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{ "en": "Dainichinyorai", "ja": "大日如来（だいにちにょらい）" }

{ "en": "Kongosatta", "ja": "金剛薩埵（こんごうさった）" }

{ "en": "Ryumyo Bosatsu", "ja": "龍猛菩薩（りゅうみょうぼさつ）" }

{ "en": "Ryuchi Bosatu", "ja": "龍智菩薩（りゅうちぼさつ）" }

{ "en": "Kongochisanzo", "ja": "金剛智三蔵（こんごうちさんぞう）" }

{ "en": "Fukusanzo", "ja": "不空三蔵（ふくうさんぞう）" }

{ "en": "Keika Ajari", "ja": "恵果阿闍梨（けいかあじゃり）" }

{ "en": "Kobo-daishi", "ja": "弘法大師" }

{ "en": "It means that eight forefathers who appeared during the period of history in which the teachings of the Shingon sect had been introduced to Japan.", "ja": "真言宗の教えが日本に伝わるまでの歴史に関わった8人の祖師。" }

{ "en": "Dainichinyorai and Kongosatta were removed from Fuho Hasso because they were not historical figures, and consequently the other two forefathers were added.", "ja": "付法の八祖の内、大日如来、金剛薩埵は歴史上の人物ではないために除いて、2人の祖師を加えた。" }

{ "en": "They are also called Hasso Daishi.", "ja": "八祖大師（はっそだいし）とも称される。" }

{ "en": "Each forefather has a belonging that illustrates the essence of enlightenment.", "ja": "一人一人持ち物を持っているが、その持ち物は悟りの本質をあらわしている。" }

{ "en": "It was said that Ryuju Bosatsu had been given Mikkyo sutras from Kongosatta, an immediate pupil of Dainichinyorai, and thus conveyed them in this world.", "ja": "龍樹菩薩　：　大日如来の直弟子金剛薩埵（こんごうさった）から密教経典を授かって、世に伝えたといわれている。" }

{ "en": "(He holds Sankosho in the right hand.)", "ja": "（三鈷杵（さんこしょ）を右手に持っている）" }

{ "en": "Ryuchi Bosatsu: he was initiated into Mikkyo from Ryumyo.", "ja": "龍智菩薩　：　龍猛から密教を授かった。" }

{ "en": "(He has sutras in the right hand.)", "ja": "（経文を右手に持っている）" }

{ "en": "Kongochisanzo went to Tang and conveyed \"Kongocho-kyo\" after he learned Mikkyo from Ryuchi in India.", "ja": "金剛智三蔵　：　インドで龍智から密教を学んだのち唐へ渡り、「金剛頂経」を伝える。" }

{ "en": "(He has a beadroll in his right hand.)", "ja": "（数珠を右手に持っている）" }

{ "en": "Fukusanzo was born in western China.", "ja": "不空三蔵　：　西域生まれ。" }

{ "en": "He went to Tang with his uncle, a merchant, and became a disciple of Kongochi at Choan.", "ja": "貿易商の叔父に連れられて唐へ行き、長安で金剛智に入門。" }

{ "en": "He translated 'Kongocho-kyo' into Chinese, and opened Kanjo Dojo.", "ja": "「金剛頂経」を漢語に翻訳し、灌頂道場を開いた。" }

{ "en": "(He makes Gebaku-in, a symbolic Buddhist gesture, with his fingers.)", "ja": "（外縛印（げばくいん）を結んでいる）" }

{ "en": "Zenmuisanzo was born in India.", "ja": "善無畏三蔵（ぜんむいさんぞう　：　インド生まれ。" }

{ "en": "He learned Mahayana Buddhism and took over Mikkyo.", "ja": "大乗仏教を学び、さらに密教を受け継ぐ。" }

{ "en": "He went to Tang at the age of 80, and conveyed the Dainichi-kyo sutra.", "ja": "80歳になって唐に渡り、「大日経」を伝える。" }

{ "en": "(He holds up the index finger of his right hand.)", "ja": "（右手の人さし指をたてている）" }

{ "en": "Zen master Ichigyo was born in China.", "ja": "一行禅師（いちぎょうぜんじ）：　中国生まれ。" }

{ "en": "He studied Zen, Tendai Dharma, astronomy and mathematics.", "ja": "禅や天台教学、天文学、数学を学ぶ。" }

{ "en": "He learned from Zenmui at Choan, and completed 'Dainichikyo-sho' based on the dictations of Zenmui.", "ja": "長安で善無畏に入門し、善無畏の口述をもとに「大日経疏（だいにちきょうしょ）」を完成させた。" }

{ "en": "(Clothed in his clerical garb, he makes a symbolic gesture with his fingers.)", "ja": "（法衣のなかで印を結んでいる）" }

{ "en": "Keika Ajari was born in China.", "ja": "恵果阿闍梨　：　中国生まれ。" }

{ "en": "He took over the Mikkyo of Vajradhatu and Garbhadhatu.", "ja": "金剛界・胎蔵界両部の密教を受け継いだ。" }

{ "en": "(He is seated on a chair and has a child serve beside him.)", "ja": "（椅子に座り、横に童を待らせている）" }

{ "en": "Kobo-daishi was given both Vajradhatu and Garbhadhatu from Keika Ajari, and he founded Shingon Mikkyo by conveying them.", "ja": "弘法大師　：　恵果阿闍梨から金剛・胎蔵界両部を授けられ、日本に伝えて真言密教を開いた。" }

{ "en": "Kukai", "ja": "空海。" }

{ "en": "(He has five-prong pestles on his right hand and a rosary in his left hand.)", "ja": "（五鈷杵（ごこしょ）を右手にもち、左手には念珠をもっている）" }

{ "en": "The dharmas of the Shingon sect are Sokushin Jobutsu (becoming Buddha in this life) and Mitsugonkokudo (esoterically adorned Buddha's Land).", "ja": "真言宗は即身成仏と密厳国土をその教義とする。" }

{ "en": "The main image is Dainichinyorai, which is an entity of the universe and the absolute truth.", "ja": "本尊は宇宙の本体であり絶対の真理である大日如来。" }

{ "en": "The fundamental sutra is Dainichi-kyo Sutra (formally, 'Daibirushanajobutsu-Jinpenkaji-kyo Sutra') and Kongocho-kyo (formally, 'Kongocho Issainyorai Shinjitsusetsudaijogensho Daikyoo-kyo' or 'Kongocho-Yuga-Shinjitsu-Daio-kyo Sutra,' 'Soshitsuji-kyo Sutra,' 'Yugi-kyo Sutra,' 'Yoryakunenju-kyo Sutra,' 'Rishu-kyo Sutra,') and so on.", "ja": "所依の経典（基本の重要経典）は大日経（正式には大毘盧遮那成仏神変加持経／だいびるしゃなじょうぶつじんぺんかじきょう）と金剛頂経（正式には「金剛頂一切如来真実摂大乗現証大教王教」、または「金剛頂瑜伽真実大教王経」、「蘇悉地経」（そじつぢきょう）・「瑜祗経」（ゆぎきょう）・「要略念誦経」（ようりゃくねんじゅきょう）・理趣経（りしゅきょう）などである。" }

{ "en": "The ronso (academic papers) are 'Bodaishinron,' 'Shakumakaenron,' 'Dainichi-kyoso' and so on.", "ja": "論疏（論文の類）は「菩提心論」（ぼだいしんろん）・「釈摩訶衍論」（しゃくまかえんろん）・「大日経疏」（だいにちきょうしょ）などである。" }

{ "en": "The following works of Kukai are considered to be ronso: 'Himitsu-Mandala-Jujushinron (Jujushinron),' 'Hizo-Hoyaku,' 'Benkenmitsu-Nikyoron,' 'Sokushinjobutsu-gi,' 'Shojijisso-gi,' 'Un-jigi' and so on.", "ja": "空海の著作、秘密曼荼羅十住心論（ひみつまんだらじゅうじゅうしんろん）（「十住心論・じゅうじゅうしんろん）・「秘蔵宝鑰」（ひぞうほうやく）・「辦顕密二教論」（べんけんみつにきょうろん）・「即身成仏義」（そくしんじょうぶつぎ）・「声字実相義」（しょうじじっそうぎ）・「吽字義」（うんじぎ）なども論疏としている。" }

{ "en": "According to the Dharma, ascetic training of the Three Mysteries (the Secret of the Body, i.e., making symbolic gestures with the fingers; the Secret of Speech, i.e., reciting Shingon; and the Secret of Mind, i.e., visualization of the Buddha in the Mandala picture) leads to integration with the main image and Sokushin Jobutsu, which means that one becomes Buddha with one's present physical body.", "ja": "三密（（身密・手に諸尊の印契（印相）を結ぶ）、（口密（語密）・口に真言を読誦する）、（心密・心に曼荼羅の諸尊を観想する））の修行により、本尊と一体となり、即身成仏が実現するとしている。" }

{ "en": "Jiso' and 'Kyoso' are considered important in the learning of Shingon Mikkyo.", "ja": "真言密教を学んでいくうえで、「事相」（じそう）と「教相」（きょうそう）が重要視される。" }

{ "en": "Jiso is a word (as opposed to Kyoso) and a way to implement Shingon Mikkyo.", "ja": "事相は、教相の対語で、真言密教を実践する方法。" }

{ "en": "It means a manner of ascetic training (修法) (training manners (行法) such as Kanjo, rite, Kanpo (meditation, 観法) and Ingei (sign made with the fingers, 印契), Shingon), while Kyoso is a theory of Shingon Mikkyo.", "ja": "修法の作法（灌頂・護摩・観法・印契・真言などの行法）を指し、教相は、真言密教の理論である。" }

{ "en": "Dainichi-kyo Sutra, the main sutra of the Shingon sect, is a sutra of Kyoso, and Kongocho-kyo is a sutra of Jiso.", "ja": "真言宗の主要経典「大日経」は教相の経典、金剛頂経は事相の経典である。" }

{ "en": "Learning Kyoso leads to an understanding of Shingon Mikkyo theory, and learning Jiso leads to the implementation of a theory.", "ja": "教相を学んでいくことで、真言密教の理論を理解し、理論を実践する方法を行うために事相を学ぶ。" }

{ "en": "Jiso, without any support of Kyoso, simply becomes a meaningless activity.", "ja": "教相の裏付けのない、事相は無意味な動作になってしまうという。" }

{ "en": "Without learning both Jiso and Kyoso, one cannot reach the ideal of Shingon Mikkyo.", "ja": "事相・教相の両方を学ばなければ、真言密教の理想への到達は出来ないとされている。" }

{ "en": "To explain the importance of learning both Jiso and Kyoso, some have compared Jiso and Kyoso to two wheels on a single cart.", "ja": "事相・教相の両方を習得する重要性を説くたとえとして、事相・教相を車の両輪に置き換えて説く場合がある。" }

{ "en": "Additionally, Jiun said, 'Kyoso does not exist without Jiso and Jiso does not exist without Kyoso, so that we should learn them together and try to attain Mitsugi (the Dharma of Mikkyo)(密義).'", "ja": "また、慈雲は「事相を離れて教相なく、教相を離れて事相なし、事教一致して、密義をつくすべき」と述べた。" }

{ "en": "The research of Jiso has been popular since the mid-ninth century (during the mid-Heian period).", "ja": "9世紀半ば（平安時代中期）から、事相の研究が盛んとなった。" }

{ "en": "Yakushin began Hirosawa-ryu school, and Shoho began Ono-ryu school.", "ja": "益信（やくしん）に始まる広沢流（ひろさわりゅう）、聖宝（しょうほう）を祖とする小野流（おのりゅう）が起こった。" }

{ "en": "Both schools separated into six schools each, e.g. Yataku Juni-ryu (12 schools of Yataku, also called Konpon Juni-ryu (12 schools of basics)), and ultimately they became 36 schools.", "ja": "両派は、それぞれ六流に分かれて、野沢（やたく）十二流（根本十二流）になり、やがて三十六流になった。" }

{ "en": "Later, the number of schools exceeded 100.", "ja": "その後、法流は、あわせて100余りを数えた。" }

{ "en": "The schools of Shingon Mikkyo's Jiso were all derived from two schools: Hirosawa-ryu and Ono-ryu.", "ja": "真言密教の事相の流派は、すべて、広沢流・小野流の二流から分かれた。" }

{ "en": "Hirosawa-ryu and Ono-ryu (Yataku Juni-ryu)", "ja": "広沢流・小野流（野沢十二流）" }

{ "en": "During the mid-Heian period, Yakushin began Hirosawa-ryu school and Shoho began Ono-ryu school.", "ja": "平安中期に益信に始まる広沢流、聖宝を始祖とする小野流が起こった。" }

{ "en": "Both schools split into six schools and called themselves Yataku Juni-ryu or Konpon Juni-ryu.", "ja": "両派は、それぞれ六流に分かれて、野沢十二流（やたくじゅうにりゅう）、または、根本十二流と称される。" }

{ "en": "In the definition of Yataku Juni-ryu, Jimyoiin-ryu is not included in Hirosawa-ryu.", "ja": "野沢十二流の定義では、持明院流を広沢流に入れない。" }

{ "en": "Moreover, Nakanoin-ryu is not included in Ono-ryu.", "ja": "また、中院流を小野流に入れない。" }

{ "en": "This is because both schools had moved to Koyasan.", "ja": "いずれの法流も、高野山に移ったためである。" }

{ "en": "These are distinguished simply because they play no role in Kujo no Shuho (official Mikkyo rites, 公請の修法) such as Goshichinichimishiho (annual Shingon prayer ritual), so that Yataku Juni-ryu does not include all the schools of Tomitsu Jiso (東密事相).", "ja": "これは、御七日御修法など公請の修法に関与しないために区別されただけで、野沢十二流は、東密事相の法流をすべてを示したものではない。" }

{ "en": "It is characterized by the high value that is placed on Giki (rules of rites,儀軌).", "ja": "特徴は、儀軌を重んじる。" }

{ "en": "It was named after the place name of Hensho-ji Temple (Kyoto City) built by Kancho, which lies in the south of Hirosawa-no-ike Pond (in the Saga Hirosawa, Ukyo ward of Kyoto City).", "ja": "寛朝が建立した京都市右京区嵯峨広沢にある広沢池の南にある遍照寺(京都市)の所在地名が語源となっている。" }

{ "en": "In a broad sense, when Tomitsujiso is divided in two, it is the school as opposed to Ono-ryu.", "ja": "広義では、東密事相を2分した場合、小野流の対をなす法流。" }

{ "en": "In a narrow sense, Ninna-san-ryu (within the school of Hirosawa-ryu) and Hirosawa-san-ryu are together called Hirosawa-roku-ryu.", "ja": "狭義では、広沢流内の法流、仁和三流、広沢三流をあわせて広沢六流と称する。" }

{ "en": "However, which of the schools should be included in Roku-ryu is not established, and there is a theory that includes Hokuin-ryu and Jisonin-ryu in the lineage of Kannonin-ryu and Ninna-goryu.", "ja": "しかし、六流に属する法流は一定しておらず、観音院流・仁和御流系の北院流・慈尊院流などを入れる説もある。" }

{ "en": "Hojuin-ryu, Ninna-goryu and Nishinoin-ryu are called Ninna-san-ryu, and Kezoin-ryu, Ninnikusen-ryu and Denpoin-ryu are called Hirosawa-san-ryu.", "ja": "保寿院流・仁和御流・西院流（にしのいんりゅう）を仁和三流と称し、華蔵院流・忍辱山流（にんにくせんりゅう）・伝法院流を広沢三流と称する。" }

{ "en": "The simplified lineage of Hirosawa-ryu schools", "ja": "広沢流系流派略系譜" }

{ "en": "Ninna-goryu simplified lineage (founder, Kakuho): Kukai - Shinga - Gennin - Yakushin - Kanpyo Hoo (Emperor Uda) - Kancho - Saishin - Shoshin - Kanjo - Kakuho", "ja": "仁和御流略系譜（派祖・覚法）　空海-真雅-源仁-益信-寛平法皇（宇多天皇）-寛朝-済信-性信-寛助-覚法" }

{ "en": "Nishinoin-ryu simplified lineage (founder, Shinsho (信証)): Kukai - Shinga - Gennin - Yakushin - Kanpyo Hoo (Emperor Uda) - Kancho - Saishin - Shoshin - Kanjo - Shinsho", "ja": "西院流略系譜（派祖・信証）　空海-真雅-源仁-益信-寛平法皇（宇多天皇）-寛朝-済信-性信-寛助-信証" }

{ "en": "Hojuiin-ryu simplified lineage (founder, Eigen): Kukai - Shinga - Gennin - Yakushin - Kanpyo Hoo (Emperor Uda) - Kancho - Saishin - Shoshin - Kanjo - Eigon", "ja": "保寿院流略系譜（派祖・永厳）　空海-真雅-源仁-益信-寛平法皇（宇多天皇）-寛朝-済信-性信-寛助-永厳" }

{ "en": "Kezoin-ryu simplified lineage (founder, Shoe): Kukai - Shinga - Gennin - Yakushin - Kanpyo Hoo (Emperor Uda) - Kancho - Saishin - Shoshin - Kanjo - Shoe", "ja": "華蔵院流略系譜（派祖・聖恵）　空海-真雅-源仁-益信-寛平法皇（宇多天皇）-寛朝-済信-性信-寛助-聖恵" }

{ "en": "Ninnikusen-ryu simplified lineage (founder, Kanpen): Kukai - Shinga - Gennin - Yakushin - Kanpyo Hoo (Emperor Uda) - Kancho - Saishin - Shoshin - Kanjo - Kanpen", "ja": "忍辱山流略系譜（派祖・寛遍）　空海-真雅-源仁-益信-寛平法皇（宇多天皇）-寛朝-済信-性信-寛助-寛遍" }

{ "en": "Denpoin-ryu simplified lineage (founder, Kakuban): Kukai - Shinga - Gennin - Yakushin - Kanpyo Hoo (Emperor Uda) - Kancho - Saishin - Shoshin - Kanjo - Kakuban", "ja": "伝法院流略系譜（派祖・覚鑁）　空海-真雅-源仁-益信-寛平法皇（宇多天皇）-寛朝-済信-性信-寛助-覚鑁" }

{ "en": "It is characterized by the high value that is placed on the instruction of the secrets.", "ja": "特徴は、口伝口訣を重じる。" }

{ "en": "It was named after the place name of the Yamashina Ono, Higashiyama ward of Kyoto City, the site of Zuishinin grand head temple of the Shingon sect Zentsuji-ha (真言宗善通寺派大本山随心院) (formerly called Mandala Temple).", "ja": "真言宗善通寺派大本山大本山随心院（旧称・曼荼羅寺）がある京都市東山区山科小野が語源となっている。" }

{ "en": "In some cases Shobo is regarded as an originator (元祖) of Ono-ryu while Ningai, who founded Zuishinin, is regarded as a founder (流祖) of Ono-ryu.", "ja": "聖宝を小野流元祖、随心院を開創した仁海を小野流流祖とする場合もある。" }

{ "en": "In a broad sense, it was the school that was opposed to Hirosawa-ryu when Tomitsujiso was divided in two.", "ja": "広義では、東密事相を2分した場合、広沢流の対をなす法流。" }

{ "en": "In a narrow sense it indicates Daigo-san-ryu (Rishoin-ryu, Sanpoin-ryu and Kongooin-ryu) and Kajuji-san-ryu (Zuishinin-ryu, Anshoji-ryu, Kajuji-ryu).", "ja": "狭義では、小野流内の流派、醍醐三流（理性院流・三宝院流・金剛王院流）と勧修寺三流（随心院流・安祥寺流・勧修寺流）を指す。" }

{ "en": "In other cases it indicates only Zuishinin-ryu.", "ja": "単に随心院流のみを指す場合もある。" }

{ "en": "The simplified lineage of Ono-ryu schools", "ja": "小野流系流派略系譜" }

{ "en": "Anshoji-ryu simplified lineage (founder, Soi): Kukai - Shinga - Gennin - Shobo - Kangen - Ningai - Seison - Hanshun - Genkaku - Soi", "ja": "安祥寺流略系譜（派祖・宗意）　空海-真雅-源仁-聖宝-観賢-仁海-成尊-範俊-厳覚-宗意" }

{ "en": "Kanjuji-ryu simplified lineage (founder, Kanshin): Kukai - Shinga - Gennin - Shobo - Kangen - Ningai - Seison - Hanshun - Genkaku - Kanshin", "ja": "勧修寺流略系譜（派祖・寛信）　空海-真雅-源仁-聖宝-観賢-仁海-成尊-範俊-厳覚-寛信" }

{ "en": "Zuishinji-ryu simplified lineage (founder, Shoshun): Kukai - Shinga - Gennin - Shobo - Kangen - Ningai - Seison - Hanshun - Genkaku - Shoshun", "ja": "随心寺流略系譜（派祖・増俊）　空海-真雅-源仁-聖宝-観賢-仁海-成尊-範俊-厳覚-増俊" }

{ "en": "Sanpoin-ryu simplified lineage (founder, Jokai): Kukai - Shinga - Gennin - Shobo - Kangen - Ningai - Seison - Gihan - Shokaku - Jokai", "ja": "三宝院流略系譜（派祖・定海）　空海-真雅-源仁-聖宝-観賢-仁海-成尊-義範-勝覚-定海" }

{ "en": "Rishoin-ryu simplified lineage (founder, Genkaku): Kukai - Shinga - Gennin - Shobo - Kangen - Ningai - Seison - Gihan - Shokaku - Genkaku", "ja": "理性院流略系譜（派祖・賢覚）　空海-真雅-源仁-聖宝-観賢-仁海-成尊-義範-勝覚-賢覚" }

{ "en": "Kongooin-ryu simplified lineage (founder, Shoken): Kukai - Shinga - Gennin - Shobo - Kangen - Ningai - Seison - Gihan - Shokaku - Shoken", "ja": "金剛王院流略系譜（派祖・聖賢）　空海-真雅-源仁-聖宝-観賢-仁海-成尊-義範-勝覚-聖賢" }

{ "en": "The Shingon sect is one of the sects that have many schools among Buddhist sects in Japan.", "ja": "真言宗は日本の仏教宗派の中では分派の多いものの1つである。" }

{ "en": "Generally, it has developed a wide variety of dharma since it split into the Kogi Shingon sect and Shingi Shingon sect at the end of the thirteenth century.", "ja": "13世紀末に古義真言宗と新義真言宗に別れ、さらにそこから多種多様な教義が展開して現在に至っているのが特徴である。" }

{ "en": "It relies on Dharma-Kaya of Hon-ji, of Dainichinyorai (Kogi).", "ja": "大日如来の本地法身説の教学（古義）による。" }

{ "en": "It preaches that each event and each thing in this world is a sermon of Dainichinyorai, Buddhism's highest form of existence (the truth itself is regarded as Buddha's body).", "ja": "現実世界の一事一物が法身（真理そのものを仏の身体とみなす）の大日如来の説法であると説いている。" }

{ "en": "It was begun by Kakuban (Kogyo Daishi) and relies on the Dharma of Adhisthana-kaya of Dainichinyorai (Shingi).", "ja": "覚鑁（かくばん）（興教大師）を派祖とし、大日如来の加持身説の教学（新義）による。" }

{ "en": "It preaches that each event and each thing in this world is a sermon of Dainichinyorai, Adhisthana-kaya.", "ja": "現実世界の一事一物は、加持身の大日如来の説法であると説いている。" }

{ "en": "Consequent upon the enactment of Religious Organizations Act in 1939, Shingon sects (except for the Shingon Risshu) were integrated as the Shingon sect.", "ja": "昭和14年（1939年）の宗教団体法成立により、真言律宗以外の宗派は真言宗として統合された。" }

{ "en": "However, after World WarⅡmany sects split and became independent one after another, so that today there are more than 50 schools.", "ja": "しかし、戦後は分派独立が相継ぎ、現在は約50の宗派がある。" }

{ "en": "The 18 grand head temples of the main 16 schools were set up as the Grand Head Temple's association of Shingon sect schools (Kakuzankai) on June 15, 1958, in order to communicate with each other, cultivate mutual friendships and hold events in cooperation with one another.", "ja": "そのうち主要な16派の18の総大本山が、昭和33年（1958年）6月15日に、真言宗各派総大本山会（各山会）を各山の連絡親睦・共通事業の主宰を目的に結成された。" }

{ "en": "These temples are called the 18 head temples of the Shingon sect (真言宗十八本山).", "ja": "これらの寺院を真言宗十八本山という。" }

{ "en": "Office of Kakuzankai - at Chishakuin Grand Head Temple", "ja": "各山会の事務局-総本山智積院内" }