagnosis; we conducted a proof-of-concept study to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers of active TB in eccrine sweat.', 'We performed a global proteomic profile of eccrine sweat sampled from patients with active pulmonary TB, other lung diseases (non-TB disease), and healthy controls. A comparison of proteomics between Active-TB, Non-TB, and Healthy Controls was done in search for potential biomarkers of active TB.', 'Sweat specimens were pooled from 32 active TB patients, 27 patients with non-TB diseases, and 24 apparently healthy controls, all were negative for HIV. Over 100 unique proteins were identified in the eccrine sweat of all three groups. Twenty-six proteins were exclusively detected in the sweat of patients with active TB while the remaining detected proteins overlapped between three groups. Gene ontology evaluation indicated that the proteins detected uniquely in sweat of active TB patients were involved in immune response and auxiliary protein transport. Gene products for cellular components (e.g. ribosomes) were detected only in active TB patients. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003224.']\nQuestion: Does proteomic profiling of eccrine sweat reveal its potential as a diagnostic biofluid for active tuberculosis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms act through two distinct cell surface alpha and beta receptors. Glomerular mesangial cells express both receptors. PDGF BB and AB are potent mitogens for glomerular mesangial cells, and PDGF BB stimulates cell migration in a phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI 3) kinase-dependent manner. In this study, we investigated the effect of PDGF AA on cell migration, PI 3 kinase and phospholipase C (PLC) activation, and the role of these two enzymes in mediating biological responses in these cells in response to all three isoforms.', '3H-thymidine incorporation and modified Boyden chamber assay were used to determine DNA synthesis and directed migration, respectively, in response to all three PDGF isoforms. Differential activation of alpha and beta receptors was studied by immunecomplex tyrosine kinase assay of corresponding receptor immunoprecipitates. PLC gamma 1 activity was determined by measuring total inositol phosphates in response to different PDGF isoforms. PI 3 kinase activity was determined in antiphosphotyrosine or PDGF receptor immunoprecipitates.', 'Both PDGF BB and AB resulted in stimulation of DNA synthesis and directed migration of mesangial cells. AA was neither chemotactic nor mitogenic. However, all three isoforms increased tyrosine phosphorylation of a 180 kD protein in antiphosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates, suggesting activation of respective receptors. Direct immunecomplex tyrosine kinase assay of alpha and beta receptors demonstrated significant activation of both of these receptors when cells are treated with PDGF BB or AB. PDGF AA increased tyrosine kinase activity of the alpha receptor but not the beta receptor. All three isoforms significantly stimulated the production of inositol phosphates with order of potency being BB > AB > AA. PDGF AA also dose dependently stimulated PI 3 kinase activity measured in antiphosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates of treated cells. A comparison of PI 3 kinase activity in antiphosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates from mesangial cells stimulated with three different PDGF isoforms showed significant activation of this enzyme with a decreasing order of activity: BB > AB > AA.']\nQuestion: Is activation of PLC and PI 3 kinase by PDGF receptor alpha sufficient for mitogenesis and migration in mesangial cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Neurodegenerative diseases are a major cause of cognitive impairment and can ultimately lead to dementia. Genome-wide association studies have uncovered many genetic variants conferring risk of neurodegenerative diseases, but their role in cognitive impairment remains unexplored.', \"In the prospective, population-based Rotterdam Study, 3605 nondemented persons aged ≥55\\xa0years were genotyped, screened for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in 2002 to 2005 and underwent continuous follow-up for dementia until 2012. Weighted polygenic risk scores of genetic variants for Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and the frontotemporal lobar degeneration/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease spectrum (FTLD/ALS) were constructed and investigated for association with MCI and the subsequent conversion to dementia.\", 'In total, 360 (10.0%) persons had MCI, of whom 147 (4.1%) were amnestic and 213 (5.9%) nonamnestic. The AD risk score was associated with both MCI subtypes (odds ratio for all MCI 1.15 [95% CI, 1.03-1.28]), whereas PD and FTLD/ALS risk scores were associated only with nonamnestic MCI (odds ratios 1.15 [1.00-1.32] and 1.19 [1.03-1.37], respectively). The AD risk score, but not PD and FTLD/ALS risk scores, was associated with an increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio 1.55 [1.37-1.77]).']\nQuestion: Is genetic risk of neurodegenerative diseases associated with mild cognitive impairment and conversion to dementia?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The formation of two distinctive cell lineages in preimplantation mouse embryos is characterized by differential gene expression. The cells of the inner cell mass are pluripotent and express high levels of Oct4 mRNA, which is down-regulated in the surrounding trophectoderm. In contrast, the trophectoderm of female embryos contains Xist mRNA, which is absent from cells of the inner mass. Prior to blastocyst formation, all blastomeres of female embryos still express both of these RNAs. We, thus, postulated that simultaneous quantification of Oct4 and Xist transcripts in individual blastomeres at the 8-cell stage could be informative as to their subsequent fate. Testing this hypothesis, however, presented numerous technical challenges. We overcame these difficulties by combining PurAmp, a single-tube method for RNA preparation and quantification, with LATE-PCR, an advanced form of asymmetric PCR.', 'We constructed a duplex RT-LATE-PCR assay for real-time measurement of Oct4 and Xist templates and confirmed its specificity and quantitative accuracy with different methods. We then undertook analysis of sets of blastomeres isolated from embryos at the 8-cell stage. At this stage, all cells in the embryo are still pluripotent and morphologically equivalent. Our results demonstrate, however, that both Oct4 and Xist RNA levels vary in individual blastomeres comprising the same embryo, with some cells having particularly elevated levels of either transcript. Analysis of multiple embryos also shows that Xist and Oct4 expression levels are not correlated at the 8-cell stage, although transcription of both genes is up-regulated at this time in development. In addition, comparison of data from males and females allowed us to determine that the efficiency of the Oct4/Xist assay is unaffected by sex-related differences in gene expression.']\nQuestion: Does single-cell duplex RT-LATE-PCR reveal Oct4 and Xist RNA gradients in 8-cell embryos?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: [\"Oxidative stress is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a potent antioxidant overexpressed in PD substantia nigra and AD cerebral cortex and hippocampus, indicating a possible up-regulation of antioxidant defenses in both neurodegenerative diseases. The role of HO-1 in peripheral blood of PD and AD patients remains unresolved.\", 'We measured serum HO-1 levels in 107 patients with PD, 105 patients with AD, 104 controls for PD and 120 controls for AD.', 'The median serum concentration of HO-1 was significantly higher in PD patients (2.04 ng/ml) compared with that of PD controls (1.69 ng/ml, P = 0.016), with PD patients predominating over controls in the upper tertile of serum HO-1 levels, whereas there was more PD controls than PD patients in the lower tertile (P = 0.006). Median serum levels of HO-1 did not differ significantly between AD patients and AD controls.']\nQuestion: Are serum heme oxygenase-1 levels increased in Parkinson 's disease but not in Alzheimer 's disease?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['This study investigated the relationship among intracranial pressure (ICP), the development of acute lung injury (ALI) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) following a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).', 'Post-traumatic ICP was continuously monitored for the first week following injury in a series of consecutive patients with isolated severe TBI. The initial ICP and the duration of intracranial hypertension (ICH) were calculated. The risk factors associated with the development of ALI and SIRS were evaluated.', 'Of the 86 patients enrolled, 22 patients developed ALI and 52 patients developed SIRS during the observation period. The patients with ALI presented with a significantly higher initial ICP (31.3±7.8 mmHg vs. 23.0±8.8 mmHg, p<0.001) and a longer duration of ICH (16.8±6.5 h vs. 11.9±6.0 h, p=0.002) than those without ALI. The incidence of both ALI and SIRS increased with increasing initial ICP, and the presence of SIRS was associated with a fourfold increase in the risk of developing ALI (odds ratio [OR], 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-13.0).']\nQuestion: Is increased intracranial pressure associated with the development of acute lung injury following severe traumatic brain injury?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['In cervical cancer, increased cytokeratin 18 (CK18) filament expression is associated with disease progression. However, it may also provide resistance to cytokine-induced apoptosis. The present study tested whether CK18 expression influences susceptibility to cytokine-induced apoptosis.', 'The cervical cancer cell lines C-4II (high CK18 expression), ME-180 (low CK18 expression), and 2 subtypes of HeLa cells containing or lacking CK18 expression (CK18+ and CK18- cells, respectively) were exposed to vehicle (control), Fas ligand (FasL) (50 ng/mL), or tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α; 10 ng/mL) without/with cycloheximide (CHX; 2.5 μg/mL) to test the hypothesis that diminished CK18 expression increases susceptibility to cytokine-induced apoptosis.', 'Flow cytometric analysis of cell death via TUNEL staining revealed that cytokine-induced apoptosis was 2-fold greater in ME-180 cells than C-4II cells in response to FasL+CHX or TNF-α+CHX (P < 0.05). Similarly, there was a higher incidence of FasL-induced apoptosis in CK18- HeLa cells (23% and 91% apoptotic for FasL and FasL+CHX, respectively) than CK18+ HeLa cells (1% and 11%, respectively; P < 0.05). Surprisingly, TNF-α had no effect on either CK18+ or CK18- HeLa cells (P > 0.05). Caspase 3 activity was greater in CK18- HeLa cells than in CK18+ HeLa cells at 8 and 18 hours after FasL treatment (P < 0.05), an effect abrogated by the caspase 8 inhibitor IETD-fmk (P < 0.05).']\nQuestion: Does cytokeratin 18 expression inhibit cytokine-induced death of cervical cancer cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) represent one of the largest groups of functionally diverse trans-acting non-protein-coding (npc) RNAs currently known in eukaryotic cells. Chicken snoRNAs have been very poorly characterized when compared to other vertebrate snoRNAs. A genome-wide analysis of chicken snoRNAs is therefore of great importance to further understand the functional evolution of snoRNAs in vertebrates.', \"Two hundred and one gene variants encoding 93 box C/D and 62 box H/ACA snoRNAs were identified in the chicken genome and are predicted to guide 86 2'-O-ribose methylations and 69 pseudouridylations of rRNAs and spliceosomal RNAs. Forty-four snoRNA clusters were grouped into four categories based on synteny characteristics of the clustered snoRNAs between chicken and human. Comparative analyses of chicken snoRNAs revealed extensive recombination and separation of guiding function, with cooperative evolution between the guiding duplexes and modification sites. The gas5-like snoRNA host gene appears to be a hotspot of snoRNA gene expansion in vertebrates. Our results suggest that the chicken is a good model for the prediction of functional snoRNAs, and that intragenic duplication and divergence might be the major driving forces responsible for expansion of novel snoRNA genes in the chicken genome.\"]\nQuestion: Does genome-wide analysis of chicken snoRNAs provide unique implications for the evolution of vertebrate snoRNAs?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Erythropoietin (EPO) upregulates the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, a central signaling pathway in cellular plastic mechanisms, and is critical for normal brain development.', 'We hypothesized that EPO could modulate the plasticity mechanisms supporting spatial memory recovery in fimbria-fornix-transected animals.', 'Fimbria-fornix was transected in 3 groups of rats. Seven days later, EPO was injected daily for 4 consecutive days within 10 minutes after training on a water maze task.', 'Our results show that EPO injections 10 minutes after training produced a substantial spatial memory recovery in fimbria-fornix-lesioned animals. In contrast, an EPO injection shortly after fimbria-fornix lesion surgery does not promote spatial-memory recovery. Neither does daily EPO injection 5 hours after the water maze performance. EPO, on the other hand, induced the expression of plasticity-related genes like arc and bdnf, but this effect was independent of training or lesion.']\nQuestion: Does erythropoietin promote Neural Plasticity and Spatial Memory Recovery in Fimbria-Fornix-Lesioned Rats?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Exogenous glucocorticoids suppress short-term lower leg growth in children as assessed by knemometry. The knemometric measurements, however, may be confounded by reductions in the thickness of the cutis and subcutis over the knee.', 'To assess whether inhaled glucocorticoid-induced suppression of short-term growth is accompanied by changes in the thickness of the cutis and subcutis.', 'The study was a randomized, controlled, crossover trial with 1 wk treatment, run-in and washout periods. Active treatment was inhaled budesonide 200 microg twice daily. Short-term growth was assessed by knemometry, and the thickness of the cutis and subcutis over the knee, on the volar forearm and abdomen was measured by 20 MHz B-mode ultrasound.', 'Nineteen children with asthma aged 7 to 13 y.', 'Lower leg growth was significantly reduced during budesonide treatment (0.27 mm/wk) compared to the treatment-free period (0.54 mm/wk) (p = 0.02, 95%: -0.50 to -0.05). Variations in the thickness of the cutis were seen during budesonide treatment (mean +/- SEM): -0.01 +/- 0.03 mm over the knee, -0.02 +/- 0.02 mm on the forearm and 0.01 +/- 0.02 mm on the abdomen. The variations in the total thickness of the cutis and subcutis were -0.05 +/- 0.12 mm, 0.06 +/- 0.12 mm and -0.06 +/- 0.10 mm during budesonide treatment. The variations in thickness of the cutis or subcutis were not statistically different during budesonide treatment and the treatment free period in any anatomical location.']\nQuestion: Is lower leg growth suppression caused by inhaled glucocorticoids accompanied by reduced thickness of the cutis or subcutis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a nonpharmacological intervention used to manage pain using skin surface electrodes. Optimal electrode placement is unclear. We hypothesized that better analgesia would occur if electrodes were placed over sites with lower skin impedance. Optimal site selection (OSS) and sham site selection (SSS) electrode sites on the forearm were identified using a standard clinical technique.', 'Experiment 1 measured skin impedance in the forearm at OSS and SSS. Experiment 2 was a crossover design double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing OSS-TENS, SSS-TENS, and placebo TENS (P-TENS) to confirm differences in skin impedance between OSS and SSS, and measure change in pressure pain threshold (PPT) following a 30-minute TENS treatment. Healthy volunteers were recruited (ten for Experiment 1 [five male, five female] and 24 for Experiment 2 [12 male, 12 female]). TENS was applied for 30 minutes at 100 Hz frequency, 100 µs pulse duration, and \"strong but nonpainful\" amplitude.', 'Experiment 1 results demonstrate significantly higher impedance at SSS (17.69±1.24 Ω) compared to OSS (13.53±0.57 Ω) (P=0.007). For Experiment 2, electrode site impedance was significantly higher over SSS, with both the impedance meter (P=0.001) and the TENS unit (P=0.012) compared to OSS. PPT change was significantly greater for both OSS-TENS (P=0.024) and SSS-TENS (P=0.025) when compared to P-TENS. PPT did not differ between the two active TENS treatments (P=0.81).']\nQuestion: Is skin impedance a factor in transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation effectiveness?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['It is conventionally taught that the intercostal artery is shielded in the intercostal groove of the superior rib. The continuous course and variability of the intercostal artery, and factors that may influence them, have not been described in a large number of arteries in vivo.', 'Maximal intensity projection reformats in the coronal plane were produced from CT scan pulmonary angiograms to identify the posterolateral course of the intercostal artery (seventh to 11th rib spaces). A novel semiautomated computer segmentation algorithm was used to measure distances between the lower border of the superior rib, the upper border of the inferior rib, and the position of the intercostal artery when exposed in the intercostal space. The position and variability of the artery were analyzed for association with clinical factors.', 'Two hundred ninety-eight arteries from 47 patients were analyzed. The mean lateral distance from the spine over which the artery was exposed within the intercostal space was 39 mm, with wide variability (SD, 10 mm; 10th-90th centile, 28-51 mm). At 3 cm lateral distance from the spine, 17% of arteries were shielded by the superior rib, compared with 97% at 6 cm. Exposed artery length was not associated with age, sex, rib space, or side. The variability of arterial position was significantly associated with age (coefficient, 0.91; P < .001) and rib space number (coefficient, - 2.60; P < .001).']\nQuestion: Do course and variation of the intercostal artery by CT scan?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Depression is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and cardiovascular mortality. We investigated to what extent subjective health status explained the apparent association between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular mortality in older European men.', 'Data were used from the population-based prospective Finland, Italy and the Netherlands Elderly (FINE) Study. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale in 909 men, aged 70-90 years, free of CVD and diabetes in 1990. Subjective health status was estimated with a single question on self-rated health and with a standardized questionnaire about activities of daily living. Cardiovascular mortality was determined during ten years of follow-up.', 'At baseline, poor self-rated health and more disability in activities of daily living were both associated with more depressive symptoms using multiple linear regression analysis. Prospectively men who reported to be unhealthy or with moderate to severe disability had an approximately 2.5 times higher risk of cardiovascular mortality using Cox regression analysis. An increase in depressive symptoms by one standard deviation was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.37; 95% CI 1.21-1.56). A substantial part of this association was explained by self-rated health and disability (proportion explained 0.32; 95% CI 0.09-0.55). However, a significant risk of depressive symptoms on cardiovascular mortality remained (HR 1.25; 95% CI 1.09-1.43) after adjustment for subjective health status.']\nQuestion: Is the association of depression with cardiovascular mortality partly explained by health status . The FINE Study?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['In rectal cancer the management of suspicious magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected lymph nodes lying close to the mesorectal fascia poses an ongoing dilemma. Key decisions in treatment planning are commonly based on the prediction of margin status. However, it is unclear whether a lymph node that appears to contain tumour close to the mesorectal fascia will result in a positive margin.', 'Some 396 patients with rectal cancer were included. MRI assessment of mesorectal nodes, the pathologically involved circumferential resection margin (CRM) rate and causes of margin involvement were analysed to establish the clinical significance of MRI-detected suspicious lymph nodes at the resection margin.', 'Fifty (12.6 per cent) of 396 patients had a positive CRM on histopathological analysis, five (10 per cent) solely due to an involved lymph node. Four of the five malignant nodes were not predicted on MRI. Thirty-one of the 396 MRI studies had suspicious nodes 1 mm or less from the CRM. None of these patients had a positive CRM owing to nodal involvement.']\nQuestion: Are magnetic resonance imaging-detected lymph nodes close to the mesorectal fascia rarely a cause of margin involvement after total mesorectal excision?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Intrathecal neostigmine causes analgesia by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine. Experimental data suggest that the production of endogenous nitric oxide is necessary for tonic cholinergic inhibition of spinal pain transmission. The purpose of this study was to determine whether association of transdermal nitroglycerine would enhance analgesia from a low dose of intrathecal neostigmine in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery during spinal anesthesia.', 'Forty-eight patients were randomized to one of four groups. Patients were premedicated with use of 0.05-0.1 mg/kg intravenous midazolam and received 15 mg bupivacaine plus 1 ml test drug intrathecally (saline or neostigmine, 5 microgram). Twenty to 30 min after the spinal puncture, a transdermal patch of either 5 mg nitroglycerin or placebo was applied. The control (Con) group received spinal saline and transdermal placebo. The neostigmine group received spinal neostigmine and transdermal placebo. The nitroglycerin group received spinal saline and a transdermal nitroglycerine patch. Finally, the neostigmine-nitroglycerin group received spinal neostigmine and transdermal nitroglycerine. Pain and adverse effects were evaluated using a 10-cm visual analog scale.', 'Patients in the groups were similar regarding age, weight, height, and American Society of Anesthesiologists status. Sensory level to pin prick at 10 min, surgical duration, anesthetic duration, and visual analog scale score for pain at the time of administration of first rescue medication were statistically the same for all groups. The time to administration of first rescue analgesic (min) was longer in the neostigmine-nitroglycerin group (550 min; range, 458-1,440 min; median, 25-75th percentile) compared with the other groups (P < 0.001). The neostigmine-nitroglycerin group required fewer rescue analgesics in 24 h than did the control group (P < 0.0005), whereas the neostigmine group required less analgesics compared with the control group (P < 0.02). The incidence of perioperative adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, headache, back pain) was similar among groups (P > 0.05).']\nQuestion: Does transdermal nitroglycerine enhance spinal neostigmine postoperative analgesia following gynecological surgery?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To identify the psychiatric and epilepsy variables predictive of postsurgical seizure outcome after anterotemporal lobectomy (ATL).', 'Retrospective study of 100 consecutive patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who underwent ATL. The mean (+/- SD) follow-up period was 8.3 (+/- 3.1) years. Three types of surgical outcomes were examined at 2 years after surgery and at last contact: class IA (no disabling seizures no auras), class IA + IB (no disabling seizures), and class IA + IB + IC (no or rare disabling seizures in the first postsurgical year). Logistic regression analyses were performed separately for the three types of surgical outcomes. The epilepsy-related independent variables included age at onset, cause of TLE (mesial temporal sclerosis, lesional and cryptogenic TLE), extent of resection of mesial structures, neuropathologic abnormalities, having only complex partial seizures, and duration of the seizure disorder. The psychiatric independent variables included a postsurgical and presurgical lifetime history of mood, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity, and psychotic disorders.', 'The absence of a psychiatric history was an independent predictor of all three types of surgical outcomes. In addition, a larger resection of mesial structures was a predictor for class IA outcome, and having only complex partial seizures (vs generalized tonic-clonic seizures) was a predictor for class IA + IB and IA + IB + IC. Having mesial temporal sclerosis (vs other causes of TLE) was a predictor for class IA + IB + IC as well.']\nQuestion: Does a lifetime psychiatric history predict a worse seizure outcome following temporal lobectomy?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To test the hypothesis that hypertension, high blood pressure, and high pulse pressure (PP) are independently associated with lower cognitive function.', 'Cross-sectional study of persons examined in 1988 to 1994.', 'U.S. noninstitutionalized population.', 'Six thousand one hundred sixty-three men and women aged 60 and older who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).', 'Measurements included blood pressure, short-portable Mini-Mental State Examination (sp-MMSE), self-reported history of hypertension, diagnosis, and treatment.', 'In the initial bivariate analysis within age groups of 60 to 64, 65 to 69, and 70 to 74, optimal blood pressure (< 120/80 mmHg) was associated with best cognitive performance; the severe hypertension group had the poorest performance in all age groups except the very old (> or = 80), where the pattern was reversed, showing poorest performance in the optimal blood pressure group and best in the group with moderate hypertension. This pattern changed slightly in multiple regression analyses modeling sp-MMSE as the outcome variable. Higher stage of hypertension according to the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure and higher PP were associated with worse cognitive performance than normal blood pressure at ages 70 to 79 and 80 and older. No significant negative association was seen in subjects aged 60 to 69. Subjects with treated but uncontrolled hypertension had significantly lower sp-MMSE scores than those without hypertension or with controlled hypertension after controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, income, and PP.']\nQuestion: Are high blood pressure , hypertension , and high pulse pressure associated with poorer cognitive function in persons aged 60 and older : the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Kalopanaxsaponin A, a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Kalopanax pictus (family Araliaceae), potently inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated peritoneal macrophages during a screening programme for anti-colitis agents from natural products. Its anti-inflammatory mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated its anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or peptidoglycan-stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages and trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitic mice.', 'Peritoneal macrophages from male ICR mice were stimulated with LPS or peptidoglycan in vitro and treated with kalopanaxsaponin A. Colitis was induced in vivo by intrarectal administration of TNBS in male ICR mice. Mice were treated daily with kalopanaxsaponin A, sulphasalazine or phosphate-buffered saline. Inflammatory markers, cytokines, enzymes and transcription factors were measured by ELISA, immunoblot, flow cytometry and immunofluorescent confocal microscopy.', 'Kalopanaxsaponin A potently inhibited the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6, induced by LPS, but not that induced by TNF-α, in peritoneal macrophages. However, it potently increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Kalopanaxsaponin A inhibited activation of the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-1, inhibitor of κB kinase-β, NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun NH(2) -terminal kinase, p-38), but LPS/Toll-like receptor-4 interaction and IRAK-4 activation were not affected. Oral administration of kalopanaxsaponin A (10 and 20 mg·kg(-1) ) improved the clinical parameters and histology in vivo. Kalopanaxsaponin A inhibited NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation induced by TNBS by suppressing IRAK-1 activation.']\nQuestion: Does kalopanaxsaponin A ameliorate experimental colitis in mice by inhibiting IRAK-1 activation in the NF-κB and MAPK pathways?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Dysfunction of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been implicated in type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of T2D and gender on the HPA axis.', 'Synthetic ACTH (1\\u200aμg) was administered to 21 subjects with T2D (age 62 (54-70) years, 11 men/ten women, HbA1c 49±2\\u200ammol/mol, treated with diet or oral antidiabetic drugs) and 38 controls (age 58 (41-67) years, 20 men/18 women). Fasting basal B-glucose, serum cortisol, insulin, IGF1 and IGFBP1 concentrations were measured, and sampling for all but IGF1 was repeated 30, 60, and 90\\u200amin after ACTH injection. Patients took 0.25\\u200amg dexamethasone at 2200-2300\\u200ah and returned the next morning for the measurement of serum cortisol concentration.', 'Cross-sectional study.', 'Patients with T2D had similar fasting serum cortisol, IGF1 and IGFBP1 concentrations; however, serum cortisol concentration after administration of dexamethasone did not differ between the groups. Healthy women exhibited higher peak cortisol levels compared with healthy men (675±26 vs 582±21\\u200anmol/l, P=0.014), while the peak levels were equally high in men and women with T2D, resulting in a higher peak level in men with T2D compared with healthy men (691±42 vs 582±21\\u200anmol/l, P=0.024). Serum cortisol concentration after administration of dexamethasone did not differ between the groups, nor did IGF1 and IGFBP1.', 'Some studies have previously indicated disturbed regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D); however, much remains unknown in this area. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that the gender difference in the adrenal response to ACTH (with greater reactivity in women) is abolished in T2D. While the clinical implications cannot be determined by this paper, it is known that gender differences exist in the pathogenesis and complications of T2D. Thus, our findings suggest that further research into gender differences in the HPA axis is warranted.']\nQuestion: Is gender difference in adrenal sensitivity to ACTH abolished in type 2 diabetes?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Preclinical studies of hypoxia are generally done using ectopic xenograft tumors, which behave differently from human tumors. Our previous findings have shown that subcutaneously implanted lung tumors exhibit more hypoxia than their orthotopic implanted or spontaneous K-ras-induced counterparts. We hypothesize that differences in hypoxia are due to site-specific differences in vascularity and perfusion.', 'To compare the presence and functionality of vessels in these tumor models, we studied vascular perfusion in vivo in real time.', 'Orthotopically implanted and spontaneous K-ras-induced lung tumors showed elevated perfusion, demonstrating vasculature functionality. Little contrast agent uptake was observed within the subcutaneously implanted tumors, indicating vascular dysfunction. These findings were corroborated at the microscopic level with Hoechst 33342 and Meca-32 staining.']\nQuestion: Do patterns of Vasculature in Mouse Models of Lung Cancer Are Dependent on Location?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Although patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) frequently require medications to treat pre-existing conditions, the impact of these treatments on outcomes post-resection is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of preoperative medications on overall survival after pancreatic resection.', 'Multi-institutional data on preoperative medications and outcomes in patients undergoing resection for PDAC were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine which medications were predictive of early mortality.', 'Of the 518 patients resected for PDAC, 13.3% were being treated preoperatively with insulin, 14.8% were on a statin, 1.7% were on steroids, and 7.6% were on thyroxin. On univariate analysis, patients taking preoperative insulin had a higher 90-day mortality rate relative to those not on insulin (13.0% vs. 4.8%, p\\u2009=\\u20090.024), and those on a statin had a higher 90-day mortality than those who were not (10.8% vs. 4.6%, p\\u2009=\\u20090.035). Preoperative steroids and thyroxin were not associated with 90-day mortality (p\\u2009=\\u20090.409 and p\\u2009=\\u20090.474, respectively). Insulin and statin use was a stronger predictor of 90-day mortality than history of diabetes (p\\u2009=\\u20090.101), BMI\\u2009≥\\u200930 (p\\u2009=\\u20090.166), cardiac disease (p\\u2009=\\u20090.168), pulmonary disease (p\\u2009=\\u20091.000), or renal dysfunction (p\\u2009=\\u20091.000). Older patients also had a higher risk of early postoperative death (p\\u2009=\\u20090.011). On multivariate analysis, only preoperative insulin usage and statin treatment independently predicted early mortality (odds ratio (OR)\\u2009=\\u20093.043; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.256-7.372; p\\u2009=\\u20090.014, and OR\\u2009=\\u20092.529; 95% CI, 1.048-6.104; p\\u2009=\\u20090.039, respectively). Based on the beta coefficients, a simple scoring system was devised to predict survival after resection from preoperative medication use. Zero points were assigned to patients who were on neither insulin nor a statin, one point to those who were on one or the other, and two points to those who were on both insulin and a statin. The score correlated with early postoperative survival (90-day mortality rates of 3.4%, 11.5%, and 13.3% for 0, 1, and 2 points, respectively, p\\u2009=\\u20090.004). Increasing score was also associated with poorer long-term outcomes, with a median overall survival of 19.6, 15.6, and 11.2\\xa0months for 0, 1, and 2 points, respectively (p\\u2009=\\u20090.002, median follow-up 14.4\\xa0months).']\nQuestion: Does medically managed hypercholesterolemia and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus preoperatively predict poor survival after surgery for pancreatic cancer?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To assess the effect of pol replication capacity (RC) on the hazard ratio of progression to a composite endpoint of time to progression to <350 CD4+ cells per microliter, initiation of therapy, or death.', 'pol RC assays were performed after study closure in baseline samples obtained from 316 enrollees in a prospectively monitored cohort of treatment-naive adults with >or=450 CD4+ cells per microliter and >or=1000 HIV-1 RNA copies per milliliter.', 'The median RC was 79%. Patients with a lower RC had a lower median viral load (4.0 vs 4.2 Log HIV-1 RNA copies/mL, P = 0.026) and a lower rate of protease inhibitor resistance 2% vs 8%, P = 0.03). Otherwise, baseline demographic and laboratory characteristics were similar. The hazard ratio of progression to the composite endpoint was 0.73 (P = 0.041) for persons with lower RC, 2.07 per 1.0 log10 higher viral load (P < 0.001), and 0.86 per 50 cells per microliter higher CD4+ cell count (P < 0.001). The effect of lower RC was also significant in a separate analysis of time to initiation of therapy (P = 0.04).']\nQuestion: Is hIV replication capacity an independent predictor of disease progression in persons with untreated chronic HIV infection?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To determine the effects of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) on large-for-gestational-age (LGA) birth weight (≥90th % ile).', 'We examined 4321 mother-infant pairs from the Ottawa and Kingston (OaK) birth cohort. Multivariate logistic regression (controlling for gestational and maternal age, pre-pregnancy weight, parity, smoking) were performed and odds ratios (ORs) calculated.', \"Prior to pregnancy, a total of 23.7% of women were overweight and 16.2% obese. Only 29.3% of women met GWG targets recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM), whereas 57.7% exceeded the guidelines. Adjusting for smoking, parity, age, maternal height, and achieving the IOM's recommended GWG, overweight (OR 1.99; 95%CI 1.17-3.37) or obese (OR 2.64; 95% CI 1.59-4.39) pre-pregnancy was associated with a higher rate of LGA compared to women with normal BMI. In the same model, exceeding GWG guidelines was associated with higher rates of LGA (OR 2.86; 95% CI 2.09-3.92), as was parity (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.22-1.82). Smoking (OR 0.53; 95%CI 0.35-0.79) was associated with decreased rates of LGA. The adjusted association with LGA was also estimated for women who exceeded the GWG guidelines and were overweight (OR 3.59; 95% CI 2.60-4.95) or obese (OR 6.71; 95% CI 4.83-9.31).\"]\nQuestion: Does excessive gestational weight gain predict large for gestational age neonates independent of maternal body mass index?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: [\"Survival among patients with adenocarcinoma pancreatic cancer (PDCA) is highly variable, which ranges from 0% to 20% at 5 years. Such a wide range is due to tumor size and stage, as well other patients' characteristics. We analyzed alterations in the metabolomic profile, of PDCA patients, which are potentially predictive of patient's one-year mortality.\", \"A targeted metabolomic assay was conducted on serum samples of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Statistical analyses were performed only for those 27 patients with information on vital status at follow-up and baseline clinical features. Random Forest analysis was performed to identify all metabolites and clinical variables with the best capability to predict patient's mortality risk at one year. Regression coefficients were estimated from multivariable Weibull survival model, which included the most associated metabolites. Such coefficients were used as weights to build a metabolite risk score (MRS) which ranged from 0 (lowest mortality risk) to 1 (highest mortality risk). The stability of these weights were evaluated performing 10,000 bootstrap resamplings.\", 'MRS was built as a weighted linear combination of the following five metabolites: Valine (HR = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.11-1.71 for each standard deviation (SD) of 98.57), Sphingomyeline C24:1 (HR = 2.66, 95%CI: 1.30-21.09, for each SD of 20.67), Lysine (HR = 0.36, 95%CI: 0.03-0.77, for each SD of 51.73), Tripentadecanoate TG15 (HR = 0.25, 95%CI: 0.01-0.82, for each SD of 2.88) and Symmetric dimethylarginine (HR = 2.24, 95%CI: 1.28-103.08, for each SD of 0.62), achieving a very high discrimination ability (survival c-statistic of 0.855, 95%CI: 0.816-0.894). Such association was still present even after adjusting for the most associated clinical variables (confounders).']\nQuestion: Do development of a metabolites risk score for one-year mortality risk prediction in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) activation has been shown in vitro to increase macrophage cholesterol efflux, the initial step in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). However, it remains unclear whether PPARα activation promotes macrophage RCT in vivo.', 'We demonstrated that a specific potent PPARα agonist GW7647 inhibited atherosclerosis and promoted macrophage RCT in hypercholesterolemic mice expressing the human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) gene. We compared the effect of GW7647 on RCT in human apoA-I transgenic (hA-ITg) mice with wild-type mice and showed that the PPARα agonist promoted RCT in hA-ITg mice to a much greater extent than in wild-type mice, indicating that human apoA-I expression is important for PPARα-induced RCT. We further investigated the dependence of the macrophage PPARα-liver X receptor (LXR) pathway on the promotion of RCT by GW7647. Primary murine macrophages lacking PPARα or LXR abolished the ability of GW7647 to promote RCT in hA-ITg mice. In concert, the PPARα agonist promoted cholesterol efflux and ATP binding cassette transporter A1/G1 expression in primary macrophages, and this was also by the PPARα-LXR pathway.']\nQuestion: Does peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activation promote macrophage reverse cholesterol transport through a liver X receptor-dependent pathway?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Expert consensus holds that post-market, systematic surveillance of ICD leads is essential to ensure confirmation of adequate lead performance. GALAXY (NCT00836589) and CELESTIAL (NCT00810264) are ongoing multicenter, prospective, non-randomized registries conducted to confirm the long-term safety and reliability of Biotronik leads.', 'ICD and CRT-D patients are followed for Linox and Linox(smart) ICD lead performance and safety for 5 years post-implant. All procedural and system-related adverse events (AEs) were assessed at each follow-up, along with lead electrical parameters. An independent CEC of EPs adjudicated AEs to determine AE category and lead relatedness. The analysis used categories of lead observations per ISO 5841-2 (Third edition). A total of 3,933 leads were implanted in 3,840 patients (73.0% male, mean age 67.0 ± 12.2 years) at 146 US centers. The estimated cumulative survival probability was 96.3% at 5 years after implant for Linox leads and 96.6% at 4 years after implant for Linox(smart) leads. A comparison of the Linox and Linox(smart) survival functions did not find evidence of a difference (P = 0.2155). The most common AEs were oversensing (23, 0.58%), conductor fracture (14, 0.36%), failure to capture (13, 0.33%), lead dislodgement (12, 0.31%), insulation breach (10, 0.25%), and abnormal pacing impedance (8, 0.20%).']\nQuestion: Does long-Term Evaluation of Biotronik Linox and Linox ( smart ) Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator lead?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Cryopreservation has limited successes and in-vitro maturation is used to improve its results. Hydrostatic pressure (HP) plays an important role in follicular development.', 'This study was designed to examine the effects of HP on in-vitro maturation of oocytes and cell death in cumulus cells derived from vitrified-warmed mouse ovaries.', 'Preovulatory follicles were harvested from non-vitrified and vitrified-warmed 6-8 week-old female NMRI mouse ovaries and randomly assigned to following groups: non-vitrified (control), non-vitrified with HP exposure (treatment I), vitrified-warmed (treatment II) and vitrified-warmed with HP exposure (treatment III). The follicles of treatments I and III were subjected to HP (20 mmHg) for 30 min and after that all groups were cultured for 24h and assessed for in-vitro maturation of oocytes. The viability and apoptosis of cumulus cells and oocytes were assessed using supravital nuclear staining and TUNEL assay, respectively.', 'Oocytes harvested follicles in both control and treatment II had a significantly lower percentage of metaphase II oocytes (MII) than the treatment I and III (23.5±3.1, 15.03±4.6 and 32.7±3.2, 25.5±4.6; respectively) (p<0.05). Viability of the cumulus cells reduced in treatment I, II and III (83.4, 83.3 and 77.7%) compared to control (86.9%), (p<0.05). The apoptotic index in cumulus and oocyte complexes in treatments I and III (10.7±0.8 and 15.3±0.8) was higher than in control and treatment II (6.7±0.5 and 9.7±0.5) (p<0.05).']\nQuestion: Does hydrostatic pressure improve in-vitro maturation of oocytes derived from vitrified-warmed mouse ovaries?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Radiofrequency (RF) surgery of the soft palate (SP) is an established treatment option for the treatment of snoring. Due to its minimally invasive character, it has received attention in the management of mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).', 'The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and the occurrence of adverse events after single-stage SP RF surgery in patients with mild OSAS in a randomized single-blinded placebo-controlled trial in an outpatient department at a tertiary care center, academic teaching hospital.', 'Thirty-two patients with mild OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] 5-15, body mass index <35) were randomized to receive a single session of RF surgery or placebo (insertion of applicator without energy delivery) with local anesthesia. The primary outcome measures were (AHI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and a 36-item short-form health survey quality-of-life questionnaire. The secondary measures were the soft tissue airway parameters in cephalometric radiographs, snoring scores, and rates of adverse events.', 'Neither objectively measured significances (active AHI 11.0 [5.0-9.0] to 13.0 [2.0-26.0] and placebo AHI 12.0 [5.0-8.0] to 11.0 [1.0-29.0], P = .628), nor were trends of a diminishing effect on symptoms of mild OSAS found in the treatment arms. No significant changes in the soft tissue airway parameters occurred. One patient (5.9%) in the active treatment group was cured.']\nQuestion: Is radiofrequency surgery of the soft palate in the treatment of mild obstructive sleep apnea effective as a single-stage procedure : A randomized single-blinded placebo-controlled trial?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Pancreatic cancer is a dreadful malignancy. Because of its tendency to metastasis and its resistance to chemotherapy, the prognosis remains poor. Snail is a transcriptional factor that endows epithelial cells with migratory and anti-apoptotic abilities. Its expression has been demonstrated in many tumors. We hypothesized that Snail may be expressed in pancreatic cancer, and it may confer invasive and chemoresistant properties.', 'We immunohistochemically examined Snail expression in pancreatic cancer and found that it was expressed in 20 of 56 (36%) samples of pancreatic cancer. The Snail expression had a close correlation with lymph node invasion and distant metastasis. After transfecting Snail cDNA into pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1, we found that Snail triggered overt epithelial to mesenchymal transitions in Panc-1 cells. The tumor invasive ability in vitro was evaluated using a transwell invasive chamber. Snail dramatically promoted the invasive ability of Panc-1 cells. Chemosensitivity of Panc-1 cells to 5-fluorouracil or gemcitabine after Snail transfection was assayed by MTT cell proliferation assay. Overexpression of Snail enhanced the chemoresistance to 5-fluorouracil of gemcitabine at different dosages. Moreover, Snail-transfected Panc-1 cells produced more spontaneous metastasis than parental untransfected cells after orthotopically injected into the pancreas of nude mice.']\nQuestion: Does expression of snail in pancreatic cancer promote metastasis and chemoresistance?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The ultrastructural nature of the preequatorial vitreoretinal interface was studied to elucidate the predisposing role for peripheral retinal tear formation.', 'Fourteen enucleated globes from seven decreased patients were examined. The patients ranged in age from 16-88 years, with an average age of 40 years. None of the patients had a history of ocular or systemic disease that could have affected the eyes. Globes were examined by stereomicroscopy and by light and electron microscopy using the celloidin embedding method.', 'On examination we found several structures in addition to tufts and rosettes. In the vitreous cortex, fibrillar structures with no vitreoretinal attachment to the retina frequently were found. We propose that these structures be called \"tubuli\" because of their spiral appearance. Mushroom-like structures, which we propose be referred to as \"spiculae,\" were found to arise from the intact internal limiting lamina of the retina and to insert into the vitreous cortex, constituting foci of vitreoretinal adhesion. Other structures, which we propose be called \"verrucae,\" arose from the disrupted internal limiting lamina of the retina and inserted into disrupted areas of vitreous cortex.']\nQuestion: Do morphologic studies of the peripheral vitreoretinal interface in humans reveal structures implicated in the pathogenesis of retinal tears?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Brain myelin plays an important role in normal brain function. Demyelination is involved in many degenerative brain diseases, thus quantitative imaging of myelin has been under active investigation. In previous work, we demonstrated the capability of the method known as Relaxation Along a Fictitious Field (RAFF) in the rotating frame of rank n (RAFFn) to provide image contrast between white and gray matter in human and rat brains. Here, we provide evidence pointing to myelin being the major source of this contrast.', 'RAFFn relaxation time constant (TRAFFn) was mapped in rat brain ex vivo. TRAFFn was quantified in 12 different brain areas. TRAFFn values were compared with multiple other MRI metrics (T1, T2 , continuous wave T1ρ, adiabatic T1ρ and T2ρ, magnetization transfer ratio), and with histologic measurements of cell density, myelin and iron content.', 'Highest contrast between white and grey matter was obtained with TRAFFn in the rotating frames of ranks n = 4 and 5. TRAFFn values correlated strongly with myelin content, whereas no associations between TRAFFn and iron content or cell density were found.']\nQuestion: Does mRI relaxation in the presence of fictitious fields correlate with myelin content in normal rat brain?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['High doses of hydroxocobalamin (OHCob) are used to treat cyanide poisoning and cardiac complications. Since OHCob absorbs at multiple wavelengths often used in colorimetric assays, spurious laboratory results are likely to occur. The objective of this study was to examine interference caused by OHCob in colorimetric assays measured using the Beckman Coulter DxC and AU680.', 'OHCob was dissolved in water and spiked into pooled \"healthy\" and \"unhealthy\" patient samples at two different concentrations (0.15 and 1.5 mg/mL). Spiked and unspiked samples were analyzed on both instruments and bias was calculated. A total of 23 analytes were tested on the DxC and 27 analytes were tested on the AU680. For analytes showing a bias ≥ 10%, OHCob was titrated from 0.2-1.5mg/mL.', 'The following analytes were affected on the DxC and AU680: alanine aminotransferase, amylase, total bilirubin, cholesterol, creatine kinase, creatinine, magnesium, uric acid. Direct bilirubin, iron, phosphate, total protein and triglycerides were only affected on the DxC. Biases observed were positive or negative and fixed or proportional.']\nQuestion: Does therapeutic concentrations of hydroxocobalamin interfere with several spectrophotometric assays on the Beckman Coulter DxC and AU680 chemistry analyzers?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The SR proteins comprise a family of essential, structurally related RNA binding proteins. The complexity of their RNA targets and specificity of RNA recognition in vivo is not well understood. Here we use iCLIP to globally analyze and compare the RNA binding properties of two SR proteins, SRSF3 and SRSF4, in murine cells.', \"SRSF3 and SRSF4 binding sites mapped to largely non-overlapping target genes, and in vivo consensus binding motifs were distinct. Interactions with intronless and intron-containing mRNAs as well as non-coding RNAs were detected. Surprisingly, both SR proteins bound to the 3' ends of the majority of intronless histone transcripts, implicating SRSF3 and SRSF4 in histone mRNA metabolism. In contrast, SRSF3 but not SRSF4 specifically bound transcripts encoding numerous RNA binding proteins. Remarkably, SRSF3 was shown to modulate alternative splicing of its own as well as three other transcripts encoding SR proteins. These SRSF3-mediated splicing events led to downregulation of heterologous SR proteins via nonsense-mediated decay.\"]\nQuestion: Do the RNA-binding landscapes of two SR proteins reveal unique functions and binding to diverse RNA classes?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The Pro12Ala polymorphism in exon B of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPAR gamma 2) gene has been related to obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes. In this study, the effect of the Pro12Ala polymorphism on long-term changes in weight and body composition was investigated.', 'The Pro12Ala polymorphism was genotyped in 311 subjects who participated in our previous population-based study. In that study, weight at birth, 7 years, 20 years, and 41 years, and ponderal index at birth and BMI and waist circumference at 41 years were recorded.', 'The Ala12 allele of the PPAR gamma 2 gene was associated with high ponderal index at birth (2.77 +/- 0.27 kg/m(3) in subjects with the Ala12Ala genotype, 2.79 +/- 0.29 kg/m(3) in subjects with the Pro12Ala genotype, and 2.63 +/- 0.25 kg/m(3) in subjects with the Pro12Pro genotype, p = 0.007, adjusted for gender) and weight at 7 years (p = 0.045) and tended to be associated with high birth weight (p = 0.094). Subjects with this allele gained less weight between 7 and 20 years (p = 0.043) and more weight between 20 and 41 years (p = 0.001) and ended up having higher waist circumference (p = 0.040) in adulthood than did subjects with the Pro12Pro genotype.']\nQuestion: Does the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR gamma 2 gene regulate weight from birth to adulthood?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To define a clinical prediction rule for underimmunization in children of low socioeconomic status.', 'We assessed a cohort of 1160 infants born from July 1998 through June 1999 at an urban safety net hospital that received primary care at 4 community health centers. The main outcome measure was up-to-date status with the 3:2:2:2 infant vaccine series at 12 months of age.', 'Latino infants (n = 959, 83% of cohort) had immunization rates of 74%, at least 18% higher than any other racial/ethnic group. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated the following independent associations (relative risk, 95% confidence interval) for inadequate immunization: non-Latino ethnicity (1.7, 1.4-2.0), maternal smoking (1.3, 1.1-1.7), no health insurance (1.9, 1.4-2.3), late prenatal care (1.9, 1.5-2.3), no pediatric chronic condition (2.1, 1.2-3.1), and no intent to breast-feed (1.3, 1.1-1.6). However, the index of concordance (c-index) for this model was only 0.69. Neither excluding infants who left the health care system nor accounting for infants who were \"late starters\" for their first vaccines improved the predictive accuracy of the model.']\nQuestion: Do individually significant risk factors provide an accurate clinical prediction rule for infant underimmunization in one disadvantaged urban area?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Folate plays a pivotal role in DNA synthesis, repair, methylation and homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism. Therefore, alterations in the folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism may lead to abnormal methylation proliferation, increases of tumor/neoplasia and vein thrombosis/cardiovascular risk. The serine hydroxymethyhransferase (SHMT), methionine synthase (MS), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) and cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) regulate key reactions in the folate and Hcy metabolism. Therefore, we investigated whether the genetic variants of the SHMT, MS, MTRR and CBS gene can affect plasma Hcy levels and are associated with breast cancer risk.', 'Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP method. Plasma Hcy levels were measured by the fluorescence polarization immunoassay on samples of 96 cases and 85 controls.', '(a) The SHMT 1420\\xa0T, MS 2756G, MTRR 66G allele frequency distribution showed significant difference between case and controls (p\\u2009<\\u20090.01\\u2009~\\u20090.05). (b) The concentration of plasma Hcy levels of SHMT 1420TT was significantly lower than that of the wild type, while the plasma Hcy levels of MS 2756GG, CBS 699TT/1080TT significantly higher than that of the wild type both in case and controls. The plasma Hcy levels of MTRR 66GG was significantly higher than that of wild type in cases. The plasma Hcy levels of the same genotype in cases were significantly higher than those of controls except SHMT 1420CC, MS 2756AA, MTRR 66GG; (c) Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that SHMT C1420T (OR\\u2009=\\u20090.527, 95% CI\\u2009=\\u20090.55\\u2009~\\u20091.24), MS A2756G (OR\\u2009=\\u20092.32, 95% CI\\u2009=\\u20090.29\\u2009~\\u20090.82), MTRR A66G (OR\\u2009=\\u20091.84, 95% CI\\u2009=\\u20090.25\\u2009~\\u20091.66) polymorphism is significantly associated with breast cancer risk. And elevated plasma Hcy levels were significantly linked to increased risk of breast cancer (adjusted OR\\u2009=\\u20094.45, 95% CI\\u2009=\\u20091.89-6.24 for the highest tertile as compared with the lowest tertile).']\nQuestion: Are plasma homocysteine levels and genetic polymorphisms in folate metablism associated with breast cancer risk in chinese women?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Acute lung injury (ALI) induced by excessive hyperoxia has been employed as a model of oxidative stress imitating acute respiratory distress syndrome. Under hyperoxic conditions, overloading quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in both lung epithelial and endothelial cells, leading to ALI. Some NADPH oxidase (NOX) family enzymes are responsible for hyperoxia-induced ROS generation in lung epithelial and endothelial cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of ROS production in type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) and ALI induced by hyperoxia are poorly understood.', 'In this study, we show that dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) is a key NOX enzyme that affects hyperoxia-induced ROS production, particularly in type II AECs, leading to lung injury. In DUOX2 mutant mice (DUOX2(thyd/thyd)) or mice in which DUOX2 expression is knocked down in the lungs, hyperoxia-induced ALI was significantly lower than in wild-type (WT) mice. DUOX2 was mainly expressed in type II AECs, but not endothelial cells, and hyperoxia-induced ROS production was markedly reduced in primary type II AECs isolated from DUOX2(thyd/thyd) mice. Furthermore, DUOX2-generated ROS are responsible for caspase-mediated cell death, inducing ERK and JNK phophorylation in type II AECs.', 'To date, no role for DUOX2 has been defined in hyperoxia-mediated ALI despite it being a NOX homologue and major ROS source in lung epithelium.']\nQuestion: Is dual oxidase 2 in lung epithelia essential for hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury in mice?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['123I-Labeled radiotracers are suitable for in vivo imaging of the dopaminergic system by SPECT. However, precise measurement of striatal uptake is limited by scatter, attenuation, and the finite spatial resolution of the camera. We studied the quantitative accuracy that can be achieved with (123)I SPECT of the dopaminergic neurotransmission system.', 'Using a Monte Carlo simulation and brain phantom experiments, we studied the biases in brain and striatal absolute uptake estimates and in binding potential (BP) values for different processing schemes with corrections for attenuation, scatter, and the partial-volume effect.', 'Without any correction, brain activity was underestimated by at least 65%, and absolute striatal activity measured in regions corresponding to the anatomic contours of the striata was underestimated by about 90%. With scatter and attenuation corrections only, estimated brain activity was accurate within 10%; however, striatal activity remained underestimated by about 50%, and BP values were underestimated by more than 50%. When combined with attenuation and scatter corrections, anatomically guided partial-volume effect correction (PVC) reduced the biases in striatal activity estimates and in BP values to about 10%. PVC reliability was affected by errors in registering SPECT with anatomic images, in segmenting anatomic images, and in estimating the spatial resolution. With registration errors of 1 voxel (2.1 x 2.1 x 3.6 mm(3)) in all directions and of 15 degrees around the axial direction, PVC still improved the accuracy of striatal activity and BP estimates compared with scatter and attenuation corrections alone, the errors being within 25%. A 50% overestimation of the striatal volume yielded an approximate 30% change in striatal activity estimates with respect to no overestimation but still provided striatal activity estimates that were more accurate than those obtained without PVC (average errors +/- 1 SD were -22.5% +/- 1.0% with PVC and -49.0% +/- 5.5% without PVC). A 2-mm error in the spatial resolution estimate changed the striatal activity and BP estimates by no more than 10%.']\nQuestion: Do quantitative accuracy of dopaminergic neurotransmission imaging with ( 123 ) I SPECT?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Integrase drug resistance monitoring deserves attention because of the increasing number of patients being treated with integrase strand-transfer inhibitors. Therefore, we evaluated the integrase genotyping success rate at low-level viraemia (LLV, 51-1000 copies/mL) and resistance in raltegravir-failing patients.', 'An integrase genotypic resistance test (GRT) was performed on 1734 HIV-1 samples collected during 2006-13. Genotyping success rate was determined according to the following viraemia levels: 51-500, 501-1000, 1001-10\\u200a000, 10\\u200a001-100\\u200a000 and >100\\u200a000 copies/mL. The reproducibility of integrase GRT was evaluated in 41 plasma samples processed in duplicate in two reference centres. The relationship between LLV and resistance prevalence was evaluated in a subset of 120 raltegravir-failing patients.', 'Overall, the integrase genotyping success rate was 95.7%. For viraemia levels 51-500 and 501-1000 copies/mL, the rate of success was 82.1% and 94.0%, respectively. GRT was reproducible, producing sequences with a high similarity and an equal resistance profile regardless of the sequencing centre or viraemia level. Resistance was detected both at LLV and at viraemia >1000 copies/mL (51-500 copies/mL\\u200a=\\u200a18.2%; 501-1000\\u200a=\\u200a37.5%; 1001-10\\u200a000\\u200a=\\u200a53.7%; 10\\u200a001-100\\u200a000\\u200a=\\u200a30.0%; and >100\\u200a000\\u200a=\\u200a30.8%). At viraemia ≤500 copies/mL, Q148H/K/R and N155H had the same prevalence (9.1%), while the Y143C/H/R was completely absent. At early genotyping (within 3 months of raltegravir treatment), Q148H/K/R and N155H mutations were detected regardless of the viraemia level, while Y143C/H/R was observed only in samples with viraemia >1000 copies/mL.']\nQuestion: Is hIV-1 integrase genotyping reliable and reproducible for routine clinical detection of integrase resistance mutations even in patients with low-level viraemia?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Nutrient overabundance and diminished physical activity underlie the epidemic of obesity and its consequences of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. These same phenomena, obesity and insulin resistance, are also observed in mammals as they ready themselves for the nutrient deprivation of winter, yet their plasma glucose does not rise. Given the role of silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) and its mammalian orthologue, Sirt1, in survival and life extension during energy deprivation, we hypothesised that enhancing its activity may reduce the insensible energy loss engendered by hyperglycaemia and glycosuria.', 'At 8 weeks of age, db/db and db/m mice were randomised to receive the SIRT1 activator SRT3025 milled in chow (3.18 g/kg) or regular chow and followed for a further 12 weeks.', 'When compared with vehicle, SIRT1 activation greatly improved glycaemic control, augmented plasma insulin concentrations, increased pancreatic islet beta cell mass and elevated hepatic expression of the beta cell growth factor, betatrophin in db/db mice. Despite the dramatic reduction in hyperglycaemia, db/db mice displayed worsening insulin resistance, diminished physical activity and further weight gain. These findings along with reduced food intake and reduction in body temperature resembled torpor and hibernation. By contrast, SIRT1 activation conferred only minimal changes in non-diabetic db/m mice.']\nQuestion: Does sIRT1 activation ameliorate hyperglycaemia by inducing a torpor-like state in an obese mouse model of type 2 diabetes?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['In pregnancies with small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses, elevated amniotic fluid tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels have been reported. TNF-alpha has been shown to induce insulin resistance in rodents and humans. We hypothesized that an adverse fetal or early neonatal environment for SGA, twin, and premature children leads to persistently elevated TNF-alpha levels that induce insulin resistance in each of these groups.', 'The study group consisted of 16 SGA, 14 premature, 53 twin subjects, and the control group of 40 normal subjects (10 short-stature and 30 normal-stature). All subjects were prepubertal and non-obese. Insulin sensitivity (S(I)) was measured in all but the normal-statured control subjects. Fasting plasma TNF-alpha and cortisol levels were measured in all subjects.', 'The study group had reduced S(I)[SGA 18.5 +/- 3, premature 17.8 +/- 2, twin 12.7 +/- 0.7 (x10(-4)/min/ microU/mL)] compared to the short normal control subjects (43 +/- 8 x 10(-4)/min/ microU/mL, p < 0.001). Plasma TNF-alpha levels were lower in the insulin-resistant study group when compared to the control group (2.9 +/- 0.1 vs. 5.0 +/- 0.2 pg/mL, p < 0.001). An association was present between reduced S(I) and low plasma TNF-alpha levels in the study group (p = 0.01, r = 0.4). Fasting plasma cortisol was lower in the study compared to the control group (266 +/- 16 vs. 341 +/- 28 nmol/L, p < 0.01) due to the influence of the twin study subgroup. There was no relationship between plasma cortisol and TNF-alpha levels (p = 0.3).']\nQuestion: Is insulin resistance due to persistently elevated serum tumor necrosis-alpha levels in small for gestational age , premature , or twin children?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Limited health literacy is associated with poor outcomes in many chronic diseases, but little is known about health literacy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).', 'To examine the associations between health literacy and both outcomes and health status in COPD. PARTICIPANTS, DESIGN AND MAIN MEASURES: Structured interviews were administered to 277 subjects with self-report of physician-diagnosed COPD, recruited through US random-digit telephone dialing. Health literacy was measured with a validated three-item battery. Multivariable linear regression, controlling for sociodemographics including income and education, determined the cross-sectional associations between health literacy and COPD-related health status: COPD Severity Score, COPD Helplessness Index, and Airways Questionnaire-20R [measuring respiratory-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL)]. Multivariable logistic regression estimated associations between health literacy and COPD-related hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits.', 'Taking socioeconomic status into account, poorer health literacy (lowest tertile compared to highest tertile) was associated with: worse COPD severity (+2.3 points; 95 % CI 0.3-4.4); greater COPD helplessness (+3.7 points; 95 % CI 1.6-5.8); and worse respiratory-specific HRQoL (+3.5 points; 95 % CI 1.8-4.9). Poorer health literacy, also controlling for the same covariates, was associated with higher likelihood of COPD-related hospitalizations (OR\\u2009=\\u20096.6; 95 % CI 1.3-33) and COPD-related ED visits (OR\\u2009=\\u20094.7; 95 % CI 1.5-15). Analyses for trend across health literacy tertiles were statistically significant (p\\u2009<\\u20090.05) for all above outcomes.']\nQuestion: Is lower health literacy associated with poorer health status and outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Accumulating evidence has linked elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) with insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction and dysglycaemia, however, its role in the development of diabetes is largely unclear, particularly among non-whites. We sought to examine the association of PTH with the incidence of diabetes.', 'We studied 8066\\xa0white and 2034\\xa0black adults aged 46-70\\xa0years at baseline (1990-92) from the ARIC Study with follow-up for incident diabetes ascertained during study visits conducted in 1993-95 and 1996-98. Hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% CIs for diabetes adjusted for demographics, lifestyle, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were estimated according to PTH measured at baseline.', 'PTH was higher among blacks than whites (median [IQR], 43.8 [35.0-55.8] vs. 37.9 [30.4-47.3] pg/mL; P<0.001). During a median follow-up of 6\\xa0years, 498\\xa0white and 167\\xa0black participants developed diabetes. The association of PTH with diabetes varied significantly by race (P-interaction 0.02). PTH was not associated with risk for diabetes among black adults. Among whites, HRs according to quintiles of PTH were 1 (referent), 0.95 (0.71, 1.29), 0.95 (0.70, 1.28), 1.12 (0.84, 1.51), and 1.31 (0.98, 1.76) (P-trend 0.03). When a clinical cut-point for PTH was applied (≥65pg/mL; 5.7% of whites), the HR for diabetes among whites was 1.38 (1.01, 1.88). Results were similar when restricted to participants with normal baseline kidney function.']\nQuestion: Is parathyroid hormone associated with incident diabetes in white , but not black adults : The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities ( ARIC ) Study?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Ulcerative colitis [UC] is associated with colonic mucosa barrier defects and bacterial dysbiosis, but these features may simply be the result of inflammation. Therefore, we sought to assess whether these features are inherently abrogated in the terminal ileum [TI] of UC patients, where inflammation is absent.', \"TI biopsies from paediatric inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] subsets [Crohn's disease [CD; n = 13] and UC [n = 10]], and non-IBD disease controls [n = 12] were histologically graded, and alcian blue/periodic acid-Schiff stained biopsies were quantified. The mucosal barrier was assessed for mucin [MUC2], immunoglobulin [Ig]A, IgG, and total bacteria (fluorescence in-situ hybridisation [FISH probe EUB338]) by immunofluorescence. The regulation of mucin secretion was investigated by NLRP6 gene expression and immunofluorescence. The composition of the active mucosa-associated microbiota was explored by sequencing the 16S rRNA amplicon generated from total RNA.\", 'Despite the absence of ileitis, UC patients displayed ileal barrier depletion illustrated by reductions in mucin-containing goblet cells and mucin production and altered epithelial NLRP6 expression. In both CD patients with ileitis and UC patients with normal histology, bacteria coated with IgA and IgG penetrated the TI mucin layer. Biopsy 16S rRNA sequencing revealed a reduction in α-diversity by three methods [Shannon, Simpson, and Equitability indices] between UC and non-IBD paediatric patients.']\nQuestion: Are mucosal Barrier Depletion and Loss of Bacterial Diversity Primary Abnormalities in Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To explore the pathogenicity and infectivity of hepatitis G virus (HGV) by observing replication and expression of the virus, as well as the serological and histological changes of Macaca mulatta infected with HGV genomic RNA or HGV RNA-positive serum.', 'Full-length HGV cDNA clone (HGVqz) was constructed and proved to be infectious, from which HGV genomic RNA was transcribed in vitro. Macaca mulatta BY1 was intra-hepatically inoculated with HGV genomic RNA, HGV RNA-positive serum from BY1 was intravenously inoculated into Macaca mulatta BM1, and then BB1 was infected with serum from BM1. Serum and liver tissue were taken regularly, and checked with RT-PCR, in situ hybridization and other immunological, serological, histological assays.', 'Serum HGV RNA was detectable in all the 3 Macaca mulattas, serological and histological examinations showed the experimental animals had slightly elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) and developed HGV viremia during the infectious period. The histology, immunohis-tochemistry, and in situ hybridization in liver tissues of the inoculated animals demonstrated a very mild hepatitis with HGV antigen expression in cytoplasm of hepatocytes. RT-PCR and quantitative PCR results showed that HGV could replicate in liver.']\nQuestion: Is hepatitis G virus genomic RNA pathogenic to Macaca mulatta?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To determine the value of ultrasonographic examination in the assessment of palpable breast tumours, with special reference to the distinction between benign and malignant tumours.', 'Prospective ultrasonographic study; the results of the ultrasonographic examination were compared retrospectively with those of mammographic examination.', 'Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht.', 'In 282 successive patients, 300 palpable breast tumours were examined ultrasonographically in the period from December 1989 to May 1992 and the findings were compared with those of morbid-anatomical examination (histological examination in solid tumours, cytological examination in cysts). The results of ultrasonographic and mammographic examination of 241 tumours were compared.', 'Of the 300 palpable tumours examined ultrasonographically, 297 were included in the study (122 carcinomas and 175 benign lesions). The sensitivity of ultrasonography was 97.5%, its specificity 92.6%. The predictive value of a positive test result was 90.2%. When the results of ultrasonography and mammography were compared for 204 tumours, the sensitivity of ultrasonography proved to be 97.4% and its specificity 91.0%; for mammography, these figures were 91.3% and 75.3%, respectively.']\nQuestion: Is [ Ultrasonographic study of the palpable breast tumor very useful ]?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Hemorrhage and coagulopathy are major contributors to death after trauma. The contribution of red blood cells (RBCs) in correcting coagulopathy is poorly understood. Current methods of measuring coagulopathy may fail to accurately characterize in vivo clotting. We aimed to determine the effect of RBCs on clotting parameters by comparing resuscitation regimens containing RBCs and plasma with those containing plasma alone.', 'Thirty-two Yorkshire swine were anesthetized, subjected to a complex model of polytrauma and hemorrhagic shock, and resuscitated with either fresh frozen plasma, lyophilized plasma (LP), or 1:1 ratios of fresh frozen plasma:packed RBC (PRBC) or LP:PRBC. Activated clotting time, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and thrombelastography (TEG) were performed at 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 4 hours after resuscitation.', 'Animals treated with 1:1 LP:PRBC had less blood loss than the other groups (p < 0.05). The activated clotting time was shorter in the 1:1 groups when compared with the pure plasma groups at all time points (p < 0.05). The 1:1 groups had shorter TEG R times (time to onset of clotting) at 1 hour, 3 hours, and 4 hours compared with pure plasma groups (p < 0.05). Other TEG parameters did not differ between groups. Partial thromboplastin time was shorter in the pure plasma groups than the 1:1 groups at all time points (p < 0.05).']\nQuestion: Do red blood cells accelerate the onset of clot formation in polytrauma and hemorrhagic shock?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased incidence of atherosclerosis. Clinical studies have shown that calcium channel blockers (CCB) inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. We investigated the inhibitory effect of felodipine on adhesion molecular expression and macrophage infiltration in the aorta of high fructose-fed rats (FFR).', 'Male Wistar rats were given 10% fructose in drinking water. After 32 weeks of high fructose feeding, they were treated with felodipine (5 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) for 6 weeks. The control rats were given a normal diet and water. The aortic expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and the infiltration of macrophages were measured by real-time RT-PCR and/or immunohistochemistry. NF-kappaB activity was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).', 'After 32 weeks of high fructose feeding, FFR displayed increased body weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), serum insulin, and triglycerides when compared with the control rats. The aortic expressions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were significantly increased in FFR than in the control rats and accompanied by the increased activity of NF-kappaB. FFR also showed significantly increased CD68- positive macrophages in the aortic wall. After treatment with felodipine, SBP, serum insulin, and the homeostasis model assessment decreased significantly. In addition to reducing ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, felodipine decreased macrophages in the aortic wall. EMSA revealed that felodipine inhibited NF-kappaB activation in FFR.']\nQuestion: Does felodipine attenuate vascular inflammation in a fructose-induced rat model of metabolic syndrome via the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: [': Ischemia/reperfusion (IR)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical syndrome. Stem/progenitor cell therapy is a promising option to foster the intrinsic capacity for kidney regeneration. However, there are still several challenges to be resolved, including the potential risks during cell culture, low retention rate after transplantation, and unclear effect on the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, nonexpanded adipose stromal vascular fraction (SVF) has been regarded as an attractive cell source for cell-based therapy. Preconditioning with ischemia has been suggested as a useful method to promote the retention and survival of transplanted cells in vivo. In this study, freshly isolated autologous SVF was transplanted to the kidney of rats before ischemia, and then an IR-induced AKI model was established. Postischemic administration of SVF to the kidney was performed after renal IR injury was induced. A higher cell retention rate was detected in the preischemic group. Preischemic administration of SVF showed stronger functional and morphologic protection from renal IR injury than postischemic administration, through enhancing tubular cell proliferation and reducing apoptosis. Progression of kidney fibrosis was also significantly delayed by preischemic administration of SVF, which exhibited stronger inhibition of transforming growth factor-β1-induced epithelia-mesenchymal transition and microvascular rarefaction. In addition, in vitro study showed that prehypoxic administration of SVF could significantly promote the proliferation, migration, and survival of hypoxic renal tubular epithelial cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that preischemic administration of nonexpanded adipose SVF protected the kidney from both acute IR injury and long-term risk of developing CKD.']\nQuestion: Does preischemic Administration of Nonexpanded Adipose Stromal Vascular Fraction attenuate Acute Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Fibrosis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha has considerable anti-tumour activity and may have potential as a treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. However, TNF-alpha responses in patients and cell lines are variable and TNF-alpha treatment is associated with dose limiting clinical toxicity. Activation of NF-kappaB is protective against TNF-alpha induced cell death, and this may explain tumour resistance.', 'In order to provide further understanding of determinants of TNF-alpha responses, we studied TNF-alpha induced NF-kappaB activation and variable tumour responses. We analysed the kinetics of TNF-alpha induced NF-kappaB activation in colorectal cancer cells and determined whether it is possible to sensitize colorectal tumour cells to TNF-alpha by modulation of NF-kappaB signalling.', 'We demonstrated that sustained NF-kappaB activation exceeding 16 h was observed in HRT18 and SW480 cells and was associated with TNF-alpha resistance. In contrast, transient NF-kappaB activation in HCT116 cells was associated with sensitivity to cytotoxic TNF-alpha effects, suggesting that NF-kappaB kinetics may have utility as clinical marker of TNF-alpha tumour resistance. Despite variable TNF-alpha responses and NF-kappaB kinetics, all three colorectal cancer cell lines were highly sensitive to treatment with the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) which induced only transient NF-kappaB activation. This further supports the notion of a pre-determined NF-kappaB response influencing receptor-mediated cell death. We also show that stable transfection and adenoviral-mediated expression of IkappaB(A32/36) can be used to confer TNF-alpha sensitivity to colorectal tumour cells previously resistant.']\nQuestion: Do nF-kappaB kinetics predetermine TNF-alpha sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The prognosis of bilio-pancreatic cancer (pancreas, bile duct and gallbladder) is poor due to the fact of late diagnosis. The only curative treatment for such tumors is surgery. The 5-year survival rate is still below 5% and less than one-third of patients suffering from such carcinomas are resectable at the time of diagnosis. Although specific tumor markers do exist, to date there is no screening marker for these diseases.', 'Gallbladder bile of 44 consecutive cholecystectomized patients were prospectively analyzed for TAP concentrations. Group one (n = 14) consisted of the patients suffering from malignancies of the bilio-pancreatic system, group 2 (n = 22) comprised patients suffering from benign biliar or pancreatic diseases and group 3 (n = 6) included patients suffering from gastrointestinal carcinoma outside the bilio-pancreatic system with no affection of the bilio-pancreatic system.', 'The median TAP gallbladder bile concentration in malignant disease of the bilio-pancreatic system was 1328.00 nmol/l (range: 83.69-5133.00). Benign bilio-pancreatic disease revealed a median TAP bile concentration of 2.02 nmol/l equaling the concentration of patients suffering from other gastrointestinal carcinomas with a median of 2.00 nmol/l. In the control groups (2 + 3) there was a significant difference for TAP bile concentrations with an increase in the case of acute inflammation.']\nQuestion: Does trypsinogen activation peptide ( TAP ) expression in gallbladder bile identify bilio-pancreatic carcinoma?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['On the basis of promising data on the use of fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F18-FDG) whole body positron emission tomography (WB-FDG-PET) in the staging of patients with lymphoma, we initiated a pilot series to evaluate the role of WB-FDG-PET in the staging of extranodal B-cell lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type.', 'We examined ten consecutive patients with histologically-verified MALT-type lymphomas of various origin before initiation of therapy. Nine patients had low-grade lymphomas (five cases of gastric lymphoma, two patients with lymphoma arising in the lung, one parotid and one lacrimal gland lymphoma), while one patient had a high-grade gastric lymphoma arising from a low-grade background. Two patients had stage EI, seven had stage EII disease, and one presented with stage EIII. WB-FDG-PET scans were performed 40 min following the injection of 300-380 MBq of F18-FDG. The PET scans were correlated with extensive conventional staging including ophthalmologic investigation, otolaryngologic examination, gastroscopy, endosonography, enteroclysis, colonoscopy, CT of thorax and abdomen, and bone marrow biopsy.', 'WB-FDG-PET documented no lymphoma in any of the 10 patients studied, as no focal tracer uptake was demonstrated in either gastric or extragastric lesions or in involved lymph nodes, irrespective of histologic grading. In three patients the scan showed a false negative result with respect to the MALT lesions but showed focal tracer uptake indicating tumor spread, which, however, was ruled out by further follow-up and biopsy, respectively, and was thus rated false positive. Due to these results, the study was discontinued prematurely after the first ten patients.']\nQuestion: Does positron emission tomography with fluorine-18-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ( F18-FDG ) visualize extranodal B-cell lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue ( MALT ) -type?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['During systemic inflammation, elevated levels of endothelin (ET)-1 have been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ET-1 on neutrophil (PMN) respiratory burst, phagocytosis, and elimination of Escherichia coli from blood and tissues.', 'Prospective, randomized, controlled trial.', 'Experimental laboratory in a university hospital.', 'A total of 18 female chinchilla rabbits.', 'To quantify the clearance process, defined numbers (10(8) colony-forming units) of E. coli were injected intravenously into anesthetized rabbits, 60 mins after onset of continuous 0.2 microg/kg/min ET-1 administration (n = 9) and after saline infusion (control group, n = 9), respectively. To evaluate potential effects of ET-1 on bacterial elimination and killing, blood clearance of E. coli and colonization of different organs were investigated.', 'Variables monitored were neutrophil respiratory burst and phagocytosis activity, rates of bacterial elimination from the blood, arterial blood pressure, blood gases, serum lactate concentrations, and nitrite and nitrate levels. The animals were killed 3 hrs after bacterial injection and tissue samples of liver, kidney, spleen, and lung were collected for bacterial counts.', 'Compared with the control group, ET-1 significantly impaired PMN respiratory burst (p < .05) and prolonged elimination of injected E. coli from the blood (p < .01), whereas phagocytosis functions remained unaltered. The reduced PMN burst activity after ET-1 was associated with a higher bacterial colonization of all organs (lung, p < .01; spleen, p < .05). Endothelin-1 induced increases in mean arterial pressure (p < .01) and serum lactate concentrations, whereas nitrite and nitrate levels remained unaltered.']\nQuestion: Does endothelin-1 impair neutrophil respiratory burst and elimination of Escherichia coli in rabbits?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Radiation enteropathy is characterized by sustained increase in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) immunoreactivity and connective tissue mast cell (CTMC) hyperplasia that may be responsible for progressive fibrosis and lead to clinical complications. We examined to what extent these chronic molecular and cellular phenomena are associated with acute mucosal breakdown (consequential injury) and/or direct (primary) radiation injury in late-responding compartments.', 'Rat small intestine was exposed to 50.4 Gy x-irradiation given either over 18 days (2.8 Gy daily or 5.6 Gy every other day) or 9 days (2.8 Gy twice daily or 5.6 Gy daily). Intestinal complications were recorded and groups of animals were euthanized at 2 and 26 weeks to assess subacute and chronic injury. Histopathologic changes were assessed with a radiation injury scoring system (RIS), total TGF-beta immunoreactivity was quantified with computerized image analysis, and CTMC hyperplasia was assessed in toluidine blue-stained sections.', 'TGF-beta immunoreactivity and CTMC hyperplasia colocalized in areas of injury and were highly significantly correlated. Increased fraction size and decreased overall treatment time were associated with increased RIS (p < 0.01 and p < 0.00001), increased TGF-beta immunoreactivity (p = 0.01 andp < 0.001), and degree of CTMC hyperplasia (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001). Postradiation CTMC numbers increased across treatment groups from 2 to 26 weeks (p < 0.01). TGF-beta immunoreactivity was independently associated with chronic intestinal wall fibrosis (p = 0.003).']\nQuestion: Is increased transforming growth factor beta ( TGF-beta ) immunoreactivity independently associated with chronic injury in both consequential and primary radiation enteropathy?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been recognized as the major determinant of age-related endothelial dysfunction. The p66shc protein controls cellular responses to oxidative stress. Mice lacking p66shc (p66shc-/-) have increased resistance to ROS and a 30% prolonged life span. The present study investigates age-dependent changes of endothelial function in this model.', 'Aortic rings from young and old p66shc-/- or wild-type (WT) mice were suspended for isometric tension recording. Nitric oxide (NO) release was measured by a porphyrinic microsensor. Expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), superoxide dismutase, and nitrotyrosine-containing proteins was assessed by Western blotting. Nitrotyrosine residues were also identified by immunohistochemistry. Superoxide (O2-) production was determined by coelenterazine-enhanced chemiluminescence. Endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to acetylcholine was age-dependently impaired in WT mice but not in p66shc-/- mice. Accordingly, an age-related decline of NO release was found in WT but not in p66shc-/- mice. The expression of eNOS and manganese superoxide dismutase was not affected by aging either in WT or in p66shc-/- mice, whereas iNOS was upregulated only in old WT mice. It is interesting that old WT mice displayed a significant increase of O2- production as well as of nitrotyrosine expression compared with young animals. Such age-dependent changes were not found in p66shc-/- mice.']\nQuestion: Does deletion of p66shc gene protect against age-related endothelial dysfunction?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To analyze the factors influencing healing time, length of hospital stay and hospital costs in burn patients.', 'Seven hundred and ninety-one burn patients with principal component analysis were studied retrospectively.', 'There were some factors that influence healing time, including total area of burn, the area of full-thickness burn, the area of partial-thickness burn, inhalation injury, sepsis, shock, visceral complication, combined injuries, the size of surgical excision, the time of surgical excision, whether or not excision of burn wound was done in shock stage, and use of antibiotic, etc. Further analysis indicated that the patients undergo escharectomy during shock stage had better recovery with lower incidence of visceral complications and sepsis, especially in those with major burn over 30 percent TBSA.']\nQuestion: Do [ Analysis of factors influencing healing time of burn wounds ]?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['We investigated the effect of several Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), on the preoptic nerve oxygen tension (ONPO2), as indomethacin previously has demonstrated a strong decreasing effect on ONPO2. We tested whether these NSAIDs, like indomethacin, also reduce the increasing effect of dorzolamide on ONPO2.', 'ONPO2 was measured 0.5 mm above the optic disc in 23 domestic pigs (26-36 kg) with a polarographic oxygen-sensitive electrode. One of the following NSAIDs was administered intravenously as increasing doses or as one large dose: indomethacin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, ketoprofen, parecyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor and lornoxicam. Indomethacin was both tested alone and after preceding administration of the other NSAIDs. Dorzolamide was also tested after preceding administration of NSAIDs different from indomethacin.', 'Indomethacin decreased ONPO2 significantly in a dose-dependent manner. None of the other NSAIDs produced any effect on the ONPO2 (p>>0.05; n = 17). No difference was found between the effect of indomethacin injected alone, and after preceding administration of the other NSAIDs. Intravenous dorzolamide (500 mg) increased ONPO2 by 32 (7)% (n = 7; p<0.001) after preceding administration of several NSAIDs different from indomethacin.']\nQuestion: Does indomethacin decrease optic nerve oxygen tension by a mechanism other than cyclo-oxygenase inhibition?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Alkaline phosphatases are dimeric hydrolytic enzymes that dephosphorylate nucleotides and proteins. AP-TNAP is found primarily in skeletal tissues were it plays a major role in the mineralization of the extracellular matrix and bone formation.', 'In this study we found through conventional and real time PCR assays that Alpl, the gene encoding for AP-TNAP is expressed in adipose tissue and in 3 T3-F442A adipocytes. We evaluated, using RNAi its role in adipocyte metabolism, and its cytoplasmic location by immunohistochemistry.', 'Alpl is highly expressed late in adipogenesis during adipose terminal differentiation. Knocking down Alpl increased the expression of the genes encoding for glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and for the adipokines adiponectin, and FABP4 (aP2) but decreased that of leptin, and it also increased secretion of FABP4; these 3 proteins are important in adipocyte systemic signaling and insulin sensitivity. Inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity in adipocytes by levamisole reduced lipolysis and the expression of various lipogenic genes. We found the enzyme intracytoplasmically, forming aggregates in close surroundings of the lipid droplets during lipolysis.']\nQuestion: Is tissue alkaline phosphatase involved in lipid metabolism and gene expression and secretion of adipokines in adipocytes?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are at increased risk of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). In order to assess the immunogenicity of pneumococcal proteins and polysaccharide, we investigated protein and serotype-specific antibody responses after HIV-associated IPD.', 'Specific antipneumococcal immunoglobulin G to 27 pneumococcal protein antigens and 30 serotype polysaccharides was measured in plasma before and after IPD in HIV-infected individuals and compared to HIV-infected individuals without IPD.', 'Over time, 81% of IPD cases responded to at least 1 protein compared to 51% of non-IPD controls. HIV IPD cases responded to more proteins than non-IPD controls (8.6 ± 8.4 vs 4.2 ± 7.6 proteins; P = .01), and had a significantly higher probability of yielding an antibody response to the proteins PiaA, PsaA, and PcpA. Twenty-two percent of HIV-infected individuals with IPD had a serotype-specific antibody response. Younger age at the time of IPD was the only predictor of a serotype-specific pneumococcal antibody response, whereas we did not identify predictors of a protein-specific antibody response.']\nQuestion: Is antibody Response More Likely to Pneumococcal Proteins Than to Polysaccharide After HIV-associated Invasive Pneumococcal Disease?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Successful transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) mandates comprehensive, accurate multimodality imaging. Echocardiography is involved at all key stages and, with the advent of real-time three-dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography, is uniquely placed to enable periprocedural monitoring. The investigators describe a comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) and 3D echocardiographic protocol, and the additional benefits of 3D TEE, within a high-volume TAVI program.', 'TAVI was performed with 2D and 3D transesophageal echocardiographic and fluoroscopic guidance in consecutive high-risk patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. The role of TEE, including the additive value of 3D TEE, was examined, and procedural and echocardiographic outcomes were evaluated. A 3D sizing transcatheter heart valve (THV) strategy was used, except as mandated by study protocol.', 'Procedural success was achieved in 99% of 256 patients (mean age, 82.9 ± 7.1 years, mean logistic European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation score, 21.6 ± 11.2%; mean aortic valve area, 0.63 ± 0.19 cm(2)), with no procedural deaths. Acceptable 2D and 3D transesophageal echocardiographic images were achieved in all patients. Aortic valve annular dimensions by 2D transthoracic echocardiography, 2D TEE, and 3D TEE were 21.6 ± 1.9 mm, 22.5 ± 2.2 mm (P < .001), and 23.0 ± 2.0 mm (P = .004 vs 2D TEE), respectively. The 2D THV sizing strategy would have changed THV selection in 23% of patients, downsizing in most. Three-dimensional TEE provided superior spatial visualization and anatomic orientation and optimized procedural performance. Postprocedural mild, moderate, and severe paravalvular aortic regurgitation was observed in 24%, 3%, and 0% of patients, respectively, with no or trace transvalvular aortic regurgitation in 95%. A second valve was successfully deployed in five patients, and TEE detected five other periprocedural complications.']\nQuestion: Does real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography add value to transcatheter aortic valve implantation?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The catabolism of aggrecan and loss of aggrecan fragments from articular cartilage is a key event in the pathogenesis of arthritic diseases such as osteoarthritis. The catabolism of aggrecan is mediated by the specific proteolytic activity termed aggrecanase. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the chondroprotective agent calcium pentosan polysulfate (CaPPS) on the aggrecanase-mediated catabolism of aggrecan.', 'The catabolism of 35S-labeled aggrecan and loss of tissue glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were investigated using bovine articular cartilage explant cultures maintained in medium containing varying concentrations of CaPPS (1-100 microg/ml) in the presence or absence of 10(-6)M retinoic acid or 7 ng/ml recombinant human interleukin-1alpha (rHuIL-1alpha). In addition, the effect of CaPPS on the degradation of aggrecan monomers by aggrecanase activity present in conditioned medium from joint capsule explant cultures was investigated.', 'CaPPS inhibited the catabolism of 35S-labeled aggrecan in a dose-dependent manner, particularly when retinoic acid or rHuIL-1alpha was used to stimulate aggrecan catabolism. These effects were reflected in the tissue levels of GAG remaining in these cultures at the end of the experiment. CaPPS inhibited the degradation of aggrecan monomers by soluble aggrecanase activity.']\nQuestion: Does calcium pentosan polysulfate inhibit the catabolism of aggrecan in articular cartilage explant cultures?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The aim of our study was to investigate whether a pleasant tactile stimulation which is manually produced is qualitatively comparable to an analogous tactile stimulation produced instead by a mechanical source.', \"Thirty-one subjects [16 men, 15 women, 24.5 ± 2.6 years, mean, and standard deviation (SD)] were tested under four different conditions in a repeated measurements design. A pleasant caress-like brush stroke on the hairy skin of the forearm was either produced by a robot or by hand with three different velocities (0.3, 3, and 30 cm/s). In two conditions the subjects were informed about the stroke's source, whereas in two different conditions they were not. Subsequent to the stimulation, the subjects were asked to rate both pleasantness and intensity of each tactile sensation.\", 'Consistently, pleasantness ratings were very similar in both conditions. This was found across stimulus velocities and regardless of whether the subjects were informed about the source of the on-going stroke or not. In contrast, intensity ratings were significantly higher in the handheld condition for the two slower velocities, but not for the fastest one.']\nQuestion: Is cT-optimized skin stroking delivered by hand or robot comparable?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Delayed graft function (DGF) has been identified as one of the principal correlates of poor graft survival in cadaveric renal transplantation. However, its risk factors and clinical predictors have been poorly elucidated.', 'We analyzed the risk factors of DGF with a specific emphasis on the role of histological damage of donor kidney. Then, we also studied the impact of DGF, and donor factors affecting DGF, on kidney graft function over the first year after engraftment in 100 consecutive cadaveric renal transplant (Tx) recipients.', 'The organs displaying DGF (n=48) had a significantly higher degree of glomerular sclerosis and tubular atrophy (P<0.01), as well as of interstitial fibrosis and vascular damage (P<0.02) in time-zero biopsies. In patients who received an \"ideal\" organ for Tx (total histological score < or = 4), DGF showed a strong relationship with Deltaage D-R (70% increase of risk for donors 10 years older than recipients), and with the histological score (odds ratio 1.34). In contrast, donor hypertension was the most relevant variable independently associated with DGF (odds ratio 19.4) in patients receiving a suboptimal organ (histological score >4). Moreover, DGF and donor hypertension adversely affected graft function at 1 year, but only in Tx patients with a histological score >4 in time-zero biopsy. Of note, both patients with and those without DGF showed a very low incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection (8.5 and 6.8%, respectively) and a rather short cold ischemia time (<16 hr).']\nQuestion: Is hypertension an independent predictor of delayed graft function and worse renal function only in kidneys with chronic pathological lesions?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['\\u2002 Serum chemokine levels and amino acid substitutions in the interferon-sensitivity determining region (ISDR) and core region have been associated with treatment outcome of pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy in genotype 1 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients. The present study was conducted to clarify the association between serum chemokines and treatment outcome in patients with chronic HCV-1 infection in a Japanese cohort.', '\\u2002 A total of six serum chemokines were quantified before, during and after pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment in 79 genotype 1 chronic HCV patients using a multiple bead array system. Viral ISDR and core region variants were determined by direct sequencing.', '\\u2002 The baseline serum levels of eotaxin, IP-10 and RANTES were significantly higher in chronic HCV patients than in controls. High levels of eotaxin and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β before therapy and more than two mutations in the ISDR were associated with a sustained virological response, and patients with more than two mutations in the ISDR also had significantly higher MIP-1β levels. Receiver-operator curve analysis showed a 77% sensitivity and 73% specificity for predicting an SVR using MIP-1β values.']\nQuestion: Are serum chemokine levels associated with the outcome of pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The development of hepatic cancer is tightly regulated by multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Therefore, most currently-used anti-tumor agents, which typically target single intracellular pathway, might not always be therapeutically effective. Additionally, long-term use of these agents probably generates drug resistance and unacceptable adverse effects. These problems increase the necessity for the development of new chemotherapeutic approaches. Nitidine chloride (NC), a natural benzophenanthridine alkaloid, has been shown to inhibit cancer growth via induction of cell apoptosis and suppression of cancer angiogenesis. But the precise mechanisms of its tumorcidal activity are not well understood.', 'To further elucidate the precise mechanisms of its anti-tumor activity, using a hepatic cancer mouse xenograft model, the human hepatic cancer cell lines (HepG2, HCCLM3, Huh7), and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), here we evaluate the effect of NC on tumor growth in vivo and in vitro and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms.', \"We found that NC treatment resulted in significant decrease in tumor volume and tumor weight respectively, but didn't affect body weight changes. Additionally, NC treatment dose- and time-dependently reduced the cell viability of all three hepatic cell lines. Moreover, NC suppressed the activation of STAT3, ERK and SHH pathways; and altered the expression of critical target genes including Bcl-2, Bax, Cyclin D1, CDK4, VEGF-A and VEGFR2. These molecular effects resulted in the promotion of apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis.\"]\nQuestion: Does nitidine chloride inhibit hepatic cancer growth via modulation of multiple signaling pathways?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The minimally invasive transpsoas interbody fusion technique requires dissection through the psoas muscle, which contains the nerves of the lumbosacral plexus posteriorly and genitofemoral nerve anteriorly. Retraction of the psoas is becoming recognized as a cause of transient postoperative thigh pain, numbness, paresthesias, and weakness. However, few reports have described the nature of thigh symptoms after this procedure.', 'The authors performed a review of patients who underwent the transpsoas technique for lumbar spondylotic disease, disc degeneration, and spondylolisthesis treated at a single academic medical center. A review of patient charts, including the use of detailed patient-driven pain diagrams performed at equal preoperative and follow-up intervals, investigated the survival of postoperative thigh pain, numbness, paresthesias, and weakness of the iliopsoas and quadriceps muscles in the follow-up period on the ipsilateral side of the surgical approach.', 'Over a 3.2-year period, 59 patients underwent transpsoas interbody fusion surgery. Of these, 62.7% had thigh symptoms postoperatively. New thigh symptoms at first follow-up visit included the following: burning, aching, stabbing, or other pain (39.0%); numbness (42.4%); paresthesias (11.9%); and weakness (23.7%). At 3 months postoperatively, these percentages decreased to 15.5%, 24.1%, 5.6%, and 11.3%, respectively. Within the patient sample, 44% underwent a 1-level, 41% a 2-level, and 15% a 3-level transpsoas operation. While not statistically significant, thigh pain, numbness, and weakness were most prevalent after L4-5 transpsoas interbody fusion at the first postoperative follow-up. The number of lumbar levels that were surgically treated had no clear association with thigh symptoms but did correlate directly with surgical time, intraoperative blood loss, and length of hospital stay.']\nQuestion: Do an analysis of postoperative thigh symptoms after minimally invasive transpsoas lumbar interbody fusion?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Identify a gene expression signature in white adipose tissue (WAT) that reports on WAT browning and is associated with a healthy phenotype.', 'RNA from several different adipose depots across three species were analyzed by whole transcriptome profiling, including 1) mouse subcutaneous white fat, brown fat, and white fat after in vivo treatment with FGF21; 2) human subcutaneous and omental fat from insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant patients; and 3) rhesus monkey subcutaneous fat from healthy and dysmetabolic individuals.', 'A \"browning\" signature in mice was identified by cross-referencing the FGF21-induced signature in WAT with the brown adipose tissue (BAT) vs. WAT comparison. In addition, gene expression levels in WAT from insulin-sensitive/healthy vs. insulin-resistant/dysmetabolic humans and rhesus monkeys, respectively, correlated with the gene expression levels in mouse BAT vs. WAT. A subset of 49 genes were identified that were consistently regulated or differentially expressed in the mouse and human data sets that could be used to monitor browning of WAT across species.']\nQuestion: Does gene expression in WAT from healthy humans and monkeys correlate with FGF21-induced browning of WAT in mice?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most important pathogens, is heavily associated with allergy. S. aureus and its toxins interact with eosinophils through CD48, a GPI-anchored receptor important in allergy mainly as expressed by the eosinophils (mCD48). CD48 can exist in a soluble form (sCD48). Our aim was to investigate SEB-induced regulation of eosinophil CD48 and the possible formation and role of sCD48 in SEB-mediated eosinophil activation in vitro and in vivo.', 'Human peripheral blood eosinophils were activated by SEB with or without inhibitors for phospholipases (PL) (-C or -D), or cycloheximide, or brefeldin A. We evaluated eosinophil activation (CD11b expression or EPO/IL-8 release), mCD48 (flow cytometry), sCD48 (ELISA), SEB binding to sCD48 (ELISA), and chemotaxis toward SEB. C57BL/6 mice were pre-injected (ip.) with sCD48, and then, peritonitis was induced by SEB injection; peritoneal lavages were collected after 48 h and analyzed by flow cytometry and ELISA.', 'SEB-activated human eosinophils formed sCD48, directly correlating with CD11b expression, through cell-associated PL-C and -D. mCD48 remained stable due to up-regulation in CD48 transcription and cellular trafficking. sCD48 bound to SEB and down-regulated SEB stimulatory effects on eosinophils as assessed by EPO and IL-8 release and eosinophil chemotaxis toward SEB. sCD48 showed anti-inflammatory activity in a SEB-induced mouse peritonitis model.']\nQuestion: Is sCD48 anti-inflammatory in Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B-induced eosinophilic inflammation?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To determine the efficacy of osteopontin (OPN) targeting in hepatocellular cancer (HCC). SUMMARY/BACKGROUND: OPN is associated with HCC growth and metastasis and represents a unique therapeutic target.', 'OPN and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), vimentin, and tenascin-c, were measured in archived human HCC tissues from metastatic (n = 4) and nonmetastatic (n = 4) settings. Additional studies utilized human Sk-Hep-1 (high OPN expression) and Hep3b (low OPN expression) HCC cells. An RNA aptamer (APT) that avidly binds (Kd = 18 nM; t1/2 = 7 hours) and ablates OPN binding was developed. Adhesion, migration/invasion, and EMT markers were determined with APT or a mutant control aptamer (Mu-APT). RFP-Luc-Sk-Hep-1 were implanted into NOD-scid mice livers and followed by using bioluminescence imaging. After verification of tumor growth, at week 3, APT (0.5 mg/kg; n = 4) or Mu-APT (0.5 mg/kg; n = 4) was injected q48h. When mice were killed at week 8, tumor cells were reisolated and assayed for EMT markers.', 'OPN and EMT markers were significantly increased in the metastatic cohort. APT inhibited Sk-Hep-1 adhesion and migration/invasion by 5- and 4-fold, respectively. APT significantly decreased EMT protein markers, SMA, vimentin, and tenascin-c. In contrast, APT did not alter Hep3B adhesion, or migration/invasion. EMT markers were slightly decreased. In the in vivo model, at weeks 6 to 8, APT inhibited HCC growth by more than 10-fold. SMA, vimentin, and tenascin-c mRNAs were decreased by 60%, 40%, and 49%, respectively, in RFP-positive Sk-Hep-1 recovered by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (P < 0.04 vs Mu-APT for all).']\nQuestion: Does osteopontin regulate epithelial mesenchymal transition-associated growth of hepatocellular cancer in a mouse xenograft model?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['In rodent adipocytes, activated AMP-activated protein kinase reduces the lipolytic rate. As the hypoglycaemic drugs metformin and thiazolidinediones activate this enzyme in rodents, we tested the hypothesis that in addition to their known actions they could have an anti-lipolytic effect in human adipocytes.', 'Adipose tissue was obtained from individuals undergoing plastic surgery. Adipocytes were isolated and incubated with lipolytic agents (isoprenaline, atrial natriuretic peptide) and biguanides or thiazolidinediones. Lipolysis was quantified by the glycerol released in the medium. AMP-activated protein kinase activity and phosphorylation state were determined using standard procedures.', 'In human adipocytes, isoprenaline and atrial natriuretic peptide stimulated the lipolytic rate three- to fourfold. Biguanides and thiazolidinediones activated AMP-activated protein kinase and inhibited lipolysis by 30-40%, at least in part by inhibiting hormone-sensitive lipase translocation to the lipid droplet. Inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase by compound C precluded this inhibitory effect on lipolysis. Stimulation of lipolysis also induced an activation of AMP-activated protein kinase concomitant with a drop in ATP concentration.']\nQuestion: Do biguanides and thiazolidinediones inhibit stimulated lipolysis in human adipocytes through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['It is not yet certain whether early hormonal treatment in cryptorchidism is safe for germ cells. We investigated the histologic effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) therapy on descended testes of rats.', 'Thirty male Wistar albino rats were randomized into two groups. The rats of the hCG group (n=15) were administered 50 IU/kg/day hCG once daily via the subcutaneous route for 15 days. Fifteen rats received subcutaneous isotonic saline and acted as controls. At the first month, testicular tissue was obtained after scarification in both groups. The histological examination was performed to evaluate the seminiferous tubular diameter, germinal membrane thickness, and the percentage of the open seminiferous tubule lumen in each testis to compare the two groups.', 'The percentage of the open seminiferous tubular lumen in testicular tissues of hCG-treated rats was higher than that of controls (p<0.05). The mean germinal membrane thickness in testicular tissues of the hCG group was statistically lower than that of the control group (p<0.05). There was no statistical difference between mean seminiferous tubular diameter in testicular tissues of hCG-treated rats and controls, as expected (p>0.05). Additionally, there were two interesting cases of Sertoli cell only appearance in the hCG group.']\nQuestion: Does human chorionic gonadotropin deteriorate the histology of rat testes?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['MicroRNAs have emerged as a new class of non-coding genes involved in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and viability. Recent studies have identified miR-210 as one of a set of hypoxia-regulated microRNAs and demonstrated a direct regulatory role of HIF-1 alpha for its transcription. Here, we assessed miR-210 expression in Japanese triple-negative breast cancers and determined its clinical significance.', 'TaqMan MicroRNA assays for miR-210 expression were performed on 161 samples of Japanese breast cancer tissue (58 triple-negative breast cancer and 103 estrogen receptor positive/HER2 negative). Correlations between miR-210 expression and clinicopathological factors were analyzed. The effects of several variables on survival were tested by a Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.', 'miR-210 expression in triple-negative breast cancers was significantly higher than in estrogen receptor-positive/HER2-negative breast cancers (P < 0.001). Patients whose triple-negative breast cancers showed low miR-210 expression experienced significantly better disease-free and overall survival than those with high miR-210 expression (P = 0.02 and P = 0.05, respectively). Although the prognosis of patients with triple-negative breast cancers is poor, Cox univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that a higher expression of miR-210 was an independent factor indicating a worse prognosis than for patients with a low level of miR-210.']\nQuestion: Is high expression of microRNA-210 an independent factor indicating a poor prognosis in Japanese triple-negative breast cancer patients?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Although health care-related distrust may contribute to racial disparities in health and health care in the US, current evidence about racial differences in distrust is often conflicting, largely limited to measures of physician trust, and rarely linked to multidimensional trust or distrust.', 'To test the hypothesis that racial differences in health care system distrust are more closely linked to values distrust than to competence distrust.', 'Cross-sectional telephone survey.', 'Two hundred fifty-five individuals (144 black, 92 white) who had been treated in primary care practices or the emergency department of a large, urban Mid-Atlantic health system.', 'Race, scores on the overall health care system distrust scale and on the 2 distrust subscales, values distrust and competence distrust.', 'In univariate analysis, overall health care system distrust scores were slightly higher among blacks than whites (25.8 vs 24.1, p = .05); however, this difference was driven by racial differences in values distrust scores (15.4 vs 13.8, p = .003) rather than in competence distrust scores (10.4 vs 10.3, p = .85). After adjustment for socioeconomic status, health/psychological status, and health care access, individuals in the top quartile of values distrust were significantly more likely to be black (odds ratio = 2.60, 95% confidence interval = 1.03-6.58), but there was no significant association between race and competence distrust.']\nQuestion: Do differences in the patterns of health care system distrust between blacks and whites?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) actively participate in reciprocal communication with tumor cells and with other cell types in the microenvironment, contributing to a tumor-permissive neighborhood and promoting tumor progression. The aim of this study is the characterization of how CAFs from primary human colon tumors promote migration of colon cancer cells.', 'Primary CAF cultures from 15 primary human colon tumors were established. Their enrichment in CAFs was evaluated by the expression of various epithelial and myofibroblast specific markers. Coculture assays of primary CAFs with different colon tumor cells were performed to evaluate promigratory CAF-derived effects on cancer cells. Gene expression profiles were developed to further investigate CAF characteristics.', 'Coculture assays showed significant differences in fibroblast-derived paracrine promigratory effects on cancer cells. Moreover, the association between CAFs\\' promigratory effects on cancer cells and classic fibroblast activation or stemness markers was observed. CAF gene expression profiles were analyzed by microarray to identify deregulated genes in different promigratory CAFs. The gene expression signature, derived from the most protumorogenic CAFs, was identified. Interestingly, this \"CAF signature\" showed a remarkable prognostic value for the clinical outcome of patients with colon cancer. Moreover, this prognostic value was validated in an independent series of 142 patients with colon cancer, by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), with a set of four genes included in the \"CAF signature.\"']\nQuestion: Does functional heterogeneity of cancer-associated fibroblasts from human colon tumors show specific prognostic gene expression signature?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Children with germline mutations in Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), UNC93B1, TNF receptor-associated factor 3, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 are prone to herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis, owing to impaired TLR3-triggered, UNC-93B-dependent, IFN-α/β, and/or IFN-λ-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1-dependent immunity.', 'We explore here the molecular basis of the pathogenesis of herpes simplex encephalitis in a child with a hypomorphic mutation in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) essential modulator, which encodes the regulatory subunit of the inhibitor of the Iκβ kinase complex.', \"The TLR3 signaling pathway was investigated in the patient's fibroblasts by analyses of IFN-β, IFN-λ, and IL-6 mRNA and protein levels, by quantitative PCR and ELISA, respectively, upon TLR3 stimulation (TLR3 agonists or TLR3-dependent viruses). NF-κB activation was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and interferon regulatory factor 3 dimerization on native gels after stimulation with a TLR3 agonist.\", \"The patient's fibroblasts displayed impaired responses to TLR3 stimulation in terms of IFN-β, IFN-λ, and IL-6 production, owing to impaired activation of both NF-κB and IRF-3. Moreover, vesicular stomatitis virus, a potent IFN-inducer in human fibroblasts, and herpes simplex virus-1, induced only low levels of IFN-β and IFN-λ in the patient's fibroblasts, resulting in enhanced viral replication and cell death, as reported for UNC-93B-deficient fibroblasts.\"]\nQuestion: Is nEMO a key component of NF-κB- and IRF-3-dependent TLR3-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The objective of this study was to determine whether the progressive increase of metabolic syndrome (MetS) score, the number of components of MetS, is correlated significantly with increasing pulse pressure (PP).', '4,034 subjects were enrolled from the Cardiovascular Genome Center of Yonsei University (M:F=2344:1690, 55.2 +/- 10.5). Most of the study population were recruited from hypertension clinics, controlled with medications according to JNC7 guidelines. The Asian modified criteria of MetS were applied and MetS score was estimated. The HOMA index for insulin resistance, cholesterol profiles, and anthropometric measurements were assessed.', 'Among 4034 participants, 1690 (41.9%) were classified as MetS. Progressive increase in PP was demonstrated for increasing components of the MetS score. Multiple linear regression analysis with PP as the dependent variable showed that age (beta = 0.311, p < 0.001), MetS score (beta = 0.226, p < 0.001), male gender (beta = -0.093, p < 0.001) and HOMA index IR (beta = 0.033, p = 0.03) are significantly associated with PP (R2 = 0.207, p < 0.001).']\nQuestion: Is increase of metabolic syndrome score an independent determinant of increasing pulse pressure?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To study whether Formoterol treatment affect the bronchodilator response to salbutamol after methacholine-provocation test (MPT) in asthmatic children.', 'A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Children aged 7-16 years with mild-persistent to moderate asthma treated with inhaled corticosteroids, were enrolled. After 2-weeks of run-in period, subjects were randomized to inhaled Formoterol 9 microg bid (n=19) or placebo (n=19) for 2 weeks. MPT with salbutamol-recovery curve was performed at the beginning and at the end of the trial period. Measurements of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), symptoms score, rescue bronchodilator usage and side effects were recorded daily. The primary end-points were the change in FEV1 0-10 min after salbutamol inhalation and the recovery time from 80 to 100% of pretest FEV1. Statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA with repeated measures.', 'There was a decrease in the bronchodilator response to salbutamol and an improved PEFR in the Formoterol group. There was no difference in all other parameters.']\nQuestion: Does formoterol induce tolerance to the bronchodilating effect of Salbutamol following methacholine-provocation test in asthmatic children?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Serum cystatin C has been established as a predictor of cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of cystatin C in determining the presence and the severity of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).', 'A total of 936 subjects without overt renal disease were included in this cross-sectional study. Among them were 714 patients with CAD and 222 without based on coronary angiography. Subjects were further divided into four groups according to cystatin C quartile. Serum cystatin C was measured using particle-enhanced immunoassay method. The study analyzed the relationship of cystatin C levels with the presence and severity of CAD, including the number of stenotic vessels involved and Gensini score.', 'Serum cystatin C levels were significantly higher in patients with CAD than those without (P<0.001), and significantly increased as the involvement of coronary vessels increased (P<0.001). The prevalence of CAD and its severity assessed by Gensini score were also significantly greater in the highest quartile of cystatin C (P<0.001). Moreover, cystatin C levels were independently correlated with the presence of CAD in a multivariate logistic regression model (P=0.023) and were positively correlated with Gensini score by linear regression analysis (standardized β=0.083, P=0.010).']\nQuestion: Are serum cystatin C levels associated with coronary artery disease and its severity?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by an altered cellular composition of the alveolar region with excessive deposition of collagen. Lung inflammation is also common in pulmonary fibrosis. This study aims to test the inhibition of 5-lipooxygenase (5-LOX) by boswellic acid (BA) extract in an experimental model of pulmonary fibrosis using bleomycin (BL).', 'Boswellic acid extract (1 g/kg) was force-fed to rats seven days prior to administration of BL or gamma irradiation or both. BL (0.15 U/rat) in 25 μl of 0.9% normal saline (NS) or 0.9% NS alone was administered intratracheally. Rats were exposed to two fractionated doses of gamma irradiation (0.5 Gy/dose/week) with a gamma cell-40 (Cesium-137 irradiation units, Canada) during the last two weeks of the experiment. BA was administered during BL or irradiation treatment or both. After the animals were sacrificed, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed; lungs were weighed and processed separately for biochemical and histological studies.', 'In rats treated with BL, levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly elevated (P = 0.05 and P = 0.005). Hydroxyproline was highly and extensively expressed. Immunoreactive compounds were abundantly expressed, represented in the levels of macrophages infiltrate, accumulation of eosinophils and neutrophils in the lung as well as the aggregation of fibroblasts in the fibrotic area. The levels of lipoxygenase enzyme activity were significantly increased (P = 0.005). Antioxidant activities measured in BL-treated rats deteriorated, coupled with the elevation of both levels of plasma lipid peroxide (LP) content and bronchoalveolar lavage lactate dehydrogenase activity. BA-treated rats had reduced number of macrophages, (P = 0.01), neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (P = 0.01) and protein (P = 0.0001). Moreover, the hydroxyproline content was significantly lowered in BA-treated rats (P = 0.005). BA extract inhibited the TGF-ß induced fibrosis (P = 0.01) and 5-LOX activity levels (P = 0.005).Histologically, BA reduced the number of infiltrating cells, ameliorated the destruction of lung architecture and attenuated lung fibrosis.']\nQuestion: Does boswellic acids extract attenuate pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin and oxidative stress from gamma irradiation in rats?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To determine if 16 weeks of strength training can improve the cardiovascular function of older men during submaximum aerobic exercise.', 'Twenty four men aged 70-80 yr were randomly assigned to a strength training (ST; n = 12) and control group (C; n = 12). Training consisted of 3 sets of 6 - 10 repetitions at 70% to 90% of 1RM, 3 times per week, on an incline squat machine for 16 weeks, followed by 4 weeks detraining. Leg strength and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) were assessed every 4 weeks of the 20-week study. Cardiovascular function was assessed during submaximum cycle exercise at 40 Watts, 50% and 70% of VO2 max before training, after 16 weeks training, and after 4 weeks detraining.', 'At 40 Watts, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure, and rate pressure product (RPP) were lower and stroke volume (SV) significantly higher after 16 weeks training and 4 weeks detraining: at 50% VO2 max, HR and RPP were lower after 16 weeks training and 4 weeks detraining: at 70% VO2 max, cycle ergometry power, VO2 and arterio-venous oxygen difference (a - vO2 ) were higher after 16 weeks training. Leg strength and VO2 max increased after 16 weeks training, with leg strength remaining above pre-training levels after 4-weeks detraining.']\nQuestion: Does strength training improve submaximum cardiovascular performance in older men?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) -1 and TREM-2 are key regulators of the inflammatory response that are involved in the clearance of invading pathogens. Melioidosis, caused by the \"Tier 1\" biothreat agent Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a common form of community-acquired sepsis in Southeast-Asia. TREM-1 has been suggested as a biomarker for sepsis and melioidosis. We aimed to characterize the expression and function of TREM-1 and TREM-2 in melioidosis.', 'Wild-type, TREM-1/3 (Trem-1/3-/-) and TREM-2 (Trem-2-/-) deficient mice were intranasally infected with live B. pseudomallei and killed after 24, and/or 72 h for the harvesting of lungs, liver, spleen, and blood. Additionally, survival studies were performed. Cellular functions were further analyzed by stimulation and/or infection of isolated cells. TREM-1 and TREM-2 expression was increased both in the lung and liver of B. pseudomallei-infected mice. Strikingly, Trem-2-/-, but not Trem-1/3-/-, mice displayed a markedly improved host defense as reflected by a strong survival advantage together with decreased bacterial loads, less inflammation and reduced organ injury. Cellular responsiveness of TREM-2, but not TREM-1, deficient blood and bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) was diminished upon exposure to B. pseudomallei. Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of B. pseudomallei by BMDM and alveolar macrophages were TREM-1 and TREM-2-independent.']\nQuestion: Does triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells ( TREM ) -2 impair Host Defense in Experimental Melioidosis?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The mechanisms underlying the known interaction of two complex polygenic traits, hypertension and hyperlipidemia, resulting in exacerbation of coronary artery disease have not been elucidated. Identification of critical pathways underlying said exacerbation could identify mechanism-based targets for intervention and prevention.', 'To investigate hypertension- atherosclerosis interaction, we studied the inbred transgenic atherosclerosis-polygenic hypertension Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rat model (Tg53), which over-expresses human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (hCETP) in the liver, and exhibits coronary artery disease and decreased survival compared with control non-transgenic Dahl S rats. Using serial-section histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses, we analyzed the coronary artery disease phenotype of Tg53 rats at end-stage marked by cardio-respiratory compromise as the experimental equivalent of acute coronary syndromes, and determined the effects of reduction of blood pressure through low salt diet (0.008% NaCl) on the coronary artery disease phenotype and survival.', 'End-stage Tg53 rats exhibit coronary artery lesions in the proximal right coronary artery system which exhibit \"culprit plaque\" features such as plaque inflammation, matrix degradation, apoptosis, neovascularization, thrombosis and hemorrhage recapitulating said features and heterogeneity of human coronary \"culprit plaques\". Comparative analysis of 6 month vs end-stage lesions reveals distinct lesion development profiles of proximal coronary lesions which quickly progress from eccentric non-occlusive foam-cell rich lesions at 6 months to occlusive \"culprit plaques\", compared with more distal coronary lesions which exhibit occlusive thick-cap atheroma that remain relatively unchanged from 6 months to end stage. Reduction of hypertension through a low-salt (0.008% NaCl) diet increased survival (P < 0.0001) of Tg53 rats and significantly attenuated the coronary artery disease phenotype detected at 10 months of age marked by diminished apoptosis, neovascularization, matrix degradation compared with end-stage lesions detected at <8 months of age.']\nQuestion: Does hypertension exacerbate coronary artery disease in transgenic hyperlipidemic Dahl salt-sensitive hypertensive rats?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['It has been proposed that immune dysfunction during early childhood plays an important role in asthma pathogenesis. However, it is not known specifically whether changes in dendritic cells (DCs) during infancy antedate the development of respiratory tract infections, asthma, and related clinical phenotypes.', 'We sought to assess the association between the level of blood DCs during the first year and the subsequent development of respiratory tract infections, wheezing, and allergic sensitization.', 'A community-based cohort of children with a family history of atopy was followed to age 5 years. Children were monitored intensively for respiratory tract infections. History of wheeze and asthma was collected annually, atopy was documented at 5 years, and flow cytometry was used to identify DC subsets in blood samples collected when children were well.', 'Levels of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) during infancy were inversely correlated with symptoms of lower respiratory tract infections, parent-reported wheezing, and the cumulative rate of physician-diagnosed asthma up to age 5 years. These relationships were independent of atopy, as determined by allergy skin test results and total and specific IgE levels. In contrast, levels of myeloid DCs were not associated with respiratory tract infections, asthma, or wheezing but were associated with total IgE levels at age 5 years.']\nQuestion: Are plasmacytoid dendritic cells during infancy inversely associated with childhood respiratory tract infections and wheezing?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The human EED protein, a member of the superfamily of Polycomb group (PcG) proteins with WD-40 repeats, has been found to interact with three HIV-1 components, namely the structural Gag matrix protein (MA), the integrase enzyme (IN) and the Nef protein. The aim of the present study was to analyze the possible biological role of EED in HIV-1 replication, using the HIV-1-based vector HIV-Luc and EED protein expressed by DNA transfection of 293T cells.', 'During the early phase of HIV-1 infection, a slight negative effect on virus infectivity occurred in EED-expressing cells, which appeared to be dependent on EED-MA interaction. At late times post infection, EED caused an important reduction of virus production, from 20- to 25-fold as determined by CAp24 immunoassay, to 10- to 80-fold based on genomic RNA levels, and this decrease was not due to a reduction of Gag protein synthesis. Coexpression of WTNef, or the non-N-myristoylated mutant NefG2A, restored virus yields to levels obtained in the absence of exogenous EED protein. This effect was not observed with mutant NefDelta57 mimicking the Nef core, or with the lipid raft-retargeted fusion protein LAT-Nef. LATAA-Nef, a mutant defective in the lipid raft addressing function, had the same anti-EED effect as WTNef. Cell fractionation and confocal imaging showed that, in the absence of Nef, EED mainly localized in membrane domains different from the lipid rafts. Upon co-expression with WTNef, NefG2A or LATAA-Nef, but not with NefDelta57 or LAT-Nef, EED was found to relocate into an insoluble fraction along with Nef protein. Electron microscopy of HIV-Luc producer cells overexpressing EED showed significant less virus budding at the cell surface compared to control cells, and ectopic assembly and clustering of nuclear pore complexes within the cytoplasm.']\nQuestion: Does human Polycomb group EED protein negatively affect HIV-1 assembly and release?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Both laboratory and clinical studies have shown that dietary lipids may affect immunologic responses. This study was conducted to compare different classes of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids for their effect on allograft survival in animals receiving a donor-specific transfusion and a short course of low-dose cyclosporine (CsA).', 'Heterotopic ACI strain cardiac allografts were transplanted to Lewis strain rat recipients given diets with different lipid composition. In experiment 1, animals received CsA for 14 days and different diets were enriched with lipids with high concentrations of omega-3, omega-6, or omega-9 fatty acids. In experiment 2, animals received CsA for only 8 days and different diets were enriched with corn oil (omega-6), canola oil (omega-3 and omega-9), fish oil (omega-3) or a mixture of sunflower oil and fish oil (omega-3 and omega-9).', 'In experiment 1, animals receiving the diet with 30% sunflower oil had the best allograft survival (200+/-42 days vs. 53+/-8 days for regular chow plus donor-specific transfusion and CsA, P<0.05). In experiment 2, diets containing canola oil (a mixture of omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids) were associated with the best survival (P=0.0011 vs. regular chow).']\nQuestion: Do dietary omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids uniquely enhance allograft survival in cyclosporine-treated and donor-specific transfusion-treated rats?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The aim of this study was to assess if discrepancy between power-Doppler voiding urosonography (PD-VUS) and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) affects the management of patients with primary vesicoureteric reflux (VUR).', \"Fifty-six children with suspected or known VUR were assessed both by PD-VUS and VCUG. Two independent observers, both pediatric surgeons, each aware of the results of only one imaging modality, advised children's management according to present care standards. Agreement between diagnostic findings at the two imaging modalities and between therapeutic advice of the two observers was evaluated using kappa statistics.\", 'PD-VUS diagnosed VUR in 3 patients and 6 ureteral units more than VCUG. VCUG showed VUR in 2 ureteral units, but in no patient more than PD-VUS. Accuracy of PD-VUS compared with VCUG was 92.8% and 94.6% considering ureteral units and patients, respectively. The two observers disagreed about the management of 4 (7%) of 56 cases. Agreement was significant (P < .001) both between findings at the two imaging modalities and between management options advised by the two independent observers.']\nQuestion: Is discrepancy between power-Doppler voiding urosonography and voiding cystourethrography relevant for the management of primary vesicoureteric reflux?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " no", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To evaluate whether urine transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) can help identifying kidneys that would recover their function after drainage of unilateral ureteric obstructive.', 'Forty-five patients with unilateral ureteral obstruction were included. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the obstructed kidney was <10 ml/min, and all patients were treated with percutaneous nephrostomy. TGF-β1 level was measured in the urine from the obstructed kidney at the time of drainage. GFR before nephrostomy insertion and 3 months after were calculated.', 'Patients with renal function improvement (significant increase in GFR) after nephrostomy insertion had significantly lower concentration of urine TGF-β1 (p<0.05) compared with the group that showed no change in GFR (non-functioning kidneys) The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of urine TGF-β1 in identifying non-functioning kidney was 82, 82 and 82%, respectively.']\nQuestion: Does urinary TGF-1 have a supplementary value in predicting renal function recovery post unilateral ureteral obstruction?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['The benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) are now firmly established. However, less is known about the provision and efficacy of PR immediately after an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The study aimed to explore the effectiveness of a short outpatient PR programme and the impact upon readmission rates.', 'One hundred sixty (87 males) patients, mean (SD) age 70.35 (8.59) years, forced expiratory volume in 1\\u2009s 0.99 (0.44) litres were assessed for a 7-week PR programme following a hospital admission for an acute exacerbation of COPD. Patients were assessed and commenced PR within 4 weeks of discharge from hospital. Outcome measures included: Incremental Shuttle Walking Test (ISWT), Endurance Shuttle Walk Test (ESWT), Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire Self-Reported (CRQ-SR). Patients were assessed at baseline and at 7 weeks (after the 4-week supervised and 3-week unsupervised components). Readmission data were collected retrospectively for the 12 months pre and post admission (n\\u2009=\\u2009155).', 'Statistically significant improvements were found in the ISWT, ESWT and CRQ-SR at discharge (P\\u2009<\\u20090.05). The number of admission was significantly less in the 12-month post-pulmonary rehabilitation compared to the previous 12 months.']\nQuestion: Does short outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programme reduce readmission following a hospitalization for an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Mineral fertilization and pest control are essential and costly requirements for modern crop production. The two measures go hand in hand because plant mineral status affects plant susceptibility to pests and vice versa. Nutrient deficiency triggers specific responses in plants that optimize nutrient acquisition and reprogram metabolism. K-deficient plants illustrate these strategies by inducing high-affinity K-uptake and adjusting primary metabolism. Whether and how K deficient plants also alter their secondary metabolism for nutrient management and defense is not known.', 'Here we show that K-deficient plants contain higher levels of the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA), hydroxy-12-oxo-octadecadienoic acids (HODs) and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) than K-sufficient plants. Up-regulation of the 13-LOX pathway in response to low K was evident in increased transcript levels of several biosynthetic enzymes. Indole and aliphatic glucosinolates accumulated in response to K-deficiency in a manner that was respectively dependent or independent on signaling through Coronatine-Insensitive 1 (COI1). Transcript and glucosinolate profiles of K-deficient plants resembled those of herbivore attacked plants.']\nQuestion: Does potassium deficiency induce the biosynthesis of oxylipins and glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['To investigate the effects of down-regulated miR-9 expression on ultraviolet rays (UV)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells.', 'The NPC cells were transfected with inhibitors of miR-9 by lipofectamine to decrease the expression of miR-9, and the cells transfected with inhibitor control as the control. ROS levels following UV exposure were examined with DCF-DA method and the concentration of glutathione was analyzed via the benzoic acid method; DNA damage and apoptosis also were evaluated.', 'There was significant difference in ROS levels between miR-9 expression-inhibited cells and control cells (26 895 ± 218 vs 15 765 ± 927, t = 39.754, P < 0.001), and also there were significant differences in DNA damage rates (28.0% ± 10.0% vs 23.6% ± 9.2%) and in apoptosis rates (8.0% ± 0.9% vs 4.5% ± 0.8%) following UV exposure between two groups of cells. The miR-9 expression-inhibited cells showed lower level (1.87 ± 0.15) µmol/L of glutathione compared with the control cells (9.85 ± 0.15) µmol/L (t = -48.832, P < 0.001).']\nQuestion: Does [ Inhibition of micro RNA-9 expression promote UV-induced ROS damage in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells ]?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Individual and institutional practices remain an independent predictor factor for allogeneic blood transfusion. Application of a standardized multidisciplinary transfusion strategy should reduce the use of allogeneic blood transfusion in major surgical patients.', 'This prospective non randomized observational study evaluated the effects of a standardized multidisciplinary transfusion strategy on allogeneic blood products exposure in patients undergoing non-emergent cardiac surgery. The developed strategy involved a standardized blood conservation program and a multidisciplinary allogeneic blood transfusion policy based mainly on clinical judgement, not only on a specific hemoglobin concentration. Data obtained in a first group including patients operated from September 1997 to August 1998 (Group pre: n=321), when the transfusion strategy was progressively developed, were compared to those obtained in a second group, including patients operated from September 1998 to August 1999 (Group post: n=315) when the transfusion strategy was applied uniformly.', 'Patient populations and surgical procedures were similar. Patients in Group post underwent acute normovolemic hemodilution more frequently, had a higher core temperature at arrival in the intensive care unit and presented lower postoperative blood losses at day one. Three hundred forty units of packed red blood cells were transfused in 33% of the patients in Group pre whereas 161 units were transfused in 18% of the patients in Group post (P <0.001). Pre- and postoperative hemoglobin concentrations, mortality and morbidity were not different among groups.']\nQuestion: Does a standardized multidisciplinary approach reduce the use of allogeneic blood products in patients undergoing cardiac surgery?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "You are a helpful assistant. Given the following list of abstracts, please answer the question with either yes, no or maybe.\nAbstracts: ['Recent trials have shown a reduction in the risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) with simvastatin-ezetimibe therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome. The potential benefits of simvastatin-ezetimibe for patients at a lower risk of MACE are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the differences of MACE risk between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) using simvastatin-ezetimibe or high potency statins.', 'This population-based dynamic cohort study used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. The study subjects were patients with type 2 DM, aged between 40 and 75 years. The simvastatin-ezetimibe group took simvastatin-ezetimibe only, and the statin group took atorvastatin or rosuvastatin but not simvastatin or ezetimibe. The two groups were matched for age, gender, medication date, DM diagnosis date, hypertension, and cardiovascular complications. The outcome variable was new-onset MACE. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed.', 'A total of 20,485 patients (53% male; 4099 in the simvastatin-ezetimibe group and 16,396 in the statin group) were included, with a mean age of 59.1 years. In a total of 37,388 person-years, 1100 patients developed new-onset MACE. The annual incidence rate of new-onset MACE was lower in the simvastatin-ezetimibe group (2.61%) than that in the statin group (3.02%) (p=0.0476). After Cox regression analysis, simvastatin-ezetimibe use was independently associated with a lower risk of MACE (HR, 0.77; 95% confidence interval 0.66-0.90).']\nQuestion: Is simvastatin-ezetimibe combination therapy associated with a lower rate of major adverse cardiac events in type 2 diabetics than high potency statins alone : A population-based dynamic cohort study?\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": " yes", "role": "assistant" } ]