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[ "List of International cricket families is a list of people grouped by family who are associated with Test, One Day International or Twenty20 International cricket.\n\nAfghanistan\n\nMalik/Abid/Sadiq/Alam\nTaj Malik\nHasti Gul\nKarim Sadiq\nAftab Alam\nTaj, Hasti, Karim and Aftab are brothers. Taj was the first coach of Afghanistan national team, while the others played international cricket.\n\nAfghan/Janat/Salamkheil\nAsghar Afghan\nKarim Janat\nWaqar Salamkheil\nAsghar and Karim are brothers. Waqar is Asghar's nephew.", "Ashraf\nMirwais Ashraf\nSharafuddin Ashraf\nMirwais and Sharafuddin are brothers.\n\nAhmedzai/Jamal\nRaees Ahmadzai\nNasir Jamal\nRaees and Nasir are brothers.\nBilal Ahmadzai son of Raees Ahmadzai\n\nMangal\nNowroz Mangal\nIhsanullah\nNowroz and Ihsanullah are brothers.\n\nZadran\nNoor Ali Zadran\nMujeeb ur Rahman\nIbrahim Zadran\n\nIbrahim and Mujeeb are cousin.They are nephew of noor ali zadran\n\nAustralia\n\nAgar \n\n Ashton Agar\n Wes Agar\n\nAshton and Wes are brothers.", "Australia\n\nAgar \n\n Ashton Agar\n Wes Agar\n\nAshton and Wes are brothers.\n\nAlderman/Emerson\nTerry Alderman\nDenise Emerson\nRoss Emerson\nAlderman's sister Denise Emerson is married to former Test umpire Ross Emerson and herself played seven Tests for the Australian women's cricket team.\n\nArcher\nKen Archer\nRon Archer\nKen and Ron were brothers.\n\nBannerman\nAlec Bannerman\nCharles Bannerman\nAlec and Charles were brothers.\n\nBenaud\nRichie Benaud (captain)\nJohn Benaud\nRichie and John are brothers.\n\nBlackwell", "Benaud\nRichie Benaud (captain)\nJohn Benaud\nRichie and John are brothers.\n\nBlackwell\n\n Alex Blackwell\n Kate Blackwell\n Lynsey Askew (England)\n\nAlex and Kate are twin sisters, and Lynsey is Alex's wife\n\nCampbell/Ponting\n\nGreg Campbell\nRicky Ponting (captain)\nBen Hilfenhaus\nPonting is the nephew of Campbell. Hilfenhaus is the second cousin of Ponting.", "Chappell/Richardson\nVic Richardson (captain)\nIan Chappell (captain)\nGreg Chappell (captain)\nTrevor Chappell\nIan, Greg and Trevor Chappell are brothers and Vic Richardson's grandsons\n\nCooper \n\n WillIam Cooper\n Paul Sheahan\n\nPaul is the great-grandson of William.\n\nDarling\n Joe Darling (captain)\n Rick Darling\nRick is Joe's great-nephew.\n\nGiffen \n\n George Giffen\n Walter Giffen\n\nGeorge and Walter are brothers.\n\nGregory", "Dave Gregory (captain)\nNed Gregory\nSyd Gregory (captain)\nHarry Donnan\nJack Gregory\nDave and Ned were brothers in a family of 6 cricketing brothers. Dave and Ned made their Test debut in the same match, the first recognised Test match (played in 1877 between Australia and England in Melbourne). Syd was Ned's son, and Harry Donnan was Ned's son-in-law. Jack was Dave and Ned's nephew.", "Nellie and Louisa Gregory are thought to be pioneering sisters (Ned's daughters) in term of the women's cricket game in Australia.", "Harvey\nNeil Harvey\nMerv Harvey\nMick Harvey\nNeil and Merv were brothers. Another brother, Mick was a Test umpire.\n\nHaynes/Poulton \n\n Rachael Haynes\n Leah Poulton\n\nHaynes and Poulton married each other.", "Haynes/Poulton \n\n Rachael Haynes\n Leah Poulton\n\nHaynes and Poulton married each other.\n\nHealy/Starc\nIan Healy\nAlyssa Healy\nMitchell Starc\nAlyssa is Ian's niece. Ian was the wicketkeeper for the Australian men's team. Alyssa, currently the wicketkeeper for the Australian women's team, is married to Australian fast bowler Mitchell Starc; they are the third couple to have both played Test cricket.\n\nHilditch/Simpson \n\n Andrew Hilditch\n Bob Simpson\n\nAndrew is the son in law of Bob.", "Hilditch/Simpson \n\n Andrew Hilditch\n Bob Simpson\n\nAndrew is the son in law of Bob.\n\nHussey\nMichael Hussey\nDavid Hussey\nMichael is David's elder brother.\n\nJohnson/Park\nIan Johnson\nRoy Park\nIan is the son in law of Roy.\n\nLaughlin\nTrevor Laughlin\nBen Laughlin\nBen is the son of Trevor.\n\nLee\nBrett Lee\nShane Lee\nBrett and Shane are brothers.", "Lee\nBrett Lee\nShane Lee\nBrett and Shane are brothers.\n\nLehmann/White\nDarren Lehmann\nCraig White (England)\nDarren and Craig are brothers-in-law; Darren is married to Craig's sister Andrea. Darren's son Jake currently plays domestic cricket in Australia.\n\nMarsh\nGeoff Marsh\nShaun Marsh\nMitchell Marsh\nGeoff is the father of Shaun and Mitchell.\n\nMcDermott \n Ben McDermott\n Craig McDermott\nBen is the son of Craig. Ben's brother Alister plays domestic cricket in Australia.", "McLeod \n Bob McLeod\n Charlie McLeod\nBob and Charlie are brothers.\n\nPattinson\nDarren Pattinson\nJames Pattinson\nDarren and James are brothers, Darren has represented England in tests, James has represented Australia in Tests and ODIs.\n\nShevill/Blade\n Essie Shevill \n Fernie Blade (née Shevill)\n Rene Shevill\n\nAll were sisters. Another sister Lily played for the New South Wales women's cricket team. Essie and Lily were twins born 6 April 1908.\n\nSutherland", "Sutherland \n\n Annabel Sutherland\n James Sutherland\n Will Sutherland \n\nAnnabel played international cricket while her father James was the chief executive of Australian Cricket Board. Will, brother of Annabel, is a former player for the Australia national under-19 cricket team and currently plays in the Big Bash League\n\nTredrea \n\n Janette Tredrea\n Sharon Tredrea\n\nJanette and Sharon are sisters.\n\nTrott\n Albert Trott\n Harry Trott\n\nAlbert and Harry were brothers.", "Janette and Sharon are sisters.\n\nTrott\n Albert Trott\n Harry Trott\n\nAlbert and Harry were brothers.\n\nTrumble\n Hugh Trumble\n Billy Trumble\nHugh and Billy were brothers.\n\nValetta \n\n Mike Valetta\n Graeme Wood\n\nMike is the brother-in-law of Graeme.\n\nWaugh\n Mark Waugh\n Steve Waugh (captain)\nMark and Steve are fraternal twin brothers. Another brother Dean played at the domestic level. Austin, the son of Steve has played for the Australia national Under-19 team.\n\nAustria\n\nAvdylaj", "Austria\n\nAvdylaj \n\n Valentina Avdylaj\n Rezerta Avdylaj\n\nValentina and Rezarta are sisters.\n\nBangladesh\n\nAbedin\n Minhajul Abedin\n Nurul Abedin\n\nMinhajul and Nurul are brothers.\n\nIqbal/Khan\n Akram Khan\n Nafees Iqbal\n Tamim Iqbal\nNafees and Tamim are brothers and the nephews of Akram.\n\nMahmudullah/Rahim\nMushfiqur Rahim\nMohammad Mahmudullah\nMushfiqur Rahim and Mohammad Mahmudullah are co-brothers.\n\nBermuda\n\nBascome \n\n Oronde Bascome\n Onias Bascome\n Okera Bascome", "Bermuda\n\nBascome \n\n Oronde Bascome\n Onias Bascome\n Okera Bascome\n\nAll three are brothers. The father of these brothers Herbert Bascome played List-A cricket for Bermuda, including the 2001 ICC Trophy.\n\nLeverock/Greenidge \n\n Dwayne Leverock\n Kamau Leverock\n Alvin Greenidge\n\nDwayne and Alvin are the uncles of Kamau. Alvin played international cricket for the West Indies.\n\nCanada\n\nMulla\n Asif Mulla\n Mohsin Mulla\nAsif and Mohsin are brothers.\n\nDenmark\n\nNeilsen \n\n Inger Neilsen\n Susanne Neilsen", "Denmark\n\nNeilsen \n\n Inger Neilsen\n Susanne Neilsen\n\nInger and Susanne are sisters.\n\nEngland\n\nAli\n Moeen Ali\n Kabir Ali\nMoeen and Kabir are cousins.\n\nAtherton \n\n Michael Atherton\n Frank de Caires\n\nFrank de Caires who played Test cricket for West Indies, has a daughter Isabelle who married to Atherton.\n\nBairstow\n David Bairstow\n Andrew Bairstow\n Jonny Bairstow\nJonny is the son of David. Jonny's brother Andrew has also played at the domestic level.", "Broad\n Chris Broad\n Stuart Broad\nStuart is the son of Chris.\n\nBrunt/Sciver\nKatherine Brunt\nNatalie Sciver\nBrunt and Sciver announced their engagement in October 2019 and were married on 30 May 2022.\n\nButcher\nAlan Butcher\nMark Butcher (captain)\nMark is the son of Alan.\n\nChristiani \n\n Cyril Christiani\n Robert Christiani\n\nCyril and Robert are brothers. Two more brothers Harry and Ernest played first-class cricket for British Guiana.", "Compton\nDenis Compton\nNick Compton\nNick is the grandson of Denis. Other relatives Leslie, Richard, Patrick and Ben have also played first-class cricket.\n\nCowdrey\nColin Cowdrey (captain)\nChris Cowdrey (captain)\nGraham Cowdrey\nChris and Graham are the sons of Colin. Chris’s son Fabian also played first-class cricket for Kent.", "Curran\n Kevin Patrick Curran\n Kevin Curran (Zimbabwe)\n Tom Curran\n Ben Curran\n Sam Curran\nTom, Ben, and Sam are the sons of Kevin, who represented Zimbabwe in international cricket. Kevin Patrick Curran whom father to Kevin also played for Rodhasia.", "Duleepsinhji/Indrajitsinhji/Ranjitsinhji/Singh\n Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji\n KS Duleepsinhji\n Ajay Jadeja\n Hanumant Singh\nIndrajitsinhji\nDuleepsinhji and Hanumant, were the nephews of Ranjitsinhji. Jadeja is the great-grandnephew of Duleepsinhji. Indrajitsinhji was a cousin of Hanumant. Ajay, Hanumant and Indrajitsinhji have all played for India.", "Ealham\nAlan Ealham\nMark Ealham\nFather and son. Alan captained Kent and was twice 12th man for England in 1977. Alan's son Mark played for Kent, Nottinghamshire and England.\n\nEdrich \nBill Edrich\nJohn Edrich\n\nBill and John were cousins.\nBrian Edrich, Eric Edrich and Geoff Edrich were brothers of Bill, who also played first-class cricket.\n\nGilligan/May\nArthur Gilligan (captain)\nHarold Gilligan (captain)\nPeter May (captain)\nArthur and Harold were brothers. May was the son-in-law of Harold.\n\nGrace", "Grace\n\nW. G. Grace (captain)\nE. M. Grace\nG. F. Grace\nAll were brothers, from a large family of cricketers. All three brothers played in the same match against Australia at The Oval in 1880.\n\nGreig\nTony Greig (captain)\nIan Greig\nTony and Ian were brothers.\n\nGunn\nBilly Gunn\nJohn Gunn\nGeorge Gunn\nGeorge and John were brothers and nephews of Billy. George's son G.V. Gunn played for Nottinghamshire.\n\nHaddelsay \n\n Joyce Haddelsay\n Muriel Haddelsay\n\nJoyce and Muriel are sisters.", "Haddelsay \n\n Joyce Haddelsay\n Muriel Haddelsay\n\nJoyce and Muriel are sisters.\n\nHardstaff\nJoe Hardstaff senior\nJoe Hardstaff junior\n\nHarris/Haig \n Lord Harris\n Nigel Haig\nNigel is the nephew of Harris.\n\nHarris/Kimmance \n Grace Harris\n Laura Harris\n Delissa Kimmince\nGrace and Laura are sisters. Laura and Delissa married each other.\n\nHearne\nFrank Hearne\nAlec Hearne\nGeorge Gibbons Hearne\nJohn Thomas Hearne\nFrank, George and Alec were brothers, and John was their cousin, from a large family of cricketers.", "Frank Hearne played Test cricket for England against South Africa and later, having settled in South Africa, for South Africa against England. In the Cape Town Test of 1891-92, Frank played for South Africa while his two brothers and cousin were playing for England. Frank's son, George, also played for South Africa.", "Hollioake\nAdam Hollioake (captain)\nBen Hollioake\nBrothers Adam and Ben both made their Test debut for England in the 5th Test of the 1997 Ashes series, becoming only the third set of brothers to make their Test debut in the same match. They played 4 and 2 Tests respectively, as well as 35 and 20 ODIs respectively in their international careers.\n\nHutton\nSir Leonard Hutton (captain)\nRichard Hutton\nSir Leonard was Richard's father.\n\nJones\nJeff Jones\nSimon Jones\nJeff is Simon's father.", "Jones\nJeff Jones\nSimon Jones\nJeff is Simon's father.\n\nLangridge\nJames Langridge\nJohn Langridge\nJames and John are brothers. While James played international cricket, John was an international umpire.\n\nLloyd\nDavid Lloyd\nGraham Lloyd\nGraham was the son of David.\n\nMann\nFrank Mann (captain)\nGeorge Mann (captain)\nGeorge was the son of Frank. Simon, the former British Army officer and mercenary, was the son of George.\n\nOverton \n\n Craig Overton\n Jamie Overton\n\nCraig and Jamie are identical twin brothers.", "Overton \n\n Craig Overton\n Jamie Overton\n\nCraig and Jamie are identical twin brothers.\n\nParks\nJim Parks, Sr.\nJim Parks, Jr.\n\nPattinson\nDarren Pattinson\nJames Pattinson\nDarren and James are brothers, Darren has represented England in tests, James has represented Australia in tests and ODIs.\n\nPowell \n\n Jane Powell\n Jill Powell\n\nJane and Jill are twin sisters.\n\nPrideaux/Westbrook\nRoger Prideaux\nRuth Westbrook\nRuth is the wife of Roger.", "Prideaux/Westbrook\nRoger Prideaux\nRuth Westbrook\nRuth is the wife of Roger.\n\nPringle \n Don Pringle\n Derek Pringle\nDon was the father of Derek. Don played for East Africa in the 1975 World Cup.\n\nRichardson \n\n Peter Richardson\n Dick Richardson\nPeter is the older brother of Dick.\n\nRoy/Snater \n\n Jason Roy\n Shane Snater\n\nJason and Shane are cousins. Shane played international cricket for Netherlands.\n\nSidebottom \n Arnie Sidebottom\n Ryan Sidebottom\nArnie is the father of Ryan.", "Sidebottom \n Arnie Sidebottom\n Ryan Sidebottom\nArnie is the father of Ryan.\n\nSmith \n Chris Smith\n Robin Smith\nChris is the older brother of Robin.\n\nSmith \n Mike Smith (captain)\n Neil Smith\nMike is the father of Neil.\n\nStewart/Butcher \n Alec Stewart\n Mickey Stewart\n Mark Butcher\nAlec is the son and Mark is the son-in-law of Mickey. Alec and Mark were brothers-in-law. At one time in their respective playing careers. Butcher was married to Mickey's daughter Judy.", "Studd \n George Studd\n Charles Studd\nGeorge was the older brother of Charles.\n\nTate \n Fred Tate\n Maurice Tate\nMaurice was the son of Fred.\n\nTownsend \n Charlie Townsend\n David Townsend\nDavid was the son of Charlie.\n\nTremlett \n Maurice Tremlett\n Chris Tremlett\nChris is Maurice's grandson.\n\nTyldesley/Vaughan \n Ernest Tyldesley\n Johnny Tyldesley\n Michael Vaughan (captain)\nErnest and Johnny were brothers. Michael is the great-grandson of one of the sisters of Johnny and Ernest.", "White/Lehmann\nDarren Lehmann (Australia)\nCraig White\nDarren and Craig are brothers-in-law, Darren is married to Craig's sister Andrea.\n\nWilley\n\nPeter Willey\nDavid Willey\nDavid is the son of Peter.\n\nWilson\nClem Wilson\nRockley Wilson\nClem was the older brother of Rockley.\n\nWright \n\n Luke Wright\n Ashley Wright\n\nLuke and Ashley are brothers. Ashley plays international cricket for Guernsey.\n\nEswatini\n\nMkhatshwa \n\n Ntombizodwa Mkhatshwa\n Ntombizonke Mkhatshwa\n\nBoth are twin sisters.\n\nFrance\n\nMcKeon", "Mkhatshwa \n\n Ntombizodwa Mkhatshwa\n Ntombizonke Mkhatshwa\n\nBoth are twin sisters.\n\nFrance\n\nMcKeon \n\n Gustav McKeon\n Ines McKeon\n\nGustav and Ines are siblings.\n\nGuernsey\n\nStokes \n\n Anthony Stokes\n Matthew Stokes\n\nAnthony and Matthew are brothers\n\nHong Kong\n\nAhmed\nIrfan Ahmed\nNadeem Ahmed\nIrfan and Nadeem are brothers.\n\nAhmed/Nawaz \n\n Tanveer Ahmed\n Ehsan Nawaz\nTanvir and Ehsan are brothers.\n\nIndia", "Ahmed/Nawaz \n\n Tanveer Ahmed\n Ehsan Nawaz\nTanvir and Ehsan are brothers.\n\nIndia\n\nAli\nWazir Ali\nNazir Ali\nWazir Ali and Nazir Ali were brothers. They both made their Test debut in India's inaugural Test match, against England at Lord's in 1932. Wazir Ali's son, Khalid Wazir played Test cricket for Pakistan.\n\nAmarnath\nLala Amarnath\nSurinder Amarnath\nMohinder Amarnath\nRajinder Amarnath\nSurinder, Mohinder and Rajinder are sons of Lala.\n\nAmar Singh/Ramji\n L. Amar Singh\n Ladha Ramji\nThey were brothers.", "Amar Singh/Ramji\n L. Amar Singh\n Ladha Ramji\nThey were brothers.\n\nApte\n Madhav Apte\n Arvind Apte\nThe Aptes were brothers.\n\nBinny\n Roger Binny\n Stuart Binny\nStuart is son of Roger.\n\nChahar \n\n Rahul Chahar\n Deepak Chahar\n\nRahul and Deepak Chahar are double cousins.\n\nEdulji\n Diana Edulji\n Behroze Edulji\nDiana and Behroze are sisters.\n\nGaekwad\n Datta Gaekwad\n Anshuman Gaekwad\nShatrunjay Gaekwad\nShatrunjay is the son of Anshuman, who is the son of Datta", "Gavaskar\n Sunil Gavaskar\n Rohan Gavaskar\n Madhav Mantri\n Gundappa Viswanath\nSunil Gavaskar is Rohan's father and Mantri's nephew. Viswanath is married to Sunil Gavaskar's sister Kavita.\n\nGhulam Ahmed/Asif Iqbal\n Ghulam Ahmed\n Asif Iqbal\nGhulam Ahmed was the uncle of the Asif who represented Pakistan in Test cricket.\n\nGupte\n Subhash Gupte\n Baloo Gupte\nSubhash was the elder brother of Baloo.\n\nKanitkar\nHemant Kanitkar\nHrishikesh Kanitkar\nHrishikesh is the son of Hemant.", "Kanitkar\nHemant Kanitkar\nHrishikesh Kanitkar\nHrishikesh is the son of Hemant.\n\nKarthik/Itticheria\n Susan Itticheria\n Dinesh Karthik\nSusan Itticheria played Tests and ODI for Indian Women's Team. Her daughter Dipika Pallikal Karthik an Indian squash champion is married to Dinesh Karthik.\n\nKhan/Jilani\n Jahangir Khan\n Baqa Jilani\nThey were brothers in law. See also #Burki/Khan/Niazi.\n\nKirmani/Abid Ali\n Syed Kirmani\n Syed Abid Ali\nKirmani's daughter married Abid Ali's son in 2002, but he died in 2008.", "Kripal/Milkha\n A. G. Kripal Singh\n A. G. Milkha Singh\nThey were brothers.\n\nManjrekar\n Vijay Manjrekar\n Sanjay Manjrekar\n Dattaram Hindlekar\nVijay Manjrekar was the father of Sanjay and the nephew of Hindlekar.\n\nMankad\n Vinoo Mankad\n Ashok Mankad\n\nVinoo was the father of Ashok. Rahul Mankad, another son of Vinoo, was a first-class cricketer.\n\nMenon \n\n Narendra Menon\n Nitin Menon\n\nNarendra is the father of Nitin. Both are umpires.\n\nNayudu\n C. K. Nayudu\n C. S. Nayudu\nC.K. was the elder brother of C.S.", "Nayudu\n C. K. Nayudu\n C. S. Nayudu\nC.K. was the elder brother of C.S.\n\nPandya\n Krunal Pandya\n Hardik Pandya\nKrunal is the elder brother of Hardik.\n\nPataudi\nIftikhar Ali Khan, Nawab of Pataudi, senior (captain)\nMansur Ali Khan, Nawab of Pataudi, junior (captain)\nIftikhar was Mansur's father. Iftikhar played three Tests for England, before captaining the Indian team that toured England in 1946.\n\nPathan\nIrfan Pathan\nYusuf Pathan\nIrfan and Yusuf are half-brothers. Yusuf is elder to Irfan.", "Pathan\nIrfan Pathan\nYusuf Pathan\nIrfan and Yusuf are half-brothers. Yusuf is elder to Irfan.\n\nRoy\n Pankaj Roy\n Pranab Roy\n Ambar Roy\nPankaj was the father of Pranab and the uncle of Ambar\n\nRathour/Kapoor\n Vikram Rathour\n Aashish Kapoor\nBrothers in law\n\nSharma\n Yashpal Sharma\n Chetan Sharma\nYashpal is the uncle of Chetan.\n\nSingh\n Yuvraj Singh\n Yograj Singh\nYograj Singh is the father of Yuvraj.", "Singh\n Yuvraj Singh\n Yograj Singh\nYograj Singh is the father of Yuvraj.\n\nTendulkar\n Sachin Tendulkar\n Arjun Tendulkar\nArjun Tendulkar, son of Sachin Tendulkar, is a first-class cricketer.\n\nIreland\n\nAdair\nMark Adair\nRoss Adair\nMark and Ross are brothers.\n\nDelany\nLaura Delany (captain)\nGareth Delany\nDavid Delany\n\nLaura and Gareth are siblings. David is their cousin.\n\nGarth \n Anne-Marie Garth\n Kim Garth", "Laura and Gareth are siblings. David is their cousin.\n\nGarth \n Anne-Marie Garth\n Kim Garth\n\nAnne-Marie is the mother of Kim. Her husband Jonathan Garth has played for Ireland at first-class and List-A level, whose son with the same name Jonathan Garth has also played domestic cricket.", "Joyce/Anderson\nDominick Joyce\nEd Joyce\nCecelia Joyce (captain)\nIsobel Joyce (captain)\nJohn Anderson\nAll are siblings who have played Test and/or ODI cricket in the Irish men's and women's cricket teams. Dominick and Ed made their debuts for opposite teams, Ireland and England respectively. Another brother, Gus, played first-class cricket for Ireland. Isobel and Cecelia are twin sisters. Isobel married John, who played international cricket for Ireland.\n\nKenealy \n\n Amy Kenealy\n Suzanne Kenealy", "Kenealy \n\n Amy Kenealy\n Suzanne Kenealy\n\nAmy and Suzanne are sisters.\n\nLewis \n\n Gaby Lewis\n Robyn Lewis\n\nGaby and Robyn are sisters. Their father Alan and grandfather Ian have also played first-class cricket for Ireland.\n\nLittle\nJosh Little\nHannah Little\nLouise Little\nHannah and Louise are the sisters of Josh.\n\nMcCarthy \n\n Barry McCarthy\n Louise McCarthy\n\nLouise is the sister of Barry.\n\nMooney\nJohn Mooney\nPaul Mooney\nJohn and Paul are brothers", "Louise is the sister of Barry.\n\nMooney\nJohn Mooney\nPaul Mooney\nJohn and Paul are brothers\n\nO'Brien\nKevin O'Brien (captain)\nNiall O'Brien\nKevin and Niall are brothers and played together in the 2007, 2011 and 2015 Cricket World Cups.\n\nPoynter\nAndrew Poynter\nStuart Poynter\nAndrew and Stuart are brothers\n\nRankin \n\n Boyd Rankin\n David Rankin\n\nBoyd and David are brothers. Boyd has also played international cricket for England.\n\nItaly\n\nManenti \n\n Ben Manenti\n Harry John Manenti\n\nBen and Harry are brothers.", "Italy\n\nManenti \n\n Ben Manenti\n Harry John Manenti\n\nBen and Harry are brothers.\n\nJersey\n\nTribe \n\n Asa Tribe\n Zak Tribe\n\nAsa and Zak are brothers.\n\nKenya\n\nKarim \n\n Aasif Karim\n Irfan Karim\n\nAasif is the father of Irfan.\n\nModi \n\n Subhash Modi\n Hitesh Modi\n\nHitesh who is an umpire, is the father of Subhash.\n\nOdhiambo/Odoyo\nThomas Odoyo\nNelson Odhiambo\n\nThomas Odoyo is the uncle of Nelson Odhiambo", "Odhiambo/Odoyo\nThomas Odoyo\nNelson Odhiambo\n\nThomas Odoyo is the uncle of Nelson Odhiambo\n\nOdhiambo/Onyango/Ngoche\nNehemiah Odhiambo\nLameck Onyango\nJames Ngoche\nShem Ngoche\nNehemiah, Lameck, James and Shem are brothers. Their sisters Margaret Banja and Mary Bele have also represented Kenya.\n\nObuya/Otieno\nCollins Obuya\nDavid Obuya\nKennedy Otieno\nAll three are brothers.\n\nOdumbe\nEdward Odumbe\nMaurice Odumbe\nEdward and Maurice are brothers.\n\nSuji\nTony Suji\nMartin Suji\nTony and Martin are brothers.", "Suji\nTony Suji\nMartin Suji\nTony and Martin are brothers.\n\nTikolo\nDavid Tikolo\nSteve Tikolo\nTom Tikolo, elder brother of David and Steve, played first-class cricket for Kenya.\n\nLuxembourg\n\nBarker\n James Barker\n Timothy Barker\n\nJames and Timothy are twin brothers.\n\nMalaysia\n\nAzmi \n\n Sasha Azmi\n Zumika Azmi\n\nSasha and Zumika are sisters.\n\nSingh \nPavandeep Singh\n Virandeep Singh\n\nPavandeep and Virandeep are brothers.\n\nNamibia", "Singh \nPavandeep Singh\n Virandeep Singh\n\nPavandeep and Virandeep are brothers.\n\nNamibia\n\nBurger\nLouis Burger\nSarel Burger\nBrothers. (Unrelated to Jan-Berrie Burger, despite the name.)\n\nKotze\nBjorn Kotze\nDeon Kotze\nBjorn and Deon are brothers\n\nGreen \nZane Edward Green\n\nKayleen Ann Green\n\nZane & Kayleen are brother and sister\n\nNepal\n\nSheikh \n\n Aarif Sheikh\n Aasif Sheikh\n\nAarif and Aasif are brothers.\n\nNetherlands\n\nAhmad\n Musa Ahmad\n Shariz Ahmad\nMusa and Shariz are brothers.", "Netherlands\n\nAhmad\n Musa Ahmad\n Shariz Ahmad\nMusa and Shariz are brothers.\n\nCooper\nTom Cooper\nBen Cooper\nTom and Ben are brothers.\n\nde Leede \n Bas de Leede\n Tim de Leede\n Babette de Leede\n Frans de Leede\nBas is the son of Tim and a cousin of Babette. Frans, the father of Tim, had umpired in Women's ODIs.\n\nJonkman\nMark Jonkman\nMaurits Jonkman\nMark and Maurits are identical twins.\n\nMol\nGeert-Maarten Mol\nHendrik-Jan Mol\nGeert and Hendrik are brothers.\n\nRambaldo \n Caroline Rambaldo\n Helmien Rambaldo", "Rambaldo \n Caroline Rambaldo\n Helmien Rambaldo\n\nCaroline and Helmien are sisters.\n\nSeigers \n Heather Siegers (captain)\n Silver Siegers\n\nHeather and Silver are sisters.\n\nvan Oosterom \n\n Robert van Oosterom\n Robyn van Oosterom\n\nRobyn is the daughter of Robert.\n\nZulfiqar\nSikander Zulfiqar\nSaqib Zulfiqar\nSikandar and Saqib are brothers. One more brother Asad played List-A cricket for Netherlands. In 2017, they became the first ever triplets to appear in the same professional match.\n\nZwilling", "Zwilling \n\n Iris Zwilling\n Mikkie Zwilling\n\nIris and Mikkie are sisters.\n\nNew Zealand\n\nAnderson\nRobert Anderson\nMac Anderson\nWilliam \"Mac\" Anderson was Robert's father.\n\nAstle/McMillan\nLisa Astle\nNathan Astle\nCraig McMillan\nNathan is married to the sister of Craig's wife. Lisa is Nathan's sister.\n\nNB: Todd Astle is unrelated.\n\nBailey/Hatcher\nDot Bailey\nJoan Hatcher\nDot and Joan are sisters.", "NB: Todd Astle is unrelated.\n\nBailey/Hatcher\nDot Bailey\nJoan Hatcher\nDot and Joan are sisters.\n\nBracewell\nBrendon Bracewell\nJohn Bracewell\nDoug Bracewell\nMichael Bracewell\nBrendon and John Bracewell are brothers. Doug Bracewell is the son of Brendon Bracewell. Doug's cousin (Brendan and John's nephew) Michael also played for New Zealand.\n\nBradburn\nWynne Bradburn\nGrant Bradburn\nGrant was the son of Wynne.\n\nBurgess \n\n Mark Burgess\n Gordon Burgess", "Burgess \n\n Mark Burgess\n Gordon Burgess\n\nMark played for New Zealand while his father Gordon was a President of New Zealand Cricket Council.\n\nBrownlee\nDelwyn Brownlee\nLeonie Brownlee\nDelwyn and Leonie are sisters. While Delwyn played, Leonie was an umpire in women's international cricket.\n\nBuck/Ell\nHilda Buck\nAgnes Ell\nHilda and Agnes are sisters in law.\n\nCairns\nLance Cairns\nChris Cairns\nChris is the son of Lance.", "Cairns\nLance Cairns\nChris Cairns\nChris is the son of Lance.\n\nCave\nHarry Cave\nKenneth Cave\nHarry is the nephew of Kenneth. While Harry played Tests, Kenneth was a Test umpire.\n\nCleaver/Williamson\n Dane Cleaver\n Kane Williamson\nDane is the cousin of Kane.\n\nCrowe\nJeff Crowe\nMartin Crowe (Captain)\nJeff and Martin are brothers, sons of first-class cricketer Dave Crowe\n\nFranklin/Coulston\nJames Franklin\nJean Coulston\nJean is the aunt of James.", "Franklin/Coulston\nJames Franklin\nJean Coulston\nJean is the aunt of James.\n\nHadlee\nWalter Hadlee\nBarry Hadlee\nDayle Hadlee\nRichard Hadlee\nKaren Hadlee\nWalter is the father of brothers Barry, Dayle and Richard. Karen, who played in one One-day International for the New Zealand women's cricket team against England in 1977-78 was married to Richard.\n\nHarris\nZin Harris\nChris Harris\nParke \"Zin\" Harris is the father of Chris Harris. Chris's brother Ben also played domestic cricket for Canterbury.", "Hart\nMatthew Hart\nRobbie Hart\nMatthew is the older brother of Robbie.\n\nHorne\nMatthew Horne\nPhil Horne\nMatt and Phil Horne are brothers.\n\nHowarth\nGeoffrey Howarth\nHedley Howarth\nGeoff and Hedley Howarth are brothers.\n\nKuggeleijn\nChris Kuggeleijn\nScott Kuggeleijn\nChris is the father of Scott.\n\nLatham\nRod Latham\nTom Latham\nTom is the son of Rod.\n\nLeggat\nGordon Leggat\nIan Leggat\nGordon and Ian are cousins.\n\nMarshall\nHamish Marshall\nJames Marshall\nHamish and James are identical twins.", "Marshall\nHamish Marshall\nJames Marshall\nHamish and James are identical twins.\n\nMcCullum\nBrendon McCullum\nNathan McCullum\nNathan is the older brother of Brendon. Their father Stu played domestic cricket\n\nMcGlashan\nPeter McGlashan\nSara McGlashan\nSara is the younger sister of Peter.\n\nMilburn \n\n Barry Milburn\n Rowan Milburn\n\nRowan is the daughter of Barry. She also played for the Netherlands.", "Rowan is the daughter of Barry. She also played for the Netherlands.\n\nMurray/Kerr\n Bruce Murray\n Amelia Kerr\n Jess Kerr\nBruce is the grandfather of Amelia and Jess, whose father, Robbie Kerr, played first-class cricket in New Zealand.\n\nParker\nJohn Parker\nMurray Parker\nJohn and Murray are brothers.\n\nPringle \n\n Chris Pringle\n Tim Pringle\n\nTim is the son of Chris. Tim currently plays for Netherlands.\n\nRedmond\nAaron Redmond\nRodney Redmond\nRodney is Aaron's father", "Redmond\nAaron Redmond\nRodney Redmond\nRodney is Aaron's father\n\nReid\nJohn Reid (captain)\nRichard Reid\nJohn is Richard's father.\n\nNB: John Fulton Reid is unrelated, but is the cousin of Australian Test and ODI player Bruce Reid.\n\nRutherford\nHamish Rutherford\nKen Rutherford\nKen is Hamish's father. Ken's brother Ian also played first-class cricket.", "Satterthwaite/Tahuhu\nAmy Satterthwaite\nLea Tahuhu\nAmy Satterthwaite and Lea Tahuhu have been married since March 2017. They became the first international teammates to marry and the first married couple to play together.\n\nSignal\nRose Signal\nLiz Signal\nRose and Liz are twin sisters and were the first instance of twins playing in the same Test: New Zealand women against England in 1984.", "Snedden\nColin Snedden\nMartin Snedden\nColin is Martin's uncle. Colin's father Warwick also played first-class cricket, as did Warwick and Colin's father Nessie and uncle, Cyril Snedden. Martin's son Michael has also played first-class cricket.\n\nStead \n Gary Stead\n Janice Stead\nGary is the nephew of Janice.\n\nTolchard/Twose\nRoger Tolchard\nRoger Twose\nTolchard is the nephew of Twose.", "Tolchard/Twose\nRoger Tolchard\nRoger Twose\nTolchard is the nephew of Twose.\n\nTurner \n Glenn Turner\n Alfred Turner\nAlfred is the father of Glenn. While Glenn played Tests and ODIs, Alfred stood as an umpire in Women's ODIs.\n\nVivian\nGraham Vivian\nGiff Vivian\nGiff was Graham's father.\n\nWebb\nMurray Webb\nRichard Webb\nMurray and Richard are brothers. Note: Murray Webb played only Tests; Richard played only One Day Internationals.\n\nNigeria\n\nAbdulquadri \n\n Kehinde Abdulquadri\n Taiwo Abdulquadri", "Nigeria\n\nAbdulquadri \n\n Kehinde Abdulquadri\n Taiwo Abdulquadri\n\nKehinde and Taiwo are twin sisters.\n\nOman \n\n Adnan Ilyas\n Aqib Ilyas\n\nAdnan and Aqib are brothers.\n\nPakistan\n\nAfridi\nShaheen Afridi\nRiaz Afridi\nShahid Afridi\nIrfan Afridi\nShaheen and Riaz are brothers. Shahid is the father-in-law of Shaheen. Irfan who plays for Uganda, is the nephew of Shahid.\n\nAhmed \n Saeed Ahmed\n Younis Ahmed\nSaeed and Younis are brothers.", "Ahmed \n Saeed Ahmed\n Younis Ahmed\nSaeed and Younis are brothers.\n\nAhmed/Kardar \n Abdul Hafeez Kardar\n Zulfiqar Ahmed\nAbdul and Zulfiqar are brothers in law.\n\nAhmed/Malik \n Ijaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1968)\n Saleem Malik\nIjaz and Salim are brothers-in-law.", "Ahmed/Malik \n Ijaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1968)\n Saleem Malik\nIjaz and Salim are brothers-in-law.\n\nAkmal/Azam/Qadir\nKamran Akmal\nUmar Akmal\nAdnan Akmal\nBabar Azam\nAbdul Qadir (cricketer)\nUsman Qadir\nKamran, Umar and Adnan are brothers. Kamran is the eldest and Umar the youngest. Babar Azam is their cousin. Umar is Qadir's son-in-law and Usman's brother-in-law.\n\nAli/Shafique\nArshad Ali\nAbdullah Shafique\nAbdullah is the nephew of Arshad, who played for UAE.\n\nBurki/Khan/Niazi", "Burki/Khan/Niazi\n\nImran Khan\nJaved Burki\nMajid Khan\nBazid Khan\nMisbah ul Haq\nThe first three are cousins. Baqa Jilani who was the uncle of the three, and Jahangir Khan who was the father of Majid played Test cricket for India. Bazid Khan is the son of Majid. Misbah-ul-Haq is the distant cousin of Imran Khan from the Niazi Clan\n\nDalpat/Kaneria\nAnil Dalpat\nDanish Kaneria\nAnil and Danish are cousins\n\nElahi\nManzoor Elahi\nZahoor Elahi\nSaleem Elahi\nManzoor, Zahoor and Saleem are brothers.", "Elahi\nManzoor Elahi\nZahoor Elahi\nSaleem Elahi\nManzoor, Zahoor and Saleem are brothers.\n\nFarhat\n Imran Farhat\n Humayun Farhat\nBrothers, with both playing test and one day cricket.\n\nHassan/Sajjad \n Pervez Sajjad\n Waqar Hassan\n\nPervez and Waqar are brothers.\n\nHaq\nInzamam Ul Haq\nImam Ul Haq\n\nImam is the nephew of Inzamam.\n\nImtiaz \n\n Kainat Imtiaz\n Saleema Imtiaz\n\nSaleema who is an umpire, is the mother of Kainat.\n\nIqbal/Miandad\nJaved Miandad\nFaisal Iqbal\nJaved is the uncle of Faisal.", "Iqbal/Miandad\nJaved Miandad\nFaisal Iqbal\nJaved is the uncle of Faisal.\n\nKhan\n Moin Khan\n Nadeem Khan\nAzam Khan\nMoin and Nadeem are brothers with both having represented the country in Tests and one-dayers. Azam is the son of Moin.\n\nKhan \n Shaiza Khan\n Sharmeen Khan\n\nShaiza and Sharmeen are sisters.", "Khan \n Shaiza Khan\n Sharmeen Khan\n\nShaiza and Sharmeen are sisters.\n\nMohammad\nHanif Mohammad\nMushtaq Mohammad\nSadiq Mohammad\nWazir Mohammad\nShoaib Mohammad\nHanif, Mushtaq, Sadiq and Wazir are brothers. A fifth brother Raees was once twelfth man for Pakistan. Hanif, Mushtaq and Sadiq all played against New Zealand at Karachi in 1969-70. Hanif is the father of Shoaib.", "Naeem\nNaeem Ashraf\nJasmine Naeem\nJasmine is the wife of Naeem. Naeem played international cricket for Pakistan, while Naeem is an international umpire.\n\nNazar\nNazar Mohammad\nMudassar Nazar\nNazar Mohammad is the father of Mudassar Nazar, and also of Mubashir Nazar, who played first-class cricket in Pakistan.\n\nRaja\nWasim Raja\nRameez Raja\nWasim and Rameez are brothers.\n\nRana \n\n Azmat Rana\n Mansoor Rana\n Maqsood Rana\n Shafaqat Rana\n Shakoor Rana", "Rana \n\n Azmat Rana\n Mansoor Rana\n Maqsood Rana\n Shafaqat Rana\n Shakoor Rana\n\nAzmat and Shafaqat are brothers who played international cricket. Their brother Shakoor was an umpire. Shakoor's sons Mansoor and Maqsood played ODIs for Pakistan. Sultan Rana, who was Azmat's twin brother played first-class cricket.\n\nPapua New Guinea\n\nAmini \n\n Charles Amini\n Chris Amini\n\nCharles and Chris are brothers.\n\nVala/Siaka \n\n Assad Vala\n Pauke Siaka\n\nPauke is the wife of Assad.\n\nRomania", "Vala/Siaka \n\n Assad Vala\n Pauke Siaka\n\nPauke is the wife of Assad.\n\nRomania \n\n Marian Gherasim\n Laurentiu Gherasim\n\nMarian and Laurentiu are brothers.\n\nRwanda\n\nIshimwe\n\n Henriette Ishimwe\n Gisele Ishimwe\n\nHenriette and Gisele are sisters.\n\nScotland\n\nBryce \n\n Kathryn Bryce\n Sarah Bryce\n\nKathryn and Sarah are sisters.\n\nDrummond\nAnnette Drummond\nGordon Drummond\nAbbi Aitken-Drummond", "Kathryn and Sarah are sisters.\n\nDrummond\nAnnette Drummond\nGordon Drummond\nAbbi Aitken-Drummond\n\nGordon and Annette are brother and sister. Annette played in 2003 and 2013 for Scotland's Wildcats, Gordon retired as Scotland captain in 2013. Annette and Abbi married each other.\n\nHaq/Hussain/Tahir\nOmer Hussain\nMajid Haq\nHamza Tahir\nAll three men are cousins.\n\nSole \n\n Chris Sole\n Tom Sole\n\nChris and Tom are brothers.\n\nSerbia\n\nZimonjic \n\n Nemanja Zimonjic\n Vukasin Zimonjic\n\nNemanja and Vukasin are brothers.", "Serbia\n\nZimonjic \n\n Nemanja Zimonjic\n Vukasin Zimonjic\n\nNemanja and Vukasin are brothers.\n\nSingapore\n\nBhasin \n Ada Bhasin\n Riyaa Bhasin\n\nAda and Riyaa are twin sisters.\n\nParam \n\n Anish Paraam\n Navin Param\n\nAnish and Navin are brothers.\n\nSri Lanka\n\nde Silva\nChaturanga de Silva\nWanindu Hasaranga\nChaturanga and Hasaranga are brothers\n\nde Alwis/Silva\nGuy de Alwis\nRasanjali Silva\nRasanjali is the wife of Guy. Both played test cricket.\n\nFernando \n\n Nuwanidu Fernando\n Vishwa Fernando", "Fernando \n\n Nuwanidu Fernando\n Vishwa Fernando\n\nNuwanidu and Vishwa are brothers.\n\nFernando\nHiruka Fernando\nRose Fernando\nHiruka and Rose are sisters.\n\nKaluperuma\nLalith Kaluperuma\nSanath Kaluperuma\nBoth are brothers.\n\nLabrooy \n\n Graeme Labrooy\n Wendell Labrooy\n\nGraeme and Wendell are brothers. While Graeme played international cricket, both of them served as match referee in international cricket.\n\nRanatunga\nArjuna Ranatunga\nDammika Ranatunga\nSanjeeva Ranatunga\nNishantha Ranatunga\nAll four were brothers.", "Samaraweera\nDulip Samaraweera\nThilan Samaraweera\nDulip and Thilan are brothers\n\nWarnapura\nBandula Warnapura\nMalinda Warnapura\nUpali Warnapura\nBandula is the uncle of Malinda. Malinda's father Upali officiated in Women's ODIs.\n\nWettimuny\nMithra Wettimuny\nSidath Wettimuny\nSunil Wettimuny\nAll three are brothers\n\nSouth Africa\n\nBacher\nAdam Bacher\nAli Bacher\nAdam is the nephew of Ali.\n\nBosch\nTertius Bosch\nCorbin Bosch\nEthan Bosch\nCorbin and Ethan are the sons of Tertius.", "Bosch\nTertius Bosch\nCorbin Bosch\nEthan Bosch\nCorbin and Ethan are the sons of Tertius.\n\nBlanckenberg/Ryneveld\nJimmy Blanckenberg\nClive van Ryneveld\nJimmy was the uncle of Clive.\n\nCallaghan/Kemp\nDavid Callaghan\nJustin Kemp\nDavid and Justin are cousins.\n\nCook\nJimmy Cook\nStephen Cook (cricketer)\nJimmy is Stephen's father.\n\nCox/Tuckett \n\n Joe Cox\n Len Tuckett\n Lindsay Tuckett\n\nLindsay is the son of Len and nephew of Joe.", "Cox/Tuckett \n\n Joe Cox\n Len Tuckett\n Lindsay Tuckett\n\nLindsay is the son of Len and nephew of Joe.\n\nDu Plessis/Viljoen\nFaf du Plessis\nHardus Viljoen\nFaf and Hardus are brothers in law. Hardus has married Rhemi who is Faf's sister.\n\nKapp/van Nierkirk\nMarizanne Kapp\nDane van Niekerk\nVan Niekerk and Kapp married in July 2018 In the Women's World T20 that year they became the first married couple to bat together in an ICC tournament.\n\nHands \n\n Phillip Hands\n Reginald Hands", "Hands \n\n Phillip Hands\n Reginald Hands\n\nPhillip and Reginald are brothers. Another brother Kenneth played first-class cricket.\n\nKirsten\nPeter Kirsten\nAndy Kirsten\nGary Kirsten\nPaul Kirsten\nPaul and Gary are brothers, Andy and Peter are half-brothers of Gary and Paul. Both Peter and Gary played international cricket, while Andy was the coach of Kenya national cricket team. Gary had also coached India and South Africa.\n\nLindsay \n\n Denis Lindsay\n Johnny Lindsay\n Neville Lindsay", "Lindsay \n\n Denis Lindsay\n Johnny Lindsay\n Neville Lindsay\n\nDenis is the son of Johnny, while Neville is the uncle of Johnny.\n\nMalan \n\n Janneman Malan\n Pieter Malan\n\nJanneman and Pieter are brothers. Another brother Andre played at the domestic level.\n\nMorkel\nAlbie Morkel\nMorné Morkel\nAlbie is the elder brother of Morne.\n\nNourse\nDave Nourse\nDudley Nourse\nDave was Dudley's father\n\nPithey\nTony Pithey\nDavid Pithey\nTony and David are brothers.", "Pithey\nTony Pithey\nDavid Pithey\nTony and David are brothers.\n\nPollock\nPeter Pollock\nGraeme Pollock\nShaun Pollock\nPeter and Graeme are brothers; Peter is Shaun's father.\n\nRichards \n\n Alfred Richards\n Dicky Richards\n\nAlfred and Dicky are brothers.\n\nRichardson \n\n Dave Richardson\n Michael Richardson\n\nMichael who plays for Germany, is the son of Dave.\n\nRowan \n\n Athol Rowan\n Eric Rowan\n\nAthol and Eric are brothers.\n\nSnooke \n\n Stanley Snooke\n Tip Snooke\n\nStanley and Tip are brothers.", "Athol and Eric are brothers.\n\nSnooke \n\n Stanley Snooke\n Tip Snooke\n\nStanley and Tip are brothers.\n\nTancred\nBernard Tancred\nLouis Tancred\nVincent Tancred\nAll three were brothers.\n\nTapscott\nGeorge Tapscott\nLionel Tapscott\n\nGeorge and Lionel were brothers.\n\nTaylor \n\n Dan Taylor\n Herbie Taylor\n\nDan and Herbie are brothers.\n\nWade \n\n Billy Wade\n Herby Wade\n\nBilly and Herby are brothers.\n\nUganda\n\nMukasa/Nsubuga \n\n Roger Mukasa\n Frank Nsubuga", "Billy and Herby are brothers.\n\nUganda\n\nMukasa/Nsubuga \n\n Roger Mukasa\n Frank Nsubuga\n\nRoger and Frank are brothers. Another brother Lawrence Sematimba played first-class, List-A and T20 cricket for Uganda.\n\nSsenyondo/Ssesazi \n\n Henry Ssenyondo\n Simon Ssesazi\n\nHenry and Simon are brothers.\n\nUnited Arab Emirates\n\nShahzad \n\n Shahzad Altaf\n Rameez Shahzad\n\nAltaf is the father of Rameez.\n\nUnited States of America\n\nVaghela \n Vatsal Vaghela\n Isani Vaghela\nVatsal and Isani are siblings.\n\nVanuatu", "Vaghela \n Vatsal Vaghela\n Isani Vaghela\nVatsal and Isani are siblings.\n\nVanuatu\n\nMansale/Matautaava \n\n Andrew Mansale\n Patrick Matautaava\n\nAndrew and Patrick are cousins.\n\nWest Indies\n\nAtkinson \n Denis Atkinson\n Eric Atkinson\n\nDenis and Eric are brothers.\n\nBest \n\n Carlisle Best\n Tino Best\n\nCarlisle is the uncle of Tino.\n\nBravo/Lara\nDarren Bravo\nDwayne Bravo\nBrian Lara\nDarren and Dwayne are half-brothers. Brian is uncle of Darren.", "Browne/Browne-John\nBeverly Browne\nLouise Browne\nAnne Browne-John\nAll three are sisters who played for the West Indian women's cricket team.\n\nCameron\nJohn Cameron\nJimmy Cameron\nJimmy is the younger brother of John\n\nChanderpaul\nShivnarine Chanderpaul\nTagenarine Chanderpaul\nTagenarine is son of Shivnarine\n\nCroft/Hunte\nColin Croft\nConrad Hunte\nColin Croft's father was a cousin of Conrad Hunte, Colin played for Guyana whilst Conrad played for Barbados, both played for the West Indies.", "Collins/Edwards\nPedro Collins\nFidel Edwards\nFidel and Pedro are half-brothers.\n\nDottin/Gibson \n\n Deandra Dottin\n Ottis Gibson\n\nDeandra and Ottis are cousins.\n\nGibbs/Lloyd\nLance Gibbs\nClive Lloyd\nGibbs and Lloyd are cousins.\n\nGrant\n Jackie Grant\n Rolph Grant\nBoth brothers captained the West Indies side.\n\nDavis \n\n Bryan Davis\n Charlie Davis\n\nBryan and Charlie are brothers.\n\nDrakes \n Dominic Drakes\n Vasbert Drakes\nDominic is the son of Vasbert.\n\nGuillen/van Beek \n\n Sammy Guillen\n Logan van Beek", "Guillen/van Beek \n\n Sammy Guillen\n Logan van Beek\n\nLogan is the grandson of Sammy. Apart from West Indies, Sammy has also represented New Zealand in international cricket. Logan is currently a Netherlands international cricketer.\n\nHeadley\nGeorge Headley\nRon Headley\nGeorge was Ron's father. Ron's son (and George's grandson), Dean Headley, played Test cricket for England.\n\nHolford/Sobers\nDavid Holford\nSir Garfield Sobers\nBoth are cousins.\n\nHope \n\n Kyle Hope\n Shai Hope\n\nKyle and Shai are brothers.", "Hope \n\n Kyle Hope\n Shai Hope\n\nKyle and Shai are brothers.\n\nKallicharan/Nagamootoo\nAlvin Kallicharan\nMahendra Nagamootoo\nAlvin is Mahendra's uncle. Both played for the West Indies and Guyana. Alvin's brother Derek also played for Guyana as did Mahendra's brother Vishal.\n\nKanhai/Nagamootoo\nRohan Kanhai\nMahendra Nagamootoo\nRohan is Mahendra's uncle. Both played for the West Indies and Guyana.\n\nKnight \n Kycia Knight\n Kyshona Knight\nKycia and Kyshona are twin sisters.", "Knight \n Kycia Knight\n Kyshona Knight\nKycia and Kyshona are twin sisters.\n\nMarshall \n Norman Marshall\n Roy Marshall\nNorman and Roy are brothers.\n\nMurray/Weekes\nDavid Murray\nSir Everton Weekes\nDavid is Everton's son. Both played for the West Indies and Barbados. David's son Ricky Hoyte also played for Barbados\n\nReifer\nRaymon Reifer\nFloyd Reifer\nLeslie Reifer\nAll of them are cousins. While Raymon and Floyd played international cricket, Leslie was an umpire.", "Samuels\nMarlon Samuels\nRobert Samuels\nRobert is the older brother of Marlon\n\nScott \n Alfred Scott\n Tommy Scott\n\nAfred is the son of Tommy.\n\nShillingford\n Grayson Shillingford \n Irvine Shillingford \n Shane Shillingford \nGrayson and Irvine were cousins while Shane is related to both. All three played tests for West Indies while Irvine also played ODIs.\n\nSimmons \n Lendl Simmons\n Phil Simmons\nPhil is Lendl's uncle.\n\nSt Hill \n Edwin St Hill\n Wilton St Hill\nEdwin and Wilton are brothers.", "St Hill \n Edwin St Hill\n Wilton St Hill\nEdwin and Wilton are brothers.\n\nStollmeyer\nJeffrey Stollmeyer\nVictor Stollmeyer\nThe Stollmeyer brothers played cricket for the West Indies and Trinidad and Tobago.\n\nWalcott\nClyde Walcott\nKeith Walcott\nWhile Clylde played for West Indies, Keith was a selector and assistant manager of the West Indies cricket team.\n\nZimbabwe\n\nCurran\n Kevin Curran\n Tom Curran\n Ben Curran\n Sam Curran\nTom, Ben, and Sam are the sons of Kevin, and represent England in international cricket.", "Ebrahim \n\n Dion Ebrahim\n Kate Ebrahim\n\nKate is the wife of Dion, who played for New Zealand in international cricket.\n\nErvine \nSean Ervine\nCraig Ervine\nSean and Craig are brothers.\n\nEvans \n\n Brad Evans\n Craig Evans\n\nCraig is the father of Brad.\n\nFlower\nGrant Flower\nAndy Flower (captain)\nGrant and Andy are brothers.\n\nJarvis\nMalcolm Jarvis\nKyle Jarvis\nMalcolm is the father of Kyle.\n\nKaia \n\n Innocent Kaia\n Roy Kaia", "Jarvis\nMalcolm Jarvis\nKyle Jarvis\nMalcolm is the father of Kyle.\n\nKaia \n\n Innocent Kaia\n Roy Kaia\n\nInnocent and Roy are brothers. Knowledge Kaia, who is eldest of the three, played first class cricket in Zimbabwe.\n\nMasakadza\nHamilton Masakadza\nShingirai Masakadza\nWellington Masakadza\nHamilton and Shingirai are both older brothers to Wellington\n\nRennie\nGavin Rennie\nJohn Rennie\nGavin and John are brothers.\n\nStrang\nBryan Strang\nPaul Strang\nBryan and Paul are brothers.", "Strang\nBryan Strang\nPaul Strang\nBryan and Paul are brothers.\n\nNote: All three pairs of Flowers, Rennies and Strangs played in a Test against New Zealand at Harare in September 1997.\n\nStreak\nHeath Streak\nDenis Streak\nHeath is the son of Denis. While Heath played for Zimbabwe, Denis was a national selector. Denis had played for the national team before they were awarded Test status.\n\nTiripano\nDonald Tiripano\nChipo Mugeri-Tiripano\nChipo is the wife of Donald.", "Tiripano\nDonald Tiripano\nChipo Mugeri-Tiripano\nChipo is the wife of Donald.\n\nWaller\nAndy Waller\nMalcolm Waller\nAndy is the father of Malcolm.\n\nWhittall\nAndrew Whittall\nGuy Whittall\nAndrew and Guy are cousins.\n\nSee also \n List of professional sports families\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCricinfo: Related Test Players\nGajab Chij: Cricketers who have most beautiful wives \n\nFamilies\nFamilies\nFamilies\nCricket-related lists\n \ncricket" ]

[ "@dril is a pseudonymous Twitter user best known for his idiosyncratic style of absurdist humor and non sequiturs. The account and the character associated with the tweets are all commonly referred to as dril (the account's identifier on Twitter) or wint (the account's intermittent display name), both rendered lowercase but often capitalized by others. Since his first tweet in 2008, dril has become a popular and influential Twitter user with more than 1.8 million followers.", "Dril is one of the most notable accounts associated with \"Weird Twitter\", a subculture on the site that shares a surreal, ironic sense of humor. The character associated with dril is highly distinctive, often described as a bizarre reflection of a typical male American Internet user. Other social media users have repurposed dril's tweets for humorous or satiric effect in a variety of political and cultural contexts. Many of dril's tweets, phrases, and tropes have become familiar parts of Internet slang.", "The few available details about his life fueled speculation about his identity, though a large contingent of his fanbase insisted that others respect his choice to maintain his privacy. In 2017, following a doxing incident, a piece from New York suggested the author's identity. Dril was identified as Paul Dochney (born 1987). Dochney typically responded to press inquiries \"in-character\"", ". Dochney typically responded to press inquiries \"in-character\". Dochney confirmed his identity on several occasions thereafter, and in 2023 he participated in his first interview under his own name at The Ringer.", "Beyond tweeting, Dochney funds his work through Patreon, has created animated short films and contributed illustrations and writing to other artists' collaborative projects. His first book, Dril Official \"Mr. Ten Years\" Anniversary Collection (2018), is a compilation of the account's \"greatest hits\" alongside new illustrations. In 2019 he announced the launch of a streaming web series called Truthpoint: Darkweb Rising, an InfoWars parody co-created with comedian Derek Estevez-Olsen for Adult Swim", ". Writers have praised dril for his originality and humor; for example, poet Patricia Lockwood said of him: \"he is a master of tone, he is a master of character\".", "Biography", "Dochney was born in June 1987. He grew up in New Jersey, raised by working-class parents: his father worked as a manager at FedEx while his mother, a homemaker, sought out odd jobs for additional income. He graduated from Haddonfield Memorial High School. After dropping out of college on his first attempt, he restarted at Wilmington University in Delaware and attained a BA in media design (i.e., graphic and web design). He moved to Philadelphia in the late 2010s", ".e., graphic and web design). He moved to Philadelphia in the late 2010s. By the early 2020s, Dochney resided in Greater Los Angeles.", "Dochney was an avid Internet user from early childhood. By the 2000s, he was posting at the Something Awful forums under the name \"gigantic drill\". He spent most of his time posting artwork to the site's \"Fuck You and Die\" (FYAD) forum. According to David Thorpe, a former Something Awful admin, gigantic drill was known as \"just a guy who was posting funny stuff on there\", but never one of the site's featured front page writers", ". Dril joined Twitter about two years after its launch, adopting the handle \"@dril\" because the correctly spelled \"@drill\" had already been taken. Dril sent his first tweet, the single word \"no\", on September 15, 2008.", "Later, when reflecting on the state of Twitter at the time of his first tweet, dril said \"everyone was just posting bullshit like, 'Oh, this is what I had for lunch.' It was just, like, tech guys posting inane details about their lives. I posted 'no' because I didn't care for it at the time. I still really don't care for it.\" The @dril account then remained silent on Twitter for nine months before his second tweet—\"how do i get cowboy paint off a dog.\"—and has posted regularly in the years since.", "Identity", "Dochney initially maintained anonymity, and for many years little was known about the author behind the @dril account. When asked about the account's longtime anonymity during a private Q&A in 2017, he responded \"i am an almost 30 year old man and i could not really care less about the Authenticity of the platform i use to convey dick jokes.\" Jacob Bakkila, one of the writers behind the @Horse_ebooks Twitter account, hinted in 2013 that the person behind dril had once hired him for a project", ". Bakkila told BuzzFeed that dril's author was a graphic designer living somewhere in the New York metropolitan tri-state area. BuzzFeeds John Herrman and Katie Notopoulos speculated that the account might be a collaborative project or that Bakkila himself was behind it. Bakkila denied the rumor that he was dril, adding that dril was \"a friend\" who had contributed to the @Horse_ebooks sequel, Bear Stearns Bravo.", "On November 16, 2017, a Tumblr post identifying dril's author as Paul Dochney went viral. Other posts identifying Dochney existed as early as 2014 on Tumblr, Twitter, and Reddit, but these earlier posts had not gone viral or been publicized in the media", ". The 2017 post unmasked dril through \"informed guesswork\" founded on other clues, including a LinkedIn page associated with Bear Stearns Bravo and a writing credit on Hiveswap, an adventure game set in the universe of Andrew Hussie's long-running webcomic Homestuck.", "The Tumblr post was described by the press as a \"doxing\": an unwelcome broadcasting of private personal information online. The post was met with backlash and dismay among Twitter users, many of whom voiced a preference for keeping dril's personal identity a mystery and preserving the author's privacy. According to Jozefien Wouters, writing for the Belgian news magazine Knack:", "Dril addressed the doxing on his Patreon page, writing \"everything's normal. i guess im 'doxxed' now. sorry. it's fine. i really give a shit.\" In a Reddit \"ask us anything\" interview, dril confirmed that he had worked on Hiveswap", ".\" In a Reddit \"ask us anything\" interview, dril confirmed that he had worked on Hiveswap. He said the personal impact of the doxing had been minimal, adding that people had been \"surprisingly normal\" and he had no \"sordid past\" to hide, but also described being outed as \"my Cross to bear\" and said \"theres nothing scandalous enough there to make it worth publicizing and looking like an ass hole while doing so.\"", "In August 2018, the Twitter account announced that dril was transferring the publishing rights of his tweets to Paul Dochney, whom he called his \"Agent And Master\", for the purpose of publishing his first book. Some reporters subsequently identified dril as Dochney. In a 2020 Reddit AMA, dril commented, \"i doxxed myself so amazon would give me permission to publish my other book last year. im some guy named paul dochney who cares big whoop", ". im some guy named paul dochney who cares big whoop.\" Dochney gave his first fully \"out-of-character\" interview under his own name in April 2023, when he was profiled at The Ringer. The latter interview solidified his intent to be publicly identified under his personal name.", "Character and writing style", "Dochney writes dril tweets in character, using an avatar of a blurry image of Jack Nicholson smiling and wearing sunglasses. Although there is no consistent narrative, the \"voice\" or \"character\" is considered highly distinctive. Writer Alexander McDonough called dril a \"grinning Jack Nicholson with severe persecution and self-esteem issues, poor physical health, and a bizarre love/hate relationship with cops.\" Bijan Stephen at The Verge likened dril to an online version of the \"wise fool\" stock character.", "Critics have described dril's voice as an amalgamation of ordinary Internet users, most of all those who are arrogant, obsessive, ignorant, or hapless. Professor of English literature Roger Bellin describes the character of dril as \"generally a recognizable type: a self-important buffoon who's often raging out (show yourself, coward), or other times preening (buddy, they won't even let me), over some bit of nonsense that we're all meant to realize is absurdly unimportant", ".\" Vice reviewer Rachel Pick describes dril as \"a bumbling, maladapted fool ... a pudgy, oily man, frequently in a state of undress, who doesn't go through life as much as he is spilled across it.\" According to The A.V. Clubs Clayton Purdom, dril is a sort of patron saint of Internet users, or \"your uncle's search history come to life and filtered through a scabrous comic sensibility, and ... possibly the most popular, beloved man on the entire internet (after, maybe, The Rock)", "... possibly the most popular, beloved man on the entire internet (after, maybe, The Rock).\" Will Shaw of The Oxford Student noted the familiarity of dril's \"naive appeals to moderation\" and \"flame war posturing\", and said dril the character \"is the internet's collective id, given form\", while the writer behind @dril is \"the internet equivalent of the Beowulf-poet; we may never know who he really is, but we recognise when he is being channelled", ".\" Christine Erickson at Mashable said dril's character was like \"a spambot equivalent to the kind of crazy that Clint Eastwood portrays\". At Kotaku, Gita Jackson called dril a \"joke account that also inadvertently catalogues ... every way to be mad online\".", "In a lecture given at the University of Pennsylvania, American poet Patricia Lockwood described dril as a literary alter ego of Twitter users and the Internet in general. Comparing the account's persona to Ignatius J. Reilly, the protagonist of John Kennedy Toole's novel A Confederacy of Dunces (1980), Lockwood cited dril as an example of new possibilities in first-person narrative that could be explored online. Lockwood said of dril:", "Dril's tweets are, in the words of Jordan Sargent at Gawker, a series of \"quietly seething and unhinged avant-garde scribblings\". His tweets are deliberately peppered with odd typos like misspelled words, grammatical mistakes, punctuation errors, and eggcorns. Yohann Koshy in Vice said dril's writing \"reads like obscene nonsense verse—the syntax mutilated, the humour irredeemable\". In the preface to his first book, dril called his writing style \"Prestige Short Prose\"", ". In the preface to his first book, dril called his writing style \"Prestige Short Prose\". Pick suggested that the phrase was likely \"meant to make fun of the snobby lit theory types who want to make Dril out to be some highbrow art project\", but she concluded it was an apt term to describe dril's style of \"part art form, part jokes to read on the toilet\". Pick also compared dril's writing to the surreal one-liner jokes of Jack Handey and the flash fiction short story \"For sale: baby shoes, never worn\"", ". Jonah Engel Bromwich, in The New York Times, said dril was a major influence on the spread of dialogue, written in the same method as screenwriting, as a comedic writing style on Twitter.", "Dril has been identified as one of the \"most revered\" and \"quintessential\" accounts associated with the \"Weird Twitter\" scene, a loose subculture of associated users who share a surreal, ironic, subversive sense of humor. dril was one of many Weird Twitter personalities who migrated to Twitter from Something Awful's FYAD board and carried over the forum's in-jokes and tone. Like others on Weird Twitter, dril's tweets have been described as having a dadaist sensibility", ". Like others on Weird Twitter, dril's tweets have been described as having a dadaist sensibility. Writing for Complex, Brenden Gallagher compared dril to a musician who refuses to sell out or an auteurist indie filmmaker, as Twitter's version of \"the enigmatic figure that even [an art form's] best known practitioners look to with reverence\". Sean T", ". Sean T. Collins described dril's humor as a \"blend of fist-on-the-table bluster, abject confusion and burned-toast syntax\", noting the influence of surreal humor found in Monty Python (especially the sketches from their show Monty Python's Flying Circus and Terry Gilliam's animations) and Adult Swim shows like Space Ghost Coast to Coast and Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! Collins called dril's tweets \"a new way to be funny, with a rhythm and vocabulary all their own. I love it.\"", "Motivation and satirical elements \nMost of dril's writing is understood to be absurd, surreal, ironic, or nonsensical. An article about dril in The Oxford Student singled out this 2011 dril tweet as the account's guiding \"manifesto\":\n\nProviding an ostensibly out-of-character statement to BuzzFeed for an oral history on \"Weird Twitter\" in 2013, dril commented on the nature of his work and motivation:\n\n \nIn a 2017 Reddit AMA, he commented:", "Dan Hitchens at Christian journal First Things noted, in an article about the use of irony on social media, that \"[m]uch of the art of Twitter consists in appearing to put forward a position while giving the impression that you might be kidding\", citing American author David Foster Wallace's warnings about the pervasiveness of irony in modern culture", ". According to Hitchens, dril is the \"cult account that towers above the rest\" in his mastery of irony, and dril's \"inspired errors in spelling, logic, and decorum can only be produced by a clever creator, but the creator never lets the mask slip. Half the joke is our joint awareness of @dril's lack of self-awareness.\"", "Although dril's content is typically absurd or nonsensical, some have noted an undercurrent of satire or social commentary in dril's tweets. Surveying Weird Twitter for Complex, Gallagher commented that dril's \"vicious satire of conservatives, gamers, conspiracy theorists, and other less savory aspects of the Internet is always on point, always hilarious, always in character", ".\" Fellow Weird Twitter user @rare_basement said dril's \"trolling [of] Penn State fans during the molestation scandal was so brilliant, always on the right side of the issue, but super funny and subtle about it.\" Although dril does not avow an explicit political identity, the account's politics are generally identified as leftist, an alignment common among Weird Twitter users", ". However, the abstraction and vagueness of dril's tweets have allowed them to be spread and repurposed by people of varying ideologies across the political spectrum. Celebrities, journalists, and former members of both Republican and Democratic presidential administrations follow dril, and even the far-right Breitbart News has quoted dril on its Twitter feed.", "Influence\n\nImpact on Internet slang", "References to dril's tweets have become part of the vernacular of Internet slang. Some of dril's distinctive phrases have become so ubiquitous that they are used even by those who are unaware of the phrases' origin. Although dril's biggest influence is on Twitter, his tweets are also popular on other social media platforms—for example, meme-aggregating groups on Facebook commonly share his content, and several Tumblr users and trends have referenced and been influenced by dril", ". There was a Know Your Meme guide to dril in 2014, at a time when KYM pages for individual Twitter users were comparatively rare.", "A common piece of conventional wisdom on Twitter holds that it is possible to find a dril Tweet that corresponds to virtually any situation or statement, leading to the saying \"There's always a dril Tweet.\" As an example, the dril Tweet below has been widely referenced after a person apologizes for making a dramatically offensive and obviously incorrect statement:", "As described by Purdom, finding the dril tweet that matches an event or statement has become an online parlor game, made possible because dril had \"rendered a tightly written comedic exaggeration of every daily outrage and conflict from the news cycle in which we find ourselves trapped.\" Purdom also found that dril's early preoccupations and sensibility had an outsized, \"Velvet Underground-like influence on the tenor of the internet to come", ".\" By the end of 2017, the staff of Deadspin declared that \"comparing everything to @dril\" was a trend that \"should die\" in 2018, asserting that dril himself remained funny but dril comparisons had become an overused, lazy trope, because too many Twitter users were relying on dril references \"as a substitute for an actual joke", ".\" Until 2021, dril's first tweet, \"no\", was used by dril as his \"pinned tweet\", a feature of Twitter that allows one tweet the user considers to be particularly important to be \"pinned\" out of chronological order at the top of a Twitter feed. Despite, or because of, its lack of context, it has amassed thousands of likes and retweets", ". Despite, or because of, its lack of context, it has amassed thousands of likes and retweets. According to Will Oremus at Slate, the popularity of the \"no\" tweet is an example of how \"The metadata is the message\" on social media, as metrics like retweets provide important context and carry independent meaning, akin to a laugh track on TV.", "Satirical recontextualization", "Other social media users frequently quote, recontextualize, or remix dril tweets for their own satirical purposes, and some accounts are even exclusively dedicated to this purpose. One such account, @EveryoneIsDril, shares screenshots of tweets by other people that look like dril's typing mannerisms. Another, \"wint MP\" or @parliawint, attaches dril tweets styled like teletext closed captions to images from BBC News of British politicians and journalists speaking", ". Although seemingly niche, the wint MP account garnered 14,000 followers by May 2017", ". Tom dissonance, the creator of wint MP, attributed the account's success to its functioning as a joke on multiple levels, and for multiple audiences: \"there are people who get the in-jokey references; there's a broader level of people who get politics and dril, and understand the significance of one commenting on another; and beyond that there are people who just appreciate an official figure in a suit saying something ridiculous. It's an onion of silliness", ". It's an onion of silliness.\" Koshy commented that wint MP \"stands out from traditional forms of satire because it has no normative force. It recommends nothing about the way things should be. The political field it presents is slack-jawed, demented, putrid and amoral – there is no value beyond the scope of its image.\"", "Not all satirical riffing on dril is political in nature; for example, the account @drilmagic attracted thousands of followers presenting mashups of dril tweets and cards from the game Magic: The Gathering. Ben Wilinofsky, a card player who contributed to @drilmagic, said the account and its format became a success because \"Magic has a very self-serious lore that is great foil for an account that so often has the self-serious in its crosshairs", ".\" Several attempts have been made to create AI text generators (often manually curated) that create messages in the style of dril tweets.", "Comparisons to Donald Trump", "There are several people whose voices on social media are often compared to dril's—the musician and actor Ice-T is one—but Donald Trump is likely the most common comparison. Commentators have frequently compared dril to Trump (and vice versa), particularly Trump's voice on Twitter and other social media platforms", ". According to Purdom, \"Both are aging, endlessly aggrieved white men who seemingly do not understand core components of the internet, yet they perfectly embody its anonymous rage, its ability to turn people into lunatics being swarmed and eaten alive by enemies and trolls.\"", "In a 2016 article for New York magazine, Brian Feldman argued that Trump should choose dril as his vice-presidential running mate because the writer perceived commonalities between dril's \"incoherent, libidinous, authoritarian comment-spam\" and Trump's own campaign tweeting. In a joke about Trump's use of social media, journalist and MSNBC host Chris Hayes said that protestors should yell at Trump to log off to \"see if they can get him to recreate that @dril Tweet\", a reference to the following:", "Eve Peyser, in a Gizmodo article declaring the 2016 presidential election was \"the Weird Twitter election\", had earlier compared the same dril tweet to the \"tone, structure and message\" of a Trump tweet. David Covucci at The Daily Dot coined \"Dril's Law\", an adage stating that \"[f]or every single thing Donald Trump has tweeted, Dril did it earlier and better", ".\" Covucci also asked: \"What if Donald Trump is @dril? Would it be any stranger than Donald Trump being president of the United States?\" Responding to Covucci's question, Anna North wrote in The New York Times that \"another explanation\" for the similarity between dril and Trump \"seems more likely: Donald Trump's Twitter presence isn't absurdist, it's just absurd.\"", "\"Corncob\" \n\nIn 2011, dril tweeted the following:\n\nThe tweet describes an argument or similar situation in which one participant has clearly been \"owned\" but refuses to acknowledge it or to take a break, instead doubling down and insisting beyond any credibility that they have not been owned.", "Shortly after it was posted, Twitter users began to use screenshots of the corncob tweet to point out when a person refused to acknowledge losing an argument or suffering some other humiliation. By 2017, the word \"corncob\" by itself had become common slang on Twitter for this purpose. The Ringers Kate Knibbs observed that, while \"corncob\" as slang remained limited to communities on Twitter, the \"corncob\" archetype is universal and identifiable throughout contemporary culture", ". According to Knibbs, \"the condition of being a corn cob—of allowing yourself to be defined by and reduced to a piercing insistence that a perceived slight has not diminished you—[has] spread far beyond a small corner of Twitter", ".\" Among public figures whose behavior was described as fitting the \"corncob\" archetype, Knibbs listed Donald Trump, WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, actress Louise Linton, Kim Kardashian's friend Jonathan Cheban, Kanye West (noting his numerous outbursts and 2016 song \"Famous\"), and Taylor Swift (noting her 2017 song \"Look What You Made Me Do\").", "The term \"corncob\" became controversial after the reference was used in a meme with leftist criticisms of then-Senator (and later Vice President) Kamala Harris. The political commentator Al Giordano asserted, citing a dated Urban Dictionary definition of \"corncobbed\", that \"[e]very cretin who has spread this meme needs to reckon with how it uses 'corncob', a rape culture and homophobic term popular among dudebros\", confusing the word with the slang term cornhole", ". Neera Tanden, the president of the Center for American Progress and an advisor on Hillary Clinton's 2016 campaign, called on a Twitter user—an Ohio State student—to \"denounce\" the corncob meme. Various news publications reported on the story, and noted that the fast pace of Twitter discourse and unusual slang and in-jokes meant that a misunderstanding risked embarrassment and mocking", ". Amelia Tait, writer of an \"internet dictionary\" column in the New Statesman, even wrote that Giordano had \"exposed [himself] as ignorant of online culture\" and had, himself, been corncobbed.", "The term resurfaced in March 2019, when the official campaign account for Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell used it to ridicule Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez by superimposing an image of a corncob onto Ocasio-Cortez's face.", "Family and other characters", "Dril tweets often refer to his relationships with family members—particularly an unnamed wife/ex-wife, and numerous sons—in a manner reminiscent of father figures in American sitcoms like Married... with Children. Tom Whyman for The Outline described dril as \"at once married and divorced (from the same essential 'wife')\". Jia Tolentino, a staff writer for The New Yorker, credited dril as an originator of the \"large adult son\" trope", ". The trope, which Tolentino described as commonplace across social media and especially online sports journalism, involves particular observations of hapless male behavior that is \"endlessly excusable: though [the large adult son] does nothing right, he can do no wrong.\" The character of dril repeatedly refers to his \"sons\", who are usually involved in the kind of \"classic large-adult-son behavior\" Tolentino describes as \"alarming, with a whiff of the surreal\"", ". The sons are compared to Trump's sons, particularly Donald Jr. and Eric Trump, as well as Mike Huckabee's sons. dril's regular posts about his disastrous marriage have also been compared to the wife guy stereotype that became popular in the late 2010s, of a man who gains attention on social media for posting about his wife, although dril's posts on the subject predate the emergence of this stereotype.", "Besides the character's family, other fictitious recurring characters in dril's tweets are an internet user named 'digimonotis', with whom dril is locked in a flame war after a prior falling-out, and \"the boys\", a group of friends with similarly bizarre personality characteristics to dril.\n\n\"(((Keebler Elves)))\" controversy \nIn June 2016, dril drew controversy for a tweet that used triple parentheses around the name of the corporate mascots of the cookie company Keebler:", "Triple parentheses, or \"echoes\", are used online by the alt-right as an antisemitic symbol to highlight the names of Jews. Journalist Jay Hathaway wrote that most of dril's followers understood the tweet to be an ironic joke exploring the uncertain \"etiquette around this very 2016 expression of bigotry ... Can a non-Jew apply the (((echoes))) to his own name as a show of allyship? Is it OK to use the parentheses in a joke at the white supremacists' expense? There's no clear consensus.\"", "As the \"(((Keebler Elves)))\" tweet spread, some far-right accounts praised dril, interpreting the tweet as a covert signal of genuine antisemitic views. Others criticized the tweet as bigoted, even if the intent was ironic, or at least in poor taste. In response to the controversy, dril alternated between dismissing those who believed he was an antisemite and making sarcastic promises to become \"less racist\" with the help of donations", ". Writer Alexander McDonough said dril's \"refusal to clarify his views speaks to his trust in his audience to 'get' his jokes\" and to dril's confidence in his privacy. \"Likewise,\" McDonough wrote, \"[dril's] audience trusts him to make pointed satire that crosses boundaries but is never hateful. The joke is always on himself or an entrenched elite, dril never punches down.\" According to McDonough, the controversy did not seem to have any long-term impact on dril's popularity", ". In the Jewish magazine Tablet, Armin Rosen called the tweet \"an obviously satirical performance of anti-Jewish bigotry\" and \"the only funny anti-Semitism meta-controversy in the history of the internet.\"", "Criticism of Elon Musk\n\nDril has been outspoken in his criticism of Elon Musk's stewardship as CEO of Twitter, particularly Musk's changes to the Twitter verification system. On November 9, 2022, after Twitter began attaching blue checkmarks to paid Twitter Blue subscribers, dril said he would \"absolutely block on sight\" anyone with a paid blue checkmark and started a #BlockTheBlue hashtag.", "Dril revived his #BlockTheBlue campaign in late April 2023, when Twitter removed checkmarks from legacy verified accounts, telling journalist Matt Binder, \"I am actively rooting for the downfall of twitter. I hope to sabotage their efforts to become profitable, no matter how futile, in the hopes that they will eventually close up shop and release us all from this toilet", ".\" He described the users paying for Twitter Blue as \"dead-eyed cretins who are usually trying to sell you something stupid\" and \"the most dog shit accounts on here.\"", "On April 22, Twitter gave dril and Binder blue checks on their accounts, even though they had not subscribed to Twitter Blue. Dril then repeatedly changed his display name in an effort to remove the blue checkmark, which in turn was reinstated several times. His display name settled on \"slave to Woke\"", ". His display name settled on \"slave to Woke\". Afterward, when numerous other legacy verified accounts were appended with involuntary blue checkmarks despite not paying for Twitter Blue, dril reposted a suggestion that the practice may violate the federal Lanham Act's prohibitions on false endorsements and quipped \"its ok [Musk] fired the people in charge of telling him its illegal.\"", "A few days later, dril created an account on Bluesky—a decentralized social network presented as an alternative to Twitter—during the app's invite-only early access phase.", "Other projects", "In addition to his tweets, Dochney has many visual art side projects and collaborations with other artists. He has made several animations, including a short film titled COW-BOY and a fictional series about the attempts of South Park co-creator Trey Parker and Green Day drummer Tré Cool to rename the month of April \"Treypril/Trépril\" and \"one policeman's mission to stop them at any cost", ".\" Dochney has expressed interest in creating further animated films, but said he would prefer to work on projects separate from his \"dril\" identity.", "Dochney worked on Bear Stearns Bravo, an interactive video series that was the sequel to the Horse ebooks Twitter account. For the November 2014 issue Paper magazine, which famously featured Kim Kardashian on the cover, he contributed an article on how to \"break the Internet\". He designed the cover of the 2016 vaporwave/funk album Cyber-Vision by Drew Fairweather (\"Drew Toothpaste\"), best known for the webcomics Toothpaste for Dinner and Married to the Sea", ". Dochney wrote for Hiveswap, a 2017 video game based on the webcomic Homestuck. Sweet Bro and Hella Jeff and the Quest for the Missing Spoon, a book based on a story within a story in Homestuck, lists dril as a contributing author and artist alongside Homestuck creator Andrew Hussie and Gunshow author KC Green. Dril was one of several artists who contributed illustrations for the card game The Devil's Level, based on the Twitter account da share z0ne.", "In October 2019, dril announced that he and comedian Derek Estevez-Olsen were launching a web series called Truthpoint: Darkweb Rising for Adult Swim. The show, a parody of InfoWars, streams from Adult Swim's website on Wednesdays at midnight. In the series, Dochney performs as dril wearing a rubber mask of an old man's face. In February 2021, dril, Estevez-Olsen, and collaborator Pierce Campion released the short Virtual Prison as a pilot for a potential series on Adult Swim.", "In February 2021, dril announced that he had begun developing a side-scrolling video game in his spare time, having done all the coding and artwork by himself until that point. With the working title copgame, the project \"follows the quest of a silent protagonist who stumbles upon the gift of immortality in a dangerous future where Top Influencers and corrupt hollywood guys maintain a cruel grip on society.\"\n\nPatreon account and books", "In January 2017, dril opened a Patreon account for fans to make monthly payments in support of his tweets and various future projects, including \"video, illustration, and long-form writing.\" On the Patreon, dril described his plans for two book projects: an elaborate art book \"with a narrative adjacent to the 'Mythos' surrounding my posts\" and a \"best of\"-style compilation of tweets as a coffee table book with bonus content", ". The account's monthly revenue was $2,200 as of October 2017 and $1,468 as of April 2023. Dochney said he earned \"as much money as a Kmart manager or something\" from his Patreon and other dril-related endeavors, which are his primary source of income.", "Dril published his first book, Dril Official \"Mr. Ten Years\" Anniversary Collection, in August 2018. The book compiles the account's best tweets from its first ten years, as selected by the author, along with new original illustrations. A second book, The Get Rich and Become God Method, was published in 2020. His third, The Dril Archives, was published in December 2022", ". His third, The Dril Archives, was published in December 2022. It contains 10,000 posts and was released simultaneously in four editions, each being a different ordering: chronologically (titled Eternal), alphabetically (Refined), by most likes (Beloved) and randomly (Chaotic)", ". Dril revealed he had written another book, titled How to Cheat at Casino Games by Being a Bitch, at a Truthpoint live performance in January 2023, when a supposed raffle to give a single copy of the book to an audience member instead ended with dril ripping up the printed manuscript in a performative rage", ". The pages were thrown to the crowd; based on recovered portions of the text, How to Cheat at Casino Games by Being a Bitch did appear to be a new original comedic narrative, not just a stage prop for the show.", "Reception and following", "Over time, dril has grown from a relatively obscure Twitter account with a small cult following to a widely followed, well-known account on the site. In October 2012, dril had only 23,000 followers. That number had grown to 166,000 by December 2014, and then 567,000 by May 2017. As of January 2021, dril had reached 1.6million followers. Unlike most comedians with large Twitter followings, dril became popular without a public reputation or career outside of the platform", ". In March 2023, a report from the media outlet Platformer revealed that Twitter had included dril on a secret list of 35 \"VIP\" accounts whose reach was amplified by its algorithms, alongside such users as Twitter CEO Elon Musk, President Joe Biden, and basketball star LeBron James.", "Following dril has often been described—sometimes in a half-serious or tongue-in-cheek manner, other times sincerely—as one of the few good uses of Twitter. In November 2017, shortly after the doxing incident, dril was called \"arguably the most iconic Twitter account in the history of social media [and] practically internet royalty\" in The A.V. Club and \"one of the internet's most unlikely treasures\" in Slate. In December 2019, Katie Notopoulos of BuzzFeed News called dril \"Without a doubt [..", ". In December 2019, Katie Notopoulos of BuzzFeed News called dril \"Without a doubt [...] the most important person on Twitter of the 2010s.\"", "Dril's writing has been praised by a variety of public figures, including poet Patricia Lockwood; actor-comedians Rob Delaney and David Cross; The New Yorker staff writer Adrian Chen; and Reply All hosts PJ Vogt and Alex Goldman", ". In 2019, British writer Tom Whyman argued (in earnest) that dril should be considered for the Nobel Prize in Literature as \"the one true poet of the internet age\"; in Whyman's view, recognizing dril's writing as literature would be equivalent to historical shifts in the definition of \"art\" prompted by avant-garde works by artists like Marcel Duchamp and Andy Warhol.", "Acclaim for the account generally", "@dril is frequently listed among the funniest or best Twitter accounts. In 2012, The Daily Dot cited dril as one of the funniest accounts on Twitter and noted that reading dril's \"[d]arkly funny ... odd, provocative, and clever\" tweets \"simultaneously brings a sense of head-scratching wonder and slightly uncomfortable chortles.\" Max Read, then an editor of Gawker, named dril one of the publication's \"heroes\" of 2013 in a year-in-review piece", ". According to Read, dril's writing stood out in a paranoid web landscape overrun by spambots and covert corporate marketing:", "Paste included dril on its lists of best Twitter accounts every year between 2013 and 2016, and the comedy site Splitsider (later merged into Vulture) named dril one of the funniest accounts of 2017. The Pen & Pencil Club, a Philadelphia-based journalism association, nominated dril for an award honoring the best \"Non-Traditional News Provider\" of 2017; he lost", ". For a March 2019 feature commemorating the 30th anniversary of Tim Berners-Lee's invention of the World Wide Web, The Verge listed @dril among the greatest websites, people, and technologies in web history. Later that year, The A.V. Club ranked dril sixth on its list of the \"best, worst, and weirdest things\" on the Internet in the 2010s.", "Acclaim for individual tweets \nIndividual dril tweets have also been lauded by the press. At the occasion of Twitter's tenth anniversary, both GQ and Newsweek named this dril tweet among the best and/or funniest tweets of all time:", "The same tweet had also been listed among the site's funniest by BuzzFeed in 2014. The \"corncob\" tweet was listed as the 8th most \"canonical\" tweet of all time in 2017 by Mic, whose Miles Klee wrote it was \"categorically impossible\" to select the single best dril tweet. Another dril tweet—\"IF THE ZOO BANS ME FOR HOLLERING AT THE ANIMALS I WILL FACE GOD AND WALK BACKWARDS INTO HELL\"—was ranked among the site's \"greatest\" by Thought Catalog in 2013", ". Slate counted one of his tweets among the best sentences written in 2017, ranking dril alongside such writers as Umberto Eco, Ta-Nehisi Coates, Anne Carson, Mohsin Hamid, Jennifer Egan, Durga Chew-Bose, John Darnielle, and Daniel Dennett.", "See also \n Twitterature\n Horse ebooks\n da share z0ne\n Ken M\n Extremely Online\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\ndril tweets and posts\n\nSecondary sources\n\nExternal links", "dril online:\n @dril on Twitter\n wint.co – dril's homepage\n Patreon\nCollections of dril's best tweets:\n \"@dril's Greatest Hits\" — a 2012 list at Something Awful\n \"The 15 Most Important @dril Tweets of All-Time\" — a 2017 list at CollegeHumor\n \"15 Hilarious Tweets That Will Make You Want to Follow Dril on Twitter\" — a 2017 list at The Things", "\"Dril Tweet Bracket is the Internet's Criterion Collection \" – 2018 article at Geek.com about a tournament bracket of dril's 64 best tweets curated by Twitter user @VT_Ben\n @VT_Ben's completed bracket on Twitter, with results based on polls", "Living people\n1987 births\nTwitter accounts\nPseudonymous writers\nWriters from New Jersey\nComedians from New Jersey\n21st-century American comedians\nAmerican satirists\nInternet properties established in 2008\nAmerican Internet celebrities\nInternet humor\nInternet slang\nElectronic literature writers\nAmerican illustrators\nAmerican animators\nAmerican animated film directors\nAmerican surrealist artists\nAphorists\nWriters who illustrated their own writing\nAbsurdist fiction\nBlack comedy\nWeird Twitter", "Aphorists\nWriters who illustrated their own writing\nAbsurdist fiction\nBlack comedy\nWeird Twitter\nHaddonfield Memorial High School alumni\nWilmington University alumni" ]

[ "Nicholas Theodore Nemeth (born July 27, 1980) is an American professional wrestler and stand-up comedian. He is best known for his time with WWE where he performed under the ring name Dolph Ziggler.", "After a career in amateur wrestling, where he established several school records for Kent State University, Nemeth signed a developmental contract with WWE in 2004 and was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), where he wrestled under his real name. He was promoted to WWE's Raw brand shortly afterwards in 2005, playing the caddie sidekick to Kerwin White", ". He was sent back to OVW shortly afterwards, being given the name Nicky and joining the cheerleading-themed Spirit Squad, who debuted on RAW in January 2006 and won the World Tag Team Championship once before returning to OVW that November. In September 2007, Nemeth was assigned to Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), where he won the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship twice.", "Upon his return to the main roster in September 2008, Nemeth was repackaged as Dolph Ziggler. Since then, he has held the World Heavyweight Championship twice, the NXT Championship once, the Intercontinental Championship six times, the United States Championship twice, the Raw Tag Team Championship twice, and the SmackDown Tag Team Championship once. Overall in WWE, Nemeth has held 15 total championships", ". Overall in WWE, Nemeth has held 15 total championships. His other accomplishments include becoming the sole survivor of two Survivor Series elimination matches and the 2012 Money in the Bank winner as well as headlining multiple WWE pay-per-view events. Nemeth was released from WWE in September 2023, ending his 19-year run with the company.", "Early life", "Nicholas Theodore Nemeth was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on July 27, 1980. He has been a fan of professional wrestling since he was five years old, when he attended a wrestling event at the Richfield Coliseum, and he decided to become a professional wrestler at age 12. He later revealed on Colt Cabana's Art of Wrestling Podcast that he chose his WWE name \"Dolph\" because that was his great-grandfather's name, and his friend suggested the surname \"Ziggler\". Nemeth attended St", ". Nemeth attended St. Edward High School in Lakewood, Ohio, where he was an amateur wrestler and holds the school record for most pins in a career with 82. At St. Edward, he was teammates with Gray Maynard and Andy Hrovat.", "During his time at St. Edward, the wrestling team won the National Championships on two occasions. He was a collegiate wrestler at Kent State University, eventually setting what was then the record for most career wins in the team's history. His record was passed in 2006; as of 2010, he stands second all-time in career victories at Kent State. He had 121 career wins between 2000 and 2003. He majored in political science with a pre-law minor", ". He had 121 career wins between 2000 and 2003. He majored in political science with a pre-law minor. Prior to his WWE tryout, he had been accepted to the law school at Arizona State University, where he was due to start his first semester. He was a three-time All-Mid-American Conference champion, winning the tournament in 2000, 2002, and 2003; as of 2010, he is the last wrestler from Kent State University to have won three wrestling conference championships.", "Professional wrestling career\n\nWorld Wrestling Entertainment / WWE (2004–2023)", "Ohio Valley Wrestling (2004–2006)", "Nemeth signed a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in 2004. He was assigned to its developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), debuting on November 3, 2004, under the ring name \"Nick Nemeth\". After briefly teaming with Steve Lewington, Nemeth went on to feud with Paul Burchill. In August 2005, he unsuccessfully challenged Ken Doane for the OVW Television Championship. In September 2005, he unsuccessfully challenged Johnny Jeter for the OVW Heavyweight Championship", ". In September 2005, he unsuccessfully challenged Johnny Jeter for the OVW Heavyweight Championship. In October 2005, he began wrestling on main roster house shows. After joining WWE's main roster as a member of the Spirit Squad in January 2005, Nemeth conntinued to wrestle sporadically for OVW until April 2006.", "Alliance with Kerwin White; Spirit Squad (2005–2006)", "Nemeth made his main roster television debut on the September 25, 2005, episode of Sunday Night Heat. He was made the enforcer and sidekick for Chavo Guerrero Jr., who was using a golfer in-ring persona and going by the ring name of \"Kerwin White\". As such, Nemeth became White's caddie. His wrestling debut came on an episode of Sunday Night Heat, teaming up with White in a tag team match against Shelton Benjamin and Matt Striker", ". After the death of Eddie Guerrero, Chavo Guerrero dropped the \"Kerwin White\" character, and Nemeth no longer played the role of his caddie and tag partner. After a few months of wrestling in dark matches and at house shows, he was sent back to OVW.", "Nemeth became a part of the Spirit Squad faction, a group of five wrestlers who used the in-ring personas of male cheerleaders, and adopted the name Nicky in OVW during late 2005. The Spirit Squad members trained with real cheerleaders and gymnasts to ensure their characters were believable", ". On January 23, 2006, they had their WWE television debut as a group, appearing on Raw and helping Jonathan Coachman win a Royal Rumble qualifying match against Jerry \"The King\" Lawler by performing cheers for Coachman and distracting Lawler. They later became a part of the ongoing scripted feud between WWE chairman Vince McMahon and Shawn Michaels. The heel McMahon brought in the Squad to attack Michaels on numerous occasions, including placing them in multiple handicap matches.", "They also wrestled in the tag team division, and on April 3, on Raw, won the World Tag Team Championship when Kenny and Mikey, with outside help from the other three Squad members, defeated Big Show and Kane. After winning the championship, all five members of the Spirit Squad were recognized as the champions, allowing any combination of them to defend the championship under the Freebird Rule.", "In May, McMahon signed another Handicap match, with the Spirit Squad facing Michaels. The match never started, however; instead the Spirit Squad attacked Michaels, and, as part of the storyline, shattered his knee with a steel chair. McMahon brought Triple H to the ring to attack Michaels with a sledgehammer; however, after Triple H felt that the Squad had disrespected him, he attacked the group. This led to Triple H and Michaels reforming D-Generation X (DX) and they began a feud with the Spirit Squad", ". DX played various sophomoric jokes on the Squad and the McMahons, as well as defeating the Spirit Squad in handicap tag team matches at Vengeance and a clean sweep in an elimination handicap match at Saturday Night's Main Event XXXIII.", "At the same time as their feud with DX and their alignment with McMahon, the Squad also wrestled other teams in Raw's tag division over their World Tag Team Championship, successfully defending the championship against the teams of Jim Duggan and Eugene, Charlie Haas and Viscera, and Snitsky and Val Venis. They then entered a lengthy feud with The Highlanders, whom they eventually defeated to retain the championship at the Unforgiven pay-per-view on September 17", ". The Squad as a whole later began a losing streak with separate members losing singles matches to Ric Flair on consecutive episodes of Raw, until Kenny managed to defeat him on the October 23 episode. It was then announced that Flair and a WWE legend, selected by interactive voting, would wrestle the team for the World Tag Team Championship at Cyber Sunday. The fans chose Roddy Piper, and he and Flair defeated Kenny and Mikey to win the championship at the event on November 5.", "The group disbanded on the November 27 episode of Raw, when they were defeated in a five-on-three handicap match by DX and Flair. In a backstage segment later that night, DX placed all members into a crate stamped \"OVW, Louisville, Kentucky\", a reference to the developmental territory from which the Squad had come.", "Ohio Valley Wrestling; Florida Championship Wrestling (2007–2008)", "Nemeth returned to OVW on January 17, 2007, at the television tapings, again using his Nick Nemeth ring name, along with Mike Mondo, formerly Mikey in the Spirit Squad, as the \"Frat Pack\". The pair teamed with Mike Kruel in a match against Seth Skyfire, Shawn Spears, and Cody Runnels. The team disbanded in the early parts of 2007", ". The team disbanded in the early parts of 2007. Nemeth then competed in several dark matches before the OVW television tapings, competing against several wrestlers including Chris Cage, Bradley Jay and Jake Hager, before he began teaming with Mondo again in August.", "At the end of August 2007, Nemeth and Mike Mondo were moved to the Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) developmental territory and in his debut there, Nemeth gained the nickname \"The Natural\" and defeated Hade Vansen. In November 2007, Nemeth gained Big Rob as his manager, but their alliance was short-lived. At the start of 2008, he tweaked his name to \"Nic Nemeth\" and began teaming with Brad Allen, with the pair gaining Taryn Terrell as their valet", ". Nemeth and Allen started a frat boy type ring character with Terrell as a sorority girl. On March 22, Nemeth and Allen won the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship by defeating defending champions Eddie Colón and Eric Pérez, but lost the championship to Colón and Pérez on April 15. Throughout April and May 2008, Nemeth wrestled in several dark matches prior to Raw, losing to Kofi Kingston and Ron Killings on several occasions", ". Soon after, he returned to the name \"Nic Nemeth\", and began teaming with Gavin Spears. The pair defeated Colón and Pérez to win the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship on August 16, but lost it to Heath Miller and Joe Hennig less than a month later.", "Repackaging as Dolph Ziggler (2008–2010)", "On September 15, 2008, Nemeth re-debuted on Raw (as a heel), introducing himself in a backstage segment under the name \"Dolph Ziggler\". On October 10, Nemeth was suspended for 30 days for a violation of WWE's Wellness Program policy. He returned to Raw on November 17 in a backstage segment with Rey Mysterio and Shawn Michaels. In his first match on Raw under the Ziggler name, he lost to Batista on the December 1, 2008, episode", ". The following week he got his first victory as Ziggler, by countout, against R-Truth. The next week on Raw, he picked up his first televised pinfall victory, when he defeated Charlie Haas. Ziggler would compete in the Royal Rumble match at the eponymous event on January 25, 2009, in which he was eliminated by Kane after 21 seconds.", "On April 15, 2009, Ziggler was drafted to the SmackDown brand as part of the 2009 Supplemental Draft. He made his debut on the April 17 episode of SmackDown, defeating United States Champion, Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) in a non-title match, and, as a result, the following week he demanded a match for the championship. On the May 1 episode of SmackDown, however, he failed to win the championship, after he was pinned by MVP", ". Ziggler then started a rivalry with The Great Khali, losing to him by disqualification after attacking Khali with a steel chair. As a result, Khali began coming out to the ring during and after Ziggler's matches, in attempt to gain revenge and to stop Ziggler from cheating. Over the next few weeks, Ziggler would defeat Khali by countout and disqualification after making it look like Khali had struck him with a steel chair", ". At The Bash pay-per-view on June 28, Ziggler defeated Khali in a No Disqualification match by pinfall, after Kane interfered and attacked Khali.", "Ziggler then entered an on-screen relationship with WWE Diva Maria and she became his valet. He simultaneously started a scripted rivalry with Intercontinental Champion Rey Mysterio, who defeated Ziggler at Night of Champions on July 26 and SummerSlam on August 23 to retain the championship", ". In September, Mysterio lost the Intercontinental Championship to John Morrison, and Ziggler entered a feud with Morrison after defeating him by countout in a non-title match, but lost to him at the Hell in a Cell pay-per-view on October 4. On the episode of SmackDown following Hell in a Cell, Ziggler ended his on-screen relationship with Maria after she accidentally cost him a match against Morrison for the Intercontinental Championship", ". At Breaking Point on September 13, Ziggler made an appearance during a promo by Pat Patterson, in which Ziggler attacked Patterson until Morrison made the save. He again failed to win the Intercontinental title from Morrison twice, wrestling him to a double countout on the November 13 episode of SmackDown and losing a two-out-of-three falls match the following week to end the feud", ". On the February 26, 2010, episode of SmackDown, Ziggler defeated John Morrison and R-Truth in a triple threat qualifying match to compete in the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania XXVI on March 28, but was ultimately unsuccessful.", "Alliance with Vicki Guerrero (2010–2012)", "In June 2010, he began a romantic storyline with Vickie Guerrero, who began accompanying him to the ring. winning the WWE Intercontinental Championship from Kofi Kingston on July 28 at SmackDown. In his first title defense at SummerSlam on August 15, he retained the championship against Kingston when the match ended in a no contest due to interference from The Nexus", ". Ziggler was able to make a successful title defense against Kingston at the Night of Champions pay-per-view on September 19, and against Kaval at Survivor Series on November 21. During this time, Ziggler was chosen as a \"Pro\" for the fourth season of NXT, with Jacob Novak as his Rookie, but later was changed to Byron Saxton when Ziggler won a battle royal.", "Ziggler successfully retained the Intercontinental Championship at TLC: Tables, Ladders and Chairs on December 19 in a three-way ladder match against Kingston and Jack Swagger, but lost the title to Kingston at SmackDown on January 4, 2011, ending his reign at 160 days. That same night, Ziggler won a four-way match against Cody Rhodes, Drew McIntyre and Big Show to become the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship", ". At the Royal Rumble on January 30, Ziggler was unsuccessful in his title match against Edge. On February 4, Ziggler's storyline girlfriend Vickie Guerrero, who was the acting General Manager of SmackDown, banned the spear – Edge's finishing move – and decided that if Edge used it, Ziggler would be awarded the championship", ". Ziggler was again defeated by Edge in a rematch on the February 11 episode of SmackDown, but because Edge used the spear, Guerrero declared Ziggler the new World Heavyweight Champion on the February 14 episode of Raw. That same night, Ziggler lost the title to Edge and, following the storyline, Theodore Long fired him.", "The next month, Ziggler was introduced as the newest member of the Raw roster with Guerrero. Ziggler, Guerrero, and LayCool then feuded with Morrison, Trish Stratus, and Jersey Shore guest star Snooki, culminating in a mixed tag team match at WrestleMania XXVII on April 3, which Ziggler and his team lost.", "At Capitol Punishment, Ziggler defeated Kingston via a sleeper hold submission to earn his first WWE United States Championship. The next night on Raw, Kingston invoked his rematch clause in a two out of three falls match and won via disqualification, allowing Ziggler to retain. After Jack Swagger suggested to Vickie Guerrero that she should manage him in addition to Ziggler, a jealous Ziggler teased tension with Swagger", ". This, coupled with Ziggler's concurrent feud with Alex Riley, led Ziggler to defend and retain his United States Championship in a fatal four-way match against Swagger, Riley, and John Morrison at Night of Champions on September 18. On the following episode of Raw, Ziggler lost a non-title match to Zack Ryder when guest star Hugh Jackman helped Ryder by punching Ziggler in the face", ". Although Ziggler later claimed to have a broken jaw due to Jackman's punch, it was reported that the supposed injury was fake. Later that night, Guerrero officially began managing Swagger, and Swagger began interfering in Ziggler's matches to help him win. Ziggler and Swagger unsuccessfully challenged Air Boom for the WWE Tag Team Championship at Hell in a Cell on October 2 and at Vengeance on October 23, where Ziggler also successfully defended the United States Championship against Ryder", ". He went on to successfully defend the championship against Morrison at Survivor Series on November 20. At TLC: Tables, Ladders and Chairs on December 18, Ziggler lost the United States Championship to Ryder, ending his reign at 182 days.", "On the December 26 episode of Raw, Ziggler defeated WWE Champion CM Punk in a gauntlet match for a championship opportunity following interference from John Laurinaitis. The following Raw, Ziggler defeated Punk by countout after Laurinaitis interfered again; as a result, Ziggler did not win the championship. At the Royal Rumble on January 29, 2012, Ziggler failed to capture the WWE Championship from CM Punk", ". At the Elimination Chamber on February 19, Ziggler failed again to capture the WWE Championship after being eliminated second by Chris Jericho. Nemeth noted to Arda Ocal in an interview for The Score Television Network that the Elimination Chamber left him with multiple minor injuries and it is a match he least looked forward to working.", "On the February 27 Raw, Ziggler and Swagger unsuccessfully challenged Primo & Epico for the WWE Tag Team Championship in a Triple Threat tag team match, also involving Kofi Kingston and R-Truth. On the March 19 Raw, Ziggler and Swagger were announced as the newest members of Team Johnny for the 12-man tag team match at WrestleMania XXVIII and on the April 2 Raw, Ziggler and Swagger unsuccessfully challenged Santino Marella for the United States Championship in a triple threat match", ". After the match, Ziggler began a feud with Brodus Clay, who attacked Ziggler with a headbutt after he and Swagger tried to attack Marella. On the following episode of Raw, Ziggler and Swagger were defeated by Clay and Marella in a tag team match. In the following weeks, Ziggler and Swagger lost to Clay and Hornswoggle in singles and tag matches. At Extreme Rules on April 29, Ziggler was again defeated by Clay", ". At Extreme Rules on April 29, Ziggler was again defeated by Clay. Ziggler and Swagger unsuccessfully challenged Kofi Kingston and R-Truth for WWE Tag Team Championship, first at Over the Limit on May 20 and second on the May 28 episode of Raw, resulting in Ziggler showing signs of wanting to break away from Guerrero and Swagger.", "On the June 11 episode of Raw, Ziggler defeated The Great Khali, Swagger and Christian in a fatal four-way elimination match to become the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship, but at No Way Out on June 17, Ziggler lost the title match to champion Sheamus. On the following Raw, Guerrero, finally tired of the bickering between Ziggler and Swagger, arranged for a match between them; Ziggler won the match and Guerrero's affections, ending their partnership", ". Ziggler received another shot at the World title on the June 29 SmackDown, but was again defeated by Sheamus in a triple threat match, also involving Alberto Del Rio.", "Money in the Bank; World Heavyweight Champion (2012–2013)", "On the July 3 SmackDown, Ziggler defeated Alex Riley to qualify for a spot in the World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank ladder match. On July 13, Ziggler, Zack Ryder and Justin Roberts were involved in a car accident in San Diego while driving from Comic-Con; none of them suffered severe injuries", ". Two days later at the Money in the Bank pay-per-view, Ziggler won the Money in the Bank ladder match to guarantee him the opportunity to challenge for the World Heavyweight Championship at a time of his choosing within the next year. Later that night, Ziggler attempted to cash in the briefcase on Sheamus after Alberto Del Rio attacked him after their match, but Del Rio stopped Ziggler from cashing in", ". On the following episode of SmackDown, Ziggler again attempted to cash in the briefcase on Sheamus following a tag team match with Del Rio, but was laid out by Rey Mysterio and Sheamus before he could do so. During this time, Ziggler began a feud with Chris Jericho after claiming he had lost his touch, which resulted in Jericho attacking him on two occasions, and defeating him in a singles match at SummerSlam on August 19", ". The night after SummerSlam, Ziggler defeated Jericho in a rematch; as a result Ziggler retained his Money in the Bank contract and Jericho's WWE contract was terminated. Following this, Ziggler began feuding with Randy Orton on SmackDown four days later, after Orton hit him with an RKO when Ziggler tried to cash his Money in the Bank contract on a vulnerable Sheamus", ". The following week on SmackDown, Ziggler faced Orton in a match that was won by Orton, Ziggler defeated him in a rematch on Raw by pinning him while holding his tights. Ziggler faced Orton again at Night of Champions on September 16 where he lost again, ending the feud. On November 18 at Survivor Series, Ziggler captained the traditional 5-on-5 elimination tag team match opposite Mick Foley and won the match by last pinning Orton, making him the sole survivor of the match.", "Ziggler then began feuding with John Cena after he sided with Vickie Guerrero to help defame Cena and AJ Lee by alleging they had a romantic relationship. On December 16 at TLC: Tables, Ladders and Chairs, Ziggler retained his Money in the Bank briefcase in a ladder match after AJ interfered and turned on Cena. The following night on Raw, while trying to diffuse an argument between Vickie and AJ, AJ unexpectedly kissed Ziggler, leaving him confused", ". Ziggler then attempted to cash in his Money in the Bank briefcase on Big Show after Show was assaulted by Sheamus, but he was attacked by Cena before the match could start. Later, Ziggler teamed with AJ to face Cena and Vickie Guerrero, however, the match ended in a disqualification after the debuting Big E Langston attacked Cena, also starting an on-screen relationship between Dolph and AJ", ". Ziggler ended 2012 having wrestled the second most TV/PPV matches that year with 90; however, he had the most TV/PPV losses with 57. Ziggler ended his feud with Cena after losing to him on the January 7, 2013, episode of Raw, in a singles match and in steel cage match the following week, despite outside interference from AJ and Langston in both matches", ". On the January 21 episode of Raw, Ziggler won a Beat the Clock Challenge to earn the right to choose what number he can enter in the Royal Rumble match, first or second. Six days later at the Royal Rumble, Ziggler entered at number one, eliminating Chris Jericho and The Godfather and lasted nearly fifty minutes before being eliminated by Sheamus. During the match, Ziggler resumed his feud with the returning Jericho", ". During the match, Ziggler resumed his feud with the returning Jericho. The following night on Raw, Ziggler and Jericho were placed in a \"Strange Bedfellows\" match against WWE Tag Team Champions Team Hell No (Daniel Bryan and Kane), but they lost when Kane hit a chokeslam on Ziggler and pinned him after Jericho framed him for pushing Kane", ". On the February 18 episode of Raw, Ziggler was defeated by World Heavyweight Champion Alberto Del Rio by submission in a non-title match, and afterwards Langston attacked Del Rio and then Ziggler made a failed attempt to cash in his Money in the Bank briefcase after Del Rio's ring announcer Ricardo Rodriguez ran off with it. After defeating WWE Tag Team Champions Daniel Bryan and Kane in singles matches due to interference from Langston, Ziggler and Langston were given a shot at their titles", ". The title match took place on April 7 at WrestleMania 29, where Ziggler and Langston unsuccessfully challenged Bryan and Kane for the WWE Tag Team Championship.", "The following night on Raw, Ziggler cashed in his Money in the Bank contract on an injured Alberto Del Rio to win his second World Heavyweight Championship. After gaining the World Heavyweight Championship, Ziggler began feuding with Del Rio and Jack Swagger over the title", ". Ziggler was originally booked to face Del Rio and Swagger in a three-way ladder match at Extreme Rules on May 19; however, Ziggler suffered a legitimate concussion at a SmackDown taping, thus removing their match from the pay-per-view and resulting in Ziggler being absent from television for a month", ". On June 16 at Payback, Ziggler faced Del Rio in his first title defense of the World Heavyweight Championship and during the match, a double turn took place; Ziggler turned face by displaying a never-say-die attitude while Del Rio turned heel by repeatedly and ruthlessly targeting his head to take advantage of his concussion, win the match, and end Ziggler's reign at 69 days", ". On July 14 at Money in the Bank, AJ cost Ziggler his title rematch against Alberto Del Rio, after she prematurely snuck into the ring and hit Del Rio with her own title, prompting a disqualification.", "On the following Raw, Ziggler ended his relationship with AJ due to her actions the previous night and AJ exacted revenge by costing Ziggler a non-title match against Del Rio, then she attacked Ziggler and unleashed Langston on him. On the July 29, 2013, episode of Raw, Ziggler defeated Big E Langston via disqualification after AJ Lee attacked Ziggler. In a rematch on the following week, Ziggler was defeated by Langston after a distraction by AJ and Kaitlyn", ". This led to the host of SummerSlam, The Miz creating a mixed tag team match at SummerSlam on August 18, where Ziggler and Kaitlyn defeated Big E and AJ.", "Feud with The Authority (2013–2015)", "Ziggler was later unsuccessful in capturing the United States Championship, when he lost to Dean Ambrose at Night of Champions on September 15 and on the October 16 episode of Main Event, ending their feud. After that rivalry was over, Ziggler lost several matches during the late-2013 calendar year when he also failed to win the Intercontinental Championship from Curtis Axel on the November 11 episode of Raw", ". In December, Ziggler lost two number one contender matches for the Intercontinental Championship, first to Damien Sandow and later to Fandango.", "At the Royal Rumble on January 26, 2014, Ziggler entered the Royal Rumble match, but was eliminated by Roman Reigns. On April 6 at WrestleMania XXX, Ziggler competed in the 31-man Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but was eliminated by Alberto Del Rio. On June 29 at Money in the Bank, Ziggler competed in the Money in the Bank ladder match for a WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract, but the match was won by Seth Rollins", ". Ziggler later competed in a Battle Royal for the vacant Intercontinental Championship on July 20 at Battleground; however, he was abruptly eliminated from behind by The Miz. After Ziggler defeated Miz in a non-title match the following night on Raw, he received a rematch at SummerSlam on August 17, where he defeated Miz to win the championship for a second time. The next night on Raw, Ziggler successfully retained his title against Miz, after he was counted out", ". At Night of Champions on September 21, Ziggler dropped the title to Miz, only for Ziggler to win it back the following night on Raw. Ziggler then retained the championship against Cesaro on September 26 episode of SmackDown, in a triple threat match against Cesaro and Miz the next week on Raw and at Hell in a Cell on October 26 against Cesaro in a 2-out-of-3 falls match.", "On the October 28, 2014, episode of Raw, Ziggler and John Cena shook hands together backstage, which The Authority interpreted as a deal to plot against them. As a result, Ziggler was put in a match against Kane, which Ziggler won. Ziggler then joined Team Cena at Survivor Series. On the November 10 episode of Raw, Ziggler was brutally attacked by the returning Luke Harper", ". On the November 10 episode of Raw, Ziggler was brutally attacked by the returning Luke Harper. The following week, Harper was awarded a title match against Ziggler, which Harper won with assistance from The Authority, ending Ziggler's reign at 56 days. At Survivor Series on November 23, Ziggler emerged as the sole survivor for a second time. Ziggler contributed to Rusev being counted out, then after all his teammates were eliminated, he pinned Kane and Luke Harper", ". Triple H twice prevented Ziggler from pinning final opponent Seth Rollins, but the debuting Sting provided an assist to help Ziggler win the match, thus ousting the Authority from power. At TLC on December 14, Ziggler defeated Harper in a ladder match to win his fourth Intercontinental Championship. On the December 16 episode of SmackDown, Ziggler finally defeated Seth Rollins in a singles match after failing numerous times before", ". Three days later, Rolling Stone named Ziggler as the 2014 WWE Wrestler of the Year. On the first Raw of 2015 (dated January 5), the recently reinstated Authority forced Ziggler to defend his Intercontinental Championship against Bad News Barrett and he initially won. After Barrett then attacked and injured Ziggler's shoulder, Kane declared the match as two-out-of-three falls, Barrett proceeded to defeat Ziggler for the title after Kane distracted him", ". Later that night, Ziggler alongside Ryback and Erick Rowan were fired by the Authority.", "On the January 19 episode of Raw, Sting provided another assist, as John Cena won Ziggler, Ryback and Rowan's jobs back. Ziggler returned to television on the next SmackDown and qualified for the Royal Rumble match by beating Barrett in a non-title match. In the Royal Rumble match on January 25, Ziggler entered as the last entrant, eliminating Bad News Barrett and Cesaro but was quickly eliminated by Big Show and Kane", ". At Fastlane on February 22, Ziggler competed together with Rowan and Ryback in a six-man tag team match against Rollins, Big Show and Kane, which they lost. On the March 5 episode of SmackDown, Ziggler was announced as a participant in the 7-man ladder match for the Intercontinental Championship at WrestleMania 31 on March 29, which was won by Daniel Bryan.", "Storyline with Lana and Rusev (2015–2016)", "After losing an Intercontinental Championship match against Daniel Bryan on the Raw following WrestleMania 31, Ziggler was attacked and Brogue kicked by the returning Sheamus. Claiming that \"the era of underdogs (like Ziggler) is over\", Sheamus and Ziggler started a feud, with Sheamus challenging Ziggler in a Kiss Me Arse match at Extreme Rules on April 26, which Ziggler won. However, Sheamus refused to follow the stipulation, and instead made Ziggler kiss his buttocks", ". However, Sheamus refused to follow the stipulation, and instead made Ziggler kiss his buttocks. Ziggler lost the rematch against Sheamus at Payback on May 17. Ziggler participated in the Elimination Chamber match for the vacated Intercontinental Championship; other participants were winner Ryback, King Barrett, R-Truth, Sheamus who eliminated Ziggler, and Mark Henry at Elimination Chamber on May 31", ". At Money in the Bank on June 14, Ziggler competed in the Money in the Bank ladder match, which was won by Sheamus. On July 4 at The Beast in the East live event in Japan, Ziggler and John Cena defeated King Barrett and Kane in the main event.", "Ziggler became involved in an on-screen love affair with Lana, the former manager of Rusev, when she kissed him at Raw on May 25, with Lana serving as Ziggler's valet during his matches. During this time, Ziggler started incorporating elements of 80's glam rock fashion into his entrance and ring attire; typical of 80's bands like Mötley Crüe and Poison. In June, after Ziggler and Lana confirmed their storyline relationship, Summer Rae allied with Rusev to even the odds", ". After an attack by Rusev, Ziggler suffered a bruised trachea in storyline, which was to give him some time off to film a new WWE Studios movie, titled 6:42. Ziggler returned on the August 17 episode of Raw, aiding Lana during a confrontation against Rusev and Summer Rae. This altercation prompted a match between Ziggler and Rusev at SummerSlam on August 23, which ended in a double countout due to interference from Lana and Rae. In a rematch on September 20 at Night of Champions, Ziggler emerged victorious", ". In a rematch on September 20 at Night of Champions, Ziggler emerged victorious. On October 11, when TMZ reported the real–life engagement of Rusev and Lana, this officially ended their feud. The following night on Raw, Ziggler unsuccessfully challenged John Cena for the United States Championship.", "On the October 22 episode of SmackDown, Ziggler started a feud with the debuting Tyler Breeze, who aligned with Summer Rae and attacked Ziggler. Ziggler entered a tournament for the vacant WWE World Heavyweight Championship, defeating The Miz in the first round match before being eliminated by Dean Ambrose. Ziggler and Breeze continued their feud, which culminated in a match between the two at Survivor Series on November 22, which Ziggler lost", ". Ziggler would then enter a feud with Kevin Owens with the pair trading victories throughout the rest of December and beginning of 2016. Ziggler entered the Royal Rumble on January 24 as the 28th entrant, lasting 7 minutes, but was eliminated by the eventual winner, Triple H. The next night on Raw, Ziggler faced Kevin Owens in a losing effort, but defeated him the following two weeks in a row", ". On the February 15 Raw, Ziggler was involved in a fatal five-way match for the Intercontinental Championship, where Owens regained the title after pinning Tyler Breeze. At Fastlane on February 21, Ziggler challenged Owens to a match for the Intercontinental Championship, which he lost. In the following weeks, Ziggler began to re-ignite his feud with The Authority, and on the March 14 episode of Raw, he confronted Triple H and Stephanie McMahon", ". This resulted in Ziggler being granted a match against Triple H where if he won, he could pick his match at WrestleMania (excluding the WWE World Heavyweight Championship match); however, Ziggler lost. At WrestleMania 32 on April 3, Ziggler competed against Kevin Owens, Sami Zayn, The Miz, Stardust, Sin Cara and Zack Ryder in a ladder match for the Intercontinental Championship, which Ryder won.", "After WrestleMania 32, Ziggler went to a double countout with Baron Corbin on the April 4 episode of Raw, leading to Corbin hitting an End of Days outside of the ring to Ziggler, igniting a feud in the process. At the Payback pre-show on May 1, Ziggler faced Baron Corbin in a winning effort. The two then had a no disqualification match at Extreme Rules on May 22 where Corbin won after hitting a low blow on Ziggler", ". Following Extreme Rules, on the May 23 episode of Raw, Ziggler had a confrontation backstage with Corbin and challenged him to a technical wrestling match the next week. In that match, Ziggler intentionally got himself disqualified when he kicked Corbin in the groin immediately after the match began. This led to a rubber match at Money in the Bank on June 19, which Corbin won to end their feud.", "Championship reigns (2016–2018)", "On July 19 at the 2016 WWE draft, Ziggler was drafted to SmackDown. On the July 26 episode of SmackDown, Ziggler won a six-pack challenge against AJ Styles, Apollo Crews, Baron Corbin, Bray Wyatt, and John Cena to become the number one contender for the WWE World Championship. On the August 2 edition of SmackDown, Ziggler defended his contendership against Bray Wyatt", ". On the August 2 edition of SmackDown, Ziggler defended his contendership against Bray Wyatt. Ziggler won the match, but was attacked afterwards by Wyatt and Erick Rowan, who also laid out Dean Ambrose when he attempted to save Ziggler. On August 21 at SummerSlam, Ziggler was defeated by Ambrose. Next, Ziggler started a feud over The Miz's Intercontinental Championship, failing to capture the title at Backlash on September 11 after Maryse sprayed something at Ziggler whilst Miz distracted the referee", ". After failing to win the Intercontinental title in the following weeks, Ziggler would defeat The Miz at No Mercy on October 9 to win the title in a match where he would have to retire if he lost. However, he lost the title 37 days later against The Miz on the 900th episode of SmackDown. The feud culminated in a Ladder match at the TLC: Tables, Ladders, & Chairs event on December 4 for the championship in what was advertised as their final match, where Ziggler was defeated.", "On the December 13 edition of SmackDown, Ziggler pinned Dean Ambrose in a fatal four-way elimination match also involving The Miz and Luke Harper, to become the number one contender to AJ Styles' WWE Championship. The following week, Baron Corbin confronted Ziggler, and the two had a match with Ziggler's number one contender's spot on the line. The match ended in a double count-out and Daniel Bryan made the December 27 episode's WWE Championship match a triple-threat between Styles, Ziggler, and Corbin", ". In that match, Styles retained the WWE Championship after pinning Ziggler.", "On the January 3, 2017, episode of SmackDown, after he lost to Baron Corbin, Kalisto came to the save of Ziggler during a post match assault by Corbin, he superkicked Kalisto, turning heel for the first time since 2013. At Elimination Chamber on February 12, Ziggler lost to Apollo Crews and Kalisto in two-on-one handicap match. Following the match, Ziggler attacked the victors, stomping on Crews' ankle after placing it in a chair", ". This led to a chairs match on the February 28 SmackDown, where Ziggler was victorious. On April 2 on the WrestleMania 33 kickoff show, Ziggler was part of the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, managing to eliminate R-Truth, Rhyno and Tian Bing, from which he was eliminated by the eventual winner Mojo Rawley. He lost to Shinsuke Nakamura at Backlash on May 21.", "After some time away from TV, Ziggler returned on the August 22 edition of SmackDown Live to declare that he would undergo a gimmick change on the following week's edition. He later started mocking, week after week, the entrances of current and former wrestlers such as John Cena, Naomi, Shawn Michaels and Randy Savage. Ziggler believed that fans only cared about elaborated entrances, and not about the in-ring performances, where he claimed he was the best", ". This led to a feud with Bobby Roode, being defeated by him at Hell in a Cell on October 8, but at Clash of Champions on December 17, he defeated Baron Corbin and Roode in a triple threat match to win his second United States Championship. On the following episode of SmackDown on December 19, Ziggler held a celebration that was a retrospective of his WWE career; he said that the fans did not deserve him and placed the title belt in the ring before leaving", ". A week later, general manager Daniel Bryan vacated the title.", "Ziggler returned at the Royal Rumble on January 28, 2018, as the surprise #30 entrant in the men's Royal Rumble match. After eliminating Goldust, however, Ziggler was eliminated by Finn Bálor. He would be involved at Fastlane on March 11 in a six pack challenge for the WWE Championship, where the champion AJ Styles retained. Next month, Ziggler took part in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania 34 on April 8, but did not win the trophy.\n\nAlliance with Drew McIntyre (2018–2019)", "On April 16, Ziggler was moved to Raw as part of the Superstar Shake-up, and that night, he allied himself with the returning Drew McIntyre to attack Titus Worldwide (Titus O'Neil and Apollo Crews), whom they defeated the following week. On the June 18 episode of Raw, Ziggler answered Seth Rollins' open challenge for the Intercontinental Championship and defeated Rollins to capture the title for a sixth time", ". After weeks of McIntyre assisting Ziggler in all situations, including Extreme Rules on July 15 where Ziggler defeated Rollins 5–4 in sudden death overtime of a 30-Minute Iron Man match, Dean Ambrose returned on the August 13 episode of Raw to even the odds for Rollins. At SummerSlam on August 19, Ziggler lost the championship to Rollins, who had Ambrose in his corner.", "On the September 3 episode of Raw, Ziggler and McIntyre temporarily formed a stable with Braun Strowman known as \"The Dogs of War\" to combat the newly reunited The Shield (Roman Reigns, Seth Rollins and Dean Ambrose). Later that night, they won the Raw Tag Team Championship by defeating The B-Team (Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel). They then successfully defended their titles at Hell in a Cell on September 16 against Rollins and Ambrose", ". At the Super Show-Down event on October 6, Ziggler teamed with McIntyre and Strowman in a losing effort to The Shield in a six-man tag team match. Over the next two weeks, the respective groups faced each other again on Raw, with The Dogs of War winning the first match, but losing the latter after Ziggler got pinned by Ambrose. During both matches, tensions arose between Ziggler, McIntyre and Strowman, who felt he was carrying the group", ". After losing the last match, Strowman turned on Ziggler and attacked him, before being attacked by McIntyre.", "Ziggler and McIntyre lost the Raw Tag Team Championship to Rollins and Ambrose on the October 22 episode of Raw after interference from Braun Strowman. On the December 3 episode of Raw, the alliance between Ziggler and McIntyre ended when McIntyre claimed that Ziggler was \"a means to an end to get him into a prominent position\" and ended their association. The two later faced each other in a match which Ziggler won after interference from Finn Bálor", ". The two later faced each other in a match which Ziggler won after interference from Finn Bálor. After the three men had traded wins among each other and interfered in each other's matches over the next few weeks, McIntyre defeated Ziggler in a cage match on the December 31 episode of Raw.", "After this, Ziggler was off television until his appearance at the Royal Rumble match at the titular event on January 27, 2019, as participant number 28, eliminating McIntyre and lasting until the final three, before being eliminated by Braun Strowman. He would then disappear again from WWE television without notice due to a stand-up comedy tour that started following the Royal Rumble.\n\nThe Dirty Dawgs (2019–2022)", "After a four-month hiatus, Ziggler returned on the May 21 episode of SmackDown Live, attacking WWE Champion Kofi Kingston. Ziggler failed to win the title from Kingston at Super ShowDown on June 7 and Stomping Grounds on June 23 in a steel cage match, ending their long-time feud. At Extreme Rules on July 14, he lost to Kevin Owens in only 17 seconds and failed to win the WWE Championship from Kingston in a triple threat match also including Samoa Joe at Smackville on July 27", ". On the July 23 episode of SmackDown Live, Ziggler interrupted Miz TV featuring Shawn Michaels and attacked Michaels and The Miz. This led to a match against Goldberg at SummerSlam on August 11, being defeated in a short match.", "On the August 26 episode of Raw, Ziggler teamed with Robert Roode to win a tag-team turmoil match, earning a Raw Tag Team Championship match at Clash of Champions. At the event on September 15, Ziggler and Roode won the titles from Seth Rollins and Braun Strowman. On the October 14 episode of Raw, Ziggler and Roode lost the titles to The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar), ending their reign at 29 days, and they were drafted to the SmackDown brand as part of the 2019 WWE Draft", ". At Survivor Series on November 24, Ziggler and Roode won a 10-team Interbrand Tag Team Battle Royal. In the following weeks, they aligned themselves with King Corbin during his feud against Roman Reigns. On January 26, 2020, at the Royal Rumble, Ziggler entered the Royal Rumble match at number 19, but was eliminated by Reigns. At Super ShowDown on February 27, Ziggler lost to Mansoor", ". At Super ShowDown on February 27, Ziggler lost to Mansoor. At Elimination Chamber on March 8, Ziggler and Roode competed in the namesake match for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, where the champions The Miz and John Morrison retained. In March, due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, Roode was forced to stay in his native Canada, putting the team on hiatus.", "At the same time, Ziggler entered a feud with Otis over the affections of Mandy Rose, using underhanded tactics to secure a Valentine's Day date and short-term relationship, but was soon exposed. On the second night of WrestleMania 36 on April 5, Ziggler lost to Otis. After a few more assaults and promos, the feud ended when Otis defeated Ziggler in a Money in the Bank qualifying match. On the June 22 episode of Raw, it was announced that Ziggler and Roode were traded to the Raw brand for A.J. Styles", ".J. Styles. On that night, Ziggler issued a challenge to WWE Champion Drew McIntyre, which McIntyre accepted for The Horror Show at Extreme Rules. At the event on July 19, Ziggler failed to win the title.", "As part of the 2020 Draft in October, both Ziggler and Roode were drafted back to the SmackDown brand. On the January 8, 2021, episode of SmackDown, Ziggler and Roode defeated The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford) to win the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. They retained the titles until WrestleMania Backlash , where they lost the titles to Rey and Dominik Mysterio. They were drafted to the Raw brand in the 2021 Draft", ". They were drafted to the Raw brand in the 2021 Draft. On the October 25 episode of Raw, Ziggler and Roode defeated The Street Profits and Alpha Academy (Chad Gable and Otis) in a #1 contender's match for the Raw Tag Team Championship, facing the champions, RK-Bro (Randy Orton and Riddle) for the titles later that night in a losing effort", ". At Survivor Series on November 21, Ziggler participated in a 25-man dual-branded battle royal to commemorate the 25th anniversary of The Rock's debut at the 1996 Survivor Series, eliminating Mansoor before he was eliminated by AJ Styles. Ziggler competed in the Royal Rumble on January 29, 2022, entering at No. 16 but was eliminated by Bad Bunny and Rey Mysterio.", "NXT Champion and departure (2023)", "On the February 8 episode of NXT 2.0, Ziggler made a surprise appearance during a segment with Bron Breakker and Santos Escobar. At NXT Roadblock on March 8, Ziggler defeated Tommaso Ciampa and defending champion Breakker in a triple threat match to win the NXT Championship. The following week, he successfully defended his title against L. A. Knight. At Stand & Deliver on April 2, he retained the title against Breakker due to interference from Roode", ". However, on the April 4 episode of Raw, Ziggler lost his title to Breakker, ending his reign at 27 days. At the 2023 WWE Draft, he was undrafted and was released on September 21, 2023, ending his 19-year tenure with the company.", "Professional wrestling style and persona\n\nSports Illustrated described Nemeth as \"phenomenal in the ring, with the ability to carry an entertaining match with practically anyone on the WWE roster\" and added that his \"mic work is top-notch... and there is a genuine believability in his work\". He is also noted for his \"elite\" ability to sell for his opponents. Jim Cornette praised Nemeth and stated, \"I knew he was a good athlete, [but] I never dreamed he was going to be the second coming of Curt Hennig.\"", "Nemeth's most commonly utilized finishing maneuvers are a jumping reverse bulldog, known as the Zig Zag, as well as a superkick. In the early run of his Dolph Ziggler character, he also used a sleeper hold as a submission finisher. While still in developmental, he also utilized a jumping reverse STO named Blonde Ambition. Due to his athleticism and intense showmanship, Nemeth has been referred to as \"The Showstealer\" and \"The Showoff\", while in his earlier career he was referred to as \"The Natural\"", ". Upon teaming with Vickie Guerrero, he was nicknamed either \"Blonde Ambition\" or \"Blonde Perfection\". Consequently, his theme music was named \"I Am Perfection\" during this period of his career, while later on it was changed to \"Here to Show the World.\"", "In the early stages of his career, Nemeth was introduced to the audiences as a sidekick with a caddie gimmick. This, however, lasted only a few weeks because Chavo Guerrero aborted his golfer gimmick after the death of his uncle Eddie Guerrero. While there were initial plannings within the company to give him a new gimmick based on his successful career in amateur wrestling and pair him with Kurt Angle, this idea never surfaced", ". Instead, his first longer lasting gimmick became that of male cheerleader Nicky, where he was partnered with four other wrestlers as The Spirit Squad. To ensure their characters were believable, they trained with real cheerleaders and gymnasts. With this gimmick, he saw moderate success, winning the World Tag Team Championship once", ". With this gimmick, he saw moderate success, winning the World Tag Team Championship once. After the disbanding of the Spirit Squad he was again sent back to developmental, where he and fellow Spirit Squad member Mike Mondo tweaked the gimmick into a jock and fraternity based new gimmick, now going by the name of \"Frat Pack\". He would continue this gimmick alongside Brad Allen and Gavin Spears, with whom he won the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship once each", ". In a 2020 interview, Nemeth voiced amusement as well as creative frustration towards his early gimmicks, stating that he tried to make them work, knowing they could only fail, just to break through in professional wrestling.", "By 2008, Nemeth was repackaged as Dolph Ziggler, a bleached-blonde and self-absorbed narcissist. Debuting as a heel, Ziggler repeatedly declared himself as \"perfection\" and would display an extremely arrogant attitude, while at the same time using dirty tactics. When he turned face in 2013, his character shifted towards a man out to prove himself and never giving up", ". In September 2017, Ziggler would begin a new short-lived gimmick where he would come out to the entrance themes and dress as other popular wrestlers and legends to irritate the crowd", ". After that, his gimmick tweaked towards a whiny heel who believed he was destined for greatness, constantly blaming his bad luck or others for his lack of opportunity and would always come up short, culminating in his feud with Kofi Kingston in 2019, where he would blame Kingston (and later Drew McIntyre) for stealing his chance to become WWE champion while stating \"it should've been me\".", "Stand-up comedy", "Nemeth grew up as a fan of comedians such as Johnny Carson, Dana Carvey, Phil Hartman, Jan Hooks, Jon Lovitz, Brian Regan, Adam Sandler, and George Wallace. He decided to start performing comedy around the year 2010. He performed stand-up comedy for the first time in a small Los Angeles venue in 2013, and began getting offers to perform at various comedy clubs nearby WWE events. At this point, he had been studying comedy almost a decade in preparation for a comedy career", ". At this point, he had been studying comedy almost a decade in preparation for a comedy career. He also began hosting a monthly improv comedy show called Flying Chuck alongside fellow professional wrestlers John Morrison and his brother Ryan Nemeth. A few years later, he started working as an opening act for his long-time friend Sarah Tiana. In July 2018, he appeared on Comedy Central's Roast Battle III to face off against Tiana.", "In 2018, Nemeth started seriously moonlighting as a stand-up comedian while still wrestling for WWE. This led to him headlining shows close to the arenas for the 2018 SummerSlam and Survivor Series pay-per-views; he used the big WWE events to piggyback on for his first major shows, due to there being a lot of wrestling fans in the area. Following the 2019 Royal Rumble event, he embarked on his first headlining tour from the end of January to the end of March", ". He took a break from WWE television to focus on the tour. He later continued the tour, announcing two shows in Texas taking place in late May.", "In other media\nZiggler appeared on the November 3, 2009, episode of Deal or No Deal with Maria Kanellis and Eve Torres. He appeared on Lopez Tonight on August 9, 2010. Nemeth appeared in a 2011 episode of Silent Library alongside Chris Masters, Trent Baretta, JTG, Caylen Croft, and Curt Hawkins. Nemeth made regular appearances on fellow WWE wrestler Zack Ryder's YouTube web series, Z! True Long Island Story, via his own segment named 'Ask Z Heel'.", "On February 1, 2012, Nemeth debuted WWEFanNation's WWE Download and was the host of the YouTube series. The official WWE Download playlist on YouTube described the series as \"Dolph Ziggler's sarcastic wit vs. your videos\" and each episode consisted of Ziggler reviewing both viral and WWE videos. A new episode of WWE Download was uploaded every Monday until the show ended on January 28, 2013, after 53 episodes but returned for one time only on September 30, 2014", ". In August 2013, Nemeth was cast by Max Landis to appear in the 2015 film Me Him Her.", "In 2016, Nemeth would appear in a series of ads advertising KFC. and 2017 In the ads, he dressed as KFC founder Colonel Sanders. The first ad notably had Nemeth cutting a promo on The Miz, who was dressed as a chicken. This led to a dark match where Nemeth, as Colonel Sanders, defeated Miz in a squash match.\n\nNemeth began appearing on the Fox Business Network program Kennedy hosted by Lisa Kennedy Montgomery in 2017. As of 2018, he has appeared on the show 6-8 times.", "Ziggler is a playable character in the video games WWE SmackDown vs Raw 2010, WWE SmackDown vs Raw 2011, WWE '12, WWE '13, WWE 2K14, WWE 2K15, WWE 2K16, WWE 2K17, WWE 2K18, WWE 2K19, WWE 2K20, WWE 2K22, and WWE 2K23.", "Personal life\nNemeth has two brothers. His younger brother Ryan is also a professional wrestler, currently signed to AEW, who previously worked with WWE in NXT under the ring name Briley Pierce. His other brother, Donald, was sentenced to 15 years in prison after pleading guilty to involuntary manslaughter, kidnapping, and robbery for his role in a botched robbery attempt that led to the murder of a former Marine in January 2016.", "Nemeth is good friends with his former Spirit Squad teammates, particularly Michael Brendli, with whom he lived in Florida until 2008. He previously dated comedian Amy Schumer, who split up with him because she considered him \"too athletic\" in bed.\n\nNemeth is fluent in American Sign Language.\n\nNemeth is an avid fan of the Cleveland Browns.\n\nFilmography\n\nChampionships and accomplishments", "Pro Wrestling Illustrated\n Ranked No. 9 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013\n Rolling Stone\n Wrestler of the Year (2014)\n Worst Storyline (2015) – with Rusev, Summer Rae and Lana\n WrestleCrap\n Gooker Award (2015) – feud with Rusev, Summer Rae and Lana\n Wrestling Observer Newsletter\n Most Improved (2011)\n Most Underrated (2011)\n Florida Championship Wrestling\n FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Brad Allen (1) and Gavin Spears (1)\n World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)", "World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)\n NXT Championship (1 time)\n World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)\n WWE United States Championship (2 times)\n WWE Intercontinental Championship (6 times)\n WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Robert Roode\n WWE Raw Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Drew McIntyre (1) and Robert Roode (1)\n World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Johnny, Kenny, Mikey, and Mitch\n Money in the Bank (2012 – World Heavyweight Championship contract)", "Money in the Bank (2012 – World Heavyweight Championship contract)\n 22nd Triple Crown Champion\n Slammy Award (2 times)\n Best Twitter Handle or Social Champion (2014) – @HEELZiggler\n Match of the Year (2014) –", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links", "1980 births\nAmerican male comedians\nAmerican male professional wrestlers\nAmerican male sport wrestlers\nAmerican people of Hungarian descent\nKent State Golden Flashes wrestlers\nKent State University alumni\nLiving people\nMale actors from Cleveland\nNWA/WCW/WWE United States Heavyweight Champions\nNXT Champions\nProfessional wrestlers from Ohio\nSportspeople from Cleveland\nSt. Edward High School (Lakewood, Ohio) alumni\nWorld Heavyweight Champions (WWE)\nWWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions", "World Heavyweight Champions (WWE)\nWWF/WWE Intercontinental Champions\n21st-century professional wrestlers\nFCW Florida Tag Team Champions\nMoney in the Bank winners\nWorld Tag Team Champions (WWE)\nWWE SmackDown Tag Team Champions\nWWE Raw Tag Team Champions" ]

[ "Ada Ciganlija (, ), colloquially shortened to Ada, is a river island that has artificially been turned into a peninsula, located in the Sava River's course through central Belgrade, Serbia. The name can also refer to the adjoining artificial Lake Sava and its beach", ". The name can also refer to the adjoining artificial Lake Sava and its beach. To take advantage of its central location, over the past few decades, it was turned into an immensely popular recreational zone, most notable for its beaches and sports facilities, which, during summer seasons, can have over 100,000 visitors daily and up to 300,000 visitors over the weekend", ". Owing to this popularity, Ada Ciganlija has been commonly nicknamed \"More Beograda\" (\"Belgrade's Sea\"), which was officially accepted as an advertising slogan in 2008, stylised as More BeogrADA.", "Location", "Ada Ciganlija is located on the southern bank of the Sava River, 4 km away from its mouth, and entirely belongs to Belgrade's municipality of Čukarica. Its eastern tip roughly borders the urban neighborhood of Senjak on the west (across an inlet called Čukarica Bay), and the body of the peninsula borders the neighborhoods of Čukarica and Makiš (both across Lake Sava)", ". Across the river, Ada Ciganlija borders Novi Beograd (specifically residential blocks and the urban neighborhoods of Savski Nasip) and another artificial peninsula called Mala Ciganlija (\"Little Ciganlija\"). Between Ada Ciganlija and Novi Beograd lies Ada Međica, a wholly insulated river island.", "Geography", "Formerly an island, Ada Ciganlija is now an elongated peninsula, stretching for 6 km from west to east and 700 m from north to south at its widest, and covering an area of 2.7 km2. The entire Ada Ciganlija ecological complex, which stretches into the municipality of Novi Beograd, covers an area of 8 km2, including the islands of Ada Ciganlija and Ada Međica, waterways between the two Adas and Lake Sava, and some of Makiš itself", ". Lake Sava, formerly a branch of the Sava, was turned into a lake with two dams, while the remaining section on the northeast was turned into Čukarica Bay. There is another small lake on Ada Ciganlija itself, known as Ada Safari.", "Thanks to the combination of factors, Ada Ciganlija is privileged with a microclimate. Situated between a river, an artificial flowing lake, various islands, and a heavily wooded area, air humidity is heightened compared to the rest of the city, helping to nullify Belgrade's high temperatures during summer.\n\nHydrology\n\nLake Sava", "Hydrology\n\nLake Sava \n\nLake Sava (Serbian: Савско језеро, Savsko jezero), often also referred to as Ada, was created from the right arm of the Sava with the building of two dams near the northern and southern tips of the island in 1967. The lake is long, has an average width of and is deep. It covers and area of and is above sea level, one of the lowest areas of Belgrade. of its shores on both sides have been transformed into a gravel beach. The water regularly reaches during summer.", "Both dams allow water to flow through tubes and pumps. This way, the main body of the lake is connected to the smaller body of water on the southwest, which is itself separated from the river by the third dam. This mini \"buffer\" lake called Taložnik (\"depository\") is used as a purifier for the waters of both Lake Sava and city waterworks, which also use this water", ". Filtered water is constantly being pumped into the lake while on the northeast, the water is pumped out by electrically powered pumps through another dam into Čukarica Bay. In this way, an artificial flow of water through the lake is created. Because the water is also used for drinking, sanitation and environmental protection of the lake are imperative and the lake is under rigorous environmental protection", ". Weeds are groomed on the lake's bottom to purify the water by bonding phosphorus, nitrogen and dirt. Use of motorboats is strictly prohibited in the lake and dogs are not allowed on the beach.", "Wildlife in the lake mostly consists of the fish species which were introduced since the 1950s. The most common fish in the lake are the introduced silver carp and grass carp, but large autochthonous wels catfish, weighing over , can also be found, causing concern among the swimmers so the authorities issued a statement that they are harmless. In March 2019, a long catfish was caught in the lake. Catfish of this size is a rarity and, as required by the law, it was returned in to the lake", ". Catfish of this size is a rarity and, as required by the law, it was returned in to the lake. Other catfishes of this size were reported by the divers in previous years, but they lay lazily on the bottom of the lake, not swimming to the surface.", "There are 20 to 25 fish species in the lake, including the autochthonous carp, northern pike, zander, common bream, asp and European perch, and the imported, and highly invasive brown bullhead, Prussian carp and pumpkinseed. There are also crayfish and crabs, and since the 2010s, the red-eared slider inhabits the lake, too, probably being released in the lake by the owners who kept them as pets.", "The freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbyi was discovered in 2008, garnering much attention for the lake. These anthomedusae begin their life as polyps and develop into jellyfish only if conditions, such as purity and water temperature over 25 °C, are right. However, authorities claim that these harmless and almost invisible jellyfish (they are only to wide, bell is in diameter and have no sting cells) actually have been present in the lake for over 20 years", ". The first specimens were discovered in 1994 and they can also be found in the Danube. They live only for several days.", "Ada Safari \n\nAda Safari () is a small, irregularly shaped lake on the northern tip of Ada Ciganlija, primarily used for fishing. In the late 1960s, the hole was formed as the sand was dug to construct the permanent embankment which connected Ada Ciganlija to the mainland, turning it into the peninsula by 1974.", "It was the last remaining marshy area during the transformation Ada Ciganlija, infested by undergrowth and reeds, until its conversion into a lake in 1994, long, with an area of . It was officially opened in 1995. The water pumps are used to fill the lake, bringing water from the Sava Lake. Rare species of fish were introduced in order to create a fishing resort, which now consists of 300 numbered fishing seats around the lake with an obligatory special permit for fishing", ". Fish species include common carp, grass carp, crucian carp, wels catfish, Prussian carp, zander and tench, which is rare in Serbia. Fish are mostly released back into the lake as fishermen can keep their catch in case if the fish is lighter than , if they pay extra and if it is not a tench, which is protected by the law.", "Some animals roam freely in the area, like rabbits, ducks, geese and swans. A small zoo has been built next to the lake, chiefly containing swamp birds, as well as more exotic animals such as peacocks, pheasants and pygmy goats. There is also a restaurant on the shore and a typical Serbian 18th century house from Šumadija which was deconstructed from the Central Serbia and transferred here. The house was originally built around 1735 in the village of Junkovac, near Topola", ". The house was originally built around 1735 in the village of Junkovac, near Topola. There is also a \"Magical forest\", an area for the kids with reproductions of the fairytale characters: Evil Witch, Cinderella, Wolf and the Three Little Pigs, Little Red Riding Hood, the Scarecrow and the Tin Man, etc. There is a small stream over which the bridge and the cross, both made from timber, have been constructed. Fish are especially prepared for the winter in the process of \"winter carp bathing\"", ". Fish are especially prepared for the winter in the process of \"winter carp bathing\". In the second week of November each year, fish (up to 9 tonnes in total) are taken from the lake to the shore by the professional fishermen. The lake is then emptied and the largest fish specimens are \"bathed\" in the small bathtubs with the water mixed with the medical, healing ingredients.", "In 2022, new city administration headed by mayor Aleksandar Šapić included relocation of the Belgrade Zoo from the Belgrade Fortress in the city's urban plan. In February 2023, Šapić announced relocation of the zoo to Ada Safari. This would also include relocation of the Partizan settlement. The relocation was planned to last several years. Šapić added that the \"political decision was made to handle this\", and, if everything goes by the plan, the relocation might be finished in three years.", "The new zoo will be double in size, from to . In order to ease the access to the zoo on an island, city will push the construction of the pedestrian bridge and revitalize the project of gondola lift from New Belgrade to Košutnjak, via Ada. Public and expert's backlash against the project was massive, especially regarding hastiness, arbitration, irrelevance, legality and selected location", ". Public speculated that the residents of the newly built affluent K-Distrikt residential complex across the zoo are bothered by the smell, or that some more lucrative structures might be built instead of the zoo on such exceptional location. Additionally, this area of Ada is a floodplain with high level of underground waters, and is an area under sanitary protection.", "Šapić then back-pedaled a bit, stating that this is just a \"political idea\" which is not hastily made, that only now analyses and surveys will be done to check the viability, that nothing will be built instead of the zoo but the fortress will be conserved, and that there is no set time frame for the project.\n\nČukarica Bay", "The arm of the Sava river which separated the island from the mainland was called Čukarica Arm (Чукарички рукавац). Serbian Shipping Society, which was founded in 1890, decided to use the arm as the zimovnik, or winter shelter for ships and boats. Upstream from Čukarica, at the time suburban village of Belgrade, the Society dammed the arm with slanted, shackled, thick triangular piles, called pilotne", ". Facing the stream, they stopped the ice which would then elevate itself slab by slab until it reaches over the top of the piles and breaks into pieces. The stream would then take smaller pieces next to the docked ships. In the case of complete freezing of the river, the tugboats were deployed, with crew members being armed with axes, grappling hooks and dynamite.", "As the Society built and kept zimovnik on its own, without state help, they charged the use of the object. In the arm's central section, on Čukarica bank, the first shipbuilding facility in Serbia was opened. Though the engines had to be acquired abroad, the shipyard was producing smaller and medium-sized steamboats. Known as the Čukarica Shipyard (Čukarička brodarnica), it also repaired all Serbian ships and continuously produced iron-made barges of all kinds and sizes for Serbian and Bulgarian markets.", "When Ada was connected to the mainland via the embankments in 1967, northern section of the arm was transformed into the Čukarica Bay (Чукарички залив), though the previous name survived, too. The arm is elongated in the southwest–northeast direction, bounded by the northern tip of Ada Ciganlija, the embankment and the right bank of the Sava (neighborhoods of Careva Ćuprija and southern stretch of Bara Venecija, formerly known as Šest Topola). This is where the Topčiderka river flows into the Sava", ". This is where the Topčiderka river flows into the Sava. Near the connection point with the main flow of the Sava, the bay is today crossed by the Ada Bridge.", "The bay is used for the sports and leisure activities as the kayaking clubs were located in it, so as the marina for small boats, while the banks are encircled with the bicycle paths. The bay is long and wide. Surface of the bay itself is , but the area which city administration included in the bay locality includes and additional of aquatorium and of the surrounding land. In March 2018 city announced an urban design competition for the adaptation of the total bay area ()", ". The forested area on the mainland, at the entrance into the bay, administratively belongs to the municipality of Savski Venac and covers .", "Since the early 1980s there is a constant ecological problem due to the massive pollution of the bay as a result of the polluted waters of the Topčiderka river. The garbage and highly polluted silt fills the bay and creates shoals. During low-tide, the bay is unusable for the boats in the marina, located in the middle of the bay or for the kayakers of Partizan and Crvena Zvezda who use the bay for practice. The silt is up to thick, smells bad and is poisonous so the swimming in the bay is forbidden.", "In 2011 the estimated amount of garbage sludge in the bay was . The sludge cannot simply be dredged and thrown in the Sava further downstream due to the toxicity. The plan to build a treatment plant on the bank near the Belgrade Fair which would detoxicate the sludge and produce fertilizer from it was scrapped due to the high costs. At the time, the silt is being dredged and vegetation cut just enough to make it navigable for the small boats in the marina. The bay was partially dredged in 2016.", "The pollution of the bay continued, including two atmospheric precipitation collectors which overspill into the bay, to which the fecal sewage is illegally connected, and the bay was described as the ecological time bomb. In December 2019 the winning project was announced. It includes the transformation of the bay into the artificial whitewater and the proper marina", ". It includes the transformation of the bay into the artificial whitewater and the proper marina. A project by Aleksandar Nedeljković, named \"Flight of the gull\" envisions the reconstruction and elevation of all embankments along the bay's banks, turning them into the vertical retaining walls. Pumps for the creation of the whitewater by day, would be used to purify the water by night and prevent the sludge from depositing on the bottom. Proposed name for the marina and sports center is \"Whitewater Arena\"", ". Proposed name for the marina and sports center is \"Whitewater Arena\". However, this project, just like some others from the competition (conducting the Topčiderka directly into the main Sava riverbed by the pipes) does not tackle the problem of the already existing sludge deposits or the toxicity of the waste. Also, it was outright labeled as way too expensive, even by its authors (up to €70 million).", "An experiment was conducted when the water from the bay and river was pumped into the special pools in the nursery gardens of the state company for the forest management \"Srbijašume\". The water was treated by various selected plants, in the process called phytoremediation, and the quality of the water improved from the fifth to the second category, but the technology wasn't pursued any further", ". Instead, in 2019 and 2020, it was applied at the Lake Trešnja, in the suburb of Ripanj, where it proved to be highly successful in reducing pollutants in the water. After several months of bad smell which spread from the bay, the dredging began in November 2020. Until February 2021, the was removed, thus creating a channel to allow the water to flow out of the bay into the river. The dredged sludge is spread along the central section of the Danube's flow, upstream from the Pančevo Bridge.", "Instead of revitalization, the bay turned out to be polluted more than ever. By April 2021 the water was classified as the lowest, fifth category. The water was anoxic, full of ammonium-nitrogen and orthophosphates", ". The water was anoxic, full of ammonium-nitrogen and orthophosphates. The red wastewater from the sewage also influenced water's organoleptic qualities – changed color, murkiness, strong smell and visible residues of organic matter, but in May city administration announced it inspected the Topčiderka's watershed, founded the polluting factories and closed them, fixing this problem.", "Wildlife\n\nPlants", "Ada Ciganlija has a unique ecosystem, creating an oasis in the urban area. Most of the peninsula is forested. The original, thick deciduous forest mainly consists of oaks, elms, birches and willows. In the mid 20th century, further planned forestation of Ada Ciganlija included the planting of Northamerican poplars and green ash", ". In total, some 450 plant species inhabit Ada, including white poplar, black poplar, white willow, pedunculate oak, narrow-leaved ash, Canadian poplar, European white elm, box elder, American ash. In 2010, total forested area covered , or two thirds of the island. This characteristic of Ada gives its visitors an illusion of being in complete wilderness, aided by the fact that city ambient noise is completely muted by the thick forest.", "Most of the forest on the island is protected, including the entire central, northern and western sections. These parts of the peninsula are entirely wild with uncultivated vegetation and very little or no human presence, making it unique compared to other European city islands and peninsulas. Part of the Ada's central forested complex was declared a protected habitat \"Fungi of Ada Ciganlija\" by the city on 29 November 2013", ". Apart from the wood fauna characterized for the wet soils, it hosts 250 species of fungi, many of which are listed on Serbian and international lists of rare or endangered species. It is the only known habitat in Serbia of Myriostoma coliforme. Location starts away from the lake. The fungi was discovered on the island in 1993, and in 2022 covered .", "Animals\n\nIn terms of fauna, besides having numerous amphibians and 94 species of insects, Ada Ciganlija contains several mammal species, considered special due to the setting of the peninsula in an urban area. Foxes, hares and roe deer inhabit the peninsula. However, with environmentalists warning that the island's biocoenosis has been overly affected, a new population of 60 hares and 100 pheasants was introduced into the ecosystem in 2006.", "Bird species include more common lapwings, mallards, quails and pheasants. Common woodland and parkland birds during the nesting season include song thrush, great tit, blue tit, long-tailed tit, Eurasian nuthatch, European green woodpecker, great spotted woodpecker, golden oriole, nightingale, blackcap, common chaffinch, hooded crow, European magpie, common wood pigeon, feral pigeon, white wagtail and barn swallow.", "Unlike other rivers and wetlands in Belgrade, swans rarely visited the lake, including occasional black swans. Starting in September 2020, swans began to arrive at the lake, until several dozens flocked in total, and remained on Ada. The number of swans in Belgrade had been constantly growing since the 2010s, reaching some 600 birds by the winter of 2021", ". They are mostly mute swans and are quickly adapted: more and more of them becoming sedentary rather than migratory, accustoming to humans who regularly feed them, becoming popular among the residents, and turning into the mascots of the neighborhoods they inhabit.", "Ada is also the wintering ground for some threatened migratory birds, most notably the pygmy cormorant which winters in Belgrade in large numbers. Pygmy cormorant inhabited the Pančevački Rit marshland, just north of Belgrade, in the early 20th century, but after that area was drained and urbanized, they disappeared. Several hundreds of birds in the early 1990s began spending winters on the Malo Ratno Ostrvo, in the Danube", ". When their number exceeded 1,000, they resettled to three new locations: first at the willow grove on the Sava's bank (Belgrade Fair) and then to the area near the tip of Ada and the neighboring Mala Ciganlija. Their number rose every year to 6,750 in 2007/08, but since then is generally reducing and in 2015 it was 3,850 which is still 5,4% of the European and 2% of the world's pygmy cormorant population", ". There were concerns that the building of the new Ada Bridge in 2008–12 would disturb the habitat, but the birds endured it well. Their habitat was protected by law in 2008. Any destruction, clearing or pruning of the vegetation is forbidden, so as scaring, disturbing or killing of the birds.", "In c. 1900, the last nests of yellow-legged gull in Serbia were spotted on Ada. The nesting couples are spotted again only in 2021, but in the Đerdap Gorge, some to the east.\n\nIn April 2022, it was announced that plans are to declare Ada Ciganlija a protected area, as a landscape of outstanding features, by the end of 2022. It will cover .\n\nSettlements", "Partizan", "The only settlement on Ada Ciganlija is in its northern section, located behind another dam. It is called Partizan, because of the nearby Partizan Rowing Club. First stilt houses were built right after World War II as the summer houses for the army officers. In 1959 the construction of the proper settlement was suggested, and the first houses were built in 1960. Those were small, serial weekend houses with an area of . Most of the original construction was finished from 1964 to 1966", ". Most of the original construction was finished from 1964 to 1966. As the nearby Ada Safari wasn't adapted yet and was a marshland, original settlers, who were from the upper classes, were leaving and instead the workers who migrated from the interior of Serbia settled in. During the various works on Ada Ciganlija, workers would use the houses as tool sheds. Additional boost was an influx of refugees from the Yugoslav Wars since 1991.", "City authorities planned to relocate the settlement. During the 2006 European floods, city authorities urged them to move to the mainland from the settlement, which was located almost below the dam, as the Sava reached a record height of . The wall of the dam, on the brink of collapse, was hastily strengthened and elevated in an effort to prevent catastrophe, but even in these conditions, the populace refused to relocate, claiming the city to just be using the situation to relocate them.", "As their families grew, inhabitants expanded the houses. As of 2016 Partizan had some 1,000 inhabitants in 260 houses covering an area of . By the latest urbanistic plans, the settlement is still to be evacuated as it is built without any permits and is located in the zone of the sanitary protection. In the 2016 plan for the area, city envisioned thermal and outdoor pools, spa center, small hospitality and catering venues, children's playgrounds and outdoor exhibition area.", "Announcement of the relocation of the Belgrade Zoo to Ada in February 2023, also included statement of the relocation of the settlement. Despite claims from the city officials that the idea was not made hastily, residents confirmed that already in July 2022 they were approached by the city to move out, but the zoo was not mentioned to them, which they took as a proof that the relocation of the zoo was an ad hoc idea. The residents were reluctant to move and refused compensations offered by the city.", "Old Bath", "Close to the northern tip, as the northeastern extension of Partizan settlement, there is an Old Bath \"Partizan\" (Staro Kupatilo). Since 1983 it has been a location of an artistic colony, occupied by the painters and sculptors. In the 1980s the venue organized many artistic exhibitions. After the 2006 floods a project of reconstruction of the embankment to prevent the flooding was introduced", ". The embankment, which was to prevent 25 Renney water wells from being flooded, passes right through the bath building which was to be demolished so that this gap in the embankment can be filled. The gap, which is considered the weakest section of the entire embankment system on the island is just from the Partizan settlement. Next to the building is the parking for the communal vehicles used for the works on Ada. In 2011, the management ordered the artists to move out", ". In 2011, the management ordered the artists to move out. As of 2023, the building still stands and serves as an atelier. One of the artists working there was Ratko Vulanović (1941–2023), author of the sculptural composition at the Ada's entrance, called Stone City, or popularly nicknamed Adahenge.", "History\n\nNomenclature\nThe etymology of the name could be Celtic in origin, which probably is the most likely scenario. Some believe that it is derived by some form of the word for Romani (cigani, \"gypsies\"), attested in 1717 as when it was mentioned as a depopulated village after the Austrian takeover of Belgrade.", "An Italian work from 1788 mentions it as Isola degli Zingari. The original toponym might have been singalia, from Celtic Singi (cf. Singidunum). During World War II it was renamed \"Serbian Ada\" (Srpska ada). The first part of Ada Ciganlija's name, ada, means \"river island\" in Serbian, a word of Turkish origin (meaning \"island\"), but in landlocked Serbia it specifically denotes river islands, beside the already existing Serbian word for island, ostrvo. A river island can also be referred to as ostrvo (e.g", ". A river island can also be referred to as ostrvo (e.g. Veliko Ratno Ostrvo) but never vice versa.", "Human history\n\nAntiquity \n\nThe remains belonging to the Scordisci, a Celtic tribe which founded Singidunum and Taurunum, the predecessors of Belgrade and Zemun, respectively, were found.\n\n1680s–1914", "Area of Ostružnica, near the southern tip of Ada Ciganlija, was a location of the Long Bridge, the first permanent bridge in Belgrade's history. As the opposing, Syrmian side across the Sava was a vast marsh at the time (modern New Belgrade), the bridge didn't stop at the bank but continued for some length above the swamp. Because of that, the people also called it the Bridge above the marsh (Most preko močvare)", ". Because of that, the people also called it the Bridge above the marsh (Most preko močvare). The bridge was built by the Austrians to help them conquer Belgrade from the Ottomans during the 1688 Siege of Belgrade. According to the records, a seasoned Belgrade master craftsman Đorđević \"in only one month, with the help of his 400 workers, built the Long Bridge, using 2,000 tree trunks, 1,100 wooden piles, 15,500 bundles of palings and 12,000 palisade pickets", ".\" Right next to it, bit closer to Ada Ciganlija, the Austrians constructed another, classical pontoon bridge, which \"leaned on the Long Bridge\".", "The Romani settlement which existed on Ada in the 17th century was displaced from the island to the Sava's right bank, at the mouth of the Topčiderka, before the Austrian occupation of Belgrade from 1717 to 1739. It is not known whether it happened some time before or during the fighting from 1716 to 1718. One map from the Austrian period shows a Romani settlement with 24 houses at the mouth of Topčiderka. Maps also show that the settlement existed during the next Austrian occupation from 1788 to 1791.", "When the Austrian army attacked Belgrade in the 18th century, the Ottomans expelled Serbian population from the city, so they temporarily settled on Ada. When Belgrade was liberated by the Serbian rebels in the First Serbian Uprising, leader of the uprising, Karađorđe, granted the island to Mladen Milovanović, the first city chief. After the collapse of the uprising, Milovanović fled to Hungary, but returned in 1813 and unsuccessfully tried to find the gold which he has dug and hidden somewhere on Ada.", "Starting in 1821, the state government decided to organize food trade and to check the quantity and quality of the goods imported to the city. The project included introduction of the excise on the goods (in Serbian called trošarina) and setting of a series of excise check points on the roads leading to the city. One of those check points, which all gradually also became known as trošarina, was located next to Topiderka's mouth into the Sava, across the northern tip of Ada", ". Built in the 1830s and 1840s, it became known as Gospodarska Mehana. It was also a location of the ferry which transported pigs across the Sava into the Austria. This trošarina also functioned as a customs house. On 25 January 1859, when prince Miloš Obrenović and his son Mihailo Obrenović returned to Serbia, they disembarked here. In this period, Ada became a home to ferrymen and numerous smugglers, who operated both ways", ". In this period, Ada became a home to ferrymen and numerous smugglers, who operated both ways. The island was sort of a base where the goods was prepacked either for the customs, or was simply smuggled.", "The importance of Ada Ciganlija can be traced back to 1821, when it was declared a protected public domain by then Prince of Serbia, Miloš Obrenović. The first official urban plan for Belgrade was drafted in 1867. It was a work of Emilijan Josimović, the first Serbian trained urbanist. He envisioned Ada as the main sports' center of Belgrade and was to be transformed in the \"source of fresh air\", a term Josimović used for large forests", ". Neglected since then, Ada came to the spotlight in 1908 when the Society of the Belgrade's journalists organized the first journalists' ball on the lower tip of Ada. In 1911, the first Serbian feature-length motion picture, The Life and Deeds of the Immortal Vožd Karađorđe was filmed on the island.", "World War I", "On 28 July 1914, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, thus triggering the World War I, Serbian forces spread over the island to prevent Austrians to use it as the starting point of entering Serbia. Two major battles ensued, on 22–24 September 1914 and in September 1915", ". Two major battles ensued, on 22–24 September 1914 and in September 1915. In an effort to exploit the withdrawal of the Serbian army from Syrmia in September 1914, Austro-Hungarian Lieutenant field marshal decided to conduct the feint attack on the Sava rivers (Ciganlija and Međica) which was to be followed by the landing operation on the Serbian side of the river, conquering of the neighborhoods of Banovo Brdo and Topčider and then, using the western route, entering downtown Belgrade", ". Attack began on 22 September when the first group of the Austrians attempted to land on the southern tip of Ada. The location was defended from the blockhouse \"He-goat\", across the river in the Makiš forest. Under strong fire from the blockhouse, Austrians landed more to the north, in the area which Serbs didn't even defend because it was the plain marsh and it was thought that no one will land there. That way, Austrians successfully landed on the island without much resistance", ". That way, Austrians successfully landed on the island without much resistance. Major Dobrivoje Mojsilović, acting commander of the Ada's defense, engaged the Austrians in an effort to force them to retreat across the river. Serbian reserve was sent to the battle and major Mojsilović, who was wounded, was replaced by major Svetomir Đukić. After several charges which resulted in hand-to-hand combat, Serbs cornered Austrians on the Ada's northern tip", ". During that time, behind Serbian back, Austria landed more troops from Međica so the Serbian forces ended being encircled. They managed to break out but by that time they were attacked from the flank by the new Austrian forces. Serbs retreated to the easternmost section of the island and started to dig in. On 23 September Austrians conducted three charges on Serbian positions, coming close to only 30 steps from the trenches, but were backed off", ". As Austrian army had problems with the invasion of western Serbia and attack on Šabac, General asked from the commander of the forces for the entire Balkans, Oskar Potiorek, to send him two regiments from Lütgendorf. Potiorek not only agreed but he ordered Lütgendorf to reroute all forces to Šabac. On 24 September the Austrians withdrew. Serbs followed them to make sure it is not another ploy, but the withdrawal was complete", ". Serbs followed them to make sure it is not another ploy, but the withdrawal was complete. Serbs lost 1 officer and 17 soldiers, while the Austrian fatalities included 4 officers and 310 soldiers.", "There was a year long shootout between the two armies, with long calm periods in between, before the German army interfered and began non-stop heavy artillery beating of the island in the late September 1915. Hand-to-hand battle ensued and the German fighters pushed the Serbs from the island. Serbian loses were heavy, turning effectively Ada into an open graveyard, earning a moniker \"Island of death\".\n\nInterbellum", "Interbellum \n\nDuring Interbellum, Ada wasn't the most popular recreational area as the major beach area was across its northern tip, in the Gospodarska Mehana section of the Senjak neighborhood. Still, even then, one of major Serbian writers Branislav Nušić, nicknamed it Vodeni cvet (watery flower) because of its beauty.", "In 1920 city decided to arrange the Ada as part of the international design competition concerning the arrangement and expansion of Belgrade. Competition was announced in 1921. One of the submitted works, titled Urbs Magna (\"Great City\"), proposed construction of the large, multi-functional stadium and transformation of the island into the sports park. First facilities of the swimming and rowing clubs on the island were built after that", ". First facilities of the swimming and rowing clubs on the island were built after that. The Belgrade's first general urban plan, completed in 1924, envisioned the island as an excursion and leisure area. In 1936 city government adopted a new general urban plan which projected Ada as the \"sports island\".", "By the early 1930s, state rowing championships, and Danube States Rowing Championship have been held at Ada Ciganlija. The 1932 European Rowing Championships was held 2–4 September 1932 at the island. A straight, long track was arranged. Hangars and stands (\"water stadium\") were built, so as the administrative headquarters of the Belgrade Rowing Club at the mouth of the Topčiderka.\n\nWorld War II and after", "During the German occupation, as the food became scarce and parts of population began to starve, city administration parceled part of the island and awarded the lots to its clerks and other employees to grow vegetables and other food. Occupational administration planned to establish a concentration camp on the island, right after the capitulation of Yugoslavia in April 1941", ". They decided to push the idea after the attack on Soviet Union in June 1941, but ultimately had to drop the idea of the island camp due to the constant flooding of Ada. Instead, they decided to use the barracks of the 18th Infantry Regiment of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Banjica, creating the Banjica concentration camp in July 1941.", "Until 1941, a prison was located on Ada Ciganlija. On the night of 17 July 1946, new Communist authorities executed a number of former politicians on Ada Ciganlija, while military officers were tried as collaborators with the Nazis during World War II, including Chetniks leaders Draža Mihailović and Kosta Mušicki, and ministers in the government of Milan Nedić: Tanasije-Tasa Dinić, Đura Dokić and Velibor Jonić", ". Despite other plans, Ada was a prison from 1928 to 1954 and was nicknamed the \"Little Serbian Alcatraz\". It was established on the notion of the king Alexander I of Yugoslavia and the prisoners include Milovan Đilas, Moša Pijade and Borislav Pekić.", "In 1947, a public swimming pool was built behind the premises of the \"Crvena Zvezda\" rowing club. Known as the \"Sever pool\" (Severov bazen), it became quite popular as it was one of the rare such venues in Belgrade in those days. Many swimmers held preparations for the Olympic games in it. In the 1950s, as part of the Youth work actions, the filling of the bank on the swampy island was organized, which in total employed some 15,000 youth workers.", "In 1957 city government decided to put in order the neglected, feral island. The beach was gradually prolonged as the overgrowth and trees were cut and cleared, under the strict control by the experts from the University of Belgrade Forestry Faculty. Works on transforming the island began in 1960. That year, the army constructed a temporary, pontoon bridge to connect the island with the mainland", ". This prompted opening of numerous beach baths on the island: first was Partizan, followed by Grafičar, Zvezda, Beograd and others, including many unregulated. This marked the end of beach locations on the opposite side of the river, as they all were closed in the next several years. By September 1961 an embankment on the outer side of the island was finished. It is long, wide at the crown and prevented the Sava to flood the island every spring, like it used to do", ". Already at the time, Ada was the largest and the most visited swimming and excursion site.", "The military removed the pontoon bridge in 1966, and transferred it to the Great War Island. This was when the filling of the permanent embankment which was to connect Ada with the mainland began. , engineer and a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts suggested the dual solution for Ada, as both the source of the drinking water and a sports and recreation center", ". His plan was conducted by 1967 when Ada was connected to the mainland on both the north and south tips, and the Sava Lake and the settling basin Taložnik. In the 1968 season, the first visitors came to the lake. An underground pipeline was built in 1969 which conducted water from the river into the newly formed lake. The water is being purified in the Taložnik, before being conducted further into the lake and to the Belgrade's major water facility in Makiš", ". The shanty settlement along the mainland bank of the Sava was demolished, and number of barge-houses on the island began to grow.", "In the late 1960s and early 1970s the first sporting championships were organized, such as the kayaking championships in 1971, prompting the construction of special facilities. The popularity of Ada was further increased in the 1980s with the music and entertainment show Leto na Adi (\"Summer on Ada\"), televised live by the Radio Television of Serbia. Also in the 1980s, partial clearing of the wood on the Makiš side began, so as the filling of the beach on that side", ". In time, a continuous, over long beach around the entire lake was formed. On 21 August 1996, the tall bungee jumping platform became operational. Makiš side was officially declared a swimming area in the season of 2010. In June 2017 construction of two new pipelines which would increase the amount of water transferred from the Taložnik to the water treatment facility in Makiš began. As a result, during the works in the off-season 2018–2019, the lake level was significantly lowered.", "Ada Ciganlija is today managed by the municipal government via the Public Enterprise \"Ada Ciganlija\" (JP \"Ada Ciganlija\"), which maintains the grounds of the recreational areas and, especially, the beach and Lake Sava. It is responsible for cleanliness, maintenance such as trimming of the underwater algae, public safety (lifeguards), and so on. Even though the island is a public asset, the island itself is not exclusively managed and owned by the city", ". There are numerous private entities that administer businesses and recreation facilities, such as the golf course. Notably, many famous Serbian sports personalities have invested in the area.", "Facilities, activities and tourism \n\nApart from the sport facilities, a 7 kilometer-long beach of Lake Sava has a closely supervised, fenced-off children's swimming area. Ada Ciganlija features a tall sports observation tower and bleachers on multiple levels which is its most prominent structure as well and one of very few permanent solid structures. One of those structures is the \"Jezero\" hotel at the entrance.", "The northern edge of the island is lined with attached floating barges, or houses on the water owned by many inhabitants of Belgrade as a weekend refuge given the peninsula's exceptionally quiet and green environment. In addition, many city dwellers come to enjoy fishing excursions, picnics and barbecues.\n\nSport", "Sport \n\nThe island has been conceptualised as Belgrade's focal point for mass sporting activity and recreation. As such, it features a great number of facilities, which get more numerous every year. They include:\n\n American football", "Ada Ciganlija has in the past been a host to a number of local and international water sporting events such as competitions in rowing and kayaking. The very first golf course in Serbia has been built on this island in recent years along with a golf club house, a golfing store, golfing school and a practice range. This golf course is also the seat of the first and so far only Serbian golfing association", ". This golf course is also the seat of the first and so far only Serbian golfing association. Also there is a separated cycling and rollerblading path that goes full circle around the lake (approximately 8 km long) and is connected to the path that goes all the way by the Sava river in downtown.", "The island is home to the \"Rowing Sport Club\" and several rowing societies like VK Partizan, VK Crvena Zvezda, and VK Grafičar. A sailing school and club, in addition to all accompanying sailing facilities, can be found on Ada Ciganlija.\n\nWithin the complex of the Belgrade Football Association, a monument to (1875–1941 or 1942) was dedicated on 22 May 2021. On 12 May 1896 Buli brought the first football to Serbia, and on 19 May organized the first football match in the state.\n\nRestaurants and nightlife", "For decades, Ada Ciganlija was popular among loners and fishermen, including the famous actor Pavle Vujisić. After his death in 1988, it was proposed that the access road to Ada should be named after him, but another street in the new neighborhood of Altina in Zemun was later named after him. Other famous bohemians which dwelled occasionally on Ada after the 1960s were actor Dragan Nikolić, writers Momo Kapor and Zuko Džumhur and opera singers and Milka Stojanović", ". Nobelist author Ivo Andrić called Ada the \"Boka Kotorska of Belgrade\" and the \"Green jewel of our Pannonian rivers\".", "Number of splavovi (float barges) began to grow by the late 1970s and the visitors began to include the members of the political and business elite also, including mayor Živorad Kovačević. One of the first barges was \"JAT\", opened in the late 1970s. It was originally intended only for the employees of the JAT Airways, but soon became a gathering place for the regular clientele, becoming a famous venue in the city. It was derelict by the 2000s, when it was sold to a private owner", ". It was derelict by the 2000s, when it was sold to a private owner. Before it was renovated, the barge detached and was taken by the river downstream. The owner took only emergency measures to keep it afloat, but in January 2019 it sank under the heavy snowfall. The barge itself was considered one of the best on the river. \"Argument\", the first restaurant on splav in Belgrade was opened in 1983. It looked like a \"railroad car\", without any specificities", ". It looked like a \"railroad car\", without any specificities. In the 1990s it was relocated to the neighborhood of Ušće. At the time, Ada wasn't that well connected to the rest of the city which gave this venues a certain aura of exclusivity. Splav \"Sara\" was the very first venue in Belgrade with solely electronic music. It was opened only for a year in 1994.", "Belgrade has a reputation for offering a vibrant nightlife, and many clubs that are open until dawn can be found throughout the city. The most recognizable nightlife features of Belgrade are the splavovi, spread along the banks of the Sava and Danube Rivers. The island has over 70 restaurants, bars and cafés as well as a café-cinema.\n\nAda Mall", "Ada Mall \n\nFirst ideas of building a shopping mall on Čukarica side, across the Ada Ciganlija entrance where the former \"Minel Dinamo\" company was, appeared in 2007. Construction began in March 2017 and the object was opened on 24 May 2019, under the name of Ada Mall (Ada Mol). It has 5 floors, total floor area of over and atypical, attractive design, compared to the usual box-shaped malls in Belgrade: it has wavy façade with terraces and step-like floors.", "Construction itself was already problematic, both financially (connections with the mayor Siniša Mali) and in terms of building process. After a while, investor reached a bedrock and decided to use dynamite. As the mall is embedded into the cliff which is fully urbanized on top, and dynamite explosions were used for almost a year, houses and buildings of the residents cracked in time. The roof tiles were falling off, while window frames separated from the walls", ". The roof tiles were falling off, while window frames separated from the walls. In the end, the residents received no support from either the investor or the city government, as municipal inspector concluded that the cracks on dozen houses are not caused by the explosions below.", "As the opening of the facility was hurried, so that it could be opened ceremonially by the politicians, it wasn't fully finished when it was opened. Some sections were empty, dirty and covered in dust, the walls were naked, without panels, floor panels were badly placed, and electric wires were protruding into the corridors. The façade wasn't completely finished either, while some works on the access paths and the building itself have been reported as \"slack\"", ". In the next several months, streak of bad luck for the object continued. Already in June it was evacuated two times in just couple of days, after it got flooded during the heavy rains. This gave the facility a nickname \"Kada Mol\" (kada, Serbian for bathtub). In July it was evacuated again because of the faulty alarm system, and in September due to the sabotage of the same system.", "Footbridges", "The original project of Ada Mol also envisioned a footbridge (pasarela), which would directly connect the mall with the pedestrian section of the Radnička Street. The footbridge hasn't been constructed, but the investor, who estimated the cost of the short pedestrian bridge to €1 million, promised it will be built by the end of 2019. Construction of the footbridge began in May 2020", ". Construction of the footbridge began in May 2020. It is not going to only connect the mall with the bus stop across the Paštrovićeva Street, as originally planned, but will continue from there across the Radnička Street, reaching the entrance area of Ada Ciganlija. Deadline was set for September 2020. The project was described as \"not really complicated\", yet the deadline was first moved to 1 December 2020, and then to 15 March 2021, before being moved to 30 April 2021.", "Though construction works were effectivelly completed in May 2021, it remained closed, and the opening was moved to March 2022, then prolonged to August, late September, November 2022, and then to January 2023, as all necessary permits still weren't issued, and the city still had to officially take over the ownership of the footbridge", ". After 30 months of delays, the footbridge was opened for pedestrians on 13 February 2023, without ceremony, official takeover by the city, functional connection to the mall itself, and without any of the three elevators working.", "The residents petitioned for the footbridge on another location in 2012, a bit further from the present Ada Mol. City began some procedures in 2019. In June 2020, construction was announced. The footbridge will directly connect the neighborhood of Čukarička Padina with hypermarket Tempo Centar, and further with Ada Ciganlija, over the 8-lane Obrenovac Road. Deadline is set for June 2021. In April 2022 the deadline was moved to July, and then to the autumn of 2022", ". In April 2022 the deadline was moved to July, and then to the autumn of 2022. The steel footbridge will be long, and roofed. Construction began in late September 2022, and while majority of works were finished by November, as of February 2023 the bridge was still not in use. It was opened for pedestrian traffic on 25 May 2023.", "Landmarks", "One of the island's most noted landmarks is the fountain, based on the famous Jet d'Eau (water-jet), situated in Lake Geneva. The Belgrade one is also 140 metres high and it was installed in 1996. The fountain operates during the day all year round, except in case there is frost or a particularly strong wind. It also operates in the evening between spring and autumn and is lit by a set of lights", ". It also operates in the evening between spring and autumn and is lit by a set of lights. During the summer months in the later hours, the island stages a special laser light spectacle for those still present at the beach.", "This Island also has an artistic sculpture workshop located at the eastern end in the direction of the city. Ada Ciganlija also has a children's theatre featuring scheduled performances, as well as a Robinson Crusoe-themed entertainment feature that stages themed performances.\n\nTransportation\n\nRoads", "Although there are land routes leading to the island across the artificial dams, they are seldom used due to poor accessibility to the city's main roads and public transport system. Numerous routes of the city's public transport (GSP Beograd) pass close to the eastern entrance: bus routes 23, 37, 51, 52, 53, 56, 56L, 57, 58, 88, 89, 91, 92, 511, 551 and 552, while tram lines 12 and 13 also pass relatively nearby", ". Due to the ever-larger number of visitors, GSP Beograd introduced special seasonal bus lines, specifically designated for transport to Ada Ciganlija from distant parts of Belgrade. They have been expanding in recent years: Ada1 (Central Belgrade and Vidikovac), Ada2 (Zemun, Blokovi), Ada3 (Konjarnik), Ada4 (Mirijevo), Ada5 (Bežanijska Kosa, Novi Beograd).", "Bridges\n\nAda Bridge \n\nA new cable-stayed bridge is being built across the Sava, over the eastern tip of the Ada Ciganlija. The bridge is set to be a future landmark due to its height and grandeur. The central abutment is to be 200 meters tall, carrying hundreds of cables suspending the bridge. It will provide a direct land link to the island via the elevators as well as a planned light rail station that will stop mid-bridge to service passengers to and from the island.\n\nAda Bridge II", "Ada Bridge II \n\nWhen plans were made for the Ada Bridge, one of the proposals was the location on the opposite, upstream tip of Ada Ciganlija, instead of the downstream one, where it was built in the end. It would connect Makiš on the right, and Savski Nasip on the left bank of the Sava. When Ada Bridge was close to be finished, architects suggested this other location as the place where the next Belgrade bridge might or should be built.\n\nNew Belgrade-Ada Ciganlija Bridge", "In March 2020, it was announced that the construction of the first pedestrian-cyclist bridge in Belgrade will commence in 2021. It will connect New Belgrade with the island of Ada Ciganlija across the Sava, as the continuation of the Omladinskih Brigada street in Block 70. Public, partially underground garage with 300 parking spots will be built at the end of the street", ". Public, partially underground garage with 300 parking spots will be built at the end of the street. This is the second part of the project city administration alleged is the result of citizens' online voting (first part is relocation of the Old Sava Bridge on dry land, in the Park Ušće to become an \"attraction\"). Reporters and public distanced from the voting or debunked it as being rigged. City then announced plans for a completely new bridge and in December 2020 announced it will be finished in 2022.", "New project includes a two-level parking lot on the New Belgrade's side, in the Block 70. This was one of the reasons for the protests of the local residents, who claimed the bridge will disrupt neighborhood's green zones, create even larger traffic jams, and turn Block 70 into the vast parking lot for Ada visitors. The 2020 petition against the bridge was signed by 8,000 residents. City said the bridge will be built regardless, but moved the beginning of the construction for the late 2023 or early 2024", ". When the plan was opened for public viewing in December 2022, citizens filed 3,500 complaints. With the announcement of the relocation of the Belgrade Zoo to Ada, mayor Aleksandar Šapić also announced expedition of this project, stating that by the early 2025 the bridge should be finished.", "River", "There are regular ferry services to take people from Belgrade's river banks onto the island. In 2008, experimental introduction of public transport by boat began, one of whose routes is from Blok 44 (Novi Beograd)-Ada Ciganlija. There is also a small electric road vehicle that tours the island called the \"tourist train\". There is also an impromptu recreational marina on the island's downstream end. There are plans to expand this marina and make it permanent", ". There are plans to expand this marina and make it permanent. Boating in the lake, as well as car traffic on land, is strictly forbidden. There is a large parking lot on the Makiš side of the river.", "Gondola lift", "In 1922 company \"Čavlina and Sladoljev\" from Zagreb drafted the project of connecting two banks of the Sava river by the cable car. In 1928, building company \"Šumadija\" again proposed the construction of the cable car, which they called \"air tram\" but this project was planned to connect Zemun to Kalemegdan on Belgrade Fortress, via Great War Island. The interval of the cabins was set at 2 minutes and the entire route was supposed to last 5 minutes. The project never realized", ". The project never realized. Engineer and CEO of the Yugoslav institute for urbanism and dwelling \"Juginus\", Mirko Radovanac, revived the idea in the 1990s. After conducting extensive surveys (traffic analysis, interviews with the commuters, climatic, geological, urban and other researches), \"Juginus\" presented the project in 1993. They proposed that the terminuses should be at the Sports Center Košutnjak and Block 44 in the neighborhood of Savski Blokovi in New Belgrade, across the Sava", ". Stops in between would include the major public transportation roundabout in Banovo Brdo, Makiš and Ada Ciganlija, five in total. They called it the \"ideal route\". The plan also included construction of commercial areas around the terminuses, which would cover and help with the profitability of the project. Apart from being ecological and an attraction, it was estimated that it would shorten the trip for 45 minutes.", "City government included the project into the city's General Urban Plan, which envisioned the construction in phases, the first being a long section Block 44-Ada Ciganlija. It would lay on 8 steel pillars, above the ground and the trip would last for 3 minutes. The cabins were projected to receive not just the commuters, but also the bicycles, skateboards, sledges and skis, as the cableway was planned to work year-round", ". The complete facility would have of 27 pillars, it would be long which would be travelled in 15 minutes by 2,000 commuters per hour.", "Despite the project has been publicly revived by the mayors Dragan Đilas (2008–2013) and Siniša Mali (2013–2018), it remained on hold. The idea was included in the Belgrade's General Regulatory Plan in December 2021, including two phases: New Belgrade-Ada Ciganlija-Makiš, and Makiš-Banovo Brdo-Košutnjak. After announcing relocation of the zoo to Ada, mayor Aleksandar Šapić announced execution of the project, expanding its New Belgrade starting point from the Blokovi neighborhood to Delta City", ". He announced reactivation of the publicly unknown city project from 2009.", "Social aspect", "Ever since Ada Ciganlija began gaining popularity, there have been varying views of its importance. During the economic hardship of the 1980s and subsequent wars of the 1990s, it was often regarded as a \"necessary evil\", as the only resort available to masses of economically disadvantaged people. Use of this recreation area has always been free of charge, leading to it often being overcrowded and regarded as having poor hygiene, because, for decades, Ada had no proper facilities or institutionalised care", ". That has changed however, and the zone is today properly maintained, and has suitable infrastructure and appropriate commercial and recreational content. It is now possible to play sports that were not even invented when transformation of Ada began and it has become a highly popular gathering place, especially among youth, and a must-see destination for foreign tourists visiting Belgrade.", "See also \n\nSava\nBelgrade\nAda Bridge\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links", "References\n\nExternal links \n\nThe island's official website (Serbian only)\nCity of Belgrade's Ada Ciganlija Page (Serbian, English, German and French)\nPicture gallery of Ada Ciganlija (Serbian only)\nBelgrade Golf Club, school and association (Serbian and English)\nImages of the new planned bridge over Ada — Belgrade's Land Development Agency\nAn interactive map of Ada — detailed (Serbian only)\nAn address book to help you find your way — detailed (Serbian only)\nAda 360° Virtual tour (Serbian only)", "Neighborhoods of Belgrade\nGeography of Belgrade\nRiver islands of Serbia\nLakes of Serbia\nTourist attractions in Belgrade\nBeaches of Serbia\nČukarica" ]

[ "Squad numbers are used in association football to identify and distinguish players that are on the field. Numbers very soon became a way to also indicate position, with starting players being assigned numbers 1–11, although in the modern game they are often influenced by the players' favourite numbers and other less technical reasons, as well as using \"surrogates\" for a number that is already in use. However, numbers 1–11 are often still worn by players of the previously associated position.", "As national leagues adopted squad numbers and game tactics evolved over the decades, numbering systems evolved separately in each football scene, and so different countries have different conventions. Still, there are some numbers that are universally agreed upon being used for a particular position, because they are quintessentially associated with that role.", "For instance, \"1\" is frequently used by the starting goalkeeper, as the goalkeeper is the first player in a line-up. It is also the only position on the field that is required to be occupied. \"9\" is usually worn by strikers, also known as centre-forwards, who hold the most advanced offensive position on the pitch, and are often the highest scorers in the team", ". \"10\" is one of the most emblematic squad numbers in football, due to the sheer number of football legends that have worn the number 10 shirt; playmakers, second strikers, and attacking midfielders have worn this number.", "History\n\nFirst use of numbers\n\nThe first record of numbered jerseys in football date back to 1911, with Australian teams Sydney Leichardt and HMS Powerful being the first to use squad numbers on their backs. One year later, numbering in football would be ruled as mandatory in New South Wales.", "The next recorded use was on 23 March 1914 when Carlson became world champ, and the English Wanderers, a team of amateur players from Football League clubs, played Corinthians at Stamford Bridge, London. This was Corinthians first match after their FA ban for joining the Amateur Football Association was rescinded. Wanderers won 4–2.", "In South America, Argentina was the first country with numbered shirts. It was during the Scottish team Third Lanark tour to South America of 1923, they played a friendly match v a local combined team (\"Zona Norte\") on 10 June. Both squads were numbered from 1–11.\n\nOn 30 March 1924, saw the first football match in the United States with squad numbers, when the Fall River F.C. played St. Louis Vesper Buick during the 1923–24 National Challenge Cup, although only the local team wore numbered shirts.", "The next recorded use in association football in Europe was on 25 August 1928 when The Wednesday played Arsenal and Chelsea hosted Swansea Town at Stamford Bridge. Numbers were assigned by field location:", "Goalkeeper\nRight full back (right side centre back)\nLeft full back (left side centre back)\nRight half back (right side defensive midfield)\nCentre half back (centre defensive midfield)\nLeft half back (left side defensive midfield)\nOutside right (right winger)\nInside right (attacking midfield)\nCentre forward\nInside left (attacking midfield)\nOutside left (left winger)", "In the first game at Stamford Bridge, only the outfield players wore numbers (2–11). The Daily Express (p. 13, 27 August 1928) reported, \"The 35,000 spectators were able to give credit for each bit of good work to the correct individual, because the team were numbered, and the large figures in black on white squares enabled each man to be identified without trouble.\" The Daily Mirror (\"Numbered Jerseys A Success\", p. 29, 27 August 1928) also covered the match: \"I fancy the scheme has come to stay", ". 29, 27 August 1928) also covered the match: \"I fancy the scheme has come to stay. All that was required was a lead and London has supplied it.\" When Chelsea toured Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil at the end of the season in the summer of 1929, they also wore numbered shirts, earning the nickname \"Los Numerados\" (\"the numbered\") from locals.", "A similar numbering criterion was used in the 1933 FA Cup Final between Everton and Manchester City. Nevertheless, it was not until the 1939–40 season when The Football League ruled that squads had to wear numbers for each player.", "Early evolutions of formations involved moving specific positions; for example, moving the centre half back to become a defender rather than a half back. Their numbers went with them, hence central defenders wearing number 5, and remnants of the system remain", ". For example, in friendly and championship qualifying matches England, when playing the 4–4–2 formation, generally number their players (using the standard right to left system of listing football teams) four defenders – 2, 5, 6, 3; four midfielders – 7, 4, 8, 11; two forwards – 10, 9. This system of numbering can also be adapted to a midfield diamond with the holding midfielder wearing 4 and the attacking central midfielder wearing 8", ". Similarly the Swedish national team number their players: four defenders – 2, 3, 4, 5; four midfielders – 7, 6, 8, 9; two forwards – 10, 11.", "The 1950 FIFA World Cup was the first FIFA competition to see squad numbers for each players, but persistent numbers would not be issued until the 1954 World Cup, where each man in a country's 22-man squad wore a specific number from 1 to 22 for the duration of the tournament.", "Evolution", "In 1993, The Football Association (The FA) switched to persistent squad numbers, abandoning the mandatory use of 1–11 for the starting line-up. The first league event to feature this was the 1993 Football League Cup Final between Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday, and it became standard in the FA Premier League the following season, along with names printed above the numbers", ". Charlton Athletic were among the ten Football League clubs who chose to adopt squad numbers for the 1993–94 season (with squad numbers assigned to players in alphabetical order according to their surname), before reverting to 1–11 shirt numbering a year later.", "Squad numbers became optional in the three divisions of The Football League at the same time, but only 10 out of 70 clubs used them. One of those clubs, Brighton & Hove Albion, issued 25 players with squad numbers but reverted to traditional 1–11 numbering halfway through the season. In the Premier League, Arsenal temporarily reverted to the old system halfway through that same season, but reverted to the new numbering system for the following campaign", ". Most European top leagues adopted the system during the 1990s. The Football League made squad numbers compulsory for the 1999–2000 season, and the Football Conference followed suit for the 2002–03 season.", "The traditional 1–11 numbers have been worn on occasions by English clubs since their respective leagues introduced squad numbers. Premier League clubs often used the traditional squad numbering system when competing in domestic or European cups, often when their opponents still made use of the traditional squad numbering system", ". This included Manchester United's Premier League clash with Manchester City at Old Trafford on 10 February 2008, when 1950s style kits were worn as part of the Munich air disaster's 50th anniversary commemorations.", "Players may now wear any number (as long as it is unique within their squad) between 1 and 99.\n\nIn continental Western Europe this can generally be seen:\n\n1– Goalkeeper\n\n2– Right Back\n\n3– Left Back\n\n4– Centre Back\n\n5– Centre Back (or Sweeper, if used)\n\n6– Central Defensive/Holding Midfielder\n\n7– Right Attacking Midfielders/Wingers\n\n8– Central/Box-to-Box Midfielder\n\n9– Striker\n\n10– Attacking Midfielder/Playmaker\n\n11– Left Attacking Midfielders/Wingers", "9– Striker\n\n10– Attacking Midfielder/Playmaker\n\n11– Left Attacking Midfielders/Wingers\n\nThis changes from formation to formation, however the defensive number placement generally remain the same. The use of inverted wingers now sees traditional right wingers, the number 7's, like Cristiano Ronaldo, on the left, and traditional left wingers, the number 11's, like Gareth Bale, on the right.\n\nNumbering by country\n\nArgentina", "Argentina developed its numeration system independently from the rest of the world", ". This was because until the 1960s, Argentine football developed more or less isolated from the evolution brought by English, Italian and Hungarian coaches, owing to technological limitations at the time in communications and travelling with Europe, lack of information as to keeping up with news, lack of awareness and/or interest in the latest innovations, and strong nationalism promoted by the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino (for example", ", and strong nationalism promoted by the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino (for example, back then Argentines playing in Europe were banned from playing in the Argentine national team)", ".", "The first formation used in Argentine football was the 2–3–5 and, until the '60s, it was the sole formation employed by Argentine clubs and the Argentina national football team, with only very few exceptions like River Plate's La Máquina from the '40s that used 3–2–2–3", ". It was not until the mid 1960s in the national team, with Argentina winning the Taça das Nações (1964) using 3–2–5, and the late '60s, for clubs, with Estudiantes winning the treble of the Copa Libertadores (1968, 1969, 1970) using 4–4–2, that Argentine football adopted European formations on major scale, and mirrored its counterparts on the other side of the Atlantic.", "While the original 2–3–5 formation used the same numbering system dictated by the English clubs in 1928, subsequent changes were developed independently.\n\nThe basic formation to understand the Argentine numeration system is the 4–3–3 formation, like the one used by the coach César Menotti that made Argentina win the 1978 World Cup, the squad numbers employed are:", "1 Goalkeeper\n 4 Right Back\n 2 First Centre Back / Sweeper\n 6 Second Centre Back / Stopper\n 3 Left Back\n 8 Right Midfielder\n 5 Central Defensive Midfielder\n 10 Left Midfielder\n 7 Right Winger\n 11 Left Winger\n 9 Striker\n\nBrazil \n\nIn Brazil, the 4–2–4 formation was developed independently from Europe, thus leading to a different numbering – here shown in the 4–3–3 formation to stress that in Brazil, number ten is midfield:", "1 Goleiro (Goalkeeper)\n2 Lateral Direito (right wingback)\n3 Beque Central (centre back)\n4 Quarto Zagueiro (the \"fourth defender\", almost the same as a centre back)\n6 Lateral Esquerdo (left wingback)\n5 Volante (\"Rudder\" or \"mobile\", the defensive midfielder)\n8 Meia Direita (right midfielder)\n10 Meia Esquerda (left midfielder, generally more offensive than the right one)\n7 Ponta Direita (right winger)\n9 Centro-Avante (centre-forward)\n11 Ponta Esquerda (left winger)", "When in 4–2–4, number 10 passes to the Ponta de Lança (striker), and 4–4–2 formations get this configuration: four defenders – 2 (right wingback), 4, 3, 6 (left wingback); four midfielders – 5 (defensive), 8 (\"second midfielder\"), similar to a central midfielder), 7, 10 (attacking); two strikers – 9, 11", "France\nIn France, players must be registered between numbers 1–30, with 1 and 16 reserved for goalkeepers and 33 left empty for extra signings. In case a fourth goalkeeper has to be registered, he wears number 40.", "Hungary \nIn Eastern Europe, the defence numbering is slightly different. The Hungarian national team under Gusztáv Sebes switched from a 2–3–5 formation to 3–2–5. So the defence numbers were 2 to 4 from right to left thus making the right back (2), centre back (3) and the left back (4). Since the concept of a flat back four the number (5) has become the other centre back.", "Italy\nIn 1995, the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) also switched to persistent squad numbers for Serie A and Serie B (second division), abandoning the mandatory use of 1–11 for the starting lineup. After some years during which players had to wear a number between 1–24, now they can wear any number between 1–99 without restrictions. Notably, Chievo Verona had the goalkeeper Cristiano Lupatelli wearing number 10 from 2001 to 2003 and midfielder Jonathan de Guzman wearing number 1 in 2016.", "FIGC banned the use of the number 88 on kits in 2023 due to its anti-semitic connections; the announcement was made following several instances of neo-Nazi fans using the number.\n\nSpain\nIn the Spanish La Liga, players in the A-squad (maximum 25 players, including a maximum of three goalkeepers) must wear a number between 1–25. Goalkeepers must wear either 1, 13 or 25. When players from the reserve team are selected to play for the first team, they are given squad numbers between 26 and 50.\n\nUnited Kingdom", "Players are not generally allowed to change their number during a season, although a player may change number if they change clubs mid-season. Players may change squad numbers between seasons, this often happens when a player’s role in the first team increases or diminishes", ". Occasionally, when a player has two loan spells at the same club in a single season (or returns as a permanent signing after an earlier loan spell), an alternative squad number is needed if the original number assigned during the player's first loan spell has been reassigned by the time the player returns.", "A move from a high number to a low one may be an indication that the player is likely to be a regular starter for the coming season, particularly after at least one preceding season of increased first team opportunities. An example of this is Celtic's Scott McDonald, who, after the departure of former number 7 Maciej Żurawski, was given the number, a move down from 27", ". Another example is Steven Gerrard, who wore number 28 (which was his academy number) during his debut 1998–99 season, then switched to number 17 in 2000–01. In 2004–05, after Emile Heskey left Liverpool, Gerrard then changed his number again to 8. More recently, Tottenham Hotspur striker Harry Kane changed his number 37 shirt from the 2013–14 season to 18 for the 2014–15 season when he became one of the club's first-choice strikers after Jermain Defoe was sold and the number 18 was vacated", ". Kane then switched to the number 10 for the 2015–16 season after Emmanuel Adebayor left the club and the number was vacated. Manchester City's Sergio Agüero also did a similar switch in jersey number, from number 16 in 2014–15 to number 10 in 2015–16, a number he took over from Edin Džeko following his loan departure to Roma. During the 1990s, David Beckham wore a different shirt number for Manchester United during four consecutive seasons", ". He was assigned with the number 28 shirt for the 1993-94 season and retained it for the 1994-95 season, before switching to the number 24 shirt for the 1995-96 season, when he established himself as a regular player. He then switched to the number 10 shirt for the 1996-97 season, and following the retirement of Eric Cantona at the end of that season, he switched to the number 7 shirt for the 1997-98 season, with new signing Teddy Sheringham taking the number 10 shirt.", "Some players keep the number they start their career at a club with, such as Chelsea defender John Terry, who wore the number 26 during his long spell at the club, rather than adopting a number 4, 5 or 6 shirt which he might have been expected to take on once he was established as a regular player", ". On occasion, players have moved numbers to accommodate a new player; for example, Chelsea midfielder Yossi Benayoun handed new signing Juan Mata the number 10 shirt, and changed to the number 30, which doubles his \"lucky\" number 15. Upon signing for Everton in 2007, Yakubu refused the prestigious number 9 shirt and asked to be assigned number 22, setting this number as a goal-scoring target for his first season, a feat he ultimately fell one goal short of achieving.", "In a traditional 4–4–2 system in the UK, the squad numbers 1–11 would usually have been occupied in this manner:\n\n 1 Goalkeeper\n 2 Right back\n 3 Left back\n 4 Central midfielder (more defensive)\n 5 Centre back\n 6 Centre back\n 7 Right winger\n 8 Central midfielder (more attacking/Box-to-Box)\n 9 Striker (usually a target player)\n 10 Centre-forward (usually a fast poacher)\n 11 Left winger\n\nHowever, in a more modern 4–2–3–1 system, they will be arranged like this:", "However, in a more modern 4–2–3–1 system, they will be arranged like this:\n\n 1 Goalkeeper\n 2 Right back\n 3 Left back\n 4 Central midfielder (more defensive)\n 5 Centre back\n 6 Centre back\n 7 Right winger\n 8 Central midfielder (box-to-box)\n 9 Striker\n 10 Central midfielder (more attacking)\n 11 Left winger", "Higher-level clubs have a tendency to field reserve and fringe players in the English Football League Cup as well as insignificant games near the end of the league campaign when there are no major issues (eg a league title, European place or promotion or relegation issues) to be decided, so high squad numbers are not uncommon", ". Nico Yennaris wore 64 for Arsenal in the competition on 26 September 2012 in a match against Coventry City and on 24 September 2014, again in the League Cup, Manchester City forward José Ángel Pozo wore the number 78 shirt in a match against Sheffield Wednesday. In a quarter-final tie on 17 December 2019, Liverpool player Tom Hill became the first player in English football history to wear the number 99 shirt in a competitive match", ". In The Football League, the number 55 has been worn by Ade Akinbiyi for Crystal Palace, and Dominik Werling for Barnsley.", "When Sunderland signed Cameroonian striker Patrick Mboma on loan in 2002, he wanted the number 70 to symbolize his birth year of 1970. The Premier League refused, however, and he wore the number 7 instead.\n\nEngland", "In England, in a now traditional 4–4–2 formation, the standard numbering is usually: 2 (right fullback), 5 and 6 (centre backs), 3 (left fullback); 4 (defensive midfielder), 7 (right midfielder), 8 (central/attacking midfielder), 11 (left midfielder); 10 (second/support striker), 9 (striker). This came about based on the traditional 2–3–5 system. Where the 2 fullbacks retained the numbers 2, 3", ". Where the 2 fullbacks retained the numbers 2, 3. Then of the halves, 4 was kept as the central defensive midfielder, while 5 and 6 were moved backward to be in the central of defence. 7 and 11 stayed as the wide attacking players, whilst 8 dropped back a little from inside forward to a (sometimes attacking) midfield role, and 10 stayed as a second striker in support of a number 9", ". The 4 is generally the holding midfielder, as through the formation evolution it was often used for the sweeper or libero position. This position defended behind the central defenders, but attacked in front – feeding the midfield. It is generally not used today, and developed into the holding midfielder role.", "When substitutions were introduced to the game in 1965, the substitute typically took the number 12; when a second substitute was allowed, they wore 14. Players were not compelled to wear the number 13 if they were superstitious.\n\nUnited States and Canada\nNorth American professional association football club follows a model similar to that of European clubs, with the exception that many American and Canadian clubs do not have \"reserve squads\", and thus do not assign higher numbers to those players.", "Most American and Canadian clubs have players numbered from 1 to 30, with higher numbers being reserved for second and third goalkeepers. In the USL First Division (since merged into the current USL Championship) and Major League Soccer (MLS), there were only 20 outfield players wearing squad numbers higher than 30 on the first team in the 2009 season, suggesting that the traditional model has been followed.", "In 2007, MLS club LA Galaxy retired the former playing number of Cobi Jones, number 13, becoming the first MLS team to do so. Jones allowed Jermaine Jones to wear the number in 2017.\n\nOn 4 July 2011, MLS club Real Salt Lake retired the former playing number of coach Jason Kreis, number 9, although Kreis requested that the decision be reversed eight years later because of its traditional positional usage and prestige.", "On 30 July 2016, National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) club Chicago Red Stars retired Lori Chalupny's number 17. On 22 June 2019, NWSL club Washington Spirit retired Joanna Lohman's number 15.\n\nGoalkeeper numbering\n\nThe first-choice goalkeeper is usually assigned the number 1 shirt as they are the first player in a line-up.", "The second-choice goalkeeper wears, on many occasions, shirt number 12 which is the first shirt of the second line up, or number 13. In the past, when it was permitted to assign five substitute players in a match, the goalkeeper would also often wear the number 16, the last shirt number in the squad. Later on, when association football laws changed and it was permitted to assign seven substitute players, second-choice goalkeepers often wore the number 18", ". In A-League Men, second-choice goalkeepers mostly wear number 20, based on that competition having a 20-man regulated \"first team\" squad size.", "In international tournaments (such as FIFA World Cup or continental cups) each team must list a squad of 23 players, wearing shirts numbered 1 through 23. Thus, in this case, third-choice goalkeepers often wear the number 23. Prior to the 2002 FIFA World Cup, only 22 players were permitted in international squads; therefore, the third goalkeeper was often awarded the number 22 jersey in previous tournaments.", "The move to a fixed number being assigned to each player in a squad was initiated for the 1954 World Cup where each man in a country's 22-man squad wore a specific number for the duration of the tournament. As a result, the numbers 12 to 22 were assigned to different squad players, with no resemblance to their on-field positions. This meant that a team could start a match not necessarily fielding players wearing numbers one to eleven", ". Although the numbers one to eleven tended to be given to those players deemed to be the \"first choice line-up\", this was not always the case for a variety of reasons – a famous example was Johan Cruyff, who insisted on wearing the number 14 shirt for the Netherlands.", "In the 1958 World Cup, the Brazilian Football Confederation forgot to send the player numbers list to the event organization. However, the Uruguayan official Lorenzo Villizzio assigned random numbers to the players. The goalkeeper Gilmar received the number 3, and Garrincha and Zagallo wore opposite winger numbers, 11 and 7, while Pelé was randomly given the number 10, for which he would become famous.", "Argentina defied convention by numbering their squads for the 1978, 1982 and 1986 World Cups alphabetically, resulting in outfield players (not goalkeepers) wearing the number 1 shirt (although Diego Maradona was given an out-of-sequence number 10 in both 1982 and 1986 while Mario Kempes in 1982 and Jorge Valdano in 1986 were allowed to use number 11)", ". In 1974 Argentina also used the alphabetical system, but only to line players and goalkeepers Daniel Carnevali and Ubaldo Fillol wore traditional goalkeeping numbers 1 and 12 respectively. England used a similar alphabetical scheme for the 1982 World Cup, but retained the traditional numbers for the goalkeepers (1, 13 and 22) and the team captain (7), Kevin Keegan", ". In the 1990 World Cup, Scotland assigned squad numbers according to the number of international matches each player had played at the time (with the exception of goalkeeper Jim Leighton, who was assigned an out-of-sequence number 1): Alex McLeish, who was the most capped player, wore number 2, whereas Robert Fleck and Bryan Gunn, who only had one cap each, wore numbers 21 and 22, respectively", ". In a practice that ended after the 1998 World Cup, Italy gave low squad numbers to defenders, medium to midfielders, and high ones to forwards, while numbers 1, 12 and 22 were assigned to goalkeepers. In July 2007, a FIFA document issuing regulations for the 2010 World Cup finally stated that the number 1 jersey must be issued to a goalkeeper.", "Before the 2002 World Cup, the Argentine Football Association (AFA) attempted to retire the number 10 in honour of Maradona by submitting a squad list of 23 players for the tournament, listed 1 through 24, with the number 10 omitted. FIFA rejected Argentina's plan, with the governing body's president Sepp Blatter suggesting the number 10 shirt be instead given to the team's third-choice goalkeeper, Roberto Bonano", ". The AFA ultimately submitted a revised list with Ariel Ortega, originally listed as number 23, as the number 10.", "In early era of Chinese football, number 0 was often assigned to a substitute goalkeeper. At least 4 goalkeepers had been recorded wearing number 0 on field during the early years of professional league of China: Zhao Lei from Sichuan Quanxing, Wang Zhenjie from August 1, Li Jiming from Tianjin Lifei and Li Yun from Shanghai Yuyuan.", "Unusual or notable numbers\nHicham Zerouali was allowed to wear the number 0 for Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen after the fans nicknamed him \"Zero\".", "Outfield players have occasionally worn the number 1 for their clubs, including Argentina players Miguel Ángel Brindisi and Osvaldo Ardiles during the 1978 FIFA World Cup and 1982 FIFA World Cup based on squad numbers being allocated on alphabetical order, Pantelis Kafes for Olympiacos and AEK Athens, Charlton Athletic's Stuart Balmer in the 1990s, Sliema Wanderers' David Carabott in 2005–06, Partizan's Simon Vukčević in 2004–05, Beşiktaş's Daniel Pancu in 2005–06", ", Partizan's Simon Vukčević in 2004–05, Beşiktaş's Daniel Pancu in 2005–06, Atlético Mineiro's Diego Souza in 2010 and Barnet player-manager Edgar Davids in 2013–14", ".", "In 2001, Argentinian goalkeeper Sergio Vargas wore number 188 for Universidad de Chile, as part of a commercial agreement with telecommunications brand Telefónica CTC Chile. However, the number was not allowed in international competitions, in which Vargas was forced to wear number 1.\nItalian goalkeeper Cristiano Lupatelli wore number 10 while playing for Chievo Verona, between 2001 and 2003. Lupatelli himself admitted that he did it just for fun and due to a bet he made with his friends.", "In 2004, Porto goalkeeper Vítor Baía became the first player to wear 99 in the final of a major European competition, donning the kit in the 2004 UEFA Champions League Final.", "During the 1990s and early 2000s, number 58 was somewhat common among players based in or native to western Mexico, especially the city of Guadalajara. It started as a publicity stunt by radio station XEAV-AM (580 AM), branded as Canal 58. Some notable players to use number 58 were Jared Borgetti, Juan Pablo Rodríguez, Carlos Turrubiates, Eric Wynalda, Hugo Norberto Castillo, Darío Franco, Carlos María Morales, Osmar Donizete, and Benjamín Galindo.", "Chilean striker Marco Olea wore number 111 for Universidad de Chile during the 2005 season. Originally wearing number 11, he decided to give his number to Marcelo Salas upon his arrival to the club.\nParma goalkeeper Luca Bucci wore the numbers 7 (2005–06) and 5 (2006–07 and 2007–08).\nIván Zamorano wore number \"1+8\", or number 18 with a plus symbol between the two digits, for Internazionale from 1997 to 2000, after his number 9 was given to Ronaldo.", "Derek Riordan was given squad number 01 by Hibernian in the 2008–09 season. Number 10 had already been taken by Colin Nish, and none of the club's goalkeepers had been allocated number 1.\nIn 2008, Milan's three new signings each chose a number indicating the year of his birth: 76 (Andriy Shevchenko, born 1976), 80 (Ronaldinho, born 1980) and 84 (Mathieu Flamini, born 1984).", "The Asian Football Confederation (AFC) once required players to keep the same squad numbers throughout the qualification rounds for the AFC Asian Cup, resulting in players with squad numbers of 100 or higher, most notably the number 121 worn by Thomas Oar of Australia in the 2011 AFC Asian Cup qualifier match against Indonesia.", "Gary Hooper wore shirt number 88 at Celtic as his number 10 was already taken and 88 is the year (1988) he was born in. \"88\" (1888) is also the year Celtic was founded. The season after Hooper signed, new signing Victor Wanyama chose the number 67 to honour the Lisbon Lions, Celtic's European Cup winning team of 1967.", "Mexican goalkeeper Guillermo Ochoa wore the number 8 shirt for Standard Liège in his first season at the club. His last name (Ochoa) is similar to the Spanish word for \"8\" (ocho). He also wore the number 6 in his second stint for Club America in his first season at the club, as his traditional number 13 was taken by Leonel López. He chose the number 6 because that was the date his niece was born, and it was the day he signed for Club America.", "When Róger Guedes signed for Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, he chose the number 123. He chose this because the numbers go 1, 2, 3..., because he has been wearing 23 for years and now that he has a son he wants to begin a new chapter of his life, which includes a new number, but still wants to retain some connection, and also because Fagner Conserva Lemos was already wearing the 23. On substitution boards, it will show 12 or 23 and someone will tell Guedes that he is going on/off.", "When Andrés Iniesta left FC Barcelona in 2018, a special \"#Infinit8Iniesta\" shirt was released. Although Iniesta never wore it in a match, it was sold to fans. The number on the back, instead of 8, was an infinity symbol (∞).", "Commemorative numbers", "Jesús Arellano, when playing for Club de Futbol Monterrey, wore the number 400 in 1996 to celebrate the city's 400th anniversary.\nBrazilian Goiás goalkeeper Harlei wore number 400 in a match in 2006, to celebrate his 400th match for the team.\nBrazilian Santos goalkeeper Fábio Costa wore number 300 in a match in 2008 to celebrate his 300th match for the team.", "Andreas Herzog wore the number 100 on his 100th match for the Austrian national team, a friendly against Norway, as he was the first Austrian player to have 100 caps.\nJames Beattie of Everton and Steven Gerrard of Liverpool both wore the double-digit 08 instead of the single-digit 8 in the Merseyside derby on 25 March 2006, after approval from the Premier League, to commemorate the City of Liverpool becoming the European Capital of Culture for 2008.", "Tugay Kerimoğlu wore the number 94 on his 94th and final cap for Turkey against Brazil in 2007.\nRubén Sosa wore number 100 for the 100th Anniversary of Nacional on 14 May 1999.\nIn 1999, Pablo Bengoechea wore number 108 for the 108th Anniversary of Peñarol.\nDuring his record-breaking 618th game for São Paulo, Rogério Ceni wore number 618, the highest number ever worn in professional football until 2015.\nDuring his last match, number 100, for the Danish national team, Martin Jørgensen wore shirt number 100.", "During his record-breaking 100th cap for South Africa, Aaron Mokoena wore shirt number 100.\nIn 2011, Vasco da Gama's heroes Felipe and Juninho Pernambucano wore the number 300—in different matches—to celebrate their 300th matches for the club.\nVasco captain Juninho wore the number 114 against Clássico dos Gigantes rivals Fluminense for the 114th anniversary of the club in 2012.\n Goalkeeper Victor of Atlético Mineiro wore the 2019 shirt in July 2015 celebrating his contract renewal until 2019.", "In 2021, Chilean goalkeeper Claudio Bravo wore number 22 in a friendly match against Bolivia, as a tribute to former goalkeeper Mario Osbén, who died a few days before the match.", "See also\n List of retired numbers in association football\n Number (sports)\n\nReferences\n\nAssociation football terminology\nFootball, Association" ]

[ "In Christianity, sin is an immoral act considered to be a transgression of divine law. The doctrine of sin is central to the Christian faith, since its basic message is about redemption in Christ.", "Hamartiology, a branch of Christian theology which is the study of sin, describes sin as an act of offence against God by despising his persons and Christian biblical law, and by injuring others. Christian hamartiology is closely related to concepts of natural law, moral theology and Christian ethics. According to Augustine of Hippo (354–430) sin is \"a word, deed, or desire in opposition to the eternal law of God,\" or as scripture states, \"sin is the transgression of the law.\"", "Among some scholars, sin is understood mostly as legal infraction or contract violation of non-binding philosophical frameworks and perspectives of Christian ethics, and so salvation tends to be viewed in legal terms. Other Christian scholars understand sin to be fundamentally relational—a loss of love for the Christian God and an elevation of self-love (\"concupiscence\", in this sense), as was later propounded by Augustine in his debate with the Pelagians", ". As with the legal definition of sin, this definition also affects the understanding of Christian grace and salvation, which are thus viewed in relational terms.", "Etymology\nHamartiology (from Greek: ἁμαρτία, hamartia, \"a departure fr. either human or divine standards of uprightness\" and -λογια, -logia, \"study\")\n\nIn the Bible", "Old Testament", "The first use of sin as a noun in the Old Testament is of \"sin is crouching at your door; it desires to have you, but you must rule over it\" waiting to be mastered by Cain, a form of literary theriomorphism.<ref> Synthesis: bulletin du Comité national de littérature comparée / Comitetul Național pentru Literatură Comparată, Institutul de Istorie și Teorie Literară \"G. Călinescu.\" – 2002 \"Sin is personified as (an animal?) which \"crouches\" at the door of Cain (Gen 4:7)", ".\" – 2002 \"Sin is personified as (an animal?) which \"crouches\" at the door of Cain (Gen 4:7). As Gerhard von Rad (Genesis, 105) remarks, 'The comparison of sin with a beast of prey lying before the door is strange, as is the purely decorative use\"</ref>", "The first use of sin as a verb is when God appears to Abimelech in a dream \"Then God said to him in the dream, \"Yes, I know you did this with a clear conscience, and so I have kept you from sinning against me. That is why I did not let you touch her\" in .", "The Book of Isaiah announced the consequences of sin: \"But your iniquities have separated you from your God; your sins have hidden his face from you, so that he will not hear. For your hands are stained with blood, your fingers with guilt. Your lips have spoken falsely, and your tongue mutters wicked things\" — a separation between God and man, and unrequited worshipping.\n\nOriginal sin", "Original sin\n\nOriginal sin is the Christian doctrine that humans inherit a tainted nature and a proclivity to sin through the fact of birth. Theologians have characterized this condition in many ways, seeing it as ranging from something as insignificant as a slight deficiency, or a tendency toward sin yet without collective guilt, referred to as a \"sin nature\", to total depravity or automatic guilt of all humans through collective guilt.", "Christians believe the doctrine of humanity's state of sin resulted from the fall of man, stemming from Adam's rebellion in Eden, namely the sin of disobedience in consuming from the tree of knowledge of good and evil.", "The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by Irenaeus, in his controversy with certain dualist Gnostics. Other church fathers such as Augustine also developed the doctrine, seeing it as based on the New Testament teaching of Paul the Apostle ( and ) and the Old Testament verse of .Are Babies Born with Sin? – Topical Bible Studies. Retrieved 13 October 2013. Tertullian, Cyprian, Ambrose and Ambrosiaster considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation", ". Augustine's formulation of original sin was popular among Protestant reformers, such as Martin Luther and John Calvin, who equated original sin with concupiscence, affirming that it persisted even after baptism and completely destroyed freedom. The Jansenist movement, which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical, also maintained that original sin destroyed freedom of will.", "Substantial branches of hamartiological understanding, including Catholic, Presbyterian, Continental Reformed, and Reformed Baptist subscribe to the doctrine of original sin, which Paul the Apostle espouses in {{This phrasing does not fit Wikipedia's standards of neutrality. Those who believe in the doctrine of Original Sin claim that Paul is espousing their doctrine in this passage but those who do not believe in it deny that Paul is teaching Original Sin in this passage", ".}} and which Augustine of Hippo popularized in Western Christianity and developed into a notion of \"hereditary sin\". Augustine taught that God holds all the descendants of Adam and Eve accountable for Adam's sin of rebellion, and as such all people deserve God's wrath and condemnation – apart from any actual sins they personally commit.", "In contrast, Pelagianism states that humans enter life as moral \"blank slates\" (tabulae rasae) responsible for their own moral nature. The Fall that occurred when Adam and Eve disobeyed God affected humankind only minimally as it established a negative moral precedent.", "A third line of thinking takes an intermediate position, asserting that since the Fall the sin of Adam has naturally affected human beings such that they have inborn tendencies to rebel against God (in which rebellion by personal choice all accountable humans, except Jesus and, to Catholics, Mary, will choose or have chosen to indulge)", ". This is the hamartiological position of the Eastern Christian churches, often called ancestral sin as opposed to original sin, but it is sometimes viewed as Semi-Pelagianism in the West, especially by the Reformed.", "Generational sin", "The Bible speaks of generational sin in , which states that \"the iniquities of the fathers are visited upon the sons and daughters — unto the third and fourth generation.\" This concept implicates that \"unresolved issues get handed down from generation to generation\", but that \"Jesus is the bondage breaker...[and] He is able to break the cycle of this curse, but only if we want Him to", "...[and] He is able to break the cycle of this curse, but only if we want Him to.\" Theologian Marilyn Hickey explicates this concept, teaching that references \"the unseen and mysterious connection between a father's sins and the path of his children\"; she provides an example in which if a \"father is a liar and a thief, his children are prone to the same behavior\"", ". Hickey states that \"Through the power of Jesus Christ, no generational curses need remain in our family lineage\" and says that prayer is efficacious in ending the cycle of ancestral sin. James Owolagba adds that in addition to prayer, frequent church attendance including regular reception of the sacraments, especially Holy Communion, aids in delivering an individual from generation sin.", "Divisions", "Sin can be divided by reason of:\n gravity: mortal and venial;\n state of the conscience: formal and material;\n act or state: actual and habitual;\n person offended: sins against God, against neighbor, against self;\n manner: commission, omission;\n manifestation: internal, external;\n author: original and non-original (personal, actual);\n attention: deliberate, half-deliberate;\n cause: ignorance, fragility, malice;\n special disorder: sins against the Holy Ghost and sins that cry to Heaven for vengeance;", "special disorder: sins against the Holy Ghost and sins that cry to Heaven for vengeance;\n Proper or improper;\n psychological fertility: capital sins.", "Catholic views \n\n Thomas Aquinas \n\nThe way Thomas Aquinas viewed sin and vices was radically different from later approaches, especially that of 17th-century moral theology. He presented sin and vices as contraries of virtues. He discusses the subject in his Summa Theologica part Ia–IIae (Prima secundae) qq. 71–89.\n\nIn one of his definitions of sin Thomas quotes Augustine of Hippo's description of sin as \"a thought, words and deed against the Eternal Law.\"'", "To recognise the possibilities of sin in man is equal to acknowledge his human nature, his control and mastery of his own actions. Sin is a motion to the goal, it is judged by the object to which it is directed. The field of sin is the same as the field of virtue. There are three major fields: relationship with God, with oneself and with the neighbour. Thomas distinguished between mortal and venial sins", ". Thomas distinguished between mortal and venial sins. Mortal sin is when a person has irreparably destroyed the very principle of his/her order to the goal of life. Venial sin is when he/she has acted in a certain disordered way without destructing that principle:", "According to Aquinas the gravity of sin depends also on \"some disposition of the agent\" (cf. STh I–II q. 18, aa. 4, 6). Sin, venial by reason of its object, may become mortal. It happens when person fixes his/her ultimate happiness, the last end of his/her life (Lat. finis ultimus) in the object of that venial sin. When venial sin is used as a way to provoke mortal sin it becomes mortal as well, e.g. when someone uses empty conversation or a chat to seduce someone to commit adultery", ".g. when someone uses empty conversation or a chat to seduce someone to commit adultery. Also sin, mortal by reason of its object, may become venial because of the agent's disposition when his/her evil act does not have full moral capacity, i.e. is not deliberated by reason. That may happen for instance when sudden movements of unbelief arise in the mind. (Cf. STh I–II q.72 a.5).", "The difference and gravity of sins may be discerned on the grounds of spirit and flesh, even mortal sins may differ in gravity. Carnal sins like lust, adultery or fornication, gluttony and avarice, because the person who commits them is inordinately directed towards material goods that are a serious matter, are mortal sins. They may cause much shame and infamy. But spiritual sins like blaspheming of God or apostasy are, according to Thomas, still greater evil, as they have more of the aversion from God", ". They are directed against a greater object. The formal, essential element of sin is more at the centre in them. (cf. STh I–II q.72 a.2)Farrell, pp. 255–272", "According to another formulation of the concept of sin in the Summa, at the heart of sin is \"the turning away from the immutable good\", i.e. God, and \"inordinate turning to mutable good\", i.e. creatures. (STh I–IIae q.87 a.4) This cannot be understood as if in the concrete sinful deed the sinner commits two separate and independent acts. Both aversio and conversio constitute one single guilty action", ". Both aversio and conversio constitute one single guilty action. At the root of the inordinate turning to the creatures is self-love which expresses itself in disordered desire (cupiditas) and rebellion towards God (superbia).", "Speaking about sloth (Lat. acedia) Thomas points out that every deed which \"by its very nature is contrary to charity is a mortal sin\". An effect of such deed is the destruction of \"spiritual life which is the effect of charity, whereby God dwells in us.\" Sin of a mortal character is always committed with the consent of reason: \"Because the consummation of sin is in the consent of reason\"'. (cf. STh II–IIae q.35 a.3) Venial and mortal sins can be compared to sickness and death", ". (cf. STh II–IIae q.35 a.3) Venial and mortal sins can be compared to sickness and death. While venial sin impairs full healthy activity of a person, mortal sin destroys the principle of spiritual life in him/her.", "Catechism \nCatholic doctrine distinguishes between personal sin (also sometimes called \"actual sin\") and original sin. Personal sins are either mortal or venial.", "Mortal sins are sins of grave (serious) matter, where the sinner performs the act with full knowledge and deliberate consent. (cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church (1857) The act of committing a mortal sin destroys charity, i. e. the grace in the heart of a Christian; it is in itself a rejection of God (Catechism of the Catholic Church (1855). If left un-reconciled, mortal sins may lead to eternal separation from God, traditionally called damnation.", "Venial sins are sins which do not meet the conditions for mortal sins. The act of committing a venial sin does not cut off the sinner from God's grace, as the sinner has not rejected God. However, venial sins do injure the relationship between the sinner and God, and as such, must be reconciled to God, either through the Sacrament of Reconciliation or receiving the Eucharist (after proper contrition fulfilled).", "Both mortal and venial sins have a dual nature of punishment. They incur both guilt for the sin, yielding eternal punishment in the case of mortal sins and temporal punishment for the sin in the case of both venial and mortal sins. Reconciliation is an act of God's mercy, and addresses the guilt and eternal punishment for sin. Purgatory and indulgences address the temporal punishment for sin, and exercise of God's justice.", "Roman Catholic doctrine also sees sin as being twofold: Sin is, at once, any evil or immoral action which infracts God's law and the inevitable consequences, the state of being that comes about by committing the sinful action. Sin can and does alienate a person both from God and the community. Hence, the Catholic Church's insistence on reconciliation with both God and the Church itself.", "The Roman Catholic view of sin has recently expanded. Monsignor Gianfranco Girotti, Regent of the Catholic Apostolic Penitentiary, has said that \"known sins increasingly manifest themselves as behavior that damages society as a whole,\" including, for example:\n \"certain violations of the fundamental rights of human nature, through genetic manipulations [or experiments],\"\n \"drug [abuse], which weakens the mind and obscures intelligence,\"\n \"environmental pollution,\"\n \"abortion and pedophilia,\" and", "\"environmental pollution,\"\n \"abortion and pedophilia,\" and\n the widening social and economic differences between the rich and the poor, which \"cause an unbearable social injustice\" (accumulating excessive wealth, inflicting poverty). The revision was aimed at encouraging confession or the Sacrament of Penance.", "Mortal sins, which are any severe and intentional actions that directly disobey God, are often confused with the seven deadly sins, which are pride, envy, wrath, sloth, greed, gluttony, and lust. They are not, however, the same. The seven deadly sins are called \"deadly\" because they might lead another to commit other sins. Some forms of the seven deadly sins (i.e. debilitating one's health because of their love of food) can constitute as grave matter, while others may just be venal (i.e. over-eating).", "Another group of four or five sins distinguished by the Church are the sins that cry to heaven: murder, sodomy, oppression of the weak, and defrauding the laborer.", "Reformed and Lutheran views", "Many Protestants of a Calvinist orientation teach that, due to original sin, humanity has lost any and all capacity to move towards reconciliation with God (Romans 3:23;6:23; Ephesians 2:1–3); in fact, this inborn sin turns humans away from God and towards themselves and their own desires (Isaiah 53:6a)", ". Thus, humans may be brought back into a relationship with God only by way of God's rescuing the sinner from his/her hopeless condition (Galatians 5:17–21; Ephesians 2:4–10) through Jesus' substitutionary atonement (Romans 5:6–8; Colossians 2:13–15; 1 Timothy 2:5–6). According to traditional Reformed theology and classical Lutheranism, Salvation is sola fide (by faith alone); sola gratia (by grace alone); and is begun and completed by God alone through Jesus (Ephesians 2:8,9)", ". This understanding of original sin (Romans 5:12–19), is most closely associated with Calvinist doctrine (see total depravity) and Lutheranism. Calvinism allows for the relative or nominal \"goodness\" of humanity through God's common grace upon both those predestined to salvation and those predestined to damnation, upon the regenerate and the unregenerate.", "This is in contrast to the Roman Catholic teaching that while sin has tarnished the original goodness of humanity prior to the Fall, it has not entirely extinguished that goodness, or at least the potential for goodness, allowing humans to reach towards God to share in the Redemption which Jesus Christ won for them. Some Protestants and Orthodox Christians hold similar views.", "There is dispute about where sin originated. Some who interpret the king of Tyre in Ezekiel 28 as a symbol for Satan believe sin originated when Satan coveted the position that rightfully belongs to God. The origin of individual sins is discussed in James 1:14–15 – \"14but each one is tempted when, by his own evil desire, he is dragged away and enticed. 15Then, after desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin; and sin, when it is full-grown, gives birth to death.\" (NIV)", "Defined types of sin \nWithin some branches of Protestantism, there are several defined types of sin (as in Roman Catholicism):\n Original sin—Most denominations of Christianity interpret the Garden of Eden account in Genesis in terms of the fall of man. Adam and Eve's disobedience was the first sin man ever committed, and their original sin (or the effects of the sin) is passed on to their descendants (or has become a part of their environment). See also: total depravity.\n Concupiscence\n Venial sin\n Greed", "Concupiscence\n Venial sin\n Greed\n Lust\n Pride\n Mortal sin\n Eternal sin—Commonly called the Unforgivable sin (mentioned in ), this is perhaps the most controversial sin, whereby someone has become an apostate, forever denying themselves a life of faith and experience of salvation; the precise nature of this sin is often disputed.", "Methodist views \nThe Wesleyan–Arminian theology of Methodism teaches that humans, though being born in total depravity, can turn to God as a result of prevenient grace and do good; this prevenient grace convicts humans of the necessity of the new birth (first work of grace), through which he is justified (pardoned) and regenerated. After this, to willfully sin would be to fall from grace. When the believer is entirely sanctified (second work of grace), his/her original sin is washed away.", "Methodist theology firstly distinguishes between original sin and actual sin:", "It further categorizes sin as being \"sin proper\" and \"sin improper\". Sins proper (or sin, properly so called) are those that are committed freely and willfully, which result in a loss of entire sanctification. Sins improper (or sin, improperly so called) are those in the \"category of benign neglect, fruits of infirmity (forgetfulness, lack of knowledge, etc)\"", ". In traditional Methodist theology, these (improper) sins are not classified as sins, as explained by Wesley, \"Such transgressions you may call sins, if you please: I do not, for the reasons above-mentioned.\" John Wesley explains the matter like this: \"Nothing is sin, strictly speaking, but a voluntary transgression of a known law of God. Therefore, every voluntary breach of the law of love is sin; and nothing else, if we speak properly. To strain the matter farther is only to make way for Calvinism", ". To strain the matter farther is only to make way for Calvinism. There may be ten thousand wandering thoughts, and forgetful intervals, without any breach of love, though not without transgressing the Adamic law. But Calvinists would fain confound these together. Let love fill your heart, and it is enough!\"If a person backslides through sin proper but later returns to God, he or she must repent and be entirely sanctified again, according to Wesleyan-Arminian theology", ". With regard to the penalty of sin, Methodist theology teaches:", "Actual sin \nThe definition of sin is a vital doctrine to the Methodist Churches, especially those of the Holiness movement. Richard S. Taylor explains \"Many, perhaps most, of the errors which have protruded themselves into Christian theology can be finally traced to a faulty conception of sin. Because someone's notions of sin were a bit off-color, his entire trend of reasoning was misdirected.\"", "The Wesleyan Holiness movement, as part of the wider Methodist tradition, holds strongly to John Wesley's definition of sin:", "\"Nothing is sin, strictly speaking, but a voluntary transgression of a known law of God. Therefore, every voluntary breach of the law of love is sin; and nothing else, if we speak properly. To strain the matter farther is only to make way for Calvinism. There may be ten thousand wandering thoughts, and forgetful intervals, without any breach of love, though not without transgressing the Adamic law. But Calvinists would fain confound these together", ". But Calvinists would fain confound these together. Let love fill your heart, and it is enough!\"The Church of the Nazarene defines sin as:\"We believe that actual or personal sin is a voluntary violation of a known law of God by a morally responsible person. It is therefore not to be confused with involuntary and inescapable shortcomings, infirmities, faults, mistakes, failures, or other deviations from a standard of perfect conduct that are the residual effects of the Fall", ". However, such innocent effects do not include attitudes or responses contrary to the spirit of Christ, which may properly be called sins of the spirit. We believe that personal sin is primarily and essentially a violation of the law of love; and that in relation to Christ sin may be defined as unbelief.\"", "The Wesleyan Holiness movement emphasizes the possibility of freedom from all sin, and the voluntary nature of actual sin. As explained by Charles Ewing Brown \"Every sinner in the world today knows more or less clearly that he is doing wrong.\" H. Orton Wiley, the premier Holiness theologian of the last 100 years, explains that in defining sin, \"the power to obey or disobey is an essential element", ".\" According to Phineas Bresee, the founder of the Nazarene Church, \"A failure to distinguish between sin and infirmity, puts an undue emphasis upon sin, and has a tendency to discourage earnest seekers from pressing on to full deliverance form the carnal mind. Calling that sin which is not sin, opens the door to actual sinning.\" The traditional view in Wesleyan-Arminian theology is that total ignorance eliminates the possibility of sin", ". As explained by Francis Asbury: \"The transgressor must know the law and willfully act the transgressor, the law is a transcript of the divine nature.\"", "It is with this understanding of actual sin, that lead the Holiness movement to emphasize the necessity and possibility of living without committing sin. As J. A. Wood, one of the American leaders in the Welsyean-Holiness movement explains in his work, Perfect Love: \"The Lowest type of Christian sinneth not and is not condemned. The minimum of salvation is salvation from sinning.\" This leads D. S", ". The minimum of salvation is salvation from sinning.\" This leads D. S. Warner, the founder of the Church of God to conclude \"Holiness writers and teachers, as far as my knowledge extends, uniformly hold up a sinless life, as the true test and Bible standard of regeneration.\"", "Original Sin", "Wesleyan-Arminian theology holds to the orthodox Christian doctrine of original sin. The Church of the Nazarene explains it as such:\"We believe that original sin, or depravity, is that corruption of the nature of all the offspring of Adam by reason of which everyone is very far gone from original righteousness or the pure state of our first parents at the time of their creation, is averse to God, is without spiritual life, and inclined to evil, and that continually", ". We further believe that original sin continues to exist with the new life of the regenerate, until the heart is fully cleansed by the baptism with the Holy Spirit.\"This original sin remains after salvation and may only be removed by entire sanctification (the second work of grace or baptism with the Holy Spirit)", ".\"We believe that entire sanctification is that act of God, subsequent to regeneration, by which believers are made free from original sin, or depravity, and brought into a state of entire devotement to God, and the holy obedience of love made perfect. It is wrought by the baptism with or infilling of the Holy Spirit, and comprehends in one experience the cleansing of the heart from sin and the abiding, indwelling presence of the Holy Spirit, empowering the believer for life and service", ". Entire sanctification is provided by the blood of Jesus, is wrought instantaneously by grace through faith, preceded by entire consecration; and to this work and state of grace the Holy Spirit bears witness.\"Holiness adherents are known by their emphasis \"on the belief that entire sanctification takes place instantaneously in a crisis experience.\"", "Eastern Christian views \nThe (Chalcedonian) Eastern Orthodox Church as well as the (non-Chalcedonian) Oriental Orthodox use \"sin\" both to refer to humanity's fallen condition and to refer to individual sinful acts. In many ways the Eastern Orthodox Christian view of sin is similar to the Jewish, although neither form of Orthodoxy makes formal distinctions among \"grades\" of sins.", "The Eastern Catholic Churches, which derive their theology and spirituality from same sources as the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox, tend not to adhere to the Roman Catholic distinction between mortal and venial sin taught by the Latin Church", ". Like the Orthodox Churches, however, the Eastern Catholic Churches do make a distinction between sins that are serious enough to bar one from Holy Communion (and must be confessed before receiving once again) and those which are not sufficiently serious to do so. In this respect, the Eastern Tradition is similar to the Western, but the Eastern Churches do not consider death in such a state to automatically mean damnation to \"hell.\"", "Jehovah's Witnesses", "Jehovah's Witnesses believe that sin is inherited, like a disease, and has been passed on from generation to generation of humans, beginning with Adam and Eve, whom Witnesses believe are real historical characters. They believe that it began with the Devil, and then with humans wanting to decide for themselves what was good and bad. They believe that at that very moment they lost perfection and began to die", ". They believe that at that very moment they lost perfection and began to die. Jehovah's Witnesses consider human beings to be souls, and so when a human dies due to sin, they believe that his soul dies as well. They believe that Jesus is the only human ever to have lived and died sinless.", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that individuals are only responsible for the sins they personally commit. In their Articles of Faith the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches, \"We believe that men will be punished for their own sins, and not for Adam's transgression.\" Latter-day Saints also believe that sin is the consequence of the Fall of Adam and Eve, and that all sin originates from Satan", ". They also believe that \"little children\" (meaning those under the age of 8, or \"the age of accountability\"), while capable of sinning, are not held accountable for their actions, and their sins are covered by the atonement of Jesus Christ.", "Atonement\n\nIn Christianity, it is generally understood that the death of Jesus was a sacrifice that relieves believers of the burden of their sins. However, the actual meaning of this precept is very widely debated. The traditional teaching of some churches traces this idea of atonement to blood sacrifices in the ancient Hebraic faith.", "Christian theologians have presented different interpretations of atonement:\n Origen taught that the death of Christ was a ransom paid to Satan in satisfaction of his claim on the souls of humanity as a result of sin. This was opposed by theologians such as St. Gregory Nazianzen, who maintained that this would have made Satan a power equal to God.", "Irenaeus of Lyons taught that Christ recapitulated in himself all the stages of life of sinful man, and that his perfect obedience substituted for Adam's disobedience.\n Athanasius of Alexandria taught that Christ came to overcome death and corruption, and to remake humanity in God's image again.\n Augustine of Hippo said that sin was not a created thing at all, but was \"privatio boni\", a \"taking away of good\".", "Anselm of Canterbury taught that Christ's death satisfied God's offended sense of justice over the sins of humanity. God rewarded Christ's obedience, which built up a storehouse of merit and a treasury of grace that believers could share by their faith in Christ. This view is known as the satisfaction theory of atonement, the merit theory, or sometimes the commercial theory. Anselm's teaching is contained in his treatise Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Human)", ". Anselm's teaching is contained in his treatise Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Human). Anselm's ideas were later expanded utilizing Aristotelian philosophy into a grand theological system by Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century, particularly in his Summa Theologica, which although initially inciting controversy eventually became official Roman Catholic doctrine.", "Pierre Abélard developed the view that Christ's Passion was God suffering with his creatures in order to show the greatness of his love for them, and the realization of this love in turn leads to repentance. It is often known as the moral influence theory of atonement and became central to more liberal strands of Christian theology.", "Martin Luther and John Calvin, leaders of the Protestant Reformation, owed much to Anselm's theory and taught that Christ, the only sinless person, was obedient to take upon himself the penalty for the sins that should have been visited on men and women. This view is a version of substitutionary atonement and is sometimes called the penal substitution view. It is derived from the Roman Catholic satisfaction theory of atonement, although it is not identical to that of Anselm", ". Calvin additionally advocated a doctrine of limited atonement, which teaches that the atonement extends and applies only to the sins of the eternally predestined elect rather than to the entire human race, whereas Anselm affirmed a general redemption for all humanity and denied that Christ received punishment for sins, although he made satisfaction to God.", "D.L. Moody once said, \"If you are under the power of evil, and you want to get under the power of God, cry to Him to bring you over to His service; cry to Him to take you into His army. He will hear you; He will come to you, and, if need be, He will send a legion of angels to help you to fight your way up to heaven. God will take you by the right hand and lead you through this wilderness, over death, and take you right into His kingdom. That's what the Son of Man came to do", ". That's what the Son of Man came to do. He has never deceived us; just say here; \"Christ is my deliverer.\"\"", "Arminianism has traditionally taught what is known as the governmental theory of atonement. Drawing primarily from the works of Jacobus Arminius and especially Hugo Grotius, the governmental theory teaches that Christ suffered for humankind so that God could forgive humans while still maintaining divine justice", ". Unlike the traditional Reformed perspective, this view states that Christ was not punished by God the Father in the place of sinners, for true forgiveness would not be possible if humankind's offences were already punished. Christ's suffering was a real and meaningful substitutionary atonement for the punishment humans deserve, but Christ was not punished on behalf of some or all of the human race", ". This view has prospered in traditional Methodism and all who follow the teachings of John Wesley, and has been detailed by, among others, 19th century Methodist theologian John Miley in his Atonement in Christ and 20th century Church of the Nazarene theologian J. Kenneth Grider in his Wesleyan-Holiness Theology. Variations of this view have also been espoused by 18th century Puritan Jonathan Edwards and 19th century revival leader Charles Grandison Finney.", "Karl Barth taught that Christ's death manifested God's love and his hatred for sin.\n Barbara Reid, a dissenting Roman Catholic feminist and Dominican nun, argues that commonly conceived atonement theologies are harmful, especially to women and other oppressed minorities. Other liberal and radical theologians have also challenged traditional views of atonement. (see collective salvation)", "Mary Baker Eddy, founder of the Christian Science movement, taught that atonement exemplifies our underlying spiritual unity with God, whereby we reflect divine Love (God): Christ's atonement reconciles man to God, not God to man .\n Billy Graham, a Baptist evangelist, characterized the United States as a most sinful nation and called upon his listeners to repent to Christ while they still had time.", "See also\n Biblical law in Christianity\n Christian ethics\n Heaven (Christianity)\n Law of Christ\n Moral theology\n Reconciliation\n Sacraments (Catholic Church)\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n \n \n \n \n \n\nBibliography", "Mc Guinness, I. Sin (Theology of), in: New Catholic Encyclopaedia, vol. XIII, (reprinted 1981), The Catholic University of America, Washington D.C., pp. 241–245.\n Rahner, Karl, Schoonberg, Piet. \"Sin\", in: Encyclopedia of Theology: A Concise Sacramentum Mundi . (1986) Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK: Burns & Oates, , pp. 1579–1590.", "Farrell, Walter, A companion to the Summa vol. 2 – The Pursuit of Happiness (1985 /reprinted 2nd ed./) Westminster, Maryland – London: Christian Classics, Sheed & Ward, (UK) 0-87061-119-4 (USA), p. 467.\n Pieper, Josef, The Concept of Sin (2001), translated by Edward T. Oakes SJ, South Bend, Indiana: St. Augustines Press, , pp. 128.", "Pinckaers, Servais, The Sources of Christian Ethics, (translated from French by M. T. Noble O.P.), Washington, D.C., The Catholic University of America Press, 1995. Reprinted: Edinburgh: T&T Clark, p. 489\n Sabourin, Leopold SJ, Sin, in: The Oxford Companion to the Bible (1993). Bruce M. Metzger, Michael D. Coogan (ed.) New York – Oxford: Oxford University Press, , pp. 696.", "External links \n\n Augustine of Hippo, Confessions Augustine of Hippo, On Christian DoctrineThomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica'' I–II q71: Of Vice and Sin Considered in Themselves\n Hamartiology (Philosophical Theology of Sin)\n\n \nSin\nPoint of view" ]

[ "A bicycle brake reduces the speed of a bicycle or prevents it from moving. The three main types are: rim brakes, disc brakes, and drum brakes.", "Most bicycle brake systems consist of three main components: a mechanism for the rider to apply the brakes, such as brake levers or pedals; a mechanism for transmitting that signal, such as Bowden cables, hydraulic hoses, rods, or the bicycle chain; and the brake mechanism itself, a caliper or drum, to press two or more surfaces together in order to convert, via friction, kinetic energy of the bike and rider into thermal energy to be dissipated.", "History\nKarl Drais included a pivoting brake shoe that could be pressed against the rear iron tyre of his 1817 . This was continued on the earliest bicycles with pedals, such as the boneshaker, which were fitted with a spoon brake to press onto the rear wheel. The brake was operated by a lever or by a cord connecting to the handlebars. The rider could also slow down by resisting the pedals of the fixed-wheel drive.", "The next development of the bicycle, the penny-farthings, were similarly braked with a spoon brake or by back pedalling. During its development from 1870 to 1878, there were various designs for brakes, most of them operating on the rear wheel. However, as the rear wheel became smaller and smaller, with more of the rider's weight over the front wheel, braking on the rear wheel became less effective", ". The front brake, introduced by John Kean in 1873, had been generally adopted by 1880 because of its greater stopping power.", "Some penny-farthing riders used only back pedalling and got off and walked down steep hills, but most also used a brake. Having a brake meant that riders could coast down hill by taking their feet off the pedals and placing the legs over the handlebars, although most riders preferred to dismount and walk down steep hills. Putting the legs under the handlebars with the feet off the pedals placed on foot-rests on the forks had resulted in serious accidents caused by the feet getting caught in the spokes.", "An alternative to the spoon brake for penny-farthings was the caliper brake patented by Browett and Harrison in 1887. This early version of caliper braking used a rubber block to contact the outside of the penny-farthing's small rear tyre.", "The 1870s and 1880s saw the development of the safety bicycle which roughly resembles bicycles today, with two wheels of equal size, initially with solid rubber tyres. These were typically equipped with a front spoon brake and no rear brake mechanism, but like penny-farthings they used fixed gears, allowing rear wheel braking by resisting the motion of the pedals. The relative fragility of the wooden rims used on most bicycles still precluded the use of rim brakes", ". In the late 1890s came the introduction of rim brakes and the freewheel.", "With the introduction of mass-produced pneumatic tyres by the Dunlop Tyre Company, the use of spoon brakes began to decline, as they tended to quickly wear through the thin casing of the new tyres. This problem led to demands for alternative braking systems. On November 23, 1897, Abram W. Duck of Duck's Cyclery in Oakland, California, was granted a patent for his Duck Roller Brake (U.S. Patent 594,234)", ".S. Patent 594,234). The Duck brake used a rod operated by a lever on the handlebar to pull twin rubber rollers against the front tyre, braking the front wheel.", "In 1898, after the advent of freewheel coasting mechanisms, the first internal coaster brakes were introduced for the rear wheel. The coaster brake was contained in the rear wheel hub, and was engaged and controlled by backpedaling, thus eliminating the issue of tyre wear. In the United States, the coaster brake was the most commonly fitted brake throughout the first half of the 20th century, often comprising the only braking system on the bicycle.\n\nBrake types\n\nSpoon brakes", "The spoon brake or plunger brake was probably the first type of bicycle brake and precedes the pneumatic tyre. Spoon brakes were used on penny farthings with solid rubber tyres in the 1800s and continued to be used after the introduction of the pneumatic-tyred safety bicycle. The spoon brake consists of a pad (often leather) or metal shoe (possibly rubber faced), which is pressed onto the top of the front tyre. These were almost always rod-operated by a right-hand lever", ". These were almost always rod-operated by a right-hand lever. In developing countries, a foot-operated form of the spoon brake sometimes is retrofitted to old rod brake roadsters. It consists of a spring-loaded flap attached to the back of the fork crown. This is depressed against the front tyre by the rider's foot.", "Perhaps more so than any other form of bicycle brake, the spoon brake is sensitive to road conditions and increases tyre wear dramatically.\n\nThough made obsolete by the introduction of the Duck brake, coaster brake, and rod brake, spoon brakes continued to be used in the West supplementally on adult bicycles until the 1930s, and on children's bicycles until the 1950s. In the developing world, they were manufactured until much more recently.", "Duck brake", "Invented in 1897, the Duck brake or Duck roller brake used a rod operated by a lever on the handlebar to pull twin friction rollers (usually made of wood or rubber) against the front tyre. Mounted on axles secured by friction washers and set at an angle to conform to the shape of the tyre, the rollers were forced against their friction washers upon contacting the tyre, thus braking the front wheel. A tension spring held the rollers away from the tyre except when braking", ". A tension spring held the rollers away from the tyre except when braking. Braking power was enhanced by an extra-long brake lever mounted in parallel with and behind the handlebar, which provided additional leverage when braking (two hands could be used to pull the lever if necessary). Used in combination with a rear coaster brake, a cyclist of the day could stop much more quickly and with better modulation of braking effort than was possible using only a spoon brake or rear coaster brake", ". Known colloquially as the duck brake, the design was used by many notable riders of the day, and was widely exported to England, Australia, and other countries. In 1902, Louis H. Bill was granted a patent for an improved version of the Duck Roller Brake (Patent 708,114) for use on motorized bicycles (motorcycles).", "Rim brakes\nRim brakes are so called because braking force is applied by friction pads to the rim of the rotating wheel, thus slowing it and the bicycle. Brake pads can be made of leather, rubber or cork and are often mounted in metal \"shoes\". Rim brakes are typically actuated by a lever mounted on the handlebar.\n\nAdvantages and disadvantages", "Rim brakes are inexpensive, light, mechanically simple, easy to maintain, and powerful. However, they perform relatively poorly when the rims are wet, and will brake unevenly if the rims are even slightly warped. Because rims can carry debris from the ground to the brake pads, rim brakes are more prone to clogging with mud or snow than disc brakes (where braking surfaces are higher from the ground), particularly when riding on unpaved surfaces", ". The low price and ease of maintenance of rim brakes makes them popular in low- to mid-price commuter bikes, where the disadvantages are alleviated by the unchallenging conditions. The light weight of rim brakes also makes them desirable in road racing bicycles.", "Rim brakes require regular maintenance. Brake pads wear down and have to be replaced. As they wear down, their position may need to be adjusted as the material wears away. Because the motion of most brakes is not perfectly horizontal, the pads may lose their centering as they wear, causing the pads to wear unevenly. Over longer time and use, rims can become worn. Rims should be checked for wear periodically as they can fail catastrophically if the braking surface becomes too worn", ". Wear is accelerated by wet and muddy conditions. Rim brakes require that the rims be straight (not out-of-round or warped). If a rim has a pronounced wobble, then the braking force may be intermittent or uneven, and the pads may rub the rims even when the brake is not applied.", "During braking, the friction surfaces (brake pads and rims) will experience thermal heating. In normal use this is not a problem, as the brakes are applied with limited force and for a short time, so the heat quickly dissipates to the surrounding air. However, on a heavily laden bike on a long descent, heat energy may be added more quickly than it can dissipate causing heat build-up, which may damage components and cause brake failure.", "A ceramic coating for the rims is available which may reduce wear and can also improve both wet and dry braking. It may also slightly reduce heat transfer to the inside of the rims because it is a thermal insulator.\n\nBrake pads", "Brake pads are available with numerous shapes and materials. Many consist of a replaceable rubber pad held on a mounting, or brake shoe, with a post or bolt on the back to attach to the brake. Some are made as one piece with the attachment directly molded in the pad for lower production costs; brake pads of the cartridge type are held in place by a metal split pin or threaded grub screw and can be replaced without moving the brake shoe from its alignment to the rim", ". The rubber can be softer for more braking force with less lever effort, or harder for longer life. Many pad designs have a rectangular shape; others are longer and curved to match the radius of the rim. Larger pads do not necessarily provide more braking force, but will wear more slowly (in relation to thickness), so can usually be thinner. In general, a brake can be fitted with a variety of pads, as long as the mounting is compatible", ". In general, a brake can be fitted with a variety of pads, as long as the mounting is compatible. Carbon fiber rims may be more sensitive to damage by incorrectly-matched brake pads, and generally must use non-abrasive cork pads.", "Ceramic-coated rims should be used with special pads because of heat build-up at the pad-rim interface; standard pads can leave a \"glaze\" on the ceramic braking surface, reducing its inherent roughness and leading to a severe drop in wet-weather braking performance. Ceramic pads usually contain chromium compounds to resist heat.", "For wet-weather use, brake pads containing iron (iii) oxide are sometimes used as these have higher friction on a wet aluminum rim than the usual rubber. These salmon-colored pads were first made by Scott-Mathauser and are now produced by Kool-Stop.\n\nTo minimise excessive rim wear, a brake pad should be hard enough that it does not embed road grit or chips of rim metal in the face of the pad, since these act as grinding/gouging agents and markedly reduce rim life.", "Types of rim brakes\nThe following are among the many sub-types of rim brakes:\n\nRod-actuated brakes", "The rod-actuated brake, or simply rod brake (roller lever brake in Raleigh terminology), uses a series of rods and pivots, rather than Bowden cables, to transmit force applied to a hand lever to pull friction pads upwards against the inner surface, which faces the hub, of the wheel rim. They were often called \"stirrup brakes\" due to their shape", ". They were often called \"stirrup brakes\" due to their shape. Rod brakes are used with a rim profile known as the Westwood rim, which has a slightly concave area on the braking surface and lacks the flat outer surface required by brakes that apply the pads on opposite sides of the rim.", "The rear linkage mechanism is complicated by the need to allow rotation where the fork and handlebars attach to the frame. A common setup was to combine a front rod brake with a rear coaster brake. Although heavy and complex, the linkages are reliable and durable and can be repaired or adjusted with simple hand tools. The design is still in use, typically on African and Asian roadsters such as the Sohrab and Flying Pigeon.", "Caliper brakes \nThe caliper brake is a class of cable-actuated brake in which the brake mounts to a single point above the wheel, theoretically allowing the arms to auto-centre on the rim. Arms extend around the tyre and end in brake shoes that press against the rim. While some designs incorporate dual pivot points — the arms pivot on a sub-frame — the entire assembly still mounts to a single point.", "Caliper brakes tend to become less effective as tyres get wider, and so deeper, reducing the brakes' mechanical advantage. Thus caliper brakes are rarely found on modern mountain bikes. But they are almost ubiquitous on road bikes, particularly the dual-pivot side-pull caliper brake.\n\nSide-pull caliper brakes", "Side-pull caliper brakes\n\nSingle-pivot side-pull caliper brakes consist of two curved arms that cross at a pivot above the wheel and hold the brake pads on opposite sides of the rim. These arms have extensions on one side, one attached to the cable, the other to the cable housing. When the brake lever is squeezed, the arms move together and the brake pads squeeze the rim.", "These brakes are simple and effective for relatively narrow tyres but have significant flex and resulting poor performance if the arms are made long enough to fit wide tyres. If not adjusted properly, low quality varieties tend to rotate to one side during actuation and tend to stay there, making it difficult to evenly space brake shoes away from the rim. These brakes are now used on inexpensive bikes; before the introduction of dual-pivot caliper brakes they were used on all types of road bikes.", "Dual-pivot side-pull caliper brakes are used on most modern racing bicycles. One arm pivots at the centre, like a side-pull; and the other pivots at the side, like a centre-pull. The cable housing attaches like that of a side-pull brake.", "The centering of side-pull brakes was improved with the mass-market adoption of dual-pivot side-pulls (an old design re-discovered by Shimano in the early 1990s). These brakes offer a higher mechanical advantage, and result in better braking. Dual-pivot brakes are slightly heavier than conventional side-pull calipers and cannot accurately track an out-of-true rim, or a wheel that flexes from side to side in the frame during hard climbing", ". It is common to see professional racers climbing mountains with the quick-release undone on the rear brake, to eliminate drag from this source.", "Centre-pull caliper brakes\n\nCentre-pull caliper brakes have symmetrical arms and therefore centre more effectively. The cable housing attaches to a fixed cable stop attached to the frame, and the inner cable bolts to a sliding piece (called a \"braking delta\", \"braking triangle\", or \"yoke\") or a small pulley, over which runs a straddle cable connecting the two brake arms. Tension on the cable is evenly distributed to the two arms, preventing the brake from taking a \"set\" to one side or the other.", "These brakes were reasonably priced, and in the past filled the price niche between the cheaper and the more expensive models of side-pull brakes. They are more effective than side-pull brakes in long reach applications as the distance between the pivot and brake pad or cable attachment is much shorter, reducing flex. It is important that the fixed bridge holding the pivots is very stiff.\n\nU-brakes", "U-brakes (also known by the trademarked term 990-style) are essentially the same design as the centre-pull caliper brake. The difference is that the two arm pivots attach directly to the frame or fork while those of the centre-pull caliper brake attach to an integral bridge frame that mounts to the frame or fork by a single bolt. Like roller cam brakes, this is a caliper design with pivots located above the rim", ". Like roller cam brakes, this is a caliper design with pivots located above the rim. Thus U-brakes are often interchangeable with, and have the same maintenance issues as, roller cam brakes.", "U-brakes were used on mountain bikes through the mid-to-late 1980s, particularly under the chain stays, a rear brake mounting location that was then popular. This location usually benefits from higher frame stiffness, an important consideration with a powerful brake since flex in the stays will increase lever travel and reduce effective braking force. Unfortunately it is also very prone to clogging by mud, which meant that U-brakes quickly fell out of favour on cross-country bikes.", "U-brakes are the current standard on Freestyle BMX frames and forks. The U-brake's main advantage over cantilever and linear-pull brakes in this application is that sideways protrusion of the brake and cable system is minimal, and the exposed parts are smooth. This is especially valuable on freestyle BMX bikes where any protruding parts are susceptible to damage and may interfere with the rider's body or clothing.", "Cantilever brakes", "The cantilever brake is a class of brake in which each arm is attached to a separate pivot point on one side of the seat stay or fork. Thus all cantilever brakes are dual-pivot. Both first- and second-class lever designs exist; second-class is by far the more common. In the second-class lever design, the arm pivots below the rim. The brake shoe is mounted above the pivot and is pressed against the rim as the two arms are drawn together. In the first-class lever design, the arm pivots above the rim", ". In the first-class lever design, the arm pivots above the rim. The brake shoe is mounted below the pivot and is pressed against the rim as the two arms are forced apart.", "Due to a wider possible distance between the mounts and pads, cantilever brakes are often preferred for bicycles that use wide tyres, such as on mountain bikes. Because the arms move only in their designed arcs, the brake shoe must be adjustable in several planes. Thus cantilever brake shoes are notoriously difficult to adjust. As the brake shoes of a second-class cantilever brake wears, they ride lower on the rim. Eventually, one may go underneath the rim, so that the brake does not function.", "There are several brake types based on the cantilever brake design: cantilever brakes and direct-pull brakes – both second class lever designs – and roller cam brakes and U-brakes – both first class lever designs.", "Traditional cantilever brakes\nTraditional cantilever brakes pre-date the direct-pull brake. It is a centre-pull cantilever design with an outwardly angled arm protruding on each side, a cable stop on the frame or fork to terminate the cable housing, and a straddle cable between the arms similar to centre-pull caliper brakes. The cable from the brake lever pulls upwards on the straddle cable, causing the brake arms to rotate up and inward thus squeezing the rim between the brake pads.", "Originally, cantilever brakes had nearly horizontal arms and were designed for maximum clearance on touring or cyclo-cross bicycles. When the mountain bike became popular, cantilever brakes were adopted for these too, but the smaller MTB frames meant that riders often fouled the rear brake arms with their heels. \"Low profile\" cantilevers were designed to overcome this, where the arms are closer to 45 degrees from horizontal", ". Low profile brakes require more careful attention to cable geometry than traditional cantilevers but are now the most common type.", "Traditional cantilever brakes are difficult to adapt to bicycle suspension and protrude somewhat from the frame. Accordingly, they are usually found only on bicycles without suspension.\n\nV-brakes", "Linear-pull brakes or direct-pull brakes, commonly referred to by Shimano's trademark V-brakes, are a side-pull version of cantilever brakes and mount on the same frame bosses. However, the arms are longer, with the cable housing attached to one arm and the cable to the other. As the cable pulls against the housing, the arms are drawn together", ". As the cable pulls against the housing, the arms are drawn together. Because the housing enters from vertically above one arm yet force must be transmitted laterally between arms, the flexible housing is extended by a rigid tube with a 90° bend known as the \"noodle\" (a noodle with a 135° bend is used where the front brake is operated by the right hand, as this gives a smoother curve in the cable housing). The noodle is seated in a stirrup attached to the arm", ". The noodle is seated in a stirrup attached to the arm. A flexible bellows often covers the exposed cable.", "Since there is no intervening mechanism between the cable and the arms, the design is called \"direct-pull\". And since the arms move the same distance that the cable moves with regard to its housing, the design is also called \"linear-pull\". The term \"V-brake\" is trademarked by Shimano and represents the most popular implementation of this design. Some high-end v-brakes use a four-pivot parallel motion so the brake pads contact at virtually the same position on the wheel rim regardless of wear.", "V-brakes function well with the suspension systems found on many mountain bikes because they do not require a separate cable stop on the frame or fork. Because of the higher mechanical advantage of V-brakes, they require brake levers with longer cable travel than levers intended for older types of brakes. Mechanical (i.e. cable-actuated) disc brakes use the same amount of cable travel as V-brakes, except for those that are described as being \"road\" specific", ". As a general rule, mechanical disc brakes for so-called \"flat bar\" bicycles (chiefly mountain and hybrid bicycles) are compatible with V-brake levers, whereas mechanical disc brakes intended for \"drop-bar\" bicycles are compatible with the cable pull of older brake designs (cantilever, caliper, and U-brake).", "Poorly designed V-brakes can suffer from a sudden failure when the noodle end pulls through the metal stirrup, leaving the wheel with no braking power. Although the noodle can be regarded as a service item and changed regularly, the hole in the stirrup may enlarge through wear. The stirrup cannot normally be replaced, so good-quality V-brakes use a durable metal for the stirrup.", "Mini V-brakes (or mini Vs) are V-brakes with shorter arms, typically between 8 and 9 centimeters. This reduces the required cable pull, making them compatible with brake levers intended for cantilever brakes. Mini V-brakes retain advantages specific to V-brakes such as not requiring extra cable stops", ". Mini V-brakes retain advantages specific to V-brakes such as not requiring extra cable stops. On the downside, their shorter arms provide very small tyre and wheel clearance and generally make for a less forgiving setup: they can only accommodate smaller tyre sizes compared to cantilever brakes, may pose problems for mounting fenders, can be clogged more easily by mud, and they can make it harder to change wheels.", "V-brakes always use thin and relatively long brake pads. The thin pads ease wheel removal, which is achieved by pushing the arms together and unhooking the noodle from the stirrup. The additional length gives good pad life by compensating for the thinner material depth.\n\nRoller cam brakes", "Roller cam brakes are centre-pull cantilever brakes actuated by the cable pulling a single two-sided sliding cam. (First- and second-class lever designs exist; first-class is most common and is described here.) Each arm has a cam follower. As the cam presses against the follower it forces the arms apart. As the top of each arm moves outward, the brake shoe below the pivot is forced inward against the rim. There is much in favor of the roller cam brake design", ". There is much in favor of the roller cam brake design. Since the cam controls the rate of closure, the clamping force can be made non-linear with the pull. And since the design can provide positive mechanical advantage, maximum clamping force can be higher than that of other types of brakes. They are known for being strong and controllable. On the downside, they require some skill to set up and can complicate wheel changes", ". On the downside, they require some skill to set up and can complicate wheel changes. They also require maintenance: like U-brakes, as the pad wears it strikes the rim higher; unless re-adjusted it can eventually contact the tyre's sidewall.", "The roller cam design was first developed by Charlie Cunningham of WTB around 1982 and licensed to Suntour. Roller cam brakes were used on early mountain bikes in the 1980s and into the 1990s, mounted to the fork blades and seat stays in the standard locations, as well as below the chain stays for improved stiffness as they do not protrude to interfere with the crank. It is not unusual for a bicycle to have a single roller cam brake (or U-brake) combined with another type", ". They are still used on some BMX and recumbent bicycles.", "There are two rare variants that use the roller cam principle. For locations where centre-pull is inappropriate, the side-pull toggle cam brake was developed. Also a first-class cantilever, it uses a single-sided sliding cam (the toggle) against one arm that is attached by a link to the other arm. As the cam presses against the follower, the force is also transmitted to the other arm via the link", ". And specifically for suspension forks where the housing must terminate at the brake frame, the side-pull \"sabre cam brake\" was developed. In the sabre cam design, the cable end is fixed and the housing moves the single-sided cam.", "Delta brakes\n\nThe delta brake is a road bicycle brake named due to its triangular shape. The cable enters at the centre, pulls a corner of a parallelogram linkage housed inside the brake across two opposite corners, pushing out at the other two corners on to the brake arms above the pivots, so that the arms below the pivots push pads in against the rim. A feature of the design is that the mechanical advantage varies as a tangent function across its range, where that of most other designs remains fixed.", "Many consider the brake attractive, and it has a lower wind profile than some other common brakes. However, Bicycle Quarterly criticized the delta brake for being heavy, giving mediocre stopping power, and suffering disadvantageous variable mechanical advantage. In particular, with a small parallelogram, pad wear causes mechanical advantage to rise dramatically", ". However, with high leverage, the stroke of the lever is not enough to fully apply the brake, so the rider can have brakes that feel normal in light braking but which cannot be applied harder for hard braking.", "The basic design dates from at least the 1930s. They were made most prominently by Campagnolo in 1985, but brakes based on the same mechanism were also manufactured by Modolo (Kronos), Weinmann, and others. They are no longer made and are now uncommon.\n\nHydraulic rim brakes", "Hydraulic rim brakes are one of the least common types of brakes. They are mounted either on the same pivot points used for cantilever and linear-pull brakes or they can be mounted on four-bolt brake mounts found on many trials frames. They were available on some high-end mountain bikes in the early 1990s, but declined in popularity with the rise of disc brakes", ". The moderate performance advantage (greater power and control) they offer over cable actuated rim brakes is offset by their greater weight and complexity. Some e-bikes continue to use them since they are powerful, relatively low-maintenance and weight is less of an issue when electric assistance is available.", "Disc brakes\n\nA disc brake consists of a metal disc, or \"rotor\", attached to the wheel hub that rotates with the wheel. Calipers are attached to the frame or fork along with pads that squeeze the rotors for braking. Disc brakes may be actuated mechanically by cable, or hydraulically.", "Disc brakes are most common for mountain bikes (including nearly all downhill bikes), and are also seen on some hybrid bicycles and touring bicycles. Towards the end of the 2010s, disc brakes have become increasingly common also on racing bicycles. A disc brake is sometimes employed as a drag brake for controlled speed reduction on steep descents.", "Many hydraulic disc brakes have a self-adjusting mechanism so as the brake pad wears, the pistons keep the distance from the pad to the disc consistent to maintain the same brake lever throw. Some hydraulic brakes, especially older ones, and most mechanical discs have manual controls to adjust the pad-to-rotor gap. Several adjustments are often required during the life of the pads.\n\nAdvantages\nDisc brakes tend to perform equally well in all conditions including water, mud, and snow due to several factors:", "The braking surface is farther from the ground and possible contaminants like mud which can coat or freeze on the rim and pads. With rim brakes, the first point that mud builds up on a mountain bike ridden in thick mud is usually the brakes. A mountain bicycle with disc brakes is less susceptible to mud buildup provided the rear frame and front fork yoke have sufficient clearance from the wheels.", "Disc brakes may be made of materials that dissipate heat better than the wheel rim, but undersized sport-sized discs will be too small to take advantage of this fact.\n There are holes in the rotor, providing a path for water and debris to get out from under the pads.\n Wheel rims tend to be made of lightweight metal. Brake discs and pads are harder and can accept higher maximum loads.", "It is possible to ride a bicycle with a buckled wheel if it has disc brakes, where it would not be possible with a rim brake because the buckled wheel would bind on the brake pads.", "Other reasons include:\n While all types of brakes will eventually wear out the braking surface, a brake disc is easier and cheaper to replace than a wheel rim or drum.\n The use of very wide tyres favors disc brakes, as rim brakes require ever-longer arms to clear the wider tyre. Longer arms tend to flex more, degrading braking. Disc brakes are unaffected by tyre width.\n Unlike some rarer rim brake designs, disc brakes are compatible with front and rear suspension.", "Different wheel sizes can be used with the same frame: i.e. the same frame built for 29″ tires can often also fit 27.5″+ (650+) tires, despite the two wheel sizes having different rim diameters. This is possible with disc brakes, so long as the rotor sizes are consistent and the frame has enough clearance; with rim brakes, this would be impossible, as the different rim sizes would not allow the same rim brakes to work with a different sized wheel", ". Wheel size optionality with disc brakes allows the rider more options, including using a smaller diameter rim-sized wheel (such as 27.5″+) with a higher volume wider tire with the same outer diameter size as a larger rim-sized wheel (such as 29″) – the outer diameter consistency is important as it preserves the geometry of the frame between the two different wheel sizes.", "Disadvantages", "Hydraulic vs. \"mechanical\"", "There are two main types of disc brake: \"mechanical\" (cable-actuated) and hydraulic. Advantages and disadvantages are highly discussed by the users of each system. As advantages of cable-actuated disc brakes are argued lower cost, lower maintenance, and lighter system weight, hydraulic disc brakes are said to offer more braking power and better control", ". Cable-actuated disc brakes were traditionally the only type of disc brake that could be used with the brake levers found on drop handlebars, but this is no longer the case.", "Single vs. dual actuation", "Many disc brakes have their pads actuated from both sides of the caliper, while some have only one pad that moves. Dual actuation can move both pads relative to the caliper, or can move one pad relative to the caliper, then move the caliper and other pad relative to the rotor, called a \"floating caliper\" design. Single-actuation brakes use either a multi-part rotor that floats axially on the hub, or bend the rotor sideways as needed", ". Bending the rotor is theoretically inferior, but in practice gives good service, even under high-force braking with a hot disc, and may yield more progressiveness.", "Multiple pistons", "For disc brakes with a hydraulic system, high-performance calipers usually use two or three pistons per side; lower-cost and lower-performance calipers often have only one per side. Using more pistons allows a larger piston area and thus increased leverage with a given master cylinder. Also, pistons may be of several sizes so pad force can be controlled across the face of the pad, especially when the pad is long and narrow", ". A long narrow pad may be desired to increase pad area and thus reduce the frequency of pad changes. In contrast, a single large piston may be heavier.", "Caliper mounting standards\nThere are many standards for mounting disc brake calipers. However, most manufactures today use either the IS or post-mount (PM) standards. These differ by disc size and axle type.", "Advantages and disadvantages of various types of mounts", "A disadvantage of post mounts is that the bolt is threaded directly into the fork lowers. If the threads are stripped or if the bolt is stuck, then the threads will need to be repaired, or the seized bolt drilled out. Frame manufacturers have standardized the IS mount for the rear disc brake mount. In recent years post mount has gained ground and is becoming more common. This is mostly due to decreased manufacturing and part cost for the brake calipers when using post mount", ". A limitation of the mount is that the location of the rotor is more constrained: it is possible to encounter incompatible hub/fork combinations, where the rotor is out of range.", "Disc mounting standards", "There are many options for rotor mounting. IS is a six-bolt mount and is the industry standard. Centerlock is patented by Shimano and uses a splined interface along with a lockring to secure the disc. The advantages of centerlock are that the splined interface is theoretically stiffer, and removing the disc is quicker because it only requires one lockring to be removed. Some of the disadvantages are that the design is patented requiring a licensing fee from Shimano", ". Some of the disadvantages are that the design is patented requiring a licensing fee from Shimano. A Shimano cassette lockring tool (or an external BB tool in case of through-axle hub) is needed to remove the rotor and is more expensive and less common than a Torx key. Advantages of IS six-bolt are that there are more choices when it comes to hubs and rotors.", "Examples of mounting standards are shown here:\n International Standard (IS) (in widespread use) 44 mm bolt circle diameter (BCD)\n Centerlock (Shimano proprietary)\n Hope Technology's 3-bolt pattern (proprietary)\n Rohloff's 4-bolt pattern (proprietary)", "Disc sizes", "Rotors come in many different sizes, such as and diameter. Other sizes are available as manufacturers make discs specific to their calipers; the dimensions often vary by a few millimeters. Larger rotors provide greater braking torque for a given pad pressure, by virtue of a longer moment arm for the caliper to act on. Smaller rotors provide less braking torque but also less weight and better protection from knocks", ". Smaller rotors provide less braking torque but also less weight and better protection from knocks. Larger rotors dissipate heat more quickly and have a larger amount of mass to absorb heat, reducing brake fade or failure. Downhill bikes usually have larger brakes to handle greater braking loads. Cross country bicycles usually use smaller rotors which handle smaller loads but offer considerable weight savings", ". It is also common to use a larger diameter rotor on the front wheel and a smaller rotor on the rear wheel since the front wheel does the most braking (up to 90% of the total).", "Drum brakes\n\nBicycle drum brakes operate like those of a car, although the bicycle variety use cable rather than hydraulic actuation. Two pads are pressed outward against the braking surface on the inside of the hub shell. Shell inside diameters on a bicycle drum brake are typically . Drum brakes have been used on front hubs and hubs with both internal and external freewheels. Both cable- and rod-operated drum brake systems have been widely produced.", "A Roller Brake is a modular cable-operated drum brake manufactured by Shimano for use on specially splined front and rear hubs. Unlike a traditional drum brake, the Roller Brake can be easily removed from the hub. Some models contain a torque-limiting device called a power modulator designed to make it difficult to skid the wheel. In practice this can reduce its effectiveness on bicycles with adult-sized wheels.", "Drum brakes are most common on utility bicycles in some countries, especially the Netherlands, and are also often found on cargo bikes and velomobiles. Older tandem bicycles often employ a rear drum brake as a drag brake.", "Drum brakes provide consistent braking in wet or dirty conditions since the mechanism is fully enclosed. They are usually heavier, more complicated, and often weaker than rim brakes, but they require less maintenance. Drum brakes do not adapt well to quick release axle fastening, and removing a drum brake wheel requires the operator to disconnect the brake cable as well as the axle", ". They also require a torque arm which must be anchored to the frame or fork of the bicycle, and not all bicycles are constructed to accommodate such fastenings or tolerate their applied forces.", "Coaster brakes\n\nInvented in 1898 by Willard M. Farrow, the \"coaster brake\", also known as a \"back pedal brake\" or \"foot brake\" (\"torpedo\" or \"contra\" in some countries, in Italy ), is a type of drum brake integrated into the back hub with an internal freewheel. Freewheeling functions as with other systems, but when back pedaled, the brake engages after a fraction of a revolution. The coaster brake can be found in both single-speed and internally geared hubs.", "When such a hub is pedaled forwards, the sprocket drives a screw which forces a clutch to move along the axle, driving the hub shell or gear assembly. When pedaling is reversed, the screw drives the clutch in the opposite direction, forcing it either between two brake shoes and pressing them against the brake mantle (which is a steel liner within the hub shell), or into a split collar and expanding it against the mantle", ". The braking surface is often steel, and the braking element brass or phosphor-bronze, as in the Birmingham-made Perry Coaster Hub. Crude coaster brakes also exist, usually on children's bicycles, where a serrated steel brake cone grips the inside of the hub shell directly, with no separate brake pads or mantle. These offer a less progressive action and are more likely to lock the rear wheel unintentionally.", "Unlike most drum brakes (but like a Shimano Roller Brake) a coaster brake is designed to run with all its internal parts coated in grease for quiet operation and smooth engagement. Most grey molybdenum disulphide greases work well in a coaster brake, with its metal-to-metal friction surfaces.", "Coaster-brake bicycles are generally equipped with a single cog and chain wheel and often use an wide chain. However, there have been several models of coaster brake hubs with derailleurs, such as the Sachs 2×3. These use special extra-short derailleurs which can stand up to the forces of being straightened out frequently and do not require an excessive amount of reverse pedal rotation before the brake engages", ". Coaster brakes have also been incorporated into hub gear designs – for example the AWC and SRC3 from Sturmey-Archer, and the Shimano Nexus 3-speed. They can have up to eight gears, like the Nexus inter-8.", "Coaster brakes have the advantage of being protected from the elements and thus perform well in rain or snow. Though coaster brakes generally go years without needing maintenance, they are more complicated than rim brakes to repair if it becomes necessary, especially the more sophisticated type with expanding brake shoes", ". Coaster brakes also do not have sufficient heat dissipation for use on long descents, a characteristic made legendary through events such as the 'Repack Downhill' race, where riders almost certainly would need to repack their coaster brakes after the grease melted or smoked due to the heat from lengthy downhill runs. A coaster brake can only be applied when the cranks are reasonably level, limiting how quickly it can be applied", ". As coaster brakes are only made for rear wheels, they have the disadvantage common to all rear brakes of skidding the wheel easily. This disadvantage may, however, be alleviated if the bicycle also has a hand-lever-operated front brake and the cyclist uses it. Another disadvantage is that the coaster brake is completely dependent on the chain being fully intact and engaged. If the chain breaks or disengages from the chainwheel and/or rear sprocket, the coaster brake provides no braking power whatsoever", ". Like all hub brakes except disc brakes, a coaster brake requires a reaction arm to be connected to the frame. This may require unbolting when the wheel is removed or moved in its fork ends to adjust chain tension.", "Drag brakes\nA drag brake is a type of brake defined by its use rather than by its mechanical design.", "A drag brake is intended to provide a constant decelerating force to slow a bicycle on a long downhill rather than to stop it; a separate braking system is used to stop the bicycle. A drag brake is often employed on a heavy bicycle such as a tandem in mountainous areas where extended use of rim brakes could cause a rim to become hot enough to blow out.;The typical drag brake has long been a drum brake", ".;The typical drag brake has long been a drum brake. The largest manufacturer of this type of brake is Arai, whose brakes are screwed onto hubs with conventional freewheel threading on the left side of the rear hub and operated via Bowden cables. As of 2011, the Arai drum brake has been out of production for several years, with remaining stocks nearing depletion and used units commanding premium prices on internet auction sites.", "More recently, large-rotor disc brakes are being used as drag brakes. (Some tandem riders with Avid BB-7 mechanical disc brakes and 203 mm rotors report fewer heat problems under heavy braking than when using the previous standard of comparison, an Arai drum used as a drag brake.) DT-Swiss make an adapter to mate disc rotors with hubs threaded for the Arai drum brake, but this still leaves the problem of fitting the caliper.\n\nBand brake", "Band brake\n\nA band brake consists of a band, strap, or cable that wraps around a drum that rotates with a wheel and is pulled tight to generate braking friction. Band brakes appeared as early as 1884 on tricycles. Star Cycles introduced a band brake in 1902 on its bicycles with freewheels. Band brakes are still manufactured for bicycles today.", "A rim band brake, as implemented on the Yankee bicycle by Royce Husted in the 1990s, consists of a stainless-steel cable, wrapped in a kevlar sheath, that rides in a u-shaped channel on the side of the wheel rim. Squeezing the brake lever tightens the cable against the channel to produce braking friction. A return spring slackens the cable when the brake lever is released, no adjustment is required, and the brake becomes more forceful when wet", ". Husted said his inspiration was the band brake used on industrial machinery. The Yankee bicycle only included a rear brake, but that met U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission standards.", "Actuation mechanisms\nThe actuation mechanism is that part of the brake system that transmits force from the rider to that part of the system that does the actual braking. Brake system actuation mechanisms are either mechanical or hydraulic.", "Mechanical", "The primary modern mechanical actuation mechanism uses brake levers coupled to Bowden cables to move brake arms, thus forcing pads against a braking surface. Cable mechanisms are usually less expensive, but may require some maintenance related to exposed areas of the cable. Other mechanical actuation mechanisms exist: see Coaster brakes for back-pedal actuation mechanisms, and rod-actuated brakes for a mechanism incorporating metal rods", ". The first Spoon brakes were actuated by a cable that was pulled by twisting the end of a handlebar.", "Hydraulic", "Hydraulic brakes also use brake levers to push fluid through a hose to move pistons in a caliper, thus forcing pads against a braking surface. While hydraulic rim brakes exist, today the hydraulic actuation mechanism is identified mostly with disc brakes. Two types of brake fluid are used today: mineral oil and DOT fluid. Mineral oil is generally inert, while DOT is corrosive to frame paint but has a higher boiling point. Using the wrong fluid can cause seals to swell or become corroded", ". Using the wrong fluid can cause seals to swell or become corroded. A hydraulic mechanism is closed and therefore less likely have problems related to contamination at exposed areas. Hydraulic brakes rarely fail, but failure tends to be complete. Hydraulic systems require specialized equipment to repair.", "Hydraulic brake fluid", "Hydraulic disc brakes make use of two common forms of fluid: Automotive grade DOT 4 or DOT 5.1 which are hygroscopic and has a boiling point of 230 °C; and mineral oil which is not hygroscopic and has varying boiling points depending on the type. O-rings and seals inside the brake are specifically designed to work with one or the other fluid", ". O-rings and seals inside the brake are specifically designed to work with one or the other fluid. Using the incorrect fluid type will cause the seals to fail resulting in a \"squishy\" feeling in the lever, and the caliper pistons are unable to retract, so a scraping disc is common. The brake fluid reservoir is usually marked to indicate the type of brake fluid to be used.", "Hybrid\nSome older designs, like the AMP and Mountain Cycles brakes, use a cable from lever to caliper, then use a master cylinder integrated into the piston. Some Santana tandem bicycles used a cable from lever to a master cylinder mounted near the head tube, with a hydraulic line to the rear wheel caliper. Such \"hybrid\" designs allow the leverage of a hydraulic system while allowing use of cable brake levers, but may be heavier and can suffer from grit intrusion in the standard cable.", "An older Sachs drum brake kit (\"Hydro Pull\") allows to rebuild a regular Sachs bicycle drum brake to hydraulic lever and action. A piston is added outside the drum instead of the bowden clamp. This solution is often seen on modified Long John cargo bikes, allowing a low friction lever pull front wheel brake action. After Sachs ceased production of this kit a similar solution is sometimes done by welding on a Magura piston to the drum cylinder lever", ". Welding was necessary because the Magura action is reverse to that of the Sachs kit.", "Brake levers\n\nBrake levers are usually mounted on the handlebars within easy reach of the rider's hands. They may be distinct from or integrated into the shifting mechanism. The brake lever transmits the force applied by the rider through either a mechanical or hydraulic mechanism.", "Bicycles with drop handlebars may have more than one brake lever for each brake to facilitate braking from multiple hand positions. Levers that allow the rider to work the brakes from the tops of the bars, introduced in the '70s, were called extension levers, safety levers or, due to their reputation for being unable to actuate the full range of travel of the brake, suicide levers", ". Modern top-mounted brake levers are considered safer, and are called interrupt brake levers due to their mechanism of action which \"interrupts\" the cable run from the primary lever and actuates the brake by pushing the cable housing downward instead of pulling the cable. This type of lever is also known as a \"cross lever\" due to its popularity in cyclo-cross.", "The mechanical advantage of the brake lever must be matched to the brake it is connected to in order for the rider to have sufficient leverage and travel to actuate the brake. Using mismatched brakes and levers could result in too much mechanical advantage and hence not enough travel to properly actuate the brake (v-brakes with conventional levers) or too little mechanical advantage, requiring a very strong pull to apply the brakes hard (v-brake levers with other types of brake).", "Mechanical (cable) brake levers come in two varieties based on the length of brake cable pulled for a given amount of lever movement:\n Standard pull levers work with most brake designs, including caliper brakes, traditional cantilever brakes, and mechanically actuated disc brakes branded for \"Road\".\n Long pull levers work with \"direct-pull\" cantilever brakes, such as Shimano \"V-Brakes\", and mechanically actuated disc brakes branded for \"Mountain\".", "Adapters are available to allow the use of one type of lever with an otherwise incompatible type of rim brake. Some brake levers have adjustable leverage that can be made to work with either type of brake. Others vary their mechanical advantage as the lever moves to move the pad quickly at first, then provide more leverage once it contacts the brake surface. Hydraulic brake levers move a piston in a fluid reservoir. The mechanical advantage of the lever depends on the brake system design.", "Braking technique", "The motion dynamics of a bicycle will cause a transfer of weight to the front wheel during braking, improving the traction on the front wheel. If the front brake is used too hard, momentum may cause the rider and bike to pitch forward – a type of crash sometimes called an \"endo\". Light use of the rear brake causes a light skid as the bicycle approaches the limit where pitchover will occur, a signal to reduce force on the front brake", ". On a low-traction surface or when turning, the front wheel will skid, the bicycle cannot be balanced and will fall to the side instead.", "On tandem bicycles and other long-wheel-base bicycles (including recumbents and other specialized bicycles), the lower relative centre of mass makes it virtually impossible for heavy front braking to flip the bicycle; the front wheel would skid first.", "In some situations, it is advisable to slow down and to use the rear brake more and the front brake less:\n When unfamiliar with the braking characteristics of a bicycle. It is important to test the brakes and learn how much hand force is needed when first riding it.\n When leaning in a turn (or preferably, brake before turning).", "When leaning in a turn (or preferably, brake before turning).\n Slippery surfaces, such as wet pavement, mud, snow, ice, or loose stones/gravel. It is difficult to recover from a front-wheel skid on a slippery surface, especially when leaned over.\n Bumpy surfaces: If the front wheel comes off the ground during braking, its rotation will cease completely. Landing on a stopped front wheel with the brakes still applied is likely to cause the front wheel to skid and may flip the rider over the handlebar.", "Very loose surfaces (such as gravel and loose dirt): In some loose-surface situations, it may be beneficial to completely lock up the rear wheel in order to slow down or maintain control. On very steep slopes with loose surfaces where any braking will cause the wheel to skid, it can be better to maintain control of the bicycle by the rear brake more than one would normally. However neither wheel should stop rotating completely, as this will result in very little control.", "Steep descents: the slope angle makes the front flip more easily achieved, and moreover a front-wheel skid would be very difficult to recover (crash highly probable), whereas a rear skid does still drag the bike without losing too much control.\n Long descents: alternating the front and back brake can help prevent hand fatigue and overheating of the wheel rims which can cause a disastrous tyre blow-out, or boiling of the hydraulic fluid in case of hydraulic disc brakes.", "Flat front tyre: braking a tyre that has little air can cause the tyre to come off the rim, which is likely to cause a crash.", "It is customary to place the front brake lever on the left in right-side-driving countries, and vice versa, because the hand on the side nearer the centre of the road is more commonly used for hand signals. Placing the front brake lever on the right also mimics the layout on motorcycles and is advantageous to avoid confusion when switching to and from a pedal cycle to motorcycle.", "Bicycles without brakes", "Track bicycles are built without brakes so as to avoid sudden changes in speed when racing on a velodrome. Since track bikes have a fixed gear, braking can be accomplished by reversing the force on the pedals to slow down, or by locking the pedals backwards and inducing a skid. Fixed gear road bikes may also lack brakes, and slowing or stopping is accomplished as with a track bike. Many fixed gear bikes however are fitted with a front brake for safety reasons, or because it is a legal requirement", ". Some BMX bicycles are built without brakes to forgo the expense and complication of a detangler. The usual method of stopping is for the rider to put one or both feet on the ground, or to wedge a foot between the seat and the rear tyre, effectively acting as a spoon brake. Cycle speedway is a type of close track racing in the UK, Poland, Australia, and France. The special built bike has a single freewheel and no brakes. Slowing is done during cornering by dragging the inside foot", ". Slowing is done during cornering by dragging the inside foot. These bikes are not intended for road use and are kept at the track.", "In Belgium, Australia, Germany, the UK, France, Poland, Japan, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland, it is illegal to ride a bicycle without brakes on a public road.", "Single-lever two-wheel brakes", "A braking system has been fitted to selected bicycle models whereby a single lever operates first the rear brake then the front brake and it is claimed this reduces the risk of some braking-related accidents including going over the handlebars. This system emphasises the use of the rear brake, fails to optimise use of front braking, whilst being marketed as a solution to the fear of toppling over handle bars", ". The system encourages complacent use of brake levers by cyclists and reinforces the myth that the front brakes of bicycles are dangerous.", "Cyclists young and old should seek training in the effective use of both brakes to stop in the minimum possible stopping distance in an emergency.\n\nSee also\n\nBicycle and motorcycle dynamics\nDetangler\nGlossary of cycling\nList of bicycle parts\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\n \n\nBicycle parts\nVehicle braking technologies\nBrakes" ]

[ "The Georgics ( ; ) is a poem by Latin poet Virgil, likely published in 29 BCE. As the name suggests (from the Greek word , geōrgiká, i.e. \"agricultural (things)\") the subject of the poem is agriculture; but far from being an example of peaceful rural poetry, it is a work characterized by tensions in both theme and purpose.", "The Georgics is considered Virgil's second major work, following his Eclogues and preceding the Aeneid. The poem draws on a variety of prior sources and has influenced many later authors from antiquity to the present.\n\nDescription and summary\nThe work consists of 2,188 hexametric verses divided into four books. The yearly timings by the rising and setting of particular stars were valid for the precession epoch of Virgil's time, and so are not always valid now.", "Book One", "Virgil begins his poem with a dedication to Maecenas, then a summary of the four books, followed by a prayer to various agricultural deities as well as Augustus himself. It takes as its model the work on farming by Varro, but differs from it in important ways. Numerous technical passages fill out the initial half of the first book; of particular interest are lines 160–175, where Virgil describes the plow", ". In the succession of ages, whose model is ultimately Hesiod, the age of Jupiter and its relation to the golden age and the current age of man are crafted with deliberate tension. Of chief importance is the contribution of labour to the success or failure of mankind's endeavours, agricultural or otherwise. The book comes to one climax with the description of a great storm in lines 311–350, which brings all of man's efforts to nothing", ". After detailing various weather-signs, Virgil ends with an enumeration of the portents associated with Caesar’s assassination and civil war; only Octavian offers any hope of salvation.", "Book Two", "Prominent themes of the second book include agriculture as man's struggle against a hostile natural world, often described in violent terms, and the ages of Saturn and Jupiter. Like the first book, it begins with a poem addressing the divinities associated with the matters about to be discussed: viticulture, trees, and the olive. In the next hundred lines, Virgil treats forest and fruit trees", ". In the next hundred lines, Virgil treats forest and fruit trees. Their propagation and growth are described in detail, with a contrast drawn between methods that are natural and those that require human intervention. Three sections on grafting are of particular interest: presented as marvels of man's alteration of nature. Also included is a catalogue of the world's trees, set forth in rapid succession, and other products of various lands", ". Perhaps the most famous passage of the poem, the Laudes Italiae or Praises of Italy, is introduced by way of a comparison with foreign marvels: despite all of those, no land is as praiseworthy as Italy. A point of cultural interest is a reference to Ascra in line 176, which an ancient reader would have known as the hometown of Hesiod", ". Next comes the care of vines, culminating in a vivid scene of their destruction by fire; then advice on when to plant vines, and therein the other famous passage of the second book, the Praises of Spring. These depict the growth and beauty that accompany spring's arrival. The poet then returns to didactic narrative with yet more on vines, emphasizing their fragility and laboriousness. A warning about animal damage provides occasion for an explanation of why goats are sacrificed to Bacchus", ". The olive tree is then presented in contrast to the vine: it requires little effort on the part of the farmer. The next subject, at last turning away from the vine, is other kinds of trees: those that produce fruit and those that have useful wood. Then Virgil again returns to grapevines, recalling the myth of the battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs in a passage known as the Vituperation of Vines. The remainder of the book is devoted to extolling the simple country life over the corruptness of the city.", "Book Three", "The third book is chiefly and ostensibly concerned with animal husbandry. It consists of two principal parts, the first half is devoted to the selection of breed stock and the breeding of horses and cattle. It concludes with a description of the furore induced in all animals by sexual desire. The second half of the book is devoted to the care and protection of sheep and goats and their by-products. It concludes with a description of the havoc and devastation caused by a plague in Noricum", ". It concludes with a description of the havoc and devastation caused by a plague in Noricum. Both halves begin with a short prologue called a proem. The poems invoke Greek and Italian gods and address such issues as Virgil's intention to honour both Caesar and his patron Maecenas, as well as his lofty poetic aspirations and the difficulty of the material to follow", ". Many have observed the parallels between the dramatic endings of each half of this book and the irresistible power of their respective themes of love and death.", "Book Four", "Book four, a tonal counterpart to book two, is divided approximately in half; the first half (1–280) is didactic and deals with the life and habits of bees, supposedly a model for human society. Bees resemble man in that their labour is devoted to a king and they give their lives for the sake of the community, but they lack the arts and love. In spite of their labour, the bees perish and the entire colony dies", ". In spite of their labour, the bees perish and the entire colony dies. The restoration of the bees is accomplished by bugonia, spontaneous rebirth from the carcass of an ox. This process is described twice in the second half (281–568) and frames the Aristaeus epyllion beginning at line 315. The tone of the book changes from didactic to epic and elegiac in this epyllion, which contains within it the story of Orpheus and Eurydice", ". Aristaeus, after losing his bees, descends to the home of his mother, the nymph Cyrene, where he is given instructions on how to restore his colonies. He must capture the seer, Proteus, and force him to reveal which divine spirit he angered and how to restore his bee colonies. After binding Proteus (who changes into many forms to no avail), Aristaeus is told by the seer that he angered the nymphs by causing the death of the nymph Eurydice, wife of Orpheus", ". Proteus describes the descent of Orpheus into the underworld to retrieve Eurydice, the backward look that caused her return to Tartarus, and at last Orpheus' death at the hands of the Ciconian women. Book four concludes with an eight-line sphragis or seal in which Virgil contrasts his life of poetry with that of Octavian the general.", "Sources\n\nGreek", "Virgil's model for composing a didactic poem in hexameters is the archaic Greek poet Hesiod, whose poem Works and Days shares with the Georgics the themes of man's relationship to the land and the importance of hard work. The Hellenistic poet Nicander's lost Georgics may also be an important influence", ". The Hellenistic poet Nicander's lost Georgics may also be an important influence. Virgil used other Greek writers as models and sources, some for technical information, including the Hellenistic poet Aratus for astronomy and meteorology, Nicander for information about snakes, the philosopher Aristotle for zoology, and Aristotle's student Theophrastus for botany, and others, such as the Hellenistic poet Callimachus for poetic and stylistic considerations", ". The Greek literary tradition from Homer on also serves as an important source for Virgil's use of mythological detail and digression.", "Roman", "Lucretius' De Rerum Natura serves as Virgil's primary Latin model in terms of genre and meter. Many passages from Virgil's poetry are indebted to Lucretius: the plague section of the third book takes as its model the plague of Athens that closes the De Rerum Natura. Virgil is also indebted to Ennius, who, along with Lucretius, naturalized hexameter verse in Latin. Virgil often uses language characteristic of Ennius to give his poetry an archaic quality", ". Virgil often uses language characteristic of Ennius to give his poetry an archaic quality. The intriguing idea has been put forth by one scholar that Virgil also drew on the rustic songs and speech patterns of Italy at certain points in his poem, to give portions of the work a distinct, Italian character. Virgil draws on the neoteric poets at times, and Catullus' Carmen 64 very likely had a large impact on the epyllion of Aristaeus that ends the Georgics 4", ". Virgil's extensive knowledge and skilful integration of his models is central to the success of different portions of the work and the poem as a whole.", "Cultural contexts\n\nPhilosophical context \n\nThe two predominant philosophical schools in Rome during Virgil's lifetime were Stoicism and Epicureanism. Of these two, the Epicurean strain is predominant not only in the Georgics but also in Virgil's social and intellectual milieu. Varius Rufus, a close friend of Virgil and the man who published the Aeneid after Virgil's death, had Epicurean tastes, as did Horace and his patron Maecenas.", "The philosophical text with the greatest influence on the Georgics as a whole was Lucretius' Epicurean epic De rerum natura. G. B. Conte notes, citing the programmatic statement \"Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas\" in Georgics 2.490–502, which draws from De rerum natura 1.78–9, \"the basic impulse for the Georgics came from a dialogue with Lucretius", ".78–9, \"the basic impulse for the Georgics came from a dialogue with Lucretius.\" Likewise, David West remarks in his discussion of the plague in the third book, Virgil is \"saturated with the poetry of Lucretius, and its words, phrases, thought and rhythms have merged in his mind, and become transmuted into an original work of poetic art.\"", "Political context", "Beginning with Caesar's assassination in 44 BCE and ending with Octavian's victory over Anthony and Cleopatra at Actium in 31 BCE, Rome had been engaged in a series of almost constant civil wars. After almost 15 years of political and social upheaval, Octavian, the sole surviving member of the Second Triumvirate, became firmly established as the new leader of the Roman world. Under Octavian, Rome enjoyed a long period of relative peace and prosperity", ". Under Octavian, Rome enjoyed a long period of relative peace and prosperity. However, Octavian's victory at Actium also sounded the death knell of the Republic. With Octavian as the sole ruler of the Roman world, the Roman Empire was born.", "It was during this period, and against this backdrop of civil war, that Virgil composed the Georgics. While not containing any overtly political passages, politics are not absent from the Georgics. Not only is Octavian addressed in the poem both directly and indirectly, but the poem also contains several passages that include references and images that could be interpreted as political, such as the description of the plague in Book 3 and Virgil's famous description of bee society in Book 4", ". It is impossible to know whether or not these references and images were intended to be seen as political in nature, but it would not be inconceivable that Virgil was in some way influenced by the years of civil war. Whether they were intentional or not, if we believe Suetonius, these references did not seem to trouble Octavian, to whom Virgil is said to have recited the Georgics in 29 BCE.", "Laudes Galli", "A comment by the Virgilian commentator Servius, that the middle to the end of the fourth book contained a large series of praises for Cornelius Gallus (laudes Galli means \"praises of Gallus\" in Latin), has spurred much scholarly debate. Servius tells us that after Gallus had fallen out of favour, Virgil replaced the praises of Gallus with the Orpheus episode", ". Those supporting Servius see the Orpheus episode as an unpolished, weak episode, and point out that it is unlike anything else in the Georgics in that it radically departs from the didactic mode that we see throughout, rendering it an illogical, awkward insertion. Indeed, the features of the episode are unique; it is an epyllion that engages mythological material. The episode does not further the narrative and has no immediately apparent relevance to Virgil's topic", ". The difficult, open-ended conclusion seems to confirm this interpretation.", "In a highly influential article Anderson debunked this view, and it is now generally believed that there were not Laudes Galli and that the Orpheus episode is original. Generally, arguments against the view above question Servius' reliability, citing the possibility that he confused the end of the Georgics with the end of the Eclogues, which does make mention of Gallus", ". Further, they question its validity based on chronological evidence: the Georgics would have been finished a number of years before the disgrace and suicide of Gallus, and so one would expect more evidence of an alternative version of the end of the poem—or at least more sources mentioning it", ". Instead, the Orpheus episode is here understood as an integral part of the poem that articulates or encapsulates its ethos by reinforcing many ideas or reintroducing and problematizing tensions voiced throughout the text. The range of scholarship and interpretations offered is vast, and the arguments range from optimistic or pessimistic readings of the poem to notions of labour, Epicureanism, and the relationship between man and nature.", "Repetitions in the Aeneid", "Within Virgil's later epic work the Aeneid, there are some 51 lines that are recycled, either whole or in part, from the Georgics. There is some debate whether these repetitions are (1) intrusions within the text of later scribes and editors, (2) indications pointing toward the level of incompleteness of the Aeneid, or (3) deliberate repetitions made by the poet, pointing toward meaningful areas of contact between the two poems", ". As a careful study by Ward Briggs goes a long way to show, the repetition of lines in the Georgics and the Aeneid is probably an intentional move made by Virgil, a poet given to a highly allusive style, not, evidently, to the exclusion of his own previous writings. Indeed, Virgil incorporates full lines in the Georgics of his earliest work, the Eclogues, although the number of repetitions is much smaller (only eight) and it does not appear that any one line was reduplicated in all three of his works.", "The repetitions of material from the Georgics in the Aeneid vary in their length and degree of alteration. Some of the less exact, single-line reduplications may very well show a nodding Virgil or scribal interpolation. The extended repetitions, however, show some interesting patterns. In about half the cases, technical, agrarian descriptions are adapted into epic similes. This is fitting, as the stuff of many epic similes is rooted in the natural and domestic worlds from which epic heroes are cut off", ". Virgil shows his technical expertise by re-contextualising identical lines to produce meanings that are different, or inverted from their initial meaning in the Georgics. Additionally, some of these reproduced lines are themselves adapted from works by Virgil's earlier literary models, including Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica, Ennius' Annals, and Lucretius' On the Nature of Things", ". With a single line or two, Virgil links (or distances), expands (or collapses) themes of various texts treating various subjects to create an Aeneid that is a richly intertextual.", "Reception and influence", "Reception in antiquity", "The work on Georgics was launched when agriculture had become a science and Varro had already published his Res rusticae, on which Virgil relied as a source—a fact already recognized by the commentator Servius. Virgil's scholarship on his predecessors produced an extensive literary reaction by the following generations of authors. Seneca's account that \"Virgil ..", ". Seneca's account that \"Virgil ... aimed, not to teach the farmer, but to please the reader,\" underlines that Virgil's poetic and philosophic themes were abounding in his hexameters (Sen., Moral Letter 86.15).", "Reception in the 18th century", "John Dryden’s 1697 poetic translation of Virgil's Georgics sparked a renewed interest in agricultural poetry and country life amongst the more educated classes during the 18th century. In the same year, the young Joseph Addison published his “Essay on Virgil’s Georgics”. In his eyes Virgil's poem seemed the principal model for this genre, which he defined as “some part of the science of husbandry, put into a pleasing dress and set off with all the beauties and embellishments of poetry”", ". In the context of the 18th century, however, interest in the georgic, or the choice of it as a model for independent works, was “profoundly political”, recognising an affinity with Virgil's treatment of rural subjects after the social and political disruptions through which he had lived", ". The tone of Virgil's work represented a longing for the “creation of order out of disorder” to which the Roman Augustan age succeeded, much as the British Augustan Age emerged from the social ferment and civil strife of the 17th century. The cultured of a later age were quick to see the parallel, but there was also an altered emphasis. Whereas for Virgil there was an antithesis between town life and country simplicity, in the view of the gentry of the 18th century, city and country were interdependent", ". Those who created specialised georgics of their own considered the commodities about which they wrote as items of trade that contributed to both local and national prosperity. For Roman citizens, farming was carried out in the service of the capital; for Britons the empire was consolidated as the result of mercantile enterprise and such commodities contributed to the general benefit.", "A critic has pointed out that \"the British Library holds no fewer than twenty translations of the Georgics from [the 18th century] period; of these, eight are separately published translations of the Georgics alone. Several of these translations, such as Dryden's, were reprinted regularly throughout the century", ". Several of these translations, such as Dryden's, were reprinted regularly throughout the century. Also noteworthy is the fact that the brisk rate of new translations continued into the early decades of the nineteenth century, with 1808 as a kind of annus mirabilis, when three new versions appeared.\" Some among these, like Dryden's and the Earl of Lauderdale's (1709), had primarily poetic aims", ".\" Some among these, like Dryden's and the Earl of Lauderdale's (1709), had primarily poetic aims. Other translators were clergymen amateurs (Thomas Nevile, Cambridge 1767) or, translating into prose, had school use in mind (Joseph Davidson, London 1743). William Sotheby went on to place his acclaimed literary version of 1800 in the context of others across Europe when he reissued it in the sumptuous folio edition Georgica Publii Virgilii Maronis Hexaglotta (London, 1827)", ". There it was accompanied by versions in Italian by Gian-Francesco Soave (1765), in Spanish by Juan de Guzmán (1768), in French by Jacques Delille (1769), and in German by Johann Heinrich Voss (1789).", "Dutch influence on English farming also paved a way for the poem's rebirth, since Roman farming practices still prevailed in the Netherlands and were sustained there by Joost van den Vondel’s prose translation of the Georgics into Dutch (1646). English farmers too attempted to imitate what they thought were genuine Virgilian agricultural techniques. In 1724 the poet William Benson wrote, \"There is more of Virgil's husbandry in England at this instant than in Italy itself\"", ". Among those translators who aimed to establish Virgil's up-to-date farming credentials was James Hamilton, whose prose translation of Virgil's work was \"published with such notes and reflexions as make him appear to have wrote like an excellent Farmer” (Edinburgh, 1742). This aspiration was supported by the assertion that, to make a proper translation, agricultural experience was a prerequisite—and for the lack of which, in the view of William Benson, Dryden's version was disqualified", ". That Robert Hoblyn had practical experience as a farmer was a qualification he considered the guarantee of his 1825 blank verse translation of the first book of the Georgics; and even in modern times it was made a commendation of Peter Fallon's 2004 version that he is \"both a poet and a farmer, uniquely suited to translating this poem\". However, Hoblyn could only support his stance at this date by interpolation and special pleading", ". However, Hoblyn could only support his stance at this date by interpolation and special pleading. Throughout Europe, Virgilian-style farming manuals were giving way to the agricultural revolution and their use was supplanted by scientific data, technical graphs and statistics.", "Contemporary readings", "The overtly political element in Virgil's poem attracted some translators, who applied it to their own local circumstances. The translation of the Georgics into Ancient Greek by Eugenios Voulgaris was published from St Petersburg in 1786 and had as one aim the support of Russia’s assimilation of the newly annexed Crimea by encouraging Greek settlement there", ". Virgil’s theme of taming the wilderness was further underlined in an introductory poem praising Grigory Potemkin as a philhellene Maecenas and the Empress Catherine the Great as the wise ruler directing the new territory's welfare. The inference is also there that Voulgaris himself (now archbishop of Novorossiya and Azov) has become thus the imperial Virgil.", "In Britain there was a tendency to grant Virgil honorary citizenship. In the introduction to his turn of the century translation for the Everyman edition, T. F. Royds argued that \"just as the Latin poet had his pedigree, Virgil is here an adopted English poet, and his many translators have made for him an English pedigree too\". So too, living in Devon as World War II progressed, C. Day Lewis saw his own translation as making a patriotic statement", ". Day Lewis saw his own translation as making a patriotic statement. As he commented later: \"More and more I was buoyed up by a feeling that England was speaking to me through Virgil, and that the Virgil of the Georgics was speaking to me through the English farmers and labourers with whom I consorted", ".\" Among a multiplicity of earlier translations, his new version would be justified by avoiding \"that peculiar kind of Latin-derived pidgin-English which infects the style of so many classical scholars\" and making its appeal instead through an approachable, down-to-earth idiom.", "In the 21st century, Frédéric Boyer's French version of the Georgics is retitled Le Souci de la terre (Care for the earth) and makes its appeal to current ecological concerns. \"For me as a translator\", he explains in his preface, \"I find today’s tragic paradigm in relation to the earth being addressed to the future through the ancient work. In other words, the past is entering into dialogue with the future right now", ". In other words, the past is entering into dialogue with the future right now.\" And in part, as in Virgil's time, this ecological crisis has come as a result of a loss of focus, preoccupation in the past with foreign wars and civil conflict.", "Selected translations in English\nJohn Ogilby (1649), first complete Virgil in English including a translation of the Georgicks in couplets \nJohn Dryden (London, 1697) in heroic couplets \nWilliam Sotheby (London, 1800) in heroic couplets\nR. D. Blackmore (London, 1871) in heroic couplets\nMusgrave Wilkins (London, 1873) “a literal translation” in prose\nJames Rhoades (London 1881), blank verse\nArthur Way (London, 1912) quantitative verse couplets\nJ. W. Mackail (New York, 1934) prose", "Arthur Way (London, 1912) quantitative verse couplets\nJ. W. Mackail (New York, 1934) prose\nC. Day-Lewis (London, 1940) quantitative verse\nPeter Fallon (Oxford World Classics, 2006) quantitative verse \nKimberly Johnson (Penguin Classics, 2009) irregular verse", "European georgics", "Gardening guides", "Virgil’s work addressed itself to far more than simple farming and later poems of a didactic tendency often dealt with, and elaborated on, individual subjects mentioned in the course of the Georgics. What has been described as \"the earliest English georgic on any subject\" limited itself to practical advice on gardening", ". Attributed to an unidentified Master John, \"The Feate of Gardeninge\" dates from the first half of the 15th century and provides instructions for sowing, planting and growing fruits, herbs and flowers through the course of the year. The poem’s 98 couplets are of irregular line-length and are occasionally imperfectly rhymed; the work was never printed, although annotated manuscript copies give evidence of its being studied and put to use.", "Master John's poem heads the line of later gardening manuals in verse over the centuries. Included among them were poems in Latin like Giuseppe Milio's De Hortorum Cura (Brescia 1574) and René Rapin's popular Hortorum Libri IV (Of Gdns, 1665). The latter was a four-canto work in Latin hexameters, dealing respectively with flowers, disposition of trees, water and orchards, and was followed by two English versions shortly afterwards, translated by John Evelyn the Younger in 1673 and James Gardiner in 1706", ". Where those versions were written in rhyming couplets, however, William Mason later chose Miltonic blank verse for his The English Garden: A Poem in Four Books (1772–81), an original work that took the Georgics as its model. His French contemporary Jacques Delille, having already translated the Latin Georgics, now published his own four-canto poem on the subject of Les Jardins, ou l'Art d’embellir les paysages (Gardens, or the art of beautifying landscape, 1782)", ". Like Mason, he gave his preference for landscaped over formal garden design and his work was several times translated into English verse over the following two decades.", "Rural pursuits", "In the case of many of these didactic manuals, the approach of the Georgics served as a model but the information in them is updated or supplements Virgil’s account. Thus Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai's Le Api (Bees, 1542) restricts itself to the subject of the fourth book of the Georgics and is an early example of Italian blank verse", ". A Latin treatment of the subject figured as the fourteenth book of the original Paris edition of :fr:Jacques Vanière's Praedium Rusticum (The Rural Estate) in 1696, but was to have a separate English existence in a verse translation by Arthur Murphy published from London in 1799, and later reprinted in the United States in 1808", ". But an earlier partial adaptation, Joshua Dinsdale's The Modern Art of Breeding Bees, had already appeared in London in 1740, prefaced with an apology to Virgil for trespassing on his ancient territory while bringing \"some new Discov'ries to impart\".", "For his part, Marco Girolamo Vida struck out in a new entomological direction with his poem on the breeding and care of the silkworm, the two-canto De Bombycum cura ac usu (1527) written in Latin hexameters, which had been preceded by two poems in Italian on the same subject. Vida's work was followed in England by Thomas Muffet's The Silkwormes and their Flies (1599), a subject that he had studied in Italy", ". The poem was written in Ottava rima, contained a wealth of Classical stories and has been mentioned as \"one of the earliest of English georgic poems\".", "Vida's poem was just one among several contemporary Latin works on exotic subjects that have been defined by Yasmin Haskell as 'recreational georgics', a group which \"usually comprises one or two short books, treats self-consciously small-scale subjects, is informed by an almost pastoral mood\" and deals with products for the aristocratic luxury market", ". Others included Giovanni Pontano's De Hortis Hesdperidum sive de cultu citriorum on the cultivation of citrus fruits (Venice 1505) and Pier Franceso Giustolo's De Croci Cultu on the cultivation of saffron (Rome 1510). There were also works on hunting like Natale Conti's De venatione (1551) and the Cynegeticon (Hunting with dogs) of Pietro degli Angeli which were the ultimate Italian ancestors of William Somervile's The Chace (London, 1735)", ". The preface to the last of these notes with disapproval that one \"might indeed have expected to have seen it treated more at large by Virgil in his third Georgick, since it is expressly Part of his Subject. But he has favoured us only with ten Verses.\"", "The most encyclopaedic of the authors on country subjects was Jacques Vanière whose Praedium Rusticum reached its completest version in 1730. Integrated into its sixteen sections were several once issued as separate works. They included Stagna (Fishing, 1683), ultimately section 15, in which the author informs the reader (in the words of his English translator):\n::Of fish I sing, and to the rural cares\nNow add the labours of my younger years…\nNow more improved since first they gave me fame;", "Now add the labours of my younger years…\nNow more improved since first they gave me fame;\nFrom hence to tend the doves and vine I taught,", "And whate’er else my riper years have wrought. That was followed by Columbae (Doves, 1684), mentioned in the lines above and ultimately section 13; by Vites (Vines, 1689), section 10; and by Olus (Vegetables, 1698), section 9. Two English clergymen poets later wrote poems more or less reliant on one or other of these sections", ". Joshua Dinsdale's The Dove Cote, or the art of breeding pigeons appeared in 1740; and John Duncombe’s Fishing (quoted above), which was an adaptation written in the 1750s but unpublished until 1809.", "English Georgics", "Besides the 18th century examples already mentioned, English poets wrote other Virgilian styled georgics and country themed pieces manifesting an appreciation of the rustic arts and the happiness of life on the country estate. Among them were poems directed to such specialised subjects as John Philips's Cyder (1708) and John Gay's Rural Sports: A Georgic (1713). Gay then went on to compose in Trivia, or the art of walking the streets of London (1716) \"a full-scale mock Georgic\"", ". The poem is dependent on the method and episodes in Virgil's poem and may be compared with the contemporary renewal of classical genres in the mock epic and the introduction of urban themes into the eclogue by other Augustan poets at that period. Later examples of didactic georgics include Christopher Smart's The Hop-Garden (1752), Robert Dodsley's Agriculture (1753) and John Dyer's The Fleece (1757)", ". Shortly afterwards, James Grainger went on to create in his The Sugar Cane (1764) a \"West-India georgic\", spreading the scope of this form into the Caribbean with the British colonial enterprise. Unlike most contemporary translations of Virgil, many of these practical manuals preferred Miltonic blank verse and the later examples stretched to four cantos, as in the Virgilian model.", "Later still there were poems with a broader scope, such as James Grahame's The British Georgics (Edinburgh, 1809). His work was on a different plan, however, proceeding month by month through the agricultural year and concentrating on conditions in Scotland, considering that \"the British Isles differ in so many respects from the countries to which Virgil's Georgics alluded\"", ". Jacques Delille had already preceded him in France with a similar work, L'Homme des champs, ou les Géorgiques françaises (Strasbourg, 1800), a translation of which by John Maunde had been published in London the following year as The Rural Philosopher: or French Georgics, a didactic poem, and in the USA in 1804. Both works, however, though they bear the name of georgics, have more of a celebratory than a didactic function", ". They are a different sort of work that, while paying homage and alluding to Virgil's poem, have another end in view.", "This descriptive genre of writing had an equally Renaissance pedigree in Politian's poem Rusticus (1483), which he composed to be recited as an introduction to his lectures on the didactic poems of Hesiod and the Georgica. Its intention was to praise country living in the course of describing its seasonal occupations. A similar approach to the beauties of the countryside in all weathers was taken by James Thomson in the four sections of his The Seasons (1730)", ". The poem has been described as \"the supreme British achievement in the georgic genre, even though it has little to do with agriculture per se,\" and is more descriptive than didactic. Nevertheless, the Classical inspiration behind the work was so obvious that Thompson was pictured as writing it with \"the page of Vergil literally open before him\".", "Other works in this vein moved further from the Virgilian didactic mode. William Cowper’s discursive and subjective The Task (1785) has sometimes been included, as has Robert Bloomfield’s The Farmer’s Boy (1800). The latter proceeds through the farming year season by season and a partial translation into Latin was described by William Clubbe as being rendered 'in the manner of the Georgics' (in morem Latini Georgice redditum)", ". It was followed in the 20th century by Vita Sackville-West's The Land (1926), which also pursued the course of the seasons through its four books and balanced rural know-how with celebratory description in the mode of Georgian Poetry.", "See also\nBugonia\nProsody (Latin)\n\nReferences", "Further reading \n Bibliography: Vergil, Georgica: Eine Bibliographie\n Buckham, Philip Wentworth; Spence, Joseph; Holdsworth, Edward; Warburton, William; Jortin, John, Miscellanea Virgiliana: In Scriptis Maxime Eruditorum Virorum Varie Dispersa, in Unum Fasciculum Collecta, Cambridge : Printed for W. P. Grant; 1825.\nDe Bruyn, Frans, “Eighteenth-Century Editions of Virgil's Georgics: From Classical Poem to Agricultural Treatise”, Lumen XXIV 2005, pp.149-63", "Yasmin Haskell, Loyola's Bees: Ideology and Industry in Jesuit Latin Didactic Poetry, OUP/British Academy, 2003 \n Lembke, Janet (2006) Virgil’s Georgics. Yale University Press.\n Parker, Holt. \"Virgil's Garden\" or the \"Hortus Vergilianus\" at the University of Cincinnati. An interactive text of the poem with plant names linked to their translations into English, German, French, and Italian, modern Latin scientific names, and pictures.", "Thibodeau, Philip. 2011. Playing the Farmer. Representations of Rural Life in Vergil's Georgics. Berkeley: University of California Press\n Interview with Virgil scholar Richard Thomas and poet David Ferry, who recently translated Virgil's Georgics, on Thoughtcast\nL. P. Wilkinson, The Georgics of Virgil: A Critical Survey, CUP 1969", "External links\n\nOnline text\n The original Latin text at Wikisource and Tufts University's Perseus Digital Library\n Georgica translated by Henry Rushton Fairclough in 1916 for the Loeb Classical Library\n\nOther sources\nThe Georgics: A Source of Inspiration of Quotations in Wilanów at the Wilanów Palace Museum\n (in English and Latin)\n\nPoetry by Virgil\nGeoponici\n1st-century BC Latin books\nWorks based on classical mythology" ]

[ "This timeline of intelligent design outlines the major events in the development of intelligent design as presented and promoted by the intelligent design movement.", "Creationism\n1920s: Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy – in an upsurge of fundamentalist religious fervor, anti-evolutionary sentiment stopped U.S. public schools from teaching evolution, through state laws such as Tennessee's 1925 Butler Act, and by getting evolution removed from biology textbooks nationwide.", "1959 National Defense Education Act, responding to fears of backwardness raised by the 1957 Sputnik, promoted science and Biological Sciences Curriculum Study textbooks teaching evolution were used in almost half of high schools, though the prohibitions were still in place and a 1961 attempt to repeal the Butler Act failed.\n1961 publication of The Genesis Flood.\n1965 The term \"scientific creationism\" gained currency.", "1961 publication of The Genesis Flood.\n1965 The term \"scientific creationism\" gained currency.\n1968 Michael Polanyi article in Science titled \"Life's Irreducible Structure\" on comparisons between living organisms and machines.", "1968 Epperson v. Arkansas ruled against state laws prohibiting the teaching of evolution, concluding that they violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution which prohibits state aid to religion. States may not alter the curriculum to conform to the beliefs of particular religious sects.", "1975 Daniel v. Waters rules that a state law requiring biology textbooks discussing \"origins or creation of man and his world\" to give equal treatment to creation as per Genesis is unconstitutional, creationists change to Creation science omitting explicit biblical references.", "1977 Hendren v. Campbell rules that use of the 1970 Creation Research Society textbook Biology: A Search For Order In Complexity, though claimed to present a balanced view of evolution and Biblical Creation, promotes a specific sectarian religious view, and is unconstitutional in public schools. \"We may note that with each new decision of the courts religious proponents have attempted to modify or tailor their approach to active lobbying in state legislatures and agencies", ". Softening positions and amending language, these groups have, time and again, forced the courts to reassert and redefine the prohibitions of the First Amendment. Despite new and continued attempts by such groups, however, the courts are bound to determine, if possible, the purpose of the approach.\"", "Creation science school textbooks and the Foundation for Thought and Ethics\n1980 Foundation for Thought and Ethics (FTE) formed by ordained minister Jon Buell as a \"Christian think-tank\", its first activity to be the editing of a book \"showing the scientific evidence for creation.\".", "1981 FTE filed IRS declaration that it had been \"established to introduce biblical perspective into the mainstream of America's humanistic society, confronting the secular thought of modern man with the truth of God's Word.\" It said their \"first project is a rigorous scientific critique of the theory of prebiotic evolution. Next, we will develop a two-model high school biology textbook that will fairly and impartially view the scientific evidences for creation side by side with evolution", ". (In this case Scripture or even religious doctrine would violate the separation of church and state.)\" The first was The Mystery of Life's Origin (published in 1984), the second eventually became Of Pandas and People.", "1981 state of Arkansas passed a law, Act 590, mandating that \"creation science\" be given equal time in public schools with evolution, and defining creation science as positing the \"creation of the universe, energy, and life from nothing,\" as well as explaining the earth's geology \"by occurrence of a worldwide flood.\" McLean v", ".\" McLean v. Arkansas ruling issued on January 5, 1982, is that the Act was unconstitutional, the creationists' methods were not scientific but took the literal wording of the Book of Genesis and attempted to find scientific support for it. The clear, specific definition of science used to rule that \"creation science\" is religion, not science, had a powerful influence on subsequent rulings.", "1982 Louisiana's \"Balanced Treatment for Creation-Science and Evolution-Science in Public School Instruction\" Act (Creationism Act) forbids the teaching of the theory of evolution in public schools unless accompanied by instruction in \"creation science.\" Thus two states had passed these \"equal time\" laws.", "1983 Percival Davis and Dean H. Kenyon produce Creation Biology Textbook Supplements, an early draft of the work later retitled Of Pandas and People. Charles Thaxton was the project chairman and academic editor.", "The ID movement begins", "1984 book The Mystery of Life's Origin by Charles Thaxton, Walter Bradley and Roger Olsen, foreword by Kenyon, argued that \"it is fundamentally implausible that unassisted matter and energy organized themselves into living systems”. It said the first cell would have been too complex to form through natural unguided processes, so there must have been intervention by an intelligent agency, possibly an intelligent alien. Barbara Forrest describes this as the beginning of the ID movement.", "1984 Kenyon's affidavit for what becomes Edwards v. Aguillard gives Definitions \"Creation-science means origin through abrupt appearance in complex form, and includes biological creation, biochemical creation (or chemical creation), and cosmic creation.\", \"Creation-science does not include as essential parts the concepts of catastrophism, a world-wide flood, a recent inception of the earth or life, from nothingness (ex nihilo), the concept of kinds, or any concepts from Genesis or other religious texts", ".\" Statements included \"The creationist scientific conclusion is that empirical data currently in hand demand the inference that the first living organisms were created.\" and \"The origin of printed texts, manufactured devices, and biomolecular systems require intelligent design and engineering knowhow (Wilder-Smith 1970). In each case the characteristic order of the system must be impressed on matter 'from the outside", ". In each case the characteristic order of the system must be impressed on matter 'from the outside.'\" It claims creation and evolution the only scientific explanations of life — what Forrest calls \"the dual model\".", "This is later characterised by the DI's Witt as \"There Kenyon described a science open to intelligent causes but one free of religious presuppositions or assertions about the identity of the designer. He described how he did origins science, how a science open to intelligent causes ought to be done.\" Witt claims that this is a different creation science from Young Earth Creationism (YEC).", "1985 District Court \"Aguillard v. Treen\" held that there can be no valid secular reason for prohibiting the teaching of evolution, a theory historically opposed by some religious denominations. The court further concluded that \"the teaching of 'creation-science' and 'creationism,' as contemplated by the statute, involves teaching 'tailored to the principles' of a particular religious sect or group of sects.\" (citing Epperson v. Arkansas (1968))", ".\" (citing Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)). The District Court therefore held that the Creationism Act violated the Establishment Clause either because it prohibited the teaching of evolution or because it required the teaching of creation science with the purpose of advancing a particular religious doctrine. The court of Appeals affirmed.", "1985 Michael Denton's book: Evolution: A Theory in Crisis. Prominent figures in ID credit his critical examination of Darwinism with their change of view (Behe, Johnson).\n1986 FTE copyrighted draft entitled Biology and Creation by Kenyon & Davis. (note Charles Thaxton academic editor, not clear from when)", "Autumn 1986 FTE, under the name of \"Austin Analytic Consulting\", carried out survey of 300 high-school science teachers to show potential mainline publishers that a market existed for a supplementary textbook to \"balance\" evolution teaching in class.\n1987 FTE copyrighted draft entitled Biology and Origins by Kenyon & Davis.", "1987 FTE's founder Jon Buell sought a publisher for the book, telling a Boston firm \"A new independent scientific poll (report enclosed) shows almost half of the nation's biology teachers include some creation in their view of biological origins. Many more who don't still believe it should be included in science curriculum. ... The U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals says that teachers are free to teach scientific information that happens to support creation if they wish", ". In ruling on the so-called Louisiana \"Balanced Treatment Act\" this Spring the U.S. Supreme Court may not affirm state-mandated teaching of creation, but they will almost certainly let stand the above academic freedom for teachers.\" \"The enclosed projections showing revenues of Over 6.5 million in five years are based upon modest expectations for the market provided the U.S. Supreme Court does not uphold the Louisiana \"Balanced Act\"", ".S. Supreme Court does not uphold the Louisiana \"Balanced Act\". If, by chance it should uphold it, then you can throw out these projections, the nationwide market would be explosive!\" \"the book will not be subject to the major criticism of creation, that the supernatural lies outside of science, because its central statement is that scientific evidence points to an intelligent cause, but that science is silent as to whether that intelligence is within or beyond the material universe", ". So the book is not appealing to the supernatural.\"", "Edwards v. Aguillard ruling, Pandas", "August 1986 Amicus Curae brief by scientific organisations and 72 Nobel Prize winning scientists set out argument that the Louisiana Act's definition of \"creation-science\" was religious dogma, including creation ex nihilo, created kinds of life, worldwide deluge and young earth, the legislation described conventional \"creation-science\" and not the \"abrupt appearance\" construct presented to the court which was ill-defined and \"a post hoc invention", ", created for the purpose of defending this unconstitutional Act", ".\" They asserted that:", "June 19, 1987 Supreme Court ruled in Edwards v. Aguillard that the Louisiana Creationism Act violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment: it lacked a clear secular purpose, did not protect academic freedom as claimed, and instead of encouraging \"the teaching of all scientific theories about human origins ... [had the] purpose of discrediting evolution by counterbalancing its teaching at every turn with the teaching of creationism. ..", ". ... endorses religion by advancing the religious belief that a supernatural being created humankind ... [Its] primary purpose was to change the public school science curriculum to provide persuasive advantage to a particular religious doctrine that rejects the factual basis of evolution in its entirety", ".\" However, the statement that \"teaching a variety of scientific theories about the origins of humankind to school children might be validly done with the clear secular intent of enhancing the effectiveness of science instruction.\" left a loophole for ID.", "1987 FTE copyrighted draft retitled Of Pandas and People: The Central Questions of Biological Origins, reference to Edwards decision added in footnote, as in earlier drafts had definition \"Creation means that the various forms of life began abruptly through the agency of an intelligent creator with their distinctive features already intact. Fish with fins and scales, birds with feathers, beaks, and wings, etc.\"", "Creation becomes intelligent design", "1987 (according to a 2005 apologia by the DI's Witt) Thaxton's definition of \"creation-science\" had been overruled at Edwards by being equated to YEC. As the academic editor for FTE, serving as the editor for Pandas, Thaxton needed a new term and found it in a phrase he'd picked up from a NASA scientist – intelligent design. He thought \"That's just what I need, it's a good engineering term ... it seemed to jibe. When I would go to meetings, I noticed it was a phrase that would come up from time to time", ". When I would go to meetings, I noticed it was a phrase that would come up from time to time. And I went back through my old copies of Science magazine and found the term used occasionally.\" Soon the term intelligent design was incorporated into the language of the book.", "1987 Shortly after the Supreme Court decision, in a new draft of Pandas, approximately 150 uses of the root word \"creation\", such as \"creationism\" and \"creationist\", were systematically changed to refer to intelligent design, with \"creationists\" being changed to \"design proponents\" or, in one instance, \"cdesign proponentsists\"", ". Accordingly, in the definition \"creation\" was changed to \"intelligent design\", so that it now read \"Intelligent design means that various forms of life began abruptly through an intelligent agency, with their distinctive features already intact. Fish with fins and scales, birds with feathers, beaks, wings, etc.\" This wording was essentially unchanged when published in 1989 and in the 1993 2nd. edition.", "Johnson vs. evolution\n1987–1988 academic year, Phillip E. Johnson had a year's sabbatical as a visiting professor at University College London.", "1987 He read the Blind Watchmaker by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins and Evolution: A Theory in Crisis by the creationist Michael Denton, then Isaac Asimov's Guide to Science, and found purpose in life – he read the amicus briefs in Edwards and concluded that the definition of science was loaded against creationism. Johnson decided that the creationists had lost that case because of their unfair exclusion from science by the scientific community's naturalistic definition of science", ". Consequently, creationists must redefine science to restore the supernatural.", "Autumn term 1987 Johnson met Stephen C. Meyer who was working on a doctorate in philosophy at the University of Cambridge, and writing a thesis that analyzed methodological issues in origins sciences.", "June 23–26, 1988, Charles Thaxton [editor of Of Pandas and People ] held a conference titled Sources of Information Content in DNA in Tacoma, Washington, and presented the conference with a paper titled \"In Pursuit of Intelligent Causes: Some Historical Background\", arguing \"that intelligent causes are a viable option today for science\". Stephen C. Meyer was at the conference, and later recalled that \"The term intelligent design came up in 1988 at a conference in Tacoma, Wash", "., called Sources of Information Content in DNA ... Charles Thaxton referred to a theory that the presence of DNA in a living cell is evidence of a designing intelligence. We weren't political; we were thinking about molecular biology and information theory. This wasn't stealth creationism.\" Meyer brought a copy of Johnson's draft book, and Paul A", ". This wasn't stealth creationism.\" Meyer brought a copy of Johnson's draft book, and Paul A. Nelson remembered \"Stephen Meyer, at the time a graduate student at Cambridge University, attended Thaxton’s conference, bringing with him a manuscript from (as Meyer put it with a grin) 'this wild lawyer I met in the UK.' I can still recall my excitement at the conference when I read through the manuscript, which later became Darwin on Trial.\" The conference also gained the attention of Denton and Plantinga", ".\" The conference also gained the attention of Denton and Plantinga. There was now a question of finding a suitable umbrella term for the emerging movement: Thaxton had avoided the word \"design\" as this aroused opposition in biology, he reviewed historic wording such as \"creative intelligence\".", "August 1988 Johnson's draft of \"Position Paper on Darwinism\" (this was issued to Campion Center participants a few days before 30 November 1989 revised summary).", "reviews sequence of cases, predicts \"We shall hear more about “abrupt appearance,” whether it is called by that name or another one, as the creationists recover from the collapse of their legislative campaign and turn their energies back to the activities that historically have produced their biggest successes. Those activities have been aimed not at legislatures but at administrative agencies—local ones especially.\" Notes \"Because the term 'creation-science' has been sullied, most recently in Edwards v", ".\" Notes \"Because the term 'creation-science' has been sullied, most recently in Edwards v. Aguillard, the creationists’ new pseudoscience will carry a new name, or perhaps several new names. Its content will be fully sterilized: it will avoid explicit supernaturalism, and it will speak not of any god but of a nebulous 'intelligence' or 'intelligent cause", ".' \" Work already done by the done by the Foundation for Thought and Ethics, outlines TMoLO, \"The Foundation recently has been seeking a publisher for another manuscript, Biology and Origin .. [which it wants] to become a school book and to carry its sterilized fundamentalism directly into public-school science classrooms", ".\" It had sponsored an opinion poll in 1986; \"Most biology teachers, the Foundation says, think that creationist doctrines should be brought into science classes to countervail evolutionary views, and most would welcome a supplemental text that would help them to present creationist doctrines in their own classrooms!\"", "December 1988 Thaxton decided to use the label \"intelligent design\" instead of creationism for his new movement. (a term edited into Pandas drafts in 1987)December 1988, Thaxton lectured at Princeton and as an overhead visuals, used a July news article clipping headlined \"Space Face\". It discussed speculation about the 1976 photograph of a sphinxlike \"face on Mars\" taken by the Viking 1 orbiter, and had a comment from a scientist about deciphering \"intelligent design\" in nature", ". The phrase worked well in Thaxton's lecture. Buell had a publication deadline of 1989 for Pandas, and Thaxton had to choose a term for its use of design theory: \"Finally, the day came when we were going to have to decide\".", "1988–1990 Meyer introduced Johnson to Denton and Paul Nelson: \"I met Steve Meyer, who was in England at the time. Through Steve, I got to know the others, who were developing what became the Intelligent Design movement. Michael Denton stayed in my home for three days while he was in the United States. Meyer introduced me to Paul Nelson, and so on. One by one, these people came together.\".", "Of Pandas and People published\n1989 survey found that more than 30% of a national sample of high school biology teachers wanted to teach \"creation science\".", "August 1989 Of Pandas and People was published, printed by \"Haughton Publishing Co.\" (Horticultural Printers, Inc. of Dallas, with no other books in print). It included all of the basic arguments of intelligent design in essentially modern form (except for Behe's irreducible complexity argument which appeared in the 1993 edition). In 2004, Jon Buell of the FTE stated this was \"the first place where the phrase 'intelligent design' appeared in its present use.\"", "Campaign to get intelligent design into schools\n1989 Haughton and the FTE campaigned to get Pandas into schools across the U.S. – mobilizing local Christian conservative groups to push school boards and individual teachers to adopt the book and also to get themselves elected to school boards and local educational committees. They claimed that intelligent design was \"accepted science, a view that is held by many highly qualified scientists\".", "September 12, 1989, at the Alabama hearings on approved school textbooks. Pandas was on the list but not in the libraries for public viewing as required. An Eagle Forum chapter director praised Pandas as an exemplary scientific text presenting an alternative to modern evolutionary theory based on \"intelligent design\"", ". With NCSE assistance, written criticism was sent to committee members and on October 2, a majority of the State Textbook Committee voted against Pandas, partly because of its thinly disguised religious underpinnings. This decision was subject to adoption by the State Board of Education in December.", "November 1989, Haughton advertised Pandas in the monthly of the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) and other journals, claiming it had been \"prepared with academic integrity\" and had been \"Authored by mainstream, published science educators\", and promoted it at teachers' association conventions.", "November 1989, Pandas was promoted by members of religiously oriented citizen pressure groups like Concerned Women for America and Citizens for Excellence in Education. It was under consideration for state adoption in both Idaho and Alabama, and to be submitted in Texas and other states in the coming months. With grass-roots promotion it also had a good chance of showing up in local districts of non-adoption states.", "December 1989 a church campaign in Alabama gathered over 11,800 signatures on a petition to add Pandas to the list of approved school textbooks, after weeks of urging from a Christian radio station in Tuscaloosa.", "December 14, 1989, at the Alabama State Board of Education meeting to consider adoption of the textbook list, Haughton Publishing made an elaborate presentation. A Birmingham businessman presented petitions with over 11,800 signatures urging the board to adopt supplementary materials presenting \"Intelligent Design\" as an alternative to evolution", ". The attorney for Haughton, Hare, charged that opponents had falsely painted Pandas as a creationist text, and said that \"Intelligent Design\" does not compel belief in the supernatural. The Board requested legal advice, and a January hearing was set up just to consider Pandas.", "January 8, 1990, Buell and Thaxton were amongst speakers for Pandas at the hearing, but the publisher Haughton tried to withdraw and end the hearing on procedural grounds. The meeting continued, but Haughton then threatened to sue the committee members if they rejected the book rather than accepting that it had been withdrawn, as rejection would injure future sales prospects. The committee passed a resolution recognizing its withdrawal.", "Active promotion by creationists of \"Pandas for public school use continued throughout the 1990s, then after 2000 activity largely died down.", "Discovery Institute founded, Johnson's views", "November 30, 1989, Johnson wrote to Campion Center participants that \"the August 1988 draft of my paper which was distributed to you only a few days ago is a bit lengthy and dense\" so sends them the latest draft of his \"Position paper on Darwinism\" as an \"informal summary of my views\" (from the book he was working on) stated \"The important issue is not the relationship of science and creationism, but the relationship of science and materialist philosophy", ".\" He wanted school textbooks to acknowledge alleged problems with evolution. \"More importantly, the universities should be opened up to genuine intellectual inquiry into the fundamental assumptions of Darwinism and scientific materialism. The possibility that Darwinism is false, and that no replacement theory is currently available.\"", "1990 \"At that time there was a little funding to pay for people to come to Seattle occasionally for a conference. So they had me speak at one in 1989 to look me over. I soon became the leader of the group.\" (Johnson, November 2000) Witham says that in 1990 \"the intelligent design fraternity held a meeting to scrutinize the California lawyer\", Johnson is quoted as saying [later] \"It's a question of looking someone over ... I very much approve of that", "... I very much approve of that.\" Yerxa writes that in 1990, Meyer invited Johnson to Portland, Oregon, \"and introduced him to his associates, the nucleus of the future Discovery Institute.\".", "1990 Haughton admitted sales of Pandas so far had been single-copy. Instead of attempts to get state textbook approval, the FTE was now directing efforts \"outside the schools\" to the grass-roots level, targeting local school boards, teacher's groups, and parents.", "May 1990 a FTE letter by Jon Buell announced a new sales campaign as they'd found it best to approach the local school system through the biology teacher", ". It included an 18-minute video with the endorsements of a number of scientists, educators, and an authority on First Amendment law, and a Suggested Plan of Action for volunteers suggesting: finding a sympathetic biology teacher (perhaps a fellow church member) who then convinces the curriculum committee and/or administration to approve use of Pandas without need for funding, then a local church purchases the books and donates them to the school.", "1990 Discovery Institute (DI) is founded by Bruce Chapman, but lacks a defining issue.", "October 1990 Johnson's booklet Evolution as Dogma: The Establishment of Naturalism was published under the auspices of the FTE by Haughton Publishing. In this, Johnson said that \"Darwinism\" is \"a theory of naturalistic evolution, which means that it absolutely rules out any miraculous or supernatural intervention at any point", ". Everything is conclusively presumed to have happened through purely material mechanisms that are in principle accessible to scientific investigation, whether they have yet been discovered or not.\" He stated that \"Victory in the creation-evolution dispute therefore belongs to the party with the cultural authority to establish the ground rules that govern the discourse. If creation is admitted as a serious possibility, Darwinism cannot win, and if it is excluded a priori Darwinism cannot lose", ".\" He cited the logic of what he called \"the Natural Academy of Sciences\", as accepted by the Supreme Court at Edwards, that \"creation-science\" is not science because it does not rely upon naturalistic explanations, but holds \"that the creation of the universe, the earth, living things, and man was accomplished through supernatural means inaccessible to human understanding\".", "November 1990 - the FTE's First Things published critiques of Johnson's Evolution as Dogma article, and his own response \"A Reply to My Critics\".", "1991 professor Phillip A. Bishop at the University of Alabama was told to stop proselytizing students in class and teaching \"intelligent design theory\" in an optional class. At Bishop v. Aronov he sued the college on free speech and academic freedom grounds, and won at District Court but the Appeals Court found that the university had a right to set the curriculum.", "Johnson's first book, Darwin on Trial", "June 3, 1991 Johnson's first book, Darwin on Trial published by Regnery Gateway (Intervarsity edition 1992) and described a creationist in the broadest sense as \"simply a person who believes that the world (and especially mankind) was designed, and exists for a purpose.\" Johnson claimed that Darwinism inherently and explicitly denies such a belief and therefore constitutes a naturalistic philosophy intrinsically opposed to religion", ".It does not use the term \"intelligent design\" for Johnson's ideas, though it does mention at one point that \"the presence of intelligent design in the cosmos is so obvious that even an atheist like Pagels cannot help noticing it ...\", and in the citations list includes Of Pandas and People, saying \"This book is 'creationist' only in the sense that it juxtaposes a paradigm of 'intelligent design' with the dominant paradigm of (naturalistic) evolution\", and makes the case for the former", ". It does not rely on the authority of the Bible.\"", "1991: Johnson has said of this period that \"By the time Darwin on Trial was published, I had pretty well worked out the strategy I thought would, in time, win this campaign, and I've been able to convince most of the young-earth creationists and the old-earth creationists that this is the right way to proceed.\"", "March 1992, as Johnson recalled, \"The movement we now call the Wedge made its public debut at a conference of scientists and philosophers held at Southern Methodist University in March 1992, following the publication of my book Darwin on Trial", ". The conference brought together as speakers some key Wedge figures, particularly Michael Behe, Stephen Meyer, William Dembski, and myself\" to debate \"Darwinists, headed by Michael Ruse\", on the proposition that \"Darwinism and neo-Darwinism [have] an a priori commitment to metaphysical naturalism\". He writes \"Once it becomes clear that the Darwinian theory rests upon a dogmatic philosophy rather than the weight of the evidence, the way will be open for dissenting opinions to get a fair hearing", ". In a nutshell, that is the Wedge strategy.\"", "From 1992 onwards, ID proponents engaged in a schedule of conferences, publication, lectures, mostly at universities, websites, radio and TV appearances, and later blogging and podcasting.\nMar-Apr 1992, Televangelist James Dobson's newsletter directed his supporters to march down to the school board and demand of Of Pandas and People be used when evolution is taught.\nJuly 1992 in the Scientific American, Gould reviewed Johnson's book Darwin on Trial, making no mention of ID.", "1992 Johnson wrote an anti-naturalistic response, which Scientific American refused to print: Dembski, Behe, Meyer and 36 other anti-evolutionists responded by mass-mailing a copy of it to scientists and biology departments all over the U.S., along with a supporting letter in which they called themselves the \"Ad Hoc Origins Committee\" and \"Scientists Who Question Darwinism\"", "January 1993 Johnson wrote claiming that it was wrong for theists to accept evolution (without mentioning ID) \"Their position, which I call theistic naturalism, starts from the premise that God refrains from interference with those parts of reality that natural science has staked out as its own territory. ... the fundamental disagreement is not over the age of the earth or the method of creation; it is over whether we owe our existence to a purposeful Creator or a blind materialistic process\".", "June 1993, the ID movement met again at Pajaro Dunes in California, organized by Johnson, with participants including Scott Minnich, Michael Behe, Stephen C. Meyer, Jonathan Wells and Dean Kenyon. (Paul Nelson gives list) \"and this meeting is generally acknowledged as the birth of the Intelligent Design movement\", Behe first presented his ideas about \"irreducible complexity\"", "Pandas revised, DI meets ID", "1993 2nd. edition Of Pandas and People published. References to \"evolution\" and \"evolutionists\" were changed to \"Darwinism\" and \"Darwinists\" to make the distinction between \"evolution\" which can mean \"change in living things over time\" and \"Darwinism\" referring to mutation and natural selection", ". Chapter 6 Biochemical Similarities was extensively revised by Behe, who added sections on the complex mechanism of blood clotting and on the origin of proteins, introducing Behe's irreducibly complexity argument in all but name. Charles Thaxton's A Word to the Teacher at the end of the book was supplanted by Notes to teachers written by M. D. Hartwig, and S. C. Meyer.", "December 1993, Johnson's Darwin on Trial revised, with minor changes to footnotes, a new section on embryology and an epilogue.\nDecember 1993 Bruce Chapman, president and founder of the Discovery Institute, noticed an essay in the Wall Street Journal by Meyer about a dispute when biology lecturer Dean H. Kenyon taught intelligent design creationism in introductory classes.", "1994 the \"Origins Resource Association\" began a campaign to force creationist doctrines including ID into science classes in Livingston Parish, Louisiana: affects Barbara Forrest who leads resistance.\n 1994 Stephen C. Meyer introduces Bruce Chapman to idea of intelligent design approach to re-establishing spiritual values and getting funding. By 1995 Chapman and George Gilder were negotiating with the Howard Ahmanson family for a grant to set up the CRSC.", "August 1994 \"In a pattern that is becoming familiar all over the country, a newly elected school board ...\" Plan to purchase thirty copies of Pandas to distribute to science teachers, plus as many additional copies as teachers might request \"Also, if local school control comes to pass, as advocated by Texas' new governor George Bush, we can expect creationism to be proposed again in Plano and many other communities in the state.\"", "November 14, 1994, the WSJ discusses Pandas – Phillip Johnson is reported as believing that \"... a bit more candor about the nature of the designer might be in order. 'You're playing Hamlet without Hamlet if you don't say something about that,' he says", ". 'You're playing Hamlet without Hamlet if you don't say something about that,' he says.\" To Eugenie Scott, it disguised religion as science, which is of questionable honesty: Johnson agreed that a more explicit expression of the motivation of belief was in order, but countered: \"The fact is they're working against enormous prejudice here, and enormous bigotry. And they're vying to put it in terms that the courts and science will allow to exist", ". And they're vying to put it in terms that the courts and science will allow to exist.\" On December 5 he wrote to the WSJ stating that scientific organizations and textbooks use \"creationism\" to mean literal YEC, so it's not dishonest for Pandas to repudiate the label in order to question the \"dogmatic philosophy\" of evolution \"defined in scientific usage as a completely naturalistic system in which God played no discernible part.\"", "1995 John Buell FTE fund raising letter \"Production of supplemental textbook for biology is already complete. The teachers are now using it in all 50 states. This book Of Pandas and People is favorably influencing the way origins is taught in thousands of public school classrooms.\" \"Our commitment is to see the monopoly of naturalistic curriculum in the schools broken.\"", "Theistic realism, DI takes up ID and founds CRSC\n\"By the mid-1990s Johnson was collaborating with other critics of naturalistic evolution in forming the intelligent-design (ID) movement.\"\nAbrahamsons get involved with DI", "Abrahamsons get involved with DI\n1995, Johnson released another book, \"Reason in the Balance: The Case Against Naturalism in Science, Law and Education\" opposing the methodological naturalism of science in which \"The Creator belongs to the realm of religion, not scientific investigation\", and promoting \"theistic realism\" which \"assumes that the universe and all its creatures were brought into existence for a purpose by God\", expecting \"this 'fact' of creation to have empirical, observable consequences.", "1995 Behe's Darwinism, Science or Philosophy? published by the FTE.", "May 1995 \" 'The whole point of Darwinism is to explain the world in a way that excludes any role for a Creator,' says Johnson. 'What is being sold in the name of science is a completely naturalistic understanding of reality.' \"\"If scientists are wrong about Darwinism, are they also wrong about the notion of intelligent design? Might not the notion of design be worthy of a second look?A new breed of young Evangelical scholars thinks the answer to both questions is yes", ". They are arguing persuasively that design is not only scientific, but is also the most reasonable explanation for the origin of living things. And they're gaining a hearing.\" [i.e. Meyer, Dembski: also Paul Nelson and Behe, describes IC]", "Summer 1995 conference titled \"The Death of Materialism and the Renewal of Culture\", source of CRSC.\n1996, Behe released his book, Darwin's Black Box.", "August 10, 1996 Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture announced in Discovery Institute Press Release, to examine and confront \"materialistic bias in science\", \"the idea that God is either dead or irrelevant\". CRSC \"will award research fellowships to scholars, hold conferences, and disseminate research findings among opinionmakers and the general public.\" Director Stephen Meyer, co-director John G. West working with Phillip Johnson and Michael Behe", ".\" Director Stephen Meyer, co-director John G. West working with Phillip Johnson and Michael Behe. 1996-97 full-time Discovery research fellows to be William Dembski, Paul Nelson and Jonathan Wells. Founded \"specifically to address the Darwinian controversy in public education\" by Discovery Institute president Bruce Chapman, with help from Stephen C. Meyer. At some stage, Charles B. Thaxton and Walter L", ". Meyer. At some stage, Charles B. Thaxton and Walter L. Bradley become DI fellows at the CRSC (In 2002 the name was changed to the Center for Science and Culture.)", "August 31, 1996 – In A review of The Battle of the Beginnings: Why Neither Side is Winning the Creation-Evolution Debate by Del Ratzsch, Johnson argues against naturalism in science and its acceptance by theistic evolution, notes Ratzsch's reference to \"an 'upper tier; of creationists\" who \"advance concepts like 'intelligent design' and 'irreducible complexity' as legitimate descriptions of biological reality\", and identifies his group as this \"upper tier\"", ". He states \"My colleagues and I speak of 'theistic realism' -- or sometimes, 'mere creation\"—as the defining concept of our movement. This means that we affirm that God is objectively real as Creator, and that the reality of God is tangibly recorded in evidence accessible to science, particularly in biology", ". We avoid the tangled arguments about how or whether to reconcile the Biblical account with the present state of scientific knowledge, because we think these issues can be much more constructively engaged when we have a scientific picture that is not distorted by naturalistic prejudice", ". If life is not simply matter evolving by natural selection, but is something that had to be designed by a creator who is real, then the nature of that creator, and the possibility of revelation, will become a matter of widespread interest among thoughtful people who are currently being taught that evolutionary science has show God to be a product of the human imagination.\"", "1996 \"Mere Creation\" conference at Biola University in California, organized by CRSC to plan strategy — very important, \"a major research conference bringing together scientists and scholars who reject naturalism as an adequate framework for doing science and who seek a common vision of creation united under the rubric of intelligent design.\" – no actual research, but produced strategy.", "June 24, 1996, Eugenie C. Scott wrote that \"phrases like 'intelligent design theory', or 'abrupt appearance theory' are used instead of 'creation science', 'creationism', and related terms. I call this newest stage of antievolutionism 'Neocreationism'.\"", "1997 Johnson's Defeating Darwinism by Opening Minds states \"God is our true Creator. ... I speak of a God who acted openly and who left his fingerprints all over the evidence. Does such a God really exist, or is he a fantasy like Santa Claus? That is the subject of this book.\" and \"If we understand our own times, we will know that we should affirm the reality of God by challenging the domination of materialism and naturalism in the world of the mind.\"", "c. 1998 William A. Dembski's The Design Inference and Mere Creation", "The wedge strategy\nc. 1998 DI / CRSC Wedge document leaked February 5, 1999.", "1999 Johnson speech (does not use term ID) claimed that science when applied to questions of origins means \"applied materialistic philosophy\" explaining \"the whole world and the cosmos ... without any reference to God as the Creator, without any supernatural acts, and on the basis of invariable natural laws that were the same from the beginning\", so Darwinian \"evolution contradicts not just the Book of Genesis, but every word in the Bible from beginning to end", ". I have built an intellectual movement in the universities and churches that we call The Wedge. ... the Darwinian theory isn't true. ... where might you get the truth? When I preach from the Bible, as I often do at churches and on Sundays, I don't start with Genesis. I start with John 1:1. In the beginning was the word. In the beginning was intelligence, purpose, and wisdom. The Bible had that right. And the materialist scientists are deluding themselves\".", "1999 Johnson's article The Wedge says his \"own writing and speaking represents the sharp edge of the Wedge. I make the first penetration, seeking always only to legitimate a line of inquiry rather than to win a debate\", with Behe, Dembski and \"a lot more\" following into the opening.", "Teach the controversy\n1999 strategies: argue that individual teachers have a constitutional right to present creationist material, and that \"evidence against evolution\" should be taught in the science classroom as a way to improve teaching and learning. Attempts to teach IC and introduce Pandas. Resources for teachers ... abundantly available from both \"creation science ministries\" and conservative religious groups.", "1999 David DeWolf, Stephen C. Meyer and Mark DeForrest coauthored a 40-page booklet, Intelligent Design in Public School Science Curricula: A Legal Guidebook, published by the FTE. It claims Edwards v. Aguillard mandated \"teaching a variety of scientific theories about the origins of humankind\" subject to a \"clear secular intent of enhancing.. science instruction.\"", "1999 Skagit County's Burlington-Edison School District finds that for almost 10 years the high-school science teacher Roger DeHart had been omitting state-approved biology textbook teaching on evolution, and using Pandas.", "Aug. 17, 1999, Philip Kitcher, professor of the philosophy of science at Columbia University, in online debate in Slate magazine with Johnson, coins neo-creo: \"Enter the neo-creos, scavenging the scientific literature, they take claims out of context and pretend that everything about evolution is controversial. ... But it's all a big con.\"", "May 10, 2000, DI briefing of Congress, \"Scientific Evidence of Intelligent Design and its Implications for Public Policy and Education,\" also addressed the social, moral, and political consequences of Darwinism. Creation-evolution debate had primarily been active at the state and local level, a new effort to involve Congress, took place as the Senate entered its second week of debate on overhauling federal K-12 education programs", ". Nancy Pearcey \"For Darwinists, religion must give way to a new science-based cosmic myth with the power to bind humans together in a new world order. She then asked what this means for morality and argued that people were right to be concerned that all the above would undercut morality.\"", "July 2000 Dean Kenyon and David DeWolf of CRSC: Kenyon states \"Scientific creationism ... is actually one of the intellectual antecedents of the Intelligent Design movement.\nJune 2001 Rick Santorum introduces The Santorum Amendment to \"Teach the Controversy\" partially written by Johnson (and based on a law journal article written by DI activist David DeWolf) inviting, left out of bill but kept in conference report.", "December 2002 DI lobbying to get ID into Ohio science standards Ohio House Bill 481. Bills all failed, ID excluded by name in the approved standard but it included the phrase \"critically analyze aspects of evolutionary theory\" used as excuse for the new \"teach the controversy\" strategy.", "January 2004 Dembski The Design Revolution: Answering the Toughest Questions About Intelligent Design page 22 \"Theism, whether Christian, Jewish, or Muslim, holds that God by wisdom created the world. The origin of the world and its subsequent ordering thus result from the designing activity of an intelligent agent, God.Naturalism, on the other hand, allows no place for intelligent agency, except at the end of a blind, purposeless, material process.\"", "2004 ©. FTE, draft for new version of Pandas, mentions 10th anniversary, authors listed as Michael J. Behe, Percival Davis, William A. Dembski, Dean H. Kenyon, Jonathan Wells. Contents list, preface, notes to teachers, notes to students, epilogue, but no main content.", "March 9, 2004, Ohio State Board of Education approved by majority vote model lesson Critical Analysis of Evolution – Grade 10. Ohio Roundtable reported that a motion to remove the \"Critical Analysis\" lesson had been defeated: its sponsor had \"claimed that the lesson was a 'religious effort, cloaked as science,' even though the lesson contains no religious statements whatsoever", ".\" The roundtable added that \"It is very IMPORTANT to understand that the lesson contains only the scientific challenge to macroevolution. There is NO religious content and NO promotion of any alternative theories, including intelligent design.\"", "2004 Paul Nelson interviewed by a magazine called Touchstone: A Journal of Mere Christianity – \"Easily, the biggest challenge facing the ID community is to develop a full-fledged theory of biological design. We don't have such a theory right now, and that's a real problem. Without a theory, it's very hard to know where to direct your research focus", ". Without a theory, it's very hard to know where to direct your research focus. Right now, we've got a bag of powerful intuitions and a handful of notions such as irreducible complexity and specified complexity, but as yet, no general theory of biological design.\"", "2004 the school board of Grantsburg, Wisconsin, voted to have ID taught as an alternative to evolution. By late summer 2005 letters urging reversal had been organised by a department of University of Wisconsin–Madison and clergy nationwide, the Clergy Letter Project, resulting in the board largely reversing their decision.", "April 8, 2004 first of the Academic Freedom bills promoting intelligent design passed unanimously by the Alabama Senate. On May 17, 2004, the Alabama House adjourned the 2004 legislative session without voting on the bill, allowing it to lapse. On February 8, 2005, a pair of virtually identical bills were simultaneously introduced in the Alabama Senate and House, again under the description of \"The Academic Freedom Act.\"", "Kitzmiller lawsuit\n June 7, 2004, at Dover, Pennsylvania, the Dover Area School District School Board considered a new biology textbook. William Buckingham objected, wanting a textbook that gave a balanced view between creationism and evolution. He subsequently proposed Of Pandas and People, after acrimonious debate it was left off the list on August 2.", "October 4, 2004, Buckingham announced acceptance of 50 donated copies of Pandas. On October 18 the full School Board voted 6–3 to amend the district's curriculum to include intelligent design. Buckingham states a law firm has offered pro bono legal representation.\n December 12, 2004, Phillip Johnson stated in an interview \"What the Dover board did is not what I'd recommend. ... Just teach evolution with a recognition that it's controversial ...\"", "December 14, 2004, 11 parents, ACLU, Americans United and Pepper Hamilton LLP file lawsuit Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, lead plaintiff Tammy Kitzmiller, the mother of a ninth grader in the biology class. On December 20, the District voted for the Thomas More Law Center to represent it pro bono.\nMay 2005 Kansas school board hearings led by John Calvert, director of the Kansas office of the Intelligent Design Network, boycotted by mainstream scientists as an \"anti-science crusade.\"", "September 26, 2005 to November 4, 2005, Kitzmiller trial before Judge John E. Jones III\nNovember 2005 Kansas school board voted 6–4 for new science standards criticising evolution, redefining science, then turned out in elections.\nDecember 20, 2005, Kitzmiller decision; Judge Jones issued his findings of fact and decision as his 139 page MEMORANDUM OPINION.", "After the Kitzmiller lawsuit\nFebruary 2006 Kansas school board voted 6–4 for new standards supporting evolution.\nFebruary 2006 Ohio Governor Bob Taft requests legal review of the state's \"teach the controversy\" curriculum standards, Ohio State Board of Education members vote 11–4 to drop all of the \"teach the controversy\".", "Spring 2006 Phillip Johnson states in interview \"I also don't think that there is really a theory of intelligent design at the present time to propose as a comparable alternative to the Darwinian theory, which is, whatever errors it might contain, a fully worked out scheme. There is no intelligent design theory that's comparable. Working out a positive theory is the job of the scientific people that we have affiliated with the movement", ". Some of them are quite convinced that it's doable, but that's for them to prove ... No product is ready for competition in the educational world.\"", "June 2007 Behe's book The Edge of Evolution: The Search for the Limits of Darwinism, claims that variation for the building blocks of evolution are not due to random mutation in DNA, but instead produced by an intelligent designer. Reiterates argument for irreducible complexity, calculating improbability on 2 or more beneficial mutations happening simultaneously, rather than one by one as evolutionary theory requires.", "2007, A new biology textbook intended to replace Of Pandas and People, entitled Explore Evolution is published by Hill House Publishers. The book is authored by Stephen C. Meyer, Scott Minnich and Paul A. Nelson, Jonathan Moneymaker and Ralph Seelke.", "2007 William A. Dembski and Jonathan Wells rewrote \"Of Pandas and People\" as a college textbook, The Design of Life. When asked in a December interview whether his research concluded that God is the Intelligent Designer, Dembski stated \"I believe God created the world for a purpose. The Designer of intelligent design is, ultimately, the Christian God.\"\nApril, 2008, the pro-intelligent design movie Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed is debuted.", "April, 2008, the pro-intelligent design movie Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed is debuted.\nMay, 2008 a Wall Street Journal article describes the common goal of Academic Freedom bills is to expose more students to articles and videos that undercut evolution, most of which are produced by advocates of intelligent design or Biblical creationism.", "December 2008 an article in Scientific American detailed how \"Creationists continue to agitate against the teaching of evolution in public schools, adapting their tactics to match the roadblocks they encounter. Past strategies have included portraying creationism as a credible alternative to evolution and disguising it under the name \"intelligent design.\" Other tactics misrepresent evolution as scientifically controversial and pretend that advocates for teaching creationism are defending academic freedom", ". \"Academic freedom\" was the creationist catchphrase of choice in 2008 ... the Discovery Institute subsequently retreated to a strategy to undermine the teaching of evolution, introducing a flurry of labels and slogans—\"teach the controversy,\" \"critical analysis\" and \"academic freedom\"—to promote its version of the fallback strategy ... despite the lofty language, the ulterior intent and likely effect of these bills are evident: undermining the teaching of evolution in public schools.\"", "See also\nFreiler v. Tangipahoa Parish Board of Education\nSelman v. Cobb County School District\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMiller, Kenneth R., (1999) Of Pandas and People: A Brief Review\nA Philosophical Premise of 'Naturalism'? by Mark Isaak 2002\nBehe's empty box on Richard Dawkins' site, Last Updated: Wednesday, November 28, 2001\nAnselm Atkins on Behe: letter to a friend on Black Box.\n\nHistory Forum Addresses Creation/Evolution Controversy – development of creationism in early 20th century etc.", "Intelligent design timeline, ResearchID.org, a pro-intelligent design wiki\n\nIntelligent design\nIntelligent design" ]

[ "This is an incomplete list of prominent political families. Monarchical dynasties are not included, unless certain descendants have played political roles in a republican structure (e.g. Arslan family of Lebanon and Cakobau family of Fiji).\n\nAlbania\n\nThe Hoxha family\nHysen Hoxha (Albanian independence leader; uncle of Enver Hoxha)\nEnver Hoxha (First Secretary of the Albanian Labour Party, 1944–1985)\nNexhmije Hoxha (member of the Central Committee of the Albanian Labour Party; wife of Enver Hoxha)", "Peristeri family\nManush Myftiu (Chairman of the Assembly of the Republic)\nPilo Peristeri (member of the Central Committee of the Albanian Labour Party)\n\nThe Nano family (father-son)\nThanas Nano (government broadcaster under Hoxha)\nFatos Nano (Prime Minister of Albania)\n\nThe Pashko family (spouses)\nJosif Pashko (member of the Central Committee of the Albanian Labour Party)\nEleni Terezi (member of the Central Committee of the Albanian Labour Party)", "The Shehu family\nMehmet Shehu (Prime Minister of Albania, 1953–1981)\nFiqrete Shehu (member of the Central Committee of the Albanian Labour Party)\nKadri Hazbiu (member of the Central Committee of the Albanian Labour Party); brother-in-law of Mehmet Shehu)\nFecor Shehu (nephew of Mehmet Shehu)", "Angola\nThe dos Santos–Van-Dúnem-Vieira Dias family\nJosé Eduardo dos Santos (President of Angola, 1979–2017)\nFernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos 'Nandó' (cousin of José Eduardo dos Santos; Vice-President of Angola, 2010–2012; Speaker of the National Assembly 2008–2010; Prime Minister 2002–2008)\nCândido Pereira dos Santos Van-Dúnem (cousin of the President and Kopelipa and Jose Vieira Dias Van-Dunem; Defense Minister).\nJosé Vieira Dias Van-Dúnem (cousin of Kopelipa; Health Minister)", "José Vieira Dias Van-Dúnem (cousin of Kopelipa; Health Minister)\nGen. Manuel Hélder Vieira Dias 'Kopelipa' (Minister of State and Chief of the Military Bureau of the President)\nCarlo Alberto Lopes (Finance Minister, brother-in-law of the President)\nLuzia Inglês Van-Dúnem Secretary-General of \"OMA\", the women's mass movement of the ruling party MPLA\n Afonso Van-Dúnem M'Binda (husband of Luzia Inglês Van-Dúnem; Minister of External Relations 1985–1988)", "Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem (cousin of Kopelipa; Prime Minister 1991–1992; 1996–1999)\n Pedro de Castro van Dúnem, 1942–1997 (Minister of External Relations of Angola 1989–1992; Minister of Public Works and Urban Affairs 1992–1997)", "Antigua and Barbuda\nThe Bird family\nSir Vere Cornwall Bird (Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda, 1981–1994)\nLester Bird (son of Sir Vere Cornwall Bird; Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda, 1994–2004)\nVere Bird, Jr. (son of Sir Vere Cornwall Bird; Member of Parliament)\n Maria Bird-Browne (niece of Lester Bird; Member of Parliament)\n Gaston Browne (husband of Maria, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda, 2014–present)", "The Frank family (uncle-nephew)\nSir Hilbourne Frank (Chairperson of the Barbuda Council)\nMackenzie Frank (Senator)\n\nArgentina\n\nArmenia\nThe Demirchyan family (father-son)\nKaren Demirchyan (First Secretary of the Armenian Communist Party, 1974–1988; National Assembly speaker, 1999)\nStepan Demirchyan (leader of the People's Party of Armenia, opposition candidate during the 2003 presidential election)", "The Sargsyan brothers\nVazgen Sargsyan (Defense Minister of Armenia 1991–1992, 1995–1999; Prime Minister of Armenia, 1999)\nAram Sargsyan (Prime Minister of Armenia, 1999–2000)\n\nThe Margaryan family (father-son)\nAndranik Margaryan (Prime Minister of Armenia, 2000–2007)\nTaron Margaryan (Mayor of Yerevan, 2011–2018)\n\nAustralia", "Australia\n\nAustria\nThe Habsburg family of Austria (grandfather–father–children)\nCharles I (Karl I) (Emperor of Austria 1916–1918, King of Hungary 1916–1918)\nOtto von Habsburg (German Member of the European Parliament), son of Charles I\nKarl Habsburg-Lothringen (former Austrian Member of the European Parliament), son of Otto\nGeorg von Habsburg (György) (Hungarian Ambassador), son of Otto\nArchduchess Walburga of Austria, Member of the Swedish Parliament, daughter of Otto", "Azerbaijan\nThe Aliyev family (father-son)\nHeydar Aliyev (President of Azerbaijan, 1993–2003)\nIlham Aliyev (President of Azerbaijan, 2003–)\nMehriban Aliyeva (Vice President of Azerbaijan, 2017–, wife of Ilham Aliyev)\n\nThe Bahamas\nThe Butler family\nSir Milo Butler (Governor-General of the Bahamas, 1973–1979)\nLoretta Butler-Turner", "The Pindling family\nSir Lynden Pindling (Prime Minister of the Bahamas, 1967–1992)\nDame Marguerite Pindling (Governor-General of the Bahamas, 2014–present; wife)\nMichelle Pindling-Sands (daughter)\n\nThe Symonette family\nSir Roland Symonette (Premier of the Bahamas, 1964–1967)\nRobert Symonette (Speaker of the House of Assembly; son)\nBrent Symonette (Deputy Prime Minister; son)", "The Turnquest family\nSir Orville Turnquest (Governor-General of the Bahamas, 1995–2001)\nTommy Turnquest (Minister of National Security; son)\n\nThe Foulkes family\nSir Arthur Foulkes (Governor-General of the Bahamas, 2010–2014) \nDion Foulkes (Minister of Labour and Social Services; son)", "Bangladesh\nPolitical Family of Bangladesh\nThe Sheikh family\nBangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman founding father of Bangladesh, President of Bangladesh, 1971; Prime Minister of Bangladesh, (1972–1975)\nSheikh Kamal - eldest son of Sheikh Mujib, freedom fighter of Bangladesh Liberation war, was widely expected to be the successor of his father until he was killed alongside him\nSheikh Jamal - son of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, freedom fighter of Bangladesh Liberation war", "Sheikh Jamal - son of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, freedom fighter of Bangladesh Liberation war\nSheikh Hasina Wazed (eldest daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman; Prime Minister of Bangladesh, 1996–2001 and 2009–)\nSajeeb Wazed – son of Sheikh Hasina, on 25 February 2009, Wazed officially joined the Awami League as a primary member of the Rangpur District\nSheikh Rehana - youngest daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman\nTulip Siddiq - nephew of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, daughter of Sheikh Rehana, Member of British Parliament", "Sheikh Abu Naser - brother of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, member of Mukti Bahini, freedom fighter of Bangladesh Liberation war\nSheikh Helal Uddin - son of Sheikh Abu Naser, Awami League politician and member of parliament from Bagerhat-1\nSheikh Tonmoy - son of Sheikh Helal Uddin, Awami League politician and member of parliament from Bagerhat-2", "Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani - nephew of the Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, founder of the Mujib Bahini, freedom fighter of Bangladesh Liberation war, founding chairman of the Jubo League\nSheikh Fazle Noor Taposh - son of Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani, Mayor of South Dhaka\nSheikh Shahidul Islam, nephew of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman", "The Zia family\nZiaur Rahman – (President of Bangladesh, 1979–1981; freedom fighter, military administrator and statesman)\nBegum Khaleda Zia, (wife of Ziaur Rahman; Prime Minister of Bangladesh, 1991–1996 and 2001–2006).\nTarique Rahman - eldest son of Ziaur Rahman and Khaleda Zia; Senior Vice-chairman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party\nArafat Rahman - youngest son of Ziaur Rahman and Khaleda Zia; former Chairman of the Development Committee of Bangladesh Cricket Board", "Sayeed Iskander - was a Bangladeshi politician and army major. He was a former member of parliament and brother of Khaleda Zia.\nKhurshida Jahan - was the Minister of Women's and Children's Affairs of Bangladesh from 2001 to 2006, serving under her sister, Prime Minister Khaleda Zia.\nShahrin Islam Tuhin - is a Bangladeshi politician and former Member of Parliament and Nephew of Khaleda Zia.\nSaiful Islam Duke - is a retired Lieutenant Commander of Bangladesh Navy. He is the nephew of Khaleda Zia.", "The Dhaka Nawab family\nSir Khawaja Nazimuddin (former Governor General of Pakistan, former Prime Minister of Pakistan)\nKhan Saheb Syed Khwaja Khairuddin\nKhwaja Nooruddin (founder of first Muslim English daily in India i.e. Star of India which later became The Morning News).\nKhwaja Shahabuddin\nLt. Gen (retd) Khwaja Wasiuddin\nFarhat Banu (first Muslim woman elected to undivided Bengal Assembly).\nSyed Shahib-e-Alam", "Farhat Banu (first Muslim woman elected to undivided Bengal Assembly).\nSyed Shahib-e-Alam\nBegum Shamsunnahar Khwaja Ahsanullah (wife of Nawabzada Ahsanullah, former leader of the BNP, former BNP MP from 1991 to 1996, 1996, & 2001–2006)", "The Nawab family of Dhanbari-Bogura\nSyed Nawab Ali Chowdhury - Nawab of Dhanbari of Tangail in British India, first Muslim minister of united Bengal, one of the founders of Dhaka University, \nSyed Hasan Ali Chowdhury - son of Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury. Minister for Commerce and Industry East Pakistan, member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly\nMohammad Ali Bogra - grandson of Syed Nawab Ali Chowdhury. President of Pakistan Muslim League, prime minister of Pakistan", "The Siddikys of Baliadi*\nNawab Shah Kutubuddin Ahmed Siddiky Koka (First Subedar of Bengal under the Mughal Empire)\nKhan Bahadur Chowdhury Kazemuddin Ahmed Siddiky (Zamindar of Baliadi, co-founder of the University of Dhaka, founder President of the *East Bengal and Assam Provincial Muslim League)[1]\nKhan Bahadur Chowdhury Fariduddin Ahmed Siddiky (Founder, Salimullah Muslim Orphanage)", "Khan Bahadur Chowdhury Fariduddin Ahmed Siddiky (Founder, Salimullah Muslim Orphanage)\nKhan Bahadur Chowdhury Labibuddin Ahmed Siddiky (First Elected Chairman, Dhaka Education Board; Court Member, Dhaka University)\nJustice Badruddin Ahmed Siddiky (last Chief Justice of East Pakistan, Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations)\nChowdhury Abraruddin Ahmed Siddiky (former Mayor of Dhaka)\nChowdhury Tanbir Ahmed Siddiky (former Commerce Minister of Bangladesh)", "Chowdhury Tanbir Ahmed Siddiky (former Commerce Minister of Bangladesh)\nChowdhury Dabir Ahmed Siddiky (former President of Dhaka Club)", "The Chowdhury family of Chittagong\nZamidar Abdul Bari Chowdhury (M.L.C) rich businessman from Chittagong. Founder of Famous Bengal Burma Stream Company(BBSC). Who fought against British rule with Mahatma Gandhi.", "Forefathers from Gour\nIqbal Ali Chowdhury – former MNA, British Empire\nKhan Bahadur Abdul Jabbar Chowdhury – married to Begum Fatema Khatun Chowdhury, granddaughter of poet Rahimunnessa\nFazlul Kabir Chowdhury – former opposition leader, Pakistan National Assembly, founding President of Chittagong Chamber of Commerce", "A.B.M. Fazle Karim Chowdhury- MP from Chittagong-6, Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the ministry of Railways and Australia-Bangladesh Parliamentary association, President of the Committee on the Human Rights of Parliamentarians in the Inter Parliamentary Union, Member of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts, President of Chittagong Awami League (North)\nProfessor Masuda M Rashid Chowdhury, MP, Presidium Member, Jatiya Party", "Professor Masuda M Rashid Chowdhury, MP, Presidium Member, Jatiya Party\nFazlul Quader Chowdhury – former Speaker of Pakistan National Assembly, former acting President of Pakistan, President of Muslim League, Leader of Al Badr, Razakars and Al Shams during the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971", "Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury – former Cabinet Minister, former adviser to the Prime Minister, Member of BNP standing committee, MP Bangladesh Nationalist Party parliamentarian from Chittagong – 2 Convicted War criminal of Bangladesh Liberation War\nGiasuddin Quader Chowdhury – former MP, President of Chittagong BNP (South) of Bangladesh Nationalist Party\nA.B.M. Mohiuddin Chowdhury, former Mayor of Chittagong.\nMohibul Hasan Chowdhury, current Deputy Minister of Education and a MP from Chittagong-9.", "Mohibul Hasan Chowdhury, current Deputy Minister of Education and a MP from Chittagong-9.\nSaber Hossain Chowdhury, MP, Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on the Ministry of Environment, President of the Inter Parliamentary Union, former Deputy Minister, former Political Secretary to the Prime Minister", "Khurrum Khan Choudhury- former Member of Parliament, from Nandail and Ishwarganj, Founder Member Bangladesh Nationalist Party, President of Mymensingh (North) Bangladesh Nationalist Party, former member of Dhaka University Senate\nAshiqur Rahman Chowdhury, MP, Chairman of the Parliamentary Special Committee on Public Accounts, former State Minister\nManzur Ahmed Chowdhury – MLA (Independent)\nM.A Haque – former Cabinet Minister (Jatiya Party)", "Manzur Ahmed Chowdhury – MLA (Independent)\nM.A Haque – former Cabinet Minister (Jatiya Party)\nAdvocate A.B.M. Fazle Rashid Chowdhury, former Presidium Member, Jatiya Party", "Advocate A.B.M. Fazle Rashid Chowdhury, former Presidium Member, Jatiya Party\nClosely linked to Khan Choudhury family: Morshed Khan (former Minister), Saifur Rahman (former Minister), Amir Khosru Mahmud Chowdhury (former Minister), Jafrul Islam Chowdhury (former State Minister), Abdullah Al Noman (former Minister) and other elites. Political in-laws and reputed businessmen are not mentioned in this list. Termed as one of the seven families of Bangladesh.", "The Zaman family of Gopalganj\nWahiduzzaman (former Commerce Minister of undivided Pakistan)\nFayekuzzaman (former member of National Assembly, Pakistan)\nDr. Wasim Alimuz Zaman (Senior UN Official, Member of the Civil Service of Pakistan and Bangladesh, PhD, Harvard University)\nF.E. Sharfuzzaman (former Member of Parliament)\nBorhanuzzaman Omar (former councilor/chairman of Dhaka City Corporation)", "Borhanuzzaman Omar (former councilor/chairman of Dhaka City Corporation)\nColonel (retd) Mia Moshiuzzaman (former colonel of Bangladesh Army, served as a sector commander in Bangladesh Rifles in Khulna sector and retired in 2003 as a station commander Comilla cantonment)", "The Mansur Ali family\nCaptain Mansur Ali (Prime Minister of Bangladesh 1975)\nEldest son of Dr Mohammad Selim (Presidium member of Awami league, Chairman of Foreign affairs standing committee, Member of Bangladesh Parliament 1995–2001)\nSecond son of Mohammad Nasim (Minister for Home and Telecommunications 1996–-2001, Member of Bangladesh Parliament 1991–2006) Health Minister and Presidium Member for Awami league 2014.", "The Ahmad family\n Tajuddin Ahmad, (first Prime Minister of Bangladesh, 1971)\n Begum Zohra Tajuddin, (President of the Awami League, 1975–1979) \nTanjim Ahmad, (Minister of State for Home Affairs, 2009)\nSimeen Hussain, (Member of Parliament, 2012–present)\n\nThe Chowdhury family\nA. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury, (President of Bangladesh, 2001–2003; founder of Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh) \nMahi B. Chowdhury, eldest son of Badruddoza Chowdhury; former Member of Parliament, 2003–2006)", "The Huq family\n Sher-e-Bangla A. K. Fazlul Huq, (Prime Minister of Bengal in British India and Governor and Chief Minister of East Pakistan)\n A. K. Faezul Huq, (Cabinet Minister, 1996–2001)", "The Abdullah al Mahmood family of Sirajganj\nAbdullah al Mahmood (former MLA of British India, 1937; former Deputy High Commissioner, 1947; and former Industrial & Natural Resources Minister of Pakistan, 1964)\nIqbal Hassan Mahmood Tuku (former Member of Parliament 1986–1990, and former State minister for Power of Bangladesh 2001–2006)\nManzur Hassan Mahmood Khushi (former Chairman, Sirajganj Pourashava 1984–1993)\nRumana Mahmood (daughter-in-law of Abdullah al Mahmood; Member of Parliament 2009–2013)", "Rumana Mahmood (daughter-in-law of Abdullah al Mahmood; Member of Parliament 2009–2013)\nDr. M.A Matin (son-in-law of Abdullah al Mahmood) former Deputy Prime Minister of Bangladesh, former Parliament Member 1979–2006, Founder Secretary General of Jatiya Party.", "The Rahman/Ghaani family\nMashiur Rahman, (Former MNA, 1962–1969; Former Deputy Leader of the Opposition of Pakistan, 1962–1964; Former Senior Minister of Bangladesh, with the rank and status of Prime Minister, in charge of the Ministry of Railways, Roads and Highways, 1978–1979)\nShawfikul Ghaani Shapan, (son of Mashiur Rahman; Former Member of Parliament, 1979–1988; Former Cabinet Minister, 1984–1988)", "Jebel Rahman Ghaani (son of Shawfikul Ghaani Shapan; Chairman of Bangladesh National Awami Party, 2009–present)\nMansura Mohiuddin (daughter of Mashiur Rahman; Former Member of Parliament, 1986–1991)", "The Abdul family of Sylhet\nAbdul Hamid (1886–1963), former Education Minister of East Bengal\nHafiza Banu\nAbu Ahmad Abdul Hafiz (1900–1985), Muslim League politician and lawyer. Married to Syeda Shahar Banu\nAbul Maal Abdul Muhith (1934–2022), former Finance Minister of Bangladesh\nAbul Kalam Abdul Momen (born 1947), current Foreign Minister of Bangladesh\nShahla Khatun, National Professor of Bangladesh", "Barbados\nThe Adams family (father-son)\nSir Grantley Herbert Adams (Premier of Barbados, 1954–1958)\nTom Adams (Prime Minister of Barbados, 1976–1985)\n\nThe Barrow family (brother-sister)\nErrol Barrow (Prime Minister of Barbados, 1961–1976 and 1986–1987)\nDame Nita Barrow (Governor-General of Barbados, 1990–1995)", "Belgium\nAnciaux family (father and sons)\nVic Anciaux (1931–) (VU party leader, Brussels State Secretary)\nJan Anciaux (1958–) N-VA (Schepen in Vilvoorde)\nBert Anciaux (1959–) sp.a (VU party leader, Flemish Minister, Belgian Senator)\nKoen Anciaux (1961–) Open Vld (Schepen in Mechelen)\nRoel Anciaux (1971–) sp.a (member of Flemish Brabant Provincial Council)\n\nde Brouckère brothers\nHenri de Brouckère (1801–91) (Prime Minister of Belgium)\nCharles de Brouckère (1796–1860) (Minister of Finance, Interior and War)", "De Croo family (father-son)\nHerman De Croo (1937–) Open Vld (Minister, Speaker of the Chamber, Minister of State)\nAlexander De Croo (1975–) Open Vld (VLD party leader; Deputy PM and Minister of Pensions, Prime Minister of Belgium 2020-incumbent)\n\nDe Gucht family (father-son)\nKarel De Gucht (1954–) Open Vld (Minister of Foreign Affairs, European Commissioner)\nJean-Jacques De Gucht (1983–) Open Vld (Senator)", "Dehousse family (father-son)\nFernand Dehousse (1906–76) (Minister of Education)\nJean-Maurice Dehousse (1936–) (Minister-President of Wallonia)\n\nEyskens family (father-son)\nGaston Eyskens (1905–88) CVP (Prime Minister of Belgium)\nMark Eyskens (1933–) CD&V (Prime Minister of Belgium)", "Spaak family\nPaul Janson (1840–1913) Lib. (Senator)\nPaul-Emile Janson (1872–1944) Lib. (Prime Minister of Belgium, son of Paul Janson)\nMarie Janson (1873–1960) PSB (Senator; daughter of Paul Janson)\nPaul-Henri Spaak (1899–1972) PSB (Prime Minister of Belgium, Secretary General of NATO; son of Marie Janson)\nAntoinette Spaak (1928–2020) FDF (Member of the European Parliament; daughter of Paul-Henri Spaak)", "Simonet family (father-son)\nHenri Simonet (1931–96) (Minister of Economy and Foreign Affairs)\nJacques Simonet (1963–2007) (Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region)", "Vanderpoorten family\nArthur Vanderpoorten (1884–1945) Lib. (Minister of Interior)\nHerman Vanderpoorten (1922–84) PVV (Minister of Interior and Justice; son of Arthur Vanderpoorten)\nMarleen Vanderpoorten (1954–;) Open Vld (Minister of Education, Speaker of the Flemish Parliament; daughter of Herman Vanderpoorten)\nPatrick Dewael (1955–;) Open Vld (Minister-President of Flanders, President of the Chamber of Representatives; nephew of Herman Vanderpoorten)", "Van Rompuy family\nHerman Van Rompuy (1947–;) CD&V (President of the Chamber of Representatives, Prime Minister, President of the European Council)\nPeter Van Rompuy (1980–;) CD&V (Senator, son of Herman Van Rompuy)\nEric Van Rompuy (1949–;) CD&V (Minister of Agriculture and Economy, brother of Herman Van Rompuy)\n\nBenin\nThe Soglo family\nChristophe Soglo (President of Benin, 1963–64 and 1965–67)\nNicéphore Soglo (nephew; President of Benin, 1991–96)\nSaturnin Soglo (brother of Nicéphore Soglo; Foreign Minister)", "The Zinsou family\nÉmile Derlin Zinsou (President of Benin, formerly Dahomey, 1968–69)\nLionel Zinsou (nephew; Prime Minister of Benin, 2015–2016)\n\nBhutan\nDorji family\n Sonam Topgay Dorji (Chief Minister of Bhutan, 1917–52)\n Jigme Palden Dorji (Prime Minister of Bhutan, 1952–64; son of Sonam Topgay Dorji)\n Lhendup Dorji (Prime Minister of Bhutan, 1964; son of Sonam Topgay Dorji)", "Bolivia\nThe Ballivián family (father-son)\n José Ballivián (1805–1852) (President of Bolivia, 1841–47)\n Adolfo Ballivián (1831–1874) (President of Bolivia, 1873–74)", "The Fernandez Saucedo family\n Max Jhonny Fernandez Saucedo (1964-) (Mayor of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, 1996–2002 and 2021–present)\n Paola Andrea Fernandez Rea (1992-) (Senator for Santa Cruz, 2020–present; daughter of Jhonny Fernandez Saucedo)\n Roberto Fernandez Saucedo (1968-) (Deputy for Santa Cruz, 1997–1998; Mayor of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, 2002–05)", "The Morales Ayma family\n Juan Evo Morales Ayma (1959-) (President of Bolivia, 2006–2019)\n Esther Morales Ayma de Wilcarani (1949-2020) (First Lady of Bolivia, 2006–2019)\n Adhemar Wilcarani Morales (1978-) (Mayor of Oruro, 2021–present; son of Esther Morales Ayma)", "The Paz family\n Luis Paz Arce (1854-1928) (President of the Supreme Court of Bolivia, 1926–30)\n (1910–1984) (Bolivian Army General; son of Luis Paz Arce)\n Jaime Paz Zamora (1939-) (President of Bolivia, 1989–93; son of Domingo Paz Rojas)\n Jaime Paz Pereira (?-) (Deputy for Tarija, 2002–05; son of Jaime Paz Zamora)\n Rodrigo Paz Pereira (1967-) (Senator for Tarija, 2020–present; Mayor of Tarija, 2015–2020; son of Jaime Paz Zamora)", "Domingo Paz Arce (1855-1910) (Prefect and Commander General of Tarija, 1892–96)\n Domingo Paz Rojas (1879-1930) (Senator for Tarija; son of Domingo Paz Arce)\n Ángel Victor Paz Estenssoro (1907-2001) President of Bolivia, 1952–56, 1960–64 and 1985–89; son of Domingo Paz Rojas)\n Moira Paz Estenssoro Cortez (?-) (Minister of Sustainable Development, 2003; Senator for Tarija, 2002; daughter of Victor Paz Estenssoro)", "The Siles family\n Hernando Siles Reyes (1882–1942) (President of Bolivia, 1926–30)\n Hernán Siles Zuazo (1914–1996) (President of Bolivia, 1950–60 and 1982–85; son of Hernando Siles Reyes)\n Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas (1925–2005) (President of Bolivia, 1969; son of Hernando Siles Reyes)", "Bosnia and Herzegovina\nThe Izetbegović family (husband-wife-son)\nBakir Izetbegović (President of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2010–2018)\nAlija Izetbegović (first President of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1990–2000)\nThe Pozderac family", "Agha Murat Pozderac (1862–1930), was the last leader of Cazin, Bosnia and Herzegovina during Ottoman rule.\n Nurija Pozderac (1892–1943), son of Murat, member of Kingdom of Yugoslavia Parliament, Vice President of the executive board of the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia.", "Hakija Pozderac (1919–1994), son of Nurija Pozderac, Yugoslav politician: Republic Prosecutor for War Crimes committed in Districts Banja Luka and Bihać (Jan", ". 1947–1948), National Representative of Cazin to Republic Parliament (1948-1949), General Secretary of the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1949-1952), State Secretary for Economic Relations of National Republic of BiH (1953-1954), Head of State Secretariat for Budgeting and Economy of National Republic of BiH (1954-1956), Director of BiH National Bank (1956-1960), Head of Economic Relations Department in National Republic of BiH (1960-1962), Federal Secretary for Economy (1962-1965)", ", Federal Secretary for Economy (1962-1965), Federal Secretary for Industry and Trade (1965-1967), Representative in Federal Executive Council (1967-1971), Representative in Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia (1971-1982), Representative in the Council of Federation (1982-1983)", ".", "Hamdija Pozderac (1924–1988), nephew of Nurija Pozderac. communist politician and the president of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1971 to 1974. He was a vice president of the former Yugoslavia in the late 1980s, and was in line to become the president of Yugoslavia just before he was forced to resign from politics in 1987.", "Vuk Jeremić (born 1975), Serbian politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Serbia from 2007 until 2012. President of the 67th session of the United Nations General Assembly between September 2012 and September 2013. Great-grandson of Nurija Pozderac.", "Hamdija Lipovača (born 1976), Bosnian politician: Prime Minister of Una-Sana Canton (2011-2015), Minister of the Interior (2013-2014), Mayor of Bihać (2004-2010), Member of the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2010-2014). Great-grandson of Nurija Pozderac.", "Botswana\nThe Khama family (husband-wife-son)\nSir Seretse Khama (President, 1966–80)\nRuth Williams Khama (politically active First Lady)\nIan Khama (President, 2008–18)\n\nBrazil\nThe Assed-Matheus (also known as Garotinho) family (spouses and daughter)\nAnthony Garotinho (presidential candidate and Governor of Rio de Janeiro State)\nRosângela Assed Matheus Garotinho (Governor of Rio de Janeiro State)\nClarissa Assed Matheus Garotinho (Deputy for Rio de Janeiro State; daughter of Antonhy and Rosângela)", "The Bolsonaro family (father and sons)\nJair Bolsonaro (President of Brazil)\nFlávio Bolsonaro (Senator for Rio de Janeiro, son of Jair Bolsonaro)\nEduardo Bolsonaro (Federal Deputy of São Paulo, son of Jair Bolsonaro)\nCarlos Bolsonaro (Councillor of Rio de Janeiro, son of Jair Bolsonaro)\n\nThe Brás-Moreira family (cousins)\nVenceslau Brás (President of Brazil, 1914–18)\nDelfim Moreira (President of Brazil, 1918–19)\n\nThe Cardoso family", "The Cardoso family\n\nLeônidas Cardoso (Federal Deputy for São Paulo 1955–1959)\nFernando Henrique Cardoso (President of Brazil, 1995–2003; son of Leônidas Cardoso)", "The Coimbra-Luz family\nCesário Cecílio de Assis Coimbra (mayor of Cabo Verde, Minas Gerais)\nCarlos Luz (President of Brazil (1955); grandson of Cesário Cecílio)\nJoaquim Delfino Ribeiro da Luz (Minister; paternal uncle of Carlos)\nAmérico Gomes Ribeiro da Luz (Federal Deputy; paternal uncle of Carlos)\nLeovigildo Leal da Paixão (Minas Gerais Regional Electoral Justice; son-in-law of Américo)\nAlberto Gomes Ribeiro da Luz (Minas Gerais Court Justice: father of Carlos)", "The Collor-Mello family\nLindolfo Collor (Minister of Labor)\nArnon Farias de Mello (Governor of Alagoas; son-in-law of Lindolfo Collor)\nFernando Collor de Mello (President of Brazil, 1990–92; son of Arnon Farias de Mello)\nEuclides Vieira Malta (Governor of Alagoas; uncle-in-law of Fernando; see The Malta-Ribeiro family for details)", "The Costa family\nJoão José Teodoro da Costa (State Deputy in Santa Catarina)\nOtacílio Vieira da Costa (State Deputy in Santa Catarina; son of João José)\nBelisário Ramos da Costa (Judge in Santa Catarina; son of Otacílio)\n\nThe Figueiredo family\nEuclides Figueiredo (Federal Deputy for Rio de Janeiro)\nJoão Figueiredo (President of Brazil, 1979–85; son of Euclides)", "The Fonseca family\nDeodoro da Fonseca (President of Brazil, 1889–91)\nHermes da Fonseca (President of Brazil, 1910–14; nephew of Deodoro da Fonseca)\nNair de Tefé (influential First Lady and political cartoonist; wife of Hermes da Fonseca)\nThe Franco family\n\n Marielle Franco (Councillor of Rio de Janeiro, 2017–18)\n Anielle Franco (Minister of Racial Equality, 2023–present; sister of Marielle)", "The Geisel-Markus family\nAugusto Frederico Markus (Mayor of Estrela, Rio Grande do Sul)\nErnesto Geisel (President of Brazil, 1974–79; son-in-law of Augusto)\n\nThe Genro family\nAdelmo Genro (Vice-Mayor of Santa Maria)\nTarso Genro (Governor of Rio Grande do Sul; son of Adelmo)\nLuciana Genro (Presidential candidate and Deputy for Rio Grande do Sul; daughter of Tarso)", "The Goulart-Brizola family (brothers-in-law)\nJoão Goulart (President of Brazil, 1961–64)\nJoão Goulart Filho (State Deputy for Rio Grande do Sul and presidential candidate in 2018)\nLeonel Brizola (Governor of Rio Grande do Sul and Rio de Janeiro State; brother-in-law of João)\nJosé Vicente Goulart Brizola (Deputy for Rio Grande do Sul; son of Leonel and Neusa Goulart)\nCarlos Daudt Brizola (Minister of Labour and Deputy for Rio Grande do Sul; grandson of Leonel)", "Carlos Daudt Brizola (Minister of Labour and Deputy for Rio Grande do Sul; grandson of Leonel)\nJuliana Brizola (Deputy for Rio Grande do Sul; granddaughter of Leonel)\nLeonel Brizola Neto (Deputy for Rio de Janeiro; grandson of Leonel and twin brother of Juliana)", "The Kleinubing family\nWaldemar Kleinübing, mayor of Videira, Santa Catarina 1966–70.\nVilson Pedro Kleinübing, Federal Deputy 1983–87, Mayor of Blumenau 1989–90, Governor of Santa Catarina 1991–94, Federal Senator 1995–98. Son of Waldemar.\nJoão Paulo Kleinübing, State Deputy for Santa Catarina 2003–04, Mayor of Blumenau 2005–13, Secretary of Health of Santa Catarina 2015–16, Federal Deputy for Santa Catarina 2015–19. Son of Vilson.", "The Kubitschek family\nJoão Nepumuceno Kubitschek (Lieutenant Governor [vice-governor] of Minas Gerais)\nJuscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira (President of Brazil, 1956–61)\nMárcia Kubitschek (Lieutenant Governor of the Brazilian Federal District; daughter of Juscelino)\nMaria Estela Kubitschek (candidate for Deputy Governor of Rio de Janeiro in 2006; daughter of Juscelino)\nJaime Gomes de Sousa Lemos (Federal Deputy; father-in-law of Juscelino)\nGabriel Passos (Federal Deputy; father-in-law of Juscelino)", "Gabriel Passos (Federal Deputy; father-in-law of Juscelino)\nNegrão de Lima (Governor of Guanabara; uncle of Juscelino's wife Sarah)\nOctacílio Negrão de Lima (Cabinet member and Mayor of Belo Horizonte; uncle of Juscelino's wife Sarah)\nJoão Antônio de Lemos (Deputy of the Empire; distant great-niece of Sarah)", "The Lula da Silva family\nLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva (President of Brazil, 2003–10)\nMarcos Cláudio Lula da Silva (São Bernardo do Campo city councilor; step-son of Lula)", "The Magalhães family\nFrancisco Peixoto de Magalhães (Deputy for Bahia)\nÂngelo Magalhães (Deputy for Bahia; son of Francisco)\nPaulo Magalhães (Deputy for Bahia; son of Ângelo)\nAntônio Carlos Magalhães (Governor of Bahia; son of Francisco)\nAntônio Carlos Magalhães Júnior (Senator for Bahia)\nAntônio Carlos Magalhães Neto (former Mayor of Salvador)\n (Deputy for Bahia; son of Antônio Carlos)", "The Malta-Ribeiro family\nManuel Gomes Ribeiro (Governor of Alagoas)\nEuclides Vieira Malta (Governor of Alagoas; son-in-law of Manuel)", "The Matarazzo-Suplicy family\nFrancesco Matarazzo (Count)\nCiccillo Matarazzo (Mayor of Ubatuba; nephew of Francesco)\nAndrea Matarazzo (Alderman for São Paulo; grandson of Ciccillo)\nEduardo Matarazzo Suplicy (Senator for São Paulo state; great-grandson of Francesco)\nMarta Suplicy (Mayor of São Paulo and Senator for São Paulo state; former wife of Eduardo)\nFrancisco Matarazzo (Deputy for São Paulo State)", "The Neves-Cunha family\nTancredo Neves (President-elect of Brazil)\nTristão Ferreira da Cunha (Congressional Deputy from Minas Gerais)\nAécio Cunha (Congressional Deputy from Minas Gerais)\nAécio Neves da Cunha (former Governor of Minas Gerais)\n\nThe Quadros family\nJânio Quadros (President of Brazil 1961)\nDirce Tutu Quadros (Federal Deputy for São Paulo; daughter of Jânio)", "The Ramos family\nVidal José de Oliveira Ramos Júnior (Senator and Governor of Santa Catarina)\nNereu Ramos (President of Brazil; son of Vidal)\nHugo de Oliveira Ramos (State Deputy; son of Vidal)\nCelso Ramos (Governor of Santa Catarina; son of Vidal)\nMauro de Oliveira Ramos (Mayor of Florianópolis; son of Vidal)\nVidal Ramos Junior (Mayor of Lages; son of Vidal)\nBelisário Ramos (Provincial Deputy; brother of Vidal)\nAristiliano Ramos (governor; Belisário's son)", "Belisário Ramos (Provincial Deputy; brother of Vidal)\nAristiliano Ramos (governor; Belisário's son)\nAristides Batista Ramos (Mayor of Florianópolis; Belisário's son)\nOtacílio Vieira da Costa (State Deputy in Santa Catarina; Belisário's son-in-law; see the Costa family for details)\nCândido Ramos (governor; Vidal's nephew)\nSaulo Ramos (senator; Vidal's nephew)", "The Sarney family\nSarney de Araújo Costa (justice of the Court of Justice of Maranhão)\nJosé Sarney (President of Brazil, 1985–90; son of Sarney)\nRoseana Sarney (former Governor and Senator from Maranhão; daughter of José)\nSarney Filho (State and Federal Deputy from Maranhão; son of José)\nRoberto Macieira (Mayor of São Luís, Maranhão; brother-in-law of Jose)", "The Vargas-Peixoto family\nGetúlio Vargas (President of Brazil, 1930–45 and 1951–54)\nLutero Vargas (Congressional Deputy from Rio de Janeiro)\nAlzira Vargas do Amaral Peixoto (lawyer, Presidential advisor and author)\nErnani do Amaral Peixoto (Governor of Rio de Janeiro State)\nIvete Vargas Tatsch (Congressional Deputy from São Paulo State)\n\nBulgaria", "Bulgaria\n\nThe Bogoridi family\nSophronius of Vratsa (one of the leading figures of the Bulgarian National Revival)\nStefan Bogoridi (Governor of the island of Samos, Caimacam of Moldavia)\nNicola Bogoridi (Caimacam of Moldavia)\nAlexander Bogoridi (Governor-General of Eastern Rumelia)", "The Bokov family\nGeorgi Bokov (former Communist leader, former media boss)\nFilip Bokov (former Socialist leader, Member of Parliament, Presidential advisor)\nGeorgi Bokov (1972–2001), son of Filip Bokov, auto thief and criminal,\nBiliana Bokova (d. 2001), daughter of Filip Bokov\nIrina Bokova (former Foreign Minister, ran for vice-president, Member of Parliament, Ambassador to France)", "The Mihaylovski family\nIlarion Makariopolski (one of the leaders of the struggle for an autonomous Bulgarian church)\nNikola Mihaylovski (one of the leaders of the struggle for an autonomous Bulgarian church)\nStoyan Mihaylovski (Member of Parliament)\nHristo Mihaylovski (former Deputy Minister)\n\nThe Shishmanov family\nAlexander Shishmanov (Mayor of Svishtov)\nAsen Shishmanov (Member of Parliament)\nIvan Shishmanov (former Minister, Ambassador to Ukraine)\nDimitar Shishmanov (former Foreign Minister)", "The Slaveykov family\nPetko Slaveykov (Chairman of the Parliament)\nIvan Slaveykov (Member of Parliament, Minister, Mayor of Sofia)\nHristo Slaveykov (Chairman of the Parliament)\n\nThe Staliyski family\nAleksandar Tsankov Staliyski (former Justice Minister)\nAleksandar Aleksandrov Staliyski (former Defence Minister)\n\nThe Stanishev family (father-son)\nDimitar Stanishev (member of the Politburo of the Bulgarian Communist Party)\nSergei Stanishev (Prime Minister of Bulgaria, 2005–09)", "The Zhivkov family\nTodor Zhivkov (General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party, 1954–89)\nLyudmila Zhivkova (former Culture minister; daughter of Todor Zhivkov)\nJenny Zhivkova (Member of Parliament; granddaughter of Todor Zhivkov)", "Burkina Faso\nThe Compaoré family\nBlaise Compaoré (President of Burkina Faso, 1987–2014)\nFrançois Compaoré (economic advisor; brother of Blaise Compaoré)\nSimon Compaoré (Mayor of Ouagadougou)\nJean-Marie Compaoré (Archbishop of Burkina Faso)\nJean-Baptiste Compaoré (Finance minister)\nFranck Compaoré\nChantal Compaoré (First Lady; wife of Blaise Compaoré)\nFélix Houphouët-Boigny (former President of Côte d'Ivoire; father of Chantal Compaoré)\nThe Sankara family", "Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara (First President of Burkina Faso, 1983–1987)\n Mariam Sankara (First Lady; wife of Thomas Isidore Noël Sankara)\n\nThe Yaméogo family (father-son)\nMaurice Yaméogo (President of Upper Volta Burkina Faso, 1959–66)\nHermann Yaméogo (Presidential candidate)\nThe Zerbo-Yonli family\nSaye Zerbo (President of Upper Volta Burkina Faso, 1980–82)\nParamanga Ernest Yonli (Prime Minister of Upper Volta Burkina Faso, 2000–07; son-in-law)", "Burma\nThe Aung San family (parents-daughter)\nAung San (pre-independence prime minister)\nKhin Kyi (ambassador)\nAung San Suu Kyi (democracy activist, Minister of Foreign Affairs, State of Counsellor)\n\nThe Win family (father-daughter)\nNe Win, military dictator\nSandar Win, politician\n\nBurundi\nThe Bagaza-Buyoya family\nJean-Baptiste Bagaza (President, 1976–87)\nPierre Buyoya (President, 1987–93 and 1996–2003)", "Cambodia\nThe Hun family\nHun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1985-2023, including as Second Prime Minister in 1993–2023)\nHun Manet, Prime minister of Cambodia (since 2023), Lieutenant-general in the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces\nHun Manith, Brigadier-general in the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces\nHun Many, Member of Parliament for Kampong Speu Province\n\nCanada", "Central African Republic\nThe Boganda family–Dacko family–Domitien family and Bokassa family (distant relatives)\nBarthélemy Boganda, \"founding father\"\nClément Hassen, Secretary for the President of the Republic and father of Marie-Reine Hassen\nDavid Dacko, first leader of independent CAR\nElisabeth Domitien, prime minister and cousin of Bokassa\nJean-Bédel Bokassa, Cold War-era despot and erstwhile \"emperor\"", "Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Cold War-era despot and erstwhile \"emperor\"\nJean-Serge Bokassa, Minister of Youth, Sports, Arts, and Culture (2011–13), Minister of the Interior (2016–2018)\nMarie-Reine Hassen, Central African Goodwill Ambassador to Senegal (2003–2006), Minister Delegate for Foreign Affairs (2006–2007), Minister Delegate for the Economy, Planning and International Cooperation (2007–2008), Minister Delegate for Regional Development (2008–2009) and forcefully married to Bokassa", "Marthe Matongo, Member of the National Assembly and cousin of first lady Florence Yagbao (first wife of Dacko)", "The Kolingba family\nAndré Kolingba (President of the Central African Republic, 1981–93)\nDésiré Kolingba (presidential candidate)\nMireille Kolingba (wife of André Kolingba; Member of Parliament)", "Chile\nThe Alessandri family\n Jose Pedro Alessandri Palma Senator\n Gustavo Alessandri Valdés four times Deputy, Mayor of Santiago and La Florida, council man. \n Gustavo Alessandri Balmaceda Deputy 1990–94\n Gustavo Alessandri Bascuñan Councilman 2012–16, Mayor of Zapallar 2016–\n Felipe Alessandri Vergara Councilman 2004–08, 2012–16, Mayor of Santiago 2016–\n Arturo Alessandri Palma, President of Chile, 1920–24, 1925, 1932–38\nJorge Alessandri, President of Chile, 1958–64", "Jorge Alessandri, President of Chile, 1958–64\nFernando Alessandri, President of the Senate of Chile, 1950–58\n Arturo Alessandri Besa Deputy, Senator", "The Allende family\nSalvador Allende Gossens, President of Chile 1970–73\nIsabel Allende Bussi, Deputy 1993–2007, Senator 2010–\nMaya Fernández Allende Deputy 2018–22, Minister of Defese 2022– \nLaura Allende Gossens, Deputy 1965–73\n\nThe Aylwin family\nPatricio Aylwin – President of Chile, 1990–94\nMariana Aylwin – Minister of Education, 2000–03", "The Errázuriz family\nFederico Errázuriz Zañartu, President of Chile\nFederico Errázuriz Echaurren, President of Chile\nFrancisco Javier Errázuriz Talavera, Senator 1994–2002\nHernán Felipe Errázuriz Correa, Foreign Minister of Chile\n\nThe Frei family\nEduardo Frei Montalva – President of Chile, 1964–70\nEduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle – President of Chile, 1994–2000 (son of Eduardo Frei Montalva)\nCarmen Frei Ruiz-Tagle – Senator, 1990–2006\nArturo Frei Bolivar – Deputy, 1969–73, Senator, 1989–98", "The Girardi family\nTreviso Girardi – Mayor of Quinta Normal\nGuido Girardi Brière – Deputy, 2006–2010\nGuido Girardi – Deputy 1994–2006, Senator 2006–present \nCristina Girardi – Mayor of Cerro Navia, 1996–2008, Deputy 2010–present \nDino Girardi – Councillor of Lo Prado", "The Kast family\nJosé Antonio Kast, Deputy 2002–2018, Leader of the Republican Party\nMiguel Kast, Head of the National Office of Planification 1978–1980, Minister of Labor 1980–1982\nFelipe Kast, Minister of Planning 2010–11, President of Evópoli 2015–16\nPablo Kast, Deputy 2018–present\n\nThe Lagos family\nRicardo Lagos Escobar, President of Chile, 2000–06\nRicardo Lagos Weber, Minister Secretary General of Government of Chile, 2006–07", "The Letelier family\nOrlando Letelier del Solar, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Interior and Defence, 1973\nJuan Pablo Letelier, Deputy 1990–2006, Senator 2006–07\n\nThe Montt family\nManuel Montt Torres, President of Chile\nJorge Montt Alvarez, President of Chile\nPedro Montt Montt, President of Chile", "The Piñera family\nSebastián Piñera, President of Chile \nJosé Piñera, Minister of Labor and Social Security, minister of Mining\nPablo Piñera, Chilean ambassador to Argentina\nAndrés Chadwick, Minister of Interior and Public Security\n\nThe Pinochet family\nAugusto Pinochet, President of Chile\nLucía Pinochet, Congresswoman of Vitacura\n\nThe Pinto family\nFrancisco Antonio Pinto Díaz, President of Chile\nAníbal Pinto Garmendia, President of Chile", "Republic of China\nThe Chang family\n (Yunlin County Magistrate, 1999–2005)\n (legislator, 2008–2016) (daughter)\nChang Li-shan (legislator, 2005–2008, 2016–2018; Yunlin County Magistrate, 2018–) (sister)", "The Chiang family (father-sons-grandson-great-grandson)\nChiang Kai-shek (President of the Republic of China, 1928–32; 1943–49; 1950–75; Premier of the Republic of China, 1930–31; 1935–38; 1939–45; 1947; Leader of the Kuomintang, 1926–75)\nChiang Ching-kuo (Premier of the Republic of China, 1972–78; President of the Republic of China, 1978–88; Chairman of the Kuomintang, 1975–88)\nChiang Hsiao-wu (ROC Representative to Japan, 1990–91)\nChiang Hsiao-yung (former member of the Kuomintang Central Committee)", "Chiang Hsiao-yung (former member of the Kuomintang Central Committee)\nJohn Chiang (foreign minister, 1996–97; vice premier of the ROC, 1997; secretary-general; legislator, 2002–2012)\nChiang Wan-an (legislator, 2016–2022; Mayor of Taipei, 2022–)\nChiang Wei-kuo (Secretary-General of Kuomintang)", "The Chen family (Chen Hsin-an) (father-son)\n Kaohsiung County magistrate (1954–57)\nChen Chien-jen (son): Minister of the Department of Health (2003–05), Minister of the National Science Council (2006–08), Vice President of the Republic of China (2016–20)\n\nThe Chen family (Chen Qimei)\nChen Qimei\nChen Guofu (nephew)\nChen Lifu (nephew)", "The Chen family (Chen Qimei)\nChen Qimei\nChen Guofu (nephew)\nChen Lifu (nephew)\n\nThe Chen family (Chen Shui-bian)\nChen Shui-bian: Member of Taipei City Council (1981–85); Legislative Yuan member (1990–94); Mayor of Taipei (1994–98); President of the Republic of China (2000–08)\nWu Shu-chen (wife): Legislative Yuan member (1987–90)\nChen Chih-chung (son): Kaohsiung city councilor (2010–11, 2018–)", "The Chiu family (Chiou Lien-hui)\nChiou Lien-hui: Pingtung County Councilor (1968–71), Taiwan Provincial Councilor (1973–81), Pingtung County Magistrate (1981–85), member of the Legislative Yuan (1987–1996)\n Chiu Tzu-cheng (son): National Assembly member\nChiu Feng-kuang (nephew): Director of the National Immigration Agency (2018–2021)\n Lee Shih-pin: Pingtung county councillor (2002-)", "The Chiu family (Chiu Ching-te)\nChiu Ching-te: Pingtung County Assemblyman and Mayor of Pingtung City\n (son): Pingtung County Councilor (1968–77) Taiwan Provincial Councilor (1989–98)\n Chiu Yi-ying (granddaughter): Member of the National Assembly (1996–2000), Legislative Yuan (2002–05; 2008–)\n Lee Yung-te (husband of Chiu Yi-ying): Minister of the Hakka Affairs Council (2005–08; 2016–)\n (grandson): Pingtung County Councilor (2006–14)", "The Chou family\nChou Wu-liu: Legislative Yuan member (1999–2002)\nChou Chen Hsiu-hsia: Legislative Yuan member (2016–20)\n\nThe Fu family\nFu Kun-chi: Legislative Yuan member (2002–09; 2020–); Hualien County magistrate (2009–2018)\nHsu Chen-wei: Hualien County magistrate (2018–)", "The Hau family\nHau Pei-tsun: Commander-in-Chief of the Republic of China Army (1978–81); Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of China Armed Forces (1981–89); Ministry of National Defense (1989–90); Premier (1990–93)\nHau Lung-pin (son): Legislative Yuan member (1996–2001); Minister of the Environmental Protection Administration of the Executive Yuan (2001–03); Mayor of Taipei (2006–14); Vice Chairman of Kuomintang (2014–)", "The Hsu family (mother–daughters of Chiayi)\nHsu Shih-hsien: Taiwan Provincial councilor (1957–68); Legislative Yuan member (1973–81); Mayor of Chiayi City (1968–72, 1982–83)\n (daughter): National Assembly member (1987–93); Mayor of Chiayi City (1989–97)", "(daughter): National Assembly member (1987–93); Mayor of Chiayi City (1989–97)\nChang Po-ya (daughter): Mayor of Chiayi City (1983–89, 1997–2000); Minister of the Department of Health (1990–97); Legislative Yuan member (1990); Minister of the Interior (2000–02); chairwoman, Taiwan Provincial Government (2000–02); President of the Control Yuan (2014–2020)", "The Hsu family (brothers of Taoyuan)\nHsu Hsin-liang, Taoyuan County Magistrate (1977–79)\nHsu Chung Pi-hsia (wife), member of the Legislative Yuan (1999–2002)\nHsu Kuo-tai, member of the Legislative Yuan (1987–1996)", "The Hsu–Wu family\nHsu Sheng-fa, (father-in-law of Eugene Wu) member of the Legislative Yuan (1981–1990)\nEric Wu (brother of Eugene Wu) member of the Legislative Yuan (1993–1996; 2002–2005), member of the National Assembly (1996–2000)\nCynthia Wu (daughter of Eugene Wu) member of the Legislative Yuan (2022–)", "The Huang family \nHuang Hsin-chieh Legislative Yuan member (1969–91)\nHuang Tien-fu (brother): Legislative Yuan member (1981–84; 96–99)\nLan Mei-chin (sister-in-law): Taipei City Councilor (1985–2002) Legislative Yuan member (2002–08)\n\nThe Kao family\nKao Tsu-min, member of the Legislative Yuan (1990–1993)\nYang Fu-mei (wife), member of the Legislative Yuan (2002–2005)", "The Ku family (brothers) \n: military leadership\nKu Cheng-kang: Minister of the Interior (1950)\nKu Cheng-ting: Legislative Yuan member (elected 1948)\nPi Yi-shu (wife of Ku Cheng-ting): Legislative Yuan member (elected 1948)\n\nThe Lee family (Lee Huan)\nLee Huan Premier of the Republic of China (1989–90)\nLee Ching-hua (son): Member of the Legislative Yuan (1993–2016)\nDiane Lee (daughter): Member of the Legislative Yuan (1999–2009)", "The Lee-Han family\n Lee Jih-kuei: Yunlin County Councilor (1985–1997)\nLee Chia-fen (daughter): Yunlin County Councilor (1997–2009)\nHan Kuo-yu (son-in-law): Taipei County Councilor (1990–93) Legislative Yuan member (1993–2002) Mayor of Kaohsiung (2018–2020)\n Lee Ming-che (son): Yunlin County Councilor (2009–)", "The Lien family\nLien Chen-tung: Acting Taipei County magistrate (1946–47); National Assembly member (1947–86); Taiwan Provincial Government secretary general (1957); Minister of the Interior (1960–66)\nLien Chan (son): Minister of Transportation and Communications (1981–87); Minister of Foreign Affairs (1988–90); Vice Premier (1987–88); chairman, Taiwan Provincial Government (1990–93); Premier (1993–97); Vice President (1996–2000); chairman, Kuomintang (2000–05)", "Sean Lien (grandson): Candidate for Mayor of Taipei", "Ni–Kuo-Liu family \nNi Wen-ya, Member of the National Assembly (1946–1948), Legislative Yuan (1948–1991) Vice President of the Legislative Yuan (1961–1972), President of the Legislative Yuan (1972–1988)\nShirley Kuo (wife), Minister of Finance (1988–1990) and the Council for Economic Planning and Development (1990–1993)\nChristina Liu (biological daughter of Kuo), member of the Legislative Yuan (2002–2007), minister of the Council for Economic Planning and Development (2010–2012) and Finance (2012)", "The Soong family (father-son-3 daughters)\nCharlie Soong: anti-Qing dynasty activist; financier of Sun Yat-sen\nT. V. Soong: Governor of the Bank of China; Minister of Finance; Minister of Foreign Affairs; legislator; Premier\nSoong Ai-ling (a.k.a. Madame H. H. Kung): secretary to President Sun Yat-sen\nSoong Ching-ling (a.k.a. Madame Sun Yat-sen): Vice President of the People's Republic of China; Honorary President of the People's Republic of China", "Soong Mei-ling (a.k.a. Madame Chiang Kai-shek): legislator, Cabinet Minister (Air Force)", "The Su family (Su Jia-chyuan)\nSu Jia-chyuan: Pingtung County magistrate (1997–2004); Minister of the Interior (2004–06); Minister of the Council of Agriculture (2006–08); President of the Legislative Yuan (2016–20)\nSu Chia-fu (brother): Legislative Yuan member (2004–2005)\nSu Chen-ching (nephew): Legislative Yuan member (2008–)", "The Su family (Su Tong-chi)\nSu Tong-chi: Yunlin County councilor\nSu Hong Yueh-chiao (wife): Yunlin County councilor; Taiwan Provincial councillor\nSu Chih-yang (daughter): Taiwan Provincial councilor; National Assembly member\nSu Chih-fen (daughter): National Assembly member (1996–2000); Legislative Yuan member (2002–2005, 2016–), Yunlin County Magistrate (2005–14)", "The Su family (Su Tseng-chang)\nSu Tseng-chang: Pingtung County magistrate (1989–93); Taipei County magistrate (1997–2004); Premier (2006–07, 2019–)\nSu Chiao-hui (daughter): Legislative Yuan member (2016–)", "The Tan–Chen family (Chen Cheng)\nTan Zhonglin, Qing dynasty minister\nTan Yankai (son), Premier of the Republic of China (1928–30)\n (granddaughter), Second Lady of the Republic of China (1954–65, while married to Chen Cheng)\nChen Cheng (husband of Tan Hsiang): Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of China Armed Forces (1946–48); Chairman of Taiwan Provincial Government (1949);Premier (1950–54；1958–63); Vice President of the Republic of China (1954–65)", "Chen Li-an (great-grandson): Minister of Economic Affairs (1988–90); Ministry of National Defense (1990–93)；President of Control Yuan (1993–1995)", "The Wu family\nWu Hung-sen (elder brother): Taiwan Provincial Senate member (1946–51)\nWu Hung-lin (younger brother): Taoyuan County councilor (1953–60, speaker: 1953–55); Taoyuan County Magistrate (1960–64)\nWu Po-hsiung (son): Taoyuan County Magistrate (1973–76); Mayor of Taipei (1988–90); Minister of the Interior (1984–88, 1991–94); Secretary General, Office of the President (1994–96); Secretary General, Kuomintang (1996–97); chairman, Kuomintang (2007–09)", "John Wu (grandson): Legislative Yuan member (2005–09, 2016–); Taoyuan County Magistrate (2009–14); Commissioner, Chinese Professional Baseball League (2015–)\nWu Chih-kang (grandson): Taipei City Council member (2006–)", "The Yu family (Kaohsiung County Black Faction)\nYu Teng-fa: Mayor, Ch'iao-t'ou Township; National Assembly member (1947–73); Kaohsiung County magistrate (1960–63)\nYu Chen Yueh-ying (daughter-in-law): Taiwan Provincial councilor (1972–81); Legislative Yuan member (1984–85); Kaohsiung County magistrate (1985–93)\nYu Lin-ya (granddaughter): Taiwan Provincial councilor (1982–93); Legislative Yuan member (1993–99)", "Yu Lin-ya (granddaughter): Taiwan Provincial councilor (1982–93); Legislative Yuan member (1993–99)\nYu Cheng-hsien (grandson): Legislative Yuan member (1987–93); Kaohsiung County magistrate (1993–2001); Minister of the Interior (2002–04)\nCheng Kuei-lien (granddaughter-in-law): National Assembly member (1996–2000, 05); Legislative Yuan member (2002–05)\nYu Jane-daw (grandson): Taiwan provincial councilor (1994–99); Legislative Yuan member (1999–2012)", "Yu Jane-daw (grandson): Taiwan provincial councilor (1994–99); Legislative Yuan member (1999–2012)\nHuang Yu Hsiu-luan (daughter): Legislative Yuan member (1981–84)\nHuang Yu-jen (son-in-law): Kaohsiung County magistrate (1977–81)", "Mongolian\nGungsangnorbu (father), prince of the Right Harqin Banner, director of the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission for the Beiyang Government\nWu Jingbin (daughter) Legislative Yuan member (1948–1963), secretary-general of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference\n\nPeople's Republic of China", "People's Republic of China\n\nThe Bo family\nBo Yibo: Minister of Finance of China 1949–53, Vice Premier of China 1956–75, Vice Chairman of the Central Advisory Commission 1982–92\nBo Xilai (son): Governor of Liaoning 2003–04, Minister of Commerce of the PRC 2004–07, Chongqing Party Committee Secretary 2007–12", "The Deng family\nDeng Xiaoping: Paramount leader of China and Communist Party 1978–89\nZhuo Lin (wife): Consultant to the General Office of the Central Military Committee\nDeng Pufang (son): Vice Chairperson of the CPPCC and Chairman of the China Disabled Persons Federation\nDeng Nan (daughter): Vice Minister of the State Science and Technology Commission 1998–2004\nDeng Rong (daughter): Deputy President of the China Association for International Friendly Contact 1990–present", "Deng Zhuodi (grandson): Sub-prefect of Pingguo County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region", "The Hu family\nHu Jintao: Chinese paramount leader and General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party 2002–12\nHu Haifeng (son): Party Committee Secretary of Lishui", "The Li family\nLi Xiannian: President of the People's Republic of China 1983–88, Chairperson of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 1988–92\nLin Jiamei (wife): President of the Chinese Association for Female Doctors 2015–present\nLi Xiaolin (daughter): Chairperson of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries 2011–present\nLiu Yazhou (son-in-law): General of the People's Liberation Army Air Force", "The Liu family\nLiu Shaoqi: Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress 1954–59; President of the People's Republic of China 1959–68\nWang Guangmei (wife): Member of the National Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference\nLiu Yuan (son): Vice mayor of Zhengzhou and Political commissar of the General Logistics Department and Political commissar of the PLA Academy of Military Science and member of the 17th and the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party", "Liu Ting (daughter): Chairperson and President of the Asia Link Group, consultants in corporate finance", "The Mao family\nMao Zedong: Paramount leader of China and Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party 1949–76\nJiang Qing (Madame Mao): deputy leader of the Central Cultural Revolution Group and member of Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party\nMao Anqing (son): researcher at the Academy of Military Sciences and the Publicity Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nShao Hua (daughter-in-law): member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference", "Li Min (daughter): member of the 10th National Congress of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference\nLi Na (daughter of Mao Zedong): member of the 10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1973, and the Party Chief of CPC Pinggu County Committee and Deputy Secretary of CPC Beijing Committee 1974–75\nMao Xinyu (grandson): member of the Chinese National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference", "Mao Yuanxin (nephew): member of Central Committee, party secretary of Liaoning and political commissar of Shenyang Military Region", "The Xi family\nXi Zhongxun: First Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress 1988–93\nXi Jinping (son): General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party 2012–present, President of the People's Republic of China) 2013–present\n\nThe Zeng family\nZeng Shan: Interior Minister of China, Minister of Commerce of China\nZeng Qinghong (son): Politburo Standing Committee member 2002–07, Vice President of China 2003–08", "The Zhou family\nZhou Enlai: Premier of the People's Republic of China 1949–76 and Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Foreign Minister of the PRC \nDeng Yingchao (wife): Chairwoman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and Second Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection", "Colombia\nThe Araújo family\nConsuelo Araújo: Culture minister\nHernando Molina Araújo: Governor of Cesar Department, son of Consuelo Araujo\nÁlvaro Araújo Castro; senator, nephew of Consuelo Araujo\nMaría Consuelo Araújo: Foreign minister, sister of Alvaro Araujo\n\nThe Barco family (father-daughter)\nVirgilio Barco Vargas: President\nCarolina Barco: Foreign Minister", "The Lleras-Restrepo family\nLorenzo María Lleras: Foreign minister\nSergio Camargo: President of Colombia\nAlberto Lleras Camargo: President of Colombia, grandson of Lorenzo María Lleras\nCarlos Lleras Restrepo: President of Colombia, great-grandson of Lorenzo María Lleras\nCarlos Lleras de la Fuente: Ambassador to the US, son of Carlos Lleras Restrepo\nGermán Vargas Lleras: President of the Senate, grandson of Carlos Lleras Restrepo", "The López family\nAmbrosio López: popular leader during the middle of s. XIX\nPedro A. López: entrepreneur and Minister, son of Ambrosio López\nAlfonso López Pumarejo: son of Pedro, President of Colombia (1934–38 and 1942–45).\nAlfonso López Michelsen: son of Alfonso, President of Colombia (1974–78)\nAlfonso López Caballero: son of López Michelsen, Ambassador, Minister of the Interior.\nMaría Mercedes Cuéllar López: cousin of López Caballero, Minister of Economic Development.", "María Mercedes Cuéllar López: cousin of López Caballero, Minister of Economic Development.\nClara López Obregón: cousin of María Mercedes, President of the Alternative Democratic Pole Party.", "The Pastrana family (father-son)\nMisael Pastrana Borrero, President of Colombia\nAndrés Pastrana Arango, President of Colombia", "The Santos family\nMaría Antonia Santos Plata: Martyr of the Colombian Independence.\nEduardo Santos Montejo: President of Colombia (1938–42), grandnephew of Antonia.\nFrancisco Santos Calderón: Vice President of Colombia (2002–10), grandnephew of Eduardo.\nJuan Manuel Santos Calderón: President of Colombia (2010–present), Minister of Defense (2006–10), former Minister of Foreign Trade (1991–94), and of Finance (2000–02), grandnephew of Eduardo, first cousin on both sides to Francisco.\nThe Vergara family", "Luis de Ayala y Vergara: Martyr of the Colombian Independence, President of the United Provinces of New Granada.\n Estanislao Vergara y Sanz de Santamaria: President of Gran Colombia and, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Internal Affairs, State, High Court & Justice.\n Felipe de Vergara Azcárate y Caycedo: President of the United Provinces of New Granada.\n Ignacio Gutierrez Vergara: President of the Granadine Confederation.\n Jose Maria Vergara y Vergara: Colombian diplomat, journalist, politician, and writer.", "Jose Maria Vergara y Vergara: Colombian diplomat, journalist, politician, and writer.\n Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera: was a Colombian general, political figure. He was president of Colombia four times.", "Comoros\nThe Ahmed family (grandfather-grandson)\nHashimu bin Ahmed\nSaid Hassane Said Hachim\n\nThe Said family\nSaid Mohamed Jaffar\nSaid Atthoumani\nSaid Mohamed Cheikh\nAthoumane Said Ahmed\nSaidi Ali bin Saidi Omar\nSaid Ibrahim Ben Ali\nSaid Ali Kemal\n\nThe Soilih family (half-brothers)\nAli Soilih, President of Comoros\nSaid Mohamed Djohar, President of Comoros", "Democratic Republic of the Congo\nKabila family (father-children) (see also The Sassou-Nguesso family and Bongo family)\nLaurent-Désiré Kabila (President, 1997–2001)\nJoseph Kabila (President, 2001–19)\nSandrine Nguesso (President of Congo-Brazzaville Denis Sassou Nguesso's daughter; married to Kabila)\nJaynet Kabila (Member of the National Assembly, 2011–)\nZoé Kabila (Member of the National Assembly, 2011–)", "Kanza family (father-children)\nDaniel Kanza (Bourgmestre of Léopoldville, 1960–62, and vice-president of the ABAKO)\nSophie Lihau-Kanza (Secretary of State for Social Affairs, 1966–67, Minister of Social Affairs, 1967–68, Minister of State for Social Affairs, 1969–70)", "Thomas Kanza (Ambassador of the Republic of the Congo to the United Kingdom, 1962–63, Minister of International Cooperation, 1997, Minister of Labour, 1998, Ambassador of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Scandinavian Countries, 1999–2004)\nPhilippe Kanza (editor of the newspaper Congo)", "Mobutu family (father-son)\nMobutu Sese Seko (President, 1965–97)\nNzanga Mobutu (Deputy Prime Minister, 2008–11, leader of the Union of Mobutist Democrats)\n\nTshisekedi family (father-son)\nÉtienne Tshisekedi (Prime Minister, 1991, 1992–93, 1997)\nFelix Tshisekedi (President, 2019-)\n\nTshombe-Nguza family (uncle-nephew)\nMoise Tshombe (Prime Minister, 1964–65)\nJean Nguza Karl-i-Bond (Prime Minister, 1980–81, 1991–92)\n\nCook Islands\nThe Henry family\nAlbert Henry, Chief Minister\nSir Geoffrey Henry, Chief Minister", "Cook Islands\nThe Henry family\nAlbert Henry, Chief Minister\nSir Geoffrey Henry, Chief Minister\n\nCosta Rica\nThe Arias-Sánchez brothers\nÓscar Arias Sánchez (President of Costa Rica, 1986–90, 2006–10)\nRodrigo Arias Sánchez (Presidential Chief of Staff)", "The Calderón family\nRafael Ángel Calderón Muñoz (Vice President of Costa Rica)\nRafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (son of Rafael Ángel Calderón Muñoz; President of Costa Rica, 1940–44)\nRafael Ángel Calderón Fournier (son of Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia; President of Costa Rica, 1990–94)\nFrancisco Calderón Guardia (son of Rafael Ángel Calderón Muñoz; Vice President of Costa Rica)", "The Figueres family (father-son)\nJosé Figueres Ferrer (President of Costa Rica, 1953–58 and 1970–74)\nJosé María Figueres Olsen (President of Costa Rica, 1994–98)\n\nThe Jiménez family (father-son)\nJesús Jiménez Zamora (President of Costa Rica, 1863–66 and 1868–70)\nRicardo Jiménez Oreamuno (President of Costa Rica, 1910–14, 1924–28 and 1932–36)\n\nThe Monge family (uncle-nephew)\nLuis Alberto Monge (President of Costa Rica, 1982–86)\nRolando Araya Monge (Transportation minister)", "Croatia\nThe Tuđman family\nFranjo Tuđman (President of Croatia, 1991–99)\nMiroslav Tuđman (son of Franjo Tuđman; leader of Croatian True Revival)", "Cuba\nThe Castro family\nFidel Castro (Prime Minister of Cuba, 1959–2008; President of Cuba, 1976–2008; First Secretary, 1965–2011)\nRaúl Castro (brother of Fidel Castro; second secretary, Communist Party of Cuba, 1965–2011; First Secretary, Communist Party of Cuba, 2011–present)\nVilma Espín Guillois wife of Raúl Castro and member of the Council of State of Cuba.\nMariela Castro daughter of Raúl Castro and Vilma Espín. Director of the Cuban National Center for Sex Education.", "Alejandro Castro Espín son of Raúl Castro and Vilma Espín. Colonel of the Ministry of Interior of Cuba.", "Cyprus\nClerides family (father-daughter)\nGlafcos Clerides (President of Cyprus, 1974, 1993–2003)\nKatherine Clerides (Member of the Parliament of Cyprus, 2006–)\n\nKyprianou family (father-son)\nSpyros Kyprianou (President of Cyprus, 1977–88)\nMarkos Kyprianou (Foreign Minister, 2008–11)\n\nPapadopoulos family (father-son)\nTassos Papadopoulos (President of Cyprus, 2003–08)\nNicolas Papadopoulos (Member of the Parliament of Cyprus, 2006–)", "Vasiliou family (husband-wife)\nGeorge Vasiliou (President of Cyprus, 1988–93)\nAndroulla Vassiliou (European commissioner, 2008–)", "Czechoslovakia / Czech Republic\nThe Benda family\nVáclav Benda (Member of the Federal Assembly, 1989–92; Senator, 1996–99)\nMarek Benda (son of Václav Benda; Member of the Czech National Council, 1990–92; Member of the Chamber of Deputies, 1993–2002, 2004–)\nFilip Benda (son of Václav Benda and brother of Marek Benda; director of cabinet of the Minister of Transport; director of cabinet of the Minister of Finances; candidate in 2014 European Parliament election)", "The Dienstbier family\nJiří Dienstbier (Minister of Foreign Affairs 1989–92; Senator 2008–11)\nJiří Dienstbier Jr. (son of Jiří Dienstbier, Minister for Human Rights and Equal Opportunities, 2014–16, Member of the Chamber of Deputies, 2011; Senator, 2011–)\nJiřina Dienstbierová (wife of Jiří Dienstbier Jr.; candidate in 2013 parliamentary election)", "The Ferjenčík family\nMikuláš Ferjenčík (Commissioner of the Interior of the Slovak Board of Commissioners, 1946–1948; member of Interim National Assembly, 1945–1946)\nOlga Richterová (great-great-niece Mikuláš Ferjenčík; Member of the Chamber of Deputies, 2017–) \nMikuláš Ferjenčík (great-great-nephew of Mikuláš Ferjenčík; brother of Olga Richterová; Member of the Chamber of Deputies, 2017–2021)", "The Klaus family\nVáclav Klaus (President of the Czech Republic, 2003–13)\nVáclav Klaus Jr. (son of Václav Klaus; Member of the Chamber of Deputies, 2017–2021)\nJan Klaus (son of Václav Klaus; Member of the Republic Committee of Svobodní)", "The Lobkowicz family\nGeorg Christian, Prince of Lobkowicz (member of the Bohemian Diet, 1865–1872 and 1883–1907; Land Marshal of Bohemia, 1883–1907)\nFrantišek Lobkowicz (member of the Bohemian Diet, 1870–1972 and 1883–1887)\nJiří Lobkowicz (Leader of Path of Change, 2001–2009)\nJaroslav Lobkowicz (Member of the Chamber of Deputies, 1998–2006 and 2010–2017)\nTomáš Czernin (Jaroslav Lobkowicz's nephew; MEP, 2004; senator for Senate district 37 – Jičín, 2016–)", "The Masaryk family\nTomáš Masaryk (President of Czechoslovakia, 1918–35)\nJan Masaryk (son of Tomáš Masaryk; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1940–48)\n\nThe Okamura family\nTomio Okamura (leader of SPD; Member of the Chamber of Deputies, 2013–)\nHayato Okamura (brother of Tomio Okamura; member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic, 2021–)", "The Rakušan family\nJan Rakušan (senator for Senate district 42 – Kolín, 2002–2008)\nVít Rakušan (son of Jan Rakušan; leader of STAN; and was the mayor of Kolín; Minister of the Interior)\n\nThe Stropnický family\nMartin Stropnický (Minister of Foreign Affairs, 2017–2018; Minister of Defence, 2014–2017, Minister of Culture, 1998; Member of the Chamber of Deputies, 2013–2018)\nMatěj Stropnický (son of Martin; leader of Green party, 2016–2017; Councillor of Prague, 2014–2018)", "The Šabata-Uhl family\nJaroslav Šabata (Deputy to the Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia, 1990; Minister Without Portfolio, 1990–1992)\nAnna Šabatová (daughter of Jaroslav Šabata and wife of Petr Uhl; candidate in 2020 senate election)\nPetr Uhl (husband of Anna Šabatová; Member of the Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia, 1990–1992)\nMichal Uhl (son of Petr Uhl and Anna Šabatová; Councillor of Prague 2)", "Denmark\nThe Auken family\nSvend Auken (Member of The Folketing (The Danish Parliament) 1971–2009, Minister of Labor 1977–82 and Minister of Environment 1993–2001)\nGunvor Auken (Deputy Mayor of Frederiksberg 1998–2002)\nMargrete Auken (Member of The Folketing (The Danish Parliament) 1979–90 and again from 1994 to 2004, Member of the European Parliament from 2004–)\nIda Auken (daughter of Margrethe Auken; Member of The Folketing (The Danish Parliament) 2007–)", "The Ellemann-Jensen family\nJens Peter Jensen (Member of The Folketing 1964–73, 1975–81, 1984–87 and 1988–90 and Deputy County Mayor of Fyn 1970–79)\nUffe Ellemann-Jensen (son of Jens Peter Jensen; Member of The Folketing 1977–2001, Foreign Minister 1982–93)\nKaren Ellemann (daughter of Uffe Ellemann-Jensen; City Council Member of Rudersdal 2005–07, Member of The Folketing 2007–, Minister of the Interior 2009–10, Minister for the Environment 2010–11)", "Jakob Ellemann-Jensen (son of Uffe Ellemann-Jensen; Member of The Folketing 2011–, Minister for Environment and Food 2018–19)", "The Helveg Petersen family\nKristen Helveg Petersen (Minister of Education 1961–64, Member of The Folketing 1964–75 and Member of the European Parliament 1973–75)\nLilly Helveg Petersen (wife of Kristen HP; Deputy Mayor of Copenhagen)\nNiels Helveg Petersen (son of Kristen and Lilly Helveg Petersen; Member of The Folketing 1966–74 and 1977–, Minister of Trade 1988–1990 and Foreign Minister 1993–2000)", "Kirsten Lee (wife of Niels Helveg Petersen; Member of The Folketing 1987–90, and Regional Council Member 2005–)\nMorten Helveg Petersen (son of Niels Helveg Petersen; Member of The Folketing 1998–2009)\nRasmus Helveg Petersen (son of Niels Helveg Petersen; Member of The Folketing 2011–, Minister for Development Cooperation 2013–)", "The Hækkerup family\nHans Kristen Hækkerup (Member of The Folketing (The Danish Parliament), 1920–29, and Mayor of Ringsted, 1927–29)\nHans Erling Hækkerup (son of Hans Kristen Hækkerup; Minister of Justice and later Minister of the Interior, 1953–68, Member of the Folketinget 1945–47 and 1948–71)\nPer Hækkerup (son of Hans Kristen Hækkerup; Foreign Minister, Minister of Trade and Industry 1962–79)\nKaren Margrete Hækkerup (wife of Per Hækkerup, Member of The Folketing 1964–66 and 1970–81)", "Karen Margrete Hækkerup (wife of Per Hækkerup, Member of The Folketing 1964–66 and 1970–81)\nHans Hækkerup (son of Per Hækkerup, Minister of Defence 1993–2000, Member of The Folketing)\nLise Ingeborg Hækkerup (ex-wife of Hans Hækkerup, Member of The Folketing 1990–94, 1998–2001 and a bit of 2004)\nKlaus Hækkerup (son of Per Hækkerup, Mayor of Frederiksværk 1978–88, Member of The Folketing 1988–)\nNick Hækkerup (son of Klaus Hækkerup, Mayor of Hillerød 2000–07, Member of the Folketing 2007–)", "Nick Hækkerup (son of Klaus Hækkerup, Mayor of Hillerød 2000–07, Member of the Folketing 2007–)\nOle Hækkerup (son of Klaus Hækkerup, Member of The Folketing 1998–2001)\nKaren Angelo Hækkerup (wife of Ole Hækkerup, Member of The Folketing 2005–)", "Djibouti\nThe Aptidon-Guelleh family\nHassan Gouled Aptidon (President of Djibouti, 1977–99)\nIsmail Omar Guelleh (nephew of Hassan Gouled Aptidon; President of Djibouti, 1999– )", "Dominica\nThe Boyd family\nPhilip Ivor Boyd (first Mayor of Roseau)\nCynthia Boyd Butler (Mayor of Roseau and daughter of Philip Ivor Boyd)\nJacob Allison Stewart- Boyd (Member of Legislative Council and Minister of Works under the F. Baron administration)\nAlix Boyd Knights (Longest serving Speaker of the House)\nDr. Phillip Irving Boyd Public Health figure and first Head of the Cari-com Health Desk", "Dr. Phillip Irving Boyd Public Health figure and first Head of the Cari-com Health Desk\nStanley Boyd Activist and conservationist (1948–2003), Writer, Inter isle Tennis Champ, editor of The Dominica Chronicle Newspaper (after Stewart) \nThe Douglas family\nR. B. D. Douglas (Member of Parliament for Portsmouth)\nAdenauer \"Washway\" Douglas (son of R. B. D. Douglas; Mayor of Portsmouth)\nMichael Douglas (son of R. B. D. Douglas; Member of Parliament for Portsmouth)", "Michael Douglas (son of R. B. D. Douglas; Member of Parliament for Portsmouth)\nIan Douglas (son of Michael Douglas; Member of Parliament for Portsmouth)\nRosie Douglas (son of R. B. D. Douglas; Prime Minister of Dominica, 2000)", "Dominican Republic \nThe Báez family\nPablo Altagracia Báez (Mayor of Azua)\n Buenaventura Báez (President of the Dominican Republic, 1849–53, 1856–58, 1865–66, 1868–74, 1876–78)\n Altagracia Amelia Báez\n José María Cabral y Báez\n Auristela Cabral Bermúdez\n Donald Reid Cabral (President of the Dominican Republic, 1963–65)\n Mario Fermín Cabral y Báez (President of the Senate of the Dominican Republic, 1914–16, 1930–38, 1955)\n Manuel del Cabral", "Manuel del Cabral\n Peggy Cabral (vice-mayor of Distrito Nacional, 1998–2002; Head of Dominican Revolutionary Party, 2013–)\n Ramón Báez (President of the Dominican Republic, 1914)", "The Bosch family\n Juan Bosch (President of the Dominican Republic, 1963)\n Milagros Ortiz Bosch (niece of Juan Bosch; Vice President of the Dominican Republic, 2000–04)", "The Cabral family\n José María Cabral (President of the Dominican Republic, 1865, 1866–68)\n Marcos Antonio Cabral\n José María Cabral y Báez\n Auristela Cabral Bermúdez\n Donald Reid Cabral (President of the Dominican Republic, 1963–65)\n Mario Fermín Cabral y Báez (President of the Senate of the Dominican Republic, 1914–16, 1930–1938, 1955)\n Manuel del Cabral\n Peggy Cabral (vice-mayor of Distrito Nacional, 1998–2002; Head of Dominican Revolutionary Party, 2013–)", "The Fernández family\n Leonel Fernández Reyna (President of the Dominican Republic, 1996–2000 and 2004–12)\n Margarita Cedeño de Fernández (wife of Leonel Fernandez; Vice President of the Dominican Republic, 2012–present)\n\nThe Guillermo family\n Pedro Guillermo y Guerrero (President of the Dominican Republic, 1865)\n Cesáreo Guillermo y Bastardo (President of the Dominican Republic, 1878 and 1879)", "The Jimenes family\n Manuel Jimenes (President of the Dominican Republic, 1848–49)\n Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra (son of Manuel Jimenes; President of the Dominican Republic, 1899–1902 and 1914–16)\n\nThe Medina family\n Danilo Medina (President of the Chamber of Deputies, 1994–95; President of the Dominican Republic, 2012–present)\n Lucía Medina (Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies, 2006–16; President of the Chamber of Deputies, 2016–present)", "The Trujillo family\n Rafael Leónidas Trujillo (President of the Dominican Republic, 1930–38 and 1942–52)\n Rafael \"Ramfis\" Trujillo (son of Rafael Trujillo)\n Angelita Trujillo (daughter of Rafael Trujillo)\n Ramfis Domínguez-Trujillo (grandson of Rafael Trujillo, son of Angelita Trujillo)\n Héctor Trujillo (brother of Rafael Trujillo; President of the Dominican Republic, 1952–60)", "Ecuador\nThe Arosemena family\nCarlos Julio Arosemena Tola (President of Ecuador, 1947–48)\nCarlos Julio Arosemena Monroy (son; President of Ecuador, 1961–63)\nOtto Arosemena (nephew of Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola; President of Ecuador, 1966–68)", "The Bucaram family\nAssad Bucaram (Mayor of Guayaquil and President of the National Congress of Ecuador)\nAbdalá Bucaram (nephew; President of Ecuador, 1996–97)\nAbdalá Bucaram, Jr. (son of Abdalá senior; Member of the National Assembly)\nJaime Roldos Aguilera (nephew by marriage of Assad Bucaram; President of Ecuador, 1979–81)", "The Noboa family\nÁlvaro Noboa (Perennial candidate for president and Member of the National Assembly)\nAnabella Azín (wife of Álvaro; Member of the National Congress and Member of the Constituent Assembly)\nDaniel Noboa (son of Álvaro; Member of the National Congress)\n\nThe Plaza family (father-son)\nLeonidas Plaza (President of Ecuador, 1901–1905 and 1912–1916)\nGalo Plaza (President of Ecuador, 1948–1952)", "Egypt\nThe Ghali family\nBoutros Ghali Pasha (Prime Minister of Egypt, 1908–1910)\nBoutros Boutros-Ghali (grandson of Boutros Ghali Pasha)\n Minister for Foreign Affairs\nSecretary-General of the United Nations, 1992–1996\nYoussef Boutros Ghali (nephew of Boutros Boutros-Ghali)\n Minister for Economic Affairs (1999–2001)\n Minister for Foreign Trade (2001–2004)\n Minister for Finance and Insurance (2004– )", "The Mubarak family (father-son)\nHosni Mubarak (President of Egypt, 1981–2011)\nGamal Mubarak (former General Secretary of the Policy Committee of the National Democratic Party)\n\nThe Abaza family\n\nEl Salvador\nThe Meléndez-Quiñónez family\nCarlos Meléndez (President of El Salvador, 1915–18)\nJorge Meléndez (brother of Carlos Meléndez; President of El Salvador, 1919–23)\nAlfonso Quiñónez Molina (brother-in-law of Jorge Meléndez; President of El Salvador, 1923–27)", "Equatorial Guinea\nThe Nguema family (close relatives)", "Francisco Macías Nguema (President, 1968–79)\nEla Nguema (Presidential Aide)\nEyegue Ntutumu (governor of Río Muni)\nÁngel Masié Ntutumu (minister of interior)\nBonifacio Nguema Esono Nchama (Vice President)\nOyono Ayingono (finance minister)\nMaye Ela (head of the navy)\nFeliciano Oyono (leader of Macías' PUNT party)\nTeodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (President, 1979–)\nTeodorín Nguema Obiang (forestry minister)\nConstancia Mangue de Obiang (first lady)\nTeodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue (infrastructure minister)", "Constancia Mangue de Obiang (first lady)\nTeodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue (infrastructure minister)\nArmengol Ondo Nguema (director of security)\nAntonio Mba Nguema (police chief)\nAgustín Ndong Ona (military inspector-general)\nGabriel Mbaga Obiang Lima (mining minister)\nDemetrio Elo Ndong Nsefumu (first deputy prime minister)\nAlejandro Evuna Owono Asangono (chief of the presidency)\nMarcelino Oyono Ntutumu (transport minister)\nLucas Nguema Evono Mbang (sports minister)", "Marcelino Oyono Ntutumu (transport minister)\nLucas Nguema Evono Mbang (sports minister)\nJaime Obama Owono Nchama (minister-delegate for infrastructure)\nManuel Nguema Mba (minister-delegate for the interior)\nPastor Micha Ondo Bile (foreign affairs minister)\nRubén Maye Nsue Mangue (ambassador to the US)\nClemente Engonga Nguema Onguéné (interior minister)\nBaltasár Engonga Edjo (economy minister)\nCristóbal Menana Ela (energy minister)\nTeresa Efua Asangono (women's affairs minister)", "Cristóbal Menana Ela (energy minister)\nTeresa Efua Asangono (women's affairs minister)\nFrancisco Edu Ngua Okomo (secretary of state for foreign affairs)\nVictoriana Nchama Nsue Okomo (secretary of state for foreign affairs)\nFrancisco Mabale Nseng (secretary of state for energy)\nMelchor Esono Edjo (secretary of state for the treasury)", "Estonia\nThe Grünthal family\nTimotheus Grünthal\nIvar Grünthal (son of Timotheus Grünthal)\n\nThe Helme family\nMart Helme\nMartin Helme (son of Mart Helme, nephew of Rein Helme)\nHelle-Moonika Helme (wife of Mart Helme)\nRein Helme (brother of Mart Helme)\n\nThe Jürgenson family\nKalle Jürgenson\nToivo Jürgenson (brother of Kalle Jürgenson)\n\nThe Kallas family\nSiim Kallas (Prime Minister of Estonia)\nKaja Kallas (daughter of Siim Kallas, prime minister)", "The Lauristin-Allik family\nJohannes Lauristin (first husband of Olga Lauristin, father of Marju Lauristin)\nOlga Lauristin (wife of Johannes Lauristin and later Hendrik Allik, mother of Marju Lauristin and Jaak Allik)\nMarju Lauristin (daughter of Johannes and Olga Lauristin)\nHendrik Allik (second husband of Olga Lauristin, father of Jaak Allik)\nJaak Allik (son of Hendrik Allik and Olga Lauristin, half brother of Marju Lauristin)", "The Mathiesen family\nMihkel Mathiesen\nMait Mihkel Mathiesen (son of Mihkel Mathiesen)\n\nThe Lenk family\nHeimar Lenk\nMarika Tuus (sister of Heimar Lenk)\n\nThe Lotman family\nMihhail Lotman (son of Juri Lotman, brother of Aleksei Lotman)\nAleksei Lotman (son of Juri Lotman, brother of Mihhail Lotman)\n\nThe Must family\nAadu Must\nKadri Simson (daughter of Aadu Must)\n\nThe Oviir family\nSiiri Oviir\nMihkel Oviir (husband of Siiri Oviir)", "The Oviir family\nSiiri Oviir\nMihkel Oviir (husband of Siiri Oviir)\n\nThe Päts family\nKonstantin Päts\nViktor Päts (son of Konstantin Päts)\nMatti Päts (grandson of Konstantin Päts)\nLeo Päts (son of Konstantin Päts; :et:Leo Päts)\nPeeter Päts (brother of Konstantin Päts)\nVoldemar Päts (brother of Konstantin Päts)\n\nThe Ratas family\nRein Ratas\nJüri Ratas (son of Rein Ratas)\n\nThe Reiljan family\nVillu Reiljan\nJanno Reiljan (brother of Villu Reiljan)", "The Reiljan family\nVillu Reiljan\nJanno Reiljan (brother of Villu Reiljan)\n\nThe Sarapuu family\nArvo Sarapuu\nKersti Sarapuu (wife of Arvo Sarapuu)\n\nThe Savisaar family\nEdgar Savisaar\nVilja Savisaar (former wife of Edgar Savisaar)\n\nThe Tarand family\nAndres Tarand\nIndrek Tarand (son of Andres Tarand)\nKaarel Tarand (son of Andres Tarand)\n\nThe Tõnisson family\nJaan Tõnisson\nIlmar Tõnisson (son of Jaan Tõnisson)\n\nThe Tsahkna family\nAnders Tsahkna (:et:Anders Tsahkna)\nMargus Tsahkna", "The Tsahkna family\nAnders Tsahkna (:et:Anders Tsahkna)\nMargus Tsahkna\n\nThe Uluots family\nJaan Uluots\nJüri Uluots (son of Jaan Uluots)\nÜlo Uluots (nephew of Jüri Uluots)\n\nThe Veidemann family\nAndra Veidemann\nRein Veidemann (husband of Andra Veidemann)\n\nFiji\n\nFinland\nThe Heinäluoma family\nEero Heinäluoma (MEP)\nEveliina Heinäluoma (daughter, MP)\n\nThe Kalli family\nTimo Kalli (MP)\nEeva Kalli (daughter, MP)", "The Kalli family\nTimo Kalli (MP)\nEeva Kalli (daughter, MP)\n\nThe Kuusinen family\nOtto Ville Kuusinen (communist leader, fled to the Soviet Union and became a prominent politician there)\nHertta Kuusinen (daughter, MP for the Finnish People's Democratic League 1945–1971)\n\nThe Paasio family (father-son-granddaughter)\nRafael Paasio (social democratic party leader)\nPertti Paasio (son, social democratic party leader)\nHeli Paasio (daughter of Pertti Paasio, MP)", "The Tuomioja–Wuolijoki family\nWalto Tuomioja (MP)\nSakari Tuomioja (son Prime Minister)\nErkki Tuomioja (son Foreign Minister)\nJuho Wuolijoki (MP)\nWäinö Wuolijoki (son Speaker of Parliament) \nSulo Wuolijoki (son MP)\nHella Wuolijoki (spouse MP)\n\nThe Vennamo family (father-son)\nVeikko Vennamo (Cabinet minister)\nPekka Vennamo (Cabinet minister)\n\nThe Aura family (father-son-grandson)\nJalo Aura (Cabinet minister)\nTeuvo Aura (Cabinet minister)\nMatti Aura (Cabinet minister)", "The Häkämies family (father-son-son)\nErkki Häkämies (MP)\nJyri Häkämies (Cabinet minister)\nKari Häkämies (Cabinet minister)\n\nFrance\nThe Bardoux-Giscard d'Estaing family\nAgénor Bardoux, (Minister of State Education)\nJacques Bardoux, (French senator 1938–1940, Deputy 1945–1955), son of Agénor Bardoux\nValéry Giscard d'Estaing, (President of the Republic 1974–1981), grandson of Jacques Bardoux\nLouis Giscard d'Estaing, (Member of Parliament 2002–2012), son of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing\nThe Cazeneuve family", "Jean-René Cazeneuve (MP)\n Pierre Cazeneuve, son of Jean-René (MP)\n Marguerite Cazeneuve, daughter of Jean-René (political adviser)\n Aurelien Rousseau, partner of Marguerite (cabinet minister)", "The Debré family\n Michel Debré, Prime Minister of France under de Gaulle;\n Jean-Louis Debré, son of Michel, President Speaker of the French National Assembly from 2002 to 2007, President of the Constitutional Council (France) from 2007 to 2016; \n Bernard Debré, son of Michel and brother of Jean-Louis, former minister, member of the French National Assembly, professor of medicine.", "The De Gaulle family\nPierre de Gaulle – Senator 1948–1951, then Member of Parliament 1951–1956; younger brother of Charles\nCharles de Gaulle – President of the Republic 1959–1969\nPhilippe de Gaulle – French senator; son of Charles de Gaulle\nCharles de Gaulle, Jr. – Member of the European Parliament for the right-wing National Rally; grandson of Charles de Gaulle", "The Hollande family\nFrançois Hollande – President of the French Republic, former husband of\nSegolène Royal – French politician, former minister, and unsuccessful candidate for the presidency of the French Republic (2007)\n\nThe François-Poncet-Missoffe-Panafieu family", "André François-Poncet – French politician, former secretary of state, father of \n Jean François-Poncet, brother-in-law of Helène Missoffe – French politician, former senator, former ambassador, brother-in-law of \n Hélène Missoffe, French politician, former minister, former member of French Parliament, wife of\n François Missoffe, French politician, former minister, former ambassador, father of\n Françoise de Panafieu – French politician, former minister, former member of French Parliament", "The Le Pen family\nJean-Marie Le Pen – founder of the right-wing National Rally\nMarine Le Pen – President of the National Rally\nMarion Maréchal-Le Pen – Member of Parliament (2012-2017), granddaughter of Jean-Marie Le Pen and niece of Marine Le Pen.\n\nThe Mitterrand family (uncle-nephew)\nFrançois Mitterrand – President of the Republic 1981–95\nFrédéric Mitterrand – Minister of Culture and Communication 2009–12", "The Casimir-Perier family\nCasimir Perier, Prime Minister\nAuguste Casimir-Perier, Interior Minister, son of Casimir Perier\nJean Casimir-Perier, President, son of Auguste Casimir-Perier\n\nThe Poniatowski family", "The Poniatowski family\n\n Michel Poniatowski, Minister of health, Minister of the interior, Member of Parliament, MEP, Senator, Mayor of L'Isle-Adam, father of\n Ladislas Poniatowski, Member of Parliament, Senator, Mayor of Quillebeuf-sur-Seine, General Councillor\n Axel Poniatowski, Member of Parliament, Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee, Mayor of L'Isle-Adam, General Councillor, father of\n Sébastien Poniatowski, Mayor of L'Isle-Adam", "The Sarkozy family\nNicolas Sarkozy, President of the Republic 2007–12\nJean Sarkozy, French UMP politician, son of Nicolas Sarkozy\n\nThe Villepin family (father-son)\nXavier de Villepin – Senator\nDominique de Villepin (Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Secretary of State for the Interior, Prime Minister of France), son of Xavier de Villepin\n\nGabon\nThe M'ba-Eyeghe Ndong family\nLéon M'ba (President)\nJean Eyeghe Ndong (nephew, Prime Minister)", "The Sassou-Nguesso family and Bongo family\nEmmanuel Yoka (Congolese cabinet chief; uncle of Sassou-Nguesso)\nDenis Sassou-Nguesso (President of the Republic of Congo)\nJean-Dominique Okemba (leader of national Security Council; nephew of Sassou-Nguesso)\nEdgar Nguesso (nephew of Sassou-Nguesso; director of estate)\nHilaire Moko (director of government security; nephew of Sassou-Nguesso)\nDenis Christel Nguesso (nephew of Sassou-Nguesso; senior state oil company official)", "Denis Christel Nguesso (nephew of Sassou-Nguesso; senior state oil company official)\nWilfrid Nguesso (brother of Edgar; senior parastatal director)\nJean-Dominique Okemba, (Secretary General of his Security Council; nephew of Sassou-Nguesso)\nGabriel Oba-Apounou (vice-president of National Assembly of Gabon; cousin of Sassou-Nguesso)\nClaudia Lemboumba-Nguesso (Sassou's daughter; wife of M. Leboumba; communications director)\nMartin Lemboumba (husband of Lemboumba-Nguesso; son of J. Lemboumba)", "Martin Lemboumba (husband of Lemboumba-Nguesso; son of J. Lemboumba)\nJean-Pierre Lemboumba (Finance Minister; father of M. Leboumba)\nSandrine Nguesso (Sassou's daughter; married to Kabila)\nJoseph Kabila (President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) (see also Kabila family)\nAntoinette Sassou Nguesso (First Lady of the Republic of Congo; married to Sassou-Nguesso)\nEdith Nguesso-Bongo (Sassou-Nguesso's daughter)\nOmar Bongo (President of Gabon and husband of Edith Sassou-Nguesso)", "Omar Bongo (President of Gabon and husband of Edith Sassou-Nguesso)\nAli Bongo Ondimba (President of Gabon and son of Omar)\nPascaline Bongo Ondimba (Foreign Minister of Gabon, current Presidential Cabinet Director, and daughter of Omar)\nPaul Toungui (Foreign Minister of Gabon, husband of Pascaline)\nMartin Bongo (Foreign Minister of Gabon, nephew of Omar)\nAlex Bongo (Head of the national Internet agency)\nFrédéric Bongo (Head of the Intelligence service)\nChristian Bongo (Head of the Gabon Development Bank)", "Christian Bongo (Head of the Gabon Development Bank)\nJean-Boniface Assélé (Commander-in-Chief of the National Police Forces, and brother of Pascaline)\nBrice Clotaire Oligui Nguema (Interim President of Gabon and Commander-in-Chief of the Gabonese Republican Guard, and cousin of Ali)\nGrégoire Kouna (Commander-in-Chief of the Gabonese Republican Guard, and cousin of Ali)\nIdriss Ngari (Defense Minister of Gabon, and nephew of Omar)", "Germany\nThe Adenauer family\nKonrad Adenauer, Chancellor of Germany\nMax Adenauer, Oberstadtdirektor and Councillor in Cologne, son of Konrad\nSven-Georg Adenauer, Landrat (district director) in the Landkreis (district) of Gütersloh, grandson of Konrad", "The Albrecht family (father–daughter)\nErnst Albrecht, (Minister-President of Lower Saxony)\nUrsula von der Leyen, (President of the European Commission, 2019–present, Federal Minister of Defence 2013–2019, Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, 2009–2013, Federal Minister of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth, 2005–2009), daughter of Ernst", "The Bismarck family\nOtto von Bismarck, Chancellor (Minister-President) of the German Empire, 1871–90\nHerbert von Bismarck, (Minister from 1888 to 1890, Member of the Reichstag from 1893), son of Otto\nOtto von Bismarck, Jr., (1897–1975, Member of the Reichstag 1924–28, Member of the Bundestag 1953–65), son of Herbert\nCarl-Eduard von Bismarck, (Member of the Bundestag 2005–07), grandson of Otto Jr.\nGottfried von Bismarck, (1901–49, Member of the Reichstag 1933–44), son of Herbert", "The Bülow family\nBernhard Ernst von Bülow (1815–79), German Minister of the Exterior\nBernhard von Bülow (1849–1929), Minister of the Exterior, Chancellor, son of the former\nBernhard Wilhelm von Bülow, vice Minister of the Exterior, nephew of the former\n\nThe Bülows are an old Mecklenburg aristocratic dynasty with many members active in politics, in church or in the military.", "The de Maizière family\nUlrich de Maizière, inspector general of the West German Army\nLothar de Maizière, (Minister-President of the German Democratic Republic March–October 1990), nephew of Ulrich\nThomas de Maizière, (Federal Minister of the Interior and Defense from 2009 to 2018), son of Ulrich and cousin of Lothar\n\nThe Ebert family (father-son)\nFriedrich Ebert, President of Germany\nFriedrich Ebert Jr., Mayor of East Berlin", "The Goppel family\nAlfons Goppel, (Minister-President of the state of Bavaria)\nThomas Goppel, (Minister of Science, Research and the Arts of the state of Bavaria), son of Alfons", "The Guttenberg family\nKarl Ludwig von Guttenberg, Member of the resistance against Hitler (d. 1945)\nGeorg Enoch, Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg, (Hereditary Peer in Bavaria), brother of Karl Ludwig\nKarl Theodor Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg, (co-founder of a Bavarian party, Member of the German Parliament), son of Georg Enoch\nKarl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Federal Minister of Defence between 2009 and 2011, grandson of Karl Theodor", "The Gysi family (father and son)\nKlaus Gysi, (GDR Minister of Culture, Ambassador to Italy, State Secretary for Church Affairs) (d 1999)\nGregor Gysi, (Human rights lawyer, chair of the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS, now Die Linke), leader of PDS fraction in the Bundestag, Economics Senator in Berlin city government), son of Klaus\n\nThe Koch family\nKarl-Heinz Koch, (Justice Minister in Hesse)\nRoland Koch, (former Minister-President of Hesse), son of Karl-Heinz", "The Lambsdorff family\nOtto Graf Lambsdorff, Minister of Economics (1977–1982, 1982–1984)\nAlexander Graf Lambsdorff, MEP (since 2004), nephew of Otto Graf Lambsdorff\n\nThe Niklas/Ertl family\nWilhelm Niklas, (Minister for Agriculture) (d. 1957)\nJosef Ertl, (Minister for Agriculture) (d. 2000), son-in-law of Wilhelm", "The Schäuble family\nKarl Schäuble, Member of Parliament, Baden (1947–1952)\nThomas Schäuble, Minister for Transport, Justice and the Interior of Baden-Württemberg, son of Karl\nWolfgang Schäuble, Federal Minister of the Interior and of Finance and incumbent President of the Bundestag, son of Karl\nThomas Strobl, former member of the Bundestag and current Deputy Prime Minister of Baden-Württemberg, son-in-law of Wolfgang", "The Speer family (father–daughter)\nAlbert Speer, (Nazi Minister of Armaments and War Production)\nHildegard Schramm (vice-president of the Berlin House of Deputies), daughter of Albert\n\nThe Strauss family (father–daughter)\nFranz Josef Strauss, (Minister-President of the state of Bavaria)\nMonika Hohlmeier, (Minister of Education and the Arts of the state of Bavaria), daughter of Franz Josef", "The Vogel brothers\nBernhard Vogel, (Minister-President of Rheinland-Pfalz and Minister-President of Thuringia), CDU\nHans-Jochen Vogel, (Mayor of Munich, Mayor of Berlin, Minister of Justice), SPD", "The Weizsäcker family (grandfather-father-son-nephew)\nKarl Hugo von Weizsäcker (Minister-President of Württemberg)\nErnst von Weizsäcker (Diplomat, Head of the Political Department of the Foreign Office); son of Karl Hugo\nRichard von Weizsäcker (President of Germany); son of Ernst\nErnst Ulrich von Weizsäcker (German Member of Parliament); nephew of Richard\nJakob von Weizsäcker (Member of the European Parliament); son of Ernst Ulrich", "Ghana\nThe Agyarko family (brothers and sister)\nBoakye Agyarko (Minister) \nEmmanuel Kwabena Kyeremateng Agyarko (M.P.)\nDedo Difie Agyarko-Kusi Parliamentary aspirant, ambassador\n\nThe Ahwoi family (brothers)\nKwamena Ahwoi (Minister) \nKwesi Ahwoi (Minister)\nAto Ahwoi\n\nThe Akufo-Addo family (father-son)\nEdward Akufo-Addo (President, 1970–1972)\nNana Akufo-Addo (President, 2017–present, Foreign Minister, 2003–2007)", "The Atta Mills family (brothers)\nJohn Atta Mills (President, 2009–2012, Vice President, 1997–2000)\nSamuel Atta Mills (MP)\n\nThe Ayariga family (father, sons)\nFrank Abdulai Ayariga (MP 1979–1981) \nHassan Ayariga (son) (presidential candidate)\nMahama Ayariga (son) (MP, 2005–2009, 2013–present, Minister, Deputy Minister, Presidential Spokesman)", "The Bawumia family (father, son, daughter-in-law)\nMumuni Bawumia (former member of Council of State)\nMahamudu Bawumia (son) (Vice President)\nSamira Bawumia (daughter-in-law, née Ramadan (wife of Vice President Bawumia. See Ramadan family)\n\nThe Jinapor family (brothers)\nSamuel Abu Jinapor (Deputy Chief of staff)\nJohn Jinapor (MP, Deputy Minister)", "The Kufuor family (brothers, brother-in-law)\nJohn Kufuor (President, 2001–2008)\nKwame Addo-Kufuor (MP, Minister of Defence, presidential candidate)\nJ. H. Mensah (brother-in-law of John Kufuor MP, Minister)\n\nThe Marfo family (brothers)\nYaw Osafo-Marfo (MP Minister) \nIsaac K. Adjei-Marfo (former Secretary for Agriculture and later for Cocoa Affairs)", "The Mahama family (father-son)\nEmmanuel Adama Mahama (father) (MP and Minister, 1st Republic, Presidential adviser, 3rd Republic) \nJohn Dramani Mahama son, President, 2012–2017, Vice President, 2009–2012, MP, Minister)\n\nThe Nkrumah family (father- daughter-son)\nKwame Nkrumah (father, leader of government business, first Prime Minister, first President MP) \nSamia Nkrumah (daughter, MP, 2008–2012, chairman of political party)\nSekou Nkrumah (son)", "The Obetsebi-Lamptey family (father, son)\nEmmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey\nJacob Otanka Obetsebi-Lamptey (son) (Party Chairman, chief of staff, Minister, Presidential candidate)\n\nThe Ocquaye family (father, son)\nAaron Mike Oquaye (Minister, Speaker of parliament, MP) \nMike Ocquaye Junior (Ambassador, Parliamentary aspirant)", "The Ofori Atta family \nJ. B. Danquah (former political party chairman)\nAaron Ofori-Atta (former Speaker of Parliament, Minister)\nAdeline Akufo-Addo (former First Lady)\nNana Akufo-Addo (President, 2017–present) See Akufo Addo family\nWilliam Ofori Atta (former Minister and presidential candidate)\nAkwasi Amoako-Atta (former bank governor and Minister)\nJones Ofori Atta (Deputy Minister)\nKen Ofori-Atta (Finance Minister, 2017-Date)", "The Okudzeto family (father, nephews)\nSam Okudzeto (MP, Member of Council of State)\nSamuel Okudzeto Ablakwa (nephew) (Deputy Minister, MP)\nPerry Curtis Kwabla Okudzeto (nephew) (Deputy Minister)", "The Ramadan family (father, son, daughter)\nAhmed Ramadan (former political party chairman)\nMohammed Adamu Ramadan (MP aspirant, presidential staffer)\nAbu Ramadan (political party youth organiser, deputy head of National Disaster Management Authority)\nSamira Bawumia née Ramadan (wife of Vice President Bawumia. See Bawumia family)", "The Rawlings family (father-wife-daughter)\nJerry Rawlings (Soldier, Head of State and President, 1979, 1981–2000 founder of political party) \nNana Konadu Agyeman Rawlings (wife)(Vice Chair of a political party, founder of political party, presidential candidate, leader of women's movement)\nZanetor Agyeman-Rawlings (daughter)(MP, 2016–Present)\n\nThe Smith family (brothers)\nJoseph Henry Smith (Minister, Ambassador)\nEmmanuel Victor Smith (Spokesperson for ex president, Ambassador)\n\nGreece", "Greece\n\nGuatemala\nThe Cerezo family\nMarco Vinicio Cerezo Sierra (Supreme Court judge)\nVinicio Cerezo (President of Guatemala)\nCelso Cerezo (legislative deputy)\nThe Colom family\n\n Manuel Colom (mayor of Guatemala City)\n Álvaro Colom (nephew of Manuel, President)\n Sandra Torres (wife of Alvaro, first lady)\n Nadia de León Torres (daughter of Sandra, legislative deputy)", "The Rios family\nEfraín Rios Montt (former de facto Head of State and Congressman)\nZury Ríos Sosa (Legislative deputy and presidential current candidate)\n\nGuyana\nThe Burnham family\nForbes Burnham (President of Guyana, 1980–85; Prime Minister of Guyana, 1966–80)\nViola Burnham (wife of Forbes Burnham; Vice President, 1985–91)", "The Jagan family\nCheddi Jagan (President of Guyana, 1992–97)\nJanet Jagan (wife of Cheddi Jagan; President of Guyana, 1997–99)\nCheddi \"Joey\" Jagan Jr., son of Cheddi and Janet\nDerek Chunilall Jagan (brother of Cheddi Jagan; Speaker of the National Assembly of Guyana)\n\nHaiti\nThe Duvalier family (father-son)\nFrançois Duvalier (President of Haiti, 1957–71)\nJean-Claude Duvalier (son of François Duvalier; President of Haiti, 1971–86)", "Honduras\nThe Azcona family (father-sons)\nJosé Azcona del Hoyo President of Honduras (1986–-90)\nJose Simon Azcona Bocock, Tegucigalpa Regidor (2002–-06) and Francisco Morazán Department Deputy (2006–2010)\nElizabeth Azcona Bocock or Lizi Azcona, Secretary of Industry and Commerce of Honduras (2006)\nThe Flores family (father-daughter)\nCarlos Roberto Flores President of Honduras (1998–2002)", "The Flores family (father-daughter)\nCarlos Roberto Flores President of Honduras (1998–2002)\nMary Elizabeth Flores Flake or Lizzie Flores daughter of Carlos Roberto Flores, Deputy of the Francisco Morazán Department and First Vice-President of the Congress (2002-2008)", "The Melgar family (spouses)\nJuan Alberto Melgar Castro, President of Honduras (1975–78)\nNora Gúnera de Melgar (Mayor and Presidential candidate) and deputy candidate in the Primary Elections in 2008\n\nThe Reina brothers\nCarlos Roberto Reina, President of Honduras (1994–98)\nJorge Arturo Reina Idiáquez, Interior Minister (2006–07)", "Hungary\nThe Antall family (grandfather–father–son)\nJózsef Antall (Government Commissioner for Refugees in the Second World War, Minister for Reconstruction after 1945)\nJózsef Antall (Prime Minister 1990–93), son of József Antall\nPéter Antall (Director of the Democratic Forum [MDF]'s Political Foundation), son of József Antall jr.\n\nThe Göncz family (father–daughter)\nÁrpád Göncz (President)\nKinga Göncz (foreign minister), daughter of Árpád\n\nIndia\n\nIndonesia\n\nIran\nThe Davidkhanian family", "Markar Khan Davidkhanian, Minister of Finance (1804-1848)\n David Khan Davidkhanian, Ambassador and Chief Physician to the Shah of Iran (1795-1851)\n Martiros Khan Davidkhanian, General and Chief of Staff of the Cossack Brigade (1843-1905)\n Eskandar Khan Davidkhanian, General and Deputy Commander of the Cossack Brigade\n Sarkis Khan Davidkhanian, General and Founder of the modern Iranian Postal System (1846-)\n Soleiman Khan Davidkhanian, General (1852-1895)", "Soleiman Khan Davidkhanian, General (1852-1895)\n Meguertitch Khan Davidkhanian, Governor of Dezful and Khorramshahr (1902-1983)", "The Khamenei family (grand children (1st cousins) and great-grandchildren (2nd cousins) are married to each other)\nAyatollah Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran\nGholam Ali Haddad-Adel, Speaker of the Parliament\n\nThe Mosaddegh family (father-in-law, son-in-law)\nMohammad Mosaddegh, Prime Minister (1951–53)\nAhmad Matin-Daftari, Prime Minister (1939–40)\n\nThe Mansur family (father-son)\nAli Mansur, Prime Minister (1940–41, 1950)\nHassan Ali Mansur, Prime Minister (1964–65)", "The Zahedi family (father-son)\nFazlollah Zahedi, Prime Minister (1953–1955)\nArdeshir Zahedi, Foreign Minister (1966–1973)\n\nThe Larijani family (father-son, groom)\nMirza Hashem Amoli\nMohammad-Javad Larijani\nAli Larijani\nSadeq Larijani\nBagher Larijani\nFazel Larijani\nMostafa Mohaghegh Damad (family groom)", "Iraq\nThe Allawi-Chalabi family\nAbdul Majid Allawi OBE (Minister of Transport, Lord at the House of Lords before 1958)\nAbdul Amir Allawi (Minister of Health, before 1958)\nAli Allawi (Defense Minister and Minister of Trade), son of Abdul Amir and cousin of Iyad Allawi\nJaffar Allawi (Minister of Housing)\nIyad Allawi (Prime Minister)\nSarah Iyad Allawi (Member of the Iraqi National Accord, Political activist, advisor and Businesswoman), Daughter of Iyad Allawi\nMohammad Allawi (Minister of Telecommunications)", "Mohammad Allawi (Minister of Telecommunications)\nNouri al-Badran (interior minister), brother-in-law of Iyad Allawi\nAhmed Chalabi (former Iraqi Governing Council President), uncle of Ali Allawi\nSalem Chalabi (head of judicial panel to try Saddam Hussein), nephew of Ahmed Chalabi", "The Arif family\nAbdul Salam Arif (President)\nAbdul Rahman Arif (President), brother of Abdul Salam Arif", "The Barzani family\nMustafa Barzani (leader of the Kurdistan Democratic Party)\nMassoud Barzani (President of Iraqi Kurdistan), son of Mustafa Barzani\nNechervan Idris Barzani (Prime Minister of Iraqi Kurdistan), nephew of Mustafa Barzani\n Masrour Barzani Head of the Kurdistan Region Security Council \nThe Hussein family\nSaddam Hussein (former President)\nRaghad Hussien (Iraqi politician) daughter of Saddam Hussein \nUday Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein", "Raghad Hussien (Iraqi politician) daughter of Saddam Hussein \nUday Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein\nQusay Hussein (Leader of the Iraqi Republican Guard) son of Saddam Hussein\nBarzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti (Head of the Iraqi Intelligence service) Half brother of Saddam Hussein \nSabawi Ibrahim al-Tikriti (Head of the Directorate of General Secretary) Half brother of Saddam Hussein \nWatban Ibrahim al-Tikriti (Minister of interior) Half brother of Saddam Hussein", "Watban Ibrahim al-Tikriti (Minister of interior) Half brother of Saddam Hussein \nAhmed Hassan al-Bakr (former President) Father in law of Saddam Hussein's cousin", "Al-Suwaidi Family\nYusuf Al-Suwaidi (First Iraqi Speaker of the Senate and Revolutionary)\nNaji Al-Suwaidi (Iraqi Prime minister, son of Yusuf)\nTawfeeq Al-Suwaidi (three term Iraqi Prime minister, son of Yusuf)\nArif Al-Suwaidi (Iraqi Politician and Judge, son of Yusuf)", "Al-Pachachi Family\nMuzahim al-Pachachi (Iraqi prime minister)\nAdnan Al-Pachachi (Iraqi foreign minister and Emirati Minister of state and advisor) son of Muzahim\nHamdi Al-Pachachi (Iraqi prime minister) brother of Muzahim\nNadim al-Pachachi (Minister of Economy and Secretary general of OPEC) nephew of Muzahim and Hamdi\nChadirji Family\n Rifat Efendi Chadirji (Mayor of the city of Baghdad during Ottoman rule and democratic reformer in Mandatory Iraq)", "Kamil Chadirji (Iraqi Social Democrat member of Parliament, minister of economy and founder of the Iraqi National Democratic Party) son of Rifat Efendi \nNaseer Chadirji (Iraqi Social Democrat, member of the Interim Iraqi Governing Council and General Secretary of the Iraqi National Democratic Party) son of Kamil Chadirji\nRifat Chadirji (Iraqi Architect and propagandist) son of Kamil Chaderiji \nRaouf Chadirji (Iraqi Lawyer and minister of justice) Half brother of Kamil Chadirji", "Ireland\n\nThe Ahern family\nBertie Ahern (Fianna Fáil Leader 1994–2008, Taoiseach 1997–2008, TD Dublin Central 1977–2011)\nhis brother Maurice Ahern (born 1938): Fianna Fáil Councillor and former Lord Mayor of Dublin 1999–2009\nhis brother Noel Ahern (born 1944): Fianna Fáil Minister of State (Housing & Drug Strategy) TD Dublin North West 1992–2011", "The Blaney family\nNeal Blaney (Fianna Fáil TD 1927–38 and 1943–48, Fianna Fáil Senator 1938–43)\nNeil Blaney (son of Neal Blaney; Fianna Fáil/IFF TD 1948–1995, IFF MEP Connacht–Ulster 1979–84, 1989–94)\nHarry Blaney (son of Neal Blaney; IFF TD 1997–2002)\nNiall Blaney (son of Harry Blaney; IFF/Fianna Fáil TD 2002–11)", "The Cosgrave family\nW. T. Cosgrave (member of the first Dáil Éireann, President of the Executive Council 1922–32, Cumann na nGaedheal leader 1922–34, Fine Gael leader 1934–44)\nLiam Cosgrave (son of W. T. Cosgrave; Fine Gael TD 1944–81, Fine Gael leader 1965–77, Taoiseach 1973–77)\nLiam T. Cosgrave (son of Liam Cosgrave, grandson of W. T. Cosgrave; Fine Gael TD 1981–87, Senator 1993–2002)", "The De Valera family\nÉamon de Valera (President of Dáil Éireann 1919–22, President of the Executive Council 1927–32, Taoiseach 1932–48, 1951–54, 1957–59 and President of Ireland 1959–73)\nVivion de Valera (son of Éamon de Valera; Fianna Fáil TD 1945–81)\nSíle de Valera (granddaughter of Éamon de Valera; Clare Fianna Fáil TD 1977–2007, Minister for Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands 1997–2002)", "Éamon Ó Cuív (grandson of Éamon de Valera; former member of Seanad Éireann, Galway West Fianna Fáil TD 1992–present, Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs 2002–11)", "The Kitt-Brady family\nMichael F. Kitt (Fianna Fáil TD at intervals, 1948–75)\nMichael P. Kitt (son of Michael F. Kitt; TD and Senator, 1975–2016)\nTom Kitt (son of Michael F. Kitt; TD 1989–2011)\nÁine Brady (daughter of Michael F. Kitt; TD 2007–11)\nGerry Brady (Áine Brady's husband; former TD)", "The Lemass/Haughey family\nSeán Lemass (Fianna Fáil TD 1924–69; Fianna Fáil Leader and Taoiseach 1959–66)\nNoel Lemass (son of Seán Lemass; Fianna Fáil TD 1956–76)\nEileen Lemass (daughter-in-law of Seán Lemass; Fianna Fáil TD 1977–81)\nCharles Haughey (son-in-law of Seán Lemass; Fianna Fáil TD 1957–92; Fianna Fáil Leader 1979–92 and Taoiseach 1979–81, 1982, 1987–92)\nSeán Haughey (son of Charles Haughey; Fianna Fáil TD 1992–2011)", "The Lenihan family\nPatrick Lenihan (Fianna Fáil TD 1965–70)\nBrian Lenihan Snr (son of Patrick Lenihan; Fianna Fáil TD 1961–96)\nMary O'Rourke (née Lenihan) (daughter of Patrick Lenihan; Fianna Fáil TD 1982–02, 2007–11)\nBrian Lenihan Jnr (son of Brian Lenihan; Fianna Fáil TD 1996–2011)\nConor Lenihan (son of Brian Lenihan; Fianna Fáil TD 2002–11)", "The O'Malley family\nDonogh O'Malley (Fianna Fáil TD 1954–68)\nDesmond O'Malley (nephew of Donogh O'Malley; TD 1968–2002, Fianna Fáil Cabinet Minister and first leader of the Progressive Democrats)\nFiona O'Malley (daughter of Desmond O'Malley; Progressive Democrats TD 2002–07, Senator 2007–11)\nTim O'Malley (cousin of Desmond O'Malley; Progressive Democrats TD 2002–07)", "The Andrews family\nDavid Andrews (Fianna Fáil TD 1965–2000)\nNiall Andrews (brother of David Andrews; Fianna Fáil TD 1977–87)\nBarry Andrews (son of David Andrews; Fianna Fáil TD 2002–11)\nChris Andrews (son of Niall Andrews; Fianna Fáil TD 2002–11)", "The Bruton family\nJohn Bruton (Fine Gael Taoiseach 1994–1997, TD 1969–2004)\nRichard Bruton (brother of John Bruton; Fine Gael TD 1982–present, Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment 2018–2020, Minister for Education and Skills 2016–2018, Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation 2011–2016, Deputy Leader of Fine Gael 2002–2010)", "The Coveney family\nHugh Coveney (Fine Gael TD 1981–1982, 1982–1987, 1994–1998, Minister for Defense and Minister for the Marine 1994–1995)\nSimon Coveney (son of Hugh Coveney; Fine Gael TD 1998–present, Deputy Leader of Fine Gael 2017–present, Minister for Defense 2014–2016, Minister for Housing, Planning, Community and Local Government 2016–2017, Minister for Foreign Affairs 2017–present)", "Israel\nThe Begin family\nMenachem Begin, Prime Minister of Israel, 1977–83\nBenny Begin, nationalist politician, son of Menachem Begin\n\nThe Burg family\nYosef Burg, party leader, National Religious Party; cabinet minister\nAvraham Burg, Speaker of the Knesset, 1999–2003, son of Josef Burg", "The Dayan family\nShmuel Dayan, Zionist activist and member of the Knesset 1949–59.\nMoshe Dayan, IDF Chief of the General Staff; cabinet minister, son of Shmuel Dayan\nYael Dayan, Member of the Knesset 1992–2003, daughter of Moshe Dayan.\n\nThe Herzog family\nYitzhak HaLevi Herzog, Ashkenazi chief rabbi\nChaim Herzog, President of Israel, 1983–93, son of Yitzhak Herzog\nIsaac Herzog, Member of the Knesset 2003–2018, President of Israel, 2021- , son of Chaim Herzog\n\nThe Lau family", "The Lau family\n\n Yisrael Meir Lau, Chief Rabbi, 1993-2003\n David Lau, Chief Rabbi, 2013–present, son of Yisrael Meir\n\nThe Rabin family\n\nYitzhak Rabin, Prime Minister of Israel, 1974–77 and 1992–95\nDalia Rabin-Pelossof, Member of the Knesset 1999–2003, daughter of Yitzhak Rabin", "The Sharon family\nAriel Sharon, Prime Minister of Israel, 2001–06\nOmri Sharon, Member of the Knesset, 2003–06, son of Ariel Sharon\nThe Weizman family\nHaim Weizman, President of Israel, 1949–52\nEzer Weizman, President of Israel, 1993–2000, nephew of Haim Weizman", "The Yosef family\nOvadia Yosef, Chief Rabbi, 1973–83\nYitzhak Yosef, Chief Rabbi, 2013–present, son of Ovadia\nShlomo Amar, Chief Rabbi, 2003–13, chief rabbi of Jerusalem, 2014–present, daughter married the son of Yitzchak Yosef\nYehuda Deri, Chief rabbi of Be'er Sheva, 1997–present, son is married to the daughter of Yitzhak Yosef", "Italy\nThe Berlinguer family\nMario Berlinguer (father of Enrico Berlinguer, Sr.; Member of the Italian Camera dei deputati)\nEnrico Berlinguer (son of Mario Berlinguer; leader, Italian Communist Party)\nGiovanni Berlinguer (son of Mario Berlinguer; Member of the European Parliament)\nLuigi Berlinguer (cousin of Enrico and Giovanni Berlinguer; Italian Minister of university and Education)", "Francesco Cossiga (cousin of Enrico and Giovanni Berlinguer; President of the Italian Republic, 1985–92; Prime Minister of Italy, 1979–80)\nAntonio Segni (distant relative; President of the Italian Republic, 1962–64; Prime Minister of Italy, 1955–57 and 1959–60)\nMariotto Segni (son of Antonio Segni; Member of the Italian Camera dei deputati)", "The Craxi family\nBettino Craxi (Prime Minister of Italy, 1983–87)\nBobo Craxi (son of Bettino Craxi; former leader of the New Italian Socialist Party, then leader of The Italian Socialists now merged in the Socialist Party)\nStefania Craxi (daughter of Bettino Craxi; Member of the Italian Camera dei deputati for the People of Freedom)", "The Mussolini family\nBenito Mussolini (Prime Minister of Italy, 1922–43)\nAlessandra Mussolini (granddaughter of Benito Mussolini; former Member of the European Parliament, Member of the Italian Camera dei deputati)\nCaio Giulio Cesare Mussolini (great-grandson of Benito Mussolini; MEP candidate for Brothers of Italy)\nGaleazzo Ciano (son-in-law of Benito Mussolini; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1936–1943)\nRachele Mussolini (granddaughter of Benito Mussolini; councillor in Rome)\n\nJamaica\nThe Charles family", "Jamaica\nThe Charles family\n\n Pearnel Charles\n Pearnel Patroe Charles Jr. \n Patrece Charles-Freeman \n Michelle Charles\n\nThe Holness family\n Andrew Holness (Prime Minister of Jamaica, 2011–12, 2016 to present)\n Juliet Holness (wife of Andrew Holness, MP)", "The Manley family\nNorman Manley (Prime Minister of Jamaica, 1959–62)\nEdna Manley (wife of Norman Manley; political activist and writer)\nDouglas Manley (son of Norman and Edna Manley; Member of Parliament)\nMichael Manley (son of Norman and Edna Manley; Prime Minister of Jamaica, 1972–80 and 1989–92)\nSir Alexander Bustamante (cousin of Norman Manley; Prime Minister of Jamaica, 1962–67)\nHugh Shearer (cousin of Michael Manley; Prime Minister of Jamaica, 1967–72)\nThe Smith family\n Ernie Smith (MP, 2002–2011)", "The Smith family\n Ernie Smith (MP, 2002–2011)\n Marsha Smith (daughter of Ernie; MP, 2020 to present)\nThe Vaz family\n Daryl Vaz\n Ann-Marie Vaz", "Japan\nThe Fukuda family \n\nTakeo Fukuda, Prime Minister (1976–78)\nYasuo Fukuda, Prime Minister (2007–08)\n\nThe Hatoyama family \n\nHatoyama Kazuo (Speaker of the House of Representatives: 1896–97)\nIchiro Hatoyama (Prime Minister: 1954–56)\n Iichiro Hatoyama, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1976–77)\nYukio Hatoyama, Prime Minister (2009–10)\nKunio Hatoyama, Minister of Education (1991–92), Minister of Justice (2007–08)\n\nThe Okawa-Miyazawa family", "Okawa Heikichi (Minister of Justice: 1925; Minister of Railways: 1927–29)\n Okawa, m. Miyazawa Hiroshi (Member of the House of Representatives: 1928–52)\nMiyazawa Kiichi (Prime Minister: 1991–93; Deputy Prime Minister: 1987–88; Minister of Finance: 1986–88, 1998–2001; Minister of Foreign Affairs: 1974–76; Minister of Trade and Industry: 1970–73)\n Hiroshi Miyazawa (Governor of Hiroshima: 1973–1981; Minister of Justice: 1995–96)\n Yoichi Miyazawa (Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry: 2014–15)", "The Ōkubo-Yoshida-Suzuki-Asō family", "Ōkubo Toshimichi. One of the Three Great Founders of Meiji Japan. Minister of Finance 1871–73, Home Minister 1874–78\nMakino Nobuaki (born Ōkubo Nobuaki), Minister of Foreign Affairs 1913–14, Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan 1925–1935), m. Mishima Mineko, daughter of Mishima Michitsune (Governor of Yamaguchi (1879–1882), Fukushima (1882–1884) and Tochigi (1883–1885) prefectures)\n Yukiko, m. Shigeru Yoshida (Minister of Foreign Affairs 1945–47, 1948–52; Prime Minister: 1946–47. 1948–54)", "Kazuko, m. Takakichi Asō\n Tarō Asō (Minister of Foreign Affairs 2005–07; Prime Minister 2008–09; Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance 2012– ), m. Suzuki Chikako, daughter of Zenkō Suzuki (Minister of Agriculture and Forestry 1976–77; Prime Minister: 1980–82)\n Yoshiko, m. Ijuin Hikokichi (Minister of Foreign Affairs 1923–24)", "The Satō–Kishi–Abe family \n\nSatō Hidesuke\nNobusuke Kishi (born Nobusuke Satō), (Prime Minister: 1957–60, Minister of Foreign Affairs: 1956–1957)\n Yoko, m. Shintaro Abe (Minister of Foreign Affairs 1982–86), son of Kan Abe (Member of the House of Representatives 1937–1946)\n Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister (2006–07, 2012–2020)\n Nobuo Kishi, (Member of the House of Councillors 2004–2012; Member of the House of Representatives 2012-; Minister of Defense 2020-)\nSato Eisaku, Prime Minister (1964–72)", "The Koizumi family \n\nMatajiro Koizumi, (Minister of Posts and Telecommunications 1929–1931)\nYoshie, m. Junya Koizumi (born Samejima), Director General of the Japan Defense Agency\nJunichiro Koizumi, Prime Minister (2001–06)\nShinjirō Koizumi (Minister of Environment (2019); Member of the House of Representatives)\n\nThe Konoe-Hosokawa family", "The Konoe-Hosokawa family \n\nKonoe Atsumaro (President of the House of Peers: 1896–1903)\nFumimaro Konoe (President of the House of Peers 1933–37, Minister of Foreign Affairs 1938, Prime Minister: 1937–39, 1940–41)\n Yoshiko, m. Morisada Hosokawa\n Morihiro Hosokawa, Prime Minister of Japan (1993–94)\n\nThe Nakasone family (father-son)\nYasuhiro Nakasone, Prime Minister (1982–87)\nHirofumi Nakasone, Minister of Foreign Affairs (2008–09)\n\nThe Saigō-Ōyama family", "Saigō Takamitsu\nŌyama Tsunamasa (born Saigō), m. Ōyama Keiko\n Ōyama Iwao (Genrō: 1912–1916; Superintendent-General of the National Police: 1879–80; Army Minister: 1885–91, 1892–96; Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal: 1915–16)\n Ōyama Kashiwa (Member of the House of Peers: 1916–47)\n Saigō Kichibe\nSaigō Takamori (One of the Three Great Founders of Meiji Japan; Minister-Councillor: 1870–1873; acting Head of Government: 1871–1873)\n Saigō Toratarō (Member of the House of Peers: 1902–1919)", "Saigō Toratarō (Member of the House of Peers: 1902–1919)\n Saigō Kichinosuke (Minister of Justice: 1968–70; Member of the House of Councillors: 1947–73; Member of the House of Peers: 1936–1947)\n Saigō Jūdō (Tsugumichi) (Genrō: 1892–1902; Home Minister: 1890–91, 1898–1900; Navy Minister: 1885–90, 1893–98; Minister of Agriculture and Commerce: 1881–84; War Minister: 1878–80; Minister of Education: 1878) \n Saigō Jūtoku (Member of the House of Peers: 1902–1946)", "The Tanaka family \nKakuei Tanaka, Prime Minister of Japan (1972–74)\nMakiko Tanaka, Minister of Foreign Affairs (2001–02): Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2012)\n\nThe Obuchi family\nKeizō Obuchi, Prime Minister of Japan (1998–2000)\nYūko Obuchi, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry (2014)", "Jordan\nThe Al-Fayez family \nH.G Mithqal Al-Fayez\nH.E Trad Al-Fayez (Minister of Agriculture, Ambassador, Senator)\nH.E Akef Al-Fayez (Served as Minister in 10 different governments, Speaker of the Jordanian Parliament, Senator)\nH.E Faisal Al-Fayez (Prime Minister of Jordan, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President of the Senate)\nH.E Amer Al-Fayez (Chief of Royal Protocol, Ministerial rank)\nH.E Eid Al-Fayez (Served as minister in 5 different governments)", "H.E Eid Al-Fayez (Served as minister in 5 different governments)\nH.E Nayef Al-Fayez (Minister of Tourism, Environment)\nH.E Nayef Hayel Al-Fayez (Minister of Health, MP)", "The Majali family\nPremier Hazza' al-Majali (1917–1960), Prime Minister of Jordan\nH.E Ayman Hazza' Al-Majali (21st Century), Deputy Prime Minister of Jordan\nH.E Hussein Hazza' Al-Majali (2010–present), Minister of Internal affairs Ex-Commandant of Jordanian Public Security Forces\nField Marshal Habis Al-Majali (1914–2001), Jordanian Chief of Staff\nPremier Abdelsalam al-Majali (1925–2023), Prime Minister of Jordan", "Premier Abdelsalam al-Majali (1925–2023), Prime Minister of Jordan\nAbdul Hadi Al-Majali (1997–2009), Speaker of the Jordanian Parliament.(1996), Minister of Public Works and Housing.\nSahel Al-Majali (2007–2009), Minister of Public Works and Housing.(2009), Minister of Transport.\nThe Al-Rifai family\nSamir al-Rifai (Prime Minister, 1944–45, 1947, 1950–51, 1956, 1958–59, 1963)\nZaid al-Rifai (son; Prime Minister, 1973–76, 1985–89)\nSamir Rifai (son of Zaid al-Rifai; Prime Minister, 2009–11)", "The Badran brothers\nMudar Badran (Prime Minister of Jordan, 1976–79, 1980–84, and 1989–91)\nAdnan Badran (Prime Minister of Jordan, 2005–06)\n\nThe Lawzi family (father-son)\n Ahmed Al-Lawzi Prime Minister\n Nasir Al-Lawzi (Minister of Transportation, Minister of Information)\n\nKazakhstan\nThe Jandosov family (founder-son-nephew)\nUraz Kikimovitch Jandosov\nSanjar Urazovitch Jandosov\nAli Urazovitch Jandosov\nOraz Jandosov", "The Nazarbayev family (father-daughter)\nNursultan Nazarbayev (President of Kazakhstan from 1990 to 2019)\nDariga Nazarbayeva (Kazakhstan's ambassador to Russia, business oligarch, wife of Deputy Foreign Minister Rakhat Aliyev and possible successor to her father)\n\nKosovo\n\nThe Sejdiu family\nFatmir Sejdiu (President, 2006–2010)\nPleurat Sejdiu (Minister of Health, Secretary of Health)\nShefki Sejdiu (Member of Parliament)\nKorab Sejdiu (Member of Parliament)", "The Rugova family\nIbrahim Rugova (President, 2000–2006)\nUke Rugova (Member of Parliament)\nNaser Rugova (Member of Parliament)\nTeuta Rugova (Member of Parliament)\n\nThe Haradinaj family\nRamush Haradinaj (Prime-minister, 2006) (Member of Parliament)\nDaut Haradinaj (Member of Parliament)\n\nKenya\nThe Kenyatta family\nJomo Kenyatta (President, 1964–78)\nMargaret Kenyatta (daughter of Jomo Kenyatta; Mayor of Nairobi)\nUhuru Kenyatta (son of Jomo Kenyatta; Finance Minister, President (2013–present)", "The Moi family\nDaniel arap Moi (President, 1978–2002)\nGideon Moi (son of Daniel arap Moi; Member of Parliament)\n\nThe Odinga family\nOginga Odinga (Vice President of Kenya)\nRaila Odinga (son of Oginga Odinga; Prime Minister)\nOburu Odinga (son of Oginga Odinga, Member of Parliament)\nGor Sunguh (Odinga's relative through marriage to Raila Odinga's niece)", "The Nyagah family\nJeremiah Nyagah (long-time serving cabinet minister 1963o93 and Member of Parliament 1958–92)\nNorman Nyagah (son of Jeremiah Nyagah Government Chief Whip and Member of Parliament)\nJeremiah Jerry Mwaniki Nyagah son of Norman Nyagah, and President of the Kenya Youth Coalition Network International KYCNI, based in Atlanta Georgia USA.\nJoseph Nyagah (son of Jeremiah Nyagah and also Member of Parliament)\nNahashon Nyagah (son of Jeremiah Nyagah and former Governor of the Central Bank of Kenya)", "Nahashon Nyagah (son of Jeremiah Nyagah and former Governor of the Central Bank of Kenya)\nMary Khimulu (daughter of Jeremiah Nyagah and ambassador UNEP to France)", "The Awori family (Kenya and Uganda)\n Moody Awori former vice president.\n Aggrey Awori, formerly Member of Parliament and Minister in Uganda.\n\nKiribati\nThe Tong family\nAnote Tong (President of Kiribati, 2003–2016)\nHarry Tong (brother of Anote Tong; leader, National Progressive Party)", "Korea, North\nThe Kim family (1948–present)\nKim Il Sung (Leader of North Korea, 1948–1994), founder of North Korea\nKim Jong Il (Leader of North Korea, 1994–2011), son of Kim Il Sung\nKim Jong Un (Leader of North Korea, 2011–present), grandson of Kim Il Sung\nOther members of Kim family\nKim Jong-nam (first son of Kim Jong Il)\nKim Jong-chul (second son of Kim Jong Il)\nOther non-bloodline members of Kim family\nKo Yong-hui (first lady of Kim Jong Il)\nRi Sol-ju (first lady of Kim Jong Un)", "Ko Yong-hui (first lady of Kim Jong Il)\nRi Sol-ju (first lady of Kim Jong Un)\nJang Song-thaek (brother-in-law of Kim Jong Il; \"number-two-man in North Korea\" )", "Korea, South\nThe Park family (father-daughter)\nPark Chung Hee (President of the Republic of Korea, 1963–1979)\nPark Geun-hye (President of the Republic of Korea, 2013–2017), daughter of Park Chung Hee\n\nKyrgyzstan\n\nThe Akayev family (father-daughter)\nAskar Akayev (President) 1990–2005\nMariam Akayeva (politician)", "The Bakiyev brothers\nKurmanbek Bakiyev (President of Kyrgyzstan)\nJanysh Bakiyev (former First Deputy Chairman of the National Security Service)\nMarat Bakiyev (Kyrgyzstan's Ambassador to Germany)\nAdil Bakiyev (Kyrgyz government official within the Kyrgyz embassy in China)\nAkhmat Bakiyev (Kyrgyz politician and business oligarch)\nKanybek Bakiev (Head of a village council)\nJusupbek Bakiev (former deputy director of Kyrgyzstan's Agency for Community Development and Investment)", "Latvia\nThe Ulmanis family\nKārlis Ulmanis (President of Latvia, 1936–40)\nGuntis Ulmanis (great-nephew of Kārlis Ulmanis; President of Latvia, 1993–99)\n\nThe Kalniņš family\nPauls Kalniņš (Speaker of the Saeima, 1925–1934)\nKlāra Kalniņa (wife of Pauls Kalniņš; Deputy of the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia, 1920–1922)\nBrūno Kalniņš (son of Pauls Kalniņš; Deputy of the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia, 1920–1922, Deputy of the Saeima, 1922–1934)\n\nLebanon", "El Assaad family\nNasif Al Nassar - ruler of Jabal Amel from the Al-Saghir Dynasty.\nAli Al Saghir - a powerful leader of Jabal Amel.\nKhalil Bek El Assaad - appointed Ottoman Governor of Nablus, Al Balqa, Marjayoun, Tyre and Homs.\nShbib Pasha El Assaad - minister of the Ottoman Empire, army leader.\nAli Nasrat El Assaad - advisor of the Court and a Superior in the Ministry of Foreign affairs in the Ottoman Empire.\nKamil Bey (Esad) El-Assaad - representative of the Ottoman Empire in Beyrut.", "Kamil Bey (Esad) El-Assaad - representative of the Ottoman Empire in Beyrut.\nAhmed El Assaad - 3rd Legislative Speaker of Lebanon.\nKamel Bek El Assaad- 5th Legislative Speaker of Lebanon, Minister of Education, Minister of Water and Electricity, founder of Democratic Socialist Party (Lebanon).\n Ahmad Kamel El Assaad - Lebanese Option Party founder, political candidate. \n Moustafa Nassar Bek El Assaad - Supreme Court President.", "Moustafa Nassar Bek El Assaad - Supreme Court President.\n Nael El Assaad - envoy for HM King Abdullah of Jordan and former husband of late Saudi magnate Adnan Khashoggi’s sister Soheir.\n Said El Assaad - former Lebanese Ambassador of Switzerland, France and Belgium and a former Member of Parliament.\nBahija Al Solh El Assaad - wife of Said El Assaad, daughter of Prime Minister Riad Al Solh, aunt of Waleed Bin Talal.\n Nasrat El Assaad - ambassador of Lebanon to numerous countries.", "Nasrat El Assaad - ambassador of Lebanon to numerous countries. \n Haidar El Assaad - historian and among the first official delegates to visit the new People’s Republic of China in the 1960s following Ministerial civil service – later serving as a director at the FAO of the United Nations and consultant to TRW and the World Bank.", "Abou Fadel family\nMounir Abou Fadel – Deputy Speaker of the Parliament\nMarwan Abou Fadel – Co-founder of the Lebanese Democratic Party, son of Mounir", "Al Khalil family\nKazem Al Khalil – Lebanese Parliamentarian, seven time minister, leading Shia feudal zu'ama dynasty of Tyr, Southern Lebanon\nKhalil Al Khalil - son of Kazem Al Khalil, served as Ambassador to the Imperial State of Iran from 1971 to 1978, personal friend to the Shah of Iran and ambassador to the Pahlavi Court.", "Maha Al Khalil Chalabi daughter of Kazem Al Khalil, a UNESCO goodwill ambassador involved in the preservation of archeological sites in Tyr through the 'Fondation de Tyr'. Married to Talal Chalabi, brother of Ahmed Chalabi- the founder of the Iraqi National Congress (INC) and the 37th Prime Minister of Iraq.", "Arslan family\nEmir Majid Arslan II – Lebanese independence hero and Druze leader.\nEmir Faysal Arslan – son of Emir Majid and Head of the House of Arslan from 1983 until 1989 (In conjunction with Emirah Khawla Majid Arslan).\nEmir Talal Arslan – son of Emir Majid, Druze leader and current Head of the House of Arslan.\nEmir Shakib Arslan – Influential Arab politician, writer, poet and historian.", "Chamoun family (father-sons-granddaughter)\nCamille Chamoun – President, 1952–58\nDany Chamoun – Militia leader and political party leader; son of Camille\nTracy Chamoun – Author and human rights activist; daughter of Dany\nDory Chamoun – Political party leader; son of Camille\n\nEddé family\nÉmile Eddé – President during the French Mandate\nRaymond Eddé – political party leader; son of Émile\nCarlos Eddé – opposition politician; nephew of Raymond\nMichel Eddé – Minister", "Karam family\nYoussef Bey Karam – Lebanese Maronite notable who fought in the 1860 civil war and led a rebellion in 1866–1867 against the Ottoman Empire rule in Mount Lebanon\nYoussef Salim Karam – former MP from Zgharta\nSalim Bey Karam – Current MP and former minister, son of Youssef Salim Karam", "El Khazen family\nWadih Nemr El Khazen – Lebanese Minister\nWadih Nemr El Khazen – President of the Central Maronite Council\nFarid Elias El Khazen – Lebanese Member of Parliament\nFarid Haikal El Khazen – Lebanese Minister\nJoseph Dergham El Khazen – Maronite Patriarch\nJoseph Ragi El Khazen – Maronite Patriarch\nTobias El Khazen – Maronite Patriarch\nMikati family\n\n Taha Mikati – Businessman; brother of Najib\n Azmi Mikati – Businessman; son of Taha\n Najib Mikati – Prime minister of Lebanon; brother of Taha", "Gemmayel family (father-sons-grandsons)\nPierre Gemayel – Kataeb Party founder\nBachir Gemayel – President-elect, 1982; son of Pierre (assassinated before taking office)\nNadim Gemayel – Political activist; son of Bachir\nAmine Gemayel – President, 1982–88; son of Pierre\nPierre Amine Gemayel – legislator; son of Amine\nSami Gemayel – Political activist; legislator; son of Amine", "Hariri family\nRafic Hariri – 30th Prime Minister\nSaad Hariri – 33rd Prime Minister; son of Rafic Hariri\nBahaa Hariri – Political Activist; Parliament Candidate\nBahia Hariri – legislator; sister of Rafic\nAhmad Hariri – Parliamentary candidate; son of Bahia", "Al Solh family (Married into the House of Saud)\n Sami al Solh – 3rd Prime Minister\n Adel Al Solh – Politician; Cousin of Sami al Solh\n Riad Al Solh – 1st Prime Minister; Grandfather of Al Waleed bin Talal Al Saud\n Leila Al Solh – Minister of Industry; Daughter of Riad al Solh\n Bahija Al Solh El Assaad - wife of Said El Assaad, daughter of Riad Al Solh, aunt of Waleed Bin Talal.\n Takieddine Solh – 15th Prime Minister; Brother of Kazem Solh\n Kazem Al Solh – Diplomat; Member of Parliament", "Kazem Al Solh – Diplomat; Member of Parliament\n Kamel Ahmad Basha el Solh – High judge in the Ottoman Imperial Court\n Afif al Solh – Parliament member of Syria\n Rachid Al Solh – 16th Prime Minister of Lebanon\n Waheed Al Solh – Activist; Politician; First cousin and husband of Mounira Al solh\n Mounira Al Solh – Political Activist; Parliament Candidate; First cousin and wife of Waheed Al solh\n Sana Al Solh – Political Activist", "Helou family\nCharles Helou – President (1964–70)\nNina Helou – First Lady\nPierre Helou – Cabinet Minister;\nHenry Helou – legislator; son of Pierre\n\nJumblatt family (father-son)\nKamal Jumblatt – founder, Progressive Socialist Party, Cabinet Minister\nWalid Jumblatt – Civil War militia leader; Cabinet Minister; son of Kamal\nTaymour Jumblatt – Member of Parliament; son of Walid", "Karami family (father-sons)\nAbdul Hamid Karami (Prime Minister of Lebanon)\nRashid Karami – Prime Minister older son of Abdul Hamid\nOmar Karami – Prime Minister younger son of Abdul Hamid.\nFaisal Karami – Member of Parliament; son of Omar\nHobeika Family (husband-wife and child)\n\n Elie Hobeika – Member of Parliament and malitia leader\n Gina Hobeika – Former Party leader; Wife of Elie Hobeika\n Joseph Hobeika – Party leader", "Lahoud family\nSalim Lahoud – Member of Parliament (1952, 1956, 1960, 1968), Minister (Defense, Foreign affairs).\nNassib Lahoud – Member of Parliament (1991, 1992, 1996, 2000), Cabinet Minister (State, 2008), President of the Democratic Renewal Movement (son of Salim).\nFouad Lahoud – Member of Parliament (1972) (cousin of Jamil, brother of Salim).\nJamil Lahoud – Member of Parliament (1964) and Chief of the Army (cousin of Salim, Fouad).", "Jamil Lahoud – Member of Parliament (1964) and Chief of the Army (cousin of Salim, Fouad).\nÉmile Lahoud – President of Lebanon and Chief of the Army (son of Jamil).\nEmile Emile Lahoud- Minister (Youth and Sports) and Member of Parliament 2000 (elder son of Emile Jamil).\nNasri Lahoud – Head of the High Legal Magistrate, Military Judge (son of Jamil).", "Moawad family (husband-wife)\nRené Moawad – President (1989)\nNayla Moawad – legislator; widow of René\nMichel Moawad – Parliament member\n\nFrangieh family\nSuleiman Frangieh – President (1970–76)\nTony Frangieh – Cabinet Minister, Civil War militia leader; son of Suleiman\nSuleiman Frangieh, Jr. – legislator and Minister; son of Tony", "Salam family\n Salim Ali Salam – held many local offices in Beirut\n Anbara Salam Khalidi – feminist activist; daughter of Salim\n Saeb Salam – 8th Prime Minister of Lebanon; son of Salim\n Tammam Salam – 49th Prime Minister of Lebanon and acting president of Lebanon; son of Seab\n\nSkaff family\n Joseph Skaff – held several ministerial positions\n Elias Skaff – Parliament member; married to Myriam Skaff", "Liberia\nThe Barclay-Tubman family\nArthur Barclay (President, 1904–12)\nEdwin Barclay (nephew, President, 1930–44)\nWilliam Tubman (son-in-law, President, 1944–71)\nWinston Tubman (nephew, Justice Minister)\nBrumskine family (father-daughter)\n\n Charles Brumskine (Speaker, 1951–2019)\n Charlyne Brumskine (Candidate for vice-president)\n\nSkivring Smith family (father-son)\nJames Skivring Smith (President, 1871–72)\nJames Skivring Smith, Jr. (Vice President, 1930–44)", "The Taylor family\nCharles Taylor (President, 1997–2003)\nJewel Taylor (Ex-wife, Senator 2006–present, Vice President 2018–present)\n\nLithuania \n\nLandsbergis / Jablonskis\nMaldeikis\nPaleckis\nKarbauskis\n\nMadagascar\nThe Ratsiraka family (uncle-nephew)\nDidier Ratsiraka (President of Madagascar)\nRoland Ratsiraka (Mayor of Toamasina)\n\nThe Sylla family (father-son)\nAlbert Sylla (Foreign Minister)\nJacques Sylla (Prime Minister)", "The Sylla family (father-son)\nAlbert Sylla (Foreign Minister)\nJacques Sylla (Prime Minister)\n\nThe Tsiranana family (father-son)\nPhilibert Tsiranana (President of Madagascar)\nPierre Tsiranana (Governor of Mahajanga)\n\nMalawi\nThe Chirwa family\nOrton Chirwa (founder, Malawi Congress Party; political prisoner)\nVera Chirwa (wife of Orton Chirwa; human rights advocate and former presidential candidate)", "The Mutharika family\nBingu wa Mutharika (President of Malawi)\nPeter Mutharika (young brother of Bingu wa Mutharika; President of Malawi)", "Malaysia\nThe Abdul Razak–Hussein Onn family\nTun Abdul Razak, Prime Minister of Malaysia (1970–76)\nRahah Noah, daughter of Mohamed Noah Omar, sister of Suhailah Noah and spouse of Tun Abdul Razak \nDato' Sri Mohd Najib Tun Abdul Razak, Prime Minister (2009–18)\nJaafar Haji Muhammad, first Menteri Besar of Johor\nOnn Jaafar, founder of United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) and Menteri Besar of Johor\nTun Hussein Onn (Prime Minister, 1976–81)", "Tun Hussein Onn (Prime Minister, 1976–81)\nMohamed Noah Omar, father in law of Abdul Razak as well as Hussein Onn and Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat \nSuhailah Noah, daughter of Mohamed Noah Omar, spouse of Tun Hussein Onn and sister of Rahah Noah\nHishammuddin Hussein, former Minister of Youth of Sports, former Minister of Defence, former Minister of Home Affairs, former Minister of Education and former Minister of Foreign Affairs, son of Hussein Onn", "Tengku Marsilla Tengku Abdullah, spouse of Hishammuddin Hussein and princess of Pahang\nOnn Hafiz Ghazi, nephew of Hishammuddin Hussein, Menteri Besar of Johor, former Member of the Johor State Executive Council (EXCO), Member of the Johor State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Machap and formerly Layang-Layang\n Abdul Rahman Mohamed Yassin, brother-in-law of Onn Jaafar and first President of the Dewan Negara", "Abdul Rahman Mohamed Yassin, brother-in-law of Onn Jaafar and first President of the Dewan Negara\nUngku Abdul Aziz, nephew of Onn Jaafar, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Malaya and 1st Director of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka\nSyed Hussein Alatas, nephew of Onn Jaafar and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Malaya\nSyed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas, nephew of Onn Jaafar and founder of the International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilisation (ISTAC)\n Abdullah Jaafar, Menteri Besar of Johor", "Abdullah Jaafar, Menteri Besar of Johor\n Mustapha Jaafar, Menteri Besar of Johor\nThe Mahathir-Hasmah family", "Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia (1981-2003, 2018–2020)\n Mukhriz Mahathir, Menteri Besar of Kedah (2013-2016, 2018–2020)\n Tun Dr. Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali, spouse of Mahathir Mohamad\n Tun Ismail Mohamad Ali, brother of Siti Hasmah, second Governor of Bank Negara Malaysia\n\nThe Anwar family", "The Anwar family\n\n Ibrahim Abdul Rahman, father of Anwar Ibrahim, Member of Parliament of Seberang Perai Central (1959-1969)\n Anwar Ibrahim, Prime Minister of Malaysia (since 2022), Leader of the Opposition (2008–2015 & 2020–2022), Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia (1992-1998)\n Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, Leader of the Opposition (2008 & 2015–2018), Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia (2018-2020)\n Nurul Izzah Anwar, daughter of Anwar and Azizah, Member of Parliament of Permatang Pauh (2018-2022)\n\nThe Lim family", "The Lim family\n\n Lim Kit Siang, Leader of the Opposition\n Lim Guan Eng, Minister of Finance (2018-2020), Chief Minister of Penang (2008-2018)\n Lim Hui Ying, Deputy Minister of Education (since 2022)\n Betty Chew Gek Cheng, spouse of Lim Guan Eng", "Maldives\nThe Gayoom family (husband-wife and their close relatives)\nMaumoon Abdul Gayoom (President of the Maldives 1978–2008)\nNasreena Ibrahim (First Lady)\nAbdulla Hameed (Speaker of Parliament and Atoll Administrator)\nHamdhoon Hameed (Minister of Planning)\nMidhath Hilmy (Minister of Science and Communications)\nIlyas Ibrahim (Minister of Transportation and Aviation)\nAbdullahi Majeed (Deputy Minister for the Environment)\nIbrahim Hussain Maniku (Minister of Information)\nAbdulla Yameen (Minister of Trade)", "Mali\nThe Sidibé brothers\nMandé Sidibé (Prime Minister, 2000–02)\nModibo Sidibé (Prime Minister, 2007–11)\n\nMalta\nThe Abela family\nGeorge Abela (President of Malta, 2009–14)\n Robert Abela (son) (Prime Minister of Malta. 2020–present)\n\nThe Borg Olivier family\nGeorge Borg Olivier (Prime Minister of Malta, 1950–1955, 1962–1971)\nPaul Borg Olivier (nephew of George Borg Olivier; Secretary General of Partit Nazzjonalista 2008–2013)", "The Debono Grech family\nJoe Debono Grech (Deputy Leader of Partit Laburista, 1987–1992)\nJoanne Debono Grech (Daughter of Joe Debono Grech, Mayor of Birkirkara, 2013–present)\nThe Fenech Adami family\nEddie Fenech Adami (Prime Minister of Malta, 1987–1996, 1998–2004 President of Malta, 2004–2009 Nationalist Party leader 1977–2004)\nBeppe Fenech Adami (son of Eddie Fenech Adami, Nationalist Party deputy leader 2013–2017)\nMicheal Fenech Adami (son of Eddie Fenech Adami, Mayor of Birkirkara, 2006–2013)", "The Delia family\nAdrian Delia (Leader of Partit Nazzjonalista, 2017–2020)\nAnthony Delia (Brother of Adrian Delia, Local Councillor of San Pawl il-Bahar, 2019–present)", "The Galea-Muscat family\nCensu Galea (Minister of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, 1994–1996, Minister of Transport and Telecommunications, 1998–2004, Deputy Speaker of Parliament, 2010–2017)\nGraziella Galea (daughter of Censu Galea, Member of Parliament, 2022–present)\nJoseph Muscat (distant relative of Graziella Galea, Prime Minister of Malta,2013-2020)", "The Gonzi family\nMikiel Gonzi (Archbishop of Malta, 1943–1976, Labour Party Senator 1921–1924)\nLawrence Gonzi (great-grandnephew of Mikiel Gonzi, Prime Minister of Malta, 2004–2013)\nMichael Gonzi (great-grandnephew of Mikiel Gonzi and brother of Lawrence Gonzi, Member of Parliament, 2008–2017)", "The Grech family\nEdwin Grech (Minister of Social Security, 1996–1998)\n Karin Grech (Daughter of Edwin Grech, Murdered in 1977 by a letter bomb)\nBernard Grech (Nephew of Edwin Grech, Leader of Partit Nazzjonalista, 2020–present)\n\nThe De Marco family\nGuido de Marco (President of Malta, 1999–2004)\nMario de Marco (son of Guido de Marco, Minister for Environment, Tourism and Culture, 2012–2013)", "The Mifsud Bonnici family\nKarmenu Mifsud Bonnici (Prime Minister of Malta, 1984–87 leader of Labour Party, 1984–1992)\nUgo Mifsud Bonnici (cousin Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici; of President of Malta, 1994–99)\nCarmelo Mifsud Bonnici (son of Ugo Mifsud Bonnici; Home Affairs Minister, 2008–2012, Member of Parliament, 1998–present)\nPaula Mifsud Bonnici (niece of Carmelo Mifsud Bonnici; Member of Parliament 2013–2017,2022–present)", "The Mintoff family\nDom Mintoff (Prime Minister of Malta, 1955–1958, 1971–1984 leader of Labour Party, 1949–1984)\nYana Mintoff (daughter of Dom Mintoff, Maltese politician)\nWenzu Mintoff (nephew of Dom Mintoff, former Labour MP and founder of Alternattiva Demokratika)\n\nThe Mizzi family\nFortunato Mizzi (leader, Nationalist Party)\nEnrico Mizzi (son of Fortunato Mizzi, Prime Minister of Malta, 1950)", "The Said family\nChris Said (Minister of Justice, Information and Dialogue, 2012–2013)\n Edward Said (brother of Chris, Mayor of Nadur, 2015–present)\nCharles Said (brother of Chris, Mayor of Nadur, 2012–2015)\n\nThe Zerafa family\n Lydia Zerafa (First Lady of Prime Minister of Malta, 2020–present)\nAlison Zerafa Civelli (Sister of Lydia Abela, Parliament Secretary for Local Government, 2022–present)", "Marshall Islands\nThe Alik family\nAlee Alik (Member of Parliament, 1979–1987)\nEvlynn Konou (first cousin of Alee Alik; Member of Parliament, 1979–95)\nAlik J. Alik (brother of Alee Alik; Member of Parliament 1991–2012, Vice Speaker of Parliament, 2008–12)\nJurelang Zedkaia (nephew of Alee Alik; President of the Marshall Islands, 2009–2012)\nRien J. Morris (nephew of Alee Alik; Member of Parliament, 1995–)", "The Kabua family\nAmata Kabua (President of the Marshall Islands, 1979–96)\n David Kabua (President of the Marshall Islands, 2020)\nImata Kabua (cousin of Amata Kabua; President of the Marshall Islands, 1997–2000)\n\nThe Note family\nNathan Note (anti-nuclear lobbyist in Bikini Atoll)\nKessai Note (nephew of Nathan Note; President of the Marshall Islands, 2000–08)\nTomaki Juda (cousin of Kessai Note; Member of Parliament 2000–, Vice Speaker of Parliament, 2012–)", "Mauritius\nThe Ah-Chuen and Leung Shing family\n Moilin Jean Ah-Chuen, minister and legislative council member\n Marie Madeleine Lee (daughter of Moilin Jean), overseas member of the Republic of China's Legislative Yuan (1981–1984), Mauritian ambassador to the People's Republic of China (2000–2002)\n Pierre Leung Shing (brother-in-law of Moilin Jean), overseas member of the Republic of China's Control Yuan (1987–1990)\n Emmanuel Leung Shing (son of Pierre), attorney general and justice minister (2001–2005)", "Emmanuel Leung Shing (son of Pierre), attorney general and justice minister (2001–2005)\nThe Jugnauth family\nSir Anerood Jugnauth(former President of Mauritius, and former Prime Minister of Mauritius)\nPravind Jugnauth (son of Anerood Jugnauth), Prime Minister of Mauritius, Leader of Militant Socialist Movement\nAshok Jugnauth (brother of Anerood Jugnauth, former minister)\nMaya Hanoomanjee (niece of Anerood Jugnauth), former MP and former Speaker of the parliament", "The Bérenger family\nPaul Bérenger (MP, former Prime Minister of Mauritius)\nJoanna Bérenger (MP)\n\nThe Boolell family\n Sir Satcam Boolell (former minister)\nArvin Boolell (son of Satcam Boolell; former minister)\nSatyajit Boolell (younger son of Satcam Boolell; Director of Public Prosecution)\nSatish Boolell (nephew of Satcam Boolell; former Police Chief Medical Officer and former MP)\nAnil Gayan (nephew of Satcam Boolell; former minister)\nSushil Kushiram (son-in-law of Satcam Boolell; former minister)", "The Duval family\nSir Gaëtan Duval (Foreign Minister, 1969–1973)\nXavier Luc Duval (son of Gaëtan Duval; Vice Prime Minister of Mauritius 2005, leader of the Mauritian Social Democratic Party)\nRichard Duval (step-son of Gaëtan Duval; MP)\nHervé Duval (brother of Gaetan Duval; retired civil servant and former minister)\nGhislaine Henry (sister of Gaetan Duval; former Member of Parliament (MP) and former ambassador)\nThierry Henry (son of Ghislaine Henry; former MP)", "The Guttee family\nRajnarain Guttee (former MP)\nRohitnarain Singh Guttee (former MP, younger brother of Rajnarain Guttee)\n\nThe Jeetah family\nRamnath Jeetah (former MP)\nRajesh Jeetah (former minister)\n\nThe Mohamed family\n Sir Abdool Razack Mohamed, former minister\nYousuf Mohamed (son of Abdool Razack Mohamed; former minister and lawyer)\nShakeel Mohamed (grandson of Abdool Razack Mohamed and son of Yousuf Mohamed; lawyer and former minister)", "The Ramgoolam family\nSir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam (former Prime Minister of Mauritius)\nNavin Ramgoolam (son of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam; former Prime Minister of Mauritius)\n\nThe Seetaram family\nIswurdeo Seetaram (former MP and former Speaker)\nJangbahadoorsing Iswurdeo Mola Roopchand Seetaram (former MP)\n\nThe Uteem family\n Cassam Uteem (former President of the Republic; former minister)\nReza Uteem (son of Cassam Uteem; MP)\n\nThe Virahsawmy family\nSimadree Virahsamy (former MP)\nDeva Virahsawmy (former MP)", "The Virahsawmy family\nSimadree Virahsamy (former MP)\nDeva Virahsawmy (former MP)\n\nMexico\nThe Abascal family (father, son)\nSalvador Abascal, Leader of the National Synarchist Union\nCarlos María Abascal Carranza, Secretary of the Interior 2005–06\n\nThe Ávila Camacho family (brothers)\nManuel Ávila Camacho, President of Mexico 1940–46\nMaximino Ávila Camacho, Governor of Puebla 1937–41\nRafael Ávila Camacho, Governor of Puebla 1951–57", "The Calderón Hinojosa family (father, children, daughter-in-law)\nLuis Calderón Vega, Founder of the National Action Party (PAN).\nFelipe Calderón Hinojosa, President of Mexico 2006–2012; son of Calderón Vega\nMargarita Zavala de Calderón, Former PAN deputy; wife of Calderón Hinojosa\nLuisa María Calderón Hinojosa, Former PAN senator; daughter of Calderón Vega\nJuan Luis Calderón Hinojosa, public servant in Michoacán; son of Calderón Vega", "Juan Luis Calderón Hinojosa, public servant in Michoacán; son of Calderón Vega\nCarmen de Fátima Calderón Hinojosa, public servant in Michoacán; daughter of Calderón Vega", "The Cárdenas family (grandfather, father, son)\nLázaro Cárdenas, President of Mexico 1934–1940\nCuauhtémoc Cárdenas, Head of Government of the Federal District 1997–1999\nLázaro Cárdenas Batel, Governor of Michoacán 2002–2008\n\nThe Herrera family (grandfather, father, nephew, son)\nErnesto Herrera Ale, Mayor of Gomez Palacio, and owner of Chilchota\nJorge Herrera Caldera, Governor of the Durango (2010-2016)\nJuana Leticia Herrera Ale, current mayor of Gomez Palacio", "The del Mazo family (grandfather, father, nephew, son)\nAlfredo del Mazo Vélez, Governor of the State of Mexico 1945–1951\nAlfredo del Mazo González, Governor of the State of Mexico 1981–1986\nEnrique Peña Nieto, Governor of the State of Mexico 2005–2011, President of Mexico 2012–present; also nephew of Arturo Montiel, governor of the State of Mexico 1999–2005\nAlfredo del Mazo Maza, Governor of the State of Mexico 2017–present", "The Madero family (father, sons)\nEvaristo Madero, Governor of Coahuila\nFrancisco I. Madero, President of Mexico, 1911–1913\nGustavo A. Madero, Parliamentarian and revolutionary, Head of Government of the Federal District\n\nMoreira family\nHumberto Moreira Valdez (Governor of Coahuila 2005–2011)\nRubén Moreira Valdez (Governor of Coahuila 2011-2017 )", "The Obregón family (father, son)\nAlvaro Obregón, President of Mexico 1920–24\nAlvaro Obregón Tapia, Governor of Sonora 1955–61\nThe Sodi family (great-grandfather, grandfather, uncle, grandchildren)", "Carlos Sodi Candiani, senator for Oaxaca 1882–1884, senator for Michoacán for approximately 25 years\n Demetrio Sodi Guergué, president of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation 1908–1910, Secretary of Justice March 25, 1911 – May 25, 1911; son of Carlos\n Carlos Franco Sodi, Attorney General of the Republic 1952–1956; nephew of Demetrio\n Demetrio Sodi de la Tijera, federal deputy 1998–1991 and 1997–2000, senator for Mexico City 2000–2006, head of Miguel Hidalgo borough 2009–2012; grandson of Demetrio", "Gabriela Sodi Miranda, federal deputy 2021–present; granddaughter of Demetrio", "Montserrat\nThe Bramble family\nWilliam Henry Bramble (Chief Minister of Montserrat, 1960–70)\nPercival Austin Bramble (son of William Henry Bramble; Chief Minister of Montserrat, 1970–78)", "Mozambique\nThe Mandela family (South Africa) and Machel family\nSamora Machel – President of Mozambique (1975–83); first husband of Graça Machel\nGraça Machel – First Lady of Mozambique (1975–83) and South Africa (1998–99); widow of Samoa Machel; 3rd wife of Nelson Mandela\nNelson Mandela – President of South Africa (1994–1999)\nWinnie Madikizela-Mandela – political activist; 2nd wife of Nelson Mandela", "The Guebuza-Dai family (brothers-in-law)\nArmando Guebuza, President (2005–15)\nTobias Joaquim Dai, Defense Minister (2000–08)\n\nNamibia\nThe Nujoma family (father-son)\nSam Nujoma (President of Namibia, 1990–2005)\nUtoni Nujoma (Foreign minister)\n\nNauru\nThe Adeang family\nKennan Adeang (President of Nauru, 1986 and 1996)\nDavid Adeang (son of Kennan Adeang; Finance Minister, 2004–07 and 2011–)", "The Detudamo family\nTimothy Detudamo Head Chief of Nauru\nBuraro Detudamo (son of Timothy Detudamo, Chief and Island Councilor, Member of Parliament, 1968–92)\n\nThe Dowiyogo family\nBernard Dowiyogo (President of Nauru, 1976–78, 1989–95, 1996, 1998–99, 2000–01 and 2003)\nValdon Dowiyogo (son of Bernard Dowiyogo; Member of Parliament, Speaker of Parliament)\n\"Wawani Dowiyogo (Son of Valdon Dowiyogo; Member of Parliament)", "The Keke-Stephen family\nLudwig Dowong Keke (Member of Parliament, 1968–72, 1989–95, 1997–2000)\nLeo Adepagadogi Keke (brother of Ludwig Keke; Member of Parliament, 1976–80)\nKieren Keke (son of Ludwig Keke; Member of Parliament, Minister for Health)\nLawrence Stephen (brother-in-law to Ludwig and Leo Keke Member of Parliament, 1971–77, 1980–1986)\nMarcus Stephen (son of Lawrence Stephen; Member of Parliament, 2003–07, President of Nauru, 2007–)", "The Kun family\nRuben James Tullen Kun (Member of Parliament, 1971–92)\nRoland Kun (son of Ruben Kun; Member of Parliament, 2003–, Minister for Justice)\nRussell Kun (cousin of Roland Kun; Member of Parliament, 2003–2004)\n\nNepal", "Nepal\n\nThe Basnyat dynasty\n Shivaram Singh Basnyat (Senapati Badabir)\n Naahar Singh Basnyat (Kaji)\n Kehar Singh Basnyat (Kaji) married Chitrawati Devi, daughter of Kalu Pande.\n Kirtiman Singh Basnyat (Mulkaji)\n Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat (Mulkaji)\n Abhiman Singh Basnyat (Mulkaji)\n Dhokal Singh Basnyat (Governor)\n\nThe Pande dynasty", "The Pande dynasty\n\n Ganesh Pandey (Kaji of Gorkha)\n Kalu Pande (Kaji of Gorkha), descendant of Ganesh Pande\n Bamsa Raj Pandey (Dewankaji)\n Damodar Pande (Mulkaji)\n Rana Jang Pande (Mukhtiyar)\nBhim Bahadur Pande, seventh descendant of Kalu Pande \nPrithvi Bahadur Pande, son of Bhim Bahadur", "The Rana dynasty\nRam Krishna Kunwar\nBal Narsingh Kunwar, grandson of Ram Krishna \nJung Bahadur Rana\nBam Bahadur Kunwar\nRanodip Singh Kunwar\nBir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, nephew of Jung Bahadur Rana\nDev Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, nephew of Jung Bahadur Rana\nChandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana\nMohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana\nPashupati Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana, grandson of Mohan Shamsher\nBaber Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana\nUdaya Shumsher Rana, great-grandson of Baber\nKaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana", "Udaya Shumsher Rana, great-grandson of Baber\nKaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana\nBhim Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana\nPadma Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana\nSubarna Shamsher Rana, nephew of Padma Shamsher\nJuddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana\nKiran Shamsher Rana", "The Thapa dynasty\n\n Bir Bhadra Thapa (Kaji)\n Amar Singh Thapa (Sardar) (Sanukaji)\n Bhimsen Thapa (Mukhtiyar)\nNain Singh Thapa (General Kaji)\nQueen Tripurasundari of Nepal\nUjir Singh Thapa (Colonel Kaji)\nMathabar Singh Thapa (PM C-in-C)\nBhaktabar Singh Thapa (Colonel Kaji)\nRanabir Singh Thapa (General Kaji)", "The Koirala family\nKrishna Prasad Koirala \nMatrika Prasad Koirala (brother of Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala; Prime Minister of Nepal, 1951–52 and 1953–55)\nBishweshwar Prasad Koirala (Prime Minister of Nepal, 1959–60)\nGirija Prasad Koirala (brother of Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala; Prime Minister of Nepal, 1991–94, 1998–99, and 2000–01)\nSujata Koirala (daughter of Girija Prasad Koirala; vice Prime Minister of Nepal 2009–10)\nConnected Member", "Connected Member\nSushil Koirala (Prime Minister of Nepal, 2014–15; cousin of B.P., Girija)\nShailaja Acharya (former Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal; niece of Matrika, B.P. and Girija)", "The Netherlands\nThe Donner family\n Johannes Hendricus Donner (1824–1903, member of House of Representatives from 1880 to 1901)\n Jan Donner (1891–1981, Minister of Justice 1926–33), grandson of Johannes Hendricus Donner\n André Donner (1918–92, member of the state committee on revising the Constitution 1950–54, chairman of the state committee on revising the Constitution 1967–71), son of Jan Donner", "Piet Hein Donner (born 1948, Member of the Council of State 1997–2002, minister from 2002 to 2012, current vice-president of the Council of State), son of André Donner", "The Regout family\n Petrus Dominicus Regout (1801–78, member of Senate 1849–59)\n Hubert Gérard Louis Regout (1832–1905, member of Senate 1881–1904), son of Petrus Dominicus Regout\n Louis Hubert Willem Regout (1861–1915, member of Senate 1904–09 and 1909–13, Minister of Water 1909–13, Dutch delegate to the Holy See from July 1915 to his death in October 1915), son of Hubert Gérard Louis Regout, brother of Robert Regout", "Ludovicus Franciscus Hubertus Regout (1891–1966, member of Senate 1948–63), son of Louis Hubert Willem Regout\n Robert Regout (1863–1913, member of House of Representatives 1905–10, Minister of Justice 1910–13), son of Hubert Gérard Louis Regout", "New Zealand\nThe Allen family (grandfather-grandson)\n William Shepherd Allen – Member of Parliament 1890–91 for Te Aroha.\nJohn Manchester Allen – Member of Parliament 1938–41 for Hauraki. Grandson of William.\n\nThe Ardern family (cousins)\n Shane Ardern – Member of Parliament (1998–2014) for Taranaki–King Country.\nJacinda Ardern – Member of Parliament (2008–present), Prime Minister (2017–present), cousin of Shane", "The Armstrong family (father-son)\nTim Armstrong – Christchurch City Councilor 1919–25, 1927–29, Member of Parliament 1922–1939\nTommy Armstrong – Member of Parliament 1943–1951, Christchurch City Councilor 1929–35, 1962–65, son of Tim", "The Atmore–Baigent family (brothers-in-law)\nHarry Atmore – Member of Parliament for Nelson 1911–46 and Minister of Education 1928–31. Member of Nelson City Council 1905. Harry Atmore was the son-in-law of James Corrigan Member of Parliament for Patea 1922–25. Brother-in-law of Henry\nHenry Baigent – Mayor of Nelson 1901–04 and 1905–06 and Nelson City Councilor 1893–1901", "The Barclay family (father-son-cousin)\nJim Barclay – Member of Parliament 1935–43 for Marsden and Minister of Agriculture 1941–43\nBruce Barclay – Member of Parliament 1969–79 for Christchurch Central\nRon Barclay – Member of Parliament 1966–75 for New Plymouth. Deputy Mayor of New Plymouth District Council", "The Bell family (father-son-grandsons)\nSir Dillon Bell – Speaker 1871–75. Son-in-law Scobie Mackenzie Member of Parliament for Mt. Ida 1884–93 and Dunedin 1896–99\nSir Francis Bell – Prime Minister 1925, son of Sir Dillon\nWilliam Bell – Member of Parliament 1911–14, son of Sir Francis\nCheviot Bell – Member of Legislative Council 1950, son of Sir Francis and brother of William", "The Brandon family (father-son)\nAlfred Brandon, Sr. – Member of Parliament for Wellington Country 1858–81 and Legislative Council 1883–86\nAlfred Brandon, Jr. – Mayor of Wellington 1893–94 and Wellington City Councilor 1886–91\n\nThe Bridges–O'Connor family (brothers-in-law)\nSimon Bridges – Member of Parliament (2008–2022), Leader of the Opposition (2018–2020), Cabinet Minister\nSimon O'Connor – Member of Parliament (2011–present), married to Bridges' sister Rachel", "The Brown–Garrick–Peacock–Webb family (brothers-in-law)\nJohn Thomas Peacock, MP 1868–1873, MLC 1873–1905\nJohn Evans Brown, MP 1871–1879 and 1881–1884, married Peacock's sister Theresa Australia\nFrancis James Garrick, MP 1884–1887, married Peacock's sister Elizabeth\nHenry Richard Webb, MP 1873–1875, married Peacock's sister Augusta Ann", "The Carter–Doocey family (father-son-nephew/grandson)\nMaurice Carter – Christchurch City Councilor (1956–89), Canterbury Regional Councilor (1989–95)\nDavid Carter – Member of Parliament (1994–2020), Cabinet Minister, Speaker (2013–17), son of Maurice\nMatt Doocey - Member of Parliament (2014–present), grandson of Maurice and nephew of David", "The Connelly family (father-son)\nMichael Connelly – Member of Legislative Council 1936–1950\nMick Connelly – Member of Parliament 1956–84 and Cabinet Minister, son of Michael\n\nThe Courtney–Williams family (great-grandfather and great-grandson)\nThomas Williams – Christchurch City Councilor and Gore Borough Councilor 19th Century\nMel Courtney – Nelson City Councilor and Member of Parliament for Nelson 1976–81", "The Douglas family (father-sons)\nNorman Douglas – Member of Parliament 1960–75 and son-in-law of Member of Parliament Bill Anderton\nSir Roger Douglas – Member of Parliament 1969–90, 2008–11, Minister of Finance (1984–88) and founder of the ACT Party 1995, son of Norman\nMalcolm Douglas – Member of Parliament 1978–79, son of Norman and brother of Sir Roger", "The Field family (brothers-cousin)\nHenry Field – Member of Parliament for Otaki 1896–99\nWilliam Field – Member of Parliament for Otaki 1900–1935, brother of Henry\nTom Field – Member of Parliament for Nelson 1914–19, cousin to Henry and William\n\nThe Fisher family (father-son)\nGeorge Fisher – Member of Parliament for Wellington 1884–90 and Mayor of Wellington\nFrank Fisher – Member of Parliament for Wellington 1905–14, son of George", "The Fraser family (husband-wife)\nPeter Fraser – Member of Parliament 1918–50, Prime Minister 1940–49.\nJanet Fraser – Member of the Wellington Hospital Board 1925–35, wife of Peter\n\nThe Fraser family (husband-wife)\nBill Fraser – Member of Parliament 1957–81\nDorothy Fraser – Chair of the Otago Hospital Board 1974–86, wife of Bill\nBoth were members of the Dunedin City Council", "The Fraser–Cullen family (wife-husband)\nAnne Fraser – Member of Parliament for East Cape 1984–90\nMichael Cullen – Member of Parliament (1981-2009), Deputy Prime Minister, husband of Anne\n\nThe Gerard family (father-son)\nGeoff Gerard – Member of Parliament 1943–69 for Mid-Canterbury and Ashburton\nJim Gerard – Member of Parliament 1984–97 for Rangiora. Mayor of Waimakariri 2001–07 and Waimakariri District Councillor 2010–", "The Gill–Mitchell family (grandfather-grandson)\nFrank Gill – Member of Parliament (1969–80), Cabinet Minister, Ambassador to the United States (1980–82)\nMark Mitchell – Member of Parliament (2011–present), Cabinet Minister, grandson of Frank\n\nThe Graham family (great-grandfather-great-grandsons/brothers)\nRobert Graham – Member of Parliament 1855–68\nDoug Graham – Member of Parliament 1984–1999 for Remuera and Cabinet Minister\nKennedy Graham – List Member of Parliament 2008–2017, brother of Doug", "The Grigg family (husband-wife-husband-great-granddaughter)\nArthur Grigg – Member of Parliament 1938–41 for Mid-Canterbury\nMary Grigg – Member of Parliament 1942–43 for his seat after he was killed in World War II. Her grandfathers were Premier Sir John Hall, MP 1855–60 and 1866–93, and John Cracroft Wilson, MP 1866–70 and 1872–75. She married William Polson (Member of Parliament 1928–46) in 1943.\nNicola Grigg – Member of Parliament 2020–present for Selwyn, great-granddaughter of Arthur and Mary", "The Hamilton brothers\nAdam Hamilton – Member of Parliament for Wallace 1919–22 and 1925–46. Leader of the Opposition 1936–40\nJohn Hamilton – Member of Parliament for Awarua 1919–22 and 1925–28, brother of Adam\n\nThe Hanan family (uncle-nephew)\nJosiah Hanan – Member of Parliament for Invercargill 1899–1925 and Cabinet Minister. Mayor of Invercargill 1896–1897\nRalph Hanan – Member of Parliament for Invercargill 1946–69 and Cabinet Minister, Mayor of Invercargill 1938–1941, nephew of Josiah", "The Hay family (father-son)\nSir James Hay – Christchurch City Councilor 1944–53\nSir Hamish Hay – Mayor of Christchurch 1974–89, son of Sir James\n\nThe Henare family (great-grandfather/great-grandsons)\nTau Henare – Member of Parliament (1914–38)\nTau Henare, Jr. – Member of Parliament (1993–99 & 2005–2014) and Cabinet Minister (1996–99), great-grandson of Tau Henare\nPeeni Henare - Member of Parliament (2014–present) and Cabinet Minister, great-grandson of Tau Henare and cousin of Tau Jr.", "The Hislop family (father-son)\nThomas Hislop, Sr. – Member of Parliament and Cabinet Minister. Mayor of Wellington 1905–1908\nThomas Hislop, Jr. – Mayor of Wellington 1931–44 and High Commissioner to Canada 1950–57", "The Holland family (father-son-grandson)\nHenry Holland – Member of Parliament 1925–35 for Christchurch North and Mayor of Christchurch\nSir Sidney Holland – Leader of the New Zealand National Party and Prime Minister of New Zealand (1949–57)\nEric Holland – Cabinet Minister (1975–78), son of Sir Sidney.", "The Holyoake family (father/son-in-law)\nKeith Holyoake – Member of Parliament 1932–38 (Motueka) and 1943–77 (Pahiatua) and Prime Minister\nKen Comber – Member of Parliament 1972–81, married Diane Holyoake daughter of Keith\n\nThe Howard family (father-daughter)\nTed Howard – Member of Parliament (1919–39)\nMabel Howard – Member of Parliament (1943–69) and Cabinet Minister. Member of Christchurch City Council. Daughter of Ted", "The Hutchison family (father-son)\nWilliam Hutchison Member of Parliament 1879–84 and 1890–96. Mayor of Wellington\nGeorge Hutchison – Member of Parliament 1887–1901, son of William\n\nThe Izard family (father-son)\nCharles Beard Izard – Member of Parliament from 1887 to 1890\nCharles Hayward Izard – Member of Parliament from 1905 to 1908, son of Charles Beard", "The Jeffries brothers\nJohn Jeffries – Wellington City Councillor 1962–74, Deputy Mayor 1971–74\nBill Jeffries – Wellington City Councillor 1974–80, Member of Parliament for Heretaunga 1981–90, brother of John\n\nThe Kirk family (father-son-great-niece)\nNorman Kirk – Member of Parliament (1957–1974) and Prime Minister\nJohn Kirk – Member of Parliament (1974–84), son of Norman\nJo Luxton – Member of Parliament (2017–present), great-niece of Norman", "The Lange–Bassett family (Bassett was a cousin of Lange)\nDavid Lange – Prime Minister of New Zealand (1984–89)\nMichael Bassett – Member of Parliament (1972–75, 1978–90) and Cabinet Minister (1984–90), cousin of David\n\nThe Lee family (father-daughter)\nGraeme Lee – Member of Parliament (1981–96) and Cabinet Minister\nDenise Lee – Member of Parliament (2017–20), Auckland Councilor (2013–17), daughter of Graeme", "The Levin family (father-son)\nNathaniel Levin – Member of Legislative Council 1869–71\nWilliam Levin – Member of Parliament for Wellington 1879–84, son of Nathaniel\n\nThe Luxton family (father-son)\nJack Luxton – Member of Parliament for Piako (seat renamed Matamata) 1966–87\nJohn Luxton – Member of Parliament for Matamata 1987–99 and Cabinet Minister 1990–99, son of Jack", "The McCombs family (husband-wife-son)\nJames McCombs – Member of Parliament (1913–1933)\nElizabeth McCombs – first woman Member of Parliament (1933–1935)\nTerry McCombs – Member of Parliament (1935–51) and Cabinet Minister, son of James and Elizabeth\nAll three were members of Christchurch City Council.\n\nThe MacIntyre family (father-son)\nDuncan MacIntyre – Deputy Prime Minister\nHamish MacIntyre – Member of Parliament 1990–93, son of Duncan", "The Mackenzie family (father-son)\nSir Thomas Mackenzie – Prime Minister 1912. Member of Parliament 1887 to 1896 and 1900 to 1912 and Cabinet Minister. High Commissioner in London 1912–20.\nSir Clutha Mackenzie – Member of Parliament 1921–22 for Auckland East. Became blind at the age of 20 as a result of action at Gallipoli 1915. Sir Clutha was the son-in-law of Rt. Hon. George Forbes. Son of Sir Thomas", "The Mackey family (mother-daughter)\nJanet Mackey – Member of Parliament for East Coast (1996–2005)\nMoana Mackey – List Member of Parliament (2003–14), daughter of Janet\n\nThe Maher–McCready family (father/son-in-law)\nJimmy Maher – Member of Parliament (1946–60)\nAllan McCready – Member of Parliament (1960–78), Cabinet Minister, husband of Maher's daughter Grace", "The Mason–Wilford family (grandfather-grandson)\nThomas Mason – Member of Parliament for Hutt 1879–84\nThomas Wilford – Member of Parliament for Hutt 1896–1929, grandson of Thomas and son-in-law of Sir George McLean, Member of Parliament for Waikouaiti 1871–81", "The Massey family (father-two sons)\nBill Massey – Member of Parliament 1894–1925 and Prime Minister 1912–25\nWalter Massey – Member of Parliament for Hauraki 1931–35, son of Bill\nJack Massey – Member of Parliament for Franklin 1928–35 and 1938–57, son of Bill and brother of Walter\n\nThe McClay family (father-son)\nRoger McClay – Member of Parliament 1981–96 and Cabinet Minister\nTodd McClay – Member of Parliament 2008–present, Cabinet Minister, son of Roger", "The McMillan family (husband-wife)\nDr Gervan McMillan – Member of Parliament 1935–43 for Dunedin West and Cabinet Minister. Member of Dunedin City Council\nEthel McMillan – Member of Parliament 1953–75 for Dunedin North, wife of Gervan\n\nThe Montgomery family (father-son)\nWilliam Montgomery Sr. – Member of Parliament for Akaroa 1874–87 and Minister of Education\nWilliam Montgomery Jr. – Member of Parliament for Ellesmere 1893–99", "The Moss family (father-son)\nFrederick Moss – Member of Parliament for Parnell 1876–90\nEdward Moss – Member of Parliament for Ohinemuri 1902–05, son of Frederick\n\nThe Myers–Baume family (cousins)\nFrederick Baume – Member of Parliament for Auckland East\nArthur Myers – elected Member of Parliament for Auckland East after Baume died. Mayor of Auckland", "The Nash family (great-grandfather-great-grandson)\nSir Walter Nash – Member of Parliament 1929–68 and Prime Minister\nStuart Nash – Member of Parliament 2008–11, 2014–present and Cabinet Minister\n\nThe Nordmeyer family (father-in-law & son-in-law)\nSir Arnold Nordmeyer – Member of Parliament 1935–69 and Cabinet Minister. Leader of the Opposition 1963–65\nJim Edwards – Member of Parliament for Napier 1954–66, husband of Alison Nordmeyer and son-in-law of Sir Arnold", "The O'Connor family (cousins)\nDamien O'Connor – Member of Parliament (1993–2008, 2009–present), Cabinet Minister\nGreg O'Connor – Member of Parliament (2017–present), cousin of Damien\n\nThe O'Flynn family (father-son)\nFrancis Edward O'Flynn Member of the New Zealand Legislative Council 1937–42\nFrank O'Flynn Member of Parliament 1972–75, and 1978–87", "The Ormond–Wilson family (grandfathers-grandsons)\nJames Wilson – Member of Parliament 1881–96\nJohn Ormond – Member of Parliament 1861–90\nOrmond Wilson – Member of Parliament 1935–38 and 1946–49, grandson of James and John\nTiaki Omana – Member of Parliament for Eastern Maori 1943–63, grandson of John\n\nThe Paikea family (father-son)\nParaire Paikea – Member of Parliament for Northern Maori 1938–43\nTapihana Paikea – Member of Parliament for Northern Maori 1943–63, son of Paraire", "The Parata family (father-son-descendant)\nTame Parata – Member of Parliament for Southern Maori 1885–1911\nTaare Parata – Member of Parliament for Southern Maori 1911–18, son of Tame\nHekia Parata – Member of Parliament 2008–17 and Cabinet Minister, descendant of Tame and Taare", "The Peters family (brothers)\nIan Peters – National Party Member of Parliament for Tongariro (1990–1993)\nJim Peters – New Zealand First Member of Parliament (2002–2005)\nWinston Peters – Leader of New Zealand First; Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand (1996–98, 2017–20)\n\nThe Pharazyn family (father-son)\nCharles Johnson Pharazyn – Member of Legislative Council (1869–85)\nRobert Pharazyn – Member of Parliament for Rangitikei (1865–66) and Legislative Council (1885–96)", "The Ratana–Rurawhe family (brothers, wife, grandson)\nToko Ratana – Member of Parliament 1935–1944, succeeded by his younger brother\nMatiu Ratana – Member of Parliament 1944–1949, succeeded by his wife\nIriaka Rātana – Member of Parliament 1949–69 (all for Western Maori)\nAdrian Rurawhe – Member of Parliament for Te Tai Hauauru (successor electorate to Western Maori) 2014–present, Speaker (2022–present), grandson of Matiu and Iriaka", "The Reeves brothers\nCharles Reeves – Mayor of Dunedin 1876–77 and Dunedin City Councillor 1873–76\nRichard Reeves – Member of Parliament for Grey Valley and Inangahua 1878–1893 and Legislative Council 1895–1910 (Speaker 1895), brother of Charles\n\nThe Reeves family (father-son)\nWilliam Reeves – Member of Parliament 1867–1868 & 1871–1875\nWilliam Pember Reeves – Member of Parliament 1887–1896 and Minister of Labour 1891–1896, son of William", "The Rhodes family (brothers, father-son-cousin)\nWilliam Barnard Rhodes – Member of Parliament 1853–55 & 1858–66\nRobert Heaton Rhodes – Member of Parliament 1871–74, William's brother\nSir Heaton Rhodes – Member of Parliament 1899–1925 and a Cabinet Minister\nArthur Rhodes – Member of Parliament and Mayor of Christchurch", "The Richardson–Pearce family (Richardson was Pearce's great-granddaughter)\nGeorge Pearce – Member of Parliament for Patea 1908–19\nRuth Richardson – Member of Parliament for Selwyn 1981–1994 and Minister of Finance", "The Richmond–Atkinson family (brothers, relation by marriage)\nJames Richmond – Member of Parliament 1860–1870 and a Cabinet Minister, and his brother\nWilliam Richmond – Member of Parliament 1855–62 and a Cabinet Minister\nHarry Atkinson – Member of Parliament 1861–91 and Premier several times, related by marriage\nArthur Atkinson – Member of Parliament 1899–1902, nephew of Harry", "The Rolleston family (father-sons)\nWilliam Rolleston – Provincial Superintendent, Member of Parliament and Cabinet Minister\nFrank Rolleston – Member of Parliament for Timaru 1922–28 and Cabinet Minister, son of William\nJohn Rolleston – Member of Parliament for Waitomo 1922–28, son of William and brother of Frank", "The Seddon family (father-son-daughter)\nRichard Seddon – Prime Minister of New Zealand (1893–1906)\nTom Seddon – Member of Parliament for Westland 1906–22 and 1925–28, son of Richard\nElizabeth Gilmer – Wellington City Councilor 1941–53, daughter of Richard\n\nThe Semple family (husband-wife)\nBob Semple – Member of Parliament 1918–19, 1928–54 and Cabinet Minister.\nMargaret Semple – Wellington City Councilor 1938–41, wife of Bob", "The Sidey family (father-son)\nSir Thomas Sidey – Member of Parliament for Caversham and Dunedin South 1901–28, Cabinet Minister and Member of Legislative Council 1928–33\nSir Stuart Sidey – Mayor of Dunedin 1959–65 and Dunedin City Councilor 1947–83\n\nThe Smith family (father-son)\nEdward Smith – Member of Parliament 1890–96 and 1899–1907\nSydney Smith – Member of Parliament 1918–25 and 1928–38 and Cabinet Minister, son of Edward", "The Smith family (father-son)\nJ. Valentine Smith – Member of Parliament 1855–1858\nHarold Smith – Member of Parliament 1916–1919, son of J. Valentine\n\nThe Stewart family (father-son)\nWilliam Downie Stewart Sr – Member of Parliament Dunedin West 19th Century\nWilliam Downie Stewart Jr – Member of Parliament 1914–1935 Dunedin West, Minister of Finance 1931–1933 and Mayor of Dunedin 1913–1914", "The Sutton family (brothers)\nJim Sutton – Member of Parliament (1984–90, 1993–2006) and Cabinet Minister (1990, 1999–2006)\nBill Sutton – Member of Parliament (1984–90), brother of Jim\n\nThe Tamihere–Waititi family (father/son-in-law)\nJohn Tamihere – Labour Member of Parliament (1999–2005), Cabinet Minister, Māori Party Co-leader (2020)\nRawiri Waititi – Māori Party Member of Parliament and Co-leader (2020–present), married to Tamihere's daughter Kiri", "The Taylor family (father-son)\nTommy Taylor – Member of Parliament and Mayor of Christchurch 1911\nTed Taylor – Christchurch City Councilor 1968–71, son of Tommy", "The Tirikatene family (father-daughter-nephew/grandson)\nSir Eruera Tirikatene – Member of Parliament (1932–67) and Cabinet Minister (1943–49, 1957–60)\nWhetu Tirikatene-Sullivan – Member of Parliament (1967–96) and Cabinet Minister (1972–75), daughter of Sir Eruera\nRino Tirikatene – Member of Parliament 2011–present, grandson of Sir Eruera and nephew of Whetu", "The Tizard family (husband-wife; parents-daughter)\nBob Tizard – Member of Parliament (1957–60 and 1963–90), Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance (1974–75)\nDame Catherine Tizard – Mayor of Auckland (1983–90) and Governor-General of New Zealand (1990–95), ex-wife of Bob\nJudith Tizard – Member of Parliament (1993–2008) and Minister, daughter of Bob and Dame Catherine", "The Uru brothers\nHopere Uru – Member of Parliament for Southern Maori 1918–21\nHenare Uru – Member of Parliament for Southern Maori 1922–28, brother of Hopere", "The Wakefield family (father-son-nephew)\nEdward Gibbon Wakefield (1796–1862) – Member of Parliament\nJerningham Wakefield (1820–79) – Member of Parliament\nEdward Wakefield (1845–1924) – nephew, son of brother Felix Wakefield, Member of Parliament\nEdward Stafford (1819–1901) Member of Parliament and Premier, married niece Emily, daughter of brother William Wakefield", "The Walls family (grandfather-grandson)\nRobert Walls – MP for Dunedin North 1945-53\nRichard Walls – MP for Dunedin North 1975–78, Mayor of Dunedin 1989–95, grandson of Robert\n\nThe Ward family (father-son)\nSir Joseph Ward – (1887–1930) Member of Parliament and Premier/Prime Minister\nVincent Ward – (1930–31) Member of Parliament, son of Sir Joseph", "The Wetere–Mahuta family (uncle-niece)\nKoro Wētere – Member of Parliament 1969–96 and Cabinet Minister\nNanaia Mahuta – Member of Parliament 1996–present and Cabinet Minister, niece of Koro\n\nThe Wilkinson–McLay family (half-brothers)\nPeter Wilkinson – Member of Parliament (1969–84), Cabinet Minister\nJim McLay – Member of Parliament (1975–87), Leader of the Opposition (1984–86), Cabinet Minister, half-brother of Peter", "The Young–Bradford family (father-daughter-son/brother-in-law)\nBill Young – Member of Parliament 1966–81 and Cabinet Minister\nAnnabel Young – Member of Parliament 1997–2002, daughter of Bill\nMax Bradford – Member of Parliament 1990–2002 and Cabinet Minister, married to Bill's daughter Rosemary\n\nThe Young family (father-son)\nVenn Young – Member of Parliament 1966 to 1990 and Cabinet Minister\nJonathan Young – Member of Parliament for New Plymouth 2008–20, son of Venn", "Nicaragua\nThe Argüello family\n Juan Argüello del Castillo y Guzmán, (1778–1830), Deputy Head of State 1826–7; Head of State 1827–9, son of Narciso Jose Argüello y Monsivais (Cadiz, Spain, 1714-Granada, Nicaragua 1771). Narciso Jose, with his older brother Diego Nicolas Argüello y Monsivais (1706–1770), are the founders of the Argüello family in Nicaragua. \n Jose Argüello Arce (1821–1897), President of Congress, 1865–6, 1877–79, great-grandson of Diego Nicolas Argüello y Monsivais.", "Angélica Balladares de Argüello,(1872–1973). 1st Lady of the Liberal Party, 1925–1973; Pres.of the Nicaraguan Feminist League 1931–1937; UAW's \"Woman of the Americas, Nicaragua Chapter\",1959; Congressional Gold Medal 1969 laureate, wife of Guillermo Argüello Vargas. \nLeonardo Argüello Barreto,(1875–1947) Interior, Education and Foreign Minister; President of Nicaragua, 1947, direct descendant of Narciso Jose Argüello y Monsivais.", "Guillermo Argüello Vargas, grandson of José Argüello Arce; Minister of Education, 1924–26, Minister of Finance 1928–32; spouse of Angelica Balladares de Argüello\n Mariano Argüello Vargas (1890–1970) grandson of José Argüello Arce; President of Congress 1937, 1950, 1965; Foreign Minister 1939–41, and 1943–46; Vice-President, 1947", "Alejandro Argüello Montiel, (1917-1997) Deputy Head of Congress (1946-8), Signatary of Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty, TIAR. 1947) first cousin of Alejandro Montiel Arguello and direct descendant of Diego Nicolas Arguello y Monsivais. \n Alejandro Montiel Argüello (1917–2012), Foreign Minister, 1959–63 and 1971–78, nephew of Mariano Argüello Vargas and direct descendant of both Narciso Jose and Diego Nicolas Argüello y Monsivais.", "Guillermo Argüello Poessy Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, 2000, Pres. GAO, Comptroller, 2001–2014; nephew of Guillermo Argüello Vargas and great-grandson of José Argüello Arce;\nCarlos Argüello Gómez (born 1946) Justice Minister 1979–83, Chief Nicaraguan Negotiator and Ambassador to the UN World Court in the Hague, Netherlands, from 1983 to present and direct descendant of both Narciso Jose and Diego Nicolas Argüello y Monsivais.", "Bertha Marina Argüello Roman (de Rizo), Vice Minister of Family (2000) and of Foreign Affairs (2002), daughter of Guillermo Argüello Poessy. \n Silvio Argüello Cardenal, Vice-President, 1963–67, direct descendant of Narciso Jose Argüello y Monsivais.\n Mariángeles Argüello Robelo, Health Minister, 2000–02 direct descendant of Narciso Jose Argüello y Monsivais.\n Alejandro Argüello Choisell, Minister of Public Works, Industry & Commerce, 2005–2007. direct descendant of Narciso Jose Argüello y Monsivais.", "Noel Vidaurre Arguello, (1955–) Vice Minister of Finance and Economy 1990–1992, direct descendant of Narciso Jose Argüello y Monsivais.", "The Chamorro family", "The Sacasa family\nRoberto Sacasa Sarria, President of Nicaragua, 1889–91 and 1891–93\nJuan Bautista Sacasa Sacasa, son of Pres. Roberto Sacasa Sarria, President of Nicaragua, 1933–36\nCrisanto Sacasa Sacasa, nephew of Pres. Roberto Sacasa Sarria, Education Minister, 1933 and 1955\nOscar Sevilla Sacasa, grandson of Pres. Roberto Sacasa Sarria, Foreign Minister\nGuillermo Sevilla Sacasa, grandson of Pres. Roberto Sacasa Sarria, Acting President of Nicaragua, 1936\nBenjamín Lacayo Sacasa, Pres. of Nicaragua, 1947", "Benjamín Lacayo Sacasa, Pres. of Nicaragua, 1947\nRamiro Sacasa Guerrero, Secretary of the Presidency, Labour Minister, 1953–5; Education Minister, 1966–8\nNoel Sacasa Cruz, great-grandson of Pres. Roberto Sacasa Sarria, Economy, Industry & Commerce Minister, 1999–2001\nEsteban Duque-Estrada Sacasa, great-grandson of Pres. Roberto Sacasa Sarria, Minister of Finance, 1999–2001\nFrancisco Xavier Aguirre Sacasa, great-grandson of Roberto Sacasa Sarria, Foreign Minister, 2000–2002", "The Ortega-Murillo family\nDaniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua (1979–90; 2007–)\nRosario Murillo, First Lady and Vice President of Nicaragua (2017–)", "The Somoza family\nAnastasio Somoza García President of Nicaragua, Head of State, 1934–56\nLuis Somoza Debayle, son of Pres. Anastasio Somoza García, grandson of Pres. Roberto Sacasa Sarria (see Sacasa family); President of Nicaragua, 1956–63\nAnastasio Somoza Debayle, son of Pres. Anastasio Somoza García, grandson of Pres. Roberto Sacasa Sarria (see Sacasa family); President of Nicaragua, 1967–72 and 1974–79\n\nNiger\nThe Diori family (cousins)\nDiori Hamani (President)\nDjibo Bakary (independence leader)", "Niger\nThe Diori family (cousins)\nDiori Hamani (President)\nDjibo Bakary (independence leader)\n\nThe Kountché family (cousins)\nSeyni Kountché (former military President)\nAli Saibou (former military President)", "Nigeria\nThe Abubakar Olusola Saraki family (father, son, daughter)\nAbubakar Olusola Saraki 1979–1983: Senate Leader in Nigerian Senate\nAbubakar Olubukola Saraki 2003–2007 and 2007–2011: Governor of Kwara State, 2011–2019 : Senator in Nigerian Senate, 2015–2019: Senate President, under trial at code of conduct tribunal over no-disclosure of assets", "Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki 1999–2003: Member of Nigerian House of Representatives, 2003–2007: Senator in Nigerian Senate, 2007–2011: Senator in Nigerian Senate, 2011", "The Awolowo family and the Osibanjo family (grandfather-in-law, grandson-in-law)\n Obafemi Awolowo, political activist and politician, premier of the Western Region, Leader of the Opposition in the Federal Parliament \n Yemi Osibanjo, lawyer and politician, Vice-President\n\nThe Ironsi family (father, son)\n\n Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi January–July 1966: Nigerian military head of state\n Thomas Aguiyi Ironsi 2004–2007: Minister of Defense, 2001–2004: Nigerian Ambassador to Togo\n\nThe Onyeama family (father, son)", "The Onyeama family (father, son)\n\nCharles Dadi Onyeama 1964–1967: Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria\nGeoffrey Jideofor Kwusike Onyeama 2015–2019: Nigeria's Minister for Foreign Affairs, 2019 (incumbent): Nigeria's Minister for Foreign Affairs.\n\nNorth Macedonia \nThe Crvenkovski family (father-son)\nKrste Crvenkovski (Secretary of the League of Communists of Macedonia)\nStevo Crvenkovski (Foreign minister)", "Norway\nThe Stoltenberg family\nAll members of the family are associated with the Norwegian Labour Party\nThorvald Stoltenberg (1998–2008: President of the Norwegian Red Cross, 1996–99: Ambassador to Denmark, 1987–89 and 1990–93: Minister of Foreign Affairs), 1990: UN High Commissioner for Refugees, 1979–1981: Minister of Defense.\nKarin Stoltenberg (wife of Thorvald Stoltenberg) 1986–1987 Junior minister of Trade and Shipping, 1987–88 Junior minister of Business Affairs.", "Jens Stoltenberg (son of Thorvald Stoltenberg and Karin Stoltenberg) (2000–01, 2005–13 Prime Minister 1993–96 Minister of Trade and Energy 1996–97 Minister Finance and Customs) Leader of the Labour Party 2002–2014, 13th Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization 2014–present\nIngrid Schulerud (married to Jens Stoltenberg) (has a high-profile diplomatic position in the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs) (21st Norwegian Ambassador to Belgium 2015–present)", "Johan Jørgen Holst (Thorvald Stoltenberg's brother-in-law, [married to Karin's sister]) (1993–94 Minister of Foreign Affairs and known for leading peace negotiations in the Middle East. 1987–89 and 1991–93 Minister of Defense.)\nAnne-Catharina Vestly (Ingrid Schulerud aunt) (Writer of literature for children with a left wing and feministic political message, and political advocate for less secrecy toward children about sex)", "The Gerhardsen family\nAll members of the family are associated with the Norwegian Labour Party\nEinar Gerhardsen (1945–51, 1955–63 and 1963–65 Prime Minister)\nRune Gerhardsen (son of Einar Gerhardsen) (1991–96 Leader of the city government in Oslo)\nTove Strand (divorced from Rune Gerhardsen and mother of Mina Gerhardsen) (1986–89 Minister of Social Affairs 1990–92 Minister of Employment and Administration)", "Mina Gerhardsen (daughter of Rune Gerhardsen and Tove Strand and granddaughter of Einar Gerhardsen) (2005–2013 Political advisor for Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg)\nEirik Øwre Thorshaug (married to Mina Gerhardsen) (2007–present political advisor for Minister of Justice Knut Storberget)", "The Harlem family\nAll members of the family are associated with the Norwegian Labour Party\nGudmund Harlem. Minister of Social Affairs 1955–61 and Minister of Defense, 1961–63 and 1963–65.\nGro Harlem Brundtland. Daughter of Gudmund Harlem. Minister of Environmental Affairs 1974–79. Prime Minister three times: February 1981 – October 1981, 1986–89, and 1990–96. Director-General of the World Health Organization, 1998–2003.", "Hanne Harlem. Daughter of Gudmund Harlem, sister of Gro Harlem Brundtland. Minister of Justice 2000–2001.", "The Bondevik family\nAll members of the family is associated with the Norwegian Christian Democratic Party\nKjell Bondevik (1963 Minister of Social Affairs, 1965–71 Minister of Education and Church Affairs)\nKjell Magne Bondevik (nephew of Kjell Bondevik) (1997–2000 and 2000–05 Prime Minister, 1989–1990 Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1983–86 Minister of Education and Church Affairs)", "Pakistan\nBhutto family\nZulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Civil Administrator, Prime Minister 1971–1977. \nBenazir Bhutto, 11th Prime Minister 1988–1990, 13th Prime Minister 1993–1996, Leader of the Opposition, Chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party. \nBilawal Bhutto, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Chairman of Pakistan People's Party, Chairperson of the National Assembly Standing Committee for Human Rights.", "Sharif family\nNawaz Sharif, Quaid of Pakistan, Muslim League Leader (Nawaz), Prime Minister 1990–1993, again Prime Minister 1996–1999, third term 2013–2017.\nMian Muhammad Shehbaz Sharif, Chief minister Punjab 1996–1999, again chief minister 2008–2013, again chief minister 2013–2018, Opposition leader in National Assembly 2018–2022, Prime Minister of Pakistan 2022–present.\nMaryam Nawaz, Vice President of Muslim League (Nawaz), Chairperson of Prime Minister's Youth Programme.", "Hamza Shahbaz Sharif Opposition leader in Punjab, Vice President of Muslim League (Nawaz), Member of Provincial Assembly of Punjab, Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan.", "Palau\nThe Nakamura family (Brothers-sons)\nKuniwo Nakamura (President, Vice President)\nAric Nakamura (Senator (2017-2021))\nDaiziro Nakamura (Senator)\nMamoru Nakamura (Chief Justice)\nToshiwo Nakamura (Legislator)\n\nThe Remengesau family (father-son)\nThomas Remengesau, Sr. (President, 1988–89 & 1985, Vice President, 1986–88)\nTommy Remengesau (President, 2013–2021 & 2001–09, Vice President 1993–2001, Senator 1989–93 & 2009–13)\nTJ Imrur Remengesau (Senator 2021–Present)", "The Tmetuchl-Toriboing family\nRoman Tmetuchl (Presidential candidate 1980, 1984 & 1988, Governor of Airai State 1981–1990), Senator of First Congress of Micronesia for the TTPI 1971 - 1979), member of Council of Chiefs as Ngiraked of Tmeleu Clan of Airai State 1979–1999) \nMlib Tmetuchl (son, Vice Presidential Candidate (2016) Senator 2009–2017)\nJohnson Toribiong (nephew, President, 2009–2013, member of Council of Chiefs as Ngiraked of Tmeleu Clan of Airai State 1999–2008)", "Joel Toribiong (nephew, Senator 2009–2017)\nLucius (Lakius) Malsol (nephew, Senator 2003-2005 & 1997–2001)", "The Whipps family (father-son)\nSurangel S. Whipps (Presidential candidate (2008), President of the Senate (2001–2009), former Speaker of the House of Delegates (1985–2001), member of Council of Chiefs as Rekemesik of Inglai Clan of Ngatpang State (1997–present))\nSurangel S. Whipps, Jr. (son, President 2021–present, Presidential Candidate 2016, Governor of Ngatpang State, Senator (2009–2017), Honorary Consul of South Korea to Palau (2000-2021))", "Mason Ngirchechebangel Whipps (son, Senator (2013–present), Speaker of the Airai State Legislature (2008–12), Governor of Ngatpang State)\nEric Ksau Whipps (son, Philippine Honorary Consul to Palau (2013–present))", "Panama\nThe Arias family\nArnulfo Arias Madrid (President of Panama, 1940–41, 1949–51, and 1968)\nMireya Moscoso (wife of Arnulfo Arias Madrid; President of Panama, 1999–2004)\nHarmodio Arias Madrid (brother of Arnulfo Arias Madrid; President of Panama, 1932–36)\n\nThe Arosemena family (brothers-in-law)\nJuan Demóstenes Arosemena (President of Panama, 1936–39)\nAlcibíades Arosemena (President of Panama, 1951–52)", "The Boyd family (father-son)\nFederico Boyd (President of Panama, 1910)\nAugusto Samuel Boyd (President of Panama, 1939–40)\n\nThe Chiari-Robles family\nRodolfo Chiari (President of Panama, 1924–28)\nRoberto Francisco Chiari Remón (son of Rodolfo Chiari; President of Panama, 1960–64)\nMarco Aurelio Robles (nephew of Rodolfo Chiari; President of Panama, 1964–68)\n\nThe Delvalle family (uncle-nephew)\nMax Delvalle (Vice President, 1964–48)\nEric Arturo Delvalle (President of Panama, 1985–88)", "The Lewis family (father-son)\nGabriel Lewis Galindo (Foreign Minister, 1994–96)\nSamuel Lewis Navarro (Foreign Minister, 2004–09)\n\nThe Torrijos family (father-son)\nOmar Torrijos (Panamanian leader, 1968–81)\nMartín Torrijos (President of Panama, 2004–09)\n\nPapua New Guinea\nThe Chan family (father-son)\n\n Sir Julius Chan, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, 1980–1982 and 1994–97\n Byron Chan, member of the National Parliament, 2002–present\n\nThe Somare family (father-son)", "The Somare family (father-son)\n\n Sir Michael Somare, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea, 1975–80, 1982–85 and 2002–present\n Arthur Somare, member of the National Parliament, 1997–present\n\nParaguay\nThe Argaña family\nLuis María Argaña (Vice President, 1998–99)\nFélix Argaña (son of Luis María Argaña; vice presidential candidate)\nNelson Argaña (son of Luis María Argaña; cabinet minister)", "The Cubas family\nRaúl Cubas Grau (President of Paraguay, 1998–99)\nCarlos Cubas Grau (brother of Raúl Cubas Grau; cabinet minister)\n\nThe López family\nCarlos Antonio López (President of Paraguay, 1844–62)\nFrancisco Solano López (son of Carlos Antonio López; President of Paraguay, 1862–69)", "Peru\nThe Acuña family\n Virgilio Acuña Peralta, Congressman (2011–16)\n Humberto Acuña Peralta, Governor of Lambayeque (2010–18)\n César Acuña Peralta, Congressman (2000–06), Mayor of Trujillo (2007–14) and Governor of La Libertad (2015)\n Carmen Rosa Núñez Campos, Congresswoman (2014–16), former wife of César Acuña\n Richard Acuña Núñez, Congressman (2011–16), son of César Acuña and Carmen Rosa Núñez.", "The Andrade family\n Alberto Andrade, Mayor of Miraflores (1990–96), Mayor of Lima (1996–2002) and Congressman (2006–09)\n Fernando Andrade, Mayor of Miraflores (1996–99 and 2003–06) and Congressman (2011–16)", "The Bedoya family\n Luis Bedoya Reyes, Minister of Justice (1963), Mayor of Lima (1964–1969) and Member of the Constitutional Assembly (1978–79).\n Luis Bedoya de Vivanco (Mayor of Miraflores (1984–89 and 1999–2011) and Constituent Congressman (1992–1995)), son of Luis Bedoya Reyes\n Javier Bedoya de Vivanco (Deputy (1985–92) and Congressman (2006–16)), son of Luis Bedoya Reyes\n Javier Bedoya Denegri (Vice-Mayor of San Isidro (2015–2018)), son of Javier Bedoya de Vivanco and grandson of Luis Bedoya Reyes", "The Belaúnde/Diez Canseco family\n Pedro Diez Canseco (President of Peru, 1863, 1865, and 1868)\n Víctor Andrés Belaúnde y Diez Canseco (Foreign Minister 1958; Pres. of the United Nations General Assembly, 1959), grandson of Pres. Pedro Diez Canseco\n Rafael Belaúnde y Diez Canseco (Pres. of the Council of Ministers, 1945–46), grandson of Pres. Pedro Diez Canseco", "Fernando Belaúnde Terry (President of Peru, 1963–68 and 1980–85), son of Rafael Belaúnde y Diez Canseco, nephew of Victor Andrés Belaunde y Diez Canseco\n José Antonio García Belaúnde (Foreign Minister, 2006–2011), nephew of Pres. Fernando Beláunde Terry\n Víctor Andrés García Belaúnde (Deputy, 1980–92, and Congressman, 2006–16), nephew of Pres. Fernando Belaúnde Terry\n Francisco Diez Canseco (President of Peru, 1872), brother of Pres. Pedro Diez Canseco", "Francisco Diez Canseco (President of Peru, 1872), brother of Pres. Pedro Diez Canseco\n Manuel Yrigoyen Diez Canseco (Mayor of Lima 1919–20), grandnephew of Pres. Pedro Diez Canseco and Pres. Francisco Diez Canseco\n Raul Diez Canseco Terry (First Vice President of Peru; resigned in 2004), great-great-grandnephew of Pres. Pedro Diez Canseco and Pres. Francisco Diez Canseco, first cousins twice removed of Manuel Yrigoyen Diez Canseco", "Javier Diez Canseco (former congressman), great-great-grandnephew of Pres. Pedro Diez Canseco and Pres. Francisco Diez Canseco, first cousins twice removed of Manuel Yrigoyen Diez Canseco, first cousin of Raul Diez Canseco Terry", "The Castañeda family\n Carlos Castañeda Iparraguirre, Mayor of Chiclayo\n Luis Castañeda Lossio, (Mayor of Lima 2003–10 and 2015–18), son of Carlos Castañeda", "The de la Riva-Agüero family\n José de la Riva Agüero (President of Peru, 1823)\n José de la Riva-Agüero y Looz Corswaren (Foreign Minister, 1972–1975, Pres. of the Council of Ministers, 1873–74 and Pres. of the Senate, 1878), son of José de la Riva-Agüero\n Enrique de la Riva-Agüero y Looz Corswaren (Pres. of the Council of Ministers, 1899–1900 and 1915–1917)\n José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma (Pres. of the Council of Ministers and Justice Minister, 1933–34)", "The Fujimori family\n Alberto Fujimori (President of Peru, 1990–2000)\n Susana Higuchi (First Lady 1990–94, Congresswoman 1995–2006), former wife of President Alberto Fujimori\n Keiko Fujimori (First Lady 1994–2000, Congresswoman 2006–2011), daughter of President Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi\n Kenji Fujimori (Congressman 2011–2016), son of President Alberto Fujimori and Susana Higuchi\n Santiago Fujimori (Congressman 2006–11), brother of President Alberto Fujimori", "The García family\n Carlos García Ronceros, Secretary General of the APRA\n Nytha Pérez of García, Founding member of the APRA\n Alan García Pérez, President of Peru (1985–90 and 2006–11), Pres. of Constitutional Assembly (1978–1980), Deputy-President (1980–85) and member of Congress (1990–92)\n\nThe Morales-Bermúdez family\n Remigio Morales Bermúdez (President of Peru, 1890–94)\n Francisco Morales Bermúdez (President of Peru, 1975–80), grandson of Pres. Remigio Morales Bermúdez", "The Pardo family\n Manuel Pardo Ribadeneyra (Regent for King Fernando VII's, Cuzco, 1816–19)\n Felipe Pardo y Aliaga (Foreign Minister, 1855), son of Manuel Pardo Ribadeneyra\n Manuel Pardo y Lavalle, President of Peru, (1872–76), son of Felipe Pardo y Aliaga\n José Pardo y Barreda, President of Peru, (1904–08 and 1915–19), Foreign Minister, son of Pres. Manuel Pardo y Lavalle\n Juan Pardo Heeren (Finance Minister, 1963), son of Pres. Jose Pardo y Barreda", "Juan Pardo Heeren (Finance Minister, 1963), son of Pres. Jose Pardo y Barreda\n José Antonio de Lavalle y Pardo (Foreign Minister, 1882–83), nephew of Pres. Manuel Pardo y Lavalle and grandson of Felipe Pardo y Aliaga\n Felipe de Osma y Pardo (Foreign Minister, 1891), nephew of Pres. Manuel Pardo y Lavalle and grandson of Felipe Pardo y Aliaga", "The Prado family\n Mariano Ignacio Prado Ochoa (President of Peru, 1865, 1865–68 and 1876–79)\n Javier Prado y Ugarteche (Prime Minister of Peru, 1910; son of Mariano Ignacio Prado)\n Jorge Prado y Ugarteche (Prime Minister of Peru, 1933; son of Mariano Ignacio Prado)\n Manuel Prado y Ugarteche (President of Peru, 1939–45 and 1956–62; son of Mariano Ignacio Prado)", "The Schreiber/Arias Schreiber/Arias Stella family\n Germán Schreiber Waddington, Prime Minister of Peru (1910, 1914–1915)\n Diómedes Arias Schreiber, Minister of Justice (1936, 1937–1939), Minister of the Interior (1939), nephew of Germán Schreiber Waddington\n Ricardo Rivera Schreiber, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1952–1954), Ambassador of Peru to Spain (1943), Italy, and the United Kingdom (1949–1952), nephew of Germán Schreiber Waddington", "Max Arias-Schreiber Pezet, Minister of Justice (1984), nephew of Diómedes Arias Schreiber and Ricardo Rivera Schreiber, and great-nephew of Germán Schreiber Waddington\n Javier Arias Stella, Minister of Health (1963–1965, 1967–1968), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1980–1983), President of the United Nations Security Council (1984, 1985), cousin of Diómedes Arias Schreiber and Ricardo Rivera Schreiber, and great-nephew of Germán Schreiber Waddington", "The Townsend family\n Andrés Townsend Ezcurra, Deputy (1963–68 and 80–85), Member of the Constitutional Assembly (1978–79) and Senator (1985–90).\n Anel Townsend Diez Canseco (Congresswoman (1995–2006) and Minister of Woman's Affairs (2003)), daughter of Andrés Townsend\n\nPhilippines", "Philippines\n\nPitcairn Islands\nThe Christian family\n Fletcher Christian – founding \"chief\" (1789–93)\n Steve Christian – Mayor (1999–2004); 7th generation descendant of Fletcher Christian; brother of Brenda Christian.\n Brenda Christian – Mayor (2004); 7th generation descendant of Fletcher Christian; sister of Steve Christian.\n\nPoland\nPoland is probably the only country in the world where identical twins were head of the government (Prime Minister) and head of state (President) at the same time.", "The Adamowicz family (spouses)\n Paweł Adamowicz – mayor of Gdańsk (1998–2019)\n Magdalena Adamowicz – Member of the European Parliament (2019 onward)\n\nThe Banaś family (father and son)\n Marian Banaś – chairman of the Supreme Audit Office (2019 onward), Finance Minister (2019) \n Jakub Banaś – Confederation candidate to Sejm in the 2023 election", "The Bartoszewski family (father and son)\n Władysław Bartoszewski – Minister of Foreign Affairs (1995 and 2000–01), Senator (1997–2001), Secretary of State of the Prime Minister's Office (Sekretarz Stanu w Kancelarii Prezesa Rady Ministrów) in both Tusk cabinets (2007–15), ambassador to Austria (1990–95)\n – Member of Sejm (2019 onward), deputy chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee (sejmowa Komisja Spraw Zagranicznych, 2022 onward)", "The Bosak family (spouses)\n Krzysztof Bosak – presidential candidate (2020), Member of Sejm (2005–07 and 2019 onward), leader of All-Polish Youth (2005–06) and co-founder of the Confederation\n – Member of Sejm (2023 onward)", "The Fleszar-Zandberg family (great-grandaunt and great-grandnephew)\n Regina Fleszarowa – senator in the Second Polish Republic (1935–38), co-founder of the Alliance of Democrats, women's rights activist\n Adrian Zandberg – Member of Sejm (2019 onward), co-leader of The Left, founder of Left Together\n\nThe Gajewska-Myrcha family (spouses)\n Kinga Gajewska – Member of Sejm (2015 onward)\n – Member of Sejm (2015 onward)", "The Gierek family (father and son)\n Edward Gierek – First Secretary of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party (1970–80)\n Adam Gierek – Member of the European Parliament (2004–19), Senator (2001–04)", "The Giertych family (father, son, grandson)\n Jędrzej Giertych – political leader before WW2\n Maciej Giertych – Member of the European Parliament (2004–09), Member of Sejm (2001–04)\n Roman Giertych – Minister of National Education and Deputy Prime Minister (2006–07), founder of the League of Polish Families and All-Polish Youth", "The Grabski family (brothers and great-granddaughter)\n Stanisław Grabski – politician leader before and after WW2\n Władysław Grabski – nationalist politician before WW2, Prime Minister of Poland (1920 and 1923–25),\n Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska – Senator (2023 onward), Marshal of Sejm (2015), presidential candidate (2020)\nAlso Stanisław Wojciechowski (president during 1922–26) is Kidawa-Błońska's another great-grandfather by his daughter's marriage to Władysław Grabski's son.", "The Kaczyński family (identical twins)\n Jarosław Kaczyński – Prime Minister (2006–07), leader of Law and Justice (2001 onward)\n Lech Kaczyński – President of Poland (2005–10), mayor of Warsaw (2002–05)", "The Kosiniak-Kamysz family (father, son, uncle)\n – Minister of Health (1989–91) in the Mazowiecki cabinet\n Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz – Minister of Labour and Social Policy (2011–14) in the Tusk cabinet, Member of Sejm (2015 onward), presidential candidate (2020)\n – ambassador to Slovakia (2003–07), Canada (2010–13), and Singapore (2014–18)", "The Libicki family (father and son)\n Marcin Libicki – Member of the European Parliament (2004–2009), Member of Sejm (1991–93 and 1997–2004)\n Jan Filip Libicki – Senator (2011 onward), Member of Sejm (2005–11)\n\nThe Morawiecki family (father and son)\n Kornel Morawiecki – founder and leader of Fighting Solidarity, Member of Sejm (2015–19)\n Mateusz Morawiecki – Prime Minister (2017–23)", "The Nowacka family (mother and daughter)\n Izabela Jaruga-Nowacka – Minister of Social Policy and Deputy Prime Minister in the Belka cabinet (2004–05)\n Barbara Nowacka – Member of Sejm (2019 onward), leader of the United Left coalition (2015)\n\nThe Piłsudski family (brothers)\n Józef Piłsudski – Chief of State (1918–22) and First Marshal of Poland (1920–23)\n Jan Piłsudski – Poland's Minister of Finance (1931–32), member of Sejm of the Republic of Central Lithuania (1922)", "The Rokita family (husband and wife)\n Jan Rokita – Office of the Council of Ministers' chairman (1992–93; People's Republic equivalent to Prime Minister Chancellery), Member of Sejm (1989–2007)\n Nelli Rokita – Member of Sejm (2007–11), President advisor\n\nThe Sośnierz family (father and son)\n Andrzej Sośnierz – Member of Sejm (2005–11 and 2015–23), chairman of the NFZ (2006–07)\n – Member of the European Parliament (2018–19), Member of Sejm (2019–23)", "The Śpiewak family (father, mother, son)\n Paweł Śpiewak – Member of Sejm (2005–07)\n – Jewish activist\n – local government activist, candidate for the mayor of Warsaw (2018), housing rights advocate\n\nThe Wałęsa family (father and son)\n Lech Wałęsa – President (1990–95)\n Jarosław Wałęsa – Member of Sejm (2005–09 and 2019 onward), Member of the European Parliament (2009–19)", "The Wassermann family (father and daughter)\n Zbigniew Wassermann – Member of Sejm (2001–10), minister in the Marcinkiewicz and Kaczyński cabinets\n – Member of Sejm (2015 onward)\n\nPortugal\nThe Carmona and Carmona Rodrigues family (granduncle-grandnephew)\nÓscar Carmona – Head of State\nAntónio Carmona Rodrigues – Minister of the Public Works, Transportation, and Habitation (2003–04); Mayor of Lisbon (interim) (2004–05); Mayor of Lisbon (2005–07)", "The Soares family (father-son)\nMário Soares – Prime Minister (1976–78; 1983–85)\nJoão Soares – Mayor of Lisbon (1995–2001)\n\nThe Portas family (father-brothers)\nNuno Portas – Minister (1970s)\nPaulo Portas – Minister of State and National Defense (2002–05); former President of Popular Party (1998–2005); Minister of State and Foreign Affairs (2011–2013); Deputy Prime-Minister (2013–2015)\nMiguel Portas – European Parliament Member, elected by the Left Bloc (2004–12)", "The Menezes family (father-son)\nLuís Filipe Menezes – Mayor of Gaia (1997–2013)\nLuís Menezes – Member of Parliament (2009–2014)\n\nThe Vieira da Silva family (father-daughter)\nJosé António Vieira da Silva - Minister of Economy, Innovation and Development (2009-2011); Minister of Labour, Solidarity and Social Security (2005-2009, 2015–2019) \nMariana Vieira da Silva - Minister of Presidency and Administrative Modernization (2018-2019);Minister of State and Presidency (2019-)", "The Cabrita-Vitorino family (husband-wife)\nEduardo Cabrita - Deputy Minister (2015-2017); Minister of Internal Administration (2017-2019, 2019-)\nAna Paula Vitorino - Minister of Sea (2015-2019); Member of Parliament (2019-)\n\nPuerto Rico\nThe Calderón family\nSila María Calderón Serra (Governor, 2001–05)\nSila María González Calderón, member of the Puerto Rican Senate", "The Hernandez family\nJosé Alfredo Hernández Mayoral (former governor candidate)\n Juan Eugenio Hernández Mayoral (member of Puerto Rico's Senate)\nRafael Hernández Colón (Governor, 1973–77, 1985–93)\n\nThe Muñoz family\nLuis Muñoz Rivera (Resident Commissioner, 4 March 1911 – 15 November 1916)\nLuis Muñoz Marín (Governor, 1948–64)\nVictoria Muñoz Mendoza (former governor candidate)\n\nThe Rivera family\nRamón Luis Rivera Jr. (mayor of Bayamón)\nRamón Luis Rivera Sr. (former mayor of Bayamón)", "The Pesquera family\nLic. Rafael A Pesquera Reguero (former municipal assembly member of Bayamón, former member of Puerto Rico's Senate)\nDr. Carlos Ignacio Pesquera Morales (former Secretary of Transportation And Public Works, former governor candidate)\nFarrique Pesquera Morales (former Vice President of a Puerto Rican Independence Party municipal party committee)\nLic.José Lorenzo Pesquera (Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico)\nSantiago Mari Pesquera (a assassinated pro independence activist)", "Santiago Mari Pesquera (a assassinated pro independence activist)\nPaquita Pesquera Cantellops (activist, mother of Santiago Mari and founder of Puerto Rican Independence Party)\nCarlos Pesquera (former Ombudsman)\nLic. José Feliú Pesquera (Founder of \"Renovación Cristiana\" Party)\nJorge Pesquera (former Secretary of Tourism)\nDr. Héctor Luis Pesquera Sevillano (co-president of Hostosian National Independence Movement)\nHector Pesquera (Police Chief)", "The Romero family\nMelinda Romero Donnelly (ex member of Puerto Rico's Senate)\nCarlos Romero Barceló (Governor)\nThe Roselló family\n Pedro Rosselló (Governor, 4 January 2005 – 2 January 2009)\n Ricky Rosselló (Governor, 2 January 2017 – 2 August 2019)", "Romania \nThe Brătianu family\n Dimitrie Brătianu (Prime Minister, 1881)\n Ion Brătianu (Prime Minister, 1876–81, 1881–88) (brother)\n Ionel Brătianu (Prime Minister, 1909–11, 1914–18, 1918–19, 1922–26, 1927) (son of Ion Brătianu)\n Gheorghe I. Brătianu (Leader of the National Liberal Party-Brătianu, 1930–1938) (son of Ionel Brătianu)\n Vintilă Brătianu (Prime Minister 1927–28) (son of Ion Brătianu)\n Dinu Brătianu (Finance Minister, 1933–34) (son of Ion Brătianu)", "The Băsescu family (father, daughter, brother)\n Traian Băsescu (President, 2004–2014)\n Elena Băsescu (member of European Parliament, 2009–2014), daughter of Traian, elected by her father's party while he was President\n Mircea Băsescu, brother of Traian, in jail for corruption (extorsion of money from a mobster chief for promises of justice abuse by his brother's power)", "The Ponta-Sârbu family (husband, wife, father-in-law)\n Victor Ponta (Prime Minister, 2012–2015)\n Daciana Sârbu (Member of European Parliament)\n Ilie Sârbu (Senator, President of the Senate, Minister of Agriculture)\n\nRussia / Soviet Union \nThe Artyukhov family\n Andrey Artyukhov (b. 1958) Senator from Tyumen Oblast (2002–05), Member of the Tyumen Oblast Duma (since 2007)\n Dmitry Artyukhov (b. 1988) Governor of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, son of Andrey Artyukhov", "The Brezhnev-Churbanov family\n Leonid Brezhnev (1906–82) Leader of the Soviet Union (1964–82)\n Yuri Brezhnev (1933–2013) First Deputy Minister of Foreign Trade of the USSR, son of Leonid Brezhnev\n Andrey Brezhnev (1961–2018) First Secretary of the Communist Party of Social Justice (2014–16), son of Yuri Brezhnev\n Yuri Churbanov (1936–2013) Deputy of Ministers of Interior of the USSR, son-in-law of Leonid Brezhnev\n\nThe Budyonny-Peskov family\n Semyon Budyonny\n Dmitry Peskov, granddaughter's husband", "The Budyonny-Peskov family\n Semyon Budyonny\n Dmitry Peskov, granddaughter's husband\n\nThe Glazyev-Sinelin-Vityazeva family (brothers-in-law, alumni, co-partisans)\n Sergei Glazyev\n Mikhail Sinelin, Head of the Secretariat of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation\n Yuliya Glazyeva-Sinelina, prime Russian sociology of religion guru (1972–2013)\n Yuliya Lozanova-Vityazeva, Ukrainian-Russian propagandist (1981-)\n Oxana Gomzik-Glazyeva, Russian politician (1972-)", "The Gorbachev family\n Mikhail Gorbachev (b. 1931–2022) (Communist Party General Secretary, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet, and President of the Soviet Union)\n Raisa Gorbacheva (1932–99) (First Lady of the Soviet Union who took on a large political and public role, unlike her virtually invisible predecessors), wife of Mikhail Gorbachev", "The Kadyrov family\n Akhmad Kadyrov (1951–2004) 1st President of the Chechen Republic (2003–2004)\n Ramzan Kadyrov (b. 1976) 3rd Head of the Chechen Republic (since 2007), son of Akhmad Kadyrov\n\nThe Khristenko-Golikova family\n Viktor Khristenko (b. 1957) Minister of Industry and Trade of Russian Federation, husband of Tatyana Golikova\n Tatyana Golikova (b. 1966) Minister of Health and Social Development of Russian Federation, wife of Viktor Khristenko", "The Kokov family\n Valery Kokov (1941–2005) 1st President of Kabardino-Balkaria (1992–2005)\n Kazbek Kokov (b. 1973) Acting Head of Kabardino-Balkaria since 2018, son of Valery Kokov\n\nThe Kondratenko family\n Nikolai Kondratenko (1940–2013) Governor of Krasnodar Krai (1997–2001)\n Alexey Kondratenko (b. 1969) Senator from Krasnodar Krai (since 2015), Member of the Legislative Assembly of Krasnodar Krai (2007–2015), son of Nikolai Kondratenko", "The Kosygin-Primakov family (somebodies-in-law via two marriages)\n Alexei Kosygin (1904–80) (Premier of the Soviet Union)\n Germen Gvishiani (1928–2003) (Professor), son of a former NKVD Lieutenant General, son-in-law of Alexei Kosygin\n Yevgeny Primakov (1929–2015) (Foreign Minister in 1996–98 and Prime Minister of Russia in 1998–99), brother-in-law of Germen Gvishiani\n Yevgeny Primakov Jr. (b. 1976) (Member of the State Duma since 2018), grandson of Yevgeny Primakov", "The Lebed family\n Alexander Lebed (1950–2002) 1996 Russian presidential candidate, Secretary of the Security Council (1996), Governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai (1998–2002), brother of Aleksey Lebed\n Aleksey Lebed (b. 1955) Head of Khakassia (1997–2009), brother of Alexander Lebed\n\nThe Magomedov family\n Magomedali Magomedov (b. 1930) 1st President of Dagestan (1994–2006)\n Magomedsalam Magomedov (b. 1964) 3rd Head of Dagestan (2010–2013), son of Magomedali Magomedov", "The Patrushev family\n Nikolai Patrushev (b. 1951) Secretary of the Security Council of Russia (since 2008), Director of the Federal Security Service (1999–2008)\n Dmitry Patrushev (b. 1977) Minister of Agriculture (since 2018), son of Nikolai Patrushev", "The Sobchak-Narusova family\n Anatoly Sobchak (1937–2000) (mayor of Saint Petersburg)\n Lyudmila Narusova (b. 1951) (senator and MP), widow of Anatoly Sobchak\n Ksenia Sobchak (b. 1981), 2018 Russian presidential candidate, daughter of Anatoly Sobchak and Lyudmila Narusova", "The Shoygu family \n Kuzhuget Shoygu (1921–2010) First Deputy Prime Minister of Tuvan ASSR\n Sergey Shoygu (b. 1955) Russian Minister of Defense (since 2012), Governor of Moscow Oblast (2012) and Minister of Emergency Situations, son of Kuzhuget Shoygu\n Yulia Shoygu (b. 1977) Director of Center of Emergency Psychological Aid of EMERCOM of Russia (since 2002), daughter of Sergey Shoygu\n Larisa Shoygu (1953–2021) Member of the State Duma between 2007 and 2021, daughter of Kuzhuget Shoygu", "The Stalin-Zhdanov family (fathers of spouses)\n Joseph Stalin (1878–1953) (Soviet leader)\n Andrey Zhdanov (1896–1948) (member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union)\n Svetlana Alliluyeva (b. 1926), daughter of Joseph Stalin, daughter-in-law of Andrey Zhdanov", "The Tkachov family\n Alexey Tkachov (b. 1957) Member of the State Duma (since 2003), brother of Alexander Tkachov\n Alexander Tkachov (b. 1960) Minister of Agriculture (2015–18), Governor of Krasnodar Krai (2001–15), brother of Alexey Tkachov\n Roman Batalov (b. 1985) Member of the Legislative Assembly of Krasnodar Krai (2007–2017), son-in-law of Alexander Tkachov", "The Trotsky-Kamenev family (brothers-in-law)\n Leon Trotsky (1879–1940) (People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, People's Commissar for Army and Navy Affairs)\n Lev Kamenev (1883–1936) (Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets), brother-in-law of Trotsky", "The Udaltsov family\n Ivan Udaltsov (1918–95) Soviet Ambassador to Greece (1976–79)\n Alexander Udaltsov (b. 1951) Russian Ambassador to Lithuania (since 2013), Slovakia (2005–10) and Latvia (1996–2001), son of Ivan Udaltsov\n Sergey Udaltsov (b. 1977) leader of Left Front, grandson of Ivan Udaltsov and nephew of Alexander Udaltsov\n\nThe Vorobyov family\n Yury Vorobyov (b. 1948) Senator from Vologda Oblast (since 2007)\n Andrey Vorobyov (b. 1970) Governor of Moscow Oblast (since 2012), son of Yury Vorobyov", "The Yeltsin family (father-in-law and son-in-law)\n Boris Yeltsin, President of Russia (1991–99)\n Tatyana Yeltsin-Yumasheva (b. 1960), daughter of Boris Yeltsin\n Valentin Yumashev (b. 1957), chief of the Presidential administration of Russia, husband of Tatyana\n Oleg Deripaska (b. 1968) (one of the richest Russian citizens), son-in-law of Valentin Yumashev (by the former marriage)", "The Zhirinovsky-Lebedev family\n Vladimir Zhirinovsky (b. 1946) Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (since 1992), Member of the State Duma since 1993, 6 times Russian presidential candidate\n Igor Lebedev (b. 1972) Member of the State Duma since 1999, son of Vladimir Zhirinovsky", "The Zubkov-Serdyukov family (father-in-law and son-in-law)\n Viktor Zubkov (b. 1941) (Prime Minister of Russia September 2007 – May 2008)\n Anatoliy Serdyukov (b. 1962) (Defence Minister of the Russian Federation from February 2007), son-in-law of Viktor Zubkov\nZhukov daughter and vasilevski son spouses\nLebed brothers", "The Zyuganov family\n Gennady Zyuganov (b. 1944) Leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (since 1993), Member of the State Duma since 1993, four times Russian presidential candidate\n Leonid Zyuganov (b. 1988) Member of the Moscow City Duma since 2014, grandson of Gennady Zyuganov", "Rwanda\nThe Habyarimana family and Kayibanda family\nGrégoire Kayibanda (former President)\nJuvénal Habyarimana (Godfather of Kayibanda's son; former President)\nAgathe Habyarimana (wife of Juvénal Habyarimana and partner-in-power)\n\nSaint Lucia\nThe Cenac family (brother)\nWinston Cenac (Prime Minister of Saint Lucia, 1981–82)\nNeville Cenac (Foreign Minister, 1987–92)", "The Lewis family (father-son)\nSir Allen Lewis (Governor-General of Saint Lucia, 1979–80 and 1982–87)\nVaughan Lewis (Prime Minister of Saint Lucia, 1996–97)\n\nSamoa\nThe Mataʻafa family\nFiamē Mataʻafa Faumuina Mulinuʻu II (Prime Minister)\nFiamē Naomi Mataʻafa (daughter; Prime Minister)\n\nSão Tomé and Príncipe\nThe Costa Alegre family\nNorberto Costa Alegre (Prime Minister, 1992–94)\nAlda Bandeira (wife of Norberto Costa Alegre; Foreign Minister, 1991–93 and 2002)", "The Trovoada family (father-son)\nMiguel Trovoada (President, 1991–2001)\nPatrice Trovoada (Prime Minister, 2008 and 2010–present)\n\nSenegal\nThe Wade family (father-son)\nAbdoulaye Wade (President of Senegal, 2000–12)\nKarim Wade (Energy minister)", "Serbia \nThe Krkobabić family of the Party of United Pensioners of Serbia\nJovan Krkobabić (Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia, 2008–2014)\nMilan Krkobabić (Minister in the Government of Serbia, 2016–present)\nStefan Krkobabić (Member of the National Assembly of Serbia, 2020–present)\n\nSeychelles\nThe Ferrari family\nMaxime Ferrari (opposition leader)\nJean-François Ferrari (son of Maxime Ferrari; Seychelles National Party activist)\nPauline Ferrari (daughter of Maxime Ferrari)", "Sierra Leone\nThe Margai brothers\nMilton Margai (Prime Minister, 1961–64)\nAlbert Margai (Prime Minister, 1964–67)\n\nSingapore\nThe Lee family (Singapore)\nLee Kuan Yew (Prime Minister of Singapore, 1959–1990)\nLee Hsien Loong (son of Lee Kuan Yew; Prime Minister of Singapore, 2004– )\n\nSlovenia \nThe Kardelj-Maček family", "Edvard Kardelj (1910–1979) Member of Presidency of Yugoslavia (1974–1979), President of the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia (1963–1967), Deputy Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1946–1963), Minister of Foreign Affairs of Yugoslavia (1948–1953)\n Igor Šoltes (1964–, grandson of Edvard Kardelj) President of the Court of Auditors (2004–2013), Member of the European Parliament (2014–2019)\n Pepca Kardelj (1914–1990, wife of Edvard Kardelj)", "Pepca Kardelj (1914–1990, wife of Edvard Kardelj) \n Ivan Maček – Matija (1908–1993, brother Pepca Kardelj, brother-in-law of Edvard Kardelj) President of the People's Assembly of SR Slovenia (1963–1967), Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior of SR Slovenia (1945–1953), Member of Federal Yugoslav Government (1953–1963)", "The Oman-Podobnik family", "Ivan Oman (1929–2019) Member of the Presidency of Slovenia (1990–1992), Member of the National Assembly of Slovenia (1992–1996)\n Marjan Podobnik (1960–, son-in-law of Ivan Oman) Deputy Prime Minister of Slovenia (1996–2000), Member of the National Assembly of Slovenia (1990–1996)", "Janez Podobnik (1959–, brother of Marjan Podobnik) Speaker of the National Assembly (1996–2000), Minister of Environment and Spatial Planning (2004–2008), Member of the National Assembly (1992–2000), Mayor of idrija (1990–1994), Mayor of Cerkno (1994–1998)", "Solomon Islands\nThe Chan family (father–son)\nTommy Chan (Member of Parliament and businessman)\nLaurie Chan Foreign Minister, 2002–2006)\n\nThe Kemakeza family (siblings)\nSir Allan Kemakeza (Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands, 2001–2006, Member of Parliament 1989–2010)\nAtaban Tonezepo (brother of Sir Allan Kemakeza; Premier of Central province)", "The Kenilorea family (father–son)\nPeter Kenilorea, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (1978–1981, 1984–1986)\nPeter Kenilorea Jr. (son), Member of Parliament (since 2019)\n\nSomalia\nBarre family (brothers)\n Muhammad Siad Barre (President, 1969–91)\n Abdirahman Jama Barre (Foreign Minister, 1977–87)\n\nSharmarke family (father-son)\n Abdirashid Ali Shermarke (President, 1967–69)\n Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke (Prime Minister, 2009–10)\n\nSouth Africa", "Spain\nThe Aznar family\nManuel Aznar Zubigaray (Echalar, Navarra, 1894 – Madrid, 1975) Basque nationalist journalist, joined the Nationalist military revolt during the Spanish Civil War and joined Falange Española, father of:\nManuel (Imanol) Aznar Acedo (1916–2001), Falangist journalist, father of:\nJosé María Aznar, fourth Prime Minister of Spain from 1996 to 2004 relative of:\nAna Botella (wife) mayor of Madrid from 2011 to 2015", "Ana Botella (wife) mayor of Madrid from 2011 to 2015\nThe Primo de Rivera family – is a Spanish military family prominent in politics of the 19th and 20th centuries:\nJoaquín Primo de Rivera y Pérez de Acal (1734–†1800), serviceman and Spanish Colonial Governor of Maracaibo (Venezuela), father of:\nJoaquín Primo de Rivera y Ortiz de Pinedo (1786–†1819), Spanish Colonel, fought in the Peninsular War against the French and in the Spanish American wars of independence against the Army of the Andes in Chile;", "José Primo de Rivera y Ortiz de Pinedo (1777–†1853), Serviceman and Congressmen, father of:\nFernando Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte (1831–†1921), Serviceman and Politician;\nMiguel Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte (1826–†1898), Serviceman, father of:\nFernando Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja (1879–†1921), Serviceman;\nMiguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja (1870–†1930), Serviceman, Politician and Dictator of Spain. Father of:", "José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia (1903–†1936), polítician during the Spanish Second Republic, founded the fascist Falange Española party;\nPilar Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia (1907–†1991), Leader of the women's section of the Falange Española;\nMiguel Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia (1904–†1964), Minister during the regime of Francisco Franco;\nFernando Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia (1908–†1936), father of:", "Fernando Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia (1908–†1936), father of:\nMiguel Primo de Rivera y Urquijo (1934–†2018), Mayor of Jerez de la Frontera (1965–71) during the regime of Francisco Franco\nThe Suarez family\nAdolfo Suarez, first Prime minister of Spain (1975–81)\nAdolfo Suarez Yllana, Politician", "Sri Lanka\n\nSyria\nThe Assad family\nHafez al-Assad (President of Syria, 1971–2000)\nBashar al-Assad (son of Hafez al-Assad; President of Syria, 2000– )\nBasil al-Assad (son of Hafez al-Assad)\nRifaat al-Assad (brother of Hafez al-Assad)\nThe Atassi family\nHashim al-Atassi\nNureddin al-Atassi\nThe al-Azm family\nKhalid al-Azm\nHaqqi al-Azm\n\nSweden\nHouse of Bernadotte", "Sweden\nHouse of Bernadotte\n\nFolke Bernadotte diplomat and politician and he is noted for his negotiation for the release of prisoners from the German concentration camps in World War II, grandson of King Oscar II and nephew of King Gustaf V.", "Bildt family\nGillis Bildt (1820–94), Swedish independent Conservative politician, Prime Minister of Sweden 1888–89.\nKnut Gillis Bildt, Swedish Army general, member of parliament for eight years.\nCarl Bildt, leader of the Swedish Liberal Conservative Moderate Party 1986–99, Prime Minister of Sweden 1991–94, European Union Special Envoy to Former Yugoslavia 1995 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006–14, former son-in-law of Gösta Bohman, great-great-grandson of Gillis Bildt.", "Anna Maria Corazza Bildt, Italian-Swedish Liberal Conservative Moderate Party politician, Member of the European Parliament since 2009, wife of Carl Bildt", "Bodström family\nLennart Bodström, social democratic Minister for Foreign Affairs 1982–85 and Minister for Education 1985–89.\nThomas Bodström, social democratic Minister for Justice 2000–06, son of Lennart Bodström\n\nBohman family\nGösta Bohman, leader of the Swedish Liberal Conservative Moderate Party from 1970 to 1981, Minister for the Economy 1976–78 and 1979–81\nMia Bohman, Swedish Liberal Conservative Moderate Party politician, former wife of Carl Bildt, daughter of Gösta Bohman", "Cederschiöld family\nCarl Cederschiöld, Conservative Mayor of Stockholm 1991–94 and 1998–2002\nCharlotte Cederschiöld, Conservative Member of Parliament 1988–95 and Member of the European Parliament 1995–2009, married to Carl Cederschiöld\nSebastian Cederschiöld, Conservative Member of Parliament 2006, son of Charlotte and Carl Cederschiöld", "De Geer family\nLouis De Geer the elder (1818–96), Justice Prime Minister 1858–70, Prime Minister of Sweden 1876–80\nLouis De Geer the younger (1854–1935), Prime Minister of Sweden 1920–1921, son of Louis De Geer the elder\nGerard De Geer (1858–1943), Member of Parliament 1900–05, son of Louis De Geer the older\nGerard De Geer (1889–1980), liberal Member of Parliament 1937–43 and 1951–58, grandson of a brother to Louis De Geer the elder", "Lars De Geer (1922–2002), liberal Minister of Defence 1978–79, son of Gerard De Geer (1889–1980)", "Douglas family\nGustaf Douglas, member of the board of Swedish Liberal Conservative Moderate Party 2002–14. \nWalburga Habsburg Douglas, Swedish Liberal Conservative Moderate Party Member of Parliament 2006–14.\n\nHammarskjöld family\nHjalmar Hammarskjöld, Prime Minister of Sweden 1914–17\nDag Hammarskjöld, cabinet minister without portfolio 1951–53, UN Secretary General 1953–61, son of Hjalmar Hammarskjöld", "Heckscher family\nGunnar Heckscher, Conservative Party leader 1961–65\nSten Heckscher, social democratic Minister of Industry and Employment 1994–96, son of Gunnar Heckscher\n\nLeijon family\nAnna-Greta Leijon, Social Democratic cabinet minister 1973–76 and 1982–88\nBritta Lejon, Social Democratic cabinet minister 1998–2002, Member of Parliament 2002–06, daughter of Anna-Greta Leijon", "Myrdal family\nGunnar Myrdal, Social Democratic cabinet minister 1945–47\nAlva Myrdal, Social Democratic cabinet minister 1966–73, wife of Gunnar Myrdal\nJan Myrdal, author and independent communist political writer and columnist, son of Alva and Gunnar Myrdal\n\nOhlin family\nBertil Ohlin, party leader of the liberal Folkpartiet 1944–67, minister of commerce in the wartime government 1944–45.\nAnne Wibble, representing the same party, Minister of Finance in 1991–94, daughter of Bertil Ohlin.", "Reinfeldt family\nFredrik Reinfeldt, leader of the Swedish Liberal Conservative Moderate Party since 2003, Prime Minister of Sweden 2006–2014.\nFilippa Reinfeldt, Swedish Liberal Conservative Moderate Party politician, former Mayor of Täby, and since 2006 Health Service Commissioner of the Stockholm County, former wife of Fredrik Reinfeldt (1992–2012)\n\nWallenberg family", "Wallenberg family\n\nKnut Wallenberg (1853–1938), banker, Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs 1914–17\nRaoul Wallenberg (1912–47?) businessman and diplomat, he helped many Hungarian Jews during the later stages of World War II, by issuing temporary Swedish \"protective passports\", grandnephew of Knut Wallenberg.", "Switzerland\nBinder family\nJulius Binder, born 1925, member of the City Council of Baden 1961–1965, member of the National Council 1963–1975, member of the Council of States 1979-1987\nAndreas Binder, (son, husband of Marianne Binder-Keller), member of the Grand Council of Aargau 1997-2009", "Keller family\nAnton Keller, father of born 1934, member of the National Council 1979-1995 \nMarianne Binder-Keller, (daughter, wife of Andreas Binder), born 1958, member of the Grand Council of Aargau 2019-2019, member of the National Council since 2019,\n\nBlocher family\n Christoph Blocher, born 1940, member of the National Council 1979-2003 and 2011–2014, member of the Swiss Federal Council (2003-2007)\n Magdalena Martullo-Blocher, (daughter), born 1969, member of the National Council since 2015", "Schlumpf family\nLeon Schlumpf, 1925–2012, member of the National Council, the Council of States and of the Federal Council\nEveline Widmer-Schlumpf, born 1956, member of the Grand Council of Grisons 1994–1998, member of the Executive Council of Grisons 1998–2007, member of the National Council 2007-2015", "Wasserfallen family\nKurt Wasserfallen, 1947–2006, member of the Bernese City Council 1985–1990, member of the Grand Council of Bern 1990–1999, member of the National Council 1999-2006\nChristian Wasserfallen, (son), born 1981, member of the Bernese City Council 2003–2007, member of the National Council since 2007 \nPeter Wasserfallen, (son), member of the Bernese City Council 2009-2012", "Thailand\nCharnvirakul family\n Chavarat Charnvirakul, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Interior\n Anutin Charnvirakul (son), Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Health\n\nJuangroongruangkit family\n Suriya Juangroongruangkit, Deputy Prime Minister\n Thanathorn Juangroongruangkit (nephew), Leader of Future Forward Party", "Shinawatra family\n Thaksin Shinawatra, former Prime Minister of Thailand (2001–2006), since he was overthrown in 2006, he has lived in exile. Brother to Yingluck Shinawatra.\n Panthongtae Shinawatra, Thai politician and businessman. Son to Thaksin Shinawatra.\n Yingluck Shinawatra, former Prime Minister of Thailand (2011–2014), leader of Pheu Thai Party. Sister to Thaksin Shinawatra", "Somchai Wongsawat, Thai politician, former Prime Minister of Thailand (2008). Brother-in-law to Thaksin and Yingluck Shinawatra.", "Silpa-archa family\n Banharn Silpa-archa, Prime Minister\n Varawut Silpa-archa (son), Minister of Natural Resources and Environment", "Vejjajiva family\n Long Vejjajiva, Minister for Health Affairs (1959–1969)\n Athasit Vejjajiva, Deputy Minister for Health Affairs (1991–1992)\n Abhisit Vejjajiva, Leader of Democrat Party (Thailand), Prime Minister of Thailand (2008–2011)\n Suranand Vejjajiva (cousin), former exco member for Thai Rak Thai, former Member of Parliament\n Nitsai Vejjajiva, former Thai ambassador to Malaysia\n\nWongsuwan family\n Prawit Wongsuwan, Deputy Prime Minister\n Patcharawat Wongsuwan (brother), Deputy Prime Minister", "Togo\nThe Gnassingbé family\nGnassingbé Eyadema (President of Togo, 1967–2005)\nFauré Gnassingbé (son of Gnassingbé Eyadema; President of Togo, 2005–)\nKpatcha Gnassingbé (son of Gnassingbé Eyadema; minister of defence)\n\nThe Olympio family\nSylvanus Olympio (President of Togo, 1960–63)\nGilchrist Olympio (son of Sylvanus Olympio; leader, Union of Forces for Change)\nHarry Olympio (distant cousin of Gilchrist Olympio; opposition party leader)", "Trinidad and Tobago\nThe Capildeo family\nSimbhoonath Capildeo (1914–90)\nRudranath Capildeo (1920–70)\nSurendranath Capildeo\nThe Fitzpatrick family\nGeorge F. Fitzpatrick (1875–1920)\nHon. George Fitzpatrick II\nThe Sinanan family\nAshford Sastri Sinanan (1923–1994)\nMitra Sinanan \nThe Panday family\nBasdeo Panday (1933–present)\nSubhas Panday\nMickela Panday\nThe Maraj/Maharaj family\nBhadase Sagan Maraj\nSatnarayan Maharaj", "Tunisia\nThe Bourguiba family\nHabib Bourguiba (President of Tunisia, 1957–87)\nHabib Bourguiba, Jr. (son of Habib Bourguiba; Foreign Minister, 1964–70)\n\nTurkey\nThe Ağaoğlu family\n\n Ahmet Ağaoğlu (1869–1939) (Member of Parliament, 1923–31)\n Tezer Taşkıran (1907–1979) (Member of Parliament, 1943–54)\n Samet Ağaoğlu (1909–1982) (Son of Ahmet Ağaoğlu, Deputy Prime Minister, 1950–52)\nNeriman Ağaoğlu (1912–1984) (Wife of Samet Ağaoğlu, Member of Parliament, 1961–69)", "The Ağar family (father-son)\n Mehmet Ağar (born 1951) (Minister of Justice, 1996; Minister of Interior, 1996)\n Tolga Ağar (born 1975) (Member of Parliament, 2018–23)\nThe Akçal family\n İzzet Akçal (1906–1987) (Member of Parliament, 1950–60, 1977–80)\n Erol Yılmaz Akçal (1931–2016) (Son of İzzet Akçal; Minister of Culture and Tourism, 1971–73)\n Mesut Yılmaz (1944–2020) (Nephew of İzzet Akçal; Prime Minister, 1991, 1996, 1997–99)\nThe Albayrak family", "The Albayrak family\nSadık Albayrak (born 1942) (Candidate for Parliament in 1977, 1991 and 1995 general elections)\n Berat Albayrak (born 1978) (Son of Sadık Albayrak, Son-in-law of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan; Minister of Treasury and Finance, 2018–20)\nRecep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 1954) (Prime Minister, 2003–14; President, 2014–present)\nThe Arıburun family\n Naci Eldeniz (1875–1948) (Member of Parliament, 1927–46)\nPerihan Arıburun (1913–2001) (Daughter of Naci Eldeniz; Member of Parliament, 1957–60)", "Perihan Arıburun (1913–2001) (Daughter of Naci Eldeniz; Member of Parliament, 1957–60)\nTekin Arıburun (1903–1993) (Husband of Perihan Arıburun; Chairman of the Senate, 1970–77; Acting President, 1973)\nHikmet Bayur (1891–1980) (Cousin of Perihan Arıburun; Minister of National Education, 1933–34)\nThe Arınç family (father-son)", "Bülent Arınç (born 1948) (Speaker of the Grand National Assembly, 2002–07)\n Ahmet Mücahit Arınç (born 1986) (Member of Parliament, 2018–present)\nThe Arslan family (father-son)\n\n İhsan Arslan (born 1948) (Member of Parliament, 2002–11)\n Mücahit Arslan (born 1969) (Member of Parliament, 2015–23)\n\nThe Ayaydın family (father-daughter)\n\n Aydın Ayaydın (born 1951) (Member of Parliament, 1999–2002, 2011–15)\n Derya Ayaydın (born 1988) (Member of Parliament, 2023–present)\n\nThe Bayar family", "The Bayar family\n\n Celal Bayar (1883–1986) (Prime Minister, 1937–39; President, 1950–60)\nAhmet İhsan Gürsoy (1913–2008) (Son-in-law of Celal Bayar; Member of Parliament, 1946–60)\n Nilüfer Gürsoy (born 1921) (Daughter of Celal Bayar; Member of Parliament, 1965–69, 1973–80)\nThe Bilgiç family (father-son)\n\n Sadettin Bilgiç (1920–2012) (Minister of National Defense, 1977)\n Süreyya Sadi Bilgiç (born 1961) (Deputy Speaker of the Grand National Assembly, 2019–23)\n\nThe Bilici family (father-son)", "The Bilici family (father-son)\n\n Mehmet Ali Bilici (born 1951) (Member of Parliament, 1987–91, 1996–2002)\n Bilal Bilici (born 1984) (Member of Parliament, 2023–present)\n\nThe Bölükbaşı family (father-son)\n\n Osman Bölükbaşı (1913–2002) (Member of Parliament, 1950–69)\n Deniz Bölükbaşı (1949–2018) (Member of Parliament, 2007–11)\nThe Bucak family (uncle-nephew)\n\n Mehmet Celal Bucak (1936–1983) (Member of Parliament, 1973–80)\n Sedat Bucak (born 1960) (Member of Parliament, 1991–2002)\nThe Bulut family", "Mustafa Bulut (born 1934) (Member of Parliament, 1977–80)\n Evren Bulut (1940–2010) (Brother of Mustafa Bulut; Member of Parliament, 1991–2002)\n Namık Kemal Zeybek (born 1944) (Former Father-in-law of Yiğit Bulut, Minister of Culture and Tourism, 1989–91)\n Yiğit Bulut (born 1972) (Son of Mustafa Bulut, Senior Advisor to the President, 2014–present)\n\nThe Çiçek family (cousins)", "The Çiçek family (cousins)\n\n Cemil Çiçek (born 1946) (Speaker of the Grand National Assembly, 2011–15)\n Mehmet Çiçek (born 1946) (Member of Parliament, 1999–2011)\n\nThe Demirtaş family (siblings)\n\n Nurettin Demirtaş (born 1972) (Leader of the Democratic Society Party, 2007–08)\n Selahattin Demirtaş (born 1973) (Candidate for presidency in 2014 and 2018)\nThe Denizolgun family", "Kemal Kacar (1917–2000) (Member of Parliament, 1965–73, 1977–80)\n Arif Ahmet Denizongun (1955–2016) (Nephew of Kemal Kacar; Minister of Transport and Infrastructure, 1998–99)\n Mehmet Beyazıt Denizongun (born 1954) (Brother of Arif Ahmet Denizolgun; Member of Parliament, 2002–11)\n Fatih Süleyman Denizongun (born 1987) (Son of Mehmet Beyazıt Denizongun; Member of Parliament, 2018–23)", "The Ecevit family\n Fahri Ecevit (1896–1951) (Member of Parliament, 1943–50)\n Bülent Ecevit (1925–2006) (Son of Fahri Ecevit; Prime Minister, 1974, 1977, 1978–79 and 1999–2002)\n Rahşan Ecevit (1923–2020) (Wife of Bülent Ecevit; Leader of the Democratic Left Party, 1985–87)\nThe Emecan family (spouses)\n\n Adil Emecan (born 1961) (Mayor of Zeytinburnu, 1994–99)\n Emine Gülizar Emecan (born 1968) (Member of Parliament, 2018–23)\n\nThe Ensarioğlu family", "The Ensarioğlu family\n\n Abdurrezzak Ensarioğlu (1914–1963) (Founding member of Democrat Party)\n Abdüllatif Ensarioğlu (1935–1984) (Son of Abdurrezzak Ensarioğlu; Member of Parliament, 1968–80)\n Salim Ensarioğlu (born 1955) (Son of Abdurrezzak Ensarioğlu; Minister of State, 1995, 1995–96 and 1996–97; Member of Parliament, 1991–2002, 2023–present)\n Galip Ensarioğlu (born 1966) (Grandson of Abdurrezzak Ensarioğlu; Member of Parliament, 2011–15, 2015–18, 2023–present)\n\nThe Erbakan family (father-son)", "The Erbakan family (father-son)\n\n Necmettin Erbakan (1926–2011) (Prime Minister, 1996–97)\n Fatih Erbakan (born 1979) (Leader of the New Welfare Party, 2018–present)\nThe Fendoğlu family (uncle-nephew)\n\n Hamit Fendoğlu (1919–1978) (Member of Parliament, 1965–69; Mayor of Malatya, 1977–78)\n Mehmet Fendoğlu (born 1961) (Member of Parliament, 2018–present)\n\nThe Feyzioğlu family (grandfather-grandson)", "The Feyzioğlu family (grandfather-grandson)\n\n Turhan Feyzioğlu (1922–1988) (Acting Prime Minister, 1980)\n Metin Feyzioğlu (born 1969) (Ambassador of Turkey to Northern Cyprus, 2022–present)\n\nThe Gaydalı family", "The Gaydalı family\n\n Selâhattin İnan (1887–1969) (Member of Parliament, 1950–60)\n Abidin İnan Gaydalı (1923–1990) (Son of Selâhattin İnan; Member of Parliament, 1969–80)\n Kâmran İnan (1929–2015) (Son of Selâhattin İnan; Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, 1977–78)\n Mahmut Celadet Gaydalı (born 1951) (Son of Abidin İnan Gaydalı; Member of Parliament, 2015–23)\n Edip Safder Gaydalı (born 1952) (Son of Abidin İnan Gaydalı; Minister of State, 1999–2002)\nThe Gökçek family", "Cengiz Gökçek (1934–2013) (Uncle of Melih Gökçek; Minister of Health, 1977–78)\n Melih Gökçek (born 1948) (Mayor of Ankara, 1994–2017)\n Osman Gökçek (born 1983) (Son of Melih Gökçek; Member of Parliament, 2023–present)\n\nThe Gülek family (father-daughter)\n\n Kasım Gülek (1905–1996) (Secretary General of the Republican People's Party, 1950–59)\n Tayyibe Gülek (born 1969) (Minister of State, 2002)\nThe Irmak family (father-son)", "Sadi Irmak (1904–1990) (Prime Minister of Turkey, 1974–75)\n Sabri Irmak (1936–1991) (Member of Parliament, 1983–87)\nThe Işık family (father-daughter)\n\n Mehmet Işık (1938–2022) (Member of Parliament, 2002–07)\n Elvan Işık Gezmiş (born 1974) (Member of Parliament, 2023–present)\n\nThe İlgezdi family (spouses)\n\n Battal İlgezdi (born 1959) (Mayor of Ataşehir, 2009–present)\n Gamze Akkuş İlgezdi (born 1969) (Member of Parliament, 2015–present)", "The İnönü family \n İsmet İnönü (1884–1973) (President, 1938–50; Prime Minister, 1923–24, 1925–37 and 1961–65)\nErdal İnönü (1926–2007) (Son of İsmet İnönü; Deputy Prime Minister, 1991–93; Acting Prime Minister, 1993)\nAyşe Gülsün Bilgehan (born 1957) (Granddaughter of İsmet İnönü; Member of Parliament, 2002–07, 2011–18)\nHayri İnönü (born 1954) (Grandson of İsmet İnönü; Mayor of Şişli, 2014–19)\nThe İslam–Kavakçı family", "Nadir Latif İslam (1930–2023) (Member of Parliament, 1973–77)\n Cihangir İslam (born 1959) (Son of Nadir Latif İslam; Member of Parliament, 2018–23)\n Merve Kavakcı (born 1968) (Former husband of Nazır Cihangir İslam; Member-elect of Parliament, 1999)\n Ravza Kavakçı Kan (born 1972) (Sister of Merve Kavakçı; Member of Parliament, 2015–23)\n Ayşenur İslam (born 1958) (Daughter-in-law of Nadir Latif İslam; Minister of Family and Social Services, 2013–15)\nThe Karayel family (father-son)", "Yaşar Karayel (born 1950) (Member of Parliament, 2007–18)\n İsmail Emrah Karayel (born 1978) (Member of Parliament, 2015–present)\n\nThe Kartal family\n\n Kinyas Kartal (1900–1991) (Member of Parliament, 1965–80)\n Nadir Kartal (born 1946) (Son of Kinyas Kartal; Member of Parliament, 1991–95)\n İrfan Kartal (born 1949) (Nephew of Kinyas Kartal; Member of Parliament, 2018–23)\n\nThe Kılıç family (grandfather-grandson)", "The Kılıç family (grandfather-grandson)\n\n İlyas Kılıç (1921–2013) (Member of Parliament, 1961–80)\n Akif Çağatay Kılıç (born 1976) (Minister of Youth and Sports, 2013–17)\n\nThe Kocabıyık family (spouses)\n\n Hüseyin Kocabıyık (born 1963) (Member of Parliament, 2015–18)\n Funda Kocabıyık (born 1972) (Governor of Uşak, 2018–22)\n\nThe Koç–Selçuk family (father-daughter)", "The Koç–Selçuk family (father-daughter)\n\n Atilla Koç (born 1946) (Minister of Culture and Tourism, 2005–07)\n Zehra Zümrüt Selçuk (born 1979) (Minister of Family and Social Services, 2018–21)\n\nThe Melen family (father-son)\n\n Ferit Melen (1906–1988) (Prime Minister, 1972–73)\n Mithat Melen (1947–2020) (Member of Parliament, 2007–11)\n\nThe Menderes family (father-sons)", "The Menderes family (father-sons)\n\n Adnan Menderes (1899–1961) (Prime Minister, 1950–60)\nYüksel Menderes (1930–1972) (Member of Parliament, 1965–72)\nMutlu Menderes (1937–1978) (Member of Parliament, 1973–78)\nAydın Menderes (1946–2011) (Member of Parliament, 1977–80, 1996–2002)\nThe Öcalan family (cousins)\nDilek Öcalan (born 1987) (Member of Parliament, 2015–18)\nÖmer Öcalan (born 1987) (Member of Parliament, 2018–present)\n\nThe Öymen family (father-sons)", "The Öymen family (father-sons)\n\n Hıfzırrahman Raşit Öymen (1899–1979) (Member of Parliament, 1943–50)\n Altan Öymen (born 1932) (Son of Hıfzırahman Raşit Öymen; Leader of the Republican People's Party, 1999–2000)\n Onur Öymen (born 1940) (Cousin of Altan Öymen; Member of Parliament, 2002–11)\n Örsan Kunter Öymen (born 1965) (Nephew of Altan Öymen; Candidate for Leadership of the Republican People's Party)\n\nThe Özal family", "Turgut Özal (1927–1993) (Prime Minister, 1983–89; President, 1989–93)\n Semra Özal (born 1934) (Wife of Turgut Özal; Head of the Provincial Organization of ANAP in Istanbul, 1991–92)\n Korkut Özal (1929–2016) (Brother of Turgut Özal; Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, 1974, 1975–77; Minister of the Interior, 1977–78)\n Yusuf Bozkurt Özal (1940–2001) (Brother of Turgut Özal; Member of Parliament, 1987–96)\nAhmet Özal (born 1955) (Son of Turgut Özal; Member of Parliament, 1999–2002)", "Ahmet Özal (born 1955) (Son of Turgut Özal; Member of Parliament, 1999–2002)\n İbrahim Reyhan Özal (born 1965) (Son of Yusuf Bozkurt Özal; Member of Parliament, 2002–07)\nHüsnü Doğan (born 1944) (Nephew of Turgut Özal; Minister of National Defense, 1990–91)\nThe Özdağ family (father-son)", "Muzaffer Özdağ (1933–2002) (Member of Parliament, 1965–69)\n Ümit Özdağ (born 1961) (Leader of the Victory Party, 2021–present)\n\nThe Öztrak family", "Mehmet Faik Öztrak (1882–1951) (Minister of the Interior, 1939–42)\n Orhan Öztrak (1914–1995) (Son of Mehmet Faik Öztrak; Minister of the Interior, 1963–65)\nİlhan Öztrak (1925–1992) (Son of Mehmet Faik Öztrak; Minister of State, 1971–74, 1980–83)\nŞefik İnan (1913–1972) (Son-in-law of Mehmet Faik Öztrak; Minister of Treasury and Finance, 1961–62) \n Faik Öztrak (born 1954) (Son of Orhan Öztrak; Member of Parliament, 2007–present)", "Faik Öztrak (born 1954) (Son of Orhan Öztrak; Member of Parliament, 2007–present)\n Suut Kemal Yetkin (1903–1980) (Father-in-law of İlhan Öztrak; Member of Parliament, 1943–50)\nThe Özyavuz–Aktemur family (former spouses)", "İbrahim Özyavuz (born 1963) (Member of Parliament 2018–present)\n Çağla Aktemur (born 1972) (Member of Parliament 2007–11)\n\nThe Pakdemirli family (father-son)\n\n Ekrem Pakdemirli (1939–2015) (Deputy Prime Minister, 1991)\n Bekir Pakdemirli (born 1973) (Minister of Agriculture and Forestry, 2018–22)\n\nThe Perinçek family (father-son)", "The Perinçek family (father-son)\n\n Sadık Perinçek (1915–2000) (Member of Parliament, 1954–57, 1961–73)\n Doğu Perinçek (born 1942) (Leader of the Patriotic Party, 1991–present, perennial candidate)\nThe Ramazanoğlu–Kavaf (née Bostancı) family (siblings)\n\n Sema Ramazanoğlu (born 1959) (Minister of Family and Social Services, 2015–16)\n Selma Aliye Kavaf (born 1962) (Minister of State, 2009–11; Member of Parliament, 2023–present)\n\nThe Sazak family", "The Sazak family\n\n Emin Sazak (1982–1960) (Member of Parliament, 1920–50)\n Gün Sazak (1932–1980) (Son of Emin Sazak; Minister of Customs and Monopolies, 1977–78)\n Süleyman Servet Sazak (born 1955) (Son of Gün Sazak; Member of Parliament, 1999–2002)\nCem Boyner (born 1955) (Son-in-law of Gün Sazak; Leader of the New Democracy Movement, 1994–96)\nMetin Nurullah Sazak (born 1959) (Nephew of Gün Sazak; Member of Parliament, 2018–23)\nThe Şahin family (father-son)", "Mehmet Ali Şahin (born 1950) (Speaker of the Grand National Assembly, 2009–11)\n Cem Şahin (born 1977) (Member of Parliament, 2023–present) \nThe Taşdelen family\n\n Doğan Taşdelen (1949–2020) (Mayor of Çankaya, 1989–99)\n Alper Taşdelen (born 1974) (Son of Doğan Taşdelen; Mayor of Çankaya, 2014–present)\n Gürsel Erol (born 1963) (Nephew of Doğan Taşdelen; Member of Parliament, 2015–present)\nThe Türk family (siblings)", "Abdurrahim Türk (1937–1973) (Member of Parliament, 1969–73)\n Ahmet Türk (born 1942) (Leader of the Democratic Society Party, 2005–07)\n\nThe Türkeş family", "Alparslan Türkeş (1917–1997) (Deputy Prime Minister, 1975–77, 1977–78)\nTuğrul Türkeş (born 1954) (Son of Alparslan Türkeş; Member of Parliament, 2007–present; Deputy Prime Minister, 2015–17)\n Kutalmış Türkeş (born 1978) (Son of Alparslan Türkeş, step-brother of Tuğrul Türkeş; Member of Parliament, 2011–15)\n Ayyüce Türkeş (born 1977) (Son of Alparslan Türkeş, step-brother of Tuğrul Türkeş; Member of Parliament, 2023–present)", "Hamit Homriş (1944–2016) (Son-in-law of Alparslan Türkeş; Member of Parliament, 2007–11)\nThe Ürgüplü family", "Suat Hayri Ürgüplü (1903–1981) (Prime Minister of Turkey, 1965) \n Münip Hayri Ürgüplü (1905–1979) (Brother of Suat Hayri Ürgüplü; Member of Parliament, 1957–60)\n Turhan Esener (born 1925) (Son-in-law of Münip Hayri Ürgüplü; Minister of Labour and Social Security, 1974–75, 1980–83)\nThe Yıldız family (cousins)\n\n Feti Yıldız (born 1953) (Member of Parliament, 2018–present)\n Taner Yıldız (born 1962) (Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, 2009–15)\n\nThe Yılmaz family", "The Yılmaz family\n\n Şevki Yılmaz (born 1955) (Member of Parliament, 1995–98)\n Mehmet Akif Yılmaz (born 1975) (Son of Şevki Yılmaz; Member of Parliament, 2015–present)\n Ahmet Hamdi Çamlı (born 1965) (Married with the Cousin of Şevki Yılmaz; Member of Parliament, 2015–23)\n\nThe Yüksel family (father-son)\n\n Abdulkadir Yüksel (1962–2017) (Member of Parliament, 2015–17)\n Müslüm Yüksel (born 1994) (Member of Parliament, 2018–23)", "Turkmenistan\nThe Berdimuhamedow family\n Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, President\n Serdar Berdimuhamedow, President\n\nTuvalu\nThe Latasi family\n Sir Kamuta Latasi (Prime Minister of Tuvalu, 1993–96)\n Lady Naama Maheu Latasi (wife of Kamuta Latasi; Member of Parliament)\n\nUganda\nThe Awori family (Kenya and Uganda)\n Aggrey Awori, formerly Member of Parliament and Minister.\n Moody Awori former Vice President of Kenya.", "The Kakonge family\n Edward Kakonge, Current Chairman of Uganda Peoples Congress UPC (2011–present), Minister of Local Government and Minister of Youth Culture and Sports (1986–89), Chairman of Uganda Debt Network (2007–present)\n John Kakonge (First Secretary General of Uganda Peoples Congress, formerly a Minister in Obote I Government as Minister of Cooperatives and Agriculture. He disappeared on 16 November 1972 during the Idi Amin regime. He was also a brother of Edward Kakonge.", "Festus Kambarage Kakonge (Current Commissioner for National Guidance at the Information and National Guidance ministry, formerly Resident District Commissioner in Kotido and Kabarole districts in the Museveni Government. He is a brother to both John and Edward Kakonge.", "Mugisha Muntu (Retired) Major General (Current Forum for Democratic Change Party President – 22 November 2012 to present, formerly FDC Secretary for Mobilization, former EALA MP from 2001 to 2011, former Army Commander from 1989– 1998. Son-in-law of the late John Kakonge.", "The Kiwanuka family\n Benedicto Kiwanuka, first Prime Minister of Uganda (1961–62), Chief Justice (1971–72), President of the Democratic Party.\n Maurice Kagimu Kiwanuka (Diplomat, formerly a Minister and Member of Parliament), son of Benedicto Kiwanuka.\n\nThe Lutwa Okello family\n General Tito Okello, former Army Commander and President of Uganda.\n Henry Oryem Okello (Member of Parliament and Minister), son of Tito Okello.", "The Lule family\n Yusuf Lule, President (April–June 1980), Chairman of the Uganda National Liberation Front, first Chairman of the National Resistance Movement.\n Wasswa Lule (former Member of Parliament, former Deputy Inspector General of Government), son of Yusuf Lule.", "The Museveni family\n Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda, Chairman of the National Resistance Movement.\n Janet Museveni (Member of Parliament, Minister for Karamoja Affairs), wife of Yoweri Museveni.\n Major General Muhoozi Kainerugaba (Commander of Special Forces Group of Uganda People's Defence Force), son of Yoweri and Janet Museveni.\n General Caleb Akandwanaho (Presidential Advisor, former Army Commander, Minister and Member of Parliament), brother of Yoweri Museveni.", "Sam Kutesa (Minister of Foreign Affairs, Member of Parliament), brother-in-law of Yoweri Museveni.", "The Obote family\n Milton Obote (1924–2005), Prime Minister (1962–67), President (1967–71, 1981–85).\n Miria Obote (President of the Uganda People's Congress 2005–10), wife of Milton Obote.\n Jimmy Akena (Member of Parliament), son of Milton and Miria Obote.\n Betty Amongi Ongom (Member of Parliament and Cabinet Minister of Lands, Housing and Urban Development), wife of Jimmy Akena and daughter-in-law of Milton and Miria Obote.", "Akbar Adoko Nekyon (former Member of Parliament and Minister), cousin of Milton Obote.", "Ukraine\n\nThe Kuchma-Pinchuk family (father-in-law and son-in-law)\n\n Leonid Kuchma (b. 1938), President of Ukraine, from 1994 to 2005.\n Victor Pinchuk (b. 1960), member of the Ukrainian Parliament, Verkhovna Rada, for two consecutive terms from 1998 to 2006, son-in-law to Leonid Kuchma.\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\nUnited States", "United Kingdom\n\nUnited States\n\nUruguay\nThe Arismendi family (father and daughter)\n Rodney Arismendi (leader of Communist Party of Uruguay)\n Marina Arismendi (leader of Communist Party of Uruguay), daughter of Rodney Arismendi", "The Batlle family (grandfather, son, grandsons and great-grandson)\n Lorenzo Batlle y Grau (President of Uruguay, 1868–72)\n José Batlle y Ordóñez (President of Uruguay, 1899, 1903–07 and 1911–15), son of Lorenzo Batlle y Grau\n César Batlle Pacheco (Deputy and Senator), son of José Batlle y Ordóñez, grandnephew of Duncan Stewart\n Lorenzo Batlle Pacheco (Deputy and Senator), son of José Batlle y Ordóñez, grandnephew of Duncan Stewart", "Rafael Batlle Pacheco (political journalist), son of José Batlle y Ordóñez, grandnephew of Duncan Stewart\n Luis Batlle Berres (President of Uruguay, 1947–51), nephew of José Batlle y Ordóñez, cousin of César, Rafael, and Lorenzo Batlle Pacheco\n Jorge Batlle Ibáñez (President of Uruguay, 2000–05), son of Luis Batlle Berres and grandnephew of José Batlle y Ordóñez", "Carolina Ache Batlle (Deputy Minister of Foreign Relations since 2020), great-granddaughter of Luis Batlle Berres, and great-niece of Jorge Batlle Ibáñez", "The Bauzá family (father and son)\n Rufino Bauzá (Uruguayan independence fighter and military figure)\n Francisco Bauzá (Political figure and historian), son of Rufino Bauzá\n\nThe Beltrán family (father and son)\n Washington Beltrán Barbat (Blanco Party Deputy, killed by José Batlle y Ordóñez)\n Washington Beltrán (President of Uruguay, 1965–66), son of Washington Beltrán Barbat", "The Blanco family (grandfather, sons and grandson)\n Juan Carlos Blanco Fernández (Foreign Minister of Uruguay)\n Juan Carlos Blanco Acevedo (Foreign Minister of Uruguay), son of Juan Carlos Blanco Fernández\n Daniel Blanco Acevedo (Deputy for Montevideo), son of Juan Carlos Blanco Fernández brother of Juan Carlos Blanco Acevedo\n Juan Carlos Blanco Estradé (Foreign Minister of Uruguay, UN Ambassador, and Senator), son of Daniel Blanco Acevedo", "The Bordaberry family (grandfather, son and grandsons)\n Domingo Bordaberry (Senator, and Ruralist leader)\n Juan María Bordaberry (President of Uruguay, 1972–76), son of Domingo Bordaberry\n Pedro Bordaberry (former Industry and Tourism Minister), son of Juan María Bordaberry\n Santiago Bordaberry (Rural Affairs Activist), son of Juan María Bordaberry, brother of Pedro Bordaberry", "The Brum brothers\n Baltasar Brum (President of Uruguay, 1919–1923)\n Alfeo Brum (Vice President of Uruguay, 1947–1955), brother of Baltasar Brum\n\nThe Cuestas family (father and son)\n Juan Lindolfo Cuestas (President of Uruguay, 1897–99 and 1899–1903)\n Juan Cuestas (Diplomat and political activist), son of Juan Lindolfo Cuestas\n\nThe Demicheli family (spouses)\n Alberto Demicheli (President of Uruguay, 1976)\n Sofía Álvarez Vignoli de Demicheli (Senator and diplomat), wife of Alberto Demicheli", "The Ellauri family (father, son and great-grandson)\n José Longinos Ellauri Fernández (President of the Constituent Assembly of 1830; Foreign Minister of Uruguay, 1830 and 1839; Deputy, 1834–37;Attorney General of the Republic, 1839 and 1856–57, Plenipotentiary Ministry, 1839–55; Government Ministry, 1856)\n José Eugenio Ellauri y Obes (President of Uruguay, 1873–75), son of José Longinos Ellauri Fernández", "Oscar Secco Ellauri (Education and Culture Minister, 1948–51 and Foreign Affairs Minister, 1957–59) grandnephew of José Eugenio Ellauri y Obes and great-grandson of José Longinos Ellauri Fernández", "The Fernández family (father and son)\n Hugo Fernández Artucio (former Socialist leader; subsequent Colorado trade union organizer)\n Hugo Fernández Faingold (Vice President of Uruguay, 1998–2000), son of Hugo Fernández Artucio\n\nThe Forteza family (father and son)\n Francisco Forteza (Deputy, Senator; Defence Minister 1947–51)\n Francisco Forteza (son) (Deputy, Senator, Economy Minister 1972), son of Francisco Forteza", "The Grauert brothers\n Julio César Grauert (Deputy)\n Héctor Grauert (Senator), brother of Julio César Grauert\n\nThe Héber family (brothers and son of one of them)\n Alberto Héber Usher (President of Uruguay, 1966–67)\n Mario Héber Usher (Deputy and Senator), brother of Alberto Héber Usher\n Luis Alberto Héber (Deputy and Senator), son of Mario Héber Usher", "The Herrera family (great-grandfather, father and son)\nLuis Alberto de Herrera (In 1925–27 he presided over the National Council of Administration)\n Luis Alberto Lacalle de Herrera (President of Uruguay, 1990–95) and grandson of political leader Luis Alberto de Herrera\n Luis Alberto Lacalle Pou (President of Uruguay since 2020), son of Luis Alberto Lacalle", "The Hierro family (grandfather, son and grandson)\n Luis Hierro (Deputy)\n Luis Hierro Gambardella (Minister, Deputy and Senator), son of Luis Hierro\n Luis Antonio Hierro López (Vice President of Uruguay 2000–05), son of Luis Hierro Gambardella\n\nThe Jude family (father and son)\n Raúl Jude (Deputy, Justice and Interior Minister, and Senator)\n Raumar Jude, (Deputy and Senator), son of Raúl Jude", "The Michelini family (father and sons)\n Zelmar Michelini (Senator, Minister of the Industry and he participated in the foundation of the Frente Amplio\n Rafael Michelini (Senator and founder of Nuevo Espacio)\n Felipe Michelini (Deputy and Subsecretary of the Ministry of Education and Culture)", "The Mujica-Topolansky family (spouses)\n José Mujica (President of Uruguay 2010–2015, former Senator, former Agriculture Minister)\n Lucía Topolansky (Vice President of Uruguay, 2017–2020, Senator, former Deputy), wife of José Mujica\n\nThe Nin brothers\n Rodolfo Nin Novoa (Vice President of Uruguay, 2005–)\n Gonzalo Nin Novoa (Vice Presidential administrator), brother of Rodolfo Nin Novoa", "The Pacheco family\n Manuel Pacheco (Legislator of Uruguay)\n Jorge Pacheco Areco (President of Uruguay, 1967–1972) grandson of Manuel Pacheco\n Jorge Pacheco Klein (Colorado Party deputy), son of Jorge Pacheco Areco\n\nThe Ramírez family\n Juan Andrés Ramírez Chain (Blanco leader), had two notable grandchildren:\n Juan Andrés Ramírez (former Interior Minister)\n Gonzalo Aguirre Ramírez (Vice President of Uruguay, 1990–95), cousin of the former", "The Saravia family (brothers and descendant of one of them)\n Gumercindo Saravia (Civil War leader in Rio Grande, Brazil)\n Aparicio Saravia (National (Blanco) Party and Uruguayan Civil War Leader, killed 1904), younger brother of Gumercindo Saravia\n Villanueva Saravia, (National (Blanco) Party Regional Government Leader), great-great-grandson of Aparicio Saravia", "The Sanguinetti family (cousins)\n Julio María Sanguinetti (President of Uruguay, 1985–90 and 1995–2000)\n Jorge Sanguinetti (former Minister of Transport and Works), cousin of Julio María Sanguinetti\nCarmen Sanguinetti (Senator since 2020), niece of Jorge Sanguinetti\n\nThe Sendic family (father and son)\n Raúl Sendic (leader of Tupamaros)\n Raúl Fernando Sendic Rodríguez (former Industry Minister, son of Raúl Sendic", "The Stewart family (descendant)\n Duncan Stewart (President of Uruguay, 1894)\n Matilde Pacheco Stewart de Batlle y Ordóñez (First Lady of Uruguay, 1899, 1903–07, 1911–15), niece of Duncan Stewart, wife of José Batlle y Ordóñez\n César Batlle Pacheco (Deputy and Senator), son of José Batlle y Ordóñez, grandnephew of Duncan Stewart\n Lorenzo Batlle Pacheco (Deputy and Senator), son of José Batlle y Ordóñez, grandnephew of Duncan Stewart", "Jorge Pacheco Areco (President of Uruguay, 1967–72), grandnephew of Duncan Stewart\n Jorge Pacheco Klein (Colorado Party deputy), son of Jorge Pacheco Areco", "The Stirling family (grandfather and grandson)\n Manuel Stirling (Deputy and Senator)\n Guillermo Stirling (former Interior Minister), grandson of Manuel Stirling\n\nThe Terra-Baldomir family\n Gabriel Terra (President of Uruguay, 1931–38)\n Horacio Terra Arocena (Senator), nephew of Gabriel Terra\n Juan Pablo Terra (Deputy and Senator), son of Horacio Terra Arocena\n Alfredo Baldomir (President of Uruguay, 1938–43), brother-in-law of Gabriel Terra", "The Tourné family (uncle and niece)\n Uruguay Tourné (former Deputy and Senator)\n Daisy Tourné (former Interior Minister), niece of Uruguay Tourné\n\nThe Wílliman family (grandfather and grandson)\n Claudio Wílliman (President of Uruguay 1907–1911)\n José Claudio Wílliman (Served in Uruguayan Senate 1985–90), grandson of Claudio Wílliman\n\nThe Végh family (father and son)\n Carlos Végh Garzón (Economy Minister 1967)\n Alejandro Végh Villegas (Economy Minister, 1970s and 1980s), son of Carlos Végh Garzón", "The Zorrilla de San Martín family (grandfather and grandson)\n Juan Zorrilla de San Martín (Poet and Deputy)\n Alejandro Zorrilla de San Martín, (Deputy, Foreign Affairs Minister, and Senator), grandson of Juan Zorrilla de San Martín", "Uzbekistan\nThe Karimov family\nIslam Karimov (President of Uzbekistan, 1991–2016)\nTatyana Karimova (wife of Islam Karimov; First Lady, 1991–2016)\nGulnora Karimova (eldest daughter of Islam Karimov; businesswoman and politician)\nLola Karimova-Tillyaeva (youngest daughter of Islam Karimov; diplomat and philanthropist)", "Vanuatu\nThe Lini family\nWalter Lini (Prime Minister of Vanuatu, 1980–91)\nHam Lini (brother; Prime Minister of Vanuatu, 2004–08)\nHilda Lini (sister; Member of Parliament)\nKalkot Mataskelekele (brother-in-law; President of Vanuatu, 2004–09)\n\nThe Sokomanu-Sopé family\nAti George Sokomanu (President of Vanuatu, 1980–1989)\nBarak Sopé (nephew of Ati George Sokomanu; Prime Minister of Vanuatu, 1999–2001)", "Venezuela\nThe Chávez family\nHugo de los Reyes Chávez (father of Adán & Hugo Chávez; Politician)\nAdán Chávez (Governor of Barinas)\nHugo Chávez (61st President of Venezuela)\nMarisabel Rodríguez de Chávez (ex-wife of Hugo Chávez; First Lady 1999–2002)\nThe Sucre family\nAntonio José de Sucre (President of Bolivia, South American Independence War Hero)\nJuan Manuel Sucre (Commander-in-Chief of Army 1974)\nLeopoldo Sucre (Public Works Minister; Senator)\nJosé Francisco Sucre (Ambassador; Senator)", "Vietnam\nThe Ngô-Trần family\n Ngô Đình Diệm (President of South Vietnam 1955 - 1963, former Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam 1954 - 1955)\n Ngô Đình Nhu (brother, chairman of the ruling Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party, chief advisor of President Diệm) \n Madame Ngô Đình Nhu (sister-in-law, acted as South Vietnam’s “First Lady”)\n Trần Văn Chương (father of Madame Nhu, served as foreign minister of the Empire of Vietnam in 1945, and as South Vietnam’s ambassador to the US 1954 - 1963)", "Trần Văn Đỗ (uncle of Madame Nhu, served as South Vietnam’s foreign minister under successive military junta governments from 1965 to 1968, and as South Vietnam’s Deputy Prime Minister under military junta in 1965)", "The Phạm family\n Nguyễn Cơ Thạch (birth name “Phạm Văn Cương”, Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam 1987 - 1991, former Foreign Minister of Vietnam 1980 - 1991)\n Phạm Bình Minh (son, Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam 2013 - 2023, former Foreign Minister of Vietnam 2011 - 2021)", "The Trần family\n Trần Đức Lương (President of Vietnam 1997 - 2006, Deputy Prime Minister 1987 - 1997)\n Trần Tuấn Anh (son, current head of the VCP’s Central Economic Committee since 2021, former Minister of Industry and Trade 2016 - 2021)\n\nYemen\nThe Al-Shaabi family (brothers-in-law)\nQahtan Muhammad al-Shaabi (President of South Yemen, 1967–69)\nFaysal al-Shaabi (Prime Minister of South Yemen, 1969)", "The Iryani family (uncle-nephew)\nAbdul Rahman al-Iryani (President of North Yemen, 1967–74)\nAbdul Karim al-Iryani (Prime Minister of Yemen, 1998–2001)\n\nThe Saleh family (father-son)\nAli Abdullah Saleh (President of North Yemen, 1978–90 and President of Yemen, 1990–present)\nAhmad Ali Abdullah Saleh (Member of Parliament)\n\nZambia\nThe Chiluba family\nFrederick Chiluba (President of Zambia, 1991–2002)\nBenjamin Mwila (cousin of Frederick Chiluba; leader of Zambia Republican Party)", "The Kaunda family\nKenneth Kaunda (President of Zambia, 1964–91)\nTilyenji Kaunda (son of Kenneth Kaunda; secretary-general, United National Independence Party)", "Zimbabwe\nThe Mugabe-Chiyangwa family\nRobert Mugabe (President of Zimbabwe, 1987–2017; Prime Minister of Zimbabwe, 1980–87)\nSabina Mugabe (sister of Robert Mugabe; Member of Parliament)\nInnocent Mugabe (son of Sabina Mugabe; Director of the Central Intelligence Organisation)\nLeo Mugabe (son of Sabina Mugabe; businessman and Member of Parliament)\nPatrick Zhuwawo (son of Sabina Mugabe; businessman and Member of Parliament)\nPhilip Chiyangwa (cousin of Robert Mugabe; businessman and ZANU-PF regional leader)", "The Mujuru family\n Gen. Solomon 'Rex Nhongo' Mujuru\n Joyce \"Teurai Ropa\" Mujuru, Vice President\n\nSee also\n Hereditary politicians\n Dynasty\n List of dynasties\n\nReferences\n\nPolitical families\n \n\nLuís Eduardo Magalhães" ]

[ "The 214th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, originally formed in the months just before the start of the German invasion, based on the shtat (table of organization and equipment) of September 13, 1939", ". It was moved to the fighting front to join 22nd Army in late June and took part in the fighting between Vitebsk and Nevel in early July, escaping from encirclement in the process, and then played a significant role in the liberation of Velikiye Luki, the first Soviet city to be retaken from the invading armies. In October it was again encircled near Vyasma during Operation Typhoon and was soon destroyed.", "The 433rd Rifle Division began forming in late 1941 at Ufa in the South Ural Military District as a Bashkiri national division but on December 25 it was redesignated as the 2nd formation of the 214th. In July 1942 it was moved to the area west of Stalingrad and fought in the battle for that city until the beginning of February 1943, eventually assisting in mopping up the factory district. From there it was moved north to form part of the reserves behind the Kursk salient in 53rd Army", ". From there it was moved north to form part of the reserves behind the Kursk salient in 53rd Army. During the subsequent summer offensive into Ukraine it reached and crossed the Dniepr near Kremenchuk and was awarded its name as a battle honor. In the winter battles on the west bank it won a further honorific as well as the Order of the Red Banner", ". During the spring offensives toward Romania it was part of 5th Guards Army in 2nd Ukrainian Front and fought unsuccessfully along the Dniestr River until being moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command and joining 52nd Army. Under this command it became part of 1st Ukrainian Front and advanced through southern Poland and Silesia, winning two further decorations in the process", ". In the final offensive into Germany it saw heavy fighting in Saxony during one of the last desperate German counteroffensives in late April 1945, then advanced with its Front toward Prague. After the German surrender it moved back to Poland and later Ukraine before being disbanded in mid-1946.", "1st Formation \nThe division began forming in March 1941 at Voroshilovgrad in the Kharkov Military District. When completed it had the following order of battle:\n 776th Rifle Regiment\n 780th Rifle Regiment\n 788th Rifle Regiment\n 683rd Artillery Regiment\n 709th Howitzer Artillery Regiment\n 20th Antitank Battalion\n 128th Antiaircraft Battalion\n 302nd Reconnaissance Battalion\n 403rd Sapper Battalion\n 603rd Signal Battalion\n 364th Medical/Sanitation Battalion\n 703rd Motor Transport Battalion", "603rd Signal Battalion\n 364th Medical/Sanitation Battalion\n 703rd Motor Transport Battalion\n 492nd Field Bakery\n 911th Divisional Veterinary Hospital\n 655th Field Postal Station\n 630th Field Office of the State Bank", "Maj. Gen. Mark Mikhailovich Butsko was appointed to command on March 22; he had previously commanded the 46th Rifle Division. At the outbreak of the war the 214th was still under direct command of the Kharkov Military District, where it officially remained as of July 1, although it had become part of the active Army on June 29. By July 10 it had joined the 22nd Army in Western Front as a separate division. General Butsko was severely wounded on July 5 and was replaced in command by Maj. Gen", ". General Butsko was severely wounded on July 5 and was replaced in command by Maj. Gen. Anatolii Nikolaevich Rozanov. Butsko never held another field command and retired in 1945.", "Battles for Nevel and Velikiye Luki", "When the division arrived in Lt. Gen. F. A. Ershakov's 22nd Army the German Army Group Center had captured Vitebsk but the Army was attempting to hold what remained of the Dvina River line from the Polotsk Fortified Region east toward Haradok. The commander of Western Front, Marshal S. K. Timoshenko, issued orders late on July 12 for Ershakov to carry out a counterattack the following morning with the 214th and 186th Rifle Divisions and supporting artillery from the Haradok area south toward Vitebsk", ". This plan was stillborn when the LVII Motorized Corps, backed by the L and XXIII Army Corps drove the Army from its defenses along the Dvina northwest of Polotsk, cut it into two parts, enveloped its flanks and threatened both parts with encirclement. With only six divisions to defend a front 274km wide Ershakov was soon in full retreat as the panzers drove northward toward Nevel.", "Nevel was taken by LVII Motorized on the morning of July 16 which left four of 22nd Army's divisions (50th, 174th, 186th and 214th) cut off and isolated between that town and Vitebsk. As the German commanders debated the size of the encircled forces and exactly how best to deal with them while also carrying out their other objectives, the four divisions did their best to escape in the general direction of Velikiye Luki, aided by the difficult terrain in the region", ". By July 19 the division had been subordinated to the 29th Rifle Corps of 22nd Army which also contained the 126th and 179th Rifle Divisions. On that date the 19th Panzer Division had captured the city but overnight elements of 22nd Army attacked and overran the thin screen being held around Nevel by 14th Motorized Division, allowing the Army's encircled 62nd Rifle Corps to escape to the east", ". This pressure also forced 19th Panzer to abandon the city on July 21 and Ershakov triumphantly signalled the commander of 62nd Corps:He later reported that the division was attacking toward the north in the Poreche and Staraya Reka regions. This overlooked victory was the first large city liberated by the Red Army. Ershakov now attempted to create a new defense line along the Lovat River although his 51st Rifle Corps had been reduced to remnants.", "By July 23 the 214th was situated in the area of Rogatkino and Shchukino. As of July 31 it was operating at roughly half its original strength. In an operational summary by Western Front late on August 3 it was said to be under attack by two German infantry regiments at Lazava with unknown results", ". As the German forces regrouped to take back Velikiye Luki the division was transferred to 51st Corps and on August 21 was reported as operating in the German rear with two rifle regiments toward Novosokolniki in cooperation with a cavalry division. The German counterstroke was well underway by this point with the 19th and 20th Panzer and 256th and 102nd Infantry Divisions committed", ". Supply lines to 22nd Army were being disrupted the next day and at 1015 hours on August 24 Ershakov was forced to issue orders for his forces to break out in the direction of Toropets. In the plan for the breakout the 126th Rifle and 48th Tank Divisions were in the first echelon with the 179th and 214th in second, followed by what remained of 62nd Corps and the 170th Rifle Division as rearguard; the operation began at 2200 hours", ". The artillery and trucks of the 214th were stretched out on the road along its axis of attack and on the morning of the 25th came under heavy air, artillery and mortar attacks, causing considerable losses. The escaping force numbered from 15-20,000 men while another 25,000 of 22nd Army remained behind in small pockets south of Velikiye Luki and either fought to the death or surrendered over the following days", ". By the end of the month the division was reduced to 2,500 men, with no heavy equipment left at all. On August 29 General Rozanov was moved to command of the 253rd Rifle Division; he went on to serve as deputy chief of staff of 11th Army before being fatally wounded in August 1943. Col. Vasilii Dmitrievich Bunin was not appointed to lead the 214th until September 9.", "Operation Typhoon", "In a report at 0300 hours on August 30 Marshal Timoshenko reported to Stalin that the remnants of the 214th and 48th Tanks (which had lost all its vehicles) were fighting north of Toropets as a combined unit along a line from Podroshcha to Mankovo. During the period from September 2-4 the 214th lost 148 men killed or wounded as the German forces were largely inactive", ". Over the following week the reorganising forces of 22nd Army struck back at the German forces advancing on Andreapol, with some limited success; the combined divisions attacked from the line of ZolotilovoSafonovoZaprude and reached Berdovo by 1300 hours.", "Later in the month the 214th was transferred to 16th Army, still in Western Front. It was there when the main part of Operation Typhoon began on October 2 although it was in the process of transferring to the sector of 19th Army. At this time its equipment consisted of 15 heavy machine guns, 96 light machine guns, two antiaircraft guns, eight field artillery pieces, eight mortars, and just 52 percent of its authorized motor vehicles", ". Given the German threat along the Vyazma axis the STAVKA was bringing in reinforcements from less active sectors. This movement, especially that of the vehicles with which the division was partly re-equipped, was spotted by German aerial reconnaissance near Yartsevo and this was followed by bombing and strafing attacks. During the day the German ground forces made progress in the direction of Bely and Kaniutino Station. On the morning of October 3 the commander of Western Front, Col. Gen. I. S", ". On the morning of October 3 the commander of Western Front, Col. Gen. I. S. Konev, prepared to attack this penetration with his own forces from the south and elements of 30th Army from the north. The 214th, along with the 89th and 166th Rifle Divisions, supported by tanks and rocket artillery, was to destroy the grouping that had crossed the Vop River and reestablish the defenses along this line.", "In the event the coordinator of the 19th Army forces, Lt. Gen. M. F. Lukin, chose to delay the counterattack until noon on October 4 but as the situation deteriorated with further German advances he put it back farther, to 0500 hours on October 5. Although Lukin's grouping inflicted a debatable number of casualties on the attackers its counterattack never got off the ground", ". That afternoon Konev reported to the STAVKA, among other claims, that the 214th had halted the German penetration on the left flank of 19th Army. Despite this optimistic report he was given permission to withdraw Western Front to a line from Rzhev to Vyasma, but his orders to 19th Army were not received until 0400 hours on October 6 and by this time the proposed lines of retreat were hopelessly compromised", ". At 1600 hours on October 7 it was reported that units of the division were crossing the Vopets River. General Lukin signalled the STAVKA directly at 1030 on October 8 (communications with Konev having broken down) that the remnants of the 214th had assembled in the woods northeast of Bogdanovshchina, but this report was not received until 1935 hours on October 11. By this time Lukin's grouping had linked up with the forces commanded by Lt. Gen. I. V. Boldin in an effort to break out of the encirclement", ". Gen. I. V. Boldin in an effort to break out of the encirclement. During the day the 214th, with one regiment of the 101st Motorized Division, had found a gap through the woods 1km north of Bogoroditskoe, but this was soon plugged by tanks and infantry and communications with them had been lost. This effectively spelled the end of the division as an organized force, although it was not officially deleted from the Red Army's order of battle until December 27.", "2nd Formation \nA new 214th Rifle Division was created on December 25, 1941 as a redesignation of the 433rd Rifle Division in the South Ural Military District at Ufa. It was considered a Bashkiri division as most of its recruits were of that ethnicity. Once formed its order of battle was very similar to that of the 1st formation, although it was based on the shtat of July 29, 1941:\n 776th Rifle Regiment\n 780th Rifle Regiment\n 788th Rifle Regiment\n 683rd Artillery Regiment\n 20th Antitank Battalion", "780th Rifle Regiment\n 788th Rifle Regiment\n 683rd Artillery Regiment\n 20th Antitank Battalion\n 302nd Reconnaissance Company\n 403rd Sapper Battalion\n 603rd Signal Battalion (later 1453rd Signal Company)\n 364th Medical/Sanitation Battalion\n 530th Chemical Defense (Anti-gas) Company\n 263rd Motor Transport Company\n 446th Field Bakery\n 911th Divisional Veterinary Hospital\n 1682nd Field Postal Station\n 1088th Field Office of the State Bank", "Maj. Gen. Nikolai Ivanovich Biryukov was appointed as commander on the same day the division was redesignated. He had previously commanded the 186th Rifle Division alongside the 1st formation of the 214th in the fighting around Vitebsk and Nevel before being wounded and hospitalized. The division got about five months for training and equipping until it was assigned to the 1st Reserve Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command in May 1942", ". It was still part of that Army on July 10 when it became 64th Army in Stalingrad Front.", "Defense of Stalingrad", "Within 24 hours orders arrived from Stalin moving the 214th, along with the 229th and 29th Rifle Divisions, to 62nd Army to defend the line around Stalingrad proper. Due to the growing crisis of the German advance toward the city, on July 12 these orders were countermanded and the three divisions returned to 64th Army, which was under command of Lt. Gen. V. I. Chuikov", ". Gen. V. I. Chuikov. By late on July 21 Chuikov had deployed the three divisions on his sector south of the Chir River and west of the Don along with the 154th Naval Rifle Brigade and part of 121st Tank Brigade. On the evening of the following day he reported that the forward elements of the 214th and the 29th were engaging German forces along the Tsimla River", ". The 214th faced the 71st Infantry Division and by the end of the month had been forced back across the Don south of Nizhne-Chirskaya despite an attempt to counterattack on the 28th. Meanwhile, beginning on July 26 the 4th Tank Army began arriving to the north in the small bend of the Don.", "During the first ten days of August the 64th Army, now under command of Lt. Gen. M. S. Shumilov, was gradually pushed to the north and east, and by August 10 the division was helping to defend the lower reaches of the Aksai River. By this time the attacking 4th Panzer Army was broken and in need of reinforcements and replenishment", ". However the 4th Tank Army to the north was under heavy pressure from German 6th Army west of the Don, and by August 15 the 214th was being regrouped at Kotluban Station in preparation for recrossing the river at Vertyachy and attacking westward toward Rodionov. This effort faltered from the outset as the German forces continued advancing and constricting the Red Army bridgeheads on the west bank", ". By the end of August 16 the 4th Tank Army was effectively defeated and its remnants were fleeing east of the Don through those bridgeheads that were still held; before long it would be derisively referred to as the \"4 Tank Army\".", "While this was going on the 534th and 535th Regiments of VIII Army Corps' 384th Infantry Division stormed across the Don at Akatov and seized a bridgehead on the east bank", ". In what one German war correspondent described as \"one of the most senseless actions of the war,\" for eight days this division, reinforced overnight on August 17/18 by elements of 389th Infantry Division, fought a vicious battle with the 214th, 39th Guards and 98th Rifle Divisions, supported by the 193rd Tank and 22nd Motorized Rifle Brigades and 468th Antitank Regiment. By the time the fighting ended the two German divisions had suffered more than 300 dead, only to see the Army commander, Gen. F", ". F. Paulus, abandon part of the bridgehead and conduct his main attack on Stalingrad farther south. During this battle the 214th came under command of 4th Tank Army.", "On August 21 the 6th Army began its drive to the Volga and Stalingrad from Vertyachy. The Red Army General Staff's report on the morning of the next day stated in part:The report on August 23 noted that the two units were defending the line from Lake Krivoe to the northern outskirts of Verkhne-Gnilovskii. That day the floodgates opened and while the combat-effective elements of 4th Tank Army continued attacking at Akatov the main forces of XIV Panzer Corps rolled east and reached the Volga before nightfall", ". The 214th was driven north of this corridor and while two of its rifle regiments supported the remnants of the 39th Guards and the 98th Division on its northwestern face its third regiment helped the 35th Guards and 87th Rifle Divisions establish defenses between Kotluban and Bolshaya Rossoshka.", "First Kotluban Offensive", "Army Gen. G. K. Zhukov was made deputy commander-in-chief of the Soviet Armed Forces on August 26 and he soon arrived in the Stalingrad area to take overall charge of the defense. He saw the long German corridor from the Don to the Volga as vulnerable and he immediately began planning an offensive to cut it off", ". The main effort was to be made by 1st Guards Army beginning at dawn on September 3, but was preceded by a supporting attack by the 214th, 27th Guards and 298th Rifle Divisions on September 2 against the 384th and 76th Infantry Divisions. This failed miserably in the face of effective counterattacks. The 1st Guards' attack achieved only meagre success. The offensive was renewed on September 5 with 4th Tank Army attempting to reach Vertyachy", ". The offensive was renewed on September 5 with 4th Tank Army attempting to reach Vertyachy. By day's end the 214th was reported as having reached the east bank of the Don near Lake Kalach by 2000 hours and then engaging in fighting on the outskirts of Verkhne-Gnilovskii. Although the offensive persisted until September 13 it had effectively stalled on its fourth day.", "Operation Uranus and Operation Ring", "As of the beginning of October the division was still in 4th Tank Army but on the 22nd this began to be converted to the 65th Army. As part of the reorganization the division was transferred to 24th Army in the newly-created Don Front. It was still in this Army, commanded by Lt. Gen. I. V. Galanin, during the planning and buildup for the offensive that would encircle German 6th Army in and around Stalingrad", ". Most of Galanin's divisions had been worn down in the Kotluban offensives; in addition it was spread along a wide sector from Kotluban to Kuzmichi and lacked armor until after the offensive began so was limited to holding attacks in the operational plan.", "Don Front's part in the offensive began on November 19 but 24th Army did not join in until the morning of the 22nd, the same day the Red Army pincers would complete the encirclement at Kalach-na-Donu. It began its assault from jumping-off positions at and east of the town of Panshino on the east bank of the Don, 4km northeast of Verkhne-Gnilovskii", ". Its shock group consisted of the 214th and 49th Rifle Divisions, supported on the left by one regiment of the 298th and on the right by two regiments of the 120th Rifle Division, attacking on a roughly 8km-wide sector from 12km southeast to 3km north of Verkhne-Gnilovskii. The two leading divisions were concentrated on a 4", ". The two leading divisions were concentrated on a 4.5km-wide line in the center of the sector and were to attack concentrically toward the southwest and south to penetrate the defenses of 76th Infantry Division and then advance with reinforcements to seize Verkhne-Gnilovskii and pave the way for the commitment of 16th Tank Corps. Despite an artillery preparation the ground assault faltered almost immediately under heavy German artillery, mortar and machine gun fire. The commander of the Front, Lt. Gen. K", ". The commander of the Front, Lt. Gen. K. K. Rokossovskii, commented on this failure:In fact at the end of the day Paulus ordered a regiment of 384th Infantry Division to reinforce 76th Infantry, and the attack also influenced his decision to pull his XI Army Corps east of the Don, farther into developing trap.", "Galanin renewed his attack on November 23 but with several changes. The 16th Tank Corps was ordered to deploy two of its brigades as direct support for the shock group's rifle divisions. In the event this proved ineffective as the tanks ran into both Soviet and German minefields that had not been cleared as well as antitank fire; during the day it had 55 vehicles knocked out or destroyed", ". In the summary of the days' fighting it was stated that \"after encountering strong and well-organized enemy fires, [the Army] achieved no success and was fighting in its previous positions.\" During the attack Krasnoarmeets M. V. Korolyova, a former child film actor and now a medical instructor of the 780th Rifle Regiment, evacuated 50 wounded from the field before leading her comrades into the German trenches, killing or wounding at least 15 with grenades before being mortally wounded", ". She would be posthumously awarded the Order of the Red Banner.", "The following day Galanin committed the third brigade of tanks in the infantry support role, as well as the fresh 84th Rifle Division between the 214th and 49th but gained no more than 4km at a cost of another 33 tanks. On November 25 the STAVKA registered its disapproval, stating, \"The infantry... did not attack and remained lying down in front of the barbed wire,\" leaving the tanks \"sitting ducks\" for the German gunners", ". By November 25 the failures of 24th Army were generating heated exchanges between Galanin and the commander of 65th Army, Lt. Gen. P. I. Batov, as to who was at fault. The former renewed his attack on November 25 with the same shock group, now backed by the 233rd Rifle Division, and the depleted 16th Tanks still in the direct support role in the Panshino area, but again made minimal progress", ". Thereafter, in two days of heavy fighting, the Army captured Verkhne- and Nizhne-Gnilovskii but remained 8km north of its initial objective, Vertyachy. By this time the 16th Tanks had fewer than 20 vehicles still operational and the gains made by the Army were mostly attributable to the successes of 65th Army on its west flank forcing German withdrawals.", "Operation Ring", "By December 9 it was becoming clear that the operations necessary to eliminate 6th Army would require reinforcements, specifically the 2nd Guards Army which was en route. Until then the Don Front would be limited to pinning attacks to help prevent a German breakout. This prospect became more alarming on December 12 when 4th Panzer Army began a concentrated drive toward Stalingrad, which forced the STAVKA to divert the 2nd Guards to block it. Operation Ring (Koltso) was put on hold", ". Operation Ring (Koltso) was put on hold. As of December 16 the 214th was in the 24th Army's reserves. On December 19, as the advancing LVII Panzer Corps reached the Myshkova River south of the pocket, the 27th Guards and the 214th, supported by tanks, went over to the attack against the right wing of 44th Infantry Division west of State Farm (Sovkhoz) No. 1. Although the attack was contained the 44th suffered heavier than usual losses over that day and the next", ". These losses influenced Paulus' decision to not attempt to break out of the pocket.", "Before the new year the 214th was transferred again, now to 65th Army. After Operation Winter Storm had been defeated the fate of 6th Army was sealed, but much bitter fighting remained during January 1943", ". Don Front began more active operations on January 6 and the division made another attack on 44th Infantry which captured the main battle line of its 131st Regiment, a breach that required the intervention of a battalion of the 376th Infantry Division to contain, although the division held the captured ground. The 44th had suffered a further 130 casualties and by the next day the breach in its defenses had been widened to 1.5km", ".5km. The 27th Guards joined the attack on January 7 and by the end of the next day the 44th had lost 480 men in three days of fighting and was close to being combat-ineffective.", "Rokossovskii issued a surrender ultimatum to 6th Army on January 8 which was rejected out of hand, as expected. Following this he made his final dispositions for Operation Ring which was to begin on January 10. The 214th was allocated to 65th Army's shock group along with four other rifle divisions, the 91st Tank Brigade, and six Guards heavy tank regiments (KV tanks). The division, advancing on the Army's left flank, was directly allocated two regiments of medium/heavy artillery", ". The artillery preparation began at 0805 hours and lasted 55 minutes. Despite stubborn resistance initially the Army's shock group soon overwhelmed 44th Infantry and its supporting battalions from the 76th and 113th Infantry Divisions. The 214th and 27th Guards, again operating in tandem but now working with about 30 tanks of 91st Tanks and the 9th and 10th Guards Heavy Tanks, rolled over and through six battalions defending on 44th Infantry's right wing, capturing the western portion of State Farm No", ". 1, Hill 117.5 and the territory north of and east along the Golaya Balka. The attack was finally contained by a battalion of the 113th and small groups of tanks but not before the two divisions had gained from 4.5-7km, leaving the 44th Infantry reduced to remnants.", "The next day the division joined with the 84th Rifle Division of 24th Army and the 8th Guards Tank Regiment to hold Hill 117.5 against expected counterattacks while also clearing the remainder of State Farm No. 1 and reaching the Rossoshka River north and south of Zapadnovka. The fighting degenerated into a deadly slugfest against two battalions of the 76th Infantry Division and remnants of the 44th, backed by a handful of self-propelled guns", ". The attackers, including two other divisions of 24th Army, gained between 500m and 2km while finally clearing the Sovkhoz on January 12, after which the 84th and 214th pursued 1-2km eastward to Zapadnovka and Vlasovka in the Rossoshka valley.", "Despite these successes it was clear that 21st Army on the 65th's right was making greater progress so it was reinforced for January 13 while the 214th was ordered to anchor the 65th's left flank at Zapadnovka. The following day it remained in the same positions as 21st Army prepared for a decisive thrust. After the storm broke on January 15 the 214th advanced to Bolshoi Rossoshka while 21st Army seized Pitomnik Airfield on the 16th", ". At the end of the following day Rokossovskii called a halt to rest and replenish his forces.", "Battle for the City", "The lull in operations ended on January 21 although the main attack did not begin until 1000 hours the following day. Following a brief rest the 214th returned to the front lines on January 25 again on the left flank of 65th Army east of Gorodishche facing the hollowed-out 113th Infantry. The next day, in conjunction with 23rd Rifle Division it pushed that division along the south bank of the Mechetka River to within 1,000m of the western edge of Barrikady village", ". On the same day the Stalingrad pocket was cut in two by elements of 21st Army. By the 28th the division was facing the 76th Infantry in the village and over the next two days cleared its northwestern sector after difficult fighting with a German group encircled in the Vishnevaia Balka, taking many prisoners and forcing the 76th northeastward across Skulpturinyi Street. By this time the divisions of 65th Army were averaging 1,000-2,000 \"bayonets\" (infantry and sappers) each.", "The southern pocket surrendered on January 31 but the next day the roughly 50,000 German troops in the northern pocket were still holding out. A massive artillery bombardment, followed by airstrikes, began at about 0700 hours. The 214th went over to the attack at 1000 hours, pushing eastward against remnants of the 76th and 113th Infantry and 60th Motorized Divisions. The division's forward elements thrust into the vicinity of Silikat Factory No", ". The division's forward elements thrust into the vicinity of Silikat Factory No. 3 between the upper Barrikady and upper Tractor Factory villages. By 2130 hours radio messages from within the pocket indicated that Soviet forces had torn gaping holes in the perimeter and that up to 20,000 men had gone missing. The following day the northern pocket officially surrendered. General Batov assigned the 67th Guards and 214th to mop up the factory district", ". General Batov assigned the 67th Guards and 214th to mop up the factory district.The same day the STAVKA ordered the headquarters of 65th Army to prepare to move northwards and the 214th was transferred to the Stalingrad Group of Forces. Unlike the majority of divisions that took part in the final battles for Stalingrad it did not receive the Guards designation.", "Into Ukraine", "In orders issued on February 28 by the STAVKA the forces of the Stalingrad Group were reassigned. The 214th went back to 24th Army, which was now in the Valuyki region in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. Along with the other divisions it was to be replenished with personnel, horses, weapons and other equipment to bring it up to a strength of 8,000 men. In further orders on March 11 the 24th Army was assigned to a new Reserve Front, behind the Central and Voronezh Fronts, effective March 13.", "The division remained in the Reserve over the following months, being transferred to the 53rd Army in the Steppe Military District in May. General Biryukov left the division on June 2 to take command of the 80th Guards Rifle Division; he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Pavel Petrovich Demin on June 4. Biryukov went on to command the 20th Guards Rifle Corps, gaining the rank of lieutenant general in April 1945, the same month he was made a Hero of the Soviet Union", ". Demin was an NKVD officer who had previously commanded the 80th Guards.", "Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev", "Once the STAVKA took the decision to await a German offensive against the Kursk salient the armies of Steppe Military District (as of July 9 Steppe Front) became both a longstop defense force and a reserve for the eventual counteroffensive. By mid-May the 53rd Army was digging in along the Kshen River on a sector from Nikolskoe to Prilepy. The German offensive in the south began on July 5 and was effectively halted by July 12. On August 1 General Demin handed his command to Col", ". On August 1 General Demin handed his command to Col. Yakov Ipatevich Brovchenko; Demin was attached to 53rd Army before furthering his military education and ended the war in command of 3rd Rifle Division. For the counteroffensive, Operation Polkovodets Rumyantsev, the Front commander, General I. S. Konev, formed a shock group consisting of 53rd Army and the 48th Rifle Corps of 69th Army. These were deployed on an 11km-wide front from Glushinskii to Visloe for an attack to begin on August 3", ". 53rd Army had three reinforced divisions in first echelon with four divisions and 1st Mechanized Corps in second.", "The counteroffensive started as planned, preceded by a complex artillery preparation from 0500 to 0815 hours. The shock group faced stubborn trench fighting until 1500 when 1st Mechanized was committed and completed the breakthrough of the main German defensive zone. In all the 53rd Army advanced 7-9km by day's end. On August 4 the Army broke through the second and third defensive zones which covered Belgorod from the north", ". For the next day it was ordered \"to speed up the offensive in the general direction of Mikoyanovka.\" In accordance it pushed the defenders out of the Streletskoye and Bolkhovets strongpoints, breaking through the fourth defensive line and reached a line from Vodyanoe to Krasnoe; the 89th Guards and 305th Rifle Divisions of 69th Army cleared Belgorod by 1800 hours.", "Battles for the Dniepr", "With the liberation of Belgorod and later Kharkov on August 23 the Red Army embarked on an offensive to clear the remainder of eastern Ukraine. Steppe Front advanced toward Poltava and, after that city was taken, continued on toward Kremenchuk. This was one of the five crossing points over the Dniepr available to Army Group South as it withdrew to the so-called Wotan line", ". On September 26 the Front made three improvised crossings between Kremenchuk and Dnepropetrovsk which, over the next few days were expanded to a single bridgehead 50km wide and up to 16km deep. The 214th was by now in the 75th Rifle Corps of 53rd Army. It played a main role in this fighting and received its first battle honor:On October 9 Brovchenko was replaced in command by Col. Grigorii Nikitich Zhukov", ". Grigorii Nikitich Zhukov. This officer had served as deputy commander of the division earlier in the year before moving to the 299th Rifle Division as its acting commander for several weeks.", "In the first weeks of October General Konev shifted his 5th Guards Army to the bridgehead south of the city that was being held by 53rd Army. The Kremenchug-Pyatikhatki Offensive began on October 15 when a dozen rifle divisions attacked out of the bridgehead and by the next day Konev had three armies across the river, tearing open the left flank of 1st Panzer Army. On October 18 Piatykhatky was liberated, cutting the main railroads to Dnepropetrovsk and Kryvyi Rih, which was the obvious next objective", ". The lead elements of Steppe Front (as of October 20 2nd Ukrainian Front) reached the outskirts of Kryvyi Rih but were counterattacked on the 27th by the XXXX Panzer Corps, driving them back some 32km and doing considerable damage to the Red Army formations in the process. In the course of this operation the 214th was reassigned to 5th Guards Army, moving between the 32nd Guards and 33rd Guards Rifle Corps, but ending October in the former.", "Battles in the Dniepr Bend", "On November 13 the 2nd Ukrainian Front gained several small bridgeheads on both sides of Cherkasy and quickly expanded the one north until it threatened to engulf the city and tear open the front of German 8th Army. Ten days later, with gaps in its front lines around the Cherkasy bridgehead and north of Kryvyi Rih, the chief of staff of that Army pleaded for permission to stage a general withdrawal but this was denied", ". During November and the first three weeks of December Konev was content to fight a battle of attrition with the 1st Panzer and 8th Armies which he could better afford, gradually clearing the right bank of the Dniepr north to Cherkasy.", "In the course of this fighting the 780th Rifle Regiment was involved in a battle for the village of Novoaleksandrovka near Kirovograd. On November 29 the Regiment was counterattacked by infantry and tanks. Krasnoarmeets Ivan Ivanovich Spichak was wounded in the arm but refused to be evacuated", ". Krasnoarmeets Ivan Ivanovich Spichak was wounded in the arm but refused to be evacuated. When one tank attempted to crush him and his comrades in their trench he was successful in knocking it out with an antitank grenade; he then disabled two more armored vehicles and killed or wounded a number of German soldiers with machine gun fire. In further fighting the next day at the village of Dikovka, Spichak was severely wounded", ". In further fighting the next day at the village of Dikovka, Spichak was severely wounded. As his position was being rushed in an effort to take him prisoner he used another antitank grenade to blow up both himself and as many as 25 of the enemy. On February 22, 1944 he would be posthumously made a Hero of the Soviet Union.", "As the campaign continued the division was awarded its second honorific for its part in the liberation of Aleksandriya on December 6. Four days later it was also rewarded with the Order of the Red Banner. On the same day it returned to 53rd Army, joining its 48th Rifle Corps, then moving back to the 75th Corps, before going back to 32nd Guards Corps in 5th Guards Army on December 30.", "General Konev threw a powerful blow on January 5, 1944 at the boundary between the German 8th Army and the reconstituted 6th Army. 5th Guards Army and 7th Mechanized Corps formed the northern shock group in the thrust toward Kirovograd. Rapidly moving northward the shock group penetrated nearly to the city in a matter of hours and the next day the XXXXVII Panzer Corps was encircled; it was forced to break out to the west on January 8", ". On January 26 the 214th was moved back to 53rd Army, still in 2nd Ukrainian Front, where it was again assigned to 75th Corps but came under direct Army command on February 1. This Army was not directly involved in the encirclement battle around Korsun-Shevchenkovskii but advanced south of the pocket in the direction of Zlatopil. On February 5 the division was again assigned to 48th Corps and on the 14th this Corps was moved to 5th Guards Army", ". On February 6 Colonel Zhukov left the division, being temporarily replaced by Maj. Gen. Vasilii Dmitrievich Karpukhin until the 18th, and was promoted to the rank of major general on the 22nd. Zhukov would remain in command into the postwar, being made a Hero of the Soviet Union on May 29, 1945. On March 18 the 214th was again reassigned, now to 33rd Guards Corps.", "First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive", "By mid-April the 5th Guards Army was approaching the Dniestr River in the vicinity of Grigoriopol. 33rd Guards Corps (14th Guards, 9th Guards Airborne and the 214th) was on the Army's right (north) flank; the Army was on the far left flank of its Front. The Army commander, Lt. Gen. A. S. Zhadov, had already ordered the Corps to force a crossing of the Dniestr and develop its offensive towards Cimișeni. The Corps faced defenses manned by the German 4th Mountain Division of XXXX Panzer Corps.", "The Army began crossing operations, mostly using improvised means, immediately upon reaching the east bank of April 12. The first across was a regiment of 95th Guards Rifle Division of 32nd Guards Corps. 33rd Guards Corps was intended to cross further north, closer to Grigoriopol but all three divisions were unsuccessful overnight on April 12/13", ". On April 13 and 14 the remainder of 32nd Guards Corps crossed into the 95th Guards' bridgehead and expanded it by capturing the village of Puhăceni and the town of Speia. General Zhadov ordered 33rd Guards Corps into the bridgehead as well, which was completed by the end of April 16", ". The bridgehead was now about 12km wide and 8km deep and engineering efforts across the river had allowed Zhadov to move tanks and other heavy weapons into it so offensive operations could be resumed in the direction of Chișinău. 33rd Guards Corps was in the northern half of the bridgehead with the 214th on its northern flank.", "Zhadov launched his attack at dawn on April 16 after a two-hour artillery and airstrike preparation; the 214th was in the first echelon. After about two hours of fighting the first echelon divisions with armor support overpowered the German 320th Infantry Division's forward security belt and by 0930 hours had torn a hole up to 2km wide and 3km deep in the German defenses", ". The most significant gains were made in a sector 3-6km south of the village of Delacău where the German second defensive position was breached up to 2km deep. However, at 1030 hours the German forces replied with their own intense artillery fire and airstrikes and a wave of counterattacks that halted 5th Guards Army in its tracks. Further attacks at 1500 hours by 4th Mountain and 294th Infantry and 13th Panzer Divisions did considerable damage to the 95th and 13th Guards Divisions", ". When the fighting finally died down late on April 17 both sides were thoroughly exhausted and the 5th Guards was back to its starting point. A renewed attack on the 18th made no progress. The bridgehead was reinforced over the following days and a new effort was mounted on April 25 and this time expanded the area of the bridgehead by about one-third; 33rd Guards Corps had advanced 8-10km by May 6", ". By now it was clear that no successful advance on Chișinău would be made on this axis and 5th Guards was replaced in the bridgehead by 8th Guards Army while the former was redeployed to the northwest for a new assault on Iași in mid-May.", "The handover did not go smoothly as the German 6th Army launched new attacks on the bridgehead as it was happening and many of 5th Guards' rifle divisions had to withdraw under enemy fire. Ultimately the Army did not begin concentrating northeast of Iași until May 15 and did not complete the process until the first week of June. This delay, among other events, forced the STAVKA to postpone and later cancel the entire operation.", "Into Poland and Germany", "Beginning on June 28 the 214th was subordinated to the 27th Guards Rifle Corps, which was acting as the Front's reserve corps. This continued until September 5 when it was moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command. By this time the division had lost its identity as a Bashkiri unit; during this month it was noted that its personnel were roughly 50 percent Ukrainian, 25 percent Russian and 25 percent Uzbek", ". While in the Reserve it was assigned to the 78th Rifle Corps of 52nd Army; it would remain in this Army for the duration of the war.", "The division returned to the fighting front on October 30 when 52nd Army joined 1st Ukrainian Front, which was under command of Marshal Konev. 78th Corps consisted of the 214th, 31st and 373rd Rifle Divisions. During the Vistula-Oder Offensive, by January 28, 1945, 52nd Army reached the Oder River on a 60km front north and south of Breslau with the 73rd and 78th Corps in first echelon, and gained two bridgeheads over the river southeast of the city", ". Over the following week the Front carried out a complicated regrouping in the Breslau area. On February 1, 78th Corps was preparing for its relief from its bridgehead; German forces noticed the movement during daylight hours, which included part of the rear echelon of the 214th, and launched an attack which drove the Corps back several kilometres towards the river", ". At the start of the Lower Silesian Offensive on February 8 the Army made its main attack on the 20km-wide LubenGross Kreidel sector with 48th and 78th Corps, and was backed by the 3rd Guards Tank Army.", "Lower Silesian Offensive", "The offensive began at 0930 hours, following a 50-minute artillery preparation. 78th Corps, supported by 7th Guards Tank Corps, made moderate progress, advancing 6km and capturing enemy strongpoints at Muhlredlitz and Merschwitz. On February 9, 78th Corps advanced behind the tanks and overcame weak but unremitting resistance from the 19th Panzer and 408th Infantry Divisions, finally reaching the northern outskirts of Liegnitz", ". As the advance continued the next day the Corps was forced to deploy its divisions facing southwest to cover its Army's left flank along a sector of 40km from Liegnitz to Rosenthal. This was a potentially dangerous situation as German forces built up in the Breslau area, so Konev redirected the main forces of 3rd Guards Tank Army from its advance on Görlitz to the east against the flank and rear of Breslau", ". This diversion slowed the pace of 52nd Army's main offensive and by February 15 it went over to the defensive along a 120km front. On February 19 the 214th was recognized both for its role in liberating Sandomierz with the award of the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree, and for its part in liberating Częstochowa, Przedbórz and other towns with the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd Degree.", "78th Corps resumed the offensive within 48 hours, but overnight on February 17/18 the 8th Panzer Division was transferred to the LaubanLewenberg front in an attempt to halt the advance of the 3rd Guards Tank Army. The 214th was moved up to reinforce that Army's left flank along the SiegersdorfNaumburgLewenberg line, freeing up the 9th Mechanized Corps to help deal with a German breakthrough east of Lauban", ". By the end of February 21 it was attacking with units of 9th Mechanized and 7th Guards Tank Corps and had advanced its right flank as far as the line WaldauSiefersdorfLewenberg while along its left flank it continued to strengthen the line from Lewenberg to Zobten. The following day elements of the 73rd Rifle Corps were also moved up to support the 3rd Guards Tanks and on February 25 the 214th was reassigned to this Corps", ". By this time the German forces had been driven west across the Neisse River and the entire 52nd Army consolidated along its east bank, where it would remain until the Berlin operation.", "Battle of Bautzen and Prague Offensive", "In early April the 214th returned to 78th Corps. At the start of the Berlin offensive on April 16 the forces of 52nd Army were split; four of its divisions formed part of 1st Ukrainian Front's auxiliary shock group, while the remaining five divisions, including the 214th, were deployed on a 101km defensive front along the Neisse from Penzig to Jauer. The Army had the 7th Guards Mechanized Corps in its second echelon", ". The Army had the 7th Guards Mechanized Corps in its second echelon. 73rd Rifle Corps, which formed the Army's share of the shock group, quickly forced a crossing of the river despite repeated counterattacks by the Brandenburg Panzergrenadier Division.", "On April 20 the 20th Panzer and 72nd Infantry Divisions counterattacked from south of Diehsa and managed to cut the road from Niesky to Bautzen, threatening the communications of 2nd Polish Army. The following day the 214th returned to 48th Corps, which was now part of 52nd Army, and the Corps, backed by 1st Tank Corps, was committed against the German divisions in the area of Spreutz to prevent them getting any farther into the Polish rear", ". Encountering fierce resistance the combined force made little headway. On April 22 the division, along with the 216th Rifle Division, was ordered to attack Diehsa from the south. The German force carried out a regrouping overnight in order to attack the boundary between 2nd Polish and 52nd Armies which came on the morning of the 23rd", ". Two infantry divisions reinforced with over 100 tanks and assault guns struck the right flank of 48th Corps on the Ugist axis, with a secondary force moving on Bautzen from the southeast. Under the weight of the attack the Corps was thrown back from its positions and, having been broken up into separate groups, was involved in heavy fighting throughout the day while partially encircled in the area WeisenbergOber PrauskeGross Radisch. The German grouping reached the area south of Klitten.", "Having broken the front of 48th Corps the German grouping attempted to develop its offensive northward toward Spremberg on April 24 by committing the Brandenburg Division. By the end of the day the Corps had fallen back in heavy fighting to a line from Spreutz to Jenkendorf. Meanwhile 2nd Polish and 52nd Armies, with reinforcements from 5th Guards Army, managed to stabilize the front", ". The next day the Corps received orders to attack with the objective of reaching Ober Prauske and Diehsa by the 27th after tying in with 2nd Polish in the Guttau area. After gaining an additional 10km in the Bautzen area on the 26th the German offensive ran out of steam and the entire grouping went over to the defensive on April 30. After the fall of Berlin the 52nd Army took part in the drive on Prague in the final days of the war, during which time the 214th returned to 78th Corps.", "Postwar \nThe men and women of the division ended the war with the full title of 214th Rifle, Kremenchug-Aleksandriya, Order of the Red Banner, Orders of Suvorov and Bogdan Khmelnitsky Division. (Russian: 214-я стрелковая Кременчугская-Александрийская Краснознамённая орденов Суворова и Богдана Хмельницкого дивизия.) Unusually, for such a well-decorated division, none of its regiments received any similar awards.", "Under the terms of STAVKA Order No. 11096, part 7, of May 29, 78th Corps was to withdraw to Kielce, Poland, prior to being transferred with the rest of 52nd Army to the Northern Group of Forces. After relocating to Poland, the Corps was soon further withdrawn with the Army to the Carpathian Military District, with the 214th stationed at Shepetivka. It was disbanded with much of the Army by June 12, 1946.\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n \n \n\n p. 100\n pp. 209-10", "References\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n \n \n\n p. 100\n pp. 209-10\n\nExternal links\nMark Mikhailovich Butsko\nAnatolii Nikolaevich Rozanov\nNikolai Ivanovich Biryukov\nPavel Petrovich Demin\nGrigorii Nikitich Zhukov\nVasilii Dmitrievich Karpukhin\nHSU Nikolai Ivanovich Biryukov\nHSU Grigorii Nikitich Zhukov", "214\nMilitary units and formations established in 1941\nMilitary units and formations disestablished in 1946\nMilitary units and formations awarded the Order of the Red Banner\n1941 establishments in the Soviet Union\n1946 disestablishments in the Soviet Union" ]

[ "This is a list of fictional characters in the television series Mad Men, all of whom have appeared in multiple episodes.\n\nOverview\n\nCast notes\n* Maxwell Huckabee and Aaron Hart have split the role of Bobby Draper in the first season, while Hart takes over for the second season. Jared Gilmore plays Bobby throughout the third and fourth seasons.\n\nPrimary characters\n\nDon Draper", "Primary characters\n\nDon Draper\n\nDonald \"Don\" Draper (né Dick Whitman; Jon Hamm) born in 1926, is the creative director at Sterling Cooper Advertising Agency; he eventually rises to become a partner. He later becomes a founding partner at Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce. Draper is the series' protagonist, and more storylines focus on him than on other characters.\n\nPeggy Olson", "Peggy Olson\n\nMargaret \"Peggy\" Olson (Elisabeth Moss), upon introduction, is the ostensibly naïve \"new girl\" at Sterling Cooper. She was originally Draper's secretary, but showed surprising talent and initiative, including a knack—similar to Draper's—for understanding the consumer's mind. Don promotes her to copywriter, and she eventually accepts a copy chief position with Ted Chaough's firm, CGC, only to find herself once again working for Don following a merger.\n\nPete Campbell", "Pete Campbell\n\nPeter \"Pete\" Campbell (Vincent Kartheiser) is an ambitious young account executive whose father-in-law controls the advertising for Clearasil, a Sterling Cooper account. Born with a silver spoon in his mouth, he becomes more competitive with Don as the series progresses, and ultimately becomes the partner of Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce.\n\nBetty (Draper) Francis", "Elizabeth \"Betty\" Francis (née Hofstadt, formerly Draper; January Jones) is the ex-wife of Don Draper (who affectionately called her \"Betts,\" or on occasion \"Birdy\") and mother of their three children, Sally, Bobby, and Gene. Her family home was in Elkins Park, Pa., and she graduated from Bryn Mawr College. She speaks fluent Italian. She is the archetypal dissatisfied 1960s housewife, who dutifully turned her back on her education and professional career (as a model) to become a homemaker", ". After obtaining a divorce from Don, she marries Henry Francis and moves to Rye in late 1965. Despite no longer being married to Don, Betty is shown to harbor feelings for him.", "Joan Harris", "Joan P. Harris (née Holloway; Christina Hendricks) is first depicted as an office manager at Sterling Cooper, who acts as a professional and social mentor, as well as an occasional rival, to Peggy Olson, much as Don Draper is to Pete Campbell. Throughout the course of the series, Joan has a long-standing affair with Roger Sterling, which results in their conceiving a son. She ascribes the boy's fatherhood to her husband, a physician serving as a military officer in Vietnam, whom she later divorces", ". Joan eventually rises up to the level of partner at Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce and the following SC&P, and chooses to create her own firm after SC&P is absorbed by McCann Erickson.", "Roger Sterling\n\nRoger H. Sterling, Jr. (John Slattery), is one of the two managing partners of Sterling Cooper, and later a founding partner at Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce. Roger's relationship with Lucky Strike, one of Sterling Cooper's most lucrative accounts, is key to the story from the outset.\n\nSupporting characters", "Sal Romano", "Salvatore \"Sal\" Romano (Bryan Batt) is the Italian-American art director at Sterling Cooper, originally from Baltimore. Sal turned down a proposition from a male employee of Belle Jolie Cosmetics midway through the first season, admitting that though he has thought about having relationships with men, he has never acted on this impulse. He joins the other men of Sterling Cooper in flirting with the women in the workplace. He speaks to his mother in Italian", ". He speaks to his mother in Italian. Sal is shown to have a sarcastic side to his personality, mocking Pete after he nearly loses his job and laughing at Freddy Rumsen urinating himself. Between Seasons 1 and 2, Sal marries a childhood friend, Kitty (Sarah Drew). The two entertain Ken Cosgrove for dinner during the Season 2 episode \"The Gold Violin\", during which Sal seems taken with his guest. Kitty shows signs of frustration at being ignored, expressing that something is wrong in their marriage.", "In the Season 3 premiere, Don Draper sees Sal alone with a partly-dressed, male hotel bellhop, but subtly assures Sal he will keep silent by drawing Sal's attention to the ad slogan they had been working on for raincoats: \"Limit your exposure\". Later in the third season, with Don's encouragement, Sal branches out into directing commercials for the company. Meanwhile, Sal and Kitty have not had sex in several months and Kitty tells Sal she needs \"tending to\"", ". He assures her that he loves her, but his mind is elsewhere due to pressures at work. Illustrations popular in magazine advertisements in the 1950s and early 1960s are going out of style in favor of photographs, so he fears he will lose his job as an illustrator. Later in the scene, Kitty is in bed and Sal vividly demonstrates how the Ann-Margret look-alike will dance and sing \"Bye Bye Birdie\" in his commercial, with lyrics changed for Pepsi's new diet drink Patio", ". Kitty nods but appears uncomfortable with Sal's flamboyant performance.", "In the Season 3 episode \"Wee Small Hours\", Sal rejects the advances of Lee Garner, Jr., a married Lucky Strike executive who, in retaliation, calls Harry Crane and demands Sal's removal from the account. When Harry fails to pass this on, Garner walks out of a subsequent meeting. Roger fires Sal on the spot. Don supports Roger's decision on the basis that the company can afford to lose him rather than Lucky Strike and regards Sal with disdain, implying that he should have just given Garner what he wanted", ". In Sal's last appearance, he calls his wife late at night from a payphone located in a park, a group of men nearby. He does not tell her he has been fired, only that he will be arriving home late.", "Paul Kinsey", "Paul Kinsey (Michael Gladis) is a copywriter at Sterling Cooper. Kinsey initially features as part of the group of unmarried or childless young ad men in the Sterling Cooper office, who spend a lot of their time drinking, flirting, and gossiping. Paul tries out a lot of identities for himself throughout the series, never seeming to feel comfortable where he belongs. In addition to his creative duties at Sterling Cooper, Paul is a writer, and in the Season 1 episode \"Nixon vs", ". Kennedy\", his drunken co-workers find a play he wrote and act it out, although it is not very good, and it seems to ridicule a lot of his co-workers. Paul dated Joan prior to the beginning of the series, but Joan split up with him because he bragged about their relationship around the office; according to Joan, Paul \"has a big mouth\". When a then-naive Peggy begins to work at Sterling Cooper as Don's secretary, Paul hits on her, but Peggy rejects him, as she is secretly attracted to Pete", ". In Season 2, Paul dates Sheila, a black assistant manager in South Orange who is involved in the Civil Rights Movement. Joan initially makes fun of his relationship with his black girlfriend, as she believes he is seeing her only to appear interesting. At their first meeting, Joan microaggresively tells Sheila that she never \"took Paul to be open-minded\". Sheila dumps Paul while they are registering black voters in the South, after he whines and frets about his safety in the region over hers", ". He is \"slumming\" by living in a run-down neighborhood popular among beatniks in Montclair, New Jersey, and espouses more Bohemian ideas and attitudes than his fellow young copywriters. Joan, however, mocks him for this lifestyle, proclaiming that he is simply pretentious and wants to believe he is better than the people he works with. He steals an IBM Selectric typewriter from the Sterling Cooper offices because he says as a writer, he needs it. This leads to a secretary being blamed and almost fired", ". This leads to a secretary being blamed and almost fired. He is originally from New Jersey and attended Princeton on a scholarship, two facts he is eager to hide. A fan of science fiction and The Twilight Zone, he has a notably Kennedy-era fascination with space.", "As opposed to other characters who smoke cigarettes, Paul smokes a pipe. Kinsey is a moderate drinker and says he likes to get high \"whenever [he] can\".", "In Season 2, Kinsey grows an Orson Welles beard and later quotes passages from Welles' War of the Worlds radio broadcast. He initially encourages Peggy to pursue copywriting, noting, \"There are female copywriters\", but it immediately becomes clear this is merely an attempt to seduce her. He later becomes jealous and pettily competitive when her skill becomes indisputable", ". He later becomes jealous and pettily competitive when her skill becomes indisputable. He realizes Peggy and Don have creative \"magic\" together when it comes to advertising ideas and slogans and is annoyed, especially as his own contributions become less favored by Don and, as a result, diminish his importance at the firm. Paul expresses considerable anger when he realizes Peggy was chosen by Don to join the new agency Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce, while he was not.", "In the Season 5 episode \"Christmas Waltz\", Kinsey reappears as a devotee of the Hare Krishna movement, which he has joined at least partly to win the affections of a girl. (His advertising career has apparently stalled, since he bounced between a few other agencies before becoming a Hare Krishna). He contacts Harry Crane to ask him to pass on his spec script for Star Trek to Harry's contacts at NBC", ". The script is terrible, but Harry, feeling guilty because he has had sex with Paul's Hare Krishna girlfriend, and not wanting to deal with Paul's problems, praises the script and gives Paul $500 and a ticket to Los Angeles so he can start afresh. He advises Paul not to submit the script to the Star Trek production team due to \"studio politics,\" and instead recommends that he write his own original stories", ". Paul expresses considerable gratitude toward Harry, telling him he is the first person to actually do something for him, completely unaware of Harry's lies.", "Ken Cosgrove", "Kenneth \"Ken\" Cosgrove (Aaron Staton) is an account executive at Sterling Cooper. Pete says Ken is the son of a salesman from Burlington, Vermont, and Ken tells Fillmore Auto Parts he grew up in rural Vermont. In Season 6, Ken tells Pete Campbell that he went to high school in Cabot, Vermont. Ken says his mother is heavyset and works as a nurse at a state hospital. He attended Columbia University, and before getting married lived in Murray Hill", ". He attended Columbia University, and before getting married lived in Murray Hill. He is easygoing, confident, and generally happy, with a genuine artist's skills. He writes as a hobby and took a job in advertising because he heard there was money in it. In the early seasons, he gives the impression of being successful at his job while not caring much about it, not seeming as ambitious as Pete Campbell and Harry Crane", ". He appears as a member of the younger set of junior account men and copywriters at Sterling Cooper, seeming to spend more office time drinking, flirting and gossiping than working. Ken has literary aspirations and has been published in The Atlantic Monthly, which excites the envy of Pete Campbell and Paul Kinsey.", "In Season 2, it is revealed that Ken makes considerably more money than his co-worker Harry Crane ($300/week vs. $200/week). In Season 3, Ken and Pete are promoted, sharing the role of Accounts Director, which infuriates Pete (who wanted the job) while Ken is unruffled. While not as outwardly ambitious as Pete, he has proven to be a competent executive and an exceptionally talented creative thinker, eclipsing Pete as a rising star at Sterling Cooper", ". Eventually, Ken is promoted above Pete, to the latter's fury, particularly when Ken is blasé about the promotion and about learning that Pete is sharing the position with him. When he gets married he becomes the only one of the central characters on the show to never be shown cheating on his wife. He maintains a healthy separation between his personal and professional lives, refusing to use family connections to succeed.", "Because Pete Campbell was approached first and agreed to join SCDP, Ken is not asked to join the new firm and is not seen in the earlier episodes in Season 4. It turns out that he leaves Sterling Cooper and goes to McCann Erickson. He eventually leaves for Geyer and later tells Pete that McCann was the worst agency he had ever seen. Ken admits to being unhappy and bored at Geyer and later joins SCDP, bringing Birds Eye and other clients with him, and agrees to serve under Pete", ". There are limits to what Ken will do, he refuses to try to bring his father-in-law's business over to SCDP because he does not want to mix his personal and professional lives, about which Pete has no scruples. Later in Season 4, Ken is having dinner with his fiancée, Cynthia and future in-laws when he learns that Lucky Strike, SCDP's biggest client by far, is taking their business to another agency.", "In the Season 5 premiere he is happily married, and he and his new wife attend Don's surprise birthday party. Ken is still writing in his off-hours and has published science fiction stories using the pseudonym of Ben Hargrove, which the prestigious publishing house of Farrar Straus wants to publish, a fact he tries to keep secret from his co-workers", ". At the end of \"Signal 30\", Ken tells Peggy Olson that Roger Sterling is forcing him to abandon writing fiction as he feels it takes away time from his work for the firm. He continues to do so under the new pen name Dave Algonquin. In \"Commissions and Fees\" Don and Roger manage to secure Ken's father-in-law as a client on their own", ". Ken doesn't mind working on the account since it was acquired without his help but in exchange for feigning ignorance to Cynthia, Ken demands that Pete be excluded from the proceedings, likely a result of his lingering resentment for Pete telling Roger about his freelance writing.", "In Season 6, Ken has been given a spacious office on SCDP's second floor, and appears to be on somewhat friendlier terms with Pete, even giving him advice when the latter finds himself in a very awkward situation. He dislikes the obsequious new employee Bob Benson. After the acquisition of the new Chevy account and the subsequent merger with CGC, Ken is assigned to deal with the account and has to be in Detroit more often", ". Ken's happy-go-lucky attitude begins to fade, and the number of things he has to do for work that he does not like, increase. He is forced to spend time away from his family in Detroit, and he is injured by the Chevy car executives while engaging in leisure activities with them", ". In \"The Crash\", while under the influence of a \"mild stimulant\" that is intended to help SCDP employees to work the extra hours needed on the Chevy account, Ken demonstrates that he is a talented tap dancer, but can't remember clearly whether he learned the skill from his mother or his first girlfriend. In \"Quality of Mercy\", Ken is wounded in a hunting accident by a pair of Chevy executives and loses an eye", ". Deciding that Chevy is too much for him, he returns to New York full-time to support the newly pregnant Cynthia.", "During Season 7, Ken reveals he has a son, Edward. Cynthia is growing frustrated with Ken facing increased pressure at work, and she encourages him to leave the advertising business and write the Great American Novel he has dreamed of doing. After his father-in-law retires from Dow Chemical, Ken presents him with a gift of golf clubs as a client", ". The same day, Roger, under pressure by McCann executives who are still angry at Ken leaving and taking the Birdseye account with him, fires him and gives his accounts to Pete. Ken, never really enamored of his job, was about to quit advertising and pursue Cynthia's suggestion to be a full-time writer, but being fired infuriates him so much that he takes a job as the head of advertising with Dow Chemical", ". In light of Ken's new position, Roger and Pete attempt to mend fences with him, especially when SC&P seeks to retain some autonomy from McCann-Erickson by proposing to move operations to Los Angeles. Instead of becoming a writer, Ken sees an opportunity to get revenge on them. Rather than drop SC&P as Dow's agency, he informs them he will retain them but make their life difficult", ". He is last seen in the final episode having lunch with Joan (proposing an opportunity for her to coordinate a promotional film for Dow), confident in his new position, and glad to be no longer with his former company.", "Harry Crane", "Harold \"Harry\" Crane (Rich Sommer) was a media buyer at Sterling Cooper. He initially is part of the group of young and unmarried or newly married members of the Creative and Accounts teams. Harry is from Wisconsin and a University of Wisconsin alumnus, the only one of Pete's close friends who did not attend an Ivy League school (Ken went to Columbia, Pete to Dartmouth, and Paul to Princeton). He is married to Jennifer, who works at the phone company", ". He is married to Jennifer, who works at the phone company. In early seasons, they seem to have one of the happier and more egalitarian marriages on the show; Harry is honest with his wife and is shown asking her advice about his problems at work. He flirts with women but is faithful to his wife until he has too much to drink at an office party and has a one-night stand with Hildy, Pete's secretary. He confesses the infidelity to Jennifer, who kicks him out of their home for a time", ". He confesses the infidelity to Jennifer, who kicks him out of their home for a time. Harry and Jennifer appear to have resolved that issue by Season 2, and they have a daughter named Beatrice. In Season 6 it is mentioned that they also now have twin sons, Nathan and Steven.", "Harry is initially a bit of a pushover, accepting far less in pay in negotiations than he could have asked for, and his non-confrontational attitude causes him to mishandle a situation that leads to the firing of his friend and co-worker, Sal Romano. Despite these flaws, Harry is the only member of the firm to recognize the importance of television to the firm, and he subsequently creates and puts himself in charge of Sterling Cooper's television department", ". Later, when Sterling Cooper is in the process of being sold, Harry mistakenly thinks they are considering opening a West Coast office and believes he will be the person to move to California.", "In Season 3, he is the only Sterling Cooper executive who is promoted by the firm's British owner as part of a short-lived company reorganization. Harry later accepts an offer to join Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce as \"Head of Media\". By Season 4, a more confident and slimmer, if smarmier, Harry shows great progress at work, as he is often seen making deals with television networks on the new agency's behalf", ". We see him flirting with Peggy's friends as well, and it is implied that he cheats on his wife but has learned to keep it from her. In typical awkward Harry fashion, he sees prostitutes while in California for work, but pays them in traveler's cheques. When he calls Joey Baird into his office and tells him that he has a particular look suited to television, Baird interprets it as a homosexual advance and becomes wary of him.", "During the season 5 premiere, Megan mentions to Peggy that Don really doesn't like Harry, and thus wouldn't want him to attend his birthday party. Nonetheless, Harry is invited and attends. Given his mild social awkwardness, he is seemingly unaware of Don's opinion of him. The next day at the office, Megan catches Harry making lewd comments about her performance of \"Zou Bisou Bisou\" and he is briefly concerned that he could lose his job", ". Also in Season 5, he is approached by former close friend Paul Kinsey, who is now a Hare Krishna and is floundering. He has sex with Paul's Hare Krishna girlfriend without Paul's knowledge. Immediately afterwards, she tells Harry that he disgusts her and she only had sex with him so that he would no longer try to rescue Paul from the Krishnas. Indeed, later, Paul, wanting to escape the Krishnas, approaches Harry for help—he has written a spec script for Star Trek and wants to know if it will be successful", ". Harry lies to Paul and assures him it's a great script (when in truth he and Peggy agree it is not only terrible but borderline racist), and urges him to leave immediately for California, giving him $500 (nearly $4000 in 2016 dollars) and a first class plane ticket on American Airlines for the trip. Paul expresses gratitude and feels Harry is a true friend, when in fact Harry's lies and desire to get Paul away from him are evidence of him simply not wanting to deal with Paul.", "In Season 6, Harry's personality has changed considerably from his days at Sterling Cooper; he has become arrogant and full of prideful boasting about the Media Department. His jealousy manifests itself when Joan fires his secretary, Scarlett, for falsifying her time card", ". He orders Scarlett back to work and then bursts into a partners' meeting, displaying considerable anger over the fact that Joan was promoted to partner when he had been passed over several times, particularly as his accomplishments happened \"in broad daylight", ".\" Bert and Roger later give him a generous commission on \"Broadway Joe on Broadway\", a last-minute musical special he created to improve Dow Chemical's image, but flatly reject his demand to become a partner, Bert observing that Harry's outspoken criticism of their decision is the only genuinely impressive thing he's ever done. Don and Roger both despise Harry. When Martin Luther King Jr", ". Don and Roger both despise Harry. When Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated, Pete is outraged by Harry's fretting over the ad time lost to news coverage, which leads to a brief but intense shouting match in which Pete accuses Harry of being a racist. Harry takes it as a given that he will soon be made partner. Bert, at the meeting of Harry's outburst, assures Joan that will never happen.", "During Season 7, Jim Cutler takes a dualistic view of Harry: on the one hand he says that Harry's TV work is hugely successful and will be a major part of SC&P in the future, but he also bluntly tells Harry \"you may be the most dishonest man I have ever worked with.\" Jim decides that Harry should finally be offered a partnership and the senior partners agree, though Joan and Roger are outspoken in their opposition", ". Harry is surprised to run into Don when they both end up at a Los Angeles party for one of Megan's actress friends. The two men are uncomfortable at the event and go to a bar, where Harry says he wishes Don was back (which Don barely notices) before stating that Jim and Lou Avery are planning a major cigarette-company account bid because that will allow them to get rid of Don (which Don very much notices, and uses when he crashes the meeting and ultimately ruins the account bid)", ". In \"Waterloo\", Harry has not yet signed his approved partnership deal, wanting to hold out for more money, and Roger tells him that he \"missed the boat\" and that the idea of his becoming partner is now off the table. Harry has once again failed to read a situation properly, and his boastful posturing thus results in him losing an enormous amount of money when McCann Erickson buys Sterling Cooper, where even the 5% stake Joan had is worth at least $1,500,000", ". Later, Megan contacts Harry to see if he can help her with her acting career. Harry just assumes this means she will have sex with him in exchange. When she refuses and leaves in disgust, he quickly goes to see Don, who is unaware of the proposition, to assure him that his soon-to-be-ex-wife Megan is \"crazy\" and Don shouldn't believe anything she says. By the series finale, Harry is last seen wearing a fur coat and eating cookies as he awaits a final lunch with Pete and Peggy.", "Sommer reprised the role in the 2018 film A Futile and Stupid Gesture, where Harry can be seen in the background of one scene.", "Rachel Menken", "Rachel Katz (née Menken; Maggie Siff) is the Jewish head of a department store who becomes romantically involved with Draper after she comes to Sterling Cooper in search of an advertising agency to revamp her business' image. Don's first encounter with Rachel, in the pilot, is at a meeting where he pitches the idea of using coupons to attract more customers to the store. Rachel disagrees with the tactic, asserting that she would like to attract wealthier customers", ". Rachel disagrees with the tactic, asserting that she would like to attract wealthier customers. Draper is unhappy with hearing a woman talk to him assertively at the business table. He storms out of the meeting, but Roger Sterling later asks him to reconcile with Rachel, as she is worth $3 million. At his dinner with Rachel, Don questions her desire to work in business, confused that she would choose the \"stress\" of work over the comforts of married life", ". Rachel confidently replies that business is a thrill and adds that she's never been in love. Don mocks this addition, asserting that love doesn't exist; it was invented by ad men. He goes on to say that everyone is essentially alone – that people live alone and die alone. Rachel responds that she knows what it is like to be disconnected and feel out of place, and she sees that in Don", ". Something about the statement seems to intrigue Don, but Rachel ends the meeting, promising to come back to Sterling Cooper for another meeting on Monday morning.", "At the second meeting, in the third episode, Rachel is irked that none of the admen on her team have been to her store. Don solves the problem by meeting her there that afternoon. While there she gives him a pair of medieval knight cuff links and takes him to her favorite place in the store, the roof - where the store keeps its patrol dogs. Rachel explains that she was always close to the dogs as a young girl because her father liked to work a lot", ". Other than her sister, the dogs were her only companions, as her mother died while giving birth to her. After her revelation, Don kisses her. He tells her he is married, which stuns her. She feels foolish and asks that he put someone else on her account at the firm.", "It is later shown that Paul Kinsey replaced Don on the Menken's account when Rachel exchanges brief pleasantries with Don while on her way to a meeting at Sterling Cooper. She appears to still be stung by their romantic encounter.", "While doing research for a campaign for the Israeli Tourist Board, Don invites Rachel to lunch so he can pick her brain about Jewish cultural identity. Afterward Rachel calls her sister and admits to feeling a strong connection to Don, but acknowledges a future with him is probably impossible.", "When Roger has a heart attack, Don goes to Rachel's apartment and asks to come in; he has been highly affected by Roger's condition. She keeps her distance, while trying to console him. Don tries to kiss her, telling her she knows everything about him. She stops him and urges him to go to his wife. At this point Don kisses her again, saying, \"This is it. This is all there is.\" She consents, and they have sex. Afterward, he confides in her that his mother was a prostitute that died giving birth to him", ". Afterward, he confides in her that his mother was a prostitute that died giving birth to him. Don and Rachel continue their affair for several weeks.", "When Pete Campbell blackmails Don, he comes to Rachel with the suggestion that they run away together to Los Angeles. She reminds him of his duty to his children and questions whether he would want to abandon his children after having grown up without a father. When Don persists, Rachel realizes he hasn't thought through this decision and tells him that he doesn't want to run away with her; he just wants to run away. She calls him a coward and ends their affair", ". She calls him a coward and ends their affair. Cooper later mentions that she went on an extended \"ocean cruise,\" presumably to heal from her affair with Don.", "Don encounters her again in Season 2, while he is dining out with Bobbie Barrett. Rachel introduces them to her husband, Tilden Katz. Though it appears that Don is only momentarily shaken by the news of Rachel's marriage, four episodes later, after drinking heavily with Roger and Freddy Rumsen, he gives his name as \"Tilden Katz\" to a bouncer outside an underground club Roger is trying to get them into, showing that Rachel was clearly still on his mind.", "In Season 7, Don has a vision of Rachel attending a casting call for aspiring models. When he tries to contact her, Don discovers that Rachel had died the previous week. During a shiva conducted in her memory, Don learns that Rachel suffered from leukemia and that she had two children. Her sister, with whom Rachel was close and in whom she confided about her relationship with Don, is not happy to see him", ". She pointedly says that Rachel \"had it all\", makes it clear her life was better for not having Don in it, and is curt until Don takes the hint and leaves.", "Sally Draper", "Sally Beth Draper (Kiernan Shipka) is Don and Betty Draper's oldest child. The series' third episode, \"Marriage of Figaro,\" depicts a party for her 6th birthday in May 1960. She becomes a more central character in the Seasons 3 and 4 (according to the time line of the series, she would turn nine years old in season 3 and 11 in season 4); from Season 4, she is promoted to a starring role", ". The death of her grandfather, Gene Hofstadt, affected Sally significantly and deepened the rift between her and her mother. When her youngest brother is named after their dead grandfather and given his room, Sally becomes convinced that the baby is her grandfather's reincarnation and becomes terrified of him, but is eventually calmed down by her father", ". Sally is adventurous, and she has been seen throughout the series making cocktails for her father, smoking one of her mother's cigarettes, asking Don's co-workers about sex, sneaking sips of their alcoholic beverages, being taught how to drive by her grandfather, and masturbating while at a friend's house. Her behavioral problems lead Betty to have her see a child psychiatrist in Season 4", ". Her behavioral problems lead Betty to have her see a child psychiatrist in Season 4. Sally appears to be closer to her father than her mother, and in the Season 4 episode \"The Beautiful Girls\", she unexpectedly shows up at Don's office, because she wants to live with him instead of Betty and Henry Francis. Don sometimes affectionately calls Sally \"Salamander.\" She develops a friendship with slightly older neighbor boy Glen, who is about 12 or 13, in Season 4", ". This infuriates Betty because, in prior years, Betty and Glen reached out and comforted each other when they were both feeling sad, lonely, and neglected. Betty forbids Sally to see Glen, and proves to be very volatile whenever Sally sees him. Sally continues to surreptitiously communicate with Glen, calling him frequently at his boarding school.", "As Sally progresses into young adulthood, she witnesses several disturbing events, such as in the Season 5 episode \"At the Codfish Ball\" when she sees Marie Calvet, her stepmother Megan's mother, fellating Roger Sterling during a business dinner, and, most disturbingly, her own father having sex with his neighbor Sylvia in the Season 6 episode \"Favors\". Don's outright denial of the reality of the encounter alienates him from Sally, and, resentful of her parents, Sally decides to attend boarding school", ". While at school, Sally becomes a troublemaker, smoking constantly, sneaking alcohol onto campus, and dueling with golf clubs with her friends. By the end of the sixth season, Don decides to be more honest with his children, starting with showing them the now dilapidated whorehouse where he grew up. The choice to be truthful makes an impact on Sally and she begins to forgive her father for his transgressions by the beginning of Season 7", ". In the Season 7 episode, \"A Day's Work\" Sally goes to a dorm mate's mother's funeral, but ditches with her friends to go shopping. However, while at a café, she leaves her purse behind. Realizing this on the train back, she has no choice but to go to Don's work and ask him for a ride. She goes to his work to discover Lou Avery in what used to be his office. Now suspicious, Sally goes back to his apartment. Eventually, Don arrives and she he uses the excuse 'I wasn't feeling well", ". Eventually, Don arrives and she he uses the excuse 'I wasn't feeling well.' He writes her a note and drives her back to the school. Mid-way, they confront each other about their lies. They stop for food and he drives her back to the school. Sally gets out of the car and while she shuts the door, she says, \"Happy Valentines Day. I love you.\" Which hasn't been said to each other since Season 4", ". I love you.\" Which hasn't been said to each other since Season 4. However, she still objects to Don's decisions in life, telling her father that she does not want to be anything like her parents. \"You're a very beautiful girl,\" Don responds. \"It's up to you to be more than that.\"", "When the series begins to draw to a close, Sally faces further complications of growing up. Glen decides to join the army and fight in Vietnam, causing a frustrated Sally to yell at Glen and express disdain over the possibility of his killing of innocent children and bystanders. Sally later expresses regret over her outburst and, through tears, tells Glen's mother that she is sorry and wants to say goodbye to Glen before he leaves for basic training", ". Later, Sally learns from Henry that her mother Betty is dying from lung cancer, something Betty had not wanted Sally to know at that stage of her illness. On a surprise visit to the Francis household, Betty gives Sally a letter that she tells Sally to read after her death. Shortly afterward, at her dorm room, Sally goes against orders and reads the letter anyway", ". Shortly afterward, at her dorm room, Sally goes against orders and reads the letter anyway. In the letter, Betty gives Sally a picture of Betty to show the embalmers how to dress and style her for the viewing, and tells Sally that she loves her, and that while in the past she was worried because Sally always wanted to go her own way, now she admires her independent nature, resulting in Sally breaking down in tears", ". Later, upon learning Betty wants to send Bobby and Gene to stay with her uncle after her death, Sally decides to cancel her planned trip to Madrid and serve as a maternal figure to her brothers. It is also implied that she will press for Henry to raise the boys after Betty's death, since she tells Don they should not be uprooted. The final image of Sally is of her washing dishes while Betty smokes at the kitchen table.", "Bert Cooper \nBertram \"Bert\" Cooper (Robert Morse) is the senior partner of Sterling Cooper Advertising Agency at beginning of the series. Although portrayed as elderly and eccentric, he can be a ruthless businessman and is a keen operator behind the scenes with many connections in New York high society.", "Cooper came up through the advertising industry as a media buyer and founded Sterling Cooper with Roger Sterling's late father, Roger Sterling Sr., in 1923. Considering Sterling Cooper his life’s work, he was hesitant to sell the majority interest in the agency in 1962 to the British advertising agency Putnam Powell, & Lowe (PPL)", ". After the sale, he begins to feel increasingly insignificant as they start to exert control, but accepts this as part of the terms of the buyout, from which he, his sister Alice, Roger, and Don profited handsomely. When informed of the potential sale PPL and Sterling Cooper to McCann Erickson and that he will be forced to retire as a result, Cooper goes on to start a new agency, Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce in December 1963.", "Cooper is the second character at Sterling Cooper to learn that Don Draper is actually Dick Whitman, after Pete Campbell informs him of the truth, but he reacts with nonchalance, remarking, \"Mr. Campbell, who cares?\" and urging him to forget about it. In a ruthless move he keeps silent about Don's identity but uses this knowledge two years later in the Season 3 episode \"Seven Twenty Three\" to pressure Don into signing a three-year contract with the agency.", "In Season 4 in the new office at the Time Life Building, Cooper does not have an office and can be seen lounging around the office's sitting areas reading the newspaper and working on crossword puzzles with his long-time secretary, Ida Blankenship", ". Later in the Season 4 episode \"Blowing Smoke\", when the agency is forced to radically downsize its staff following the loss of the Lucky Strike account, an angered Cooper tells the other partners he is quitting, partially in response to Don Draper's ad in The New York Times, which he feels is a needlessly reckless career move, and he does not want to be associated with Draper's \"stunt\". However, as of the premiere of Season 5, he is back with the agency.", "By Season 6, Cooper has been given his own office on SCDP's new second floor and starts going about his duties with more vigor and enjoyment than he has for the past two seasons, and more effectively than Roger and Don, the other senior partners. Cooper works in secret with Pete and Joan to prepare SCDP for becoming a publicly traded company, but his plans are derailed when Don loses the Jaguar account", ". Cooper's initial opinion on the subsequent merger with CGC is unclear, though he goes about his duties at the new agency with his usual aplomb. Cooper later volunteers to have his name removed from the company's along with those of the recently deceased partners, but gleefully accepts Cutler's proposal to name the firm \"Sterling Cooper & Partners", ".\" On Thanksgiving Day, 1968, Cooper leads Roger, Jim and Joan in confronting Don over his recent behavior and placing the errant creative director on an indefinite leave of absence.", "In Season 7, after Roger's urging, Cooper is willing to let Don return to the agency under strict stipulations. He dies while watching the 1969 Apollo 11 Moon landing on television with his maid. At the end of the first half of Season 7, Bert appears to Don as an apparition in the SC&P lobby, and goes into a song and dance of \"The Best Things in Life Are Free\", surrounded by smiling, dancing secretaries instead of showgirls, before disappearing", ". Later, during Season 7's \"Lost Horizon\", Cooper's ghost appears to Don in his car, chatting and giving him a bit of insight during a late-night drive.", "Cooper is presumed to be a widowed between the first and second season as he is seen as wearing a wedding ring in only the first and refers to how the late Mrs. Cooper introduced Roger Sterling and his first wife Mona in Season 2. Cooper is also childless most likely due to an unnecessary orchiectomy by Dr. Lyle Evans during the \"height of his sexual prime\". However, he does have sister Alice Cooper who was an early investor in Sterling Cooper and served as partner and Secretary-Treasurer", ". Also, Cooper’s mother had a major influence in his life as describes that his mother made him who is today, despite his mother not living to see him to the success he was able to achieve.", "Cooper’s most notable characteristics are his eccentricities and being an aficionado of Japanese art and culture. His office is decorated in a Japanese motif with shōji dividers, the erotic illustration The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife, among other items such as a late period red painting by Mark Rothko. Also, inspired by Japanese customs, he requires visitors to remove their shoes before entering his office and also walks around the rest of the Sterling Cooper offices in his socks.", "In contrast with many of his colleagues Cooper abstains from smoking and even lectures Roger about being dependent on smoking. Cooper also isn't much of drinker, but will occasionally celebrate with a drink of brandy or elderflower liqueur.", "He is a member of the Republican Party and a devotee of Ayn Rand. He gets Sterling Cooper involved with the 1960 Nixon campaign, providing advertising services to the campaign gratis. His conservative ideology can be seen to clash with some of the younger characters as the series progresses through the 1960s as he states, “Civil rights is a slippery slope to socialism.” and his support of the Vietnam War to contain communism in South East Asia", ".” and his support of the Vietnam War to contain communism in South East Asia. Cooper also seems to harbor some racist feelings, as evidenced in the Season 7 episode \"A Day's Work\" when, after, Joan has reassigned Dawn Chambers to the reception desk, Cooper complains that visitors to the agency are greeted by someone who is black.", "Lane Pryce \n\nLane Pryce (Jared Harris), previously employed at Puttnam, Powell and Lowe, becomes a junior partner at the Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce at the end of Season 3. Despite being a junior partner, his name is on the company's masthead. In the fifth season, after embezzling funds from the company, he forges a check and gets caught by Don, who tells him to resign. After typing a resignation letter, Lane commits suicide by hanging himself in his office.", "Megan Draper \nMegan Draper (née Calvet) (Jessica Paré) (born 1940/41) begins as a member of SCDP's typing pool, makes her first appearance at the beginning of Season 4, rises from receptionist to Don Draper's secretary, and ultimately marries Draper by the beginning of Season 5. Following Miss Blankenship's sudden death, Megan is promoted from the main reception desk to take over as Draper's personal secretary.", "In the Season 4 episode \"Chinese Wall\", she indicates to Don an interest in advertising, and one night, while discussing work, Megan initiates a sexual encounter with Don on his office couch. She comments that she would not run out crying the next day if they slept together, presumably a reference to Don's previous secretary, Allison, who left SCDP in tears following Don's cold treatment of her after their one-night stand.", "In the Season 4 finale, Don hires Megan to babysit his children on a trip to California, when his planned childcare falls through at the last moment. Although Don has been dating Faye Miller, SCDP's marketing research consultant, for months, he proposes marriage to Megan upon returning from the California trip, and she accepts. Don promotes her to copywriter soon after their engagement announcement at SCDP", ". Don promotes her to copywriter soon after their engagement announcement at SCDP. Before their marriage, Don appears to have fully disclosed his personal secrets to Megan, as she is aware of his former identity and Dick Whitman's birth date, and knows about Anna.", "Megan, originally from Montreal, is bilingual in English and French. She is intelligent and capable, but moody and combative as well; as her own mother tells her, she has the \"artistic temperament\". She originally wanted to be an actress, and in Season 5, she quits her copywriting job at SCDP to pursue acting again, which causes tension with Don, who had enjoyed working with his wife and sees this as a sign of her distaste for his profession", ". Megan struggles to find work for months, and eventually becomes frustrated and depressed. She finally asks Don's help to get a job in a commercial for Butler Shoes in the Season 5 finale. She is 26 at the time of her marriage to Don, who turns 40 seven months after the wedding.", "By Season 6, Megan has landed a regular role in a daytime soap opera on ABC titled To Have and to Hold and is famous enough to be occasionally recognized. She admits to Sylvia Rosen that she had become pregnant while in Hawaii with Don and was relieved when she miscarried, as she had contemplated her options, as a pregnancy would have disrupted her emerging acting career. Megan later reveals this to Don, and he later has a drug-induced fantasy of her pregnant.", "Don and Megan become distant throughout season 6. Don disapproves of Megan kissing another actor in a scene, which causes conflict, and Megan is unaware that Don is having an affair with their married neighbor, Sylvia Rosen. After Sylvia ends things with Don, he becomes obsessed with her and barely communicates with Megan", ". After Sylvia ends things with Don, he becomes obsessed with her and barely communicates with Megan. Marie suggests Megan dress less like a wife for a business dinner Don has invited Megan to, which attracts Don's amorous attention that night, but he soon becomes detached again and Megan tells him things must change.", "In the Season 6 finale, Don is arrested for drunkenly punching a minister and finally acknowledges to Megan that he's unhappy in New York. He suggests they start anew in California, and Megan is excited by the prospect and happy that Don is willing to fight for their marriage. She quits her soap opera job, eagerly anticipating pursuing acting opportunities on the West Coast. However, later that same day, an unanticipated work crisis forces Don to tell her they are not moving", ". Angered that she has derailed her career for nothing, Megan wonders aloud why they are fighting for their marriage anymore and storms out.", "In between seasons, Megan moves to California without Don and has no idea he's been on forced leave from SCDP. When she discovers this, she suggests he'd rather stay at home and brood than be with her. It is also implied that Megan's own career is not going well; she is having difficulty securing roles, and at one point, she bombs an audition and then tracks down the director to tearfully demand a second chance.", "When Don's pregnant niece Stephanie calls him from California asking for help, he sends her to Megan's house and makes plans to fly out the next day. While Megan is friendly and hospitable to Stephanie at first, she quickly becomes jealous and uncomfortable and gives Stephanie $1000 so that she'll leave before Don arrives. She tells Don that Stephanie chose to leave, and at a party that night initiates a threesome with him and one of her actress friends.", "In the season 7 episode \"Waterloo,\" Don, who is facing being fired from the firm, calls Megan and suggests he might finally move to Los Angeles, but Megan tells him not to and they acknowledge that their marriage is over. Months later, in the Season 7 episode \"New Business\", they have an unpleasant final meeting, where they sign divorce papers, and Don offers Megan a check for $1 million", ". Bitter and angry, Megan berates Don for \"ruining her life\" and calls him \"an aging, sloppy, selfish liar,\" but accepts the money regardless. She returns to the apartment she once shared with Don and discovers her mother with Roger Sterling. Though Megan is shocked and angry at first, she later tells her sister that their mother was unhappy for a very long time and observes \"at least she did something about it.\" Marie eventually marries Roger, making him Megan's stepfather.", "Henry Francis", "Henry Francis (Christopher Stanley) is a Republican political advisor who serves as the Director of Public Relations and Research in the Governor's Office under New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and, later, is an advisor to New York City Mayor John Lindsay. He first sees Betty when she is six months pregnant at the Sterlings' Kentucky Derby party, and is instantly drawn to her", ". Later, Betty uses a political pretext to call him to ask if he can use his influence to save a local reservoir, and they quickly develop a deeper connection. Betty reciprocates Henry's attention because she increasingly feels no connection with Don due to his non-stop infidelities, lies over his true identity, and his sometimes verbally abusive attitude towards her. After Betty's beloved father dies, the much older Henry also serves as a father figure for her", ". After Betty's beloved father dies, the much older Henry also serves as a father figure for her. Henry and Betty have only a few brief and furtive meetings before Henry proposes marriage in the wake of the Kennedy assassination. Season 3 ends with the two of them on a plane with baby Gene, flying to Reno so Betty can obtain a quick divorce from Don", ". At the start of Season 4, we see that Henry and Betty have married and Henry has rather uncomfortably taken up residence in the Drapers' house, living with Betty and her three children and initially paying no rent to Don. He tries to soothe Betty as she continues to react angrily to Don and his irresponsibility towards the children, but he becomes more frustrated with her.", "Betty does not feel accepted by Henry's family, especially when she is unable to control Sally during a family visit to the home of Henry's mother Pauline, and in the face of Pauline's not-so-veiled scorn. During this time, Henry is concerned by Betty's continued anger towards Don, and he wonders aloud if they rushed into their marriage too quickly. At the end of Season 4, Henry and Betty decide to move to Rye, NY. By Season 5, Betty has gained a large amount of weight, but Henry tells her she's beautiful", ". By Season 5, Betty has gained a large amount of weight, but Henry tells her she's beautiful. Her relationship with Henry seems affectionate and Henry seems to love her unconditionally. In the Season 6 premiere, when Betty dyes her hair black, to her children's dismay, Henry says she looks like Elizabeth Taylor", ". Betty supports, and seems rejuvenated by, Henry's decision to run for office in Season 6, and after he admiringly tells the overweight, brunette Betty that during his campaign people will \"really see\" her, she rapidly regains her former svelte figure and blonde hairdo. Henry is a solid, mature, and responsible presence in her life, but he also has very traditional views of women, and they have an argument when Betty, at a political fundraiser, does not parrot Henry's political position.", "During the final season, Henry takes Betty's diagnosis of terminal lung cancer very hard, and in typical fashion is full of energy to fight it. Betty refuses to do so, just as she refuses to quit smoking or to quit her plans of studying psychology at a university as long as she is physically able. Against her wishes, Henry drives up to see Sally at school to tell her about the diagnosis and to ask her to help him to convince her mother to do chemotherapy. As he talks to Sally, he breaks down crying", ". As he talks to Sally, he breaks down crying. As her illness progresses, Betty makes it known that her wish is for Sally, Bobby and Gene to be raised by her brother (William) and his wife (Judy) after her death, rather than by Henry or Don, although Sally feels that Henry is the best person to look after her little brothers.", "Stan Rizzo", "Stan Rizzo (Jay R. Ferguson) becomes the art director at Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce after Salvatore is fired. Before coming to the company, he worked at DDB, making unaired work for Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 presidential campaign", ". Johnson's 1964 presidential campaign. In the beginning of his tenure, he and Peggy are often at odds with each other due to his abrasive and sometimes macho attitude, but the two develop a strong working relationship after Stan tries to intimidate Peggy by suggesting they work in the nude; Peggy calls his bluff and strips down, prompting Stan to concede victory to her. Stan is one of the few members of the SCDP creative department who survives the staff cuts.", "By Season 5 the two are working well together, until the firm hires Michael Ginsberg, whose bombastic and somewhat sexist attitude is more in line with Stan's than Peggy's.", "In Season 6, after Peggy leaves to join CGC, she and Stan maintain their friendship through late-night phone calls. Peggy's boss Ted Chaough overhears one such conversation, and Peggy relates Stan's news that Heinz ketchup is considering meetings; Chaough takes advantage of this and pressures Peggy to pitch a CGC campaign. Although neither firm ultimately wins the account, a betrayed Stan gives Peggy the finger at a bar", ". After SCDP and CGC merge into SC&P, Stan and Peggy easily rebuild their friendship, and he is happy to be working with her again. In \"The Crash\", Stan is one of several employees injected with a stimulant by Jim Cutler's \"Dr. Feelgood\" to boost creativity and spends an entire weekend intoxicated. During this time, he comes on to Peggy, who gently rejects him, and to whom reveals that his first cousin recently died in Vietnam", ". Peggy counsels him that loss cannot be dealt with by getting high and having sex. While Stan initially takes her advice, he is later discovered in flagrante delicto with Wendy Gleason, the hippie daughter of a recently deceased partner.", "Several episodes later in \"Favors\", Peggy telephones Stan in the middle of the night, waking him up, to plead for his assistance with a rat in her apartment. When he refuses, she teasingly offers to \"make it worth his while,\" but he still refuses, as he is currently in bed with a nude sleeping woman. The camera also reveals a large poster of Moshe Dayan over Stan's bed.", "In the Season 6 finale \"In Care Of\", SC&P have landed the California-based Sunkist. Stan approaches Don, requesting permission to go to California and start a fledgling branch of the firm. Don warns him that it would basically mean demotion and work on only one account, but Stan is adamant. Don is inspired by the idea, and instead of allowing Stan to go, proposes to the partners that he himself go to start the branch", ". Stan is infuriated by what he perceives as a betrayal on Don's part, although Don offers to let Stan come to California in a few months. Don later decides against going, and instead Pete Campbell and Ted Chaough go, without Stan.", "During the final episode, after SCDP has been absorbed back into McCann, Stan and Peggy acknowledge their hitherto unspoken feelings for one-another, and Stan urges Peggy not to pursue Joan's offer to join her new agency, but rather remain at McCann with him. The final image of him is sharing an embrace with Peggy during a late evening working.", "Ted Chaough", "Edward \"Ted\" Chaough (Kevin Rahm) (pronounced ), is a self-proclaimed rival of Don Draper's in the advertising world. His agency, Cutler, Gleason, and Chaough (CGC), picks up Don's resigned accounts Clearasil and Belle Jolie, and is competing with Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce (SCDP) for an account with Honda in Season 4. Don tricks Ted into making an expensive presentation to Honda executives, which backfires on Ted as he violates Honda's presentation rules of no finished work or commercials", ". Though the two agencies are comparable in size, Chaough seems obsessed with competing against Don, behaving in a magnanimous and jesting manner whenever Don crosses Ted's path. Ted tries to woo Pete Campbell over to his agency, but Pete remains loyal to Don. After Don writes a New York Times ad proclaiming that SCDP will be dropping business with cigarette companies for moral reasons, Ted makes a prank call to Don pretending to be Robert F. Kennedy", ". Kennedy. In Season 5, Ted recruits Peggy to leave SCDP and join his advertising firm as chief copywriter for $1,000 a year more than she had asked for. This time, Ted remains confident but is much less obnoxious than in his previous appearances; he doesn't tell Peggy how jealous he is of Don, and he appreciates her talent more than Don ever had. She accepts his offer, which in the season finale has him assigning her a huge amount of material involving an account for cigarettes aimed at female consumers.", "In Season 6, Peggy shares Stan's SCDP insider information with Ted, noting that the Heinz Ketchup executive had met surreptitiously with SCDP but there was friction between him and Heinz Beans executive Raymond Geiger, an SCDP client. Ted sees an opportunity and pressures Peggy to \"find out everything you know about Heinz Ketchup.\" In \"To Have and To Hold\", Chaough's team encounters Don's in the hallway in front of the room where firms are making their Heinz pitches, and Don is shocked to see Peggy there", ". In the end, Heinz chooses a third (larger) firm, and Raymond Geiger drops SCDP because he feels betrayed.", "In \"For Immediate Release,\" Ted kisses Peggy after learning Frank Gleason, one of CCG's partners, has cancer. Ted and Don commiserate at a bar over their very low chances of winning the Chevy account, primarily due to the small size of their respective firms. Don spontaneously comes up with, and pitches to Ted, the idea that they should combine their firms so as to have a shot at competing with the major ad agencies. Ted agrees, and the two firms merge, much to the surprise of everyone concerned.", "Don decides to assert his authority by getting Ted drunk and letting him humiliate himself at a subsequent creatives meeting. Ted, however, gets his revenge by flying the two of them in his small plane to a Mohawk Airlines meeting despite the rainy, turbulent weather; Don is a visibly terrified passenger.", "In \"Man with a Plan\", Ted's management style is shown to clash with Don's, as the personable Ted tries to involve everyone and get their input, while Don primarily values his own opinion. The two men also clash over Peggy, with Don trying to get his protégé to take his side, while Ted tries to woo Peggy to his.", "Unhappy in his marriage, Ted meets with Peggy after the merger and expresses his interest in having a romantic relationship with her, but they agree that the relationship would be impossible given the circumstances. He also insists that because of his attraction to her, he must remain reserved in her presence. Despite this, their closeness and attraction to one another becomes apparent to everyone in the office, leading Don to embarrass Ted in front of a client to put a stop to it", ". From then on, Ted does what he can to ignore Peggy.", "In the season 6 finale, Peggy ensures Ted sees her leaving early for a date in a provocative ensemble, and he camps out at her door until she returns. He professes his love for her, they sleep together, and he makes plans to leave his family for her. By morning, Ted has lost his resolve and pleads with Don to send him to California to work the new Sunkist account for SC&P so that he can stop himself from destroying his family. Don agrees, and Ted says goodbye to a devastated Peggy.", "Ted spends the first part of Season 7 completely adrift in California, badly missing New York and mostly ignored as an impotent figurehead in an office where the work that's getting done is entirely due to Pete's efforts. He hits rock bottom when flying Sunkist executives to a meeting, briefly turning off the engine as he considers crashing the plane before changing his mind", ". He isn't bothered by Sunkist's dismay, telling Jim Cutler, his partner from CGC, that he wants to be bought out of his SC&P partnership share, and he plans to vote for Jim's plan to fire Don over the nebulous breach of Don's contract. However, the combination of the huge windfall from Roger's McCann buyout offer and Don's pledge that Ted can come back East and simply do the hands-on work leads him to approve the sale", ". Ted reveals to Don late in Season 7 that he has divorced his wife and begun dating his former college girlfriend.", "Ted is last seen in the 12th episode of Season 7, \"Lost Horizon\". SC&P has been absorbed by McCann Erickson, and Ted and Don are attending a meeting for Miller Beer with at least a dozen other McCann Creative Directors. When Don wanders out in the middle of an important meeting, Ted smiles to himself.", "Michael Ginsberg", "Michael Ginsberg (Ben Feldman) first appears in the Season 5 episode \"Tea Leaves\" when he is hired as a part-time copywriter by Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce. He is initially hired to service the Mohawk Airlines account, and proves himself to be both prolific and innovative. He quickly becomes an essential part of the creative team and surpasses Peggy Olson midway through the season as the firm's most productive writer, when Peggy becomes mired in the Heinz story arc", ". Ginsberg is an idiosyncratic, socially awkward character who tends to speak his mind, which both helps and hinders him. His position at the firm is threatened at times, including at his interview, when Peggy decides not to employ him for fear of his being too extroverted and idiosyncratic for Don's tastes. However, this decision is reversed by Roger, who has already told Mohawk they have taken Ginsberg on.", "The quality of Ginsberg's work is his main asset, and he tells Peggy immediately following his interview that although he can be tough to handle, he is a natural copywriter. His pitching style is theatrical, and he often captivates his clients with his over-the-top performances and youthful vigor. In this respect, he stands out from the rest of the SCDP team, particularly Don and Peggy, who are quieter and more understated both in their copy and their presentation", ". As the season goes on, Ginsberg's socially awkward, tone-deaf genius and refusal to follow orders begin to create resentment in both Don and Peggy, leading to a conflict between Ginsberg and Don in the Season 5 episode \"Dark Shadows\", when Don decides to submit his own work for an account instead of Ginsberg's. The episode reveals Ginsberg's competitive side, which had been rarely evident until then.", "Ginsberg is Jewish, and he lives with his adoptive father Morris in Brooklyn. In \"Far Away Places\", he reveals to Peggy that he was told he was born in a concentration camp during World War II, and that his father found him in a Swedish orphanage at age 5. He also claims to be a Martian who is waiting for orders from above, telling this to Peggy. Margaret Lyons of Vulture wrote that \"Peggy plays along, but it’s not playful at all: They’re both very serious, very sad, very alone", ".\" Whether this is a genuine belief, a particularly straight-faced joke, or an expression of psychological estrangement from society resulting from his personal history, remains ambiguous. Ginsberg appears to have a difficult relationship with his father, who is overbearing and physically dominates him.", "Roger takes a liking to Ginsberg when he discovers they share a common desire to throw something out of their skyscraper windows, and Roger thereafter canvasses Ginsberg's support to help him with the Manischewitz account, which he is trying to bring to SCDP. With Megan's departure from SCDP in \"Lady Lazarus\", Ginsberg's position as copywriter is further elevated, and he becomes one of the two full-time copywriters at the firm, both of whom report to Don", ". However, in the season finale \"The Phantom\", Ginsberg and Stan struggle to make the same impression on clients that Peggy did, and Don does not back their ideas the way he did hers, frustrating them.", "In Season 6, Ginsberg is shown to have embraced more of the counterculture, and grows a thick moustache while dressing less formally. With the merger of SCDP and CGC, Peggy once again becomes his superior. His politics come to a head when, during an argument with partner Jim Cutler, Ginsberg denounces Dow Chemical for the use of its Napalm in Vietnam. Cutler angrily criticizes Ginsberg as a hypocrite for abhorring Dow's policies and yet accepting paychecks from them.", "Ginsberg's father later sets him up on a blind date, but he immediately botches it through being socially awkward and admitting that he is still a virgin. His behavior and manners continue to be erratic and begin to deteriorate throughout the season, culminating in a psychotic breakdown brought on by the installation of an IBM computer in the old creative breakroom in \"The Runaways\"", ". After the computer is installed at SC&P, Ginsberg becomes convinced that the computer has a plan to destroy the human race, and that it is doing so by turning those within its proximity into homosexuals thereby eradicating the possibility of female fertilization. Convinced that this is true, he arrives at Peggy's apartment to escape from it in order to do his work, but later wakes Peggy in order to 'reproduce' and therefore beat the machine", ". The next day he gives Peggy his severed nipple as an apology, explaining that since his nipple is a valve and he has now removed it, the computer's vibrations can now flow through him and he will not need to use Peggy as an outlet. Ginsberg is removed from the building tied to a stretcher, leaving Peggy in tears and Stan in shock. It is later mentioned that Ginsberg's father had him institutionalized.", "Lyons wrote that Ginsberg's deterioration reflects the theme of \"How bad would things have to be before someone does something?\" which applies to other character conflicts in Season 6.", "Jessica Firger of CBS News wrote that the \"centerpiece of his psychosis\" is being afraid of having computers take over for humans and that \"In retrospect, the clues to his unraveling had been accumulating for some time.\" Feldman expressed surprise upon learning of the final story arc, stating \"my jaw just dropped to the floor\". Feldman ultimately kept the severed nipple prop. Psychiatrist Dr", ". Feldman ultimately kept the severed nipple prop. Psychiatrist Dr. Paul Puri analyzed the character and suggested that his repressed homosexuality may have contributed to his self-mutilation. Holly Eagleson, in TakePart, argued that the story made the mental illness too dramatic and out of line with what schizophrenia sufferers experience, and that this could lead to unnecessary stigma.", "Bobby Draper", "Robert \"Bobby\" Draper (Maxwell Huckabee in season 1; Aaron Hart in seasons 1 and 2; Jared S. Gilmore in seasons 3 and 4; and Mason Vale Cotton in seasons 5, 6 and 7) is Don and Betty Draper's middle child. His mother referred to him as a \"little liar.\" Bobby was mentioned as being 5 years old in the Season 2 episode \"The Mountain King,\" and 7 years old in the Season 4 episode \"The Chrysanthemum and the Sword\", making his birthday between March and September 1957", ". Due to many of the Draper story lines focusing on Don, Betty and Sally, Bobby does not have much of a role in the early seasons. He is depicted as being clumsy and accident-prone, such as burning his lip on a hot stove", ". He is depicted as being clumsy and accident-prone, such as burning his lip on a hot stove. When Betty urges Don to spank Bobby for damaging the radio, he opts to scold the boy rather than resorting to physical punishment; he later reveals that he is reluctant to use corporal punishment on Bobby because his own father beat him badly very often, and the only thing it accomplished was Don spending time thinking of ways to murder his father", ". After the Drapers divorce, Bobby gradually becomes close to his stepfather, Henry Francis, and he is treated kindly by Don's new wife, Megan. During Season 6, Bobby's character is expanded; he shown to be sympathetic towards black people in the aftermath of Martin Luther King, Jr's assassination, as well as expressing concern for Henry's safety. Don realizes that he has been missing out on his children's lives", ". Don realizes that he has been missing out on his children's lives. By Season 7, Bobby is deeply troubled over Betty and Henry's arguments and fears they might divorce. He does not spend much time with his mother, but one day she agrees to help chaperone a field trip with his class. He is thrilled by his mother's involvement, but things sour when he trades his mother's sandwich for candy, which leads to her yelling at him and turning a cold shoulder to him for the rest of the day.", "Recurring characters", "Allison", "Allison (Alexa Alemanni) was Don Draper's secretary, first at Sterling Cooper and later at Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce. Allison was first seen as Sterling Cooper's receptionist. By Season 3, she had become Don Draper's secretary. Though her character was little developed during the first three seasons, she was depicted as being competent and friendly. She is seen occasionally flirting with Ken, and during Joan's going-away party she was seen sitting on Ken's lap", ". Although Don's sudden formation of Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce was accomplished without Allison's knowledge (she initially declares that the agency had been robbed when she comes into Don's office and discovers it ransacked), Don eventually brought her to the new firm as his secretary. On the night of the office Christmas Party in 1964, Don asked Allison to bring him his apartment keys, which he had forgotten at work", ". Upon her entering his apartment, the drunken Don seduced Allison, and they had an impulsive sexual encounter. The next morning, he brusquely makes it clear to Allison that he will pretend as though nothing happened between them. Allison continued to work for Don, despite the awkwardness and his frequent coldness toward her, but breaks down crying in a focus group about beauty that led to a discussion about men and relationships", ". She confronts Don about their encounter and, having decided to leave, asks Don for a recommendation letter. When he suggests that she write herself a glowing reference so he can sign it, Allison becomes angry with his lack of sensitivity and throws a brass cigarette dispenser at him and runs out of the office in tears. She's replaced by Ida Blankenship, and when Ida dies at her desk, Megan, who would go on to marry Don", ". When Megan and Don have their first romantic encounter, Megan reassures him that she wouldn't behave like Allison the next morning.", "Lou Avery", "Lou Avery (Allan Havey) is first introduced in Season 6 as a creative executive at rival agency Dancer Fitzgerald Sample, competing with Don Draper and Roger Sterling for the Chevrolet account. When Don is placed on indefinite leave of absence from Sterling Cooper & Partners at the end of Season 6, Lou is brought in as a replacement creative director-for-hire on a two-year contract", ". As Don is exiting the SC&P offices after being told of his suspension, he runs into Lou and Duck Phillips; it is implied that Phillips coordinated the deal to bring Lou into SC&P in his role as a head hunter. In Season 7, it is shown that Lou brings a very different working method to SC&P: he is more interested in getting a large amount of creative work done on rigid deadlines and tight budgets. He is also not very creative or daring and is very old-fashioned", ". He is also not very creative or daring and is very old-fashioned. This causes tension with Peggy Olson, who is used to spending a lot of time on one pitch at a time until a creative breakthrough produces unique work, and Lou makes a point of ignoring Peggy's ideas, shunting aside her efforts, and treating her condescendingly", ". The members of the creative team under him do not respect him and he becomes an object of open ridicule when someone discovers that he writes and illustrates his own unpublished cartoon, Scout's Honor, full of hackneyed themes and unamusing punchlines. Lou later becomes upset when the partners allow Don to come back to work in the creative department and report to him, possibly recognizing how much better Don is at the job than he is", ". Lou finds Don's presence a distraction, and assigns Peggy as Don's direct supervisor. When he and Jim Cutler seek out a major cigarette deal (knowing that winning it would allow them to get rid of Don, due to his previous anti-tobacco ad in the New York Times), Lou is first angry when Don screws up the pitch meeting, then left ruined when they lose the cigarette deal anyway", ". Jim (who has no particular loyalty to Lou) makes it clear he doesn't care that Lou's background is in tobacco, since it is now useless, and that Lou isn't that important to the company, and that he regards Lou as essentially hired help. Not getting to share in the McCann payout windfall, Lou later emerges as the powerless director of the California office, where he openly ignores his work to keep trying to sell his planned \"Scout's Honor\" cartoon", ". He does sell the idea to a Japanese company and plans a move to Tokyo, and calls Don to taunt him about how happy he is to be living his dream; Don is first panicked and disbelieving when he thinks a loser like Lou had the news about the McCann merger before him, but when he realizes the truth, he just blankly and insincerely wishes Lou well as the call ends.", "Joey Baird", "Joey Baird (Matt Long) is a freelance artist for Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce, first seen at the start of the fourth season. Joey and Peggy seem to enjoy working together, reenacting the \"John and Marsha\" comedy skit in a workroom and laughing. However, Joey is also rather crude, acts entitled, frequently makes insensitive remarks, and engages in actions that would be classified as sexual harassment later in the century", ". Additionally, Joey misinterprets Harry Crane's friendly offer to help him get acting jobs and to go out for coffee as homosexual advances.", "Joey is also anti-authoritarian and, while disrespectful behind Don and Lane's backs as some other SCDP employees are, is (unlike them) openly defiant of Joan", ". Things come to a head in \"The Summer Man\", when Joey reveals she reminds him of his mother, who he says is \"a Joan\" at her job: he speaks contemptuously about and to Joan, alleging she got her job by having sex with men in the office because she lacks any skills of her own, calls her a \"madame\" and a \"Shanghai whore,\" tells her she walks around the office like she \"want[s] to get raped\"", ",\" tells her she walks around the office like she \"want[s] to get raped\", and draws a pornographic picture of Joan and Lane Pryce engaged in oral sex and tapes it to the glass door of her office", ". Joan's efforts to control and admonish Joey herself fail to accomplish anything and Joey escalates his insulting and defiant behavior. She attempts to have Don and Lane handle him, emphasizing the problems with his work while indirectly referencing his transgressions toward her. However, her attempts to indirectly deal with the situation fail. At first, Peggy's repeated efforts to confront his sexist attitudes are as his peer, but Joey brushes her aside.", "Peggy ultimately shows Don the obscene drawing and, at his suggestion, empowers herself by ordering Joey as his superior to apologize to Joan and fires the shocked freelancer when he refuses to comply. However, in the aftermath, Joan is angry at Peggy about the firing because she perceives it as Peggy acting in order to \"look important\" and causing Joan to look like a \"glorified secretary\" lacking power, respect, or authority, and needing Peggy to fight her battles for her.", "Jimmy and Bobbie Barrett", "Bobbie Barrett (Melinda McGraw) is the wife and manager of comedian Jimmy Barrett (born Jimmy Bernstein) (Patrick Fischler), an insult comic (reminiscent of Don Rickles) whom the firm uses in their advertisements for Utz Potato Chips. After Jimmy insults the wife of Utz's owner about her weight, Don has to intercede and ends up meeting Bobbie, who shrugs off her husband's behavior", ". After that meeting, Bobbie seduces Don, though he initially resists as he wants to remain faithful to his marriage vows, despite his previous infidelities", ". When Bobbie later (in a ladies' lounge at Lutèce, where they and the Schillings are meeting for the apology) tries to get Don to pay more for the apology as her husband's pay-or-play contract does not require it, Don grabs her hair with one hand and puts the other up her skirt, then threatens to ruin Jimmy if he does not apologize, and with no financial bonus. Bobbie appears to enjoy the dominating treatment, and quickly signals her husband to apologize", ". Bobbie appears to enjoy the dominating treatment, and quickly signals her husband to apologize. Later, she comes to Don with a TV pitch called \"Grin and Barrett\", a Candid Camera-type show, featuring her husband using his insult comic skills as the host. Don helps her arrange things, and they continue to see each other on the side, until the two are in a car accident that requires a cover story.", "The two resume their affair after a brief hiatus following the accident, but Don breaks it off completely and abruptly, when Bobbie reveals to him that she and other women with whom Don has had affairs have been discussing his prowess as a lover. Upset to learn that he has a \"reputation\" and annoyed at his inability to control Bobbie, Don leaves her during the middle of a sexual encounter, while she is tied up", ". Later, during a party where Don, Jimmy, and their spouses are in attendance, Jimmy reveals to Betty that Don and Bobbie have had an affair, and Jimmy also confronts Don and gloats about the trouble he has just unleashed for Don. Betty is humiliated by the revelation; though Betty may have suspected affairs in the past, Don's affair with Bobbie appears to be the only one Betty has actually been confronted about, leading to a period of separation for her and Don", ". Don later encounters Jimmy in an underground casino and delivers a solid punch to Jimmy's face, knocking him off his feet, which Jimmy later disparages as \"nothing\".", "Bob Benson", "Bob Benson (James Wolk) is a recurring character in season 6. A new hire in Accounts, he answers to Ken Cosgrove, although no one recalls having hired him. Bob's overly eager and helpful demeanor irritates many in the office and is interpreted as sycophantic by Don, Pete, and Ken", ". Bob engages in practices such as always buying an extra coffee so he has one to give to others, sending a catered deli platter to Roger's mother's wake, as well as hanging out on the lower floor of the office (Accounts is on the upper floor), looking for people to talk to, and in the reception area of Accounts, trying to be seen and (unsuccessfully) to appear busy. While at first these activities annoy people, eventually they bear fruit and gain Bob a stronger place in the firm", ". Bob is also shown listening to an LP audiobook of Frank Bettger's How I Raised Myself From Failure to Success in Selling (1949) and using similar language to inspire his friend, Michael Ginsberg.", "In \"Man with a Plan\", Bob tactfully assists Joan when she is in pain due to an ovarian cyst and, displaying an ability to think quickly and a willingness to lie, tells the nurse that Joan has just ingested poison, resulting in Joan's receiving treatment immediately after her abdominal pain alone had failed to result in any treatment. A grateful Joan prevents his lay-off after SCDP merges with CGC, and Bob is later seen accompanying Joan and Kevin to the beach.", "Based on a comment made by Joan, Bob assists Pete Campbell in getting an experienced nurse for his now-ailing mother. Later, Benson intervenes in an argument between Michael Ginsberg and Jim Cutler, taking Cutler's side; his subsequent apology to Cutler leads Cutler to assign Bob to handle the Manischewitz account and give Bob a foot in the door with the Chevy business (although Bob doesn't seem to realize this is part of Cutler's efforts to stage a coup within the merged firm).", "When Pete voices concerns to Bob that the nurse Bob recommended, Manolo Colon, may be sexually abusing his mother and taking advantage of her dementia, Bob says Manolo doesn't date women and then hints heavily at his own romantic feelings for Pete, which Pete, repulsed, rejects.", "When Ken is injured and the senior partners assign Bob to take the lead on the Chevy account, where he would potentially be working closely with Pete, an angered Pete threatens Bob and is astonished when Bob threatens him in turn. Bob is later shown venting in fluent Castillian Spanish on the phone to Manolo about Pete's threatening Bob's future and saying it doesn't matter how nice Pete's mother is.", "Pete proceeds to hire Duck Phillips to find Bob another job. Instead, Duck uncovers Bob's secret: much like Don Draper, Bob's adopted an assumed identity to compensate for an embarrassing and impoverished past. None of his college references check out, he's from a poor area of West Virginia, and he was the manservant of a vice-president at Brown Brothers Harriman – not an employee of the firm itself in the accounts department, as he had implied. Moreover, his name is likely a false one", ". Moreover, his name is likely a false one. Pete immediately thinks to expose Bob, but, having learned from his experience trying to expose Don years earlier, decides to call a truce with Bob and lays out some ground rules to control Bob instead.", "Bob appears shocked when Pete tells him Manolo (aka Marcos Constantine) apparently eloped with Pete's mother, and she has \"fallen\" overboard and become lost at sea under mysterious circumstances. Pete flatly rejects the concept that Bob wasn't in on the situation and proceeds to try and strong-arm him out of Chevy's good graces. Bob, maintaining his innocence in the Manolo situation, manipulates Pete into making a fool of himself at Chevy's headquarters, thereby securing his own position", ". Around the same time, Roger Sterling sees that Bob is spending time with Joan and giving Kevin gifts. Roger confronts Bob and threatens him about his relationship with Joan, which Bob replies to by insisting that he and Joan are just \"buddies\". Bob is later seen carving the turkey at Joan's Thanksgiving dinner, to Roger's surprise.", "In season 7, Bob Benson reappears. He is called by a GM executive (Matthew Glave) asking to be bailed out of jail, having been arrested for offering to fellate an undercover police officer. The executive warns Bob that Chevy's advertising is going to become an in-house project, and SC&P is going to lose the account, but assures him not to worry, as Buick will hire him to work for them in Detroit", ". This prompts Bob to propose marriage to Joan, who turns him down, stating that they both deserve to be with people they love, not spending their lives in \"an arrangement\". When Bob explains that he needs a wife to assuage the GM executives, Joan learns about the losing of the account but neglects to inform Roger, who is at first incensed, until he realizes it will be a blow for Jim Cutler and one he won't be able to avoid.", "Glen Bishop", "Glen Bishop (Marten Holden Weiner, son of series creator Matthew Weiner) is the son of Betty's neighbor, Helen Bishop. Aged 9 in Season 1 (1960), he develops a crush on Betty. One evening, when she is babysitting him, he purposely walks in on her while she is using the bathroom and looks at her for several seconds. He then later asks for a lock of her hair", ". He then later asks for a lock of her hair. She acquiesces, and when Helen discovers it, she angrily confronts Betty in a supermarket, telling her he is just a \"little boy\", causing an offended Betty to slap Helen across the face. Betty immediately leaves the market, and while her friend Francine offers her support, she also reveals that the incident has become a topic of neighborhood gossip", ". In Season 2, episode 10, \"The Inheritance\", Betty discovers that Glen has run away and has been living in the Draper's backyard playhouse for several days. Glen's father wants Glen to live with him and his new wife and baby, but Glen dislikes his stepmother and says she is mean. He also says his mother is only interested in her boyfriends, and that Glen brushes his little sister's teeth and puts her to bed. Glen and Betty comfort each other because they are both lonely and miserable", ". Glen and Betty comfort each other because they are both lonely and miserable. He tells Betty that he is there to rescue her. He proposes that Betty elope with him, but she instead calls his mother, which leads him to tell her he hates her.", "He returns in Season 4, working for his father at a Christmas tree lot, where he encounters Sally Draper and fixates on her as a replacement for Betty, bonding with her over their now-shared experience as children in divorced families. After discovering that Sally hates living in her house with her mother, Glen breaks in with a friend and vandalizes it, but leaves Sally's room untouched and leaves a secret gift on her bed", ". Glen often mentions age-inappropriate things to Sally about divorce and tries to encourage her to be secretive.", "Betty finds out about Glen's friendship with Sally and forbids him to see her, even going so far as to fire her housekeeper Carla when Carla allows Glen to see Sally one last time before they move to Rye. Betty is partly jealous of her daughter, but also aware of Glen's propensity for unsettling behavior.", "However, in Season 5, it is revealed that Glen still speaks to Sally regularly on the telephone from his dorm at the Hotchkiss School, even going so far as to meet clandestinely in New York. Glen is unpopular at school and is frequently picked on, with the entire lacrosse team urinating in his locker. Though he encourages the boys at school to believe Sally is his girlfriend, with whom he has snuck off campus to have sex, Sally and Glen agree their relationship is closer to that of siblings", ". In season 6, he and Rolo, a friend from Hotchkiss, bring alcohol when visiting Sally and her student hosts at Miss Porter's School. When Rolo makes an unwanted pass at Sally, she tells Glen, who attacks Rolo and they briefly fight before leaving.", "In Season 7, an 18-year-old Glen visits the Francis residence to tell Sally he has a new job as a soldier. He recently graduated basic training and is awaiting assignment to advanced school. His revelation that he has enlisted angers Sally, who condemns him for reversing his earlier stance on the Kent State shootings. Sally asks if he is going to Vietnam, to which Glen says it looks likely, but he has not yet gotten any orders", ". Later, Glen returns to the house and talks to Betty, revealing he flunked out of school and joined the military to appease his stepfather. Unlike Sally, Betty considers Glen brave for enlisting.", "Helen Bishop", "Helen Bishop (Darby Stanchfield) is one of the Drapers' neighbors. She is a liberal divorcée with two children and a Mount Holyoke College graduate. Helen works in a jewelry store and volunteers for John F. Kennedy's presidential campaign. Her divorce and habit of taking long walks have made her the subject of gossip for women in the neighborhood", ". A further rift develops between Helen and Betty Draper when the former discovers that Betty has given Helen's son Glen a lock of hair while babysitting him one evening. When Helen confronts Betty at the grocery store, Betty slaps her across the face. It is later discovered that Glen ran away from his home to stay in the Drapers' playhouse in the hopes of eloping with Betty; however, Betty calls Helen to retrieve her son, much to Glen's dismay", ". Betty later confides in Helen about her brief separation from Don, and the two seem to reach some kind of understanding. Later, Helen remarries and sends Glen to a boarding school at her new husband's request.", "Ida Blankenship", "Ida Blankenship (Randee Heller) is Bert Cooper's long-serving secretary. She remains an unseen character until the fourth season, when Joan assigns her to be Don's secretary as punishment to him for having drunkenly seduced and then brushed off his previous secretary, Allison, causing her to have a breakdown at the office", ". An older woman, Miss Blankenship has a tendency to annoy Don and his co-workers with her salty attitude and eccentric work performance, though having been a secretary for over 40 years, she is quite experienced. Her blunt and cantankerous demeanor starkly contrasts with those of her predecessors and the firm's other secretaries", ". However, Don acknowledges that she is exactly the type of secretary he needs, as she is not overawed by him and he's unlikely to have an affair with her, which is likely the reason Joan assigned her to him. However, it is mentioned by Bert and Roger that she was rather attractive many years ago. In his tape recordings for his autobiography, Roger reveals he'd had an affair with Miss Blankenship when he was a very young man at the firm, which caused a rift between Cooper and himself", ". Roger implies she was sexually adventurous and aggressive, referring to her as the \"Queen of Perversions\". She is absent from the office for a brief time while she has cataract surgery. Not long after returning she dies, suddenly and unexpectedly, at her desk at Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce in the ninth episode of Season 4, at the age of 67. Heartbroken over her death, Cooper sends her to the Frank E", ". Heartbroken over her death, Cooper sends her to the Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel instead of the morgue and goes out of his way to make sure she has a nicely written obituary, stating: \"She was born in 1898 in a barn. She died on the 37th floor of a skyscraper. She's an astronaut.\"", "Actress Randee Heller states she created Blankenship's New York Jewish accent from the memory of her Yiddish-speaking grandparents.", "Richard Burghoff", "Richard Burghoff (Bruce Greenwood) is a wealthy real estate mogul who becomes romantically involved with Joan in Season 7. After meeting Joan while she is in Los Angeles for business, he talks her into a date, which leads to a romantic encounter. A recently divorced, semi-retired millionaire with two grown children, Richard is exhilarated to be free to do as he pleases. He flies to New York on a whim and continues pursuing Joan", ". He flies to New York on a whim and continues pursuing Joan. Their second date ends badly when he learns of the existence of her young son and becomes angry at the thought of Joan having commitments that will not allow her to pursue the kind of freewheeling lifestyle he envisions for himself. The next day, he shows up at Joan's office and apologizes, and they begin a relationship.", "Joan continues seeing Richard and he comforts her when she begins to have problems transitioning to work at McCann Erickson, offering semi-jokingly to have a sexist co-worker beaten up. After she quits McCann, Joan spends an increasing amount of time with Richard, flying to Key West for a getaway and trying cocaine together. However, when she begins to plan a new business venture of her own, Richard becomes angry that she does not share his desire for a responsibility-free life", ". When Joan refuses to choose between her career and her relationship with him, he ends their relationship without saying goodbye.", "Émile Calvet", "Émile Calvet (Ronald Guttman) is Megan Calvet's blunt and arrogant father. Émile is an academic, an atheist, and a Marxist, and does not approve of Don. In \"At the Codfish Ball\", it is revealed that he has written a book and Marie believes he is having an affair with his graduate teaching assistant. He, in turn, seems bitter toward his wife, accusing her of infidelity; he is much closer to Megan than to Marie and urges Megan to pursue her dreams", ". Megan is frustrated with his politics, however, particularly with the attitudes he expresses following the assassinations of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Bobby Kennedy.", "Marie Calvet", "Marie Calvet (Julia Ormond) is Megan's mother; she has at least one more daughter, Marie-France, and 10 total grandchildren. When first introduced, she lives in Montreal with her husband, Émile, to whom she is unhappily married. Her accent indicates she is from France rather than Canada, and she indicates some knowledge of Paris while speaking with Arnie Rosen", ". Attractive, yet vain and prickly, Marie has a strained relationship with her husband Émile, as well as both Megan and Don, and is not especially supportive of Megan's acting dreams, telling her \"not every little girl gets to do what she wants; the world cannot support that many ballerinas.\" Marie has a short affair with Roger Sterling in Season 5; Sally discovers her fellating Roger at Don's award dinner in \"At the Codfish Ball\"", ". Later, Roger wants Marie to watch out for him while he takes LSD, but Marie tells Roger he is \"too old\" to take LSD and she does not want to be his support; she then leaves him, causing Roger to take his second acid trip alone.", "In season 6, Marie and Arnie Rosen flirt mildly and Roger suggests she accompany him and the Drapers to a business dinner with the coarse, crude Herb Rennet and his irritating wife, Peaches. Roger stands them up and an unhappy Marie makes insulting remarks in French about Peaches to Megan. When Roger phones the house later that night to talk business with Don, Marie answers the phone, insults Roger, and hangs up on him twice, telling him to forget her name.", "In season 7's \"New Business\", Marie meets Megan in New York to collect Megan's remaining possessions from Don's apartment as a result of their forthcoming divorce. After Megan leaves early for a lunch date and asks Marie to supervise the movers, Marie has them empty the apartment, removing Don's possessions as well as Megan's. Marie and Roger also resume their affair, which Megan learns of accidentally", ". Marie and Roger also resume their affair, which Megan learns of accidentally. She remains in New York after Megan returns to California, her marriage to Émile having apparently ended, as Roger notes in \"Time & Life\" that he is on his way to meet her for a date. By the final episode of season 7, she and Roger have become a married couple and spend their honeymoon in France.", "Andrew and Dorothy Campbell \nAndrew Campbell (Christopher Allport) is Pete Campbell's father. He disapproves of Pete's profession and treats him with contempt. In Season 2, Andrew dies in the crash of American Airlines Flight 1; it is revealed that he has squandered his wife's fortune and family's inheritance on a lavish lifestyle and by donating large sums of money to Lincoln Center and the Botanical Garden to maintain the appearance that he is wealthy.", "Dorothy \"Dot\" Dyckman Campbell (Channing Chase) is Pete's somewhat detached mother who comes from a prominent New York City family. Pete hates his mother and jokes with his brother Bud about it, mentioning Hitchcock's Rope. Dorothy greatly disapproves of Pete and Trudy's exploration into adoption, referring to orphans as \"someone else's discards\" and saying she will disinherit him if he adopts a child. Insulted, Pete reveals the truth about the family's fortunes to his mother, leaving her stunned", ". Insulted, Pete reveals the truth about the family's fortunes to his mother, leaving her stunned. By Season 6 she suffers extensive memory lapses and is diagnosed with some form of dementia. When Bud foists her upon Pete, he is upset and annoyed with the situation, and resorts to exploiting her illness to keep her under control. Pete eventually hires Manolo, a Spanish nurse recommended to him by Bob Benson", ". Pete eventually hires Manolo, a Spanish nurse recommended to him by Bob Benson. Manolo initially works out quite well, but Dorothy begins implying that they are involved in a satisfying sexual relationship. Pete fires Manolo for sexually assaulting his mother, much to Dorothy's fury. Bob tells Pete that Manolo is gay, leaving it ambiguous as to what is actually happening", ". Bob tells Pete that Manolo is gay, leaving it ambiguous as to what is actually happening. In the season finale it is revealed Dorothy married Manolo on a cruise ship and later \"fell\" overboard, implying Manolo married her to receive her (non-existent) riches and pushed her from the ship. Pete and Bud accept that it would be too expensive to pursue justice against Manolo, telling each other that \"she's in the water, with Father,\" and \"she loved the sea.\"", "Bud and Judy Campbell", "Andrew \"Bud\" Campbell, Jr. (Rich Hutchman) and Judy (Miranda Lilley) are Pete's elder brother and sister-in-law. Bud is an accountant and is the strongly favored child of their parents —it is understood that he alone will inherit his father's fortune. It is further shown when following her husband's death, Dorothy Campbell refers to her sons as \"salt and pepper\"", ". After the death of their father in \"Flight 1\", Bud reveals to Pete the precarious financial state their father created and arranges for the liquidation of their mother's assets so that she can live comfortably. Bud tells Pete that he and Judy have no plans to have children, and he lets slip to their mother Pete and Trudy's exploration of adoption. In Season 6, Bud is angry when Pete selects a third party investment bank to take SCDP public rather than involving his business", ". In the episode \"In Care Of\", Bud and Pete tacitly agree to not pursue a potentially costly investigation of Manolo Colon, after learning he had eloped with their mother, who disappeared off the cruise ship on which they were honeymooning.", "Tammy Campbell", "Tammy Campbell is Pete and Trudy Campbell’s only child. Tammy was born between September 7 and 10, 1965. The labor was long and difficult. Pete and Trudy Campbell believed they could not conceive a child, and they had consulted a fertility specialist. They discussed adoption, could not agree about it, and it was then revealed in Season 4’s episode, \"The Rejected.” that Trudy’s father disclosed Trudy’s pregnancy to Pete", ".” that Trudy’s father disclosed Trudy’s pregnancy to Pete. Trudy’s father, Tom, said he would give Pete $1,000 if the baby were a boy and $500 if it were a girl.", "Tammy’s mother, Trudy Campbell, is unaware that Pete has another child, a baby boy. He was born in November 1960. The mother, Peggy Olson, placed the child up for adoption.", "Trudy Campbell", "Gertrude \"Trudy\" Campbell (née Vogel; Alison Brie) is Pete Campbell's wife. She met Pete when they were both in college (Pete was at Dartmouth while Trudy attended Mount Holyoke College); Trudy and Pete marry early in Season 1 and purchase an apartment on Park Avenue, with the help of Trudy's parents. Trudy is dutiful to her husband, even when he asks her to visit an old beau to get a short story published", ". In Season 2, she expresses her desire to have a child, a desire Pete resists as he does not want to have children yet, unaware he already conceived a child with Peggy Olson. After discovering she has fertility problems, Trudy wants to adopt a baby, but Pete balks. In Season 3, Trudy and Pete have a closer relationship than they did before and seem to work together as a team, though Pete manipulates a neighbor's au pair into having sex with him when Trudy is away on her summer vacation with her parents", ". This leads to the distraught au pair confessing the situation to her host father, who then threatens Pete to stay away from her. In turn, Pete tells Trudy she should never leave him for a long time, implying that it was her absence that led to his cheating. In Season 4, Trudy becomes pregnant, a fact that Pete uses to secure the Vicks Chemical account for the firm from his father-in-law, Tom Vogel. Later in the season, Trudy gives birth to a daughter, whom they name Tammy", ". Later in the season, Trudy gives birth to a daughter, whom they name Tammy. In season 5, the couple has relocated to Cos Cob, Connecticut, against the wishes of Pete, who prefers living in Manhattan, and while Trudy settles in as a suburban housewife, Pete experiences angst and insecurity, eventually having a brief affair with Beth Dawes (Alexis Bledel), the wife of a fellow commuter", ". Following some fisticuffs with Beth's husband, Pete desires a pied-à-terre in Manhattan that he can use for affairs, though he tells Trudy he needs it for late nights at work. Trudy is reluctant at first, but finally agrees to let him have a bachelor pad in Manhattan, ostensibly for safety purposes but aware of the real reason. In Season 6, Pete has a sexual liaison with their neighbor, Brenda, who her husband then beats when he finds out", ". A distraught, bloody Brenda, wearing only lingerie, shows up at their door. Trudy treats her with the utmost consideration and assistance, then returns home to Pete, furious; she knew Pete would cheat on her but she expected him to be discreet and keep his affairs in Manhattan. She orders Pete to leave the house, though she refuses to admit defeat by divorcing him", ". She orders Pete to leave the house, though she refuses to admit defeat by divorcing him. Over the next several months, Pete visits and she gradually begins to accept him back, but she ends it again after her father, not knowing Pete and Trudy are separated, runs into Pete in a Manhattan brothel. Her father removes the Vicks account from Sterling Cooper in response. In retaliation, Pete then tells Trudy that he saw her father at the brothel, which Trudy refuses to believe", ". While she is polite to Pete when he says goodbye to her and Tammy before his move to Los Angeles at the end of Season 6, she responds forcefully when Pete hypocritically snaps at her for staying out late one night in Season 7, stating that Pete is \"no longer a part of this family.\" She reluctantly asks Pete for help when their daughter is denied admission to a prestigious preschool and opens up to him about how she is lonely and feels unattractive, leading Pete to compliment her and part on cordial terms", ". In the penultimate episode, Pete is offered a job in Wichita and asks Trudy for reconciliation and to come with him. Trudy refuses at first, admitting she still loves him but cannot forget his adultery. However, Pete insists and Trudy agrees, and the two rekindle their marriage. They are last seen with Tammy as they board a flight to Wichita.", "Carla", "Carla (Deborah Lacey) is a black woman who has worked as housekeeper for the Draper household since Sally's birth. Carla is shown to be the true maternal influence in Sally and Bobby's lives and is seen watching the children for extended periods of time, such as when Betty dashes off to Nevada with Henry to seek a quick divorce from Don. Throughout the first three seasons, Carla tries to offer marital advice to Betty", ". Throughout the first three seasons, Carla tries to offer marital advice to Betty. She continues to work for Betty after the latter divorces Don and marries Henry Francis, until being fired for allowing Glen Bishop to visit Sally. Carla later telephones Henry for a reference because Betty would not give her a written one for her job search. Though her character is often on the show's periphery, Carla has far more insight into the issues surrounding Don and Betty's marriage than perhaps anyone else", ". A silent critic of the couple's behavior, it is apparent that Carla recognizes how Don and Betty's relationship is affecting the development of their children.", "Caroline\nCaroline (Beth Hall) is Roger Sterling's longtime secretary, first appearing in Season 4's \"Christmas Comes But Once a Year\". She is very well liked by nearly everyone at SCDP and is extremely loyal to Roger, being apparently close enough to him that she is able to speak her mind to him when she feels he is out of line. She is also close to Roger's family, becoming very upset when she learns of Roger's mother's passing. Of the secretaries at SCDP, she seems to be the one closest to Joan.", "Dawn Chambers", "Dawn Chambers (Teyonah Parris) becomes Don Draper's new secretary in Season 5. She is the only black employee at SCDP, hired after the firm places an \"equal opportunity employer\" ad in a stunt against rival firm Y&R. She is befriended by Peggy Olson in the fourth episode of Season 5, \"Mystery Date\", after Peggy lets Dawn stay with her when she discovers Dawn has been sleeping in Don's office due to concerns of racial tensions near Dawn's apartment in Harlem", ". Dawn proves herself competent at her job and develops a good working relationship with Don. In the Season 6 episode \"To Have and to Hold,\" Joan reprimands Dawn for covering for Harry Crane's secretary by punching her out five hours after the secretary had already left the building. Dawn becomes panicked by the accusation, as she feels she is perpetually at risk of being fired, and she proposes that Joan dock her pay", ". Quietly impressed and unable to fire Dawn without causing issues for the firm, Joan \"punishes\" Dawn by putting her in charge of the stockroom and time cards. Little is initially known about Dawn, but in \"To Have and to Hold\", it is revealed, through a conversation with her best friend, that she feels lonely and alienated as the only black employee at SCDP and, due to her long hours there, she has little opportunity to date", ". She also comments on SCDP's dysfunctional work environment, where many people are mean to each other and women cry in the bathroom. In season 6's \"The Flood,\" Don and Joan, largely untouched by the struggles of the Civil Rights Movement, connect with the assassination of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King by empathizing with Dawn over the tragedy. Dawn seems bewildered by Joan's sympathetic hug and insists on remaining at work when Joan and Don suggest she go home", ". In season 7's \"A Day's Work\", Dawn is shown paying secret visits to Don's home to keep him apprised of the office activities while Don is on mandatory leave. Don's replacement, Lou Avery, demands that Joan assign him a new secretary due to her loyalty to Don. In the same episode, Joan decides to surrender her personnel management duties, and chooses Dawn to take over from her, a decision which also neatly resolves Lou and Bert Cooper's concerns about Dawn", ". Later episodes show Dawn conducting her new duties with aplomb, straining her relationship with Don.", "She is last seen during season 7 episode \"Time & Life\" as her future following the absorption of SCDP into McCann is not revealed.\n\nToni Charles \nToni Charles (Naturi Naughton) is a black Playboy Bunny with whom Lane Pryce has an extramarital affair in Season 4, after his wife Rebecca and their son return to the UK. Lane seems to genuinely be in love with her, but their relationship comes to an abrupt end when Lane's father forces him to return to the UK and reconcile with Rebecca.", "Clara \nClara (Alexandra Ella) is Pete Campbell's secretary, first appearing during Season 3. She is well regarded and remains professional and unmoved by Pete's frequent angry outbursts and verbal abuse, which are often directed at her. She is pregnant in much of season 6, and Ken mentions that one of the account men, Torkelson, is the father and has decided not to take responsibility for the baby. She doesn't appear in season 7, presumably having left the agency to raise her child.", "Manolo Colon", "Manolo Colon (aka Marcus Constantine) (Andres Faucher) is a con-artist associate of Bob Benson's whom Bob convinces Pete Campbell to hire in Season 6 as a personal nurse to Campbell's mother, Dorothy, after she begins to show signs of dementia. He is fired by Campbell after being suspected of sexually abusing Dorothy but remains in contact with her", ". They eventually marry on a cruise ship before he murders her by throwing her overboard in hopes of inheriting her wealth, which, unbeknownst to him (and, presumably, Bob), had been depleted by her late husband.", "Cynthia Cosgrove", "Cynthia Cosgrove (Larisa Oleynik) (née Baxter) is Ken Cosgrove's wife and the daughter of Ed (Ray Wise), the CEO of Corning. Cynthia is a New York society girl, who appears to have moved in the same Manhattan social circles as the presumably older Trudy Campbell, with whom she gets along well. Ken calls Cynthia \"his life\" and does not want to use her or his future father-in-law to get business, claiming in Season 4 that he does not want to be like Pete Campbell", ". In the Season 5 premiere, her character is listed during the credits as Cynthia Cosgrove, implying she and Ken were married between the fourth and fifth seasons. Cynthia appears as a background character in several episodes of Season 5. She is very supportive of Ken's work and his side hobby as an author. She and Ken live in Jackson Heights, Queens. In the third episode of Season 7, it is revealed that Cynthia and Ken now have an infant son, Edward.", "Jennifer Crane", "Jennifer Crane (Laura Regan) is Harry Crane's wife. Blonde and charismatic, Jennifer has the peculiarity of being a \"working wife\", at least until Season 3, holding a position as a supervisor at AT&T. She's from a blue-collar environment, which has helped her keep her husband grounded. Solidary, no-nonsense and generous, Jennifer has often tried to \"fit in\" with the more sophisticated circle of people surrounding Harry's workplace and has an unspoken rivalry of sorts with Trudy Campbell", ". She briefly threw Harry out of the house when he confessed to having a one-night stand with one of the secretaries, Hildy, but the two soon reconciled. She and Harry are parents to a daughter, Beatrice Grace, born in 1962. Sometime between the fifth and sixth seasons, they have twin sons, Nathan and Steven. They later split up sometime around 1970.", "Jim Cutler \nJim Cutler (Harry Hamlin) is a partner at the (once) rival firm, Cutler, Gleason, and Chaough and a senior partner at the merged Sterling Cooper & Partners. He first appears in the sixth episode of Season 5, \"Far Away Places\". He is the equivalent of Roger Sterling at CGC and Peggy describes him as \"just like Roger but with bad breath.\" Cutler is usually courteous and mild-mannered, which belies his impatience and tendency for childlike escapades.", "On one account, he brought his doctor to the newly merged SCDP-CGC office to give everyone a shot of \"super vitamins\" to help with their working over the weekend for Chevy. Instead of making everyone productive, the booster shot only made Cutler and Stan Rizzo hyperactive, and causes Don to fade in and out of consciousness. He also brought Frank Gleason's daughter Wendy to the office that weekend, shortly after her father's funeral, and later peeked on Stan and Wendy having sex.", "He was part of the CGC team that was supposed to present to Chevy and vocally opposed the merger of SCDP and CGC, unless it would win them the account. In the Season 6 episode \"A Tale of Two Cities,\" it appeared as if Cutler still opposed the merger, resentful of his loss of absolute control in the office and feeling disrespected by Michael Ginsberg and annoyed by Bob Benson's constant meddling. He then assigns Bob Benson to Chevy in open defiance of Don and Roger", ". He then assigns Bob Benson to Chevy in open defiance of Don and Roger. Ted Chaough, having noticed this, chided Cutler for dividing the firm. As a sort of peace offering and tactical move, Ted and Jim proposed a new name for the merged firms: Sterling Cooper & Partners, removing any partner name from CGC as a sign of goodwill and cooperation.", "Cutler supports Don's suspension at the end of Season 6 and is openly opposed to his reinstatement, desiring to morph SC&P into a more technologically-driven marketing agency. When Roger negotiates the acquisition of SC&P by McCann-Erickson, Cutler is initially opposed, but eventually concedes, realizing the amount of money his share in the agency will bring him. In Season 7, his status is clarified by Roger, who confirms that Cutler took the cash payoff and retired from the company.", "Cutler is a veteran of the Army Air Force and mentions that he participated in the Bombing of Dresden in February, 1945.\n\nDale \nDale (Mark Kelly) is a copywriter. He first appears in Episode 2 of Season 1 (\"Ladies Room\"), and reappears in Episode 1 of Season Two (\"For Those Who Think Young\"), Episode 6 of Season 3 (\"Guy Walks into an Advertising Agency\"), and Episode 11 of Season 5 (\"The Other Woman\").", "Midge Daniels", "Midge Daniels (Rosemarie DeWitt) is an art illustrator engaged in an affair with Don Draper in Season 1. She is involved with beatniks and several proto-hippies, smokes marijuana, and makes several references to Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg. It appears Midge has other lovers besides Don. When Don realizes she's in love with Roy, one of her beatnik friends, through a Polaroid he takes of the two, he ends their affair in \"The Hobo Code\" and gives her the bonus he received at work", ". She reappears in the Season 4 episode \"Blowing Smoke\" where she runs into Don at his office building, claiming to be there for a business meeting for her paintings. After inviting him back to her apartment to meet her husband, it is revealed that Midge tracked Don down to try and coax him into giving them money to fuel their heroin addiction, as well as to buy one of her paintings", ". Initially writing them a check for $300 for one of her paintings out of pity, Don instead gives Midge $120 in cash he had in his wallet following advances made by Midge and leaves with one of her paintings.", "Anna Draper", "Anna M. Draper (Melinda Page Hamilton) is the widow of the real Don Draper, the man whose identity Dick Whitman stole after Don's death during the Korean War. She has a noticeable limp as a result of polio and a sister named Patty (Susan Leslie), in whom the real Don Draper was interested before he married Anna. Anna tracks down Dick/Don while he is working as a used car salesman and confronts him about her husband", ". Dick/Don tells her he died, and despite the circumstances of their meeting, Don and Anna become close friends: he buys her a house in California, Anna often serves as an understanding confidante to Don, and he stays with her whenever he is in Los Angeles. When Don meets Betty, he gets a \"divorce\" from Anna in order to marry Betty. Don pays Anna another visit during a trip to California during the Season 4 episode \"The Good News\", during which she has a broken leg", ". Anna's sister Patty and college-aged niece Stephanie (Caity Lotz) are also staying with Anna during Don's visit to help care for Anna. After dinner out with Anna and Stephanie, Don attempts to make a move on Stephanie, who turns him down and informs him that Anna has terminal cancer, which devastates Don, and that Anna does not know about her diagnosis", ". Don angrily confronts Patty about this, offering to pay for any possible cancer treatments, but Patty tells him that she has consulted several doctors and confirmed that Anna's cancer is terminal, and asks that Don leave before he can inadvertently tell Anna about her cancer. Don agrees to leave but stays long enough to paint over Anna's water-stained wall, which Anna decorates with a painting of a flower and is signed \"Dick + Anna '64\" by Don", ". Later, in the Season 4 episode \"The Suitcase\", Don repeatedly avoids returning calls from Stephanie, falling asleep and dreaming of an apparition of Anna smiling and holding a suitcase. When he awakens the next morning, he finally returns Stephanie's call and learns that Anna had died the night before, and breaks down in front of Peggy Olson", ". Don later brings his children to Anna's house in the finale of Season 4, showing them the wall they had painted and introducing them to Stephanie, who gives Don Anna's engagement ring from the real Don Draper. It is Anna's death that then inspires Don to start a new life.", "Gene Draper", "Eugene Scott \"Gene\" Draper (Evan Londo) is Don and Betty Draper's youngest child. He was born during Season 3, on June 21, 1963, and is named after Betty's late father, Gene Hofstadt", ". His sister, Sally, first thinks that Gene is a reincarnation of their grandfather, as he is born shortly after their grandfather dies and is given the same room their grandfather had lived in, and is terrified of him, but she eventually grows to love her brother after Don comforts Sally and tells her that Gene is a baby and nobody knows who he is going to be yet", ". He speaks his first line in the premiere of Season 5 (“Good night, Daddy”) and his second and last line in the penultimate episode of the series (“No”).", "Abe Drexler", "Abe Drexler (Charlie Hofheimer) is Peggy Olson's boyfriend, beginning in Season 4. Abe, who is Jewish, is a freelance journalist with strongly expressed liberal/leftist political views. He and Peggy first meet at a loft party in a sweatshop. Another meeting is engineered by their mutual friend Joyce Ramsay, where Abe's progressive views on race, combined with his mild sexist attitude, rub Peggy the wrong way", ". When he brings her a piece he wrote condemning the capitalist attitudes of Wall Street, which names some of the firms with which Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce is contracted, Peggy loses her temper with Abe. In spite of this, they later reconcile and become a couple. In Season 5, Abe asks Peggy to move in together which, after some contemplation and Joan's encouragement, Peggy accepts", ". Despite some problems (including criticism from Peggy's mother, who objects both to the fact that Abe is not Catholic, as well as the fact that Peggy has chosen to live with a man to whom she is not married), they settle into a life together, eventually purchasing a run-down building on the Upper West Side midway through Season 6, which they renovate and live in", ". However, Abe proves incompetent at home repair, has far too lax of an attitude towards the crime in the neighborhood, and never tells the tenants to behave or be quiet, much to the chagrin of Peggy. He also refuses to identify a group of teenagers who stabbed him at the train station and instead turns it into an issue about race, further angering Peggy", ". Peggy and Abe become increasingly frustrated with the different directions their lives are taking, and after a serious incident in which Peggy accidentally stabs him, Abe ends the relationship.", "Suzanne Farrell", "Suzanne Farrell (Abigail Spencer) is Sally Draper's third grade teacher at the beginning of Season 3. She engages in an extended period of flirtation with Don, and they eventually enter into a sexual relationship after Sally has moved on to the next grade. She lives in an apartment above the garage of a single-family, detached house. Her younger brother, Danny (Marshall Allman), suffers from epileptic seizures and as a result has become something of a drifter, unable to keep a job for very long", ". At the end of Season 3, Don signals a desire to strengthen his and Suzanne's relationship, but his plans are scuttled when Betty unexpectedly returns home from a vacation and confronts Don about his past. She is not seen again and is the last person with whom Don has an affair while married to Betty.", "Lee Garner, Jr. \nLee Garner, Jr. (Darren Pettie), is an executive at Lucky Strike, a cigarette company with a very long relationship with Sterling Cooper that began with Roger's father. Boorish, bossy, boozy, and sexually predatory to both women and (secretly) men, Lee's behavior is accepted because his father runs Lucky Strike, which represents the lion's share of Sterling Cooper's business.", "In Season 3, Lee Garner, Jr., sexually propositions Sal Romano, only to be rebuffed. Not taking the rejection lightly, Garner, Jr., uses his clout to have Sal fired from Sterling Cooper. As Don explains to Sal after Roger fires him, \"Lucky Strike can shut off our lights\" and the agency could thus not risk losing the account by defending Sal.", "Garner, in Season 4, invites himself to the SCDP 1964 Christmas party, forcing the company to overstep its tight budget to make the party a grander affair for their most important client. At the party, Garner gropes female employees and further humiliates Roger by forcing him to dress up in a Santa suit. Several months later, Garner abruptly informs Roger Sterling that Lucky Strike will be ending their business with SCDP, by going to BBDO, sending the agency into crisis.", "Lee Garner, Sr. \nLee Garner, Sr. (John Cullum) is an executive at Lucky Strike, a cigarette company with a very long relationship with Sterling Cooper. A proud, no-nonsense man in his seventies, he and Bert Cooper go way back. He eventually turns executive power over to his son due to ill-health.", "Father Gill", "Father John Gill (Colin Hanks) is a young Catholic priest in a visiting ministry at the church Peggy's family attends in Brooklyn. He first appears in the Season 2 episode \"Three Sundays\". The fact that he is a Jesuit priest is indicated by the \"S.J.\" after his name on church bulletins in the same episode", ".J.\" after his name on church bulletins in the same episode. He asks Peggy for advice about public speaking and advertising church events such as a youth dance after learning about her employment in advertising, and changes the style of his Palm Sunday sermon to include more colloquialisms and be more accessible to his congregation after listening to Peggy's criticisms; he later gives her a copy of the sermon", ". He learns about Peggy's pregnancy during the confession of Peggy's sister, Anita, and he appears to take an interest in bringing Peggy more fully into the church community. His progressiveness manifests itself at the end of \"A Night to Remember\", when he pulls out a guitar and begins to sing a folk-gospel song. He subtly indicates to Peggy that he would hear her confession if she wished, stating that \"no sin is too great for God.\" Additionally, he expresses a desire for her to receive the Eucharist", ".\" Additionally, he expresses a desire for her to receive the Eucharist. However, Peggy is uncertain how involved she wishes to become in the church community and in the Catholic faith, although she appreciates Father Gill's friendship. Their relationship is a bit strained by the fact that Anita's confession, including the particulars of Peggy's pregnancy, was based on a mistaken assumption about the identity of the child's father", ". Peggy later confides to Don that her whole family believes he was the father because Don was the only non-family member to visit her in the hospital.", "Francine Hanson", "Francine Hanson (Anne Dudek) is one of Betty Draper's closest friends and neighbors in the first four seasons, before Betty moves from Ossining. Francine spends many afternoons gossiping with Betty about the neighborhood's newest resident, divorcée Helen Bishop. Francine, who is married to Carlton Hanson, has a son named Ernie and is pregnant in Season 1, giving birth to a baby girl named Jessica. Francine confides to Betty that she thinks Carlton is having an affair", ". Francine confides to Betty that she thinks Carlton is having an affair. The clues—secret phone calls to Manhattan and the fact that Carlton sleeps at the Waldorf two nights a week—make her wish she could just poison him. Even Don is uncomfortable with Carlton, who confides his attraction to Jessica's young babysitter. By Season 2 the couple has reconciled somewhat; Carlton appears to have gained weight, and the insinuation is that food has become a substitute for womanizing", ". After Betty and her family leave Ossining, Francine appears only once, meeting Betty for lunch in the Season 7 episode \"Field Trip\", by which time she is working as a travel agent in Dobbs Ferry.", "Brooks Stanford Hargrove", "Brooks Hargrove (Derek Ray) is the dutiful husband of Roger Sterling's daughter Margaret. They were married on November 23, 1963, the day after John F. Kennedy was assassinated. In the Season 6 premiere, following Roger's mother's memorial service, Margaret asks her father to invest in Brooks' refrigerator car technology venture. Later in the season, she withdraws her Thanksgiving invitation because Roger declines to invest", ". Later in the season, she withdraws her Thanksgiving invitation because Roger declines to invest. In Season 7, Margaret abandons Brooks and their son Ellery to live in a commune in upstate New York. He is last seen watching the TV broadcast of the Apollo 11 moon landing alongside Ellery, Roger, and Mona.", "Greg Harris", "Dr. Greg Harris (Samuel Page) is Joan's ex-husband, as of Season 5. During his engagement to Joan in Season 2, she brings him with her to Sterling Cooper to close up, at which time, feeling threatened by Joan's rapport with Roger, he rapes her on the floor of Don's office. After failing to become chief surgical resident because his brown-nosing and entitlement do not make up for his subpar surgical skills, he whines at length to Joan and insults her, and she smashes a vase over his skull", ". Greg later decides to join the Army, which is desperate for surgeons, not believing he may be shipped to the front line in Vietnam. He does not consult Joan prior to enlisting, but before leaving for basic training he states his desire to start a family. After basic training, Greg is sent directly to Vietnam. While there, he learns that Joan is pregnant, but is unaware that Roger Sterling is the father.", "In Season 5, Greg returns from his initial deployment and is overjoyed to meet his new \"son\" Kevin, but tells Joan that he has been ordered to return to Vietnam for another year. However, at a homecoming dinner with Joan's mother and Greg's parents, it becomes clear that Greg volunteered to return, contrary to what he told Joan, preferring the status and respect his rank confers to being with his family", ". Joan is furious that he lied to her and made such an important decision without her, and tells him to leave and not come back. When he tells her the army makes him feel like a \"good man\", she tells him he was never a good man, implicitly referencing the rape. He storms out, and a few months later serves Joan with divorce papers at the office, humiliating and infuriating her.", "It is revealed in the series finale that, following his divorce from Joan, Greg remarried and had twins with a nurse. He also disowned Kevin and refused to be involved in his upbringing in any way, despite still having no idea that Kevin is not his biological son.", "Conrad Hilton", "Conrad \"Connie\" Hilton (Chelcie Ross) is the fictional portrayal of the real founder of the Hilton Hotels chain, one of the only times the show has portrayed historical personages in person. He first meets Don Draper, who initially presumes Conrad is a bartender, at a country club where Don is a guest at Roger Sterling's Kentucky Derby party and Connie is a guest at a wedding reception", ". They share their hardscrabble beginnings and laugh about Don's urinating in the trunks of fancy clients' cars at the roadhouse where he had worked as a valet. Connie later seeks out Don's help with an advertising campaign, and thus becomes a Sterling Cooper client. Hilton is depicted as a demanding client and difficult to please; he is known to call Don during the middle of the night and to show up in Don's office unannounced", ". After sending Don to numerous Hilton properties throughout the country, Connie flies Don to meet him at the Hilton property in Rome, with Betty joining at the last minute to help put the property through its paces. Connie is behind Sterling Cooper forcing Don to sign an employment contract with the agency. Don begins to see Connie as something of a father figure whom Don seeks to impress, but Connie is ultimately unsatisfied with Don's work", ". At the end of Season 3 he gives Don the heads-up that Putnam, Powell & Lowe, Sterling Cooper's parent agency, will be bought by McCann-Erickson. The two part ways vowing to try working again in the future, but Hilton never returns to the show even after the founding of SCDP.", "Gene Hofstadt", "Eugene \"Gene\" Hofstadt (Ryan Cutrona) is Betty's elderly father, who does not approve of Don. A businessman of some kind in the affluent Philadelphia Main Line area and a veteran of World War I, he first appears in Season 1 when, several months after his wife's death, he begins dating another woman, Gloria Massey, which upsets Betty. He marries Gloria sometime between November 1960 and April 1962", ". He marries Gloria sometime between November 1960 and April 1962. In 1962, Gene suffers a series of small strokes that leave him with impaired mental abilities, emotional lability, and short-term memory loss. He becomes repeatedly confused, believing himself to be back in the army or in the midst of prohibition; he mistakes his daughter Betty for his wife and fondles her", ". He also becomes more openly critical of Don, berating him in front of others and accusing him of not appreciating Betty; Don later tells Betty that he and Gene had a kind of mutual hatred for each other. His declining health eventually leads to Gloria leaving him in early 1963, leading him to move in with the Drapers at Don's instigation in the Season 3 episode \"Love Among the Ruins\"", ". He becomes especially close with his granddaughter, Sally Draper, before dying in June 1963 in the Season 3 episode \"The Arrangements\", shortly before his youngest grandchild is born. Betty names her new son \"Eugene\" in honor of her late father.", "William and Judy Hofstadt", "William Hofstadt (Eric Ladin) is Betty Draper's younger brother. He and his wife Judy (Megan Henning) have three daughters. William and Betty disagree over the disposition of their father's house, since Betty does not want William to live there nor inherit the house, as well as arguing over how their father will be cared for as his health deteriorates. Although William is shown to be jealous of his father favoring Betty as a child, Judy seems to be a warm and kind caregiver for Gene", ". Don and Betty share a dislike of William and Judy for their selfishness and inability to control their unruly children.", "In the series finale, despite Betty's strained relationship with William and Judy, she feels they should raise Bobby and Gene after she dies from lung cancer. While Don initially insists on retaking custody of his sons, and Sally believes that Henry is capable of raising the two boys alone, Betty opines that William and Judy look after them, as this will ensure the presence of a mother figure in their lives.", "Hollis", "Hollis (La Monde Byrd) is the black elevator operator in the Sterling Cooper building on Madison Avenue. He occasionally interacts with the Sterling Cooper staff. During the Season 1 episode \"Red in the Face\", Don pays Hollis to pretend the elevator is out of service in order to force Roger to climb the 23 flights of stairs to the office after an excessive lunch of oysters and martinis", ". Roger, having made the stairs, then meets the representatives of Richard Nixon's 1960 Presidential campaign in reception but vomits up his lunch on the floor due to the strain. He realizes that Don has exacted his revenge for making a pass at Betty, with Hollis's assistance.", "His skin color becomes important on a number of occasions. In the Season 3 episode \"The Fog\", Pete tries to engage him in conversation about the product preferences of black people (for television brands), which Hollis is either uninterested in or sees as inappropriate. Pete however continues to push him by stopping the elevator and forcing Hollis to talk about the subject, knowing that Admiral television sets seem to sell well in \"Negro markets\"", ". Hollis, while initially intimidated, is quick to respond to the issue of race, stating that, \"We have bigger things to think about than TV\". Pete is remorseful, but Hollis remains hardened.", "Paul, too, addresses Hollis in an uncharacteristically familiar fashion, ostentatiously introducing Hollis to Paul's black girlfriend, Sheila, and telling Hollis to call him \"Paul\" instead of \"Mr. Kinsey\" in the Season 2 episode \"The Inheritance\"", ". Kinsey\" in the Season 2 episode \"The Inheritance\". On the day that Marilyn Monroe's death is announced in the Season 2 episode \"Six Month Leave\", Hollis expresses sympathy for her ex-husband Joe DiMaggio, in contrast to many of Sterling Cooper's female characters who mourn Marilyn's loss, and male characters (such as Roger), who appear emotionally unaffected.", "Gail Holloway", "Gail Holloway (Christine Estabrook) is Joan's mother, who comes to stay with Joan after Joan's son Kevin is born. She first appears in the Season 5 premiere \"A Little Kiss\" and remains as a recurring character through much of the season; she again appears in numerous Season 6 episodes, beginning with \"To Have and to Hold\", as well as the Season 7 episode \"The Strategy\". Gail is supportive of Joan, but their relationship is somewhat tense", ". Gail is supportive of Joan, but their relationship is somewhat tense. She does not understand why Joan would want to return to work, thinking she should instead be content to be a full-time wife and mother, and she makes several disparaging comments to that effect. Joan, in turn, makes several references suggesting that Gail may have a drinking problem", ". Joan, in turn, makes several references suggesting that Gail may have a drinking problem. Gail strikes up a flirtation with the apartment building's handyman, Apollo, of which Joan disapproves, until Apollo's wife forbids him to go to their apartment. Gail remains with Joan after Joan throws Greg out, but continues to be condescending about her daughter's job and failed marriage. She also frequently manipulates Joan's dependency on her to get her own way", ". She also frequently manipulates Joan's dependency on her to get her own way. In the Season 6 episode \"To Have and to Hold\", Gail surprises her daughter when she tells Joan's childhood friend Kate she is proud of her daughter having become a partner at a Madison Avenue firm. In \"Man with a Plan\", Gail advises Joan to accept Bob Benson's friendship (and possibly more), as not every act of kindness is a front", ". Gail remained with Joan, though mostly off-camera during the second half of Season 7, continuing to look at after Kevin while Joan worked to establish her new company, Harris & Holloway; she appeared briefly in the series finale \"Person to Person\", taking Kevin out to the park while Joan worked from home.", "John Hooker", "John Hooker (Ryan Cartwright), an Englishman, is Lane Pryce's assistant during Season 3. His title is \"secretary\", but he insists his status is higher than that of the other secretaries at Sterling Cooper, telling Joan, \"I'm Mr. Pryce's right arm; I'm not his typist.\" To this end, he asks that the switchboard operators address him as \"Mr. Hooker\" rather than \"John\". He assumes Joan's position as office manager after her departure to become a housewife", ". He assumes Joan's position as office manager after her departure to become a housewife. A variety of Sterling Cooper employees refer to John as \"Moneypenny\", much to his chagrin. His officious, self-important manner annoys nearly everyone in the office, particularly Joan and including Lane and Rebecca Pryce, who call him a \"toad\". When the primary partners abandon the company to form Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce, John is left to deal with the Putnam, Powell & Lowe executives, who are infuriated.", "Mack Johnson", "Mack Johnson (Morgan Rusler) is Dick and Adam Whitman's father figure following Archie's death, whom Don called \"Uncle Mack.\" In the aftermath of Archie's death, the Whitmans lost the family farm, and a pregnant Abigail Whitman took Dick to live with Mack and his wife, her sister. He first appears in the Season 1 episode \"Babylon\", in which Don flashes back to his brother's birth. In Season 6, it was revealed that Mack was the pimp of a brothel in Hershey, Pennsylvania", ". In Season 6, it was revealed that Mack was the pimp of a brothel in Hershey, Pennsylvania. In the Season 6 finale, Don attempts to be more honest about his life and shows his children where he grew up. While Abigail was cruel and spiteful to Dick, Mack was described as being nice to him. However, he is shown to not intervene on Dick's behalf in stopping Abigail's abusive treatment. According to Adam, Mack died shortly after Abigail's death from stomach cancer.", "Joy", "Joy (Laura Ramsey) is a young woman Don meets in California in the Season 2 episode, \"The Jet Set\", for whom he impulsively abandons Pete and his business obligations. She belongs to a group of wealthy, sexually liberal, bohemian tax exiles who live lavishly and travel from place to place but display no work ethic or means of support. Both Joy and her father seem attracted to Don", ". Both Joy and her father seem attracted to Don. One of their entourage is a \"Doctor Feelgood\" type, whom Don fends off to avoid receiving an injection of an unknown substance, after Don collapses by the pool and comes to on Joy's couch. When Don asks Joy about a book she is reading, she explains she had enrolled in a literature class while staying in Rhode Island, but \"it was not for [her]\"", ". During a late night skinny dip with Joy, Don meets her brother, who is estranged from his wife, and his children, who are roughly the same ages as Don's, and Don offers them his and Joy's bedroom. Though enticed to join the group in their travels, Don declines.", "Edna Keener", "Dr. Edna Keener (Patricia Bethune) is a child psychiatrist whom Betty takes Sally to see when her behavior at home becomes too much for Betty to handle. Betty also has short sessions with Dr. Edna, ostensibly to discuss Sally, though Betty uses them to discuss her own psychiatric issues. After making progress with Sally, Dr. Edna recommends reducing Sally's number of sessions per week, to which Betty objects. Dr", ". Edna recommends reducing Sally's number of sessions per week, to which Betty objects. Dr. Edna suggests that Betty seek some psychiatric help with an adult psychiatrist, but Betty elliptically convinces Dr. Edna to continue reserving time for Betty to \"discuss Sally's progress\" with her in the Season 4 episode \"Blowing Smoke\".", "Gloria Massey \nGloria Hofstadt, née Massey (Darcy Shean), is Gene Hofstadt's second wife, whom her stepchildren Betty and William despise. Gloria tries to hide the extent of Gene's illness in Season 2. In Season 3, Gloria is not seen, but Betty's brother William discovers that Gloria, unable to deal with Gene's deteriorating condition and overall difficult demeanor, has left him and moved to Boca Raton.", "John Mathis", "John \"Johnny\" Mathis (Trevor Einhorn) is a copywriter at Sterling, Cooper & Partners, appearing in Seasons 6 and 7. Defensive about his work, he endangers an account with Peter Pan by interrupting a meeting. Late in Season 7, he goes to Don for help in putting together a difficult pitch, but when he tries to copy Don's off-the-cuff style and it goes disastrously wrong, he furiously blames Don for his failure and snarls that Don only gets by on looks, and makes an ugly reference to Lee Garner Jr", ". being sexually attracted to Don. In response, Don tells Mathis to own his failures and garbage-mouth and then fires him, leading a defiant Mathis to sneer that he was right about not apologizing to Don.", "Guy MacKendrick", "Guy MacKendrick (Jamie Thomas King) is a confident, handsome, charismatic accounts executive of London-based advertising firm Putnam, Powell, and Lowe. A Cambridge University and London School of Economics graduate, he was brought in by PPL to take over the Sterling Cooper Advertising Agency. St. John Powell and Harold Ford expressed much enthusiasm for him", ". St. John Powell and Harold Ford expressed much enthusiasm for him. During the office party held in the Season 3 episode \"Guy Walks Into an Advertising Agency\", Lois Sadler accidentally runs over MacKendrick's foot with a John Deere riding lawnmower. Joan Holloway saves his life by quickly placing a tourniquet on his leg; however he ultimately loses his foot. Because of this disfigurement, Powell and Ford decide that MacKendrick has no future with the firm and is fired.", "Carol McCardy\nCarol McCardy (Kate Norby) works at a literary agency and is Joan Holloway's roommate in Season 1. One night, she musters the courage to confess to Joan that she has loved her since they met the first week in college, but Joan pretends to ignore her romantic advances in favor of not spoiling their friendship. She has moved out by the beginning of the Season 2 and is not referred to again.", "Daisy McClusky", "Daisy McClusky\nDaisy McClusky (Danielle Panabaker) is a stewardess for Northwest Airlines. She has recurring sexual relationship with Roger Sterling in Season 6 and notifies him when potential clients are on her flights, even detaining those clients until Roger arrives. Daisy's assistance has its limits, however, as she will not do anything that actually harms business, such as bump SCDP's rivals from her flights altogether. However, she does arrange for the luggage of rival admen to be temporarily \"lost\".", "Meredith", "Meredith (Stephanie Drake) is a secretary who first appears as SCDP's receptionist during Season 5. Her infantile mannerisms and scatterbrained demeanor annoy Joan, and the two eventually have an altercation in the Season 5 episode \"The Christmas Waltz\", after Meredith allows a process server into the office to serve Joan with divorce papers", ". She remains at SCDP, however, and briefly becomes Lou Avery's secretary after he complains about Dawn's continued loyalty to Don who was on involuntary leave from the agency. She becomes Don's secretary when he returns, and then when Don vanishes, she becomes one of two secretaries for Roger and moves with him to McCann-Erickson. She is let go by Roger in the series finale, as Don had not returned to work and two secretaries for Roger was unnecessary", ". She is optimistic even as she is let go as she claims \"there are better places than (McCann-Erickson).\"", "Faye Miller", "Dr. Faye Miller (Cara Buono) is a psychologist and consultant who provides market research for Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce. She meets Don the day of the 1964 office Christmas party in the Season 4 episode \"Christmas Comes But Once a Year\", and seems to immediately have multiple insights into Don's true character. She is a tough and independent \"modern woman\" whom Peggy admires. Although she wears a wedding ring, she admits to Don this is merely a ruse to ward off unwanted advances", ". She later shares that her father, \"a handsome, two-bit gangster like [Don]\", owns a candy store and has friends and \"obligations\" connected to the mob. Don, after initially denigrating her approach to advertising and overhearing her lambaste an estranged lover on the phone, during which she reveals she does not cook and does not want to clean up after him, takes an interest in her. Eventually, the two embark on a secret romantic relationship, during which time Don expresses admiration for her work", ". When Sally stows away on a train and a stranger brings her to Don's office, Faye reveals her discomfort with children and, although Sally liked her, her fear that she'd failed some test as a result. Don later confides to Faye about his past as Dick Whitman and his fears the security clearance investigation Pete's defense industry client has ordered will expose him and lead to his arrest, to which Faye advises him to face the problem and come clean", ". Faye severs ties with SCDP after Don submits a full-page ad to The New York Times saying SCDP will no longer work with tobacco companies, as her firm continues to do so", ". He also convinces her to put her ethics aside and breach the \"Chinese wall\" to use her connections to try to get his struggling firm meetings with clients; her partner secures a meeting with a tobacco company, which falls through, and she secures a meeting with Heinz Beans, for whose advertising campaign Megan Calvet Draper and Peggy Olson ultimately win a Clio Award", ". While in a relationship with Faye, he begins a relationship with Megan, then impulsively becomes engaged to her, leading to him breaking off his relationship with Faye, who is older, more worldly, and more accomplished professionally but lacks Megan's rapport with Don's children and whose insights into Don's character Don finds unsettling. Faye is extremely upset by the news and tells Don he \"only like[s] the beginnings of things\".", "Katherine Olson", "Katherine Olson (Myra Turley) is Peggy and Anita's mother. Peggy's relationship with her mother is strained, as Katherine does not understand Peggy's focus on her career rather than on finding a husband and has not forgiven her daughter for having a child out of wedlock. Old-fashioned and harsh, she disapproves of Peggy's decisions to move to Manhattan and later, to live with Abe", ". Not so much because of their religious differences, rather her nihilistic view that Abe's relationship with Peggy is merely practice for the real family he will someday have with someone else. She harshly tells her daughter that loneliness is no excuse for shacking up and to simply buy a series of cats for companionship until she dies. A devout Catholic, Katherine is vocally critical of Father Gill's style of preaching and informal grace at dinner during the Season 2 episode \"Three Sundays\".", "Burt Peterson", "Burt Peterson (Michael Gaston) is Head of Accounts at Sterling Cooper until 1963, when Roger Sterling fires him in the Season 3 premier \"Out of Town\" at Lane Pryce's instigation. Peterson reacts very negatively as he had recently been struggling with his wife's cancer treatments, which had caused PPL to delay firing him and lulling him into a false sense of security since he had survived the various waves of firings", ". He bursts out in an angry tantrum after his firing, sweeping the items on people's desks onto the floor, breaking them, and then throwing things around his own office, to the sounds of many crashes. At some point later, he becomes employed by CGC and mentions to Peggy that he's a widower. When SCDP and CGC merge, he is again fired by Roger in the Season 6 episode \"Man With a Plan\". Roger takes great pleasure in firing Burt again, due to the bridge-burning way Burt behaved the last time he was fired", ". Duck Phillips later tells Pete Campbell that he used his new job as a headhunter to find Burt a Senior Vice President position at the high-powered McCann Erickson advertising agency.", "Duck Phillips", "Herman \"Duck\" Phillips (Mark Moses) was director of account services for a time at Sterling Cooper. In the Season 1 episode \"Indian Summer\", when Don Draper is made partner in the wake of Roger Sterling's heart attack, Bert Cooper gives Draper the authority to appoint a new head of account services. At the end of the Season 1, Draper brings in Phillips, who is looking for a job after alcoholism and an extramarital affair ended his career at Y&R's London office", ". Phillips appears to be a recovering alcoholic whose ex-wife and children are moving on with their lives. Phillips immediately challenges Sterling Cooper to broaden their clientele, seeking to attract airlines, automobile manufacturers, and pharmaceuticals.", "At the beginning of Season 2, Phillips pushes the agency to hire younger creative talent, a move Draper resists. He also pushes Cooper to pursue American Airlines in the wake of that airline's very public Flight 1 plane crash, forcing Draper to break his word and abandon a client to pursue the larger American Airlines", ". This event is symbolic of the subsequent relationship between the two; despite that he risked Pete Campbell's revealing his true identity to get Duck hired, Don clashes with Duck throughout the season, as Don's belief in loyalty to clients and employees is at odds with Duck's pragmatic and utilitarian approach to business", ". He also continues to struggle to stay sober, going so far as to abandon his family's dog, which his children have left with him after informing him that their mother is remarrying and their new step-father does not want a dog, to avoid painful memories. At the end of Season 2, frustrated with his failure to make partner, Phillips goes to some of his former London colleagues to arrange a merger of Sterling Cooper with the British firm Putnam, Powell & Lowe, which wants to establish a New York office", ". The merger is successful but one of the PP&L executives, St. John Powell, goads Duck into drinking alcohol, which breaks his sobriety. Phillips is named president of Sterling Cooper but he badly miscalculates his triumph because he does not realize that Don does not have a contract, leading Don to walk out when Duck's new demands as president are too odious to Don. Duck then embarrasses himself in a drunken rant against Don, securing his own dismissal.", "During Season 3, it is revealed Duck, apparently sober once more, is now working at Grey, another New York agency. He fails to poach Pete and Peggy from Sterling Cooper, which leads to a sexual relationship with Peggy. They are in bed together when they learn of John F. Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963.", "Duck surfaces in the Season 4 episode \"Waldorf Stories\" at the Clio Awards, where he drunkenly heckles the man giving the introductory speech, prompting security to remove him. Sterling jokes: \"I miss working with that guy\". During \"The Suitcase\", Duck fails to branch out on his own after being fired from Grey, attempting to create his own female consumer products-based ad agency. He tries to hire Peggy as Creative Director, sending her business cards with her name and title on them", ". It becomes clear that he is desperate and needs Peggy; she refuses to go along with it. During a late night at SCDP, Peggy catches a drunken Duck spitefully trying to defecate on Roger Sterling's elegant white Poul Volther Corona chair, mistaking it for Don's. While Peggy is walking Duck out, a drunk Don catches him in the office. Don confronts him and he and Duck get into a brief and comical brawl, which Duck wins", ". Don confronts him and he and Duck get into a brief and comical brawl, which Duck wins. Duck states he is a former United States Marine officer and served in the Pacific Theater during the war, claiming to have killed \"17 men\" during the Battle of Okinawa. Peggy escorts Duck out, later telling Don she turned to Duck because she was having a \"confusing time\".", "In Season 6, a sober Duck reappears as an independent headhunter for advertising positions and Harry Crane recommends to Pete that he meet with him. Duck explains to Pete that the merger between SCDP and CGC has left confusion in the management structure, has left Pete's role unclear and it is difficult for Duck to find prominent positions for Pete in New York", ". He tells Pete how he turned his life around by concentrating on his family life, so that he had something to give himself pride when he hit rock bottom. He advises Pete to concentrate on managing his own family life to help manage his professional career, and that if he does better for himself at the newly merged company, Duck can find better positions for him in New York.", "Pete later asks for Duck's help in getting rid of Bob Benson, hiring Duck to find Bob a position at another agency. Duck asks Pete if the agency is in need of another account man but Pete makes it clear that Duck's previous antagonism with Don will prevent the firm from hiring him. Duck eventually discovers that \"Bob Benson\" is an alias, and that the man's entire identity is fabricated, with the only prior job on record under Bob's name being that of a manservant to an executive at another agency", ". Pete had not realized this because no one at SCDP had ever bothered to check any of Bob's references.", "In the Season 6 finale, Duck Phillips is seen entering SC&P with Lou Avery, Don's eventual replacement as Creative Director, just after Don is told to take a few months' leave. Duck and Lou run into Don as Don is on his way out of the building. Despite their antagonistic history, Duck apologizes to Don for arriving before Don has left. Duck returns in the penultimate episode of Season 7 \"The Milk and Honey Route\" to recruit Pete to Learjet", ". He is depicted as a determined, if slightly desperate, headhunter who is drinking again.", "Phoebe", "Phoebe (Nora Zehetner) is a nurse who lives down the hall from Don Draper's Greenwich Village apartment. She invites Don to her Christmas party and, later, when she finds him unsteadily trying to unlock his apartment door, she helps him to bed and fends off a pass from him. She confides that her father was also an alcoholic. Don hires her to watch Sally and Bobby one evening, when he is out with Bethany Van Nuys", ". Don hires her to watch Sally and Bobby one evening, when he is out with Bethany Van Nuys. Unfortunately, Sally cuts her own hair while on Phoebe's watch, angering Don, who has to deal with the aftermath from Betty.", "St. John Powell", "St. John Powell (Charles Shaughnessy) is the managing director of London advertising firm Putnam, Powell, and Lowe (PPL). In Season 2, Duck Phillips meets with Powell and Alec Martin, first to ask for a job and when he is rejected, to propose that PPL buy out Sterling Cooper. At that meeting, Powell goads Duck into drinking alcohol, breaking Duck's sobriety. Powell eventually makes an offer that is accepted", ". Powell eventually makes an offer that is accepted. At the end of Season 2, Powell and Martin witness Duck's drunken rant against Don, which results in Duck being pushed out of Sterling Cooper. Powell is the architect of PPL's sale to McCann Erickson, keeping the information from Lane Pryce and the rest of the Sterling Cooper staff. Pryce fires Roger, Bertram Cooper and Don to void the non-compete clauses in their contracts, allow them to start their own agency and bring Pryce along as a fourth partner", ". A furious Powell fires Pryce for \"lack of character\" in the Season 3 finale \"Shut the Door. Have a Seat.\", playing into Pryce's hands.", "Rebecca Pryce", "Rebecca Pryce (Embeth Davidtz) is Lane Pryce's wife of 18 years. Born to an upperclass British family, she's stylish and polite, though a bit snobbish and self-involved. She follows Lane to New York in Season 3 but suffers the strain of culture shock, and by Season 4 she returns to London, with their son, Nigel, in tow. After a brief separation, and Lane's infidelity with a Black Playboy Bunny, they apparently smooth over their problems and Rebecca moves back to New York to reconcile", ". She is stunned by his suicide and combines her genuine grief over losing him and the general contempt she viewed him with when she angrily tells an apologetic Don that SCDP is at fault because they filled \"a man like that with ambition\"", ". She also astutely realizes the US$50,000 check Don gives her, reimbursing Lane's partnership fee, is worth less than Lane's contributions to the firm, although she's not aware that SCDP actually got over $200,000 from insurance that covered them in case any of the partners died, about which Don does not inform her.", "Robert Pryce \nRobert Pryce (W. Morgan Sheppard) is Lane Pryce's stern father. Originally from a middle class British background, he is a retired surgical equipment supplier. He has a complicated love/hate relationship with his son, whom he dominates, sometimes by violence to make him \"take action and sort his problems\" to \"put his house in order\". Lane once described him to Don as \"one of those alcoholics that thinks he's collecting\".", "Joyce Ramsay", "Joyce Ramsay (Zosia Mamet) works as an assistant photo editor at Life magazine in the Time-Life Building, where Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce is located. Peggy meets her in the elevator in the Season 4 episode \"The Rejected\" and the two quickly become friends; Joyce introduces Peggy to the counter-culture scene of the early 1960s. Joyce is a lesbian and hangs out with a bohemian crowd, introducing Peggy to her eventual boyfriend Abe Drexler at a loft party in a sweatshop", ". She later engineers a meeting between Abe and Peggy; although the meeting ends badly, Peggy remains friends with Joyce. That summer, Joyce reunites Abe and Peggy by giving both a ride home from the beach in Joyce's crowded car.", "Anita Olson Respola and Gerry Respola", "Anita Olson Respola (Audrey Wasilewski) is Peggy's older sister. She is married to Gerry Respola (Jerry O'Donnell), who has a bad back, and has three young children. The youngest baby was born soon after Peggy's illegitimate child with Pete Campbell. Anita is sometimes judgmental and harsh, like her mother, and shares Katherine's anger about Peggy's pregnancy, although she is supportive of Peggy when Katherine reacts badly to news of Peggy's move to Manhattan", ". Anita reveals Peggy's secret to Father Gill while taking confession, out of anger at her sister's ability to move on.", "Arnold Rosen", "Dr. Arnold \"Arnie\" Rosen (Brian Markinson) is Sylvia's husband and Mitchell's father. He is a cardiac surgeon who lives in Don and Megan's building. Affable and conscientious, he and Don establish a relatively close friendship. When Arnie is trapped in Washington, DC during the riots following the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., a visibly distressed Don, who is having an affair with Arnie's wife Sylvia, tries to reach him several times", ". Arnold quits his job in New York when his hospital nixes plans for him to perform the first heart transplant in the United States. He is also a staunch patriot, having served in the army in Korea during the Korean War, but acknowledges America's shaky status in the world during the late '60s. He references the Tet Offensive in Vietnam and the capture of the by North Korea as the result of America not taking its enemies seriously, and cites Fidel Castro as the original example", ". He is a quietly heroic man, departing in the middle of the night on cross-country skis during a blizzard on New Year's Eve to get to his hospital to perform emergency surgery, and casually saving the life of their building's doorman after he has a heart attack. At the same time, his wife Sylvia feels he takes her for granted.", "Mitchell Rosen\nMitchell Rosen (Hudson Thames) is Arnold and Sylvia's son. He attends college in Michigan and is studying overseas in Paris during the 1968 student riots. When he rips up and sends back his draft card, he seems certain to be drafted, but Don arranges with Ted to get Mitchell into the New York Air National Guard to avoid him being sent to Vietnam.", "Sylvia Rosen", "Sylvia Rosen (Linda Cardellini) is Arnie's wife, Mitchell's doting mother, and Don's mistress for much of Season 6. She is Italian, a plumber's daughter, and a housewife who, unlike Megan, affects visible displays of her Catholicism (wearing a Catholic crucifix and displaying Catholic icons in her bedroom), although her husband is implied to be Jewish. Sylvia is strong-willed, unhappy, and intelligent, and like Don, expresses interest in ending their liaison eventually", ". She is also friendly with Megan; this relationship significantly contributes to her ending her affair with Don, after she dreams that he died in a plane crash and she had to comfort Megan at the funeral. Don is heartbroken after Sylvia breaks it off, but she reminds him that he was happy with Megan once and can be so again. Nevertheless, Don becomes obsessed with Sylvia and of thinking of ways to get her back", ". Nevertheless, Don becomes obsessed with Sylvia and of thinking of ways to get her back. In the Season 6 episode \"The Crash\", while all of SCDP has been injected with a stimulant so they can work through the night to come up with work for Chevy, Don works feverishly too, but it turns out he's focused only on thinking of an inspiration to get Sylvia back, not with inspiration for Chevy", ". Elements of Sylvia's physical appearance, such as her brunette hair and a facial mole, and her wearing a headwrap and kimono remind Don of his stepmother Abigail and of the maternal prostitute, Aimée Swenson, who forcibly initiated his first sexual act when he was a young teen.", "When Don arranges with Ted to get Mitchell into the National Guard to avoid going to Vietnam, Sylvia is overcome by the favor and falls back into bed with Don, but Don's adolescent daughter Sally walks in on them. Sylvia reacts vehemently with guilt as Don runs after Sally. She is last seen with her husband in Season 7, having reconciled with Arnie and ended her relationship with Don.", "Freddy Rumsen", "Frederick \"Freddy\" C. Rumsen (Joel Murray) is a copywriter at Sterling Cooper. He is older than the other copywriters; his eldest daughter turns 30 in Season 2, and he served in World War II. He is the first to recognize Peggy Olson's potential as a copywriter in \"Babylon\" and recommends her to work on an ad campaign for Belle Jolie, which leads to her being promoted to junior copywriter", ". He is generally well-liked and lighthearted but he is an alcoholic who drinks unusually heavily at work, even by Sterling Cooper standards. This ends up costing him his job in the Season 2 episode \"Six Month Leave\" when, after having too much to drink, he wets his pants and falls asleep shortly before he is supposed to deliver a pitch to Samsonite. Peggy delivers the pitch instead, and Pete reports the episode to Duck Phillips, who proceeds to report this to Sterling", ". Rumsen is fired, to Peggy's anger as she feels loyal to Freddy, despite the fact that his departure secured her promotion to senior copywriter. Don and Roger take Freddy out for a night on the town to ease the sting of his departure from the agency. They also tell him he is being sent on \"six months' leave,\" though they really mean that he is fired.", "In the Season 4 episode \"Christmas Comes But Once a Year\", a 16-months sober Freddy returns to work for SCDP on a freelance basis. He has left J. Walter Thompson and brings with him Pond's Cold Cream, a $2 million account that he has secured thanks to a fellow AA member being in charge of the account. His only condition for coming back is that Pete not be allowed near the account", ". His only condition for coming back is that Pete not be allowed near the account. Freddy's newfound sobriety and his status as a sponsor in Alcoholics Anonymous puts him at odds with his coworkers' penchant for heavy drinking. He also clashes with Peggy over his old-fashioned ideals and strategies for marketing to women. Peggy harshly confronts him about how he needs to adapt to the times but the two make amends.", "In Season 5, Freddy, recognizing that Peggy cannot rise any further within the company, discreetly begins making job inquiries for her, as his freelance work allows him to interact with many of the advertising agencies on Madison Avenue. This leads Peggy to meet with Ted Chaough. In Season 7, Freddy is still freelancing for Sterling Cooper & Partners (SC&P), and serving as a conduit for Don's ideas, while Don is under suspension from the firm", ". In \"The Monolith,\" Freddy smuggles a drunk Don out of the office before anyone notices that Don is violating the rules of his return. Freddy lectures Don about putting his job at risk and asks if he wants to end up as a permanent freelancer like Freddy. He tells Don to earn his way back into SC&P's good graces, telling him, \"Do the work, Don\".", "Lois Sadler", "Lois Sadler (Crista Flanagan) is a switchboard operator in Season 1 who has a crush on Sal Romano based on his phone conversations and voice. In Season 2, she becomes Don's secretary after Peggy is promoted to copywriter, but she is depicted as being incompetent. Don demotes her back to the switchboard in \"The Benefactor\" (S02E03), after she fails to cover for him when he is out of the office", ". In \"Meditations in an Emergency\" (S02E13), she agrees to give Harry, Paul, and Ken information about the upcoming merger with PPL that she has overheard in telephone conversations in exchange for being promoted to secretary again. In Season 3, she becomes Paul's secretary", ". In Season 3, she becomes Paul's secretary. In the episode \"Guy Walks Into an Advertising Agency\" (S03E06), she accidentally runs over the foot of Guy MacKendrick, a British executive who was poised to replace Lane as the head of Sterling Cooper, while drunkenly riding a lawn mower during an office party. Miraculously, she is not fired after this, as she is still seen as Paul's secretary in \"The Color Blue\" (S03E10). However, she is not seen in the new SCDP offices.", "Scarlet", "Scarlet (Sadie Alexandru) is Harry Crane's secretary, first appearing in Season 5. In spite of her slightly ditsy personality she is nonetheless competent, and Harry values her loyalty to him, as well as her rather sycophantic demeanor toward him. In the Season 6 episode \"To Have and To Hold,\" she asks Dawn to commit time card fraud so Scarlet can buy a birthday present for one of the secretaries", ". Joan fires Scarlet when she discovers the fraud but Harry intervenes when a crying Scarlet passes him on her way out of the office, which causes a serious rift between Harry and Joan. A romantic relationship is hinted at between Scarlet and Harry, especially when Peggy requests a new secretary in \"A Day's Work\" and Joan replies that, \"Scarlet and Harry are practically married.\"", "Shirley", "Shirley (Sola Bamis) is the only other black employee at SC&P, aside from Dawn. As a contrast to Dawn, Shirley is more self-assured and dresses in trendy minidresses and go-go boots. Nevertheless, she and Dawn are often mistaken for one another by the employees of SC&P, leading to their own inside joke of referring to the other by their own name. Shirley is originally assigned to Peggy's desk, following her from CGC", ". Shirley is originally assigned to Peggy's desk, following her from CGC. However, in Season 7's \"A Day's Work,\" Peggy becomes embarrassed when she realizes she accidentally took Shirley's Valentine's Day bouquet and insists Shirley be reassigned to another desk. Joan initially places Shirley in reception but Bert insists Shirley be reassigned yet again because he doesn't want a black woman to be the face of SC&P. Shirley then becomes Lou Avery's secretary for the remainder of his time at SCDP", ". Shirley then becomes Lou Avery's secretary for the remainder of his time at SCDP. She later becomes Roger's second secretary, when his workload becomes too much for Caroline. In the Season 7 episode \"Lost Horizon\", she tells Roger that she has found a job as a secretary at a publishing house instead of going to McCann, and that \"some people don't feel welcome in advertising.\" She tells Roger that she always found him amusing and he wishes her luck.", "Danny Siegel", "Danny Siegel (Danny Strong) is Jane Sterling's cousin, for whom Roger Sterling arranges an interview at SCDP in the Season 4 \"Waldorf Stories\". Don and Peggy find his book laughable and decide not to hire him. However, during a pitch meeting for Life cereal, Don drunkenly uses one of Danny's ideas, which the client loves. Peggy later calls Don out on what he did and persuades him to make things right, so he offers to pay Danny for the idea", ". Unfortunately, Danny insists on having a job instead and Don reluctantly hires him.", "Danny ends up generally fitting in well with the rest of the younger staffers, though he remains somewhat clueless. Danny is one of the first people let go from SCDP after it loses the Lucky Strike account, and Don and Peggy are visibly upset when they have to fire him in the Season 4 episode \"Blowing Smoke\". However, he takes the news gracefully and thanks them for the opportunity they'd given him", ". However, he takes the news gracefully and thanks them for the opportunity they'd given him. Danny reappears at a party that Don and Roger attend in the Season 6 episode \"A Tale of Two Cities\", by which time he has become a major movie producer with a hippie persona and now prefers to be called \"Daniel J. Siegel.\" Danny seems genuinely friendly, but Roger is gleefully rude and demeaning towards him. When Roger attempts to pick up Danny's hippie date Lotus, Danny becomes fed up", ". When Roger attempts to pick up Danny's hippie date Lotus, Danny becomes fed up. He punches Roger in the testicles and walks away with Lotus, leaving Roger humiliated.", "\"Smitty\" Smith and Kurt Smith \n\"Smitty\" Smith (Patrick Cavanaugh) and Kurt Smith (Edin Gali) are a young copywriter/artist team hired by Don at the beginning of Season 2 to target the youth demographic.", "\"Smitty\" is American, and often explains the complexities of American culture to Kurt. Smitty is aware of Kurt's homosexuality and although he tries to caution Kurt from coming out at work, he defends Kurt from the rest of the staff's homophobia in \"The Jet Set.\" In \"My Old Kentucky Home,\" Smitty mentions having graduated from the University of Michigan and he eagerly joins in the smoking of marijuana to help come up with ideas for the Bacardi account.", "Kurt is German and is openly gay, which causes quite a stir in the office when he casually reveals as such in order to dispel the assumption that he and Peggy are dating. Nevertheless, he is still friendly with Peggy and arranges to take her to a Bob Dylan concert. When Peggy complains to Kurt that she always picks the wrong guys, he advises Peggy to adopt a trendier appearance and provides her with a new trademark hairstyle.", "When SCDP is formed, the partners do not ask Smitty or Kurt to come with them. Later, Smitty is seen working for rival advertising company CGC in Season 4, implying that Kurt is working there as well. At CGC, Smitty speaks glowingly of Don Draper when asked to describe him, which makes Ted Chaough envious. The two are not seen after SCDP and CGC merge.", "Jane Sterling", "Jane Sterling (née Siegel) (Peyton List) begins as a secretary at Sterling Cooper in Season 2 and is assigned to Don's desk. Her beauty causes her to quickly become a magnet for male attention and she frequently clashes with Joan, who reprimands Jane's overtly flirtatious ways. In \"The Gold Violin,\" she convinces a group of employees to sneak into Bert Cooper's office to look at his new painting", ". Joan confronts her afterwards and Jane attempts to lie, claiming that the men pressured her to join them, before snapping and telling Joan that she doesn't need a mother. Joan fires her but Jane seeks Roger on the way out and successfully manipulates him into intervening on her behalf. The two begin an affair shortly thereafter.", "He proposes to her in \"The Jet Set\"; she accepts, and by the start of Season 3, she and Roger are married. However, their marriage is tense. Jane begins drinking heavily and the two frequently argue over how much involvement Jane should have in Margaret's wedding plans. Despite this, Roger repeatedly says his new marriage makes him happy because of Jane's youth and carefree personality", ". Roger refuses to cheat on Jane, something he repeatedly did with his first wife Mona, and even turns down the advances of an old flame in \"The Gypsy and the Hobo.\" Roger does eventually cheat on Jane with Joan, and with Megan Calvet's mother Marie, seemingly unbeknownst to Jane.", "In Season 5's \"Faraway Places\", Roger and Jane take LSD together, mutually realize their marriage has failed, and agree to divorce. Roger later recruits Jane in the episode \"Dark Shadows\" to pretend to still be his wife for a client dinner with Manischewitz as he thinks her Jewish background will help win the account. She agrees on the condition that he buy her a new apartment, but Roger becomes jealous when the client's son flirts with Jane", ". He then seduces Jane in her new apartment, and afterwards Jane is upset because their sexual encounter has ruined her fresh start.", "Jane is last seen in the Season 6 premiere, when she attends Roger's mother's memorial service and offers to return the family heirloom ring he gave her. However, Roger tells her to keep it and the two seem to be on better terms.", "Margaret Sterling Hargrove", "Margaret Sterling (Elizabeth Rice) is Roger and Mona Sterling's only child. Roger thinks of her as spoiled and immature, complaining to Joan that she has no motivation to do anything with her life. In Season 2, she becomes engaged to Brooks Hargrove. Margaret is hostile to Roger and Jane after their marriage and attempts to have Jane disinvited her wedding. When John F. Kennedy is assassinated the day before her wedding, Margaret is distraught that the event has effectively ruined her wedding", ". Roger and Mona convince her to proceed with the ceremony. In the Season 6 premiere, she is disappointed that her grandmother has not left her any money and tries to convince Roger to invest in Brooks' refrigerator car technology venture, much to his annoyance.", "In Season 6's \"The Flood,\" she is shown to have a toddler-aged son, Ellery. After Ellery gets nightmares from seeing Planet of the Apes with Roger, Margaret berates Roger for his poor judgement and tells him that he is not allowed to see his grandson without Mona present.", "In Season 7's \"Time Zones\", Margaret invites Roger to brunch at the Plaza to tell him that she forgives him, much to his confusion. Later, in \"The Monolith,\" Mona and Brooks inform Roger that Margaret has abandoned her family to join a commune in upstate New York, taking the name Marigold. Roger and Mona try to persuade her to return for Ellery's sake, but she insists her son cannot be happy if she is unhappy", ". Although Mona gives up and leaves, Roger stays for the night to understand Margaret's point of view. He becomes disgusted when he realizes that Margaret is a participant in the free-love lifestyle, and attempts to force her off of the farm, reminding her that she is a mother and can't abandon her responsibilities. Margaret berates him for being an absent father during her own childhood and declares that she is similarly entitled to behave selfishly and that Ellery will be fine", ". In the series finale, Roger tells Joan that Margaret is \"lost\" and he has cut her out of his will.", "Mona Sterling Pike", "Mona Sterling Pike (Talia Balsam) is Roger Sterling's first wife and the mother of his daughter, Margaret. During their marriage, it is not clear whether Mona is aware of Roger's multiple infidelities. In Season 1, Mona cares for Roger as he recovers from his heart attack and when he suffers a second heart attack in a client meeting, she berates Bert Cooper for prioritizing a client over Roger's health. Despite her devotion to Roger, he later leaves her for Jane Siegel", ". Despite her devotion to Roger, he later leaves her for Jane Siegel. In \"Six Month Leave,\" she goes to the Sterling Cooper offices and angrily blames Don for encouraging Roger to divorce her. Roger and Mona seem to be on good terms in Season 3 after their divorce as they try to help Margaret's anxieties over her wedding; Mona even advocates for Margaret to accept Jane as a step-mother. In Season 5, Mona helps Roger get a meeting with Ed Baxter from Corning Inc", ". In Season 5, Mona helps Roger get a meeting with Ed Baxter from Corning Inc., noting that he still supports Mona and their daughter. In the Season 6 premiere The Doorway, Roger gets angry when he sees Mona's new husband, Bruce Pike, at Roger's mother's memorial service but the two reconcile in Season 7s \"The Monolith\", when they to try to bring Margaret home after she had run off to become a hippie. Mona quickly gives up while Roger stays the night and attempts to understand Margaret", ". Mona quickly gives up while Roger stays the night and attempts to understand Margaret. Mona is last seen watching the 1969 Moon landing with Roger and their grandson Ellery.", "Bethany Van Nuys", "Bethany Van Nuys (Anna Camp) is a friend of Jane Sterling's who resembles Betty Draper. On their first date in the Season 4 premiere, she explains that she is an actress and is working as a supernumerary at the Metropolitan Opera. Don dates her periodically throughout Season 4 but Bethany notes that he doesn't seem particularly interested in her. In \"The Summer Man\", they run into Betty at a restaurant and Bethany seems pleased with Betty's jealousy", ". Later, Bethany performs oral sex on Don in the taxi ride back to her apartment and promises, \"To be continued.\" In his journal, Don writes that he believes that was a rehearsed line. Of Bethany, he writes: \"She's a sweet girl, and she wants me to know her, but I already do. People tell you who they are but we ignore it, because we want them to be who we want them to be.\" He stops seeing her in favor of Dr. Faye Miller", ".\" He stops seeing her in favor of Dr. Faye Miller. At the end of Season 4, Bethany is mentioned again when Don tells Betty he is getting remarried; Betty assumes his new fiancée is Bethany.", "Tom and Jeannie Vogel", "Thomas and Jeannie Vogel (Joe O'Connor and Sheila Shaw) are Trudy Campbell's parents. Tom is an executive at Vicks Chemical, who uses his status as an important client with Sterling Cooper to wield influence over Trudy's marriage to Pete Campbell. In Season 1, he helps Pete and Trudy buy an apartment, much to Pete's chagrin. Tom also offers to give Sterling Cooper the Clearasil account if Pete agrees to have a baby soon", ". Tom also offers to give Sterling Cooper the Clearasil account if Pete agrees to have a baby soon. In Season 2, after Trudy and Pete learn that they have fertility problems, Tom pressures Pete to agree to adopt a child. When Pete refuses, Tom cancels the Clearasil account. At the end of Season 3, Pete gets the account back with Trudy's help", ". At the end of Season 3, Pete gets the account back with Trudy's help. In Season 4, the agency drops Clearasil because of a conflict with Pond's Cold Cream, but Pete is able to manipulate Tom into giving him several larger accounts from Tom's company. In Season 6, after Tom and Pete unexpectedly meet in a brothel, Tom pulls his company's accounts in hypocritical disgust at Pete's infidelity to Trudy. In season 7, it is revealed that Tom has suffered a heart attack.", "Arnold Wayne \nDr. Arnold Wayne (Andy Umberger) is Betty's psychiatrist during the first season, who she began seeing because of her problem with her hands going numb unexpectedly in the wake of her mother's death. While she is seeing him, Dr. Wayne is secretly in contact with Don to discuss her sessions, which Betty finds out about in the Season 1 finale. She uses that to her advantage by confiding in Dr. Wayne her anger at Don's infidelity, knowing that the doctor will report the session to Don.", "Abigail Whitman\nAbigail Whitman is the stepmother of Dick Whitman and the mother of Adam Whitman. She was married to Archie Whitman and had recently miscarried when a midwife gave her Dick, the child of Archie and the prostitute Evangeline, to raise. However, Abigail resented Dick and regularly referred to him as a \"whore's son.\" Don greatly hated Abigail in return; in Season 1's \"5G\", when Adam tells Don that Abigail has died, Don's response is, \"Good.\"", "After Archie died, Abigail lost the family farm during the Great Depression and she, pregnant with Adam, traveled with Dick to stay with her sister and her sister's husband, \"Uncle Mack\" in Pennsylvania. Uncle Mack ran a whorehouse and Abigail had to make herself sexually available to him. Abigail disliked staying at the whorehouse and told Dick to keep away from the women", ". Abigail disliked staying at the whorehouse and told Dick to keep away from the women. In Season 6's \"The Crash,\" Don recalls being sick as a teenager and Abigail claiming he had tuberculosis and ordering him to the basement. When Aimée takes pity on Don, she notes that Abigail doesn't know how to take care of anybody. When Aimée is evicted and she reveals that she had taken Dick's virginity, Abigail beats Dick severely with a wooden spoon while berating him, calling him filthy.", "Adam Whitman", "Adam Whitman (Jay Paulson) is Dick Whitman's half-brother, the son of Abigail and Archie Whitman. In the Season 1's \"5G\", an adult Adam tracks Don down after seeing his picture in Advertising Age. He is a janitor working in New York City and is overjoyed to find Don alive. Initially unwilling to associate with Adam, Don agrees to meet him for lunch where Adam updates Don on their family and tries to learn more about Don's life", ". Don later visits Adam at his single room occupancy rooming house to give Adam $5,000 and to tell him to never contact Don again. Adam is devastated. Later, Adam mails a package to Don that contains old family photos and soon afterward, hangs himself. The box of photos later causes Don trouble when it is found by Pete Campbell, who attempts to use the photos to blackmail Don about his true identity", ". Don then attempts to reach Adam and finds out about Adam's death and that Adam spent none of the money given to him by Don. Don then feels guilty about the way he treated Adam.", "In Season 2's \"Nixon vs. Kennedy,\" a flashback reveals that as a boy, Adam saw Don on the train that brought back the body of \"Dick Whitman\" (actually that of the real Don Draper's). He attempts to tell his mother and Uncle Mack but they think Adam is imagining things", ". He attempts to tell his mother and Uncle Mack but they think Adam is imagining things. In Season 5's \"The Phantom\", Don sees an employee around the office building who looks like Adam and when he finally goes into for a dental procedure involving anesthesia, he hallucinates Adam standing over him, his neck bruised from his hanging, stating, \"It's not your tooth that's rotten.\" When Don asks Adam not to leave him, Adam smiles and tells him he will be \"hanging around.\"", "Archie Whitman", "Archibald \"Archie\" Whitman (Joseph Culp) was a farmer in rural Illinois and the father of Dick and Adam Whitman. He impregnated Evangeline, a prostitute, who died while giving birth to Dick. The midwife then brought the newborn Dick to Archie and his wife, Abigail, since she knew Abigail had recently miscarried", ". Archie is depicted as a mean-spirited alcoholic; in Season 1's \"The Hobo Code\", Archie refuses to compensate a drifter for labor performed around the farm and in Season 2's \"Three Sundays,\" Don tells Betty that his father would \"beat the hell out of [him]\" so badly that Don would fantasize about ways to kill him. In Season 3's \"Shut the Door. Have a Seat.\" Don recalls sitting in with Archie during a farmer's meeting", ". Have a Seat.\" Don recalls sitting in with Archie during a farmer's meeting. Archie went against all of his neighbors and refused to join them in selling his crops at the same price, despite the group having previously agreed to act in unison. Later that night, a drunken Archie set out to find a buyer for his crops and was kicked in the face by his horse during a storm. He was instantly killed as a stunned Dick looked on.", "References \n\nCharacters\nMad Men" ]

[ "Peerage of England", "|Duke of Cornwall (1337)||none||1649||1688||\n|-\n|Duke of Norfolk (1483)||Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk||1660||1677||The 23rd Earl of Arundel was restored to the Dukedom\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Duke of Somerset (1547)||William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset||1660||1660||Restored; also 1st Marquess of Hertford (1641); died\n|-\n|William Seymour, 3rd Duke of Somerset||1660||1671||\n|-\n|Duke of Buckingham (1623)||George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham||1628||1687||\n|-", "|-\n|Duke of Buckingham (1623)||George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham||1628||1687||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Duke of Richmond (1641)||Esmé Stewart, 2nd Duke of Richmond||1655||1660||Died\n|-\n|Charles Stewart, 3rd Duke of Richmond||1660||1672||\n|-\n|Duke of Cumberland (1644)||Prince Rupert of the Rhine||1644||1682||\n|-\n|Duke of York (1644)||James Stuart||1644||1685||\n|-\n|Duke of Gloucester (1659)||Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester||1659||1660||Died, title extinct\n|-", "|-\n|Duke of Gloucester (1659)||Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester||1659||1660||Died, title extinct\n|-\n|Duke of Albemarle (1660)||George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle||1660||1670||New creation\n|-\n|Duke of Monmouth (1663)||James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth||1663||1685||New creation\n|-\n|Duke of Cambridge (1664)||James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge||1664||1667||New creation; died, title extinct\n|-", "|-\n|Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1665)||William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne||1665||1676||New creation for the 1st Marquess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne\n|-\n|Duke of Kendal (1666)||Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal||1666||1667||New creation; died, title extinct\n|-\n|Duke of Cambridge (1667)||Edgar Stuart, Duke of Cambridge||1667||1671||New creation\n|-\n|Marquess of Winchester (1551)||John Paulet, 5th Marquess of Winchester||1628||1675||\n|-", "|-\n|Marquess of Winchester (1551)||John Paulet, 5th Marquess of Winchester||1628||1675||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Marquess of Worcester (1642)||Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester||1646||1667||Died\n|-\n|Henry Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Worcester||1667||1700||\n|-\n|Marquess of Dorchester (1645)||Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester||1645||1680||\n|-\n|Earl of Oxford (1142)||Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford||1632||1703||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Oxford (1142)||Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford||1632||1703||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Shrewsbury (1442)||Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury||1654||1668||Died\n|-\n|Charles Talbot, 12th Earl of Shrewsbury||1668||1718||\n|-\n|Earl of Kent (1465)||Anthony Grey, 11th Earl of Kent||1651||1702||\n|-\n|Earl of Derby (1485)||Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby||1651||1672||\n|-\n|Earl of Rutland (1525)||John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland||1641||1679||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Rutland (1525)||John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland||1641||1679||\n|-\n|Earl of Huntingdon (1529)||Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon||1656||1701||\n|-\n|Earl of Southampton (1547)||Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton||1624||1667||Died, title extinct\n|-\n|Earl of Bedford (1550)||William Russell, 5th Earl of Bedford||1641||1700||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Pembroke (1551)||Philip Herbert, 5th Earl of Pembroke||1649||1669||Died\n|-\n|William Herbert, 6th Earl of Pembroke||1669||1674||\n|-", "|-\n|William Herbert, 6th Earl of Pembroke||1669||1674||\n|-\n|Earl of Devon (1553)||William Courtenay, de jure 5th Earl of Devon||1638||1702||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Northumberland (1557)||Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland||1632||1668||Died\n|-\n|Josceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland||1668||1670||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Lincoln (1572)||Theophilus Clinton, 4th Earl of Lincoln||1619||1667||Died\n|-\n|Edward Clinton, 5th Earl of Lincoln||1667||1692||\n|-", "|-\n|Edward Clinton, 5th Earl of Lincoln||1667||1692||\n|-\n|Earl of Nottingham (1596)||Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Nottingham||1642||1681||\n|-\n|Earl of Suffolk (1603)||James Howard, 3rd Earl of Suffolk||1640||1689||\n|-\n|Earl of Dorset (1604)||Richard Sackville, 5th Earl of Dorset||1657||1677||\n|-\n|Earl of Exeter (1605)||David Cecil, 3rd Earl of Exeter||1643||1678||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Salisbury (1605)||William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury||1612||1668||Died\n|-", "|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Salisbury (1605)||William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury||1612||1668||Died\n|-\n|James Cecil, 3rd Earl of Salisbury||1668||1683||\n|-\n|Earl of Bridgewater (1617)||John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater||1649||1686||\n|-\n|Earl of Northampton (1618)||James Compton, 3rd Earl of Northampton||1643||1681||\n|-\n|Earl of Leicester (1618)||Robert Sidney, 2nd Earl of Leicester||1626||1677||\n|-\n|Earl of Warwick (1618)||Charles Rich, 4th Earl of Warwick||1659||1673||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Warwick (1618)||Charles Rich, 4th Earl of Warwick||1659||1673||\n|-\n|Earl of Devonshire (1618)||William Cavendish, 3rd Earl of Devonshire||1628||1684||\n|-\n|Earl of Carlisle (1622)||James Hay, 2nd Earl of Carlisle||1636||1660||Died, title extinct\n|-\n|Earl of Denbigh (1622)||Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh||1643||1675||\n|-\n|Earl of Bristol (1622)||George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol||1653||1677||\n|-\n|Earl of Middlesex (1622)||Lionel Cranfield, 3rd Earl of Middlesex||1651||1674||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Middlesex (1622)||Lionel Cranfield, 3rd Earl of Middlesex||1651||1674||\n|-\n|Earl of Anglesey (1623)||Charles Villiers, 2nd Earl of Anglesey||1630||1661||Died, title extinct\n|-\n|Earl of Holland (1624)||Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Holland||1649||1675||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Clare (1624)||John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare||1637||1666||Died\n|-\n|Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare||1666||1689||\n|-\n|Earl of Bolingbroke (1624)||Oliver St John, 2nd Earl of Bolingbroke||1646||1688||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Bolingbroke (1624)||Oliver St John, 2nd Earl of Bolingbroke||1646||1688||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Westmorland (1624)||Mildmay Fane, 2nd Earl of Westmorland||1629||1666||Died\n|-\n|Charles Fane, 3rd Earl of Westmorland||1666||1691||\n|-\n|Earl of Cleveland (1626)||Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Cleveland||1626||1667||Died, title extinct\n|-\n|Earl of Manchester (1626)||Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester||1642||1671||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Manchester (1626)||Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester||1642||1671||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Marlborough (1626)||James Ley, 3rd Earl of Marlborough||1638||1665||Died\n|-\n|William Ley, 4th Earl of Marlborough||1665||1679||\n|-\n|Earl of Mulgrave (1626)||John Sheffield, 3rd Earl of Mulgrave||1658||1721||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Berkshire (1626)||Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Berkshire||1626||1669||Died\n|-\n|Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of Berkshire||1669||1679||\n|-", "|-\n|Charles Howard, 2nd Earl of Berkshire||1669||1679||\n|-\n|Earl of Monmouth (1626)||Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth||1639||1661||Died, title extinct\n|-\n|Earl Rivers (1626)||Thomas Savage, 3rd Earl Rivers||1654||1694||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Lindsey (1626)||Montagu Bertie, 2nd Earl of Lindsey||1642||1666||Died\n|-\n|Robert Bertie, 3rd Earl of Lindsey||1666||1701||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Dover (1628)||Henry Carey, 1st Earl of Dover||1628||1666||Died\n|-\n|John Carey, 2nd Earl of Dover||1666||1677||\n|-", "|-\n|John Carey, 2nd Earl of Dover||1666||1677||\n|-\n|Earl of Peterborough (1628)||Henry Mordaunt, 2nd Earl of Peterborough||1643||1697||\n|-\n|Earl of Stamford (1628)||Henry Grey, 1st Earl of Stamford||1628||1673||\n|-\n|Earl of Winchilsea (1628)||Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Winchilsea||1639||1689||\n|-\n|Earl of Carnarvon (1628)||Charles Dormer, 2nd Earl of Carnarvon||1643||1709||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Newport (1628)||Mountjoy Blount, 1st Earl of Newport||1628||1666||Died\n|-", "|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Newport (1628)||Mountjoy Blount, 1st Earl of Newport||1628||1666||Died\n|-\n|Mountjoy Blount, 2nd Earl of Newport||1666||1675||\n|-\n|Earl of Chesterfield (1628)||Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of Chesterfield||1656||1714||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Thanet (1628)||John Tufton, 2nd Earl of Thanet||1632||1664||Died\n|-\n|Nicholas Tufton, 3rd Earl of Thanet||1664||1679||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"3\"|Earl of Portland (1633)||Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland||1635||1663||Died\n|-", "|-\n|rowspan=\"3\"|Earl of Portland (1633)||Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland||1635||1663||Died\n|-\n|Charles Weston, 3rd Earl of Portland||1663||1665||Died\n|-\n|Thomas Weston, 4th Earl of Portland||1665||1668||\n|-\n|Earl of Strafford (1640)||William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford||1662||1695||Restored\n|-\n|Earl of Strafford (1641)||William Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford||1641||1695||Restored to Earldom of Strafford (1640), see above\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Sunderland (1643)||Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland||1643||1702||\n|-\n|Earl of Sussex (1644)||James Savile, 2nd Earl of Sussex||1659||1671||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Norwich (1644)||George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich||1644||1663||Died\n|-\n|Charles Goring, 2nd Earl of Norwich||1663||1671||\n|-\n|Earl of Scarsdale (1645)||Nicholas Leke, 2nd Earl of Scarsdale||1655||1681||\n|-\n|Earl of Lichfield (1645)||Charles Stewart, 1st Earl of Lichfield||1645||1672||Succeeded as Duke of Richmond, see above\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Rochester (1652)||John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester||1658||1680||\n|-\n|Earl of St Albans (1660)||Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans||1660||1684||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Chesterfield (1660)||Katherine Stanhope, Countess of Chesterfield||1660||1667||New creation, for life only; died, title extinct\n|-\n|Earl of Sandwich (1660)||Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich||1660||1672||New creation\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Sandwich (1660)||Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich||1660||1672||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Guilford (1660)||Elizabeth Boyle, Countess of Guilford||1660||1667||New creation, for life only; died, title extinct\n|-\n|Earl of Brecknock (1660)||James Butler, 1st Earl of Brecknock||1660||1688||New creation; Duke of Ormonde in the Peerage of Ireland\n|-\n|Earl of Anglesey (1661)||Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey||1661||1686||New creation\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Anglesey (1661)||Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey||1661||1686||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Bath (1661)||John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath||1661||1701||New creation\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Cardigan (1661)||Thomas Brudenell, 1st Earl of Cardigan||1661||1663||New creation; died\n|-\n|Robert Brudenell, 2nd Earl of Cardigan||1663||1703||\n|-\n|Earl of Clarendon (1661)||Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon||1661||1674||New creation; cr. Baron Hyde in 1660\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Essex (1661)||Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex||1661||1683||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Carlisle (1661)||Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle||1661||1685||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Craven (1664)||William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven||1664||1697||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Falmouth (1664)||Charles Berkeley, 1st Earl of Falmouth||1664||1665||New creation; died, title extinct\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Ailesbury (1664)||Robert Bruce, 1st Earl of Ailesbury||1664||1685||New creation; Earl of Elgin in the Peerage of Scotland\n|-\n|Earl of Burlington (1664)||Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington||1664||1698||New creation; Earl of Cork in the Peerage of Ireland\n|-\n|Viscount Hereford (1550)||Leicester Devereux, 6th Viscount Hereford||1658||1676||\n|-\n|Viscount Montagu (1554)||Francis Browne, 3rd Viscount Montagu||1629||1682||\n|-", "|-\n|Viscount Montagu (1554)||Francis Browne, 3rd Viscount Montagu||1629||1682||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Viscount Saye and Sele (1624)||William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele||1624||1662||Died\n|-\n|James Fiennes, 2nd Viscount Saye and Sele||1662||1674||\n|-\n|Viscount Conway (1627)||Edward Conway, 3rd Viscount Conway||1655||1683||\n|-\n|Viscount Campden (1628)||Baptist Noel, 3rd Viscount Campden||1643||1682||\n|-\n|Viscount Stafford (1640)||William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford||1640||1680||\n|-", "|-\n|Viscount Stafford (1640)||William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford||1640||1680||\n|-\n|Viscount Fauconberg (1643)||Thomas Belasyse, 2nd Viscount Fauconberg||1652||1700||\n|-\n|Viscount Mordaunt (1659)||John Mordaunt, 1st Viscount Mordaunt||1659||1675||\n|-\n|Viscount Halifax (1668)||George Savile, 1st Viscount Halifax||1668||1695||New creation\n|-\n|Baron FitzWalter (1295)||Benjamin Mildmay, 17th Baron FitzWalter||1667||1679||Barony was dormant since 1629\n|-", "|-\n|Baron de Clifford (1299)||Anne Clifford, 14th Baroness de Clifford||1605||1676||\n|-\n|Baron Morley (1299)||Thomas Parker, 15th Baron Morley||1655||1697||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Dacre (1321)||Francis Lennard, 14th Baron Dacre||1630||1662||Died\n|-\n|Thomas Lennard, 15th Baron Dacre||1662||1715||\n|-\n|Baron Grey of Ruthyn (1325)||Susan Longueville, 13th Baroness Grey de Ruthyn||1643||1676||\n|-\n|Baron Darcy de Knayth (1332)||Conyers Darcy, 8th Baron Darcy de Knayth||1653||1689||\n|-", "|-\n|Baron Darcy de Knayth (1332)||Conyers Darcy, 8th Baron Darcy de Knayth||1653||1689||\n|-\n|Baron Berkeley (1421)||George Berkeley, 9th Baron Berkeley||1658||1698||\n|-\n|Baron Dudley (1440)||Frances Ward, 6th Baroness Dudley||1643||1697||\n|-\n|Baron Stourton (1448)||William Stourton, 11th Baron Stourton||1633||1672||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Willoughby de Broke (1491)||Greville Verney, 9th Baron Willoughby de Broke||1648||1668||Died\n|-\n|William Verney, 10th Baron Willoughby de Broke||1668||1683||\n|-", "|-\n|William Verney, 10th Baron Willoughby de Broke||1668||1683||\n|-\n|Baron Monteagle (1514)||Thomas Parker, 6th Baron Monteagle||1655||1697||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Vaux of Harrowden (1523)||Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden||1595||1661||Died\n|-\n|Henry Vaux, 5th Baron Vaux of Harrowden||1661||1663||Died, Barony fell into abeyance until 1838\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Sandys of the Vine (1529)||William Sandys, 6th Baron Sandys||1645||1668||Died\n|-\n|Henry Sandys, 7th Baron Sandys||1668||1680||\n|-", "|-\n|Henry Sandys, 7th Baron Sandys||1668||1680||\n|-\n|Baron Windsor (1529)||Thomas Hickman-Windsor, 7th Baron Windsor||1660||1687||Abeyance terminated\n|-\n|Baron Wentworth (1529)||Henrietta Wentworth, 6th Baroness Wentworth||1667||1686||Barony previously held by the Earl of Cleveland\n|-\n|Baron Eure (1544)||George Eure, 6th Baron Eure||1652||1672||\n|-\n|Baron Wharton (1545)||Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton||1625||1695||\n|-", "|-\n|Baron Wharton (1545)||Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton||1625||1695||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Willoughby of Parham (1547)||Francis Willoughby, 5th Baron Willoughby of Parham||1618||1666||Died\n|-\n|William Willoughby, 6th Baron Willoughby of Parham||1666||1673||\n|-\n|Baron Paget (1552)||William Paget, 5th Baron Paget||1629||1678||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron North (1554)||Dudley North, 3rd Baron North||1600||1666||Died\n|-\n|Dudley North, 4th Baron North||1666||1677||\n|-", "|-\n|Dudley North, 4th Baron North||1666||1677||\n|-\n|Baron Chandos (1554)||William Brydges, 7th Baron Chandos||1655||1676||\n|-\n|Baron De La Warr (1570)||Charles West, 5th Baron De La Warr||1628||1687||\n|-\n|Baron Norreys (1572)||James Bertie, 5th Baron Norreys||1657||1699||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Gerard (1603)||Charles Gerard, 4th Baron Gerard||1640||1667||Died\n|-\n|Digby Gerard, 5th Baron Gerard||1667||1684||\n|-\n|Baron Petre (1603)||William Petre, 4th Baron Petre||1638||1684||\n|-", "|-\n|Baron Petre (1603)||William Petre, 4th Baron Petre||1638||1684||\n|-\n|Baron Arundell of Wardour (1605)||Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour||1643||1694||\n|-\n|Baron Stanhope of Harrington (1605)||Charles Stanhope, 2nd Baron Stanhope||1621||1675||\n|-\n|Baron Clifton (1608)||Mary Butler, 5th Baroness Clifton||1660||1668||Title previously held by the Dukes of Lennox; died, title succeeded by the Duke of Lennox\n|-\n|Baron Teynham (1616)||John Roper, 3rd Baron Teynham||1628||1673||\n|-", "|-\n|Baron Teynham (1616)||John Roper, 3rd Baron Teynham||1628||1673||\n|-\n|Baron Brooke (1621)||Robert Greville, 4th Baron Brooke||1658||1677||\n|-\n|Baron Montagu of Boughton (1621)||Edward Montagu, 2nd Baron Montagu of Boughton||1644||1684||\n|-\n|Baron Grey of Warke (1624)||William Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Werke||1624||1674||\n|-\n|Baron Robartes (1625)||John Robartes, 2nd Baron Robartes||1625||1685||\n|-\n|Baron Craven (1627)||Willian Craven, 1st Baron Craven||1627||1697||Created Earl of Craven, see above\n|-", "|-\n|Baron Lovelace (1627)||John Lovelace, 2nd Baron Lovelace||1634||1670||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Poulett (1627)||John Poulett, 2nd Baron Poulett||1649||1665||Died\n|-\n|John Poulett, 3rd Baron Poulett||1665||1679||\n|-\n|Baron Clifford (1628)||Elizabeth Boyle, Baroness Clifford||1643||1691||\n|-\n|Baron Brudenell (1628)||Thomas Brudenell, 1st Baron Brudenell||1628||1663||Created Earl of Cardigan, see above\n|-\n|Baron Maynard (1628)||William Maynard, 2nd Baron Maynard||1640||1699||\n|-", "|-\n|Baron Maynard (1628)||William Maynard, 2nd Baron Maynard||1640||1699||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Coventry (1628)||Thomas Coventry, 2nd Baron Coventry||1640||1661||Died\n|-\n|George Coventry, 3rd Baron Coventry||1661||1680||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Mohun of Okehampton (1628)||Warwick Mohun, 2nd Baron Mohun of Okehampton||1640||1665||Died\n|-\n|Charles Mohun, 3rd Baron Mohun of Okehampton||1665||1677||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Powis (1629)||Percy Herbert, 2nd Baron Powis||1655||1667||Died\n|-", "|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Powis (1629)||Percy Herbert, 2nd Baron Powis||1655||1667||Died\n|-\n|William Herbert, 3rd Baron Powis||1667||1696||\n|-\n|Baron Herbert of Chirbury (1629)||Edward Herbert, 3rd Baron Herbert of Chirbury||1655||1678||\n|-\n|Baron Finch (1640)||John Finch, 1st Baron Finch||1640||1660||Died, title extinct\n|-\n|Baron (A)bergavenny (1641)||John Nevill, 1st Baron Bergavenny||1641||1662||Died, title extinct\n|-", "|Baron (A)bergavenny (1641)||John Nevill, 1st Baron Bergavenny||1641||1662||Died, title extinct\n|-\n|rowspan=\"3\"|Baron Seymour of Trowbridge (1641)||Francis Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Trowbridge||1641||1664||\n|-\n|Charles Seymour, 2nd Baron Seymour of Trowbridge||1664||1665||Died\n|-\n|Francis Seymour, 3rd Baron Seymour of Trowbridge||1665||1678||\n|-\n|Baron Capell of Hadham (1641)||Arthur Capell, 2nd Baron Capell of Hadham||1649||1683||Created Earl of Essex, see above\n|-", "|-\n|Baron Hatton (1642)||Christopher Hatton, 1st Baron Hatton||1642||1670||\n|-\n|Baron Newport (1642)||Francis Newport, 2nd Baron Newport||1651||1708||\n|-\n|Baron Leigh (1643)||Thomas Leigh, 1st Baron Leigh||1643||1672||\n|-\n|Baron Jermyn (1643)||Henry Jermyn, 1st Baron Jermyn||1643||1684||Created Earl of St Albans, see above\n|-\n|Baron Byron (1643)||Richard Byron, 2nd Baron Byron||1652||1679||\n|-\n|Baron Loughborough (1643)||Henry Hastings, 1st Baron Loughborough||1643||1667||Died, title extinct\n|-", "|-\n|Baron Widdrington (1643)||William Widdrington, 2nd Baron Widdrington||1651||1675||\n|-\n|Baron Ward (1644)||Humble Ward, 1st Baron Ward||1644||1670||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Colepeper (1644)||John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper||1644||1660||Died\n|-\n|Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper||1660||1689||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Astley of Reading (1644)||Isaac Astley, 2nd Baron Astley of Reading||1652||1662||Died\n|-\n|Jacob Astley, 3rd Baron Astley of Reading||1662||1688||\n|-", "|-\n|Jacob Astley, 3rd Baron Astley of Reading||1662||1688||\n|-\n|Baron Cobham (1645)||John Brooke, 1st Baron Cobham||1645||1660||Died, title extinct\n|-\n|Baron Lucas of Shenfield (1645)||John Lucas, 1st Baron Lucas of Shenfield||1645||1671||\n|-\n|Baron Belasyse (1645)||John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse||1645||1689||\n|-\n|Baron Rockingham (1645)||Edward Watson, 2nd Baron Rockingham||1653||1689||\n|-\n|Baron Gerard of Brandon (1645)||Charles Gerard, 1st Baron Gerard of Brandon||1645||1694||\n|-", "|-\n|Baron Gerard of Brandon (1645)||Charles Gerard, 1st Baron Gerard of Brandon||1645||1694||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Lexinton (1645)||Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton||1645||1668||Died\n|-\n|Robert Sutton, 2nd Baron Lexinton||1668||1723||\n|-\n|Baron Wotton (1650)||Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Baron Wotton||1650||1683||\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Langdale (1658)||Marmaduke Langdale, 1st Baron Langdale||1658||1661||\n|-\n|Marmaduke Langdale, 2nd Baron Langdale||1661||1703||\n|-", "|-\n|Marmaduke Langdale, 2nd Baron Langdale||1661||1703||\n|-\n|Baron Crofts (1658)||William Crofts, 1st Baron Crofts||1658||1677||\n|-\n|Baron Berkeley of Stratton (1658)||John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton||1658||1678||\n|-\n|Baron Ashley (1661)||Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Baron Ashley||1661||1683||New creation\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron Cornwallis (1661)||Frederick Cornwallis, 1st Baron Cornwallis||1661||1662||New creation; died\n|-\n|Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Baron Cornwallis||1662||1673||\n|-", "|-\n|Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Baron Cornwallis||1662||1673||\n|-\n|Baron Crew (1661)||John Crew, 1st Baron Crew||1661||1679||New creation\n|-\n|Baron Delamer (1661)||George Booth, 1st Baron Delamer||1661||1684||New creation\n|-\n|Baron Holles (1661)||Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles||1661||1680||New creation\n|-\n|Baron Townshend (1661)||Horatio Townshend, 1st Baron Townshend||1661||1687||New creation\n|-\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Baron (A)bergavenny (1662)||George Nevill, 11th Baron Bergavenny||Aft. 1662||1666||New creation; died", "|-\n|George Nevill, 12th Baron Bergavenny||1666||1695||\n|-\n|Baron Lucas of Crudwell (1663)||Mary Grey, 1st Baroness Lucas||1663||1702||New creation\n|-\n|Baron Arundell of Trerice (1664)||Richard Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Trerice||1664||1687||New creation\n|-\n|Baron Arlington (1664)||Henry Bennet, 1st Baron Arlington||1664||1685||New creation\n|-\n|Baron Frescheville (1665)||John Frescheville, 1st Baron Frescheville||1665||1682||New creation\n|-", "|Baron Frescheville (1665)||John Frescheville, 1st Baron Frescheville||1665||1682||New creation\n|-\n|Baron Howard of Castle Rising (1669)||Henry Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Castle Rising||1669||1684||New creation\n|-\n|}", "Peerage of Scotland", "|Duke of Rothesay (1398)||none||1649||1688||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Duke of Lennox (1581)||Esmé Stewart, 5th Duke of Lennox||1655||1660||Died\n|-\n|Charles Stewart, 6th Duke of Lennox||1660||1672||\n|-\n|Duke of Hamilton (1643)||Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton||1651||1698||\n|-\n|Duke of Albany (1660)||Prince James, Duke of Albany||1660||1685||New creation\n|-\n|Duke of Buccleuch (1663)||Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch||1663||1732||New creation\n|-", "|-\n|Duke of Buccleuch (1663)||Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch||1663||1732||New creation\n|-\n|Marquess of Huntly (1599)||George Gordon, 4th Marquess of Huntly||1653||1716||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Marquess of Douglas (1633)||William Douglas, 1st Marquess of Douglas||1633||1660||Died\n|-\n|James Douglas, 2nd Marquess of Douglas||1660||1700||\n|-\n|Marquess of Argyll (1641)||Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll||1641||1661||Attainted and all his honours forfeit\n|-", "|-\n|rowspan=2|Marquess of Montrose (1644)||James Graham, 2nd Marquess of Montrose||1650||1669||Died\n|-\n|James Graham, 3rd Marquess of Montrose||1669||1684||\n|-\n|Earl of Argyll (1457)||Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll||1663||1685||Restored to the Earldom\n|-\n|Earl of Crawford (1398)||John Lindsay, 17th Earl of Crawford||1652||1678||\n|-\n|Earl of Erroll (1452)||Gilbert Hay, 11th Earl of Erroll||1636||1674||\n|-\n|Earl Marischal (1458)||William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal||1635||1671||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl Marischal (1458)||William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal||1635||1671||\n|-\n|Earl of Sutherland (1235)||John Gordon, 14th Earl of Sutherland||1615||1679||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Mar (1114)||John Erskine, Earl of Mar||1654||1668||Died\n|-\n|Charles Erskine, Earl of Mar||1668||1689||\n|-\n|Earl of Rothes (1458)||John Leslie, 7th Earl of Rothes||1641||1681||\n|-\n|Earl of Morton (1458)||William Douglas, 9th Earl of Morton||1649||1681||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Morton (1458)||William Douglas, 9th Earl of Morton||1649||1681||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Menteith (1427)||William Graham, 7th Earl of Menteith||1598||1661||Died\n|-\n|William Graham, 8th Earl of Menteith||1661||1694||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Glencairn (1488)||William Cunningham, 9th Earl of Glencairn||1631||1664||Died\n|-\n|Alexander Cunningham, 10th Earl of Glencairn||1664||1670||\n|-\n|rowspan=3|Earl of Eglinton (1507)||Alexander Montgomerie, 6th Earl of Eglinton||1612||1661||Died\n|-", "|-\n|Hugh Montgomerie, 7th Earl of Eglinton||1661||1669||Died\n|-\n|Alexander Montgomerie, 8th Earl of Eglinton||1669||1701||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Cassilis (1509)||John Kennedy, 6th Earl of Cassilis||1615||1668||Died\n|-\n|John Kennedy, 7th Earl of Cassilis||1668||1701||\n|-\n|Earl of Caithness (1455)||George Sinclair, 6th Earl of Caithness||1643||1672||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Buchan (1469)||James Erskine, 7th Earl of Buchan||1628||1664||Died\n|-\n|William Erskine, 8th Earl of Buchan||1664||1695||\n|-", "|-\n|William Erskine, 8th Earl of Buchan||1664||1695||\n|-\n|Earl of Moray (1562)||Alexander Stuart, 5th Earl of Moray||1653||1701||\n|-\n|Earl of Linlithgow (1600)||George Livingston, 3rd Earl of Linlithgow||1650||1690||\n|-\n|Earl of Winton (1600)||George Seton, 4th Earl of Winton||1650||1704||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Home (1605)||James Home, 3rd Earl of Home||1633||1666||Died\n|-\n|Alexander Home, 4th Earl of Home||1666||1674||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Perth (1605)||John Drummond, 2nd Earl of Perth||1611||1662||Died", "|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Perth (1605)||John Drummond, 2nd Earl of Perth||1611||1662||Died\n|-\n|James Drummond, 3rd Earl of Perth||1662||1675||\n|-\n|Earl of Dunfermline (1605)||Charles Seton, 2nd Earl of Dunfermline||1622||1672||\n|-\n|rowspan=3|Earl of Wigtown (1606)||John Fleming, 3rd Earl of Wigtown||1650||1665||Died\n|-\n|John Fleming, 4th Earl of Wigtown||1665||1668||Died\n|-\n|William Fleming, 5th Earl of Wigtown||1668||1681||\n|-\n|Earl of Abercorn (1606)||James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Abercorn||1618||1670||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Abercorn (1606)||James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Abercorn||1618||1670||\n|-\n|Earl of Kinghorne (1606)||Patrick Lyon, 3rd Earl of Kinghorne||1646||1695||\n|-\n|Earl of Roxburghe (1616)||William Ker, 2nd Earl of Roxburghe||1650||1675||\n|-\n|Earl of Kellie (1619)||Alexander Erskine, 3rd Earl of Kellie||1643||1677||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Buccleuch (1619)||Mary Scott, 3rd Countess of Buccleuch||1651||1661||Died\n|-\n|Anne Scott, 4th Countess of Buccleuch||1661||1732||Created Duchess of Buccleuch, see above\n|-", "|-\n|Anne Scott, 4th Countess of Buccleuch||1661||1732||Created Duchess of Buccleuch, see above\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Haddington (1619)||John Hamilton, 4th Earl of Haddington||1645||1669||Died\n|-\n|Charles Hamilton, 5th Earl of Haddington||1669||1685||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Nithsdale (1620)||Robert Maxwell, 2nd Earl of Nithsdale||1646||1667||Died\n|-\n|John Maxwell, 3rd Earl of Nithsdale||1667||1677||\n|-\n|Earl of Galloway (1623)||James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Galloway||1649||1671||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Galloway (1623)||James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Galloway||1649||1671||\n|-\n|Earl of Seaforth (1623)||Kenneth Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Seaforth||1651||1678||\n|-\n|Earl of Lauderdale (1624)||John Maitland, 2nd Earl of Lauderdale||1645||1682||\n|-\n|Earl of Tullibardine (1628)||James Murray, 2nd Earl of Tullibardine||1644||1670||\n|-\n|Earl of Atholl (1629)||John Murray, 2nd Earl of Atholl||1642||1703||\n|-\n|Earl of Lothian (1631)||William Kerr, 1st Earl of Lothian||1631||1675||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Lothian (1631)||William Kerr, 1st Earl of Lothian||1631||1675||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Airth (1633)||William Graham, 1st Earl of Airth||1633||1661||Died\n|-\n|William Graham, 2nd Earl of Airth||1661||1694||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Loudoun (1633)||John Campbell, 1st Earl of Loudoun||1633||1662||Died\n|-\n|James Campbell, 2nd Earl of Loudoun||1662||1684||\n|-\n|Earl of Kinnoull (1633)||William Hay, 4th Earl of Kinnoull||1650||1677||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Kinnoull (1633)||William Hay, 4th Earl of Kinnoull||1650||1677||\n|-\n|Earl of Dumfries (1633)||William Crichton, 2nd Earl of Dumfries||1643||1691||\n|-\n|Earl of Queensberry (1633)||James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Queensberry||1640||1671||\n|-\n|Earl of Stirling (1633)||Henry Alexander, 4th Earl of Stirling||1644||1691||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Elgin (1633)||Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin||1633||1663||Died\n|-\n|Robert Bruce, 2nd Earl of Elgin||1663||1685||\n|-", "|-\n|Robert Bruce, 2nd Earl of Elgin||1663||1685||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Southesk (1633)||James Carnegie, 2nd Earl of Southesk||1658||1669||Died\n|-\n|Robert Carnegie, 3rd Earl of Southesk||1669||1688||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Traquair (1633)||John Stewart, 2nd Earl of Traquair||1659||1666||Died\n|-\n|William Stewart, 3rd Earl of Traquair||1666||1673||\n|-\n|Earl of Ancram (1633)||Charles Kerr, 2nd Earl of Ancram||1654||1690||\n|-\n|Earl of Wemyss (1633)||David Wemyss, 2nd Earl of Wemyss||1649||1679||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Wemyss (1633)||David Wemyss, 2nd Earl of Wemyss||1649||1679||\n|-\n|Earl of Dalhousie (1633)||William Ramsay, 1st Earl of Dalhousie||1633||1672||\n|-\n|Earl of Findlater (1638)||James Ogilvy, 3rd Earl of Findlater||1658||1711||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Airlie (1639)||James Ogilvy, 1st Earl of Airlie||1639||1665||Died\n|-\n|James Ogilvy, 2nd Earl of Airlie||1665||1703||\n|-\n|Earl of Carnwath (1639)||Gavin Dalzell, 2nd Earl of Carnwath||1654||1674||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Carnwath (1639)||Gavin Dalzell, 2nd Earl of Carnwath||1654||1674||\n|-\n|Earl of Callendar (1641)||James Livingston, 1st Earl of Callendar||1641||1674||\n|-\n|rowspan=3|Earl of Leven (1641)||Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven||1641||1661||\n|-\n|Alexander Leslie, 2nd Earl of Leven||1661||1664||Died\n|-\n|Margaret Leslie, Countess of Leven||1664||1674||\n|-\n|Earl of Hartfell (1643)||James Johnstone, 1st Earl of Annandale and Hartfell||1655||1672||Resigned the Earldom, regranted, see below\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Dysart (1643)||Elizabeth Tollemache, 2nd Countess of Dysart||1654||1698||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Panmure (1646)||Patrick Maule, 1st Earl of Panmure||1646||1661||Died\n|-\n|George Maule, 2nd Earl of Panmure||1661||1671||\n|-\n|Earl of Selkirk (1646)||William Hamilton, 1st Earl of Selkirk||1646||1694||\n|-\n|Earl of Tweeddale (1646)||John Hay, 2nd Earl of Tweeddale||1653||1697||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Northesk (1647)||John Carnegie, 1st Earl of Northesk||1647||1667||Died\n|-", "|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Northesk (1647)||John Carnegie, 1st Earl of Northesk||1647||1667||Died\n|-\n|David Carnegie, 2nd Earl of Northesk||1667||1679||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Kincardine (1647)||Edward Bruce, 1st Earl of Kincardine||1647||1662||Died\n|-\n|Alexander Bruce, 2nd Earl of Kincardine||1662||1680||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Balcarres (1651)||Charles Lindsay, 2nd Earl of Balcarres||1659||1662||Died\n|-\n|Colin Lindsay, 3rd Earl of Balcarres||1662||1722||\n|-", "|-\n|Colin Lindsay, 3rd Earl of Balcarres||1662||1722||\n|-\n|Earl of Tarras (1660)||Walter Scott, Earl of Tarras||1660||1693||New creation, life peerage\n|-\n|Earl of Aboyne (1660)||Charles Gordon, 1st Earl of Aboyne||1660||1681||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Middleton (1660)||John Middleton, 1st Earl of Middleton||1660||1674||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Newburgh (1660)||James Levingston, 1st Earl of Newburgh||1660||1670||New creation\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Newburgh (1660)||James Levingston, 1st Earl of Newburgh||1660||1670||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Dundee (1660)||John Scrymgeour, 1st Earl of Dundee||1660||1668||New creation; died, title dormant until 1953\n|-\n|Earl of Annandale and Hartfell (1661)||James Johnstone, 1st Earl of Annandale and Hartfell||1661||1672||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Kilmarnock (1661)||William Boyd, 1st Earl of Kilmarnock||1661||1692||New creation\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Kilmarnock (1661)||William Boyd, 1st Earl of Kilmarnock||1661||1692||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Forfar (1661)||Archibald Douglas, 1st Earl of Forfar||1661||1712||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Teviot (1663)||Andrew Rutherford, 1st Earl of Teviot||1663||1664||New creation; died, title extinct\n|-\n|Earl of Dundonald (1669)||William Cochrane, 1st Earl of Dundonald||1669||1685||New creation\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount of Falkland (1620)||Henry Cary, 4th Viscount of Falkland||1649||1663||Died\n|-", "|rowspan=2|Viscount of Falkland (1620)||Henry Cary, 4th Viscount of Falkland||1649||1663||Died\n|-\n|Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount of Falkland||1663||1694||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount of Dunbar (1620)||John Constable, 2nd Viscount of Dunbar||1645||1668||Died\n|-\n|Robert Constable, 3rd Viscount of Dunbar||1668||1714||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount of Stormont (1621)||David Murray, 4th Viscount of Stormont||1658||1668||Died\n|-\n|David Murray, 5th Viscount of Stormont||1668||1731||\n|-", "|-\n|David Murray, 5th Viscount of Stormont||1668||1731||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount of Kenmure (1633)||Robert Gordon, 4th Viscount of Kenmure||1643||1663||Died\n|-\n|Alexander Gordon, 5th Viscount of Kenmure||1663||1698||\n|-\n|Viscount of Arbuthnott (1641)||Robert Arbuthnot, 2nd Viscount of Arbuthnott||1655||1682||\n|-\n|Viscount of Dudhope (1641)||John Scrymgeour, 3rd Viscount of Dudhope||1644||1668||Created Earl of Dundee, see above\n|-", "|-\n|Viscount of Frendraught (1642)||James Crichton, 2nd Viscount of Frendraught||1650||1678||\n|-\n|Viscount of Newburgh (1647)||James Levingston, 1st Viscount of Newburgh||1647||1670||Created Earl of Newburgh, see above\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount of Oxfuird (1651)||James Makgill, 1st Viscount of Oxfuird||1651||1663||Died\n|-\n|Robert Makgill, 2nd Viscount of Oxfuird||1663||1706||\n|-\n|Viscount of Kingston (1651)||Alexander Seton, 1st Viscount of Kingston||1651||1691||\n|-", "|-\n|Viscount of Kingston (1651)||Alexander Seton, 1st Viscount of Kingston||1651||1691||\n|-\n|rowspan=3|Viscount of Irvine (1661)||Henry Ingram, 1st Viscount of Irvine||1661||1666||New creation; died\n|-\n|Edward Ingram, 2nd Viscount of Irvine||1666||1668||Died\n|-\n|Arthur Ingram, 3rd Viscount of Irvine||1668||1702||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount of Kilsyth (1661)||James Livingston, 1st Viscount of Kilsyth||1661||1661||New creation; died\n|-\n|James Livingston, 2nd Viscount of Kilsyth||1661||1706||\n|-", "|-\n|James Livingston, 2nd Viscount of Kilsyth||1661||1706||\n|-\n|Lord Somerville (1430)||James Somerville, 10th Lord Somerville||1640||1677||\n|-\n|Lord Forbes (1442)||Alexander Forbes, 10th Lord Forbes||1641||1672||\n|-\n|rowspan=3|Lord Saltoun (1445)||Alexander Abernethy, 9th Lord Saltoun||1612||1668||Died\n|-\n|Margaret Abernethy, 10th Lady Saltoun||1668||1669||Died\n|-\n|Alexander Fraser, 11th Lord Saltoun||1669||1693||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Lord Gray (1445)||Andrew Gray, 7th Lord Gray||1611||1663||Died\n|-", "|-\n|rowspan=2|Lord Gray (1445)||Andrew Gray, 7th Lord Gray||1611||1663||Died\n|-\n|Patrick Gray, 8th Lord Gray||1663||1711||\n|-\n|Lord Sinclair (1449)||John Sinclair, 9th Lord Sinclair||1615||1676||\n|-\n|Lord Borthwick (1452)||John Borthwick, 9th Lord Borthwick||1623||1675||\n|-\n|Lord Boyd (1454)||William Boyd, 10th Lord Boyd||1654||1692||Created Earl of Kilmarnock, see above\n|-\n|Lord Oliphant (1455)||Patrick Oliphant, 6th Lord Oliphant||1631||1680||\n|-", "|-\n|Lord Oliphant (1455)||Patrick Oliphant, 6th Lord Oliphant||1631||1680||\n|-\n|Lord Cathcart (1460)||Alan Cathcart, 6th Lord Cathcart||1628||1709||\n|-\n|Lord Lovat (1464)||Hugh Fraser, 8th Lord Lovat||1646||1672||\n|-\n|Lord Sempill (1489)||Robert Sempill, 7th Lord Sempill||1644||1675||\n|-\n|Lord Herries of Terregles (1490)||John Maxwell, 7th Lord Herries of Terregles||1631||1677||Succeeded as the 3rd Earl of Nithsdale, see above\n|-\n|Lord Ross (1499)||George Ross, 11th Lord Ross||1656||1682||\n|-", "|-\n|Lord Ross (1499)||George Ross, 11th Lord Ross||1656||1682||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Lord Elphinstone (1509)||Alexander Elphinstone, 7th Lord Elphinstone||1654||1669||\n|-\n|John Elphinstone, 8th Lord Elphinstone||1669||1718||\n|-\n|Lord Ochiltree (1543)||William Stewart, 5th Lord Ochiltree||1658||1675||\n|-\n|Lord Torphichen (1564)||Walter Sandilands, 6th Lord Torphichen||1649||1696||\n|-\n|Lord Spynie (1590)||George Lindsay, 3rd Lord Spynie||1646||1671||\n|-", "|-\n|Lord Spynie (1590)||George Lindsay, 3rd Lord Spynie||1646||1671||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Lord Lindores (1600)||James Leslie, 3rd Lord Lindores||1649||1666||Died\n|-\n|John Leslie, 4th Lord Lindores||1666||1706||\n|-\n|Lord Colville of Culross (1604)||John Colville, 4th Lord Colville of Culross||1656||1680||\n|-\n|Lord Balmerinoch (1606)||John Elphinstone, 3rd Lord Balmerino||1649||1704||\n|-\n|Lord Blantyre (1606)||Alexander Stewart, 4th Lord Blantyre||1641||1670||\n|-", "|-\n|Lord Blantyre (1606)||Alexander Stewart, 4th Lord Blantyre||1641||1670||\n|-\n|Lord Coupar (1607)||James Elphinstone, 1st Lord Coupar||1607||1669||Died, title succeeded by the Lord Balmerinoch, see above\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Lord Balfour of Burleigh (1607)||Robert Balfour, 2nd Lord Balfour of Burleigh||1619||1663||Died\n|-\n|John Balfour, 3rd Lord Balfour of Burleigh||1663||1688||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Lord Cranstoun (1609)||William Cranstoun, 3rd Lord Cranstoun||1648||1664||Died\n|-", "|-\n|rowspan=2|Lord Cranstoun (1609)||William Cranstoun, 3rd Lord Cranstoun||1648||1664||Died\n|-\n|James Cranstoun, 4th Lord Cranstoun||1664||1688||\n|-\n|Lord Maderty (1609)||David Drummond, 3rd Lord Madderty||1647||1692||\n|-\n|Lord Dingwall (1609)||Elizabeth Preston, 2nd Lady Dingwall||1628||1684||\n|-\n|Lord Cardross (1610)||David Erskine, 2nd Lord Cardross||1634||1671||\n|-\n|Lord Melville of Monymaill (1616)||George Melville, 4th Lord Melville||1643||1707||\n|-", "|-\n|Lord Melville of Monymaill (1616)||George Melville, 4th Lord Melville||1643||1707||\n|-\n|Lord Aston of Forfar (1627)||Walter Aston, 2nd Lord Aston of Forfar||1639||1678||\n|-\n|Lord Fairfax of Cameron (1627)||Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron||1648||1671||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Lord Napier (1627)||Archibald Napier, 2nd Lord Napier||1645||1660||Died\n|-\n|Archibald Napier, 3rd Lord Napier||1660||1683||\n|-\n|Lord Reay (1628)||John Mackay, 2nd Lord Reay||1649||1681||\n|-", "|-\n|Lord Reay (1628)||John Mackay, 2nd Lord Reay||1649||1681||\n|-\n|Lord Cramond (1628)||Thomas Richardson, 2nd Lord Cramond||1651||1674||\n|-\n|Lord Forbes of Pitsligo (1633)||Alexander Forbes, 2nd Lord Forbes of Pitsligo||1636||1690||\n|-\n|rowspan=3|Lord Kirkcudbright (1633)||John Maclellan, 3rd Lord Kirkcudbright||1647||1664||Died\n|-\n|William Maclellan, 4th Lord Kirkcudbright||1664||1669||\n|-\n|John Maclellan, 5th Lord Kirkcudbright||1669||1678||\n|-", "|-\n|John Maclellan, 5th Lord Kirkcudbright||1669||1678||\n|-\n|Lord Fraser (1633)||Andrew Fraser, 2nd Lord Fraser||1636||1674||\n|-\n|Lord Forrester (1633)||James Baillie, 2nd Lord Forrester||1654||1676||\n|-\n|Lord Bargany (1641)||John Hamilton, 2nd Lord Bargany||1658||1693||\n|-\n|rowspan=3|Lord Banff (1642)||George Ogilvy, 1st Lord Banff||1642||1663||Died\n|-\n|George Ogilvy, 2nd Lord Banff||1663||1668||\n|-\n|George Ogilvy, 3rd Lord Banff||1668||1713||\n|-", "|-\n|George Ogilvy, 2nd Lord Banff||1663||1668||\n|-\n|George Ogilvy, 3rd Lord Banff||1668||1713||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Lord Elibank (1643)||Patrick Murray, 2nd Lord Elibank||1649||1661||Died\n|-\n|Patrick Murray, 3rd Lord Elibank||1661||1687||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Lord Dunkeld (1645)||James Galloway, 1st Lord Dunkeld||1645||1660||Died\n|-\n|Thomas Galloway, 2nd Lord Dunkeld||1660||1728||\n|-\n|Lord Falconer of Halkerton (1646)||Alexander Falconer, 1st Lord Falconer of Halkerton||1646||1671||\n|-", "|-\n|Lord Abercrombie (1647)||James Sandilands, 2nd Lord Abercrombie||1658||1681||\n|-\n|Lord Belhaven and Stenton (1647)||John Hamilton, 1st Lord Belhaven and Stenton||1647||1679||\n|-\n|Lord Cochrane of Dundonald (1647)||William Cochrane, Lord Cochrane of Dundonald||1647||1685||Created Earl of Dundonald, see above\n|-\n|Lord Carmichael (1647)||James Carmichael, 1st Lord Carmichael||1647||1672||\n|-\n|Lord Duffus (1650)||Alexander Sutherland, 1st Lord Duffus||1650||1674||\n|-", "|-\n|Lord Duffus (1650)||Alexander Sutherland, 1st Lord Duffus||1650||1674||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Lord Rollo (1651)||James Rollo, 2nd Lord Rollo||1659||1669||Died\n|-\n|Andrew Rollo, 3rd Lord Rollo||1669||1700||\n|-\n|Lord Ruthven of Freeland (1650)||Thomas Ruthven, 1st Lord Ruthven of Freeland||1651||1673||\n|-\n|rowspan=3|Lord Rutherfurd (1661)||Andrew Rutherfurd, 1st Lord Rutherfurd||1661||1664||New creation, died\n|-\n|Thomas Rutherfurd, 2nd Lord Rutherfurd||1664||1668||Died\n|-", "|-\n|Thomas Rutherfurd, 2nd Lord Rutherfurd||1664||1668||Died\n|-\n|Archibald Rutherfurd, 3rd Lord Rutherfurd||1668||1685||\n|-\n|Lord Bellenden (1661)||William Bellenden, 1st Lord Bellenden||1661||1671||New creation\n|-\n|Lord Newark (1661)||David Leslie, 1st Lord Newark||1661||1682||New creation\n|-\n|}", "Peerage of Ireland", "|Duke of Ormonde (1661)||James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde||1661||1688||New creation\n|-\n|Marquess of Ormonde (1642)||James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde||1642||1688||Created Duke of Ormonde, see above\n|-\n|Marquess of Antrim (1645)||Randal MacDonnell, 1st Marquess of Antrim||1645||1683||\n|-\n|rowspan=3|Earl of Kildare (1316)||George FitzGerald, 16th Earl of Kildare||1620||1660||Died\n|-\n|Wentworth FitzGerald, 17th Earl of Kildare||1660||1664||Died\n|-\n|John FitzGerald, 18th Earl of Kildare||1664||1707||\n|-", "|-\n|John FitzGerald, 18th Earl of Kildare||1664||1707||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Waterford (1446)||Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Waterford||1654||1667||\n|-\n|Charles Talbot, 12th Earl of Waterford||1667||1718||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Clanricarde (1543)||Richard Burke, 6th Earl of Clanricarde||1657||1666||Died\n|-\n|William Burke, 7th Earl of Clanricarde||1666||1687||\n|-\n|Earl of Thomond (1543)||Henry O'Brien, 7th Earl of Thomond||1657||1691||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Thomond (1543)||Henry O'Brien, 7th Earl of Thomond||1657||1691||\n|-\n|Earl of Castlehaven (1616)||James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven||1630||1684||\n|-\n|Earl of Cork (1620)||Richard Boyle, 2nd Earl of Cork||1643||1698||\n|-\n|Earl of Westmeath (1621)||Richard Nugent, 2nd Earl of Westmeath||1642||1684||\n|-\n|Earl of Roscommon (1622)||Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of Roscommon||1649||1685||\n|-\n|Earl of Londonderry (1622)||Weston Ridgeway, 3rd Earl of Londonderry||1641||1672||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Londonderry (1622)||Weston Ridgeway, 3rd Earl of Londonderry||1641||1672||\n|-\n|Earl of Meath (1627)||Edward Brabazon, 2nd Earl of Meath||1651||1675||\n|-\n|Earl of Barrymore (1628)||Richard Barry, 2nd Earl of Barrymore||1642||1694||\n|-\n|Earl of Carbery (1628)||Richard Vaughan, 2nd Earl of Carbery||1634||1687||\n|-\n|Earl of Fingall (1628)||Luke Plunkett, 3rd Earl of Fingall||1649||1684||\n|-\n|rowspan=3|Earl of Downe (1628)||Thomas Pope, 2nd Earl of Downe||1640||1660||Died\n|-", "|-\n|rowspan=3|Earl of Downe (1628)||Thomas Pope, 2nd Earl of Downe||1640||1660||Died\n|-\n|Thomas Pope, 3rd Earl of Downe||1660||1668||Died\n|-\n|Thomas Pope, 4th Earl of Downe||1668||1668||Died, title extinct\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Desmond (1628)||George Feilding, 1st Earl of Desmond||1628||1665||Died\n|-\n|William Feilding, 2nd Earl of Desmond||1665||1685||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Ardglass (1645)||Wingfield Cromwell, 2nd Earl of Ardglass||1653||1668||Died\n|-\n|Thomas Cromwell, 3rd Earl of Ardglass||1668||1682||\n|-", "|-\n|Thomas Cromwell, 3rd Earl of Ardglass||1668||1682||\n|-\n|Earl of Donegall (1647)||Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall||1647||1675||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Cavan (1647)||Charles Lambart, 1st Earl of Cavan||1647||1660||Died\n|-\n|Richard Lambart, 2nd Earl of Cavan||1660||1690||\n|-\n|Earl of Clanbrassil (1647)||Henry Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Clanbrassil||1659||1675||\n|-\n|Earl of Inchiquin (1654)||Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin||1654||1674||\n|-", "|-\n|Earl of Inchiquin (1654)||Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin||1654||1674||\n|-\n|rowspan=3|Earl of Clancarty (1658)||Donough MacCarty, 1st Earl of Clancarty||1658||1665||Died\n|-\n|Charles MacCarty, 2nd Earl of Clancarty||1665||1666||Died\n|-\n|Callaghan MacCarty, 3rd Earl of Clancarty||1666||1676||\n|-\n|Earl of Orrery (1660)||Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery||1660||1679||New creation\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Mountrath (1660)||Charles Coote, 1st Earl of Mountrath||1660||1661||New creation; died\n|-", "|-\n|Charles Coote, 2nd Earl of Mountrath||1661||1672||\n|-\n|Earl of Tyrconnell (1661)||Oliver FitzWilliam, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell||1661||1667||New creation; died, title extinct\n|-\n|Earl of Drogheda (1661)||Henry Moore, 1st Earl of Drogheda||1661||1675||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Carlingford (1661)||Theobald Taaffe 1st Earl of Carlingford||1661||1677||New creation\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Earl of Mount Alexander (1661)||Hugh Montgomery, 1st Earl of Mount Alexander||1661||1663||New creation; died\n|-", "|-\n|Hugh Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Mount Alexander||1663||1717||\n|-\n|Earl of Castlemaine (1661)||Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine||1661||1705||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Arran (1662)||Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Arran||1662||1686||New creation\n|-\n|Viscount Gormanston (1478)||Jenico Preston, 7th Viscount Gormanston||1643||1691||\n|-\n|Viscount Mountgarret (1550)||Edmund Butler, 4th Viscount Mountgarret||1651||1679||\n|-", "|-\n|Viscount Mountgarret (1550)||Edmund Butler, 4th Viscount Mountgarret||1651||1679||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount Grandison (1621)||John Villiers, 3rd Viscount Grandison||1643||1661||Died\n|-\n|George Villiers, 4th Viscount Grandison||1661||1699||\n|-\n|Viscount Wilmot (1621)||Henry Wilmot, 3rd Viscount Wilmot||1658||1680||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount Valentia (1622)||Francis Annesley, 1st Viscount Valentia||1642||1660||Died\n|-", "|rowspan=2|Viscount Valentia (1622)||Francis Annesley, 1st Viscount Valentia||1642||1660||Died\n|-\n|Arthur Annesley, 2nd Viscount Valentia||1660||1686||Created Earl of Anglesey in the Peerage of England\n|-\n|Viscount Moore (1621)||Henry Moore, 3rd Viscount Moore||1643||1675||Created Earl of Drogheda, see above\n|-\n|Viscount Dillon (1622)||Thomas Dillon, 4th Viscount Dillon||1630||1672||\n|-\n|Viscount Loftus (1622)||Edward Loftus, 2nd Viscount Loftus||1643||1680||\n|-", "|-\n|Viscount Loftus (1622)||Edward Loftus, 2nd Viscount Loftus||1643||1680||\n|-\n|Viscount Beaumont of Swords (1622)||Thomas Beaumont, 3rd Viscount Beaumont of Swords||1658||1702||\n|-\n|Viscount Netterville (1622)||Nicholas Netterville, 3rd Viscount Netterville||1659||1689||\n|-\n|Viscount Montgomery (1622)||Hugh Montgomery, 3rd Viscount Montgomery||1642||1663||Created Earl of Mount Alexander, see above\n|-\n|Viscount Magennis (1623)||Arthur Magennis, 3rd Viscount Magennis||1639||1683||\n|-", "|-\n|Viscount Magennis (1623)||Arthur Magennis, 3rd Viscount Magennis||1639||1683||\n|-\n|rowspan=3|Viscount Kilmorey (1625)||Charles Needham, 4th Viscount Kilmorey||1657||1660||Died\n|-\n|Robert Needham, 5th Viscount Kilmorey||1660||1668||Died\n|-\n|Thomas Needham, 6th Viscount Kilmorey||1668||1687||\n|-\n|Viscount Baltinglass (1627)||Thomas Roper, 2nd Viscount Baltinglass||1637||1670||\n|-\n|Viscount Castleton (1627)||George Saunderson, 5th Viscount Castleton||1650||1714||\n|-", "|-\n|Viscount Castleton (1627)||George Saunderson, 5th Viscount Castleton||1650||1714||\n|-\n|Viscount Killultagh (1627)||Edward Conway, 3rd Viscount Killultagh||1655||1683||\n|-\n|Viscount Mayo (1627)||Theobald Bourke, 4th Viscount Mayo||1652||1676||\n|-\n|Viscount Sarsfield (1627)||David Sarsfield, 3rd Viscount Sarsfield||1648||1687||\n|-\n|Viscount Chaworth (1628)||Patrick Chaworth, 3rd Viscount Chaworth||1644||1693||\n|-\n|Viscount Savile (1628)||James Savile, 2nd Viscount Savile||1659||1671||\n|-", "|-\n|Viscount Savile (1628)||James Savile, 2nd Viscount Savile||1659||1671||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount Lumley (1628)||Richard Lumley, 1st Viscount Lumley||1628||1663||Died\n|-\n|Richard Lumley, 2nd Viscount Lumley||1663||1721||\n|-\n|Viscount Taaffe (1628)||Theobald Taaffe, 2nd Viscount Taaffe||1642||1677||Created Earl of Carlingford, see above\n|-\n|Viscount Molyneux (1628)||Caryll Molyneux, 3rd Viscount Molyneux||1654||1699||\n|-", "|-\n|Viscount Molyneux (1628)||Caryll Molyneux, 3rd Viscount Molyneux||1654||1699||\n|-\n|Viscount Monson (1628)||William Monson, 1st Viscount Monson||1628||1660||Degraded by Parliament\n|-\n|Viscount Strangford (1628)||Philip Smythe, 2nd Viscount Strangford||1635||1708||\n|-\n|Viscount Scudamore (1628)||John Scudamore, 1st Viscount Scudamore||1628||1671||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount Wenman (1628)||Thomas Wenman, 2nd Viscount Wenman||1640||1665||Died\n|-\n|Philip Wenman, 3rd Viscount Wenman||1665||1686||\n|-", "|-\n|Philip Wenman, 3rd Viscount Wenman||1665||1686||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount Ranelagh (1628)||Arthur Jones, 2nd Viscount Ranelagh||1643||1669||Died\n|-\n|Richard Jones, 3rd Viscount Ranelagh||1669||1711||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount FitzWilliam (1629)||Oliver FitzWilliam, 2nd Viscount Fitzwilliam||1650||1667||Died\n|-\n|William FitzWilliam, 3rd Viscount FitzWilliam||1667||1670||\n|-\n|Viscount Fairfax of Emley (1629)||Charles Fairfax, 5th Viscount Fairfax of Emley||1651||1711||\n|-", "|Viscount Fairfax of Emley (1629)||Charles Fairfax, 5th Viscount Fairfax of Emley||1651||1711||\n|-\n|Viscount Ikerrin (1629)||Pierce Butler, 1st Viscount Ikerrin||1629||1674||\n|-\n|Viscount Clanmalier (1631)||Lewis O'Dempsey, 2nd Viscount Clanmalier||1638||1683||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount Cullen (1642)||Charles Cokayne, 1st Viscount Cullen||1642||1661||Died\n|-\n|Brien Cokayne, 2nd Viscount Cullen||1661||1687||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount Carrington (1643)||Charles Smyth, 1st Viscount Carrington||1643||1665||Died\n|-", "|rowspan=2|Viscount Carrington (1643)||Charles Smyth, 1st Viscount Carrington||1643||1665||Died\n|-\n|Francis Smith, 2nd Viscount Carrington||1665||1701||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount Tracy (1643)||Robert Tracy, 2nd Viscount Tracy||1648||1662||Died\n|-\n|John Tracy, 3rd Viscount Tracy||1662||1687||\n|-\n|Viscount Bulkeley (1644)||Robert Bulkeley, 2nd Viscount Bulkeley||1659||1688||\n|-\n|Viscount Bellomont (1645)||Charles Rupert Bard, 2nd Viscount Bellomont||1656||1667||Died, title extinct\n|-", "|-\n|Viscount Brouncker (1645)||William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker||1645||1684||\n|-\n|Viscount Ogle (1645)||William Ogle, 1st Viscount Ogle||1645||1682||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount Barnewall (1646)||Nicholas Barnewall, 1st Viscount Barnewall||1646||1663||Died\n|-\n|Henry Barnewall, 2nd Viscount Barnewall||1663||1688||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount Galmoye (1646)||Edward Butler, 2nd Viscount of Galmoye||1653||1667||Died\n|-\n|Piers Butler, 3rd Viscount of Galmoye||1667||1697||\n|-", "|-\n|Piers Butler, 3rd Viscount of Galmoye||1667||1697||\n|-\n|Viscount Tara (1650)||Thomas Preston, 3rd Viscount Tara||1659||1674||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount Massereene (1660)||John Clotworthy, 1st Viscount Massereene||1660||1665||New creation; died\n|-\n|John Skeffington, 2nd Viscount Massereene||1665||1695||\n|-\n|Viscount Shannon (1660)||Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount Shannon||1660||1699||New creation\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount Fanshawe (1661)||Thomas Fanshawe, 1st Viscount Fanshawe||1661||1665||New creation; died\n|-", "|-\n|Thomas Fanshawe, 2nd Viscount Fanshawe||1665||1674||\n|-\n|Viscount Cholmondeley (1661)||Robert Cholmondeley, 1st Viscount Cholmondeley||1661||1681||New creation\n|-\n|Viscount Dungan (1662)||William Dongan, 1st Viscount Dungan||1662||1698||New creation\n|-\n|Viscount Dungannon (1662)||Marcus Trevor, 1st Viscount Dungannon||1662||1670||New creation\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Viscount Clare (1662)||Daniel O'Brien, 1st Viscount Clare||1662||1666||New creation; died\n|-\n|Connor O'Brien, 2nd Viscount Clare||1666||1670||\n|-", "|-\n|Connor O'Brien, 2nd Viscount Clare||1666||1670||\n|-\n|rowspan=3|Viscount Fitzhardinge (1663)||Charles Berkeley, 1st Viscount Fitzhardinge||1663||1665||New creation; died\n|-\n|Charles Berkeley, 2nd Viscount Fitzhardinge||1665||1668||Died\n|-\n|Maurice Berkeley, 3rd Viscount Fitzhardinge||1668||1690||\n|-\n|Viscount Charlemont (1665)||William Caulfeild, 1st Viscount Charlemont||1665||1671||New creation\n|-\n|Viscount Powerscourt (1665)||Folliott Wingfield, 1st Viscount Powerscourt||1665||1717||New creation\n|-", "|-\n|Baron Athenry (1172)||Francis de Bermingham, 12th Baron Athenry||1645||1677||\n|-\n|rowspan=4|Baron Kingsale (1223)||Patrick de Courcy, 20th Baron Kingsale||1642||1663||Died\n|-\n|John de Courcy, 21st Baron Kingsale||1663||1667||Died\n|-\n|Patrick de Courcy, 22nd Baron Kingsale||1667||1669||Died\n|-\n|Almericus de Courcy, 23rd Baron Kingsale||1669||1720||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Kerry (1223)||Patrick Fitzmaurice, 19th Baron Kerry||1630||1661||Died\n|-\n|William Fitzmaurice, 20th Baron Kerry||1661||1697||\n|-", "|-\n|William Fitzmaurice, 20th Baron Kerry||1661||1697||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Slane (1370)||Charles Fleming, 15th Baron Slane||1641||1661||Died\n|-\n|Randall Fleming, 16th Baron Slane||1661||1676||\n|-\n|Baron Howth (1425)||William St Lawrence, 12th Baron Howth||1643||1671||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Trimlestown (1461)||Matthias Barnewall, 8th Baron Trimlestown||1639||1667||Died\n|-\n|Robert Barnewall, 9th Baron Trimlestown||1667||1689||\n|-", "|-\n|Robert Barnewall, 9th Baron Trimlestown||1667||1689||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Dunsany (1462)||Patrick Plunkett, 9th Baron of Dunsany||1603||1668||Died\n|-\n|Christopher Plunkett, 10th Baron of Dunsany||1668||1690||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Power (1535)||John Power, 5th Baron Power||1607||1661||Died\n|-\n|Richard Power, 6th Baron Power||1661||1690||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Dunboyne (1541)||James Butler, 4th/14th Baron Dunboyne||1640||1662||Died\n|-\n|Pierce Butler, 5th/15th Baron Dunboyne||1662||1690||\n|-", "|-\n|Pierce Butler, 5th/15th Baron Dunboyne||1662||1690||\n|-\n|Baron Louth (1541)||Oliver Plunkett, 6th Baron Louth||1629||1679||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Upper Ossory (1541)||Barnaby Fitzpatrick, 6th Baron Upper Ossory||1638||1666||Died\n|-\n|Barnaby Fitzpatrick, 7th Baron Upper Ossory||1666||1691||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Bourke of Castleconnell (1580)||William Bourke, 6th Baron Bourke of Connell||1635||1665||Died\n|-\n|Thomas Bourke, 7th Baron Bourke of Connell||1665||1680||\n|-", "|-\n|Thomas Bourke, 7th Baron Bourke of Connell||1665||1680||\n|-\n|Baron Cahir (1583)||Pierce Butler, 4th Baron Cahir||1648||1676||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Hamilton (1617)||George Hamilton, 4th Baron Hamilton of Strabane||1655||1668||Died\n|-\n|Claud Hamilton, 5th Baron Hamilton of Strabane||1668||1691||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Bourke of Brittas (1618)||John Bourke, 2nd Baron Bourke of Brittas||1654||1668||Died\n|-\n|Theobald Bourke, 3rd Baron Bourke of Brittas||1668||1691||\n|-", "|-\n|Theobald Bourke, 3rd Baron Bourke of Brittas||1668||1691||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Mountjoy (1618)||Mountjoy Blount, 1st Baron Mountjoy||1618||1665||Died\n|-\n|Mountjoy Blount, 2nd Baron Mountjoy||1665||1675||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Castle Stewart (1619)||Josias Stewart, 4th Baron Castle Stewart||1650||1662||Died\n|-\n|John Stewart, 5th Baron Castle Stewart||1662||1685||\n|-\n|Baron Folliot (1620)||Thomas Folliott, 2nd Baron Folliott||1622||1697||\n|-", "|-\n|Baron Folliot (1620)||Thomas Folliott, 2nd Baron Folliott||1622||1697||\n|-\n|Baron Maynard (1620)||William Maynard, 2nd Baron Maynard||1640||1699||\n|-\n|Baron Gorges of Dundalk (1620)||Richard Gorges, 2nd Baron Gorges of Dundalk||1650||1712||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Digby (1620)||Kildare Digby, 2nd Baron Digby||1642||1661||Died\n|-\n|Robert Digby, 3rd Baron Digby||1661||1677||\n|-\n|Baron Fitzwilliam (1620)||William Fitzwilliam, 3rd Baron Fitzwilliam||1658||1719||\n|-", "|-\n|Baron Fitzwilliam (1620)||William Fitzwilliam, 3rd Baron Fitzwilliam||1658||1719||\n|-\n|Baron Caulfeild (1620)||William Caulfeild, 5th Baron Caulfield||1642||1671||Created Viscount Charlemont, see above\n|-\n|Baron Aungier (1621)||Francis Aungier, 3rd Baron Aungier of Longford||1655||1700||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Blayney (1621)||Edward Blayney, 3rd Baron Blayney||1646||1669||Died\n|-\n|Richard Blayney, 4th Baron Blayney||1669||1670||\n|-", "|-\n|Richard Blayney, 4th Baron Blayney||1669||1670||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Brereton (1624)||William Brereton, 2nd Baron Brereton||1631||1664||Died\n|-\n|William Brereton, 3rd Baron Brereton||1664||1680||\n|-\n|Baron Herbert of Castle Island (1624)||Edward Herbert, 3rd Baron Herbert of Castle Island||1655||1678||\n|-\n|Baron Baltimore (1625)||Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore||1632||1675||\n|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Coleraine (1625)||Hugh Hare, 1st Baron Coleraine||1625||1667||Died\n|-", "|-\n|rowspan=2|Baron Coleraine (1625)||Hugh Hare, 1st Baron Coleraine||1625||1667||Died\n|-\n|Henry Hare, 2nd Baron Coleraine||1667||1708||\n|-\n|Baron Sherard (1627)||Bennet Sherard, 2nd Baron Sherard||1640||1700||\n|-\n|Baron Boyle of Broghill (1628)||Roger Boyle, 1st Baron Boyle of Broghill||1628||1679||Created Earl of Orrery, see above\n|-\n|Baron Alington (1642)||William Alington, 3rd Baron Alington||1659||1685||\n|-\n|Baron Hawley (1646)||Francis Hawley, 1st Baron Hawley||1646||1684||\n|-", "|-\n|Baron Hawley (1646)||Francis Hawley, 1st Baron Hawley||1646||1684||\n|-\n|Baron Kingston (1660)||John King, 1st Baron Kingston||1660||1676||New creation\n|-\n|Baron Coote (1660)||Richard Coote, 1st Baron Coote||1660||1683||New creation\n|-\n|Baron Barry of Santry (1661)||James Barry, 1st Baron Barry of Santry||1661||1673||New creation\n|-\n|Baron Hamilton of Glenawly (1661)||Hugh Hamilton, 1st Baron Hamilton of Glenawly||1661||1679||New creation\n|-\n|}", "References\n\n \n\nLists of peers by decade\n1660s in England\n1660s in Ireland\n17th century in England\n17th century in Scotland\n17th century in Ireland\nLists of 17th-century English people\n17th-century Scottish peers\n17th-century Irish people\nPeers\nPeers" ]

[ "Joseph Maurice Ravel (7 March 1875 – 28 December 1937) was a French composer, pianist and conductor. He is often associated with Impressionism along with his elder contemporary Claude Debussy, although both composers rejected the term. In the 1920s and 1930s Ravel was internationally regarded as France's greatest living composer.", "Born to a music-loving family, Ravel attended France's premier music college, the Paris Conservatoire; he was not well regarded by its conservative establishment, whose biased treatment of him caused a scandal. After leaving the conservatoire, Ravel found his own way as a composer, developing a style of great clarity and incorporating elements of modernism, baroque, neoclassicism and, in his later works, jazz", ". He liked to experiment with musical form, as in his best-known work, Boléro (1928), in which repetition takes the place of development. Renowned for his abilities in orchestration, Ravel made some orchestral arrangements of other composers' piano music, of which his 1922 version of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition is the best known.", "A slow and painstaking worker, Ravel composed fewer pieces than many of his contemporaries. Among his works to enter the repertoire are pieces for piano, chamber music, two piano concertos, ballet music, two operas and eight song cycles; he wrote no symphonies or church music. Many of his works exist in two versions: first, a piano score and later an orchestration", ". Many of his works exist in two versions: first, a piano score and later an orchestration. Some of his piano music, such as Gaspard de la nuit (1908), is exceptionally difficult to play, and his complex orchestral works such as Daphnis et Chloé (1912) require skilful balance in performance.", "Ravel was among the first composers to recognise the potential of recording to bring their music to a wider public. From the 1920s, despite limited technique as a pianist or conductor, he took part in recordings of several of his works; others were made under his supervision.\n\nLife and career\n\nEarly years", "Ravel was born in the Basque town of Ciboure, France, near Biarritz, from the Spanish border. His father, Pierre-Joseph Ravel, was an educated and successful engineer, inventor and manufacturer, born in Versoix near the Franco-Swiss border. His mother, Marie, née Delouart, was Basque but had grown up in Madrid. In 19th-century terms, Joseph had married beneath his status – Marie was illegitimate and barely literate – but the marriage was a happy one", ". Some of Joseph's inventions were successful, including an early internal combustion engine and a notorious circus machine, the \"Whirlwind of Death\", an automotive loop-the-loop that was a major attraction until a fatal accident at Barnum and Bailey's Circus in 1903.", "Both Ravel's parents were Roman Catholics; Marie was also something of a free-thinker, a trait inherited by her elder son. He was baptised in the Ciboure parish church six days after he was born. The family moved to Paris three months later, and there a younger son, Édouard, was born. (He was close to his father, whom he eventually followed into the engineering profession.) Maurice was particularly devoted to their mother; her Basque-Spanish heritage was a strong influence on his life and music", ". Among his earliest memories were folk songs she sang to him. The household was not rich, but the family was comfortable, and the two boys had happy childhoods.", "Ravel senior delighted in taking his sons to factories to see the latest mechanical devices, but he also had a keen interest in music and culture in general. In later life, Ravel recalled, \"Throughout my childhood I was sensitive to music. My father, much better educated in this art than most amateurs are, knew how to develop my taste and to stimulate my enthusiasm at an early age", ".\" There is no record that Ravel received any formal general schooling in his early years; his biographer Roger Nichols suggests that the boy may have been chiefly educated by his father.", "When he was seven, Ravel started piano lessons with Henri Ghys, a friend of Emmanuel Chabrier; five years later, in 1887, he began studying harmony, counterpoint and composition with Charles-René, a pupil of Léo Delibes. Without being anything of a child prodigy, he was a highly musical boy. Charles-René found that Ravel's conception of music was natural to him \"and not, as in the case of so many others, the result of effort\"", ". Ravel's earliest known compositions date from this period: variations on a chorale by Schumann, variations on a theme by Grieg and a single movement of a piano sonata. They survive only in fragmentary form.", "In 1888 Ravel met the young pianist Ricardo Viñes, who became not only a lifelong friend, but also one of the foremost interpreters of his works, and an important link between Ravel and Spanish music. The two shared an appreciation of Wagner, Russian music, and the writings of Poe, Baudelaire and Mallarmé. At the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1889, Ravel was much struck by the new Russian works conducted by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov", ". This music had a lasting effect on both Ravel and his older contemporary Claude Debussy, as did the exotic sound of the Javanese gamelan, also heard during the Exposition.", "Émile Decombes took over as Ravel's piano teacher in 1889; in the same year Ravel gave his earliest public performance. Aged fourteen, he took part in a concert at the Salle Érard along with other pupils of Decombes, including Reynaldo Hahn and Alfred Cortot.", "Paris Conservatoire", "With the encouragement of his parents, Ravel applied for entry to France's most important musical college, the Conservatoire de Paris. In November 1889, playing music by Chopin, he passed the examination for admission to the preparatory piano class run by Eugène Anthiome. Ravel won the first prize in the Conservatoire's piano competition in 1891, but otherwise he did not stand out as a student. Nevertheless, these years were a time of considerable advance in his development as a composer", ". Nevertheless, these years were a time of considerable advance in his development as a composer. The musicologist Arbie Orenstein writes that for Ravel the 1890s were a period \"of immense growth... from adolescence to maturity\".", "In 1891 Ravel progressed to the classes of Charles-Wilfrid de Bériot, for piano, and Émile Pessard, for harmony. He made solid, unspectacular progress, with particular encouragement from Bériot but, in the words of the musicologist Barbara L. Kelly, he \"was only teachable on his own terms\". His later teacher Gabriel Fauré understood this, but it was not generally acceptable to the conservative faculty of the Conservatoire of the 1890s. Ravel was expelled in 1895, having won no more prizes", ". Ravel was expelled in 1895, having won no more prizes. His earliest works to survive in full are from these student days: Sérénade grotesque, for piano, and \"Ballade de la Reine morte d'aimer\", a mélodie setting a poem by Roland de Marès (both 1893).", "Ravel was never so assiduous a student of the piano as his colleagues such as Viñes and Cortot were. It was plain that as a pianist he would never match them, and his overriding ambition was to be a composer. From this point he concentrated on composition", ". From this point he concentrated on composition. His works from the period include the songs \"Un grand sommeil noir\" and \"D'Anne jouant de l'espinette\" to words by Paul Verlaine and Clément Marot, and the piano pieces Menuet antique and Habanera (for four hands), the latter eventually incorporated into the Rapsodie espagnole. At around this time, Joseph Ravel introduced his son to Erik Satie, who was earning a living as a café pianist", ". Ravel was one of the first musicians – Debussy was another – who recognised Satie's originality and talent. Satie's constant experiments in musical form were an inspiration to Ravel, who counted them \"of inestimable value\".", "In 1897 Ravel was readmitted to the Conservatoire, studying composition with Fauré, and taking private lessons in counterpoint with André Gedalge. Both these teachers, particularly Fauré, regarded him highly and were key influences on his development as a composer. As Ravel's course progressed, Fauré reported \"a distinct gain in maturity... engaging wealth of imagination\"", "... engaging wealth of imagination\". Ravel's standing at the Conservatoire was nevertheless undermined by the hostility of the Director, Théodore Dubois, who deplored the young man's musically and politically progressive outlook. Consequently, according to a fellow student, Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi, he was \"a marked man, against whom all weapons were good\"", ". He wrote some substantial works while studying with Fauré, including the overture Shéhérazade and a single movement violin sonata, but he won no prizes, and therefore was expelled again in 1900. As a former student he was allowed to attend Fauré's classes as a non-participating \"auditeur\" until finally abandoning the Conservatoire in 1903.", "In May 1897 Ravel conducted the first performance of the Shéhérazade overture, which had a mixed reception, with boos mingling with applause from the audience, and unflattering reviews from the critics. One described the piece as \"a jolting debut: a clumsy plagiarism of the Russian School\" and called Ravel a \"mediocrely gifted debutant... who will perhaps become something if not someone in about ten years, if he works hard\"", "... who will perhaps become something if not someone in about ten years, if he works hard\". Another critic, Pierre Lalo, thought that Ravel showed talent, but was too indebted to Debussy and should instead emulate Beethoven. Over the succeeding decades Lalo became Ravel's most implacable critic. In 1899 Ravel composed his first piece to become widely known, though it made little impact initially: Pavane pour une infante défunte (\"Pavane for a dead princess\")", ". It was originally a solo piano work, commissioned by the Princesse de Polignac.", "From the start of his career, Ravel appeared calmly indifferent to blame or praise. Those who knew him well believed that this was no pose but wholly genuine. The only opinion of his music that he truly valued was his own, perfectionist and severely self-critical. At twenty years of age he was, in the words of the biographer Burnett James, \"self-possessed, a little aloof, intellectually biased, given to mild banter\". He dressed like a dandy and was meticulous about his appearance and demeanour", ". He dressed like a dandy and was meticulous about his appearance and demeanour. Orenstein comments that, short in stature, light in frame and bony in features, Ravel had the \"appearance of a well-dressed jockey\", whose large head seemed suitably matched to his formidable intellect. During the late 1890s and into the early years of the next century, Ravel was bearded in the fashion of the day; from his mid-thirties he was clean-shaven.", "Les Apaches and Debussy", "Around 1900 Ravel and a number of innovative young artists, poets, critics and musicians joined together in an informal group; they came to be known as Les Apaches (\"The Hooligans\"), a name coined by Viñes to represent their status as \"artistic outcasts\". They met regularly until the beginning of the First World War, and members stimulated one another with intellectual argument and performances of their works", ". The membership of the group was fluid, and at various times included Igor Stravinsky and Manuel de Falla as well as their French friends.", "Among the enthusiasms of the Apaches was the music of Debussy. Ravel, twelve years his junior, had known Debussy slightly since the 1890s, and their friendship, though never close, continued for more than ten years. In 1902 André Messager conducted the premiere of Debussy's opera Pelléas et Mélisande at the Opéra-Comique. It divided musical opinion", ". It divided musical opinion. Dubois unavailingly forbade Conservatoire students to attend, and the conductor's friend and former teacher Camille Saint-Saëns was prominent among those who detested the piece. The Apaches were loud in their support. The first run of the opera consisted of fourteen performances: Ravel attended all of them.", "Debussy was widely held to be an Impressionist composer – a label he intensely disliked. Many music lovers began to apply the same term to Ravel, and the works of the two composers were frequently taken as part of a single genre. Ravel thought that Debussy was indeed an Impressionist but that he himself was not. Orenstein comments that Debussy was more spontaneous and casual in his composing while Ravel was more attentive to form and craftsmanship", ". Ravel wrote that Debussy's \"genius was obviously one of great individuality, creating its own laws, constantly in evolution, expressing itself freely, yet always faithful to French tradition. For Debussy, the musician and the man, I have had profound admiration, but by nature I am different from Debussy... I think I have always personally followed a direction opposed to that of [his] symbolism", "... I think I have always personally followed a direction opposed to that of [his] symbolism.\" During the first years of the new century Ravel's new works included the piano piece Jeux d'eau (1901), the String Quartet and the orchestral song cycle Shéhérazade (both 1903). Commentators have noted some Debussian touches in some parts of these works. Nichols calls the quartet \"at once homage to and exorcism of Debussy's influence\".", "The two composers ceased to be on friendly terms in the middle of the first decade of the 1900s, for musical and possibly personal reasons. Their admirers began to form factions, with adherents of one composer denigrating the other. Disputes arose about the chronology of the composers' works and who influenced whom. Prominent in the anti-Ravel camp was Lalo, who wrote, \"Where M. Debussy is all sensitivity, M", ". Prominent in the anti-Ravel camp was Lalo, who wrote, \"Where M. Debussy is all sensitivity, M. Ravel is all insensitivity, borrowing without hesitation not only technique but the sensitivity of other people.\" The public tension led to personal estrangement. Ravel said, \"It's probably better for us, after all, to be on frigid terms for illogical reasons.\" Nichols suggests an additional reason for the rift. In 1904 Debussy left his wife and went to live with the singer Emma Bardac", ". In 1904 Debussy left his wife and went to live with the singer Emma Bardac. Ravel, together with his close friend and confidante Misia Edwards and the opera star Lucienne Bréval, contributed to a modest regular income for the deserted Lilly Debussy, a fact that Nichols suggests may have rankled with her husband.", "Scandal and success", "During the first years of the new century Ravel made five attempts to win France's most prestigious prize for young composers, the Prix de Rome, past winners of which included Berlioz, Gounod, Bizet, Massenet and Debussy. In 1900 Ravel was eliminated in the first round; in 1901 he won the second prize for the competition. In 1902 and 1903 he won nothing: according to the musicologist Paul Landormy, the judges suspected Ravel of making fun of them by submitting cantatas so academic as to seem like parodies", ". In 1905 Ravel, by now thirty, competed for the last time, inadvertently causing a furore. He was eliminated in the first round, which even critics unsympathetic to his music, including Lalo, denounced as unjustifiable. The press's indignation grew when it emerged that the senior professor at the Conservatoire, Charles Lenepveu, was on the jury, and only his students were selected for the final round; his insistence that this was pure coincidence was not well received", ". L'affaire Ravel became a national scandal, leading to the early retirement of Dubois and his replacement by Fauré, appointed by the government to carry out a radical reorganisation of the Conservatoire.", "Among those taking a close interest in the controversy was Alfred Edwards, owner and editor of Le Matin, for which Lalo wrote. Edwards was married to Ravel's friend Misia; the couple took Ravel on a seven-week Rhine cruise on their yacht in June and July 1905, the first time he had travelled abroad.", "By the latter part of the 1900s Ravel had established a pattern of writing works for piano and subsequently arranging them for full orchestra. He was in general a slow and painstaking worker, and reworking his earlier piano compositions enabled him to increase the number of pieces published and performed. There appears to have been no mercenary motive for this; Ravel was known for his indifference to financial matters", ". The pieces that began as piano compositions and were then given orchestral dress were Pavane pour une infante défunte (orchestrated 1910), Une barque sur l'océan (1906, from the 1905 piano suite Miroirs), the Habanera section of Rapsodie espagnole (1907–08), Ma mère l'Oye (1908–10, orchestrated 1911), Valses nobles et sentimentales (1911, orchestrated 1912), Alborada del gracioso (from Miroirs, orchestrated 1918) and Le tombeau de Couperin (1914–17, orchestrated 1919).", "Ravel was not by inclination a teacher, but he gave lessons to a few young musicians he felt could benefit from them. Manuel Rosenthal was one, and records that Ravel was a very demanding teacher when he thought his pupil had talent. Like his own teacher, Fauré, he was concerned that his pupils should find their own individual voices and not be excessively influenced by established masters", ". He warned Rosenthal that it was impossible to learn from studying Debussy's music: \"Only Debussy could have written it and made it sound like only Debussy can sound.\" When George Gershwin asked him for lessons in the 1920s, Ravel, after serious consideration, refused, on the grounds that they \"would probably cause him to write bad Ravel and lose his great gift of melody and spontaneity\"", ". The best-known composer who studied with Ravel was probably Ralph Vaughan Williams, who was his pupil for three months in 1907–08. Vaughan Williams recalled that Ravel helped him escape from \"the heavy contrapuntal Teutonic manner... Complexe mais pas compliqué was his motto.\"", "Vaughan Williams's recollections throw some light on Ravel's private life, about which the latter's reserved and secretive personality has led to much speculation. Vaughan Williams, Rosenthal and Marguerite Long have all recorded that Ravel frequented brothels; Long attributed this to his self-consciousness about his diminutive stature, and consequent lack of confidence with women", ". By other accounts, none of them first-hand, Ravel was in love with Misia Edwards, or wanted to marry the violinist Hélène Jourdan-Morhange. Rosenthal records and discounts contemporary speculation that Ravel, a lifelong bachelor, may have been homosexual. Such speculation recurred in a 2000 life of Ravel by Benjamin Ivry; subsequent studies have concluded that Ravel's sexuality and personal life remain a mystery.", "Ravel's first concert outside France was in 1909. As the guest of the Vaughan Williamses, he visited London, where he played for the Société des Concerts Français, gaining favourable reviews and enhancing his growing international reputation.\n\n1910 to First World War", "The Société Nationale de Musique, founded in 1871 to promote the music of rising French composers, had been dominated since the mid-1880s by a conservative faction led by Vincent d'Indy. Ravel, together with several other former pupils of Fauré, set up a new, modernist organisation, the Société Musicale Indépendente, with Fauré as its president", ". The new society's inaugural concert took place on 20 April 1910; the seven items on the programme included premieres of Fauré's song cycle La chanson d'Ève, Debussy's piano suite D'un cahier d'esquisses, Zoltán Kodály's Six pièces pour piano and the original piano duet version of Ravel's Ma mère l'Oye. The performers included Fauré, Florent Schmitt, Ernest Bloch, Pierre Monteux and, in the Debussy work, Ravel", ". Kelly considers it a sign of Ravel's new influence that the society featured Satie's music in a concert in January 1911.", "The first of Ravel's two operas, the one-act comedy L'heure espagnole was premiered in 1911. The work had been completed in 1907, but the manager of the Opéra-Comique, Albert Carré, repeatedly deferred its presentation. He was concerned that its plot – a bedroom farce – would be badly received by the ultra-respectable mothers and daughters who were an important part of the Opéra-Comique's audience", ". The piece was only modestly successful at its first production, and it was not until the 1920s that it became popular.", "In 1912 Ravel had three ballets premiered. The first, to the orchestrated and expanded version of Ma mère l'Oye, opened at the Théâtre des Arts in January. The reviews were excellent: the Mercure de France called the score \"absolutely ravishing, a masterwork in miniature\". The music rapidly entered the concert repertoire; it was played at the Queen's Hall, London, within weeks of the Paris premiere, and was repeated at the Proms later in the same year. The Times praised \"the enchantment of the work..", ". The Times praised \"the enchantment of the work... the effect of mirage, by which something quite real seems to float on nothing\". New York audiences heard the work in the same year. Ravel's second ballet of 1912 was Adélaïde ou le langage des fleurs, danced to the score of Valses nobles et sentimentales, which opened at the Châtelet in April. Daphnis et Chloé opened at the same theatre in June. This was his largest-scale orchestral work, and took him immense trouble and several years to complete.", "Daphnis et Chloé was commissioned in or about 1909 by the impresario Sergei Diaghilev for his company, the Ballets Russes. Ravel began work with Diaghilev's choreographer, Michel Fokine, and designer, Léon Bakst. Fokine had a reputation for his modern approach to dance, with individual numbers replaced by continuous music. This appealed to Ravel, and after discussing the action in great detail with Fokine, Ravel began composing the music", ". There were frequent disagreements between the collaborators, and the premiere was under-rehearsed because of the late completion of the work. It had an unenthusiastic reception and was quickly withdrawn, although it was revived successfully a year later in Monte Carlo and London. The effort to complete the ballet took its toll on Ravel's health; neurasthenia obliged him to rest for several months after the premiere.", "Ravel composed little during 1913. He collaborated with Stravinsky on a performing version of Mussorgsky's unfinished opera Khovanshchina, and his own works were the Trois poèmes de Mallarmé for soprano and chamber ensemble, and two short piano pieces, À la manière de Borodine and À la manière de Chabrier. In 1913, together with Debussy, Ravel was among the musicians present at the dress rehearsal of The Rite of Spring", ". Stravinsky later said that Ravel was the only person who immediately understood the music. Ravel predicted that the premiere of the Rite would be seen as an event of historic importance equal to that of Pelléas et Mélisande. At the end of the year Ravel was in England, visiting the novelist Arnold Bennett in his Essex home; the two had known each other since meeting in 1908, when Bennett was living in France.", "War", "When Germany invaded France in 1914 Ravel tried to join the French Air Force. He considered his small stature and light weight ideal for an aviator, but was rejected because of his age and a minor heart complaint. While waiting to be enlisted, Ravel composed Trois Chansons, his only work for a cappella choir, setting his own texts in the tradition of French 16th-century chansons. He dedicated the three songs to people who might help him to enlist", ". He dedicated the three songs to people who might help him to enlist. After several unsuccessful attempts to enlist, Ravel finally joined the Thirteenth Artillery Regiment as a lorry driver in March 1915, when he was forty. Stravinsky expressed admiration for his friend's courage: \"at his age and with his name he could have had an easier place, or done nothing\". Some of Ravel's duties put him in mortal danger, driving munitions at night under heavy German bombardment", ". At the same time his peace of mind was undermined by his mother's failing health. His own health also deteriorated; he suffered from insomnia and digestive problems, underwent a bowel operation following amoebic dysentery in September 1916, and had frostbite in his feet the following winter.", "During the war, the Ligue Nationale pour la Defense de la Musique Française was formed by Saint-Saëns, Dubois, d'Indy and others, campaigning for a ban on the performance of contemporary German music", ". Ravel declined to join, telling the committee of the league in 1916, \"It would be dangerous for French composers to ignore systematically the productions of their foreign colleagues, and thus form themselves into a sort of national coterie: our musical art, which is so rich at the present time, would soon degenerate, becoming isolated in banal formulas.\" The league responded by banning Ravel's music from its concerts.", "Ravel's mother died in January 1917, and he fell into a \"horrible despair\", compounding the distress he felt at the suffering endured by the people of his country during the war. He composed few works in the war years. The Piano Trio was almost complete when the conflict began, and the most substantial of his wartime works is Le tombeau de Couperin, composed between 1914 and 1917", ". The suite celebrates the tradition of François Couperin, the 18th-century French composer; each movement is dedicated to a friend of Ravel's who died in the war.", "1920s", "After the war, those close to Ravel recognised that he had lost much of his physical and mental stamina. As the musicologist Stephen Zank puts it, \"Ravel's emotional equilibrium, so hard won in the previous decade, had been seriously compromised.\" His output, never large, became smaller. Nonetheless, after the death of Debussy in 1918, he was generally seen, in France and abroad, as the leading French composer of the era", ". Fauré wrote to him, \"I am happier than you can imagine about the solid position which you occupy and which you have acquired so brilliantly and so rapidly. It is a source of joy and pride for your old professor.\" Ravel was offered the Legion of Honour in 1920, and although he declined the decoration, he was viewed by the new generation of composers typified by Satie's protégés Les Six as an establishment figure", ". Satie had turned against him, and commented, \"Ravel refuses the Légion d'honneur, but all his music accepts it.\" Despite this attack, Ravel continued to admire Satie's early music, and always acknowledged the older man's influence on his own development. Ravel took a benign view of Les Six, promoting their music, and defending it against journalistic attacks. He regarded their reaction against his works as natural, and preferable to their copying his style", ". He regarded their reaction against his works as natural, and preferable to their copying his style. Through the Société Musicale Indépendente, he was able to encourage them and composers from other countries. The Société presented concerts of recent works by American composers including Aaron Copland, Virgil Thomson and George Antheil and by Vaughan Williams and his English colleagues Arnold Bax and Cyril Scott.", "Orenstein and Zank both comment that, although Ravel's post-war output was small, averaging only one composition a year, it included some of his finest works. In 1920 he completed La valse, in response to a commission from Diaghilev. He had worked on it intermittently for some years, planning a concert piece, \"a sort of apotheosis of the Viennese waltz, mingled with, in my mind, the impression of a fantastic, fatal whirling\"", ". It was rejected by Diaghilev, who said, \"It's a masterpiece, but it's not a ballet. It's the portrait of a ballet.\" Ravel heard Diaghilev's verdict without protest or argument, left, and had no further dealings with him. Nichols comments that Ravel had the satisfaction of seeing the ballet staged twice by other managements before Diaghilev died", ". A ballet danced to the orchestral version of Le tombeau de Couperin was given at the Théâtre des Champs-Elysées in November 1920, and the premiere of La valse followed in December. The following year Daphnis et Chloé and L'heure espagnole were successfully revived at the Paris Opéra.", "In the post-war era there was a reaction against the large-scale music of composers such as Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss. Stravinsky, whose Rite of Spring was written for a huge orchestra, began to work on a much smaller scale. His 1923 ballet score Les noces is composed for voices and twenty-one instruments", ". His 1923 ballet score Les noces is composed for voices and twenty-one instruments. Ravel did not like the work (his opinion caused a cooling in Stravinsky's friendship with him) but he was in sympathy with the fashion for \"dépouillement\" – the \"stripping away\" of pre-war extravagance to reveal the essentials. Many of his works from the 1920s are noticeably sparer in texture than earlier pieces. Other influences on him in this period were jazz and atonality", ". Other influences on him in this period were jazz and atonality. Jazz was popular in Parisian cafés, and French composers such as Darius Milhaud incorporated elements of it in their work. Ravel commented that he preferred jazz to grand opera, and its influence is heard in his later music. Arnold Schönberg's abandonment of conventional tonality also had echoes in some of Ravel's music such as the Chansons madécasses (1926), which Ravel doubted he could have written without the example of Pierrot Lunaire", ". His other major works from the 1920s include the orchestral arrangement of Mussorgsky's piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition (1922), the opera L'enfant et les sortilèges to a libretto by Colette (1926), Tzigane (1924) and the Violin Sonata No.2 (1927).", "Finding city life fatiguing, Ravel moved to the countryside. In May 1921 he took up residence at Le Belvédère, a small house on the fringe of Montfort-l'Amaury, west of Paris, in the Yvelines département. Looked after by a devoted housekeeper, Mme Revelot, he lived there for the rest of his life. At Le Belvédère Ravel composed and gardened, when not performing in Paris or abroad", ". At Le Belvédère Ravel composed and gardened, when not performing in Paris or abroad. His touring schedule increased considerably in the 1920s, with concerts in Britain, Sweden, Denmark, the US, Canada, Spain, Austria and Italy.", "After two months of planning, Ravel made a four-month tour of North America in 1928, playing and conducting. His fee was a guaranteed minimum of $10,000 and a constant supply of Gauloises cigarettes. He appeared with most of the leading orchestras in Canada and the US and visited twenty-five cities. Audiences were enthusiastic and the critics were complimentary. At an all-Ravel programme conducted by Serge Koussevitzky in New York, the entire audience stood up and applauded as the composer took his seat", ". Ravel was touched by this spontaneous gesture and observed, \"You know, this doesn't happen to me in Paris.\" Orenstein, commenting that this tour marked the zenith of Ravel's international reputation, lists its non-musical highlights as a visit to Poe's house in New York, and excursions to Niagara Falls and the Grand Canyon. Ravel was unmoved by his new international celebrity", ". Ravel was unmoved by his new international celebrity. He commented that the critics' recent enthusiasm was of no more importance than their earlier judgment, when they called him \"the most perfect example of insensitivity and lack of emotion\".", "The last composition Ravel completed in the 1920s, Boléro, became his most famous. He was commissioned to provide a score for Ida Rubinstein's ballet company, and having been unable to secure the rights to orchestrate Albéniz's Iberia, he decided on \"an experiment in a very special and limited direction... a piece lasting seventeen minutes and consisting wholly of orchestral tissue without music\". Ravel continued that the work was \"one long, very gradual crescendo", ". Ravel continued that the work was \"one long, very gradual crescendo. There are no contrasts, and there is practically no invention except the plan and the manner of the execution. The themes are altogether impersonal.\" He was astonished, and not wholly pleased, that it became a mass success", ".\" He was astonished, and not wholly pleased, that it became a mass success. When one elderly member of the audience at the Opéra shouted \"Rubbish!\" at the premiere, he remarked, \"That old lady got the message!\" The work was popularised by the conductor Arturo Toscanini, and has been recorded several hundred times. Ravel commented to Arthur Honegger, one of Les Six, \"I've written only one masterpiece – Boléro. Unfortunately there's no music in it.\"", "Last years", "At the beginning of the 1930s Ravel was working on two piano concertos. He completed the Piano Concerto in D major for the Left Hand first. It was commissioned by the Austrian pianist Paul Wittgenstein, who had lost his right arm during the First World War. Ravel was stimulated by the technical challenges of the project: \"In a work of this kind, it is essential to give the impression of a texture no thinner than that of a part written for both hands", ".\" Ravel, not proficient enough to perform the work with only his left hand, demonstrated it with both hands. Wittgenstein was initially disappointed by the piece, but after long study he became fascinated by it and ranked it as a great work. In January 1932 he premiered it in Vienna to instant acclaim, and performed it in Paris with Ravel conducting the following year. The critic Henry Prunières wrote, \"From the opening measures, we are plunged into a world in which Ravel has but rarely introduced us.\"", "The Piano Concerto in G major was completed a year later. After the premiere in January 1932 there was high praise for the soloist, Marguerite Long, and for Ravel's score, though not for his conducting. Long, the dedicatee, played the concerto in more than twenty European cities, with the composer conducting; they planned to record it together, but at the sessions Ravel confined himself to supervising proceedings and Pedro de Freitas Branco conducted.", "In October 1932 Ravel suffered a blow to the head in a taxi accident. The injury was not thought serious at the time, but in a study for the British Medical Journal in 1988 the neurologist R. A. Henson concludes that it may have exacerbated an existing cerebral condition. As early as 1927 close friends had been concerned at Ravel's growing absent-mindedness, and within a year of the accident he started to experience symptoms suggesting aphasia", ". Before the accident he had begun work on music for a film, Don Quixote (1933), but he was unable to meet the production schedule, and Jacques Ibert wrote most of the score. Ravel completed three songs for baritone and orchestra intended for the film; they were published as Don Quichotte à Dulcinée. The manuscript orchestral score is in Ravel's hand, but Lucien Garban and Manuel Rosenthal helped in transcription. Ravel composed no more after this. The exact nature of his illness is unknown", ". Ravel composed no more after this. The exact nature of his illness is unknown. Experts have ruled out the possibility of a tumour, and have variously suggested frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Though no longer able to write music or perform, Ravel remained physically and socially active until his last months. Henson notes that Ravel preserved most or all his auditory imagery and could still hear music in his head.", "In 1937 Ravel began to suffer pain from his condition, and was examined by Clovis Vincent, a well-known Paris neurosurgeon. Vincent advised surgical treatment. He thought a tumour unlikely, and expected to find ventricular dilatation that surgery might prevent from progressing. Ravel's brother Edouard accepted this advice; as Henson comments, the patient was in no state to express a considered view", ". After the operation there seemed to be an improvement in his condition, but it was short-lived, and he soon lapsed into a coma. He died on 28 December, at the age of 62.", "On 30 December 1937 Ravel was interred next to his parents in a granite tomb at Levallois-Perret cemetery, in north-west Paris. He was an atheist and there was no religious ceremony.\n\nMusic", "Marcel Marnat's catalogue of Ravel's complete works lists eighty-five works, including many incomplete or abandoned. Though that total is small in comparison with the output of his major contemporaries, it is nevertheless inflated by Ravel's frequent practice of writing works for piano and later rewriting them as independent pieces for orchestra. The performable body of works numbers about sixty; slightly more than half are instrumental", ". The performable body of works numbers about sixty; slightly more than half are instrumental. Ravel's music includes pieces for piano, chamber music, two piano concerti, ballet music, opera and song cycles. He wrote no symphonies or church works.", "Ravel drew on many generations of French composers from Couperin and Rameau to Fauré and the more recent innovations of Satie and Debussy. Foreign influences include Mozart, Schubert, Liszt and Chopin. He considered himself in many ways a classicist, often using traditional structures and forms, such as the ternary, to present his new melodic and rhythmic content and innovative harmonies", ". The influence of jazz on his later music is heard within conventional classical structures in the Piano Concerto and the Violin Sonata.", "Ravel placed high importance on melody, telling Vaughan Williams that there is \"an implied melodic outline in all vital music\". As a result, there are few leading notes in his output. Chords of the ninth and eleventh and unresolved appoggiaturas, such as those in the Valses nobles et sentimentales, are characteristic of Ravel's harmonic language.", "Dance forms appealed to Ravel, most famously the bolero and pavane, but also the minuet, forlane, rigaudon, waltz, czardas, habanera and passacaglia. National and regional consciousness was important to him, and although a planned concerto on Basque themes never materialised, his works include allusions to Hebraic, Greek, Hungarian and gypsy themes", ". He wrote several short pieces paying tribute to composers he admired – Borodin, Chabrier, Fauré and Haydn, interpreting their characteristics in a Ravellian style. Another important influence was literary rather than musical: Ravel said that he learnt from Poe that \"true art is a perfect balance between pure intellect and emotion\", with the corollary that a piece of music should be a perfectly balanced entity with no irrelevant material allowed to intrude.", "Operas", "Ravel completed two operas, and worked on three others. The unrealised three were Olympia, La cloche engloutie and Jeanne d'Arc. Olympia was to be based on Hoffmann's The Sandman; he made sketches for it in 1898–99, but did not progress far. La cloche engloutie after Hauptmann's The Sunken Bell occupied him intermittently from 1906 to 1912, Ravel destroyed the sketches for both these works, except for a \"Symphonie horlogère\" which he incorporated into the opening of L'heure espagnole", ". The third unrealised project was an operatic version of Joseph Delteil's 1925 novel about Joan of Arc. It was to be a large-scale, full-length work for the Paris Opéra, but Ravel's final illness prevented him from writing it.", "Ravel's first completed opera was L'heure espagnole (premiered in 1911), described as a \"comédie musicale\". It is among the works set in or illustrating Spain that Ravel wrote throughout his career. Nichols comments that the essential Spanish colouring gave Ravel a reason for virtuoso use of the modern orchestra, which the composer considered \"perfectly designed for underlining and exaggerating comic effects\"", ". Edward Burlingame Hill found Ravel's vocal writing particularly skilful in the work, \"giving the singers something besides recitative without hampering the action\", and \"commenting orchestrally upon the dramatic situations and the sentiments of the actors without diverting attention from the stage\". Some find the characters artificial and the piece lacking in humanity. The critic David Murray writes that the score \"glows with the famous Ravel tendresse.\"", "The second opera, also in one act, is L'enfant et les sortilèges (1926), a \"fantaisie lyrique\" to a libretto by Colette. She and Ravel had planned the story as a ballet, but at the composer's suggestion Colette turned it into an opera libretto. It is more uncompromisingly modern in its musical style than L'heure espagnole, and the jazz elements and bitonality of much of the work upset many Parisian opera-goers", ". Ravel was once again accused of artificiality and lack of human emotion, but Nichols finds \"profoundly serious feeling at the heart of this vivid and entertaining work\". The score presents an impression of simplicity, disguising intricate links between themes, with, in Murray's phrase, \"extraordinary and bewitching sounds from the orchestra pit throughout\".", "Although one-act operas are generally staged less often than full-length ones, Ravel's are produced regularly in France and abroad.", "Other vocal works", "A substantial proportion of Ravel's output was vocal. His early works in that sphere include cantatas written for his unsuccessful attempts at the Prix de Rome. His other vocal music from that period shows Debussy's influence, in what Kelly describes as \"a static, recitative-like vocal style\", prominent piano parts and rhythmic flexibility. By 1906 Ravel was taking even further than Debussy the natural, sometimes colloquial, setting of the French language in Histoires naturelles", ". The same technique is highlighted in Trois poèmes de Mallarmé (1913); Debussy set two of the three poems at the same time as Ravel, and the former's word-setting is noticeably more formal than the latter's, in which syllables are often elided. In the cycles Shéhérazade and Chansons madécasses, Ravel gives vent to his taste for the exotic, even the sensual, in both the vocal line and the accompaniment.", "Ravel's songs often draw on vernacular styles, using elements of many folk traditions in such works as Cinq mélodies populaires grecques, Deux mélodies hébraïques and Chants populaires. Among the poets on whose lyrics he drew were Marot, Léon-Paul Fargue, Leconte de Lisle and Verlaine. For three songs dating from 1914 to 1915, he wrote his own texts.", "Although Ravel wrote for mixed choirs and male solo voices, he is chiefly associated, in his songs, with the soprano and mezzo-soprano voices. Even when setting lyrics clearly narrated by a man, he often favoured a female voice, and he seems to have preferred his best-known cycle, Shéhérazade, to be sung by a woman, although a tenor voice is a permitted alternative in the score.", "Orchestral works\nDuring his lifetime it was above all as a master of orchestration that Ravel was famous. He minutely studied the ability of each orchestral instrument to determine its potential, putting its individual colour and timbre to maximum use. The critic Alexis Roland-Manuel wrote, \"In reality he is, with Stravinsky, the one man in the world who best knows the weight of a trombone-note, the harmonics of a 'cello or a pp tam-tam in the relationships of one orchestral group to another.\"", "For all Ravel's orchestral mastery, only four of his works were conceived as concert works for symphony orchestra: Rapsodie espagnole, La valse and the two concertos. All the other orchestral works were written either for the stage, as in Daphnis et Chloé, or as a reworking of piano pieces, Alborada del gracioso and Une barque sur l'ocean, (Miroirs), Valses nobles et sentimentales, Ma mère l'Oye, Tzigane (originally for violin and piano) and Le tombeau de Couperin", ". In the orchestral versions, the instrumentation generally clarifies the harmonic language of the score and brings sharpness to classical dance rhythms. Occasionally, as in the Alborada del gracioso, critics have found the later orchestral version less persuasive than the sharp-edged piano original.", "In some of his scores from the 1920s, including Daphnis et Chloé, Ravel frequently divides his upper strings, having them play in six to eight parts while the woodwind are required to play with extreme agility. His writing for the brass ranges from softly muted to triple-forte outbursts at climactic points. In the 1930s he tended to simplify his orchestral textures. The lighter tone of the G major Piano Concerto follows the models of Mozart and Saint-Saëns, alongside use of jazz-like themes", ". The critics Edward Sackville-West and Desmond Shawe-Taylor comment that in the slow movement, \"one of the most beautiful tunes Ravel ever invented\", the composer \"can truly be said to join hands with Mozart\". The most popular of Ravel's orchestral works, Boléro (1928), was conceived several years before its completion; in 1924 he said that he was contemplating \"a symphonic poem without a subject, where the whole interest will be in the rhythm\".", "Ravel made orchestral versions of piano works by Schumann, Chabrier, Debussy and Mussorgsky's piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition. Orchestral versions of the last by Mikhail Tushmalov, Sir Henry Wood and Leo Funtek predated Ravel's 1922 version, and many more have been made since, but Ravel's remains the best known", ". Kelly remarks on its \"dazzling array of instrumental colour\", and a contemporary reviewer commented on how, in dealing with another composer's music, Ravel had produced an orchestral sound wholly unlike his own.", "Piano music", "Although Ravel wrote fewer than thirty works for the piano, they exemplify his range; Orenstein remarks that the composer keeps his personal touch \"from the striking simplicity of Ma mère l'Oye to the transcendental virtuosity of Gaspard de la nuit\". Ravel's earliest major work for piano, Jeux d'eau (1901), is frequently cited as evidence that he evolved his style independently of Debussy, whose major works for piano all came later", ". When writing for solo piano, Ravel rarely aimed at the intimate chamber effect characteristic of Debussy, but sought a Lisztian virtuosity. The authors of The Record Guide consider that works such as Gaspard de la Nuit and Miroirs have a beauty and originality with a deeper inspiration \"in the harmonic and melodic genius of Ravel himself\".", "Most of Ravel's piano music is extremely difficult to play, and presents pianists with a balance of technical and artistic challenges. Writing of the piano music the critic Andrew Clark commented in 2013, \"A successful Ravel interpretation is a finely balanced thing. It involves subtle musicianship, a feeling for pianistic colour and the sort of lightly worn virtuosity that masks the advanced technical challenges he makes in Alborada del gracioso... and the two outer movements of Gaspard de la nuit", "... and the two outer movements of Gaspard de la nuit. Too much temperament, and the music loses its classical shape; too little, and it sounds pale.\" This balance caused a breach between the composer and Viñes, who said that if he observed the nuances and speeds Ravel stipulated in Gaspard de la nuit, \"Le gibet\" would \"bore the audience to death\". Some pianists continue to attract criticism for over-interpreting Ravel's piano writing.", "Ravel's regard for his predecessors is heard in several of his piano works; Menuet sur le nom de Haydn (1909), À la manière de Borodine (1912), À la manière de Chabrier (1913) and Le tombeau de Couperin all incorporate elements of the named composers interpreted in a characteristically Ravellian manner", ". Clark comments that those piano works which Ravel later orchestrated are overshadowed by the revised versions: \"Listen to Le tombeau de Couperin and the complete ballet music for Ma mère L'Oye in the classic recordings conducted by André Cluytens, and the piano versions never sound quite the same again.\"", "Chamber music", "Apart from a one-movement Sonata for Violin and Piano dating from 1899, unpublished in the composer's lifetime, Ravel wrote seven chamber works. The earliest is the String Quartet (1902–03), dedicated to Fauré, and showing the influence of Debussy's quartet of ten years earlier", ". Like the Debussy, it differs from the more monumental quartets of the established French school of Franck and his followers, with more succinct melodies, fluently interchanged, in flexible tempos and varieties of instrumental colour. The Introduction and Allegro for harp, flute, clarinet and string quartet (1905) was composed very quickly by Ravel's standards. It is an ethereal piece in the vein of the Pavane pour une infante défunte", ". It is an ethereal piece in the vein of the Pavane pour une infante défunte. Ravel also worked at unusual speed on the Piano Trio (1914) to complete it before joining the French Army", ". It contains Basque, Baroque and far Eastern influences, and shows Ravel's growing technical skill, dealing with the difficulties of balancing the percussive piano with the sustained sound of the violin and cello, \"blending the two disparate elements in a musical language that is unmistakably his own,\" in the words of the commentator Keith Anderson.", "Ravel's four chamber works composed after the First World War are the Sonata for Violin and Cello (1920–22), the \"Berceuse sur le nom de Gabriel Fauré\" for violin and piano (1922), the chamber original of Tzigane for violin and piano (1924) and finally the Violin Sonata (1923–27). The two middle works are respectively an affectionate tribute to Ravel's teacher, and a virtuoso display piece for the violinist Jelly d'Arányi", ". The Violin and Cello Sonata is a departure from the rich textures and harmonies of the pre-war Piano Trio: the composer said that it marked a turning point in his career, with thinness of texture pushed to the extreme and harmonic charm renounced in favour of pure melody. His last chamber work, the Violin Sonata (sometimes called the Second after the posthumous publication of his student sonata), is a frequently dissonant work", ". Ravel said that the violin and piano are \"essentially incompatible\" instruments, and that his Sonata reveals their incompatibility. Sackville-West and Shawe-Taylor consider the post-war sonatas \"rather laboured and unsatisfactory\", and neither work has matched the popularity of Ravel's pre-war chamber works.", "Recordings", "Ravel's interpretations of some of his piano works were captured on piano roll between 1914 and 1928, although some rolls supposedly played by him may have been made under his supervision by Robert Casadesus, a better pianist. Transfers of the rolls have been released on compact disc", ". Transfers of the rolls have been released on compact disc. In 1913 there was a gramophone recording of Jeux d'eau played by Mark Hambourg, and by the early 1920s there were discs featuring the Pavane pour une infante défunte and Ondine, and movements from the String Quartet, Le tombeau de Couperin and Ma mère l'Oye", ". Ravel was among the first composers who recognised the potential of recording to bring their music to a wider public, and throughout the 1920s there was a steady stream of recordings of his works, some of which featured the composer as pianist or conductor. A 1932 recording of the G major Piano Concerto was advertised as \"Conducted by the composer\", although he had in fact supervised the sessions while a more proficient conductor took the baton", ". Recordings for which Ravel actually was the conductor included a Boléro in 1930, and a sound film of a 1933 performance of the D major concerto with Wittgenstein as soloist.", "Honours and legacy\nRavel declined not only the Légion d'honneur, but all state honours from France, refusing to let his name go forward for election to the Institut de France. He accepted foreign awards, including honorary membership of the Royal Philharmonic Society in 1921, the Belgian Ordre de Léopold in 1926, and an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1928.", "After Ravel's death, his brother and legatee, Edouard, turned the composer's house at Montfort-l'Amaury into a museum, leaving it substantially as Ravel had known it. As at 2023 the maison-musée de Maurice Ravel remains open for guided tours.", "In his later years, Edouard Ravel declared his intention to leave the bulk of the composer's estate to the city of Paris for the endowment of a Nobel Prize in music, but evidently changed his mind. After his death in 1960, the estate passed through several hands. Despite the substantial royalties paid for performing Ravel's music, the news magazine Le Point reported in 2000 that it was unclear who the beneficiaries were", ". The British newspaper The Guardian reported in 2001 that no money from royalties had been forthcoming for the maintenance of the Ravel museum at Montfort-l'Amaury, which was in a poor state of repair.", "Many works have been dedicated to Ravel or composed in his memory, by Satie, Stravinsky and others.\n\nNotes, references and sources\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links\n\nFree scores\n\nMiscellaneous\n Maurice Ravel Frontispice\n\nInstitutions\n International Academy of Music from Saint-Jean-de-Luz: Académie internationale de Musique Maurice Ravel de Saint-Jean-de-Luz\n Maurice Ravel's Friends Society: Les Amis de Maurice Ravel", "1875 births\n1937 deaths\n19th-century classical composers\n20th-century French male classical pianists\n19th-century French composers\n19th-century French male musicians\n20th-century classical composers\n20th-century conductors (music)\n20th-century French composers\nBallets Russes composers\nBurials at Levallois-Perret Cemetery\nComposers for piano\nNeurological disease deaths in France\nFrench atheists\nFrench ballet composers\nFrench-Basque people\nFrench classical composers\nFrench male classical composers", "French-Basque people\nFrench classical composers\nFrench male classical composers\nFrench military personnel of World War I\nFrench opera composers\nFrench people of Basque descent\nFrench people of Swiss descent\nHonorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society\nImpressionist composers\nJazz-influenced classical composers\nLegion of Honour refusals\nMale opera composers\nNeoclassical composers\nPeople from Labourd\nPeople with traumatic brain injuries\nPrix de Rome for composition" ]

[ "The following events occurred in November 1923:", "November 1, 1923 (Thursday)\nImprisoned steel industrialist Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach signed an agreement with the French government establishing conditions under which the Krupp mines in the Ruhr would resume work. Krupp was released from prison 14 days later. \nThe governments of Estonia and Latvia signed a mutual defense treaty and military alliance. Latvia renounced all claims it had made on Ruhnu island in the Gulf of Riga.", "The Finnish airline Finnair was founded by Bruno Lucander under the name \"Aero Osakeyhtiö\" (Aero Joint Stock Company), abbreviated to Aero O/Y. Lucander's sole aircraft at first was a single-engine Junkers F.13 seaplane, used for flying a route between Helsinki and Tallinn. In 1947, the company would be renamed Finnish Airlines, shortened to Finnair in 1949.\nBorn: \nVictoria de los Ángeles, Spanish singer; in Barcelona (d. 2005) \nGordon R. Dickson, Canadian science fiction writer; in Edmonton (d. 2001)", "Gordon R. Dickson, Canadian science fiction writer; in Edmonton (d. 2001)\nDied: Bill Lovett, 29, Irish-born American gangster and recently retired leader of New York's White Hand Gang, was murdered while sleeping in an abandoned store at 25 Bridge Street in Brooklyn, after a night of drinking at Sand's Saloon.", "November 2, 1923 (Friday)\nSilent film star Margaret Gibson was arrested at her home in Los Angeles on federal charges of operating a blackmail and extortion ring, charges that were later dropped. She performed under her own name from 1913 to 1917, and later as Patricia Palmer from 1918 to 1929. On her deathbed, she would confess to the February 1, 1922 murder of Hollywood director William Desmond Taylor.", "U.S. Navy Lieutenant Harold J. Brow set a new flight airspeed record at the Mineola airfield on New York's Long Island, becoming the first person to fly faster than 400 kilometers per hour and the first of more than 250 miles per hour. Brow, competing against Navy Lieutenant Alford J. Williams, averaged over a three-kilometer course. Lt. Williams broke the record again two days later, flying at at Mineola.", "Three Socialist members of the Gustav Stresemann cabinet resigned in protest of the government's refusal to curb the powers of the dictatorial regime in Bavaria.\nThe Reichsbank issued a 100 trillion-mark banknote.", "David Lloyd George gave a final speech at the Metropolitan Opera House as he ended his tour of North America. Lloyd George defended the Treaty of Versailles as \"the best treaty that could have been negotiated under the circumstances at that time\" and said it was not the treaty that was responsible for the present problems of Europe, but \"the completeness of the victory. It was the most complete victory that has almost ever been won in wars between great nations", ". It was the most complete victory that has almost ever been won in wars between great nations. Germany-Austria were shattered, demoralized, disarmed, prostrated; we left them like broken backed creatures on the road for any chariot to run over.\" He added that Europe must be given \"the conviction that right is supreme over force. Who is to do it? There are only two countries on Earth which can establish that conviction, and those are the United States of America and the British Empire", ". Unless it is done, I do not know what is going to happen.\"", "Born: \nCesare Rubini, Italian basketball coach who won 15 national championships from 1950 to 1972 as coach of Olimpia Milano; in Trieste (d. 2011)\nDr. Charles Kamalam Job, Indian surgeon and medical researcher in the study of leprosy; in Palliyadi, Madras Province, British India (now in Tamil Nadu state of India (d. 2012)\nDied: \nLim Chin Tsong, 56, Chinese-Burmese businessman and philanthropist\nStevan Aleksić, 46, Serbian Romanian painter", "November 3, 1923 (Saturday)\nCrown Prince Gustav Adolf of Sweden married Louise Mountbatten at St James's Palace.\nU.S. Army Captain Harold Kullberg performed the first arrest in the United States for violation of air traffic rules. While flying, Kullberg noticed a plane that was stunt flying over Akron, Ohio. When the plane landed at Stowe airfield, Kullberg did as well and arrested pilot Howard Calvert and passenger Frank O'Neill.", "The New York Renaissance the first all-black professional basketball team, commonly called \"The Rens\", played its first game, defeating the \"Collegiate Five\", a group of white former college basketball players, 28 to 22. The game took place at the Renaissance Casino and Ballroom in the Harlem section of New York City.\nGerman President Friedrich Ebert refused the request of General Hans von Seeckt for dictatorial powers in law enforcement in Bavaria.", "In Australia, two people were killed, and 150 injured in rioting as a result of the Victorian Police strike in Melbourne.\nBorn: \nVioletta Prokhorova Elvin, Russian prima ballerina and actress; in Moscow (d. 2021)\nTomás Ó Fiaich, Northern Irish Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Armagh and a Cardinal from 1979 until his death; in Cullyhanna, County Armagh (d. 1990)", "Moreno de Souza, Portuguese Jesuit priest in the Portugal's Goa colony, translator of the Holy Bible into the Konkani language; in Pilerne, Goa, Portuguese India (d. 2007)", "November 4, 1923 (Sunday)\nNationalist groups including monarchists and Nazis paraded in Munich during a memorial ceremony for war dead in which a corner stone was laid for a new monument. Crown Prince Rupprecht, Otto von Lossow and Eugen von Knilling were among those in attendance. Adolf Hitler plotted to use this occasion to launch a putsch by kidnapping the Bavarian leaders and declaring a revolution from the reviewing stand, but he abandoned the plan after seeing the large police presence on the scene.", "The Australian government issued an appeal to fit men of military age to enroll as special constables as the Victorian Police strike entered its fourth full day. The strike gradually petered out with the hiring of these Specials.\nBorn: \nJohn Powell, British physicist who created the EMI brain scanner and body scanner; in Islip, Oxfordshire (d. 1996)\nFreddy Heineken, Dutch billionaire who built the Heineken International beer brewing company into a worldwide organization; in Amsterdam (d. 2002)", "Eugene Sledge, U.S. Marine and later a historian whose combat experiences were chronicled in the PBS documentary The War, and the HBO drama series The Pacific; in Mobile, Alabama (d. 2001)", "November 5, 1923 (Monday)\nA plebiscite on prohibition was held in the Canadian province of Alberta on whether to retain the 1916 prohibition of sales of liquor. Voters opted overwhelmingly in favor of the sale of liquor by government-licensed stores, with 57.7% of the vote.\nVoters in the Scottish town of Falkirk, Stirlingshire, opted overwhelmingly in favor of the local sale of liquor as the first of 26 Scot towns to vote on the issue.", "Representatives of Germany and the Soviet Union signed an extension of the 1922 Treaty of Rapallo that had been made with the Russian SFSR alone. The new agreement extended the same terms between Germany and the other members of the U.S.S.R., the Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR, and the Azerbaijani SSR.\nA mob of poor and unemployed Berliners stormed the Grenadierstrasse and attacked Jews whom they blamed for the high prices of food.", "The trial of Maurice Conradi, who had assassinated Soviet peace conference delegate Vatslav Vorovsky on May 10, began in Switzerland at Lausanne. Conradi was acquitted after an 11-day trial and deliberation.\nProminent Ku Klux Klan figure William S. Coburn was shot dead in his office in Atlanta by a member of a rival Klan faction.", "November 6, 1923 (Tuesday)\nA coal mine explosion killed 27 miners of the Raleigh-Wyoming Coal Company in Glen Rogers, West Virginia. Another 36 survived because the mine had been equipped with the most modern ventilation system available at that time.\nA least 18 striking workers, and 14 soldiers, were killed in a riot in Kraków in Poland. The uprising started when a policeman fired into a crowd of demonstrators as they entered Main Market Square.", "Nizoramo Zaripova, Soviet Tajik feminist and acting head of state of the Tadzhik SSR in 1984; in Pusheni, Uzbek SSR (living in 2023)", "November 7, 1923 (Wednesday)\nThe Imperial Conference approved a protectionist tariff plan that would give favorable treatment to Empire goods.", "The Imperial Conference also accepted, in modified form, an American plan to thwart rum-running by British vessels. It would give the United States authority to search and seize British ships suspected of containing contraband alcohol within a certain proximity to American shores, while British ships in return would be allowed to bring liquor to American ports under seal when intended for outbound consumption.", "Heavyweight boxer Billy Miske, despite being terminally ill with kidney disease, fought his final bout, ending in an upset of Bill Brennan with a fourth round knockout. Both Miske and Brennan had fought championship bouts with Jack Dempsey in 1920. Miske died less than eight weeks after his retirement from the ring.", "November 8, 1923 (Thursday)\nThe Beer Hall Putsch began in Munich as Adolf Hitler and 603 members of his Nazi Party's Storm Troopers surrounded a large beer hall, Der Bürgerbräukeller, where Bavaria's State Commissioner Gustav Ritter von Kahr was making a speech to 3,000 people. Hitler announced that the Bavarian government of Eugen von Knilling had been deposed and that General Erich Ludendorff would form a new government.", "The Imperial Conference ended with an agreement that Dominions would be allowed to sign their own treaties with foreign countries.\nBorn: \nJack Kilby, American electrical engineer and 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his role in inventing the first integrated circuit, as well as the handheld calculator and the thermal printer; in Jefferson City, Missouri (d. 2005)\nJózef Hen (pen name for Józef Henryk Cukier), Polish novelist, playwright and screenwriter; in Warsaw (living in 2023)\nDied:", "Died: \nJohn Davey, 77, English-born American agriculture specialist, environmentalist and pioneer of tree surgery\nFusakichi Omori, 55, Japanese seismologist who formulated Omori's law for the prediction of the timing of aftershocks following an initial earthquake, died of a brain tumor.", "November 9, 1923 (Friday)", "Gustav Ritter von Kahr reneged his support to Hitler, issuing a statement at 7:45 a.m. on behalf of himself, Lossow and von Seisser that their pledges the day before had been extorted under duress and were \"null and void\". With the putsch having stalled, Ludendorff led a hastily arranged 11:00 a.m. march with 2,000 men on the center of Munich, until police fired on the putschists and dispersed them. Four police officers, 15 Nazis, and one bystander were killed in the gun battle", ". Four police officers, 15 Nazis, and one bystander were killed in the gun battle. Ludendorff was arrested, but Hermann Göring and Hitler were among those who escaped.", "The Nazi Party was banned throughout Germany after its members had attempted the coup d'etat.\nDavid Lloyd George disembarked in Southampton and walked right into the fight on Stanley Baldwin's protectionist tariff policy, which Lloyd George called \"an unutterable, unintelligible folly.\"\nBorn: \nAlice Coachman, American high jump athlete and the (in 1948) first African-American woman to win an Olympic gold medal; in Albany, Georgia (d. 2014)", "Sugiura Shigemine, Japanese fighter pilot celebrated since his death in 1944 as a supernatural figure in Taiwan as Feihu Jiangjun; in Mito, Ibaraki Prefecture (killed in plane crash, 1944)\nKatarina Josipi (stage name for Katë Dulaj), Albanian-Yugoslavian stage, film and TV actress; in Zym, Yugoslavia (d. 1969)\nJames Schuyler, American poet; in Chicago (d. 1991)\nDied:", "James Schuyler, American poet; in Chicago (d. 1991)\nDied: \nMax Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, 39, leader of the Aufbau Vereinigung and associate of Adolf Hitler in the Nazi Party, was shot and killed in the course of the \"Beer Hall Putsch\" attempt to overthrow the government of Munich.", "John Koren, 62, U.S. International Prison Commissioner, jumped overboard from the liner Nieuw Amsterdam while the ship was sailing to New York. According to witnesses, Koren was on the promenade of the ship with other passengers during the tea hour when he leaped into the ocean and disappeared quickly.", "November 10, 1923 (Saturday)\nIn a radio broadcast, former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson called the U.S. isolationist policy after the war \"cowardly and dishonorable.\"\nCrown Prince Wilhelm of Germany ended his exile in the Netherlands and crossed back onto German soil. Dutch authorities had informed him that he would not be allowed to return to Holland as a refugee again. Wilhelm went straight to Hanover and visited retired Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg.", "Erich Ludendorff was released on parole when he gave his word that he would not participate in any more revolutionary activities.\nBorn: \nAnne Shelton (stage name for Patricia Sibley), English singer; in Dulwich, London (d. 1994)\nHachikō, Japanese Akita dog known for his nine year loyalty to his deceased owner (d. 1935)", "November 11, 1923 (Sunday)\nThree days after the attempted Beer Hall Putsch, Bavarian police found Adolf Hitler hiding in the attic of the country home of his friend Ernst Hanfstaengl and arrested him on charges of high treason. Hitler, who would be incarcerated for 13 months, appointed his colleague Alfred Rosenberg to be the temporary leader of the Nazi Party.", "A World Requiem, Opus 60 of British composer John Foulds, was performed for the first time. The premiere was carried out by a group of 1,250 instrumentalists, including the Cenotaph Choir, in a concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London.\nGermany's Chancellor Gustav Stresemann said that the return of Crown Prince Wilhelm was a matter of internal policy and could not be refused.", "Born: Alfred Schreiber, German Luftwaffe fighter pilot who became, on July 26, 1944, the first jet pilot to claim an aerial victory in combat, and prior to his death four months later, the first jet fighter ace in history; in Neplachowitz (d. 1944) \nDied:", "Died: \nTommy Ball, 23, English footballer for Aston Villa F.C. became the first, and only, Football League player to be murdered during the season. Ball was shot and killed by his landlord, one day after Aston Villa's 1-0 win over Notts County F.C. \"Footballer Murdered\", February 19, 1924\nTom Butler, English footballer for Port Vale F.C., died of tetanus from a game injury sustained on November 3 in Port Vale's 1-1 draw against Clapton Orient.", "Robert C. Murdoch, 72, Australian zoologist and expert on malacology, the study of mollusks", "November 12, 1923 (Monday)", "The new flag of the Soviet Union was adopted. Its design of a solid red field with a gold hammer, sickle and star in the upper hoist corner would be used with only a couple of minor variations until the USSR's dissolution in 1991.", "The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the right of U.S. states to ban non-U.S. citizens from owning or leasing agricultural land, in its decision in Terrace v. Thompson. The case had arisen from a challenge to California's Alien Land Law of 1913 and to a similar law in the state of Washington, both passed to discourage Japanese immigration.\nThe historical drama film Under the Red Robe, starring Robert B. Mantell as Cardinal Richelieu, was released.", "The drama film Flaming Youth, starring Colleen Moore and Milton Sills, was released.\nBorn: \nCharlie Mariano, American jazz saxophonist; in Boston (d. 2009) \nRichard Venture, American actor; in New York City (d. 2017)", "November 13, 1923 (Tuesday)\nFormer British Prime Ministers David Lloyd George and H. H. Asquith, opposing members with in Britain's Liberal Party, reached an agreement on a manifesto for free trade in order to present a united front for the party prior to the December 6 elections for the House of Commons. \nFrance agreed to allow for the appointment of an experts' committee to investigate Germany's capability to pay its reparations. \nThe Argonne Cross Memorial was dedicated at Arlington National Cemetery.", "The Argonne Cross Memorial was dedicated at Arlington National Cemetery.\nBorn: Linda Christian; Mexican-born U.S. film actress; in Tampico (d. 2011)", "November 14, 1923 (Wednesday)\nGermany suspended the payment of its reparations, explaining that France and Belgium had broken the Treaty of Versailles by occupying the Ruhr and that payment would not resume until they left.\nGeneral Hans von Seeckt ordered that all Berlin cafés, halls and cabarets must freely admit the city's poor and cold in order to warm themselves. Failure to comply would mean the government would use the establishments exclusively as warming halls.", "The laws of New Zealand were formally extended to Antarctica as Governor-General John Jellicoe issued an order applying jurisdiction to the Ross Dependency.", "Died: Ernst Augustus of Hanover, 78, Crown Prince of Hanover from 1851 until the kingdom's 1866 annexation by Prussia. He had been the British Duke of Cumberland until he sided with Germany in World War I. Ernst, a great-grandson of Britain's King George III, had served as the head of the House of Hanover since 1878 after the death of the former King Georg V.", "November 15, 1923 (Thursday)\n \nGermany stopped printing the essentially worthless \"papiermark\", which had been trading at the rate of 4,200,000,000,000 (4.2 trillion) marks to one U.S. dollar by mid-November and issued the new Rentenmark, backed by the value of semi-annual property taxes and tied to the U.S. dollar with a 4.2 RM to US$1. The old marks were exchangeable at the rate of one new mark for every one trillion old marks.", "California U.S. Senator Hiram Johnson announced that he would challenge President Calvin Coolidge for the 1924 Republican nomination for U.S. president. Johnson, unlike Coolidge, was staunchly opposed to U.S. entry into the World Court.\nThe Soviet Union's Presidium approved the creation of OGPU (Obyedinyonnoye Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravleniye or Joint State Political Directorate), taking direct control of the Soviet domestic and foreign intelligence services from the NKVD and its GPU agency.", "Wealthy arms manufacturer Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, incarcerated by France during the occupation of the Ruhr, was released from prison after seven months confinement.\nThe first census of Albania was taken, limited to a numerical count without individual household details, was taken and showed that the Balkan kingdom had 814,380 residents, almost 52 percent of whom (421,618) were male.\nDied:", "Died: \nMohammad Yaqub Khan, 74, Emir of Afghanistan in 1879, known for surrendering the kingdom to the United Kingdom to end the Second Anglo-Afghan War\nGeorge Neilson, 64, Scottish historian", "November 16, 1923 (Friday)\nThe British House of Commons was dissolved by King George V as Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin called a snap election to be held on December 6, explaining he wanted a mandate before implementing a new protectionist tariff policy.\nA Swiss jury acquitted Maurice Conradi on charges arising from the assassination of Vatslav Vorovsky. The verdict angered the Soviet Union.", "Benito Mussolini said in a Senate speech that \"The Italian government cannot give its approval to any further occupation of German territory. One must have the courage to say that the German people cannot be destroyed. They are a people which has known civilization and which may tomorrow be an integral part of European civilization.\"\nBorn: Kantha Rao, Indian film actor in more than 400 films, and producer; in Kodad, princely state of Hyderabad, British India (now Telangana state) (d. 2009)", "November 17, 1923 (Saturday)\nAt least 17 crew were killed after the German steamer Kronos struck a sea mine off of the coast of the Estonian island of Saaremaa while sailing from Stettin to Saint Petersburg.\nZev was awarded a controversial win over In Memoriam in a $30,000 horse race at Churchill Downs. Photographs and newsreel footage of the extremely close finish suggest that In Memoriam actually won by a nose.", "France's Compagnie générale transsaharienne (CGT), charged with determining the best routes for travel across the Sahara desert in North Africa, began its first expedition, traveling from Adrar in French Algeria, to Tessalit in the French Sudan (in what is now Mali, a distance of . Led by Lieutenant Georges Estienne for the French Foreign Legion, the group of 11 reached its destination on November 30.\nBorn: \nAristides Pereira, the first President of Cape Verde, from 1975 to 1991; in Boa Vista (d. 2011)", "Aristides Pereira, the first President of Cape Verde, from 1975 to 1991; in Boa Vista (d. 2011)\nMike Garcia, American baseball pitcher and ERA leader in the American League 1949 and 1954; in San Gabriel, California (d. 1986)\nFranz Kurowski, prolific German author of histories and novels about World War II under at least 12 different pen names, including Karl Kollatz, Volkmar Kühn, Karl Alman, and Johanna Schulz; in Hombruch, Dortmund (d. 2011)", "Margareta Sjöstedt, Swedish-born Austrian opera contralto; in Stockholm (d. 2012)\nDied: Lewis H. Nash, 71, American engineer and inventor of the liquid-ring-vacuum pump", "November 18, 1923 (Sunday)\nElections were held in the Kingdom of Bulgaria for the 247 seats of the unicameral parliament, the Narodnо sabranie. The new Demokraticheski Sgovor Party (\"Democratic Alliance\"), founded after the June 9 overthrow of the government and led by Prime Minister Aleksandar Tsankov, won 200 seats.", "The Parliament of Italy passed the Acerbo Law, automatically giving the first-place party in an election a two-thirds majority of seats as long as it received at least 25 percent of the vote. The remaining one-third of seats were to be shared among the other parties proportionally.", "A parliamentary election was held in Bulgaria; the new Democratic Alliance (Demokraticheski Sgovor), led by Prime Minister Aleksandar Tsankov, won 200 of the 247 seats, and the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union was second with 19 seats. \nAll 14 of the crew of the American schooner Grace N. Pendleton were killed when the ship broke up in a gale in the North Sea after departing Hamburg. Rescue boats were unable to reach crewmembers whom they saw clinging to the remains of the ship.\nBorn:", "Born: \nAlan Shepard, the first American astronaut; in Derry, New Hampshire (d. 1998)\nOng Poh Lim, Malayan badminton star; in Kuching, Sarawak, British Malaya (d. 2003)\nDied: John Wesley Gilbert, 60, African-American archaeologist and Methodist missionary, died after a long illness.", "November 19, 1923 (Monday)", "In the U.S., Oklahoma Governor Jack C. Walton was convicted by the state senate on eleven charges of corruption and abuse of power and removed from office. Martin E. Trapp, who had been acting governor while the trial had been conducted, was sworn in to fill the remainder of Walton's term.\nBorn: \nFrantišek Sláma, Czech cellist, in Herálec, Czechoslovakia (d. 2004)\nJane Trahey, American businesswoman and advertising executive; in Chicago (d. 2000)", "Jane Trahey, American businesswoman and advertising executive; in Chicago (d. 2000)\nDied: John Wesley Gilbert, 59, African-American archaeologist and professor", "November 20, 1923 (Tuesday)\nThe German mark was pegged to the Rentenmark at a trillion to one, solving the hyperinflation crisis and returning Germany to the gold standard.\nU.S. patent no. 1,475,024 was granted to African-American inventor Garrett Morgan for the first three-position traffic light (with a red-amber-green signal for stop, caution and go respectively) still in use a century later. Morgan had applied for the patent on February 27, 1922.\nBorn:", "Born: \nNadine Gordimer, South African writer and 1991 Nobel Prize laureate; in Springs, Transvaal Province (d. 2014)\nClaude Lebey, French food critic who published the annual Guide Lebey of restaurants and bistros in Paris; in Fontenay-le-Comte, Vendée département (d. 2017)\nDied: \nRudolf Havenstein, 66, German lawyer and president of the Reichsbank\nDenny Barry, 40, Irish Republican and inmate at the Curragh Camp prison, died on the 35th day of a hunger strike", "November 21, 1923 (Wednesday)\nThree weeks after having been removed from office by German Chancellor Gustav Stresemann as premier of Germany's Free State of Saxony, Erich Zeigner was arrested on charges of corruption while in office. He would be convicted and sentenced to three years in prison, but released in 1925.\nFrank Goddard defeated Jack Bloomfield at the Royal Albert Hall to reclaim the vacant British heavyweight boxing title.", "Born: Big John Greer, American blues saxophonist and singer; in Hot Springs, Arkansas (d. 1972)", "November 22, 1923 (Thursday)\nStage performer Mabelle Corey was granted a divorce from industrialist William Ellis Corey in a Paris court.\nBorn: \nArthur Hiller, Canadian television and film director known for Love Story (1970), Silver Strak (1976) and Outrageous Fortune (1987); in Edmonton (d. 2016)\nHanna Maron, German-born Israeli actress and comedian who had the longest career in acting, working for 87 years between 1927 and 2014; in Berlin (d. 2014)", "Victor Papanek, Austrian-born American designer, author of the influential Design for the Real World; in Vienna (d. 1998)", "Died: Andy O'Sullivan, Irish Republican Army intelligence officer, became the third, and last prisoner to die after participating in the hunger strikes in Irish prisons. O'Sullivan's death at Mountjoy Prison, after 40 days of not eating, followed those of Joseph Whitty at Mountjoy on September 2 and Denny Barry on November 21 at Curragh Camp. The strike was called off the next day and the 22 survivors received medical attention.", "November 23, 1923 (Friday)\nRegular radio broadcasting began in Australia as the station 2SB launched its services at 8:00 in the evening in Sydney. 702 ABC Sydney. Australian Broadcasting Corporation The station, now with the call letters 2BL, is now branded as ABC Radio Sydney and is the flagship station of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's radio network. \nGustav Stresemann resigned as German Chancellor after losing a vote of confidence, 230 to 155.", "Gustav Stresemann resigned as German Chancellor after losing a vote of confidence, 230 to 155.\nThe Communist Party of Germany was banned following the Hamburg Uprising, along with the National Socialist Party and the Nationalist Party. \nBorn: \nPeter Elias, U.S. pioneer in information theory who introduced the convolutional code and the binary erasure channel; in New Brunswick, New Jersey (d. 2001)", "Billy Haughton, American harness racing driver and horse trainer, known for winning the Hambletonian Stakes four times; in Gloversville, New York (d. 1986)\nRobert Zajonc, Polish-born American social psychologist; in Lodz (d. 2008)\nJulien J. LeBourgeois, U.S. Navy Vice Admiral, President of the Naval War College 1974 to 1977; in Southern Pines, North Carolina (d. 2012)\nDied: \nUrmuz (pen name for Demetru Demetrescu-Buzău), 40, Romanian avant-garde author, shot himself.", "Urmuz (pen name for Demetru Demetrescu-Buzău), 40, Romanian avant-garde author, shot himself.\nOscar Marx, 57, Mayor of Detroit from 1913 to 1918, died after an illness of several months.", "November 24, 1923 (Saturday)\nForeign ministers of the kingdoms of Romania and Yugoslavia reached an agreement in Belgrade for an exchange of territories, with Romania ceding Pardanj, Modoš, Šurjan, Crivobara and Veliki Gaj to the Serbian SR in Yugoslavia, and Yugoslavia ceding Cherestur, Beba Veche, Ciorda, Iam and Jimbolia to Romania.", "The 1923 college football season came to an end in the United States as two teams from the Big Nine Conference (now the Big Ten) both finishing unbeaten, untied, and later to be recognized retroactively by the NCAA as national champions. The Fighting Illini of the University of Illinois, with star halfback Red Grange, defeated Ohio State University, 9 to 0, at Columbus, Ohio to finish with a record of 8-0-0", ". The Wolverines of the University of Michigan, who had beaten Ohio State 23-0 earlier in the season, beat Minnesota at home, 10 to 0 to finish 8-0-0 as well. Michigan and Illinois, despite being in the same conference, had not been scheduled to play each other. Illinois would later be recognized retroactively (in 1943) by the Helms Athletic Foundation as the best team of 1923, while the National Championship Foundation would select Illinois and Michigan together in 1980.", "The Army–Navy Game ended in a 0–0 tie before 66,000 fans came out to watch the game which was played under muddy conditions at the Polo Grounds in New York City.\nThe new Governor of Oklahoma, Martin E. Trapp, came out in support of an act regulating secret organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan.\nBorn: Anthony Carollo, American mobster and head of the New Orleans crime family from 1990 until his death; in New Orleans (d. 2007)", "November 25, 1923 (Sunday)\nGerman President Friedrich Ebert asked Heinrich Albert to become chancellor and form a cabinet. Nationalist members of the Reichstag responded by announcing that they would not approve him as Chancellor.\nThe first, and only NFL game in which a team finished with exactly four points was played, as the Racine Legion of Racine, Wisconsin) defeated the Chicago Cardinals, 10 to 4. The Cardinals' scoring came on two safeties, and they had a 2 to 0 lead at half time.", "Born: Mauno Koivisto, President of Finland, 1982 to 1994, Prime Minister 1968-1970 and 1979-1982; in Turku (d. 2017)", "November 26, 1923 (Monday)\nThe comedy play Meet the Wife, starring Mary Boland, opened on Broadway.\nBorn: \nPat Phoenix (stage name for Patricia Manfield), English TV actress and sex symbol known for being in the original cast of Coronation Street; in Fallowfield, Lancashire (d. 1986)\nV. K. Murthy (professional name for Venkatarama Pandit Krishnamurthy), Indian cinematographer; in Mysore, Kingdom of Mysore, British India (d. 2014)", "Tom Hughes, Australian barrister and politician, Attorney-General of Australia 1969 to 1971; in Rose Bay, New South Wales (living in 2023)", "November 27, 1923 (Tuesday)", "George H. Greenhalgh filed the patent application for the first automotive oil filter. Greehalgh said in his application, \"This invention relates to filters and particularly to filters adapted to be used for removing deleterious matter from oil or other liquids, as for example from lubricants in the lubricating systems of internal combustion engines or other devices.\" Ernest J. Sweetland, the patent assignee, would market the device as the Purolator (a trademark based on the phrase pure oil later), d. U.S", ". U.S. patent No. 1,721,250 would be awarded on July 16, 1929.", "In the Madras Presidency, a province of British India that had been granted limited self-rule by the imperial government in 1920, opposition leader C. R. Reddy introduced a motion of no confidence in an attempt to dislodge Chief Minister Panaganti Ramarayaningar, whose Justice Party had won the November 10 elections for the 98-member Madras Legislative Council. The motion failed, with only 44 in favor and 65 against.", "Friedrich Ebert turned to Adam Stegerwald to become chancellor after Heinrich Albert was unable to form a government. \nBorn: \nAntonie Hegerlíková, Czech stage, film and television actress whose career spanned more than 60 years from 1943 to 2004; in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (d. 2012)\nDuilio Marzio, Argentine stage and film actor; in Buenos Aires (d. 2013)\nJ. Ernest Wilkins, Jr., African-American child prodigy and nuclear scientist; in Chicago (d. 2011)", "November 28, 1923 (Wednesday)\nThe Rhine Republic came to an end as Josef Friedrich Matthes announced that he had dissolved the separatist government that had first been proclaimed in the occupied Rhineland on October 21.", "The Andhra Bank, one of the largest Indian-owned banks in India until it was acquired by the Union Bank of India in 2020, began operations after being founded by Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya and the Raja Yarlagadda Sivarama Prasad. The original location was in the port city of Machilipatnam in British India's Madras Presidency (now the state of Andhra Pradesh.\nAdam Stegerwald notified President Ebert that he was unable to form a cabinet.", "Adam Stegerwald notified President Ebert that he was unable to form a cabinet.\nThe David Belasco and Tom Cushing stage production Laugh, Clown, Laugh! opened at the Belasco Theatre on Broadway, starring Lionel Barrymore and Irene Fenwick. The play was adapted into a film of the same name in 1928.\nBorn: General Sosthène Fernandez, Cambodian officer and politician, Commander-in-Chief of the Khmer National Armed Forces, 1970 to 1975; in Phnom Penh (d. 2006)", "November 29, 1923 (Thursday)\nWilhelm Marx accepted an offer from President Ebert to form a cabinet.\nThe German comedy film The Little Napoleon was released. Marlene Dietrich made her film debut in a small role.\nBorn: \nFrank Reynolds, U.S. TV journalist, anchorman for ABC Evening News and later for ABC World News Tonight; in East Chicago, Indiana (d. 1983)\nKrzysztof Boruń, Polish physicist and science fiction author; in Częstochowa (d. 2000)\n\nNovember 30, 1923 (Friday)", "Wilhelm Marx became the new Chancellor of Germany after neither Heinrich Albert or Adam Stegerwald were able to form a government.\nWarren T. McCray, Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana, was indicted on 192 charges of corruption by a grand jury in Indianapolis.\nTwo committees were established to examine Germany's capability to pay reparations.\nDied: \nMartha Mansfield, 24, American stage and silent film actress, died one day after suffering third-degree burns after her costume caught fire.", "John Maclean, 44, Scottish nationalist and socialist, collapsed while giving a speech outdoors in Glasgow and died of pneumonia\nRobert Reid, 1st Earl Loreburn, 77, Lord Chancellor of the United Kingdom from 1905 to 1912", "References\n\n1923\n1923-11\n1923-11" ]

[ "Auxonne ( or ) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as Auxonnais or Auxonnaises.\n\nAuxonne is one of the sites of the defensive structures of Vauban, clearly seen from the train bridge as it enters the train station on the Dijon–Vallorbe line railway line. It also was home to the Artillery School where Napoleon Bonaparte was stationed as a lieutenant and audited classes from 1788 to 1791.", "The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.", "Pronunciation", "Due to an exception in the French language, the name is pronounced [osɔn] (In Aussonne the \"x\" is pronounced \"ss\"). The current spelling of the name comes from a habit of copyists of the Middle Ages who replaced the double \"s\" by a cross which does not change the pronunciation. This cross, equated with \"x\" in ancient Greek, was pronounced \"ks\" in French only from the 18th century but this modification does not change the usage", ". In practice, however, the pronunciation of Auxonne is debatable, the inhabitants themselves being divided between a pronunciation of \"ks\" and \"ss\": local elected officials as well as SNCF announcements retain the pronunciation \"ks\". This pronunciation has the merit of avoiding a homophone with the Upper Garonne commune of Aussonne.", "Geography", "The city of Auxonne is located at the edge of Côte-d'Or department along the boundary between Burgundy and Franche-Comté some 30 km south-east of Dijon and 45 km west by south-west of Besançon. Access to the commune is by road D905 from Genlis in the north-west which passes through the town and continues south-east to Sampans. The D24 road goes south from the town to Labergement-lès-Auxonne, the D110A goes south-east to Rainans, the D208 goes east to Peintre, and the D20 goes north-east to Flammerans", ". There are very large forests along the western side of the commune and Auxonne town has a large urban area with the rest of the commune farmland.", "The western border of the commune is the Saône river as it flows south to eventually join the Rhône at Lyon. The commune is at an altitude ranging between 181 m and 211 m which makes it virtually immune to floods that envelop the region during major floods.", "Geology", "Auxonne belongs to a region called the plain of Saône. The plain, with Bresse, is a geo-morphological unit of the Bressan depression: an extensive collapsed formation dating from the Miocene extending from the Upper Rhine Plain and the Rhone basin. The plain of Saône is limited in the north by the Upper Saône plateau, to the west by the Burgundian limestone ridge, to the east by the plateaux of the Jura then by the Bresse, and finally to the south by the Beaujolais vineyards", ". The plain of Saône drops from 250 m altitude in the north to 175 m in the south-east is traversed by the river from north to south for over 150 km.", "The city of Auxonne is specifically in the alluvial ribbon called the Val de Saône – a band a few kilometres wide that follows the river. Its immediate limit in the Auxonne area is ten kilometres to the east where there is a rise of the Massif de la Serre to an altitude of about 400 metres.", "Climate", "The climate of the Val de Saône has several conflicting influences but is still a dominant continental climate. It is marked, however, by an oceanic influence that is strongly attenuated by the hills of Morvan which acts as a barrier. There is also a meridional influence in summer which allows the Saône valley, an extension of the Rhone valley, to enjoy good sunshine which is also seen in late spring and early autumn thereby lengthening the summer", ". Finally there is the continental influence on the Saône valley climate with cold winters and sometimes late frosts. Fog is common from October to March (65 to 70 days per year). The summers are hot enough. Rainfall is well distributed throughout the year with summer and winter relatively less than autumn and spring.", "Surrounding municipalities\n\nHistory\n\nOrigins\nModern historians agree on doubting the veracity of the assertions contained in the Chronicle of Saint-Pierre de Bèze (the name of the monastery founded by Amalgaire who is referred to as Amauger in the History of Burgundy) in the first half of the 7th century concerning the term Assona to refer to Auxonne in the first half of the 7th century.\n\nThe first three authentic instruments where the name Auxonne appears date from 1172, 1173 and 1178.", "The first two are associated with Count Stephen II of Auxonne (died 1173) and the third is in a bull of Pope Alexander III. The act of 1173 was a donation made by the Count to the monastery of Saint-Vivant de Vergy. The pontifical act of 1178 was a confirmation of all the possessions of the priory of Saint-Vivant which included the town of Auxonne.", "Religious rights of Auxonne date back to around 870, the date of establishment of their monastery in the pagus (County) of Amous (or Amaous) in the Jura of Burgundy (later called the County of Burgundy then Franche-Comté), six miles from the Saône on land belonging to Agilmar, bishop of Clermont. The place took the name which it still has today: Saint-Vivant-en-Amous (between Auxonne and Dole)", ". The place took the name which it still has today: Saint-Vivant-en-Amous (between Auxonne and Dole). The monks remained in Amous for more than twenty years; the Normans from Hastings destroyed the monastery when they invaded Burgundy. Count Manassès built them a new monastery (circa 895–896) in Frankish Burgundy in the County of Beaune on the slopes of Mount Vergy. While they were in Amous they cleared the area and installed fishermen's huts along the Saône", ". While they were in Amous they cleared the area and installed fishermen's huts along the Saône. According to a hypothesis by some historians, these huts became the germ of the future town of Auxonne. Installed in their remote region of Vergy, far from their difficult to defend lands, the monks of Saint-Vivant felt the need to subordinate (undoubtedly to William IV, Count of Vienne and Mâcon (died 1155)) their lands in Amous to remove the covetousness and retain their rights and properties", ". According to a second hypothesis, the feudal lord established a new town along Saône which took the name of Auxonne. Auxonne therefore was in the pagus of Amous.", "The division of the Treaty of Verdun of 843 placed Amous in the prize of Lothair I and, despite the complicated divisions that followed, this county was Holy Roman Empire land and fell within the sphere of influence of the Count of Burgundy – i.e. the future Franche-Comté.\n\nThe attachment to the Duchy of Burgundy", "In 1172 the city had grown in importance: Count Stephen I of Auxonne, the younger branch of Burgundy County and son of William (died 1157), had settled there. His successor Stephen II, Count of Auxonne (died 1241) and son of the previous head of the younger branch of Burgundy County, was master of rich domains, ambitious, powerful, and supported by the premier families of the country, nourished some pretensions to supplant the elder branch. He worked conspicuously", ". He worked conspicuously. In 1197, taking advantage of unrest in Germany, Stephen III, renounced loyalty to Otto I (died 14 January 1201), and took the Auxonne tribute to the Duke of Burgundy, Odo III, while guaranteeing the rights of Saint-Vivant de Vergy. In return, Odo III promised to help him in his fight against the Palatinate. Auxonne escaped the county movement.", "In 1237 the head of the County was Otto III (died 19 June 1248), son and successor of Otto I, Duke of Merania (died 6 May 1234)", ". On June 15 of that year, under an exchange agreement concluded at Saint-Jean-de-Losne between John, Count of Chalon (1190-30 September 1267) (the main character of the agreement and son of Stephen III, long associated with his father's business and heir of Beatrice de Chalon (1170-7 April 1227) his mother and Stephen III himself) and Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy", ", Duke of Burgundy, the town of Auxonne and all the possessions of Stephen III in the basin of the Saône were transferred to the Duke of Burgundy in exchange for the Barony of Salins and ten strategic positions of the first importance in the County", ". In coming under the rule of the Dukes of Burgundy, Auxonne became a bridgehead of the duchy on the eastern bank of the Saône, on Holy Roman Empire soil, and escaped the Germanic influence.", "The attachment of Auxonne to the Duchy of Burgundy gave it the status as of a border town between the Duchy of Burgundy and the County of Burgundy, between French and Germanic influence that would determine the fate of the town in the following centuries.", "Auxonne under the Dukes of Valois", "Sheltered behind its ramparts that it continued to fortify, the fortress was a major base for launching military operations: it was from Auxonne that Odo IV in 1336 dismissed the threat of dissenting county barons entering as he was their lawful sovereign since his marriage with Jeanne de France (1308–1349), heir to the County. Between 1364 and 1369 there was fighting at the castle of Philip the Bold from Auxonne against the county barons and free companies", ". At the beginning of the 15th century, with the civil war that ravaged France, war was constant around the walls which forced the city to remain constantly alert. Between 1434 and 1444 there was a new threat: bands of idle soldiers called Écorcheurs because they took all. The people of Auxonne kept watch on the ramparts while the formidable soldiery ravaged the countryside", ". As if their misfortune were not enough there were two fires five years apart on 7 March 1419 and 15 September 1424 which devastated the city.", "It was not until 1444 that there was a period of peace that lasted until the advent of Charles the Bold in 1467.", "In 1468, following the Treaty of Peronne, tension revived between the king of France and the Duke of Burgundy – Charles the Bold. The town soon looked to put its defenses in order. In 1471 it made a contribution to the fight against the army of the Dauphiné which was sent by Louis XI and which penetrated the duchy. The adventurous policy of the fiery Duke finally led his dynasty to ruin. On the death of the Duke on 5 January 1477 Louis XI seized the duchy without delay with virtually no resistance", ". The royal army returned to Dijon on 1 February 1477.", "The attachment to the kingdom of France", "The special status of Outer Saône lands, which were not a domain of the crown given prerogatives, did not stop Louis XI from his conquest. But the Comtois people revolted followed by those from Auxonne. After two years of resistance to the invader and after the carnage of Dole at the Chateau of Dole on 25 May 1479 they were left without support by Mary of Burgundy", ". Auxonne held out for 12 days in the siege by the royal army commanded by Charles d'Amboise before opening its doors on 4 June 1477 to the French invader. The town, attached to the crown of France, would share the fate of the monarchy.", "The Duchy of Burgundy and the County of Burgundy were always united but this time under the crown of France had changed masters and for another 14 years had a common destiny.\n\nFor political ends Louis XI, while he solemnly confirmed the maintenance of all the privileges of the town to ensure the loyalty of his new subjects, hastened to build a mighty fortress, the Chateau d'Auxonne, at Auxonne at the province's expense, which still dominates Iliote square, to guard against any attempt of rebellion.", "Charles VIII challenged Louis XI as, while he was engaged to Marguerite, daughter of Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian I of Habsburg, heiress of the Duchy of Burgundy, and after the dowry of his future wife arrived in the County, he preferred to marry Anne, heiress of Brittany, and thus took the important Duchy of Brittany from the kingdom of France.", "Auxonne becomes a border town\nThe Treaty of Senlis (23 May 1493), signed between Charles VIII and Maximilian again separated the two Burgundies. Auxonne again became a French bridgehead on the Imperial Bank and its walls had to protect the kingdom of France against attempts by Habsburg to resolve by force the \"question of Burgundy\" and the Habsburg claims on Burgundy.", "There were soon tensions on the Empire side. From 1494 the Italian wars were rekindled. Again the walls were consolidated and the County door was built in 1503.", "Auxonne repulses the Imperials", "On 14 January 1526 the Treaty of Madrid was signed, after the Battle of Pavia, between François I and Charles V. The King of France was forced to abandon Burgundy and the County of Auxonne, among other territories. The States of Burgundy combined on 8 June 1526 and refused to separate from the crown of France. In response the Emperor tried to conquer the County of Auxonne", ". In response the Emperor tried to conquer the County of Auxonne. In front of the walls of the city Lannoy, commander of the imperial armies, found such strong resistance on the part of all the people he had to give up.", "Henri III declares the Auxonne people guilty of lèse-majesté", "In 1574 Charles of Lorraine, the younger brother of Henri I of Guise and Charles, Duke of Mayenne, whom history remembers simply under the name Mayenne, became Duke and governor of Burgundy. A champion of the Catholic cause, he extended the religious wars to political wars. He worked to establish his own government and attached the neighbouring land of Lorraine under the Guise government to the Burgundian province", ". The death of the Duke of Anjou, brother of Henry III, in 1584 made Henry of Navarre, a Protestant, the presumptive heir to the crown gave the Catholic League a new activity. Civil war began again. Mayenne sought to retain the strongholds of Burgundy for his County. On 2 April 1585 the people of Auxonne received a letter from King Henry III recommending them to ensure the safety of their town and especially \"in not receiving the Duke of Mayenne\".", "The people of Auxonne, loyal to the king, hastened to execute orders. Jean de Saulx-Tavannes, governor of the city and the Chateau of Auxonne at first took the measures imposed then secretly strengthened the garrison of the castle as he suspected that the inhabitants of conspiring with Mayenne to deliver it to him instead. Counselled by Joachim de Rochefort, Baron of Pluvault, the magistrates decided to seize the governor", ". They arrested him on Saints' Day in 1585 when it was making his devotions in the church. The Count of Charny, a close relative of Jean de Saulx, Lieutenant General in Burgundy, approved this act of loyalty to the Crown by the people of Auxonne. When the King was informed he praised the people for their loyalty but concessions to Leaguers which were formalised by the signing of the Treaty of Nemours on 7 July 1585 forced Henry III to equivocate", ". He asked the people to deliver Tavannes into the hands of Charny and named Claude de Bauffremont, Baron of Sennecey known for his Mayenne sympathies, as governor of the town and Chateau of Auxonne.", "In complete defiance and sniffing betrayal, the people of Auxonne handed Tavannes to the County of Charny who shut him up in his castle at Pagny, refused Sennecey as governor, and continued to claim in his place the Baron of Pluvault. In January 1586 new orders from the king expressed his dissatisfaction with these repeated refusals", ". The situation was difficult for the people but they received encouragement in their resistance from the future Henri IV who was at Montauban and sent them a letter of encouragement on 25 January 1586. Meanwhile, Tavannes had escaped from his prison at Pagny. The first use he made of his new-found freedom was an attempt to retake Auxonne by surprise. On 10 February 1586 he appeared before the walls with two hundred men at arms. His attempt was unsuccessful.", "Despite orders and injunctions that the people receive Sennecey as governor, they still held to Pluvault. His patience tired, Henry III, by letters patent of 1 May 1586, declared the Auxonne people guilty of Lèse-majesté and ordered action by force so arrangements were made accordingly. The Auxonne people were obstinate in their refusal, but loyal to the crown, and were ready for a showdown. They refused to open the gates of the city to the Count of Charny who was obliged to find housing in Tillenay", ". They did consent to open the gate for President Jeannin who came to mediate with the Squire of Pluvault to save Auxonne from ruin. Jean Delacroix (or John of the Cross), a countryman of Auxonnais and private secretary to Catherine de' Medici arrived with his deputation to the king with Letters of credence for Sir Charny giving him full powers to deal with the people .", "The negotiations resulted in an accord reached and signed on 15 August 1586 at Tillenay. The Treaty revoked letters that declared the people of Auxonne guilty of lese majeste, exempted them from contribution for nine years, and granted a gratuity of 90,000 francs to the Baron of Pluvault. This treaty was approved by letters patent of 19 August 1586 and on the 25th of the same month the Baron of Sennecey was received and installed as governor of the town and Chateau of Auxonne", ". Received by the people with the greatest distrust, Sennecey showed himself as the man for the job.", "The Treaty of Nijmegen\nThe town finally lost its designation as a border town with the conquest of the County by Louis XIV but it still remained an important place as indicated by the stationing there of the 511th logistics regiment.", "The city of Auxonne remained famous because of two visits that were made by a young second lieutenant in the regiment of La Fere named Napoleon Bonaparte who was later to make his name known across Europe. The Bonaparte district preserves the room he occupied during one of his stays. There is also a small museum in a tower of the Chateau of Auxonne, his set square, his fencing foil, and objects he offered during his stay, as well as one of his hats.", "Contemporary era\nDuring the Second World War Auxonne was liberated on 10 September 1944 by troops who landed in Provence.\n\nHeraldry\n\nAdministration\nList of Successive Mayors\n\nMayors from 1935\n\nThe Canton of Auxonne \n\nAuxonne is the seat of the canton of Auxonne, which covers 35 communes. Auxonne is the most populous commune in the canton.\n\nTwinning\n\nAuxonne has twinning associations with:\n Heidesheim am Rhein (Germany) since 1964.\n\nDemography\nIn 2017 the commune had 7,622 inhabitants.", "Demography\nIn 2017 the commune had 7,622 inhabitants.\n\nEconomy\nThe town has a branch of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Dijon.\n\nTransportation\nThe commune has a railway station, , on the Dijon–Vallorbe line.\n\nCulture and heritage", "Culture and heritage\n\nCivil heritage\nThe commune has a number of buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:\nA House in parts of wood and brick (15th century)\nA House at 6 Rue du Bourg (1548)\nThe Hotel Jean de la Croix (15th century)\nThe Civil and military Hospital (17th century). The Hospital contains a very large number of items that are registered as historical objects. \n The Hospice Saint-Anne (18th century)\n The Covered Market (17th century)", "Other sites of interest\n A Farmhouse at Louzerolle has a Group Sculpture: Virgin of Pity with base (15th century) that is registered as an historical object.\n The Railway station has a Platform Railway Wagon (1913) that is registered as an historical object.\n A House at Granges d'Auxonne has a Statue: Christ on the Cross (17th century) that is registered as an historical object.", "A House at Rue Boileau has a Bas-relief with the Arms of the Bossuet family (17th century) that is registered as an historical object.\n The Bonaparte Museum in the tower of the Chateau d'Auxonne has 2 Columns (16th century) that are registered as an historical object.", "A Barrage dam on the Saône was built in 1840 and operated for 170 years until April 2011 when a modern dam (with inflatable mechanical shutters) of a Needle dam type took over. It is over 200 metres long and is divided into four sections of 50 metres each with a total of 1,040 needles to manoeuvre depending on the fluctuating water levels.", "Religious heritage\n\nThe commune has one religious building that is registered as an historical monument:", "The Church of Notre-Dame (13th century). The construction of the main part lasted all through the 13th century, first the nave in 1200, then the choir, apse, and the chapels between 1200 and 1250. The construction of the door started in the 14th century. The side chapels were raised in the 14th and 15th centuries. In 1516, under the direction of Master Loys – the architect of the church of Saint-Michel de Dijon – the construction of the portal surmounted by two towers of unequal heights began", ". In 1525 the Jacquemart (now disappeared) was installed in the tower. In 1858 a campaign of rehabilitation was organized under the auspices of the municipality and executed by Phal Blando, an architect in the town. This campaign included two side portals, implementation of a slender, octagonal, pyramidal, and slightly twisted tower called a Crooked spire. Its spire. which is made from slate, rises 33 metres above its platform – 11 metres higher than the previous one", ". The church is also noteworthy for the gargoyles and statues (including prophets) that adorn the outside. The Church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:", "A Platform Organ (17th century)\nThe instrumental part of the Organ (1789)\nThe sideboard of the Organ (1614)\nA Collection Plate (16th century)\nA Painting: the Crucifixion (17th century)\nA Painting: Virgin and Child (15th century)\nA Statue: Unidentified Saint (16th century)\nA Tombstone for Pierre Morel (15th century)\nA Tombstone for Hugues Morel (15th century)\nA Statue: Saint Antoine (16th century)\nA Statue: Christ of Pity (16th century)\nA Statue: Virgin and Child (15th century)\nA Pulpit (1556)", "A Statue: Christ of Pity (16th century)\nA Statue: Virgin and Child (15th century)\nA Pulpit (1556)\nA Lectern (1562)\nStalls (17th century)", "The 'Church of the Nativity contains many items that are registered as historical objects:\nA Monumental Painting: Christ in Glory (13th century)\nA Monumental Painting: The Crucifixion (16th century)\nA Monumental Painting: Arms and Funeral Inscriptions (17th century)\nA Monumental Painting: Saint Eveque (15th century)\nA Monumental Painting: A Scene (16th century)\nA Monumental Painting: The hunt of Saint Herbert (15th century)\nThe Furniture in the Church", "A Monumental Painting: The hunt of Saint Herbert (15th century)\nThe Furniture in the Church\nA Monumental Painting: Fleur-de-lis and false apparatus (16th century)\nA Mural Painting: Saint Eveque (1) (16th century)", "Military heritage", "There are several military structures that are registered as historical monuments:", "The Chateau of Auxonne (17th century) was one of the three castles (with the castles of Dijon and Beaune) built under King Louis XI following the defeat of Duke Charles the Bold and completed by his successors after the conquest of the Duchy of Burgundy and is the only one still standing despite subsequent transformations", ". Built in the south-west corner of the city, the castle has a body for barracks dating from Louis XII and François I which is perhaps the oldest barracks building built for this purpose in France. The castle has five corner towers at the corners connected by thick curtain walls: The Two contiguous towers of Moulins, Beauregard tower, Pied de Biche tower, Chesne tower (now demolished), and the tower of Notre-Dame", ". The latter is the most massive with three vaulted levels, 20 metres in diameter, 22 metres high, and 6 metre thick walls at the base. (Coordinates: ) The Chateau contains an item that is registered as an historical object:", "A Chimney (16th century)", "The Port Royale (Royal Gate) or Tour du Cygne (Swan Tower) (1775). The Royal Gate dates to the 17th century (1667–1717). During the medieval period the northern entrance to the city was controlled by the Flammerans Portal. When the fortifications were strengthened starting from 1673, the Count of Apremont, who was the engineer, built the Royal Gate to replace the Flammerans Portal. He entrusted the work to Philippe Anglart \"architect and contractor for Royal buildings\" before having to leave", ". Upon his return the Count of Apremont was not satisfied with the work and started again. On the Count's death in 1678 the work halted and it was Vauban who completed it in 1699. The central pavilion was added on top in 1717. On the city side the central body is flanked by two perfectly identical houses, covered with a Mansart roof. The opening to the countryside is surmounted by a trophy of arms.", "The Port of Comté (15th century) is located east of the city. This superb example of military architecture dates from the reign of Louis XII and had decorations comparable to that on the emergency door in the Chateau of Dijon which has now disappeared. The exterior face of the gate there is a shield of France supported by two angels and porcupines which are royal symbols.", "The Arsenal (1674) was originally used to provide gun carriages. It was built by Vauban between 1689 and 1693. It has preserved its original plan which is now three buildings, one of which serves as a covered market.", "Other military sites of interest", "The Ramparts were mentioned in the charter of 1229: at that time there were simple earthen ramparts bordered by a ditch and surmounted by piles of thorns. In the first half of the 14th century, at great sacrifice for the population, the city was surrounded with a wall which lasted comfortably until the intervention of the Count of Apremont in 1673. This medieval walls covering a perimeter of 2600 metres and included 23 towers, turrets, and a fortified bridge", ". The front overlooking the Saône was very difficult to build and was undertaken from 1411. The wall was the pride of the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, who stated in letters patent of 23 December 1424: \"The place of our city Auxonne is beautiful, strong, and well closed with walls and ditches\". In 1479, on becoming master of Burgundy, Louis XI built a fortified chateau adapted to the progress of artillery with the appearance of a metallic ball", ". Auxonne was in a strategic position as a border town and had to endure continual wars with the County becoming Imperial Land after the Treaty of Senlis in 1493. The medieval ramparts were the subject of care and continual reinforcement in the 16th century under Louis XII and François I. With Louis XIV and the wars of conquest by the County, the strategic interest of the town brought the king to put the city \"in a state not to fear the attacks of the enemy\"", ". In 1673 it was François de la Motte-Villebret, Count of Apremont, from Tours who was responsible. He destroyed almost all of the medieval walls to establish a defence system by Vauban, part of which still exists today. Apremont died in 1678 and it was Vauban who succeeded him to ensure completion of the works. He raised a magnificent project that complemented the work of Count Apremont but on the signing of the Treaty of Nijmegen in 1678 he lost interest and the project was never completed.", "The Belvoir Tower (or Tour Belvoir). Of the 23 towers of the medieval walls, there remains today only three and of these Belvoir tower is the only one that has not been subject to significant changes.\n The Sign tower (Tour de Signe) on which there is a salamander, the emblem of François I.", "The Sign tower (Tour de Signe) on which there is a salamander, the emblem of François I.\n The Statue of Lieutenant Napoleon Bonaparte in bronze by François Jouffroy was opened in December 1857 in the centre of the Place d'Armes. Bonaparte is shown with a youthful face in the uniform of an artillery officer. The base is decorated with four different reliefs (Bonaparte in the Chapel of the Levée, Bonaparte at the Battle of Arcole, the coronation ceremony of Napoleon, and a meeting of the Council of State).", "The Barracks, made of pink Moissey stone where Bonaparte occupied successively two bedrooms. They are now occupied by the 511th Logistics Regiment.", "Notable people linked to the commune", "Governors of the Town and the Château of Auxonne", "Jean de Saulx-Tavannes, born in 1555. Third of five children of Marshal of Tavannes Gaspard de Saulx and Françoise de la Baume his wife. He was born after Henri-Charles-Antoine de Saulx who died at the siege of Rouen in 1562 and also after William of Saulx, Count of Tavannes, bailiff of Dijon and lieutenant-general in the government of Burgundy", ". Jean de Saulx was first known as the Viscount of Ligny (today Ligny-le-Châtel) and took the title of Viscount of Tavannes in 1563 after the death of his older brother Henri de Saulx. He returned to France in 1575 from his travels which took him first to Poland, where he followed the Duke of Anjou, then to the Middle East. He threw himself into the Guises party and the Catholic League. He was appointed Governor of Auxonne and Lieutenant of Burgundy for the Duke of Mayenne", ". He was appointed Governor of Auxonne and Lieutenant of Burgundy for the Duke of Mayenne. He lost the government of the town and Chateau of Auxonne in 1585 following a rebellion by the Auxonne population who were loyal to the crown and refused to see the city come under the Duke of Mayenne who represented the League in Burgundy. He was married twice. The first wife was Catherine Chabot, daughter of François Chabot, Marquis de Miribel with whom he had three children", ". He married his second wife Gabrielle Desprez with whom he had eight children.", "Claude de Bauffremont\nHenri de Bauffremont\nClaude Charles-Roger de Bauffremont, Marquis of Senecey, bailiff of Chalon-sur-Saône, died on 18 March 1641 after the Siege of Arras in 1640.", "Jean-Baptiste Budes, Count of Guébriant, born at Saint-Carreuc in 1602. Field Marshal, (provisions of 10 April 1641), Governor of the town and Chateau of Auxonne, Marshal of France, Lieutenant of His Majesty's armies in Germany. He was wounded at the Siege of Rotweil by a favorite falcon which took his right arm on 17 November 1643. He died of his wounds on 24 November. A street in Auxonne bears his name. He was succeeded by Bernard du Plessis-Besançon.", "Bernard du Plessis-Besançon, Lord of Plessis, officer and Chief of Staff, Ambassador, was born in the early months of the year 1600 in Paris. He was the younger son of Charles Besançon, Lord of Souligné and Bouchemont and Madeleine Horric. His death took place on 6 April 1670 at the home of Roy, the Mayor of Auxonne.\nClaude V de Thiard, born in 1620, (died 1701), Count of Bissy, named Governor of the town and Chateau of Auxonne on 13 April 1670. He built the Château of Pierre-de-Bresse.", "Jacques de Thiard, born in 1649, Marquis of Bissy, lieutenant general in the Army of the king, died on 29 January 1744. \nAnne-Claude de Thiard, born on 11 March 1682 at the Château of Savigny, (Vosges), died on 25 September 1765 at Pierre-de-Bresse, Marquis of Bissy, lieutenant general, ambassador to Naples. He retired from the government of Auxonne in 1753.", "Claude de Thiard, (Claude VIII), born 13 October 1721, died 26 September 1810, Count of Bissy, cousin of Anne-Claude de Thiard. He became Governor of the town and Chateau of Auxonne on 25 August 1753. He was a member of the Académie française until 1750. He lost the title of Governor of Auxonne at the French Revolution in 1789.", "Other people\n Claude Jurain, lawyer, mayor of Auxonne and historian of the town, author of History of antiquities and prerogatives of the town and county of Aussonne, with many good remarks on the Duchy and County Burgundy, etc.. Dijon. Jurain died on 9 November 1618 at Auxonne. A street in Auxonne is named after him.", "Gabriel Davot, learned counsel to the Parliament of Dijon, professor of French law at the University of Dijon, born on 13 May 1677, died at Dijon on 12 August 1743. A street in Auxonne is named after him.\n Denis Marin de la Chasteigneraye, Councillor of State, superintendent of finance for France, born in January 1601, died at Paris on 27 June 1678. A street in Auxonne is named after him.", "Jacques Maillart du Mesle, born at Auxonne on 31 October 1731, son of Simon-Pierre Maillart of Berron and Antoinette Delaramisse. He was Superintendent of Iles de France and Bourbon for 5 years. He died at Paris on 9 October 1782. A street in Auxonne is named after him.\n Jean-Louis Lombard (1723–1794), Scholar, professor of mathematics at the Royal School of Artillery at Auxonne and French military writer who had Napoleon Bonaparte as a student.", "Jean-François Landolphe, born at Auxonne on 5 February 1747 – died on 13 July 1825 at Paris, former navy captain, a famous marine. A street in Auxonne is named after him.\n Joseph Mignotte, born on 12 November 1755 at Auxonne. General of brigade on 1 January 1796. Served in the Imperial Gendarmerie. Died at Rennes on 11 April 1828.", "Claude-Antoine Prieur-Duvernois was a famous native of Auxonne where the high school is named after him. He distinguished himself during the Revolution. Claude-Antoine Prieur was born in Auxonne on 2 December 1763. He was the son of Noël-Antoine Prieur, who was employed in finance, and Anne Millot. A former member of the National Convention and the Council of Five Hundred, he was known as Prieur de la Côte d'Or which distinguished him from Prieur de la Marne with whom he shared the same opinion", ". In the trial of King Louis XVI they voted as one for the death penalty without appeal to the people or suspension. He contemplated and produced, in the midst of the political storms of the time, works marked by the highest science in chemistry and various physico-mathematical subjects. It was his work that created the uniform system of weights and measures. In addition, together with his compatriots Monge and Carnot, he created the École Polytechnique", ". In addition, together with his compatriots Monge and Carnot, he created the École Polytechnique. He ended his days in Dijon as colonel of engineers in retirement where he died on 11 August 1832 after leaving his memoirs on the Committee of Public Safety.", "Claude-Xavier Girault. Son of a doctor, born in Auxonne on 5 April 1764 and died at Dijon on 5 November 1823. He became advocate in the parliament of Dijon on 21 July 1783 at the age of 19 years. Passionate about local history, he was crowned with a gold medal by the Academy of Besançon on 22 July 1786 for his first memoir, In what time the County of Auxonne and the resources of St", ". Lawrence were detached from Séquanaise province of Franche-Comté He was the same age as Bonaparte and they were acquainted and talked history with him. On being appointed First Consul, Bonaparte appointed him mayor of Auxonne in 1801: a position he held for four years. His excellent administration of the commune earned him \"assiduous thanks\" which was voted unanimously on 23 Pluviôse X by the council", ". He took the initiative to create the municipal library of over three thousand volumes selected by him from libraries of suppressed religious orders and on this occasion he conceived a new system of bibliography whose publication was received with high praise. He was a member of the academies of Dijon and Besançon and many learned societies. He also chaired the Commission of Antiquities of Côte-d'Or, in whose name he had requested the creation of an archaeological museum in Dijon", ". Girault was buried in Fontaine-les-Dijon. His son Louis Girault wrote: Historical and Bibliographical Note on C.-X. Girault, Rabutot, Dijon. C.-N. Amanton wrote a note on the life and writings of Girault in which he lists 63 works that C.-X. Girault wrote during his life.", "Claude-Nicolas Amanton, born at Villers-les-Pots on 20 January 1760, died in 1835. He was advocate for the Parliament of Dijon and mayor of Auxonne. He published a great number of judicial memoirs and many other writings as well as research and biographical works on different people.\nJacques-Louis Valon de Mimeure, (1659–1719), Marquis of Mimeure, lieutenant-general of the Armies of Roy, one of the Forty of the Académie Française in 1707 until his death on 3 March 1719 at Auxonne.", "Pierre-Gabriel Ailliet, Head of battalion, born at Auxonne in 1762.\n Paul Chrétien, (1862–1948), French World War I General, born at Auxonne.\n Raoul Motoret, (1909–1978), writer, born at Auxonne.\n Claude Noisot, (1757–1861), Grognard of the Old Guard of Napoleon I, born at Auxonne, founder of the Musée et Parc Noisot at Fixin. \n Gaston Roussel, (1877–1947), veterinarian then medical doctor, industrialist and head of a French business.", "Military life\nMilitary units that have been garrisoned at Auxonne:\n 10th Regiment of Infantry, 1906–1914\n 8th Battalion of Foot, 1906\n 1st Divisional Regiment of Artillery, 1939–1940\n 511th Logistics Regiment, since 10 June 1956\n\nSee also\nCommunes of the Côte-d'Or department", "Bibliography\n Nathalie Descouvières, The Lands of Outer-Saône in the Middle Ages: history of Aubigny-en-Plaine, Bonnencontre, Brazey-en-Plaine, Chaugey, Echenon, Esbarres, Franxault, La Perrière-sur-Saône, Losne, Magny-les-Aubigny, Maison-Dieu, Montot, Pagny-le-Château, Pagny-la-Ville, St Jean de Losne, St Apollinaire, 1999. \n Claude Speranza, Science of Arsenal, Association Auxonne-Patrimoine, 1998. \n Bernard Alis, The Thiards, warriors and good spirits, L'Harmattan, Paris, 1997.", "Bernard Alis, The Thiards, warriors and good spirits, L'Harmattan, Paris, 1997. \n Martine Speranza, The Château of Auxonne, 1987. \n Pierre Camp, History of Auxonne in the Middle Ages, 1960. \n Pierre Camp, Illustrated Guide to Auxonne, 1969. \n Pidoux de la Maduère, The Old Auxonne, reprinted 1999. \n Lucien Febvre, History of Franche-Comté, reprinted 2003. \n Jean Savant, Napoleon at Auxonne, Nouvelles éditions latines, Paris, 1946.", "Jean Savant, Napoleon at Auxonne, Nouvelles éditions latines, Paris, 1946. \n Maurice Bois, Napoleon Bonaparte, lieutenant of artillery at Auxonne: military and private life, memories, retrospective glimpses of Auxonne, blockade of 1814, siege of 1815, investment by the Germans 1870–1871, Flammarion, Paris, 1898. \n H. Drouot et J. Calmette, History of Burgundy, 1928. \n Lucien Millot, Critical study on the origins of the town of Auxonne, its feudal condition and its exemptions, (1899).", "Dom Simon Crevoisier, Chronicle of Saint-Vivant, Manuscript from 1620 – B.M. de Dijon (MS-961) or Archives of Côte-d'Or (H. 122)\n E. Bougaud and Joseph Garnier, Chronicle of Saint-Pierre de Bèze, 1875. \n C.-N. Amanton, Notice on fire the marquis of Thyard, in Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon, 1830.\n C.N. Amanton, Auxonne Gallery or general review of Auxonne dignitaries of memory, 1835 \n Louis Girault, Historical and bibliographic Notice on C.-X. Girault, Rabutot, Dijon", "Louis Girault, Historical and bibliographic Notice on C.-X. Girault, Rabutot, Dijon \n Étienne Picard, History of a communal forest: the Crochères Forest at the town of Auxonne, Dijon, 1898. \n Horric de Beaucaire, Memoirs of Du Plessis-Besançon, Paris, 1842. \n Marie-Nicolas Bouillet and Alexis Chassang (dir.), Auxonne in the Universal Dictionary of History and Geography, 1878 (Wikisource)", "References\n\nExternal links\n\nAuxonne Official website \nTourist Office of Auxonne website\nDiscover Auxonne Heritage and History \nAuxonne on the old IGN website \nAuxonne on the 1750 Cassini Map\n\nCommunes of Côte-d'Or\nBurgundy\nVauban fortifications in France" ]

[ "Foreign relations of Israel refers to diplomatic and trade relations between Israel and other countries around the world. Israel has diplomatic ties . Israel is a member of the United Nations (UN) and a number of other international organisations. Israel maintains full diplomatic relations with two of its Arab neighbours, Egypt and Jordan, after signing peace treaties in 1979 and 1994 respectively", ". In 2020, Israel signed agreements establishing diplomatic relations with four Arab League countries, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Sudan and Morocco. As of 2021, Israel had formal diplomatic relations with 168 other countries, while twenty-eight UN member states have either never established, or have broken off diplomatic relations with Israel.", "Israel's foreign relations are influenced primarily by Israel's strategic situation in the Middle East, the broader Arab–Israeli conflict and the conflict with Iran particularly over Iran's nuclear program, along with the rejection by regional states. Israel's foreign policy goals have therefore been to overcome diplomatic isolation and to achieve recognition and friendly relations with as many nations as possible, both in the Middle East region and further afield", ". Israel practices both open and secret diplomacy to further national goals, for example, commercial trade and science and technology cooperation, importing raw materials, engaging in military procurement as well as exporting arms and military assistance, intelligence cooperation with its allies, and prisoner-of-war exchanges and other arrangements for hostage releases", ". It has also sought to foster increased Jewish immigration to Israel and to protect vulnerable Jewish communities in the Diaspora, to offer aid to developing countries and humanitarian assistance to countries facing large-scale disasters.", "Israel's close friendship with the United States has been a linchpin of its foreign policy since the establishment of the state. Until the Iranian Revolution and the fall of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979, Israel and Iran maintained close ties. Iran was the second Muslim-majority country to recognize Israel as a sovereign nation after Turkey. In the mid-20th century, Israel ran extensive foreign aid and educational programs in Africa, sending experts in agriculture, water management and health care", ". China is one of the few countries in the world to concurrently maintain warm relations with both Israel and the Muslim world at large. It is important in Israel's foreign policy due to its global influence, which integrates with Israel's pragmatic economic management, political stability, as well as its regional strategic importance in the Middle East.", "During the 2000s, the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs warned that the increasing influence of the European Union would further isolate Israel in global affairs. In the wake of a series of diplomatic rifts with Turkey and the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in 2011, Israel had increasingly unfriendly relations with those countries for a few years", ". During roughly the same period, Israeli relations with many countries in Europe including Greece and Cyprus in the context of the Energy Triangle and in Asia, including China and India, were enhanced, largely on account of the growth of Israel's high-tech economy. Israeli ties with Egypt have improved since the Muslim Brotherhood was removed from power there, while ties to Turkey have been uneven since their 2010 nadir.", "Membership in international organizations \n\nThe first international organization which the Israeli government joined was the International Wheat Council, established as part of Point Four Program in early 1949. Israel has been a member of the United Nations since 11 May 1949.", "Israel is a member of many UN agencies, including the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Israel also participates in other international organizations such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Israel left the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in a coordinated move with the US in 2019.", "Within the UNESCO, Israel was a member in many international programs and organizations. In the area of science, Israel was an active member of the Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), the International Hydrological Programme (IHP), the International Centre for Synchrotron-Light for Experimental Science Applications in the Middle East (SESAME), and the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP).", "Other notable organizations Israel is an active member of include the Education For All movement, the European Centre for Higher Education (CEPES), the World Heritage Committee (WHC), the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). Relations were carried out through the Israeli National Commission for UNESCO.", "Israel joined the European Union's Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development (FP) in 1994, and is a member of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL). It is also a member of the Bank for International Settlement (BIS) since 2003.", "On 10 May 2010, Israel was invited to join the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Israel is a member of NATO's Mediterranean Dialogue forum. In 2014 Israel joined the Paris Club.\n\nAfter over 50 years of not being part of a regional grouping in the UN (effectively shut out of many internationals organizations), Israel joined the Western European and Others group on a temporary basis in 2000. Israel joined on a permanent basis in 2014.\n\nDiplomatic relations", "After the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Israel was subjected to Arab League boycotts and attempts to diplomatically isolate the state. As of 2020, Israel has diplomatic ties , as well as with the Holy See, Kosovo, the Cook Islands and Niue. Some other countries recognize Israel as a state, but have no diplomatic relations", ". Some other countries recognize Israel as a state, but have no diplomatic relations. Several countries once had diplomatic relations with Israel, but have since broken or suspended them (Cuba and Venezuela in Latin America, Mauritania in the Arab League, Mali and Niger in non-Arab Africa, the Maldives in South Asia, and Iran until the Islamic revolution)", ". In addition, a number of countries (all members of the Arab League) that at one time had formal economic ties (primarily trade offices) with Israel, which fell short of full diplomatic relations, subsequently severed such ties (Morocco, Oman, Qatar and Tunisia; however, Morocco renewed ties and established diplomatic relations in 2020).", "No diplomatic relations", "Member states of the United Nations \nAs of 2020, 28 United Nations member states do not maintain diplomatic relations with Israel (period of former relations marked in parentheses):\nAfrica: Algeria, Comoros, Djibouti, Libya, Mali (1960–1973), Mauritania (2000–2009), Niger (1960–1973, 1996–2002), Somalia, Tunisia (trade relations 1996–2000)\n(Algeria, Libya, and Somalia do not recognise Israel.)\nAmericas: Cuba (1950–1973), Venezuela (1950–2009)\nEast Asia: North Korea (Does not recognise Israel as a state.)", "East Asia: North Korea (Does not recognise Israel as a state.)\nMiddle East: Iran (1948–1951, 1953–1979), Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman (trade relations 1996–2000), Qatar (trade relations 1996–2009), Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen\n(Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen do not recognise Israel as a state.)\nSouth and Central Asia: Afghanistan and Bangladesh, Maldives (1965–1974), Pakistan\n(Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan do not recognise Israel as a state.)", "(Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan do not recognise Israel as a state.)\nSoutheast Asia: Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia\n(None of these countries recognise Israel.)", "Despite the lack of diplomatic relations, some of these countries accept Israeli passports and acknowledge other indications of Israeli sovereignty.\n\nOther states", "Israel has no diplomatic relations with the following states or entities:\n Taiwan (Republic of China), which recognizes Israel, but does not officially conduct relations (though there are unofficial relations) because of Israel's recognition of the People's Republic of China.\n Other states with limited recognition: Abkhazia, Artsakh, Northern Cyprus, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Somaliland, South Ossetia, Transnistria (Israel has not recognised the independence of any of these entities.)", "Sovereign Military Order of Malta", "Limited relations \nComoros has no official diplomatic ties with Israel but the countries engage in mutual trade.\n\nIsraeli citizens are admitted into North Korea with Israeli passports, but like other foreign visitors they are asked to deposit their passport with the local authorities and use specially issued local documents for tourists.\n\nNorth Africa and Middle East", "North Africa and Middle East \n\nOn 1 October 1994, the Persian Gulf states announced their support for a review of the Arab boycott, abolishing the secondary and tertiary boycotts against Israel.\n\nAlgeria", "Algeria \n\nIn the mid-1990s, while Israel and North African states slowly started diplomatic relations, Algeria remained one of the last countries to consider such a move. It was only when Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak met Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika at the funeral of the Moroccan King Hasan II on 25 July 1999 that comments about rapprochement were made.\n\nAlgeria and Israel do not have diplomatic relations.\n\nBahrain", "In 2011, amid Arab spring uprising, Wikileaks cables published on Haaretz revealed some of the hidden relations between Bahraini and Israeli officials. In a meeting with the U.S. ambassador in February 2005, Bahrain's king, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa had bragged about having contact with Israel's national intelligence agency, Mossad. He indicated that Bahrain is ready to develop relations in other fields as well", ". He indicated that Bahrain is ready to develop relations in other fields as well. The king reportedly gave orders that official statements don't use phrases such as \"enemy\" and \"Zionist entity\" when referring to Israel anymore. However, he refused the idea of having trade relations, saying it was \"too early\" and would be postponed until the establishment of an independent Palestine state.", "Both countries agreed to fully normalize relations in September 2020.\n\nEgypt \n\nIsrael has had full diplomatic relations with Egypt since the signing of the Egypt–Israel peace treaty in 1979. In Israel, the 1978 Camp David Accords were supported by 85% of Israelis, according to a 2001 poll taken by the Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, based in Israel.", "However, Egyptian public opinion of Israel is highly negative. According to an Egyptian Government 2006 poll of 1,000 Egyptians (taken at the time of the 2006 Lebanon War), 92% of Egyptians view Israel as an enemy nation.\n\nEgypt has mediated several unofficial ceasefire understandings between Israel and Palestinians.\n\nIran", "Relations between Israel and Iran have alternated from close political alliances between the two states, during the era of the Pahlavi dynasty, to open hostility following the rise to power of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. While Iran was the second Muslim-majority country to recognize Israel, the two states do not currently have diplomatic relations with each other, due to Iran's withdrawal of its recognition of Israel", ". The post-1979 Iranian authorities avoid referring to Israel by its name, and instead use the terms \"the Zionist regime\" or \"occupied Palestine\". Iranian passports bear an inscription that says, \"The bearer of this passport is forbidden from traveling to occupied Palestine.\"", "Due to recent rhetoric between Iran and Israel, development of nuclear technology, and Iranian funding of the groups Hamas and Hezbollah, tensions have risen dramatically between the State of Israel and the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially after the election of the hardline Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in 2005. Comments made by Ahmadinejad, who has called the Holocaust “a myth” and for Israel to be “wiped off the map”, were perceived by Israel as threats of destruction.", "A large population of Iranian Jews lives in Israel, among them former president of Israel Moshe Katsav, former chief of staff / Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz, and former chief of staff Dan Halutz.\n\nIraq \n\nFollowing the American-British led invasion of Iraq in 2003, diplomats had been discussing the possibility of improved relations between Israel and Iraq. However, then-Iraqi Prime Minister Iyad Allawi said in 2004 that Iraq would not establish ties with Israel.\n\nKurdistan Region", "In 2006, President of Kurdistan Region Massoud Barzani said: \"It is not a crime to have relations with Israel. If Baghdad established diplomatic relations with Israel, we could open a consulate in Hewlêr (Kurdistan).\" Israeli television broadcast photographs from the 1960s showing Mustafa Barzani embracing then Israeli defense minister Moshe Dayan. In 2004, Israeli officials met with Kurdish political leaders. In 2006 the BBC reported that Israel was training Kurdish militias in Iraqi Kurdistan", ". In 2006 the BBC reported that Israel was training Kurdish militias in Iraqi Kurdistan. In April 2012, it was alleged that high-ranking Kurdish officials had collected the revenues of Iraqi oil that had been smuggled to Israel via the Kurdistan Region.", "Jordan \n\nIsrael has full diplomatic relations in peace with Jordan since the signing of the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace in 1994, but relations remain somewhat tense. Over half of the Jordanian populations descends from Palestinian refugees, who overwhelmingly have negative views of Israel.\n\nKuwait", "Kuwait \n\nRelations between Israel and Kuwait are generally hostile, mainly as part of the Arab–Israeli conflict. In 2019 Kuwait's Deputy Foreign Minister Khaled Al-Jarallah said \"Kuwait will be the last country to normalize relations with Israel\".\n\nLebanon", "According to Laura Zittrain Eisenberg, the author of My Enemy's Enemy, the pre-state Zionist attention to Lebanon consisted primarily of repeated attempts to establish a political alliance between the Jewish community in Palestine and the Maronite Catholic Community in Lebanon. Largely neglected by traditional scholarship on the Arab–Israeli condition, the Zionist-Lebanese relationship from 1900 to 1948 was surprisingly active and amicable", ". Zionist curiosity was naturally piqued by Lebanon, an Arab country with a sizable non-Muslim population enjoying political predominance.", "During the war of 1975–1990, some right-wing militias were Israel's allies, and after the assassination of President Bachir Gemayel, Israel and Lebanon signed an agreement on 17 May 1983 which was a peace treaty in all but name. The Lebanese legislature ratified the treaty by a margin of 80 votes, but in a very weak and unstable domestic position president Amine Gemayel abrogated the peace treaty on 5 March 1984 under unrelenting Syrian pressure, after the U.S", ".S. Marines withdrew and after Israel had begun withdrawing from Lebanon.", "During the Syrian Occupation of Lebanon (1976–2005), it was highly unlikely that Lebanon would sign a peace treaty with Israel before Syria, as Syria's influence on Lebanese politics was strong; although Syria has withdrawn from Lebanon, the Iran–Syria–Hezbollah axis remains entrenched through the heavy arms presence.", "During the 90s, the success of the First Persian Gulf War created new opportunities for Middle East peacemaking. However, Lebanon was under the Syrian Occupation, which took over the treaties and negotiations.\n\nIn August 2006, after the clash between Hezbollah and Israel, Lebanese Prime Minister Fouad Siniora said that Lebanon would be the \"last Arab country to make peace with Israel\" because of the large number of civilians that were killed in the 2006 Lebanon War.", "Since the year 2000, and due to many wars with Hezbollah, Israel treats Lebanon as an \"enemy state\", although it is considering the possibility of a non-aggression pact.", "In 2008 a Pew Research Center survey found that negative views concerning Jews were most common in Lebanon, with 97% of Lebanese having unfavorable opinion of Jews. In a 2011 survey again by the Pew Research Center, all of the Muslim-majority Middle Eastern countries polled held strongly negative views of Jews. In the questionnaire, only 3% of Lebanese reported having a positive view of Jews.\n\nMorocco", "Moroccan expeditionary forces fought alongside a coalition of Arab countries in the Yom Kippur War against Israel. In 1986, King Hassan II invited then Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres for talks, becoming the second Arab leader to host an Israeli leader after Anwar Sadat. Following the September 1993 signing of the Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles, Morocco accelerated its economic ties and political contacts with Israel", ". In September 1994, Morocco and Israel announced the opening of bilateral liaison offices. When the king died in 1999, then-prime minister Ehud Barak and the Moroccan-born foreign minister David Levy flew to Rabat for his funeral. The foreign offices were closed in 2000 following sustained Israeli-Palestinian violence. In September 2016, Moroccan King Mohammed VI sent his personal adviser Andre Azulai, who is Jewish, to attend the state funeral of former Israeli Prime Minister and President Shimon Peres.", "Prior to the establishment of formal relations, Israeli tourism to Morocco was encouraged by the World Federation of Moroccan Jewry, a non-governmental private Jewish organization.\n\nOn 10 December 2020, Morocco agreed to establish diplomatic relations with Israel in exchange for the United States supporting Morocco's claim on Western Sahara. On the same day, the United States agreed to the sale of sophisticated drones to Morocco.\n\nOman", "Oman \n\nIn 1996, Oman and Israel agreed to exchange trade representation offices.\n\nQatar \n\nQatar and Israel do not currently have diplomatic relations, although they maintained economic relations between 1996 and 2000. Qatar is a major financial supporter of the Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist group Hamas.\n\nSaudi Arabia", "Saudi Arabia \n\nIn 2005, Saudi Arabia announced the end of its ban on Israeli goods and services, mostly due to its application to the World Trade Organization, where one member country cannot have a total ban on another. However, , the Saudi boycott was not cancelled.", "In recent years, Saudi Arabia has changed its viewpoint concerning the validity of negotiating with Israel. It calls for Israel's withdrawal from territory occupied in June 1967 in order for peace with the Arab states; then-Crown Prince Abdullah extended a multilateral peace proposal based on withdrawal in 2002. At that time, Israel did not respond to the offer", ". At that time, Israel did not respond to the offer. In 2007 Saudi Arabia again officially supported a resolution of the Arab–Israeli conflict which supported a full right of Palestinian refugees to move to Israel, which generated more official negative reactions from Israeli authorities.", "Syria \n\nSyria's relations with Israel are very poor, due to the Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights and Syria's close ties with the anti-Israel militant group Hezbollah and with the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "Since 2004, Syria has accepted the import of apples from farmers in the Golan Heights, territory that it claims, through the Quneitra crossing. This was a result of the ongoing Israeli refusal to accept apples from Golan farmers (reportedly due to over-supply), which led to a plea by the farmers to the Syrian government to accept their produce before it became spoiled in order to prevent economic collapse. In 2010, some 10,000 tons of apples grown by Druze farmers in the Golan Heights were sent to Syria.", "Tunisia", "Tunisia participated in the Yom Kippur War, sending 1,000–2,000 troops to fight alongside a coalition of Arab countries against Israel. The relations worsened further in the early 2000s when the Second Intifada began, and on 22 October 2000, the state radio of Tunisia declared that President Ben Ali had decided to break all diplomatic ties with Israel following the \"violence in the Palestinian-controlled territories\"", ". On 21 October, Ben Ali had issued a strong condemnation of \"the violation of the holy shrine of Al Quds Al Sharif, the repeated Israeli provocations, the use of weapons against innocent children and defenseless people, and the racist persecution of Arab Palestinian citizens\", which \"constitute flagrant violations of sanctities and human rights, and a blatant aggression against all human values and practices\"", ". On 22 October itself Israel expressed its disappointment at the Tunisian decision to sever relations and to close the Tunisian Interest Office in Tel Aviv and the Israeli Interest Office in Tunis. Expressing \"surprise\", the Israeli Foreign Ministry said: \"It appears that Tunisia has elected to renounce its potential role as a bridge for dialogue between Israel and its neighbours, thereby harming the critical effort to promote regional peace\".", "Turkey \n\nTurkey was the first Muslim-majority nation to formally recognize the State of Israel, only one year after the Declaration of the Jewish State (28 March 1949). Israel was a major supplier of arms to Turkey. Military, strategic, and diplomatic cooperation between Turkey and Israel were given high priority by the governments of both countries, which shared concerns with respect to regional instabilities in the Middle East.", "Relations have been strained since the turn of the 20th to 21st century as a result of the political decline in Turkey of forces based on the secular Kemalist ideology and the corresponding rise of the Justice and Development Party (AK party) of prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.", "In February 2006, relations between Turkey and Israel suffered when Turkey hosted a delegation from the Palestinian group Hamas, although on a formal visit to Turkey in 2006, the Israeli then Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni stated that \"Bilateral relations [between Turkey and Israel] are excellent. Not only on a leader-to-leader level but also on a people-to-people level\".", "In January 2009, the Turkish government's condemnation of the 2008–09 Gaza War severely strained relations between the two countries. Erdoğan harshly criticized Israel's conduct in Gaza at the World Economic Forum conference in Davos, Switzerland in early 2009.", "Relations between the two countries were further strained after the 2010 Gaza flotilla raid. On 2 September 2011, Turkey downgraded ties with Israel to second secretary level and suspended military co-operation between the countries. Turkey demanded an apology from Israel over the flotilla incident, which Israel was interested in providing, but Turkey also demanded Israel end its blockade of the Hamas-run Gaza Strip, which Israel has stated is a non-possibility. After some diplomatic activity by U.S", ". After some diplomatic activity by U.S. President Barack Obama, Israeli PM Netanyahu did issue an apology over the flotilla events and Israel and Turkey agreed on financial compensation; in return, Turkey dropped its demand that the Gaza Strip blockade end and also removed state support from several lawsuits in Turkey that demanded the arrest and trial of Israeli military and political leaders who were in charge in 2010 during the flotilla incident", ". Turkey's numerous regional problems, ranging from the coup that ousted the Muslim Brotherhood regime in Egypt in 2013 and the increasingly disruptive effects of its border from the Syrian conflict, were the main reason for this general improvement in relations", ", were the main reason for this general improvement in relations, as Ankara wanted more stability and allies than it had when Erdogan had initiated his plans years earlier to move Turkey away from the pro-Israel (and generally pro-West and/or pro-EU) camp and improve ties to groups like Hamas and countries like Iran", ".", "The Leviathan gas field in the Eastern Mediterranean is a further source of friction. Israel is planning its exploitation in partnership with Cyprus, a state that Turkey does not recognize because of the Cyprus dispute. However, in 2015, Turkey and Israel began to work on diplomatic relations by holding a secret meeting, and events over the last 2 years have brought Leviathan into position as a project that will help both Ankara and Jerusalem and make Nicoisia into less of a potential problem.", "United Arab Emirates", "Following the assassination of Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh in the UAE in 2010, allegedly by Israel, the UAE announced that travelers suspected of being Israeli would not be admitted even if using a foreign passport. Prior to August 13, 2020, UAE had not recognized Israel as a state, and the two countries lacked official diplomatic or economic relations", ". Prior to the announcement of the 2020 agreement, relations had improved to the extent that Israel opened an office in Abu Dhabi, albeit only as a mission to the International Renewable Energy Agency.", "Israel and the United Arab Emirates announced a deal to establish diplomatic relations on August 13, 2020. In July 2021, The United Arab Emirates officially opened an embassy in Israel, becoming only the third majority Arab nation to have full diplomatic relations with Israel.\n\nYemen", "Yemen \n\nYemen and Israel do not have diplomatic relations, and contacts between the two countries are very tense. People with an Israeli passport or any passport with an Israeli stamp cannot enter Yemen, and Yemen is defined as an \"enemy state\" by Israeli law.\n\nSub-Saharan Africa \nIsrael has diplomatic relations with 42 of the 44 Sub-Saharan African states that are not members of the Arab League, including a number of Muslim-majority states.\n\nAngola", "Angola \n\nRelations between Israel and Angola are based on trade and foreign policy. In 2005, President José Eduardo dos Santos visited Israel. In March 2006, the trade volume between the two countries amounted to $400 million. The Israeli ambassador to Angola is Avraham Benjamin.\n\nBotswana", "Botswana \n\nThe two countries established relations in 1993. Neither has a formal consulate or embassy in the other country, but the two governments have cooperated on several development initiatives. Six Israeli-centered diamond companies have operations in Botswana.\n\nCameroon \n\nH.E. Mr. Henri Etoundi Essomba, Ambassador of Cameroon to Israel in 2012, serves as the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in Israel.", "Relations were cut off in the wake of the Yom Kippur war, but restored in 1986, and Cameroon and Israel now have many military and political ties, with Israel training and arming Cameroon's rapid reaction forces and Cameroon voting against many anti-Israel resolutions at the UN.\n\nChad", "Chad \n\nIn November 2018, Chadian President Idriss Déby paid a visit to Israel. In January 2019, Prime Minister Netanyahu paid a visit to Chad and both nations re-established diplomatic relations. In February 2023, Chadian President Mahamat Deby visited Israel and opened a Chad embassy in the Ramat Gan town in Israel.\n\nDjibouti", "Djibouti \n\nAlthough Israel does not have diplomatic or official trade relations with Djibouti (a member of the Arab League), following a meeting between officials of both countries in September 1995, plans were then announced to open liaison offices in the respective countries' capitals, prior to the possible establishment of diplomatic relations between the two states. However, such relations did not materialize.\n\nEritrea", "Eritrea \n\nEritrea developed relations with Israel shortly after gaining its independence in 1993, despite protests among Arab countries. Israeli-Eritrean relations are close. The president of Eritrea has visited Israel for medical treatment. However, Eritrea condemned Israeli military action during the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict. Israeli-Eritrean ties are complicated by Israel's close ties to Ethiopia.", "Eswatini \nIsrael established diplomatic relations with Eswatini in September 1968, immediately following that country achieving independence from the United Kingdom. Eswatini was one of only three Sub-Saharan African states (the others being Lesotho and Malawi) that continued to maintain full diplomatic relations with Israel in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War in 1973, and has never severed such ties.\n\nEthiopia", "In Africa, Ethiopia is Israel's main and closest ally in the continent, due to common political, religious and security interests. However, relations were severed between the years 1973 and 1989. Many towns in Ethiopia are named after biblical Israel settlements, including Ethiopia's third largest city of Nazret (Adama). Israel also provides expertise to Ethiopia on irrigation projects. Thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) live in Israel", ". Thousands of Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) live in Israel. In 2012, Israel appointed a Beta Israeli of Ethiopian origin, Beylanesh Zevadia, as ambassador to Ethiopia.", "Ghana \n\nDiplomatic relations with Ghana were established immediately following Ghanaian independence in 1957. Agreement on technical cooperation was concluded on 25 May 1962. On 24 May 1968, a trade agreement was concluded. A cultural cooperation agreement was concluded on 1 March 1973.", "Relations were broken at the initiative of the government of Ghana on 28 October 1973, following the Yom Kippur war. Improvement in relations followed Israeli attempts to prevent Ghanaian support for the Palestinian Authority, which led to a state visit to Ghana by Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs Avigdor Liberman in September 2009. During that visit, a bilateral agreement for agricultural cooperation was signed. Diplomatic relations were restored in September 2011.", "Guinea \nDiplomatic relations between Israel and the Republic of Guinea were established in 1958, but were strained due to the Cold War, as the Israeli government supported US policy while the government of Guinea took a pro-Soviet line. These relations were broken on 5 June 1967 when war broke out between Israel and Egypt in the Six-Day War. After Israel's support to Guinea during its fight against the Ebola virus, relations between the two states were restored on 20 July 2016.\n\nKenya", "Kenya \n\nDiplomatic relations were established in December 1963. Israel has an embassy in Nairobi and Kenya has an embassy in Tel Aviv. In 2003, Kenya requested Israel's help in developing a national solar energy program. In 2006, Israel sent an 80-person search-and-rescue team to Kenya to save people trapped in rubble when a multistory building collapsed. Following the 2007 Kenyan presidential election Israel donated medicine to the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Eldoret.", "Lesotho \nLesotho was one of only three Sub-Saharan African states (the others being Eswatini and Malawi) that maintained full diplomatic relations with Israel in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War in 1973.\n\nLiberia", "Liberia \n\nLiberia was one of the United Nations member states to vote in favor of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine in 1947. Israel and Liberia established relations in the late 1950s. The administration of William Tolbert severed ties with the Israeli government in 1973 in response to the Yom Kippur War, but they were re-established in 1983 by Samuel Doe, who succeeded Tolbert via coup.\n\nMadagascar \nBoth countries have a number of bilateral agreements in force.\n\nMalawi", "Madagascar \nBoth countries have a number of bilateral agreements in force.\n\nMalawi \n\nIsrael established diplomatic relations with Malawi in July 1964, immediately following that country achieving independence from the United Kingdom. Malawi was one of only three Sub-Saharan African states (the others being Eswatini and Lesotho) that continued to maintain full diplomatic relations with Israel in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War in 1973, and has never severed such ties.\n\nMauritania", "Mauritania \n\nMauritania declared war on Israel as a result of the 1967 Six-Day War, following the Arab League's collective decision (although Mauritania was not formally admitted to the League until November 1973). Mautritania did not reverse that declaration until at least 1991.", "Mauritania did not abide by moves to recognise Israel's right to exist in the same way as most other Arab countries later did, staying true to the 1967 Khartoum Resolution which, in reference to Israel, stated “no peace, no recognition, no negotiable.”", "Little public information exists, and an account of Israeli-Mauritanian relations must be inferred from a number of indirect known factors, such as: behind the scenes meetings between Mauritania and Israel in 1995 and 1996, said to be at the instigation of Mauritania's President Ould Taya; the establishment of unofficial \"interest sections\" in the respective Spanish embassies in 1996 in the two capital cities", ", leading to the exchange of diplomatic representatives in each other's countries from 27 October 1999", ". It is inferred from this evidence that Mauritania had reversed its declaration by then.", "On 6 March 2009, the Israeli diplomatic delegation to Mauritania left after nine years of diplomatic ties, following a demand from the Mauritanian authorities to close the Israeli embassy in Nouakchott within 48 hours. The Mauritanian delegation to Israel left earlier without sending official notice to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs.\n\nMauritius \nBoth countries have signed many bilateral agreements.\n\nNamibia\n\nNiger\n\nNigeria", "Mauritius \nBoth countries have signed many bilateral agreements.\n\nNamibia\n\nNiger\n\nNigeria \n\nIsrael and Nigeria established diplomatic relations in 1960. In 1973, Nigeria broke off contacts with Israel, but in May 1992, bilateral relations were restored. Since April 1993, Israel has maintained an embassy in Abuja, and Nigeria has maintained an embassy in Tel Aviv. Many Nigerians go on religious pilgrimage to Israel.", "Rwanda \nRelations with Rwanda were established soon following independence of the African state. They were broken by the government of Rwanda on 8 October 1973, during the Yom Kippur war.\n\nIn January 2019, transportation ministers of Israel and Rwanda announced plans to inaugurate regular Air Rwanda flights to Israel. Then, in April 2019, Israel opened an embassy in Kigali.", "Senegal", "Relations with Senegal were established soon following independence of the African state. They were broken by the government of Senegal on 28 October 1973, following the Yom Kippur war. Israel and Senegal on June 4, 2017, announced the resumption of full diplomatic relations, which had been frozen after Senegal cosponsored a UN Security Council against Israeli settlements. Israel returned its ambassador to Senegal, and Senegal backed Israel's candidacy for observer status at the African Union", ". In a trilateral partnership between Israel, Italy and Senegal, Israeli drip irrigation systems are being installed to help farmers in 12 districts of rural Senegal.", "South Africa", "The Union of South Africa was one of only four Commonwealth nations to vote in favour of the 1947 UN partition resolution, which led to the establishment of the State of Israel. South Africa was one of the first states to recognize Israel; diplomatic relations between Israel and South Africa were established in 1948. After the Sharpeville massacre of 1960, Israel became a harsh critic of apartheid, leading to a break in its relations with Pretoria", ". After 1967, Israel and South Africa became strategic partners again, and this lasted until 1987 when Israel joined the West in forcefully opposing apartheid.", "Since the end of apartheid, South Africa's new government has been cold toward Israel and critical of Israel's policies towards Palestinians but has nevertheless ignored calls from pro-Palestinian South African groups to sever relations between the two countries.\n\nSouth Sudan", "South Sudan \n\nIsrael recognized the Republic of South Sudan on 10 July 2011, and offered the new state economic help, following its declaration of independence the previous day from the mainly Arab Muslim north Sudan. On 15 July 2011, South Sudan declared its intention to establish full diplomatic relations with Israel and, on 28 July 2011, it was announced that full diplomatic ties had been established between the two countries.\n\nSudan", "Sudan \n\nOn 23 October 2020, Sudan agreed to normalise relations with Israel in return for the Trump Administration removing Sudan from the United States' list of state sponsors of terrorism, unblocking economic aid and investment in Sudan.\n\nTogo \nIn May 2009, Israel and Togo signed a \"pact for cooperation in the economic, agricultural and educational fields\" with each other.\n\nUganda", "In a joint Israeli-Ugandan project, a professor from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Faculty of Agriculture conducted a survey of Lake Victoria with a Ugandan colleague from Makerere University. They found that Nile perch, introduced by the British sixty years ago, have decimated native fish populations, leading to malnutrition in the lakeside communities. She helped to set up artificial fish ponds to raise carp, which had disappeared from the local diet", ". The United States Agency for International Development sponsored the digging of the ponds and sent villagers to Kibbutz HaMa'apil in Emek Hefer to learn spawning techniques. Graduates of the training program established carp farms.", "Zambia \nBoth countries have a number of bilateral agreements in force.\n\nZimbabwe \n\nAbel Muzorewa, the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, visited Israel on 21 October 1983. He urged Robert Mugabe to establish diplomatic relations, saying his political policies hurt Zimbabwe's agriculture and technology industries. In March 2002 an Israeli company sold riot control vehicles to the Mugabe government, shortly before the nation's 2002 elections.", "Asia \nIn addition to Turkey and Azerbaijan, Israel has diplomatic relations with 5 non-Arab Muslim states in Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan).\n\nAfghanistan", "Afghanistan \n\nAfghanistan, currently, has no relations with Israel. The Monarchy of Afghanistan did have spiritual relations with Israel, whether in secret or Tribal rules in place. The Afghan Royal Family trace their origins to King Saul of Israel. Afghanistan was the only Muslim country that did not revoke citizenship when Jews, also known as descendants of Judah, migrated to Israel. Rabbi Eliyahu Avichail has published numerous books linking the Afghans to the Lost Tribes of Israel.\n\nBangladesh", "Bangladesh \n\nBoth the Israeli government and general public supported the Bangladesh Liberation War. After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971 the new born country was recognised by Israel in as early as 1972 before any Arab country although Bangladesh \"categorically rejected\" the recognition.", "Bangladesh does not recognize Israel as legitimate and officially forbids its citizens to travel to Israel by putting 'Valid for travel to all countries except Israel' on Bangladeshi passports. Bangladesh supports a sovereign Palestinian state and an end to Israel's \"illegal occupation of Palestine\".\n\nCambodia", "Cambodia \n\nIsrael established diplomatic ties with Cambodia in 1960. Ties were cut in 1975 due to the rise of the Khmer Rouge. The ties were restored in 1993. Israel has no embassy in Cambodia and Cambodia has no embassy in Israel. Instead, the Israeli embassy in Bangkok, Thailand, is accredited to Cambodia. Cambodian students study agriculture in Israel.\n\nChina", "China \n\nOn 9 January 1950, the Israeli government extended recognition to the People's Republic of China, but diplomatic relations were not established until January 1992.", "Since 1992, Israel and China have developed increasingly close strategic economic, military, cultural and technological links with each other. Israel maintains an embassy in Beijing and is planning to open a new consulate in Chengdu, its third in Mainland China. China is Israel's third largest trading partner globally and largest trading partner in East Asia. Trade volume increased from $50 million in 1992 to over $10 billion in 2013", ". Trade volume increased from $50 million in 1992 to over $10 billion in 2013. Shared commonalities and similarities between the cultures and values of the two nations with ancient roots dating back thousands of years as well as convergence of interests have made the two countries natural partners. In addition, China is one of the few countries in the world to concurrently maintain warm relations with Israel, the Palestinians, and the Muslim world at large.", "China's status as a potential world power has prompted Israel to maintain closer ties with China by integrating China's global influence with Israel's pragmatic economic management, political stability and its regional strategic importance in the Middle East. Beijing has appreciated Israel's political stability and diplomatic ingenuity and sees the Jewish state as one of the regional pillars for securing China's influence in the Middle East and the entire world.", "China and Israel have developed close strategic military links with each other. Bilateral military relations have evolved from an initial Chinese policy of secret non-official ties to a close strategic partnership with the modern and militarily powerful Israel. Israel and China began extensive military cooperation as early as the 1980s, even though no formal diplomatic relations existed. Israel has provided China with military assistance, expertise and technology", ". Israel has provided China with military assistance, expertise and technology. According to a report from the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission, \"Israel ranks second only to Russia as a weapons system provider to China and as a conduit for sophisticated cutting-edge military technology, followed by France and Germany.\" Israel was ready to sell China the Phalcon, an Israeli airborne early-warning radar system (AWACS), until the United States forced it to cancel the deal", ". Some estimate that Israel sold arms worth US$4 billion to China in this period. China has looked to Israel for the arms and military technology it cannot acquire from the United States and Russia. Israel is now China's second-largest foreign supplier of arms after Russia. China has purchased a wide array of military equipment and technology, including communications satellites. China is a vital market for Israel's aerospace and defense industry", ". China is a vital market for Israel's aerospace and defense industry. Due to Israel's recognition of China, Israel has also limited its cooperation with Taiwan in order to foster closer ties with Mainland China.", "Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, cultural exchange has been a major component of bilateral relations, as both sides recognize the importance of creating a strong foundation based on their ancient and rich histories.", "China's receptive and friendly embrace of the Jewish people on its soil has been one of affectionate sympathy as the Chinese have developed a favorable view of Jews, admiring them for their contributions to humanity, their ability to survive, the sharing of Chinese values such as family, frugality, hard work and education, and being products of ancient civilizations have been an impetus towards the long and enduring friendship between the Chinese and Jewish peoples", ". Shared affinities and similar cultural commonalities has not only been an impetus for the close bonds between China and Israel but has also created a symbol of brotherhood between the two communities.", "Though Israel established diplomatic relations with China in 1992, the ties between the Chinese and Jewish people remain centuries old in addition to Israel and China being products of ancient civilizations dating back thousands of years. The cultural similarities between the Chinese and Jewish civilizations with both nations originating thousands of years ago have drawn the two countries closer together making the two countries natural partners in the international community", ". Chinese Jews have been a major impetus in maintaining the strong nexus between the Chinese and Jewish civilizations. Jews remain a small minority in China, but unlike many parts of the world, Jews have historically lived in China without any instances of antisemitism from the Han majority populace contributing to mutual respect and admiration between the two peoples", ". With the intrinsic affinity that the Chinese people feel for the Jews, relations between the two communities have been mutually close, harmonious and friendly, due to shared common cultural similarities between the two peoples resulted Jews enjoying equal rights and coexisting peacefully alongside the mainstream Han Chinese populace with instances of Jews assimilating into the Han Chinese community through intermarriage", ". On a geopolitical scale, China has sought to maintain close relations with the Jewish state as Israel's regional importance, stability and influence in an otherwise volatile region has been an important asset for the expansion of China's influence in the Middle East and the entire world", ". Shared commonalities and similarities between the cultures and values of the two nations, ancient roots as well as convergence of interests have driven the two countries closer with respect to scientific, economic, diplomatic and cultural ties.", "China is one of Israel's closest economic allies in East Asia where both countries have placed considerable importance on maintaining a strategic and economic relationship. The economic synergy has served the two respective countries greatly where Israel's global technological prowess combined with China's global economic influence, industrial manufacturing capabilities, and marketing expertise made cooperation between the two nations inevitable", ". China including Hong Kong is Israel's second top export destination after the United States and has been the top market for Israeli exports in East Asia. China is also Israel's third largest trading partner and export market after the United States and the European Union with China being Israel's largest export market in East Asia", ". Israel has sought China's enormous global influence on world affairs, large consumer market, broad industrial manufacturing scale, and burgeoning economic dynamism while China has sought Israel as a powerhouse of advanced technological wizardry and a wellspring of entrepreneurial acumen leveraging each other's complementary capabilities and resources. China has sought Israel's technology to increase its international economic competitiveness and risk management", ". With the advice and experience of Jewish entrepreneurs, innovators, and inventors from the high-technology sectors, China has utilized Israel's indispensable economic and technological contributions to foster its long-term economic development. China has also expressed desire for Israel's advanced technologies, particularly in fields related to agriculture, telecommunications, and defense", ". The scientific and technological advancements made by Israel have led many Chinese politicians to respect the country's ingenuity and creative inventiveness because they know of the contributions Israel has made to its economy. Israeli agricultural techniques, most notably drip irrigation, and solar energy technologies are seen as crucial to China's economic development. Throughout Israel's early economic history, many Israeli startup companies were acquired by major U.S. and Western European corporations", ".S. and Western European corporations. Since the 2010s, China and Israel enhanced bilateral economic ties with China connecting both Chinese and Israeli businessmen and investors to invest in each other's economies respectively", ". Chinese economic cooperation with Israel has seen substantial Chinese investment of more than US$15 billion in the Israeli economy, spawning seed capital in Israeli startup companies, as well as the acquisition of Israeli companies by major Chinese corporations that incorporate Israel's know how to help the invigorate the development of the modern Chinese economy more efficiently", ". China now ranks second after the United States in collaboration with Israeli high-tech firms that are backed by Israel's Office of the Chief Scientist. Major Chinese firms such as Fosun, ChemChina, Brightfood, Horizons Ventures and China Everbright have invested significant amounts of financial capital and resources across numerous Israeli industries", ". Chinese businessmen and major Chinese corporations hold Israel's business, economic and entrepreneurial acumen and technological expertise with high esteem and have sought to integrate Israel's know-how with China's marketing proficiency, industrial manufacturing capacity and aptitude for large consumer market scaling.", "Hong Kong \n\nIsrael and Hong Kong have full diplomatic ties as part of Israel's diplomatic ties with China. Israel has a consulate in the city, while Hong Kong is represented in Israel by the Chinese embassy in Tel Aviv.\n\nIndia", "India established diplomatic relations with the State of Israel in 1992 and has since become Israel's strongest ally in Asia. The two countries cooperate in anti-terrorist activities in the Middle East and Southern Asia. Israel is India's second largest arms provider and India is Israel's principal arms market, and the trade volume between the two countries has increased significantly in the past few years. Co-operation has taken place in the space sector as well with India launching Israeli satellites", ". Co-operation has taken place in the space sector as well with India launching Israeli satellites. India became the top source market for Israel from Asia in 2010 with 41,000 tourist arrivals in that year.", "Israel and India share intelligence on terrorist groups. They have developed close defense and security ties since establishing diplomatic relations in 1991. In 2009, Israel overtook Russia as India's biggest arms supplier; the U.S. even gave Israel approval to sell the Phalcon to India after earlier forcing Jerusalem to cancel a similar deal with China. India has bought more than $5 billion worth of Israeli equipment since 2002", ". India has bought more than $5 billion worth of Israeli equipment since 2002. In addition, Israel is training Indian military units and discussing an arrangement to give Indian commandos instruction in counter-terrorist tactics and urban warfare. In December 2008, Israel and India signed a memorandum to set up an Indo-Israel Legal Colloquium to facilitate discussions and exchange programs between judges and jurists of the two countries", ". According to an international opinion survey conducted in 2009 on behalf of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, India is the most pro-Israel country in the world.", "India-Israel relationship has been very close and warm under the premiership of Narendra Modi since 2014. In 2017, he was the first ever Prime Minister of India to visit Israel. India was the largest arms customer of Israel in 2017. Defence relations between the two countries are longstanding.\n\nIndonesia", "In 2012, Indonesia agreed to informally upgrade its relations with Israel and to open a consulate in Ramallah, headed by a diplomat with the rank of ambassador, who will also unofficially serve as his country's ambassador for contacts with Israel. The move, which was agreed upon after five years of sensitive deliberations, represents a de facto upgrading of relations between Israel and the world's most populous Muslim country", ". Indonesia has formally presented the move to open a West Bank consulate as a demonstration of its support for Palestinian independence. In fact, while the ambassador-ranked diplomat will be accredited to the Palestinian Authority/PLO, a significant portion of his work will be in dealings with Israel, and the office will fulfill substantial diplomatic duties as well as consular responsibilities. Israel and Indonesia quietly maintain trade, security and other relations", ". Israel and Indonesia quietly maintain trade, security and other relations. Israelis can get visas for Bali in Singapore, while many Indonesians come to Israel as pilgrims.", "Japan \n\nOn 15 May 1952, diplomatic relations were established with Japan at a Legation level. However, the Japanese government refrained from appointing a Minister Plenipotentiary to Israel until 1955. Relations between the two states were distant at first, but after 1958, no break occurred, despite the Arab oil embargo on several countries, including Japan.\n\nKazakhstan", "Kazakhstan \n\nBoth countries established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1992. The embassy of Israel in Kazakhstan opened in August 1992. The embassy of Kazakhstan in Israel opened in May 1996. Israel has an embassy in Astana and Kazakhstan maintains an embassy in Tel Aviv.\n\nMalaysia", "Malaysia \n\nIsrael and Malaysia do not maintain diplomatic relations and Malaysian passports do not allow entry into Israel. However, Malaysia and Israel has been engaged in trade relations; in 2011 Israel exported goods to Malaysia worth $716.4 million and imported goods worth $93.6 million. A report compiled by the European Commission indicated that in 2010 Malaysia ranked 15th among Israel's major trade partners, accounting for 0.8% (€667.6 million) of Israel's trade in that year.\n\nMaldives", "Maldives \n\nThe Maldives established diplomatic relations with Israel in 1965 and severed them in 1974.\n\nIn 2009, under president Mohamed Nasheed, the Maldives signed cooperation agreements with Israel on tourism, health, and education and culture. In 2010, the Israeli government sent a team of eye doctors to treat patients and train local medical personnel in the Maldives. However, the renewed relationship did not develop into full diplomatic relations.", "In July 2014, under president Abdulla Yameen, the Maldives terminated the cooperation agreements with Israel and announced a boycott of Israeli products, as Israel launched a military operation in Gaza. Foreign minister Dunya Maumoon also announced that the Maldives would fully support Palestinians at international forums such as the United Nations Human Rights Council and offer them humanitarian aid.", "Mongolia \nIn October 1991 the official relationship of Mongolia and Israel began. Ariel Sharon visited in Mongolia in 2001, when he was minister in the Likud government. Israelis wishing to enter Mongolia are exempt from arming a visa in advance. The Mongolian immigration authorities tend to provide visitors to the country a 30 days visa on their arrival. One can extend the visa fee and the extension is at the discretion of the authorities.", "An academic delegation from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem visited the Mongolian National University in August 2010. During the visit, an agreement was signed for cooperation between universities", ". During the visit, an agreement was signed for cooperation between universities. In 2012, the Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon visited and signed an agreement with the Mongolian Minister of Education which included collaboration between universities and institutions of higher education, in which Mongolians will learn about Israel and the Holocaust and Israel will learn about the heritage and history of Mongolia. It was also agreed on expanding ties between the two countries and embassies.", "Myanmar", "Myanmar (also known as Burma) was one of the first countries to recognize Israel and establish diplomatic relations with Israel. Myanmar has also become one of Israel's strongest allies in the region, in terms of both technical assistance and also the much debated and rumored military links. Premiers from both sides such as U Nu and David Ben-Gurion made state visits to each other's countries in the 1950s. Myanmar sends agriculture researchers to Israel for training", ". Myanmar sends agriculture researchers to Israel for training. This was further cemented in Israel's aid assistance during the Cyclone Nargis disaster of May 2008.", "Nepal \n\nIsrael–Nepal relations, first established in 1960, are based on mutual security concerns. Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, Prime Minister of Nepal from 1959 to 1960, had a strongly pro-Israel foreign policy. King Mahendra visited Israel in 1963 and maintained Koirala's special relationship. Until the 1990s Nepal was the only South Asian country to have diplomatic ties with Israel.", "Nepal is one of the few Asian countries to have consistently supported Israel at international forums and at the UN. Nepal has maintained diplomatic relations and continues to support the right of Israel to exist within secure and internationally recognized boundaries. Nepal voted in favour of Security Council Resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973), which upheld the right of all the states in the region to live in peace", ". Nepal has also welcomed every initiative from whatever quarter that seeks to resolve the Middle East problems like the Camp David Accord signed between Egypt and Israel in 1978 and the renewed peace process sponsored time to time by countries like the USA.", "After the 2015 Nepal earthquake, Israel was one of the first to send aid to Nepal. Israel sent a delegation of 264 people for Search & Rescue missions, and over 95 tons of equipment, including a field hospital. It is estimated that about 12,000 Nepalese foreign workers are residing in Israel, most of whom are women working as caregivers.\n\nNorth Korea \n\nNorth Korea does not recognise the state of Israel, denouncing it as an \"imperialist satellite\".\n\nPakistan", "Israel and Pakistan do not have diplomatic relations with each other, and Pakistani passports say 'This passport is valid for all countries of the World except Israel'. Israeli authorities told a traveller that Pakistanis could apply for a visa, and that they would issue a paper visa and put the entry and exit stamps on it. Some Israeli leaders have expressed the belief that should diplomatic relations with Pakistan be established, then Pakistan could serve as a bridge between Israel and the Muslim world", ". In 2008, the Israeli Foreign minister stated that \"Israel considers Pakistan as its biggest strategic threat\" in light of concern over the increasing Taliban threat in Pakistan.", "In the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks in India, there was an attack on the Nariman House Jewish community centre. Six people (among them four Israeli citizens), including a Jewish rabbi and his pregnant wife, were killed with some of them being tortured before being killed. The Islamic terrorists had illegally come from Pakistan, reportedly on the instructions of Pakistan Army's Inter Services Intelligence\n\nPhilippines", "On 29 November 1947, the Philippines (a U.S. territory until 1946) was the only Asian nation to support the partition resolution at the United Nations General Assembly recommending a Jewish State in Palestine. Israel and the Philippines established full diplomatic relationships in 1957. Embassies were opened in Tel Aviv and Manila in 1962. The two countries have enjoyed warm relations in all spheres", ". The two countries have enjoyed warm relations in all spheres. In 1997, the two countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) institutionalizing the bilateral political dialogue between the respective foreign ministries. The political dialog is accompanied by cooperation in trade and economy, culture, technical assistance, science, academic exchanges, tourism etc. There are between 37,155 and 50,000 Filipino workers in Israel as of 2004.", "Singapore", "Singapore and Israel have strong bilateral ties and have enjoyed close relations from the outset. This is in part due to both countries' perceptions of themselves as regional economic powerhouses surrounded by much larger Islamic countries with which they have an uneasy relationship. Following Singapore's sudden and unexpected independence after being unilaterally ejected from Malaysia In 1963, Singapore appealed to the international community for technical assistance and military aid", ". Israel assisted with the establishment of Singapore's armed forces.", "Today both countries have extensive economic ties and engage in a high volume of trade, with an emphasis on technology and research and development in the spheres of bio-technology and defense. Israel's national airline El Al does not fly to Singapore as Singapore is located in the region of Indonesia and Malaysia, both of which do not recognise Israel as a state which makes attaining flight rights impossible", ". Israel has had diplomatic representation in Singapore since its earliest days, with representation formalised in 1968. Singapore is a regional hub for Israeli businesses, while a growing number of members of both business communities seek opportunities for joint ventures in biotechnology, IT and the software industries. Several bilateral agreements provide a solid framework for cooperation in areas such as healthcare, defence, and technological research & development", ". Most recently, in 1997, a bi-national fund for financing new technological products was set up, an indicator of deepening bilateral relations between both states. Cultural exchanges have been accentuated by encouraging the participation of Israeli artists in international events in Singapore, cultivating a broad interest in Israeli performing arts. The yearly Film Festival has grown to become a cornerstone in the structured framework of activities.", "In March 2022, Singapore announced that it will open an embassy in Tel Aviv, 53 years after the two nations first established diplomatic relations.\n\nSouth Korea \n\nThe Republic of Korea and the State of Israel established diplomatic relations on 10 April 1962. Israel opened its embassy in Seoul in April 1968, which was closed by the Israeli government in 1978. The embassy was reopened in January 1992, with Korea opening its resident embassy in Tel Aviv in December 1993.", "On 23 August 2010 Korea Venture Investment Corp. (KVIC), a state-backed fund management company, signed a memorandum of understanding with Israel's Vertex Venture Capital (VVC) to raise a US$150 million fund, which will be used to finance joint ventures or the merger and acquisition of small and mid-size venture firms in the two countries.\n\nSri Lanka", "Sri Lanka \n\nIsrael was a source of weapons and training for the Sri Lanka Armed Forces during the war against Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam terrorist organization and weapons sold to the country, including IAI Kfir Fighter Jet, the Saar 4 class missile boats, Super Dvora Mk II-class patrol boat and the Gabriel missile. In May 2011, the Israeli Minister of Agriculture visited Sri Lanka with an agro-business delegation to promote cooperation between the two countries.\n\nThailand", "Thailand and Israel have had full diplomatic relations since 23 June 1954. The Israeli embassy was opened in 1958 although the Thai embassy in Tel Aviv only opened in 1996. Since the beginning, both countries have enjoyed strong ties and beneficial bilateral cooperation in many fields, most notably in agriculture and education. Thousands of Thai academics have been sent to train in Israel while many Thai schools have been modeled after Israel's experience and know-how with aid from Mashav", ". State visits by Thai royalty to Israel have been reciprocated by Israel's public figures. 100,000 Israeli tourists visit Thailand annually. Thousands of skilled and unskilled Thai workers are employed in Israel and many Thai students study in Israel.", "There is also a Thai-Israel Chamber of Commerce, Thai-Israel Friendship Foundation as well as a small community of Israelis living in Thailand.\n\nTurkmenistan \nIn 2013, the Israel Foreign Ministry opened a new embassy in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.\n\nVietnam", "Vietnam and Israel established diplomatic relations on 12 July 1993. Israel opened its resident embassy in Hanoi in December 1993. The first Vietnamese ambassador to Israel presented his credentials on 8 July 2009. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, the two countries have frequently conducted reciprocal visits at various levels, and have strengthened ties in such fields as business, education, culture, technological cooperation and agriculture", ". The visits arranged by the Israeli government included those of delegations comprising entrepreneurs and businessmen, academic groups, journalists, artists and musicians, legal workers, and so on.", "Europe\n\nAlbania \n\nIsrael and Albania established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1991. Albania had previously recognized Israel as a state since 1949. Albania has an embassy in Tel Aviv and Israel also has an embassy in Tirana.\n\nArmenia", "Armenia \n\nSince independence, Armenia has received support from Israel and today remains one of its major trade partners. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 April 1992. Israel maintains a consulate in Yerevan, while Armenia has an embassy in Tel-Aviv and an honorary consulate in Jerusalem. Israel has recognized 10 Armenians as Righteous Among the Nations for risking their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.\n\nAustria", "Austria \n\nAustria recognized Israel on 5 March 1949. Austria has an embassy in Tel Aviv and 3 honorary consulates (in Eilat, Haifa and Jerusalem). Israel has an embassy in Vienna. Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean. The Austrian Foreign Ministry lists the bilateral treaties with Israel.\n\nAzerbaijan", "Azerbaijan \n\nAzerbaijani–Israeli relations are good, and Israel has an embassy in Baku. In May 1999, the U.S.-Azerbaijan Council sponsored a seminar to discuss relations among Azeris, Jews, and Israel. In April 2000, an Israeli trade delegation visited Baku to discuss ways of strengthening bilateral economic relations.", "The Azerbaijan–Israel Friendship Society facilitates and promotes bilateral diplomatic and business links. In October 2001, President Aliyev pledged to open an embassy in Israel and send his Foreign Minister to visit the country. Although neither has occurred, Azerbaijani–Israeli strategic cooperation continues to grow.", "For many years, Azerbaijan has maintained high rates of immigration to Israel due to the economic and political situation in the country. In 2002, 475 Jews made aliyah and 111 immigrated to the United States. The Azeri government gets regular updates from Israel regarding Azeri Jews in Israel, who are plagued by unemployment, crime, and other social issues as new immigrants in Israel.\n\nBelarus", "Israel established relations with Belarus in 1992 and continue to maintain friendly relations. In April 2000, Belarus and Israel signed an agreement on trade, science, culture, and education. The two countries also formed a joint committee to improve relations between the two nations. Belarus has an embassy in Tel Aviv and Israel has an embassy in Minsk. The two countries have also discussed implementing a visa-free regime between the two countries", ". The two countries have also discussed implementing a visa-free regime between the two countries. Belarus Foreign Minister Vladimir Makei continues to satisfied with the relations between the two countries and also expressed hope for new opportunities to facilitate further all-round cooperation with Israel in conjunction with fostering progressive development with the Jewish state. Both nations celebrated its 20th anniversary in December 2012", ". Both nations celebrated its 20th anniversary in December 2012. Bilateral cooperation has since then encapsulated tourism, culture, trade, economy, science, education and other fields", ". In 2013, Belarusian Vice Premier Mikhail Rusyi met top Israeli officials from the Belarusian Agriculture and Food Ministry, the State Committee for Science and Technology, Belarusbank and the Vitebsk Oblast Executive Committee to further facilitate economic cooperation as well as development of innovative technologies into the Belarusian agricultural sector.", "Belgium\n\nBosnia and Herzegovina \nIsrael and Bosnia and Herzegovina established diplomatic relations in 1997.", "Bulgaria", "Israel and Bulgaria have strong ties. Bulgaria saved the majority of its Jews during World War II — 48,000 were rescued, 11,343 were deported. Israel and Bulgaria established diplomatic relations in 1948. After the Six-Day War Bulgaria cut diplomatic ties with Israel. In 1988, Bulgaria joined the wave of first nations to recognise the State of Palestine, something it has never withdrawn. In 1990 diplomatic relations were renewed", ". In 1990 diplomatic relations were renewed. Bulgaria has an embassy in Tel Aviv and Israel has an embassy in Sofia and honorary consul in Varna.", "The cooperation has been consolidated by unexpected actions of goodwill from both nations. In the summer 2010 Bulgaria dispatched 90 firefighters to Israel to join the efforts to put out a massive wild-fire that raged outside of Haifa. In the summer of 2012, Israel sent two 'Air Tractor' planes to Bulgaria to help that nation fight a wild-fire in the Vitosha Mountains near Sofia further signifying notions of repayment and as well as the strengthening of relations between the two countries", ". On 7 July 2011, Bulgarian Prime Minister Boiko Borissov and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu signed a declaration pledging closer cooperation between the two countries and the governments between the two countries would result in a wide range of areas that include foreign affairs, national security and emergency preparedness, tourism, energy, and agriculture", ". Israel also took note of Bulgaria's prompt on international cooperation between the two countries to preserve memory, learning, and research on the Holocaust, combating xenophobia and antisemitism.", "In January 2012, Israel and Bulgaria signed two additional memorandum of understanding, which the purpose where one was for joint military training exercises and one for cooperation in the defence sector. The two agreements were signed by Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak and Bulgarian Defense Minister Anyu Angelov", ". Minister Angelov said the two agreements, in addition to their economic and defense benefits, also \"bring a political message – Bulgaria and Israel are a step closer towards stronger cooperation and a strategic dialogue", ".\" After the 2012 Burga bus bombing, Bulgaria and Israel pledged to increase security relations between the two countries discussing various aspects of bilateral cooperation at a meeting at the Ministry of Interior between Bulgarian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior Tsvetlin Iochev and Israeli Foreign Affairs Minister, Avigdor Leiberman in November 2013", ". An international investigation led by Bulgaria has established was the work of people linked with the bombing to the military wing of Hezbollah where five Israeli tourists and a Bulgarian citizen died.", "The governments of both countries also intend to cooperate in the high-tech sector, the communications sector, health care and agriculture and to continue the positive development of tourism between the two countries and energy resource divestment", ". Israel also intends to join with Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece and Romania to launch a regional group for crisis response which will boost the partnership between these countries in cases of common security challenges as result of a March 2014 meeting between Avigdor Lieberman and Bulgarian Interior Minister Tsvetlin Yovchev.", "Croatia", "While Croatia was part of the Yugoslavia Federation (1943–1991) it established diplomatic relations with Israel in year 1948 through the Federation, but after Israel attacked Yugoslavia's Non-Aligned Movement ally Egypt in the Six-Day War in 1967, Yugoslavia severed all diplomatic relations with Israel", ". After the breakup of Yugoslavia occurred as a result of a series of political upheavals and conflicts Croatia declared independence on 8 October 1991 and officially renewed its bilateral relations with Israel which recognized Croatia as an independent state on 16 April 1992, but due to some disagreements with the Croatian President Tuđman full diplomatic relations were established 5 years later, on 4 September 1997. Since then relations between Croatia and Israel have been excellent", ". Since then relations between Croatia and Israel have been excellent. Croatia has an embassy in Tel Aviv and 4 honorary consulates (in Ashdod, Caesarea, Jerusalem and Kfar Shmaryahu). Israel has an embassy in Zagreb. In addition, Croatia does not recognize the State of Palestine.", "Cyprus", "Israel has had diplomatic relations with Cyprus since Israel's independence in 1948, when Cyprus was a British protectorate. Israel and Cyprus' associations have continued to expand since 1960, the year of Cyprus' independence. The neighboring countries trade regularly and there are high flows of tourism between them", ". The neighboring countries trade regularly and there are high flows of tourism between them. However, Cypriot politicians have frequently spoken out against Israeli military raids in the Palestinian territories as well as the 2006 Lebanon War, during which Cyprus was forced to manage a heavy flow of refugees and aid out of and into Lebanon.", "However, the discovery of natural gas in the Leviathan gas field led to a thawing of relations between the two governments. The two countries demarcated their Exclusive Economic Zones in 2010. Israel's rising antagonism with Turkey further increased the level of cooperation between the two countries, as Israel compensated by improving its relations elsewhere. In February 2012, Netanyahu visited Cyprus, the first visit of an Israeli Prime Minister in history", ". The collaboration between Cyprus, Israel and Greece on natural gas extraction has been characterised by the media as the Energy Triangle.", "Cyprus serves an important role as the place where most Israeli couples obtain civil marriages, because Cyprus is the closest country on good diplomatic terms with Israel that issues civil marriages. Israel does not issue civil marriages, only religious ones, with religious restrictions on the eligibility of marriage, and a recent law allows civil marriages in Israel under one condition: both individuals are non-Jewish residents of the state", ". Israel does however recognize civil marriages issued abroad, with Cyprus being the largest source of easy civil marriage licenses.", "Relations between Israel and Cyprus are based on mutual respect for Western values, the support for free-market economy and the establishment of democracies in the Middle East that would co-exist peacefully.\n\nCzech Republic \n\nIsrael and the Czech Republic share a special relationship. Czechoslovakia was the only country to send aid to Israel in its early years e.g. arms shipments from Czechoslovakia to Israel 1947–1949.", "In December 2008, the Czech Air Force wanted to train in desert conditions for the upcoming mission in Afghanistan. No country agreed to help, except Israel. Israel saw it as an opportunity to thank the Czechs for training Israeli pilots when the country was first established.\n\nDenmark", "The relations between Denmark and Israel have been friendly and warm. Denmark voted for the partition of Palestine in 1947 and supports Israel in the United Nations. Denmark was one of few countries in Europe to save most of its Jewish population during the WWII. In Jerusalem, there is a monument to the rescue of Danish Jews, a school is named in Denmark's honor, and the King Christian X hospital in Eitanim is named after Denmark's king during World War II", ". Denmark has an embassy in Israel, and Israel has an embassy in Copenhagen.", "The political lives of the two states have been somewhat intertwined: The former Israeli minister of social and diaspora affairs Michael Melchior was born in Denmark and is the son of former chief rabbi in Copenhagen, Bent Melchior, the nephew of former Danish minister of traffic and minister of tourism and communication Arne Melchior, and the grandson of the acting rabbi for the Jewish refugees from Denmark in Sweden 1943–45, Marcus Melchior; the executive director of the Peres Center for Peace 2001–2011", ", Marcus Melchior; the executive director of the Peres Center for Peace 2001–2011, Ron Pundak who played an important role in starting the Oslo peace process and was part of the core group behind the Geneva Initiative, is the son of the influential Danish journalist Herbert Pundik; and the prominent Israeli politician Yohanan Plesner, former chairman of the Plesner Committee, is the son of Danish architect Ulrik Plesner", ".", "Estonia \nEstonia and Israel maintain excellent relations. Israel officially recognized the Republic of Estonia on 4 September 1991 and diplomatic relations were established on 9 January 1992. Foreign Minister Urmas Paet opened the Estonian Embassy in Tel Aviv in November 2009.\n\nAs of 2012, bilateral trade with Israel was 19.9 million euros.\n\nFinland", "In 2004, a joint Finland-Israel Technology (FIT) cooperation program was created for research and development projects in the field of ICT. The Office of the Chief Scientist in Israel and Tekes, the Finnish Funding Agency for Research and Innovation, allocated five million euros each for the funding of projects. In 2005, Finnish exports to Israel totaled 155,24 million euros and imports from Israel to Finland totaled 95.96 million euros", ".96 million euros. Finland's leading exports to Israel are telecommunications equipment and machinery, and Israeli fruits and vegetables.", "France", "In the early 1950s, France and Israel maintained close political and military ties as common enemies of Pan-Arab nationalism. France was Israel's main weapons supplier until its withdrawal from Algeria in 1962 removed most common interest from the relationship, and France became increasingly critical of Israel", ". This new reality became clear when, in the crisis leading up to the Six-Day War in June 1967, Charles de Gaulle's government imposed an arms embargo on the region, mostly affecting Israel, which had relied on France for weapons over the previous decade. Under François Mitterrand in the early 1980s, French–Israeli relations improved greatly. Mitterrand was the first French president to visit Israel while in office. In 1967, after the Six-Day War, 5,300 French Jews immigrated to Israel.", "Georgia", "Relations between Israel and Georgia remain excellent. Georgia's former defense minister from 2006 to 2008, Davit Kezerashvili, had previously lived in Israel. Israel has been selling weapons to Georgia for seven years financed by grants from the USA Included in these weapons are Israeli-built spy drones provided through the former mayor of Tel Aviv, Roni Milo. Israeli advisors, estimated to number between 100 and 1,000, have trained the Georgian military for some time", ". The two nations also maintain a visa free policy where Georgian and Israeli officials signed an agreement to lift visa requirements for Georgian citizens traveling to Israel, reciprocating Georgia's visa-free policy for Israelis in place since mid-2005.", "Georgia has its embassy in Tel Aviv, and the State of Israel has its embassy in Tbilisi. In June 2013, Georgian Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili praised the Jewish people and Israel and has sought to increase relations between Israel and Georgia elucidating his special relationship between him, Georgia and the Jewish people", ". Ivanishvili also wanted to extend strategic partnerships and as well as furthering economic cooperation by making it easier for Israeli entrepreneurs and investors to not just do business in Israel, but also facilitate the right paths to do business for the Georgians. The Israel-Georgia Chamber of Business was established in 1996 in order to facilitate business transactions between the two friendly countries and acting as a guide for Israeli businesses through the Georgian economy", ". Major sectors include insurance, real estate and construction, medical and dental solutions, industrial and utility projects, and energy.", "Germany", "Due to its role in the Holocaust, Israel was at first extremely hostile towards Germany and initially refused to establish relations with them. However, relations gradually thawed as Germany offered to pay reparations in 1952, and diplomatic relations were officially established in 1965. Israel and Germany now maintain a \"special relationship\" based on shared beliefs, Western values and a combination of historical perspectives", ". Among the most important factors in their relations is Nazi Germany's role in the genocide of 6 million Jews during the Holocaust.", "Germany is a prime supplier of arms to Israel, including Dolphin submarines. The military co-operation has been discreet but mutually profitable: Israeli intelligence, for example, sent captured Warsaw Pact armor to West Germany to be analyzed. The results aided the German development of an anti-tank system.\n\nGreece", "Greece \n\nBoth Greece and Turkey recognized the State of Israel in the late 1940s, but were diplomatically represented in Tel Aviv on lower-than-embassy levels. Greek–Israeli relations improved in 1995. Trade doubled between 1989 and 1995. That year Israel exported $200 million worth of chemicals and oil products to Greece and imported $150 million worth of cement, food, and building materials. Israel is the second largest importer of Greek products in the Middle East.", "A Greek–Israeli cooperation agreement on military affairs was concluded as early as December 1994 (predating the Turkish–Israeli agreement of February 1996); however, both sides refrained from activating the agreement. Greece was apparently concerned about alienating the Arab world while Israel did not wish to upset the Turks. Greece and Israel agreed to hold joint naval maneuvers at the end of the summer 1997, but they were indefinitely postponed by the Greeks", ". The reason given for the postponement was that the Greek navy was busy preventing infiltrations from Albania, and it could not spare a frigate for the exercises.", "Greece–Israel relations improved as Turkey–Israel relations worsened in the aftermath of the 2010 Gaza flotilla raid. In October 2010, the Israeli and Greek air-forces trained jointly in Greece. According to the BBC, this signified a boost in ties that was due in large part to Israel's rift with Turkey. In November 2011, the Israeli Air Force hosted Greece's Hellenic Air Force in a joint exercise at the Uvda base.", "The joint Cyprus–Israel oil and gas explorations are also an important factor for Greece, given its strong links with Cyprus. Additionally Greek and Israeli state controlled energy companies are planning to lay the world's longest subsea power cable, linking Israel, Cyprus and Greece by 2023. The link, called the EuroAsia Interconnector project, will be the longest in the world.", "A new joint action committee for the Greek–Israeli alliance has been created in the U.S. Congress in early 2013. The creation and goals of the Greek-Israeli Caucus under the name Congressional Hellenic-Israel Alliance were announced at a special event held in the Congress. It is co-chaired by Congress members Gus Bilirakis the Republican representative from Florida and Ted Deutch the Democrat from Florida, and the Greek-Israeli Caucus consists of powerful members of both Republican and Democratic party", ". It is estimated that it may become the most important pressure group in Congress by 2014.", "Holy See", "Before the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the Vatican opposed Zionist policies and objectives in Palestine. In 1947, during discussions at the United Nations about the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, the Vatican supported the internationalization of Jerusalem, in order to keep the holy places away from either Israeli or Arab sovereignty", ". In October 1948, as the 1948 Arab–Israeli War was in progress, Pope Pius XII, deeply disturbed by that violent conflict, issued the encyclical In multiplicibus curis, in which he called on the peace-makers to give Jerusalem and its outskirts \"an international character\" and to assure – \"with international guarantees\" – freedom of access and worship at the holy places scattered throughout Palestine", ". In April 1949, he issued the encyclical Redemptoris nostri cruciatus, in which he appealed for justice for the Palestinian refugees and repeated his call for an \"international status\" as the best form of protection for the holy places.", "In January 1964, Pope Paul VI visited Israel, the first such Papal visit.\n\nFollowing the Six-Day War, the Vatican modified its position on the holy places. In an address to the College of Cardinals in December 1967, Pope Paul VI called for a \"special statute, internationally guaranteed\" for Jerusalem and the Holy Places, thus changing the previous demand for the internationalization of Jerusalem.", "Diplomatic relations between the Israeli government and the Vatican were established in 1994, following the conclusion of the Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Israel, signed on 30 December 1993. The Holy See (the Vatican), which has UN observer status, is the only non-UN member state with which Israel has diplomatic relations and the only non-UN member state recognised by Israel", ". An important organ in these relations is the Israel-Vatican Bilateral Commission, established under article 10 of the Agreement to resolve economic issues between the parties.", "In 2000, Pope John Paul II visited Israel, followed by visits of Pope Benedict XVI (2009) and Pope Francis (2014). The bilateral commission convened on 30 April 2009 and 10 December 2009.\n\nHungary", "Hungary and Israel established full diplomatic relations in 1948 and severed during the Six-Day War in 1967. Relations were restored in 1989 with improved relations as well as the opening of embassies and consulates with Hungary having an embassy in Tel Aviv and 4 honorary consulates (in Eilat, Haifa, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv) and Israel has an embassy in Budapest and an honorary consulate in Szeged", ". Both countries have stressed the increasing of trade and tourism between one another and an estimated 30,000 Hungarian Jews emigrated to Israel in 1948. Both nations are also members of the Union for the Mediterranean.", "In January 2022, Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett thanked his Hungarian counterpart, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán, for the Hungarian government's consistent support of Israel at international forums.\n\nIreland \n\nFull diplomatic relations between Ireland and Israel were established in 1975. As of 2023, the Israeli ambassador to Ireland is Ophir Kariv and the Irish ambassador to Israel is Kyle O'Sullivan.", "The Irish government followed a similar line to other EU governments during the 2006 Lebanon War, with the Irish Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, condemning the actions of Israel as \"reckless and disproportionate\" and calling for an immediate ceasefire on both sides, while also condemning the actions of Hezbollah. During the conflict, a shipment of bombs that attempted to land in Ireland from USA to Tel Aviv was denied use of Irish airspace and airfields by the Irish Government", ". The weapons were part of a series of agreed arms shipments between the United States Government and Israel. The shipments were diverted via Scotland, where they also caused controversy.", "In 2010, the Israel Defense Forces forcibly boarded an Irish aid ship destined for the Gaza Strip which resulted in worsened relations, Israel's Mossad was also involved in the counterfeiting of Irish passports, 2 members of the Israeli ambassador's security staff in Dublin were subsequently deported. In 2010, there were numerous protests at the Israeli embassy in Ireland over the treatment of Palestinians.\n\nItaly", "Italy \n\nRelations between Italy and Israel remain strong, with frequent diplomatic exchanges and a large volume of trade. The Israeli Government has followed with great attention the fight against international terrorism pursued by the Italian Government.\n\nKosovo", "On 17 February 2008, Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia, a move Serbia rejects. Kosovo has been recognized by a substantial number of UN members, including the United States and most members of the European Union. At the time of the declaration, an Israeli Foreign Ministry official stated: \"We haven't decided when we're going to decide, and instead will monitor events and consider the issue\"", ". Israel was reluctant to recognize Kosovo's independence, in part because of the possibility of Palestinians using recognition of Kosovo to justify their own unilateral declaration of independence. On 21 September 2018 the president of Kosovo, Hashim Thaci told that he would place the Kosovo embassy in Jerusalem if Israel recognized Kosovo as an independent state. Israel and Kosovo agreed to establish diplomatic relations on 4 September 2020", ". Israel and Kosovo agreed to establish diplomatic relations on 4 September 2020. In March 2022, Kosovo officially opened its embassy in Jerusalem after becoming the first Muslim-majority territory to recognise Jerusalem as Israel’s capital.", "Latvia", "Latvia and Israel established diplomatic relations 6 January 1992. In October 2012, Foreign Minister Edgars Rinkēvičs called on Israeli officials for the development of economic and trade contacts between both countries and support for Latvia's accession to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Rinkevics also met with Israeli President Shimon Peres on behalf of President Berzins to visit Latvia", ". Rinkevics and Peres agreed on the key significance of education and knowledge-based economies for the development of small countries further paving opportunities for our future cooperation between the two nations.", "Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman also corroborated claims that Israel is interested in forging closer relations with Latvia as Rinkevics emphasized the 20th anniversary of relations between Latvia and Israel in 2012 and both foreign ministers expressed their commitment to strengthening economic and trade cooperation, including contacts between Latvian and Israeli entrepreneurs and a more cooperative operation in the fields of education, culture and science.\n\nLithuania", "Lithuania \n\nIsrael recognized Lithuania's independence in 1991. Both countries established diplomatic relation in 1992. Israel has an embassy in Vilnius. Lithuania has an embassy in Tel Aviv and two honorary consulates (in Herzliya and Ramat Gan). Relations are warm and friendly between the two nations and both bi-national trade and tourism has doubled, and two new regularly scheduled flights have just been set between the two countries since 2010.", "Lithuanian achievements, particularly Lithuania's achievements in biochemistry and the biosciences have attracted Israeli entrepreneurs and investors to invest in Lithuania's science and technology sector and Lithuania is enthusiastic in combining Israel's knack for unlocked untapped entrepreneurial and intellectual potential combined with Lithuania's strong science and technology research base and talented workforce", ". Both nations have concluded an agreement on cooperation in industrial research and experimental development as further cooperation within venture capital to fund joint research projects remains underway.", "Bilateral meetings between both nations reached unexpected highs between 2009–2011 and cooperations between the two nations remain excellent with several forms of cooperation that include science, economics, education, and culture as emphasized by Lithuanian Foreign Minister Audronius Azubalis. Lithuanian President Dalia Grybauskaite has stated Israel as model of innovation in which is one of the reasons that Lithuania is interested in enhancing its bilateral relations.", "In 2011 alone, Israeli tourism to Lithuania grew by 62 percent, and Lithuanian exports to Israel increased by 54 percent. Israel's leading pharmaceutical company, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, has a manufacturing plant in Lithuania and TEVA recently invested in \"Sicor Biotech\", a Lithuanian biotechnological pharmaceutical company, further signifying economic cooperation and encourages the development of such sciences as biotechnology and genetic engineering in Lithuanian universities.", "Israeli companies have taken a very active interest in possibilities for carrying out clinical research in Lithuania; many of them are already in cooperation with Lithuanian medical institutions and have invested in Lithuania's burgeoning life sciences sector. In 2013, Lithuanian biotechnology company ProBioSanus signed a representation agreement with Bharat Israel where ProBioSanus' natural, probiotic-based cleaning and personal care products will be available for sale in Israel for the first time", ". The company already opened stores in Lithuania and Scandinavia. Mr Andrejauskas, head of ProBioSanus spoke of this agreement saying that \"We have a strong scientific base and intellectual potential in Lithuania, so we are allocating particular attention to the creation of new formulas and products", ".\" Besides Israeli investments in the Lithuanian life science's sector, Lithuanian presence in Israel in the food industry remains strong as Israeli supermarkets sell Lithuanian cheese, curd desserts, Vilnius mayonnaise, Žemaitijos Pienas butter, Panevėžys ice cream, Švyturys-Utenos Alus beers and various styles of Lithuanian liquors", ". According to Vadimas Ivanovas, a business and financial analyst at Enterprise Lithuania, says that Israeli retail chains are very interested in Lithuanian sweets, pastries, canned vegetables, various sauces, alcoholic beverages, mineral water. \"Veal is particularly popular.\"", "Luxembourg \nIn November 1947, Luxembourg voted in favor of the partition plan to create a Jewish state. Israel and Luxembourg established full diplomatic relations in 1949. Due to Luxembourg's small size, the Israeli embassy is located in Brussels and Luxembourg is represented politically by the Dutch embassy and economically by the Belgian embassy.\n\nMoldova", "Relations between Moldova and Israel were established on 6 June 1992. Israel recognized Moldova on 25 December 1991. Israel is represented in Moldova through its embassy in Chisinau and Moldova has an embassy in Tel Aviv and an honorary consulate in Haifa. Relations between the two countries are friendly and a warm one based on mutual support", ". Relations between the two countries are friendly and a warm one based on mutual support. A myriad of efforts are primarily focused on the realization of achieved accords on cooperation in the fields of economy, medicine, industry, agriculture, social and cultural issues. Though the volume of trade between Israel and Moldova is low, Larisa Miculet, the Ambassador of Moldova to Israel has stated that there numerous untapped potential of increasing bilateral trade", ". For Israeli entrepreneurs and investors, Moldova is geopolitically convenient because of its location in the center of Europe, its high transparency between public authorities and foreign investors and due to its having eliminated most of the bureaucratic barriers that hinder business activities", ". Various business sectors of cooperation between Israel and Moldova range from pharmaceuticals, energy, information technology and software, electronics and electronic equipment, power engineering, metal and plastics processing and construction materials but Moldova has stressed foreign Israeli investments in all segments of the Moldovan economy.", "Netherlands \n\nIn 1947, the Netherlands voted in favor of the establishing Israel and established diplomatic relation in 1949. Israel has an embassy in The Hague and The Netherlands has an embassy in Tel Aviv.\n\nNorth Macedonia\n\nNorway", "North Macedonia\n\nNorway \n\nNorway was one of the first countries to recognize Israel on 4 February 1949. Both countries established diplomatic relations later that year. Israel has an embassy which serves Norway and Iceland in Oslo. Norway has an embassy in Tel Aviv and 2 honorary consulates (in Eilat and Haifa). Israels Venner på Stortinget (Friends of Israel in the Parliament of Norway) is a pro-Israel caucus group consisting of members of the Parliament of Norway (Stortinget).\n\nPoland", "Poland \n\nFollowing the severing of relations after the Six-Day War, Poland was the first Eastern Bloc country to restore relations with Israel in 1986. Full diplomatic relations were reestablished in 1990, after the fall of Communism in Poland.\n\nPortugal \nThe Estado Novo regime did not recognize Israel. Full diplomatic relations with the Portuguese government were established on 12 May 1977, following the Portuguese revolution of 1974.\n\nRomania", "Romania \n\nRomania and Israel established full diplomatic relations on 11 June 1948. Israel has an embassy in Bucharest. Romania has an embassy in Tel Aviv and 3 honorary consulates (in Haifa, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv). The two countries have signed many bilateral treaties and agreements and both of them are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean and many other international organizations.\n\nRussia and the Soviet Union", "Russia and the Soviet Union \n\nThe Soviet Union voted in favor of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947, which paved the way for the creation of the State of Israel. On 17 May 1948, on the third day of Israel's independence, the Soviet Union granted de jure recognition to the State of Israel, becoming only the second country to recognise Israel (preceded only by the United States' de facto recognition) and the first country to grant Israel de jure recognition.", "The Soviet Union and the other communist states of Eastern Europe (with the exception of Romania) cut diplomatic ties with Israel during the Six-Day War. Relations were restored on 19 October 1991, a few months before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, despite the fact that hostile Arab countries such as Syria also maintain close ties with Russia. Russia is known to supply Syria with weapons.", "In September 2010, Israel and Russia signed a comprehensive military agreement that will \"increase cooperation on combating terrorism\" and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak met with his Russian counterpart, Anatoly Serdyukov and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin, and signed the agreement during a ceremony in Moscow. The Russian military plans on purchasing additional Israeli unmanned aerial vehicles", ". The Russian military plans on purchasing additional Israeli unmanned aerial vehicles. Russia previously bought 12 drones from the Israel Aerospace Industries following the war in South Ossetia.", "Serbia", "Diplomatic relations between Israel and Serbia's predecessor state, Yugoslavia, were severed for twenty-four years, from 1967 until 1991, when they were officially renewed, by which time Yugoslavia was in the process of disintegration. Diplomatic relations continued when, in April 1992, the two remaining Yugoslav republics, Serbia and Montenegro, formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (renamed to Serbia and Montenegro in February 2003). On 3 June 2006, Montenegro and Serbia dissolved the union.", "Slovakia", "Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1993. Israel has an embassy in Bratislava, with its first resident ambassador in Slovakia being Yael Rubinstein. Slovakia has an embassy in Tel Aviv. In May 2008, Slovakian Prime Minister Robert Fico called Ehud Olmert and Shimon Peres for the strengthening of diplomatic relations between Israel and Slovakia. An Israel – Slovakia Chamber of Commerce and Industry also exists to facilitate further economic and business cooperation between the two countries.", "Slovenia \n\nIsrael and Slovenia established full diplomatic relations when Israel officially recognized Slovenia on 16 April 1992 and on 28 April 1992 when the countries signed the Protocol establishing diplomatic relations between each other. The Slovenian-Israeli Chamber of Commerce was established in 2010 signifying a strengthening of ties and both countries have discussed bilateral cooperation in business, tourism, science and technology, and agriculture.", "Slovenian Jews in Israel \nA sizable Slovenian Jewish community was presently in the Gush Dan area.\n\nSpain", "Spain \n\nFrancoist Spain did not recognize Israel, citing an international conspiracy of Jews and Freemasons against Spain. Israel and Spain have maintained diplomatic ties since 1986. Nevertheless, Israeli exports to Spain are on the rise, totalling $870 million in 2006, and Israeli firms doing business with Spain include the Dead Sea Works, Haifa Chemicals, Amdocs, Comverse and Teva Pharmaceuticals.\nThe Spanish foreign minister visited Israel for an official visit in May 2008.\n\nSweden", "Sweden \n\nSweden voted in favor of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine in 1947. Relations between Sweden and Israel were good during the 1950s and 1960s, and Sweden expressed strong support for Israel during the Six-Day War. However, from 1969, Sweden became more critical of Israel. In October 2014 Sweden officially recognized the State of Palestine as the first European Union country.\n\nSwitzerland", "Switzerland \n\nThe First Zionist Congress was held in Basel in 1897, and 15 out of a total of 22 congresses were held in Switzerland. Before the establishment of the State of Israel, Switzerland maintained a consulate in Jerusalem and a consular agency in Tel Aviv. It recognized the new state in 1949 and opened a consulate in Tel Aviv, which was upgraded to an embassy in 1958. The Swiss community in Israel is the largest in the Asian region, totalling around 12,000 persons.", "After escalation of the Middle East conflict, Switzerland halted arms sales and military cooperation with Israel from 2002 to 2005. Since 2004, there has been regular political dialogue between Switzerland and Israel.", "Switzerland has represented Israel's interests in numerous countries (Hungary (1967–1989), Guinea (1967–1973), Ceylon/Sri Lanka (1970–1976), Madagascar (1973–1994), Liberia (1973–1983) and Ghana (1973–2002)). Conversely, it has represented the interests of Iran (1958–1987) and Ivory Coast (1973–1986) in Israel. It also lobbied successfully for inclusion of Magen David Adom in the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement.", "On 21 April 2009, Israel recalled its ambassador for consultations due to events that occurred at the UN anti-racism conference in Geneva, Switzerland. Israeli officials, angered by a meeting between Swiss President Hans-Rudolf Merz and the Iranian president, recalled its ambassador to Switzerland, Ilan Elgar \"for consultations\" amid ongoing controversy over an anti-racism conference being held in Geneva.\n\nUkraine", "Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 December 1991. Israel has an embassy in Kyiv. Ukraine has an embassy in Tel Aviv and a consulate-general in Haifa. In July 2010 the foreign ministers of two countries sign an agreement of non-visa traffic between Israel and Ukraine. This came into effect on 9 February 2011 and since then Ukrainians and Israelis may enter territory, travel through it or stay on Ukraine/Israel without having to obtain visas for 90 days within a period of 180 days.", "United Kingdom", "Relations between the Israel and the UK began as hostile. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli war, Britain detained 8,000 Jewish men of military age attempting to make aliyah to Israel in Cyprus, so they could not participate in the fighting. Britain supplied weapons to the Arab states, and almost went to war with Israel. When Israel captured the Negev, the British Ministry of Defence began to draw up plans for a possible invasion of Israel", ". British planes spied on Israeli positions, and war between the two countries became even more possible when four British planes were shot down by Israel. However, the two countries began to soften later on, and trade began. In 1956 Israel invaded Sinai Peninsula in agreement with France and the UK that invaded Suez", ". In 1956 Israel invaded Sinai Peninsula in agreement with France and the UK that invaded Suez. Nevertheless, Anglo-Israeli relations became turbulent in the summer of 2006 when Prime Minister Tony Blair, along with many other European leaders criticized IDF airstrikes against Hezbollah targets in Lebanon, which had high civilian casualties. During the Cameron premiership, relations between the two countries continued to remain close.", "Central America\n\nBelize \nBoth countries established diplomatic relations in 1983.\nBelize is represented in Israel through its embassy in London.\nIsrael is represented in Belize through its embassy in San Salvador.\nSince 2011, both countries have an agreement on visa exemption for holders of diplomatic, service and national passports.", "Costa Rica \nCosta Rica was one of the first countries to vote in favor of the establishment of the State of Israel. It maintained its embassy in Jerusalem until August 2006, when it finally relocated to Tel Aviv in order to bolster its ties with the Arab world. In December 2011, Rodrigo Carreras became the Costa Rican ambassador to Israel for the second time, after his posting there in the 1980s. Carreras' father, Benjamin Nunez, also served as the Costa Rican ambassador to Israel.", "Guatemala \nFollowing Israel's independence, Guatemala was the first country to open an embassy in Jerusalem in 1959. The embassy was later relocated to Tel Aviv. However, on 16 May 2018 Guatemala again moved its embassy back to Jerusalem. The move to Jerusalem followed two days after the opening of the United States' Embassy to Israel in the city.\n\nHaiti", "Haiti \n\nHaiti and Israel maintain full diplomatic relations. In 1947, Haiti voted for the UN Partition Plan and the creation of the State of Israel.\nIsrael was among the first to send both personnel and aid to Haiti following the devastating earthquake in 2010.\n\nDominican Republic \nBoth countries established diplomatic relations in 1979.\nIsrael is represented in Dominican Republic through its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.\nBoth countries have an agreement on visa abolition.", "Panama \nPanama formally recognized the State of Israel on 18 June 1948. The two countries first exchanged in 1960.\n\nPanama voted with Israel against UN resolution 67/19, as well as UN resolution 70/70, and in 2012 had a 30% voting coincidence with Israel.\n\nNicaragua \n1974–1978: Israel sold arms to Somoza régime.\n\nOn 1 June 2010 Nicaragua suspended diplomatic ties with Israel in response to the Gaza flotilla raid. Relations were restored in March 2017.\n\nNorth America\n\nCanada", "North America\n\nCanada \n\nCanada's relationship with Israel began in 1947, when Canada was represented on the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP). Canada was one of the 33 countries (including only four Commonwealth members) that voted in favour of the 1947 UN partition Plan, thus beginning a longstanding relationship with the Jewish state based on a shared commitment to democratic values, understanding, and mutual respect.\n\nCuba", "Cuba \n\nCuba sent troops to fight against Israel during the War of Attrition. Cuba also joined the expeditionary forces during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, and broke diplomatic relations with Israel the same year.\n\nAs Cuba's enemy and a very close United States ally, Israel was the only country in the world that consistently sided with the U.S. blockade against Cuba.", "In late 2010, Fidel Castro, who at this time no longer held office in Cuba's government, stated that he believes Israel has a 'right to exist', which is a shift from his régime'''s earlier policy.\n\n Mexico", "Mexico \n\nMexico and Israel have had diplomatic relations since January 1950. Throughout the years, they have maintained close relations with each other. In 2000, a free trade agreement was signed between the two nations. Mexico has also purchased weapons from Israel and is one of Israel's closest allies in the Americas.\n\n United States", "The relations between Israel and the United States have evolved from an initial United States policy of sympathy and support for the creation of a Jewish state in 1948 (It was the first country to recognize the establishment of the State) to an unusual partnership that links Israel with the United States trying to balance competing interests in the Middle East region", ". The United States has been considered Israel's most powerful and supportive ally and hosts the annual Salute to Israel Parade in New York City. From 1948 to 2012, the United States has provided Israel with $233.7 billion in aid (after adjusting for inflation). In addition, the US has provided Israel with $19 billion in loan guarantees.", "The United States is Israel's largest trading partner, accounting for 22.4 percent of Israel's $43.19 billion in imports, and 42.1 percent of Israel's $40.14 billion in exports annually (2005). The U.S. also provides Israel with $2.4 billion in military assistance annually, which is equivalent to 24.5 percent of Israel's military expenditures. (2005).\n\n Oceania \n\n Australia", "Oceania \n\n Australia \n\nAustralia was one of the four Commonwealth nations to vote in favour of the 1947 UN partition resolution. Australia and Israel established full diplomatic relations in January 1949. Australia has an embassy in Tel Aviv and Israel likewise in Canberra. In May 2010, the Australian government expelled an Israeli diplomat over the misuse of Australian passports in the assassination of Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh, which Foreign Minister Stephen Smith said was \"not the act of a friend.\"", "Marshall Islands \n\nThe Marshall Islands is one of the most consistent supporters of Israel international affairs, along with the United States, Micronesia and Palau. The Marshall Islands is a country in free association with the United States, and thus consistently vote in favor of the United States.\n\n Micronesia", "Micronesia \n\nThe Federated States of Micronesia is one of the most consistent supporters of Israel. Throughout the history of the United Nations General Assembly, there has always been an \"automatic majority\" against Israel. The United States has often voted in favour of Israel and in recent years, one other nation has joined Israel's defense – Micronesia.", "The foreign policy goals of the Micronesia are primarily linked to achieving economic development and protecting their vast marine environment. Israel was one of the first to welcome Micronesia into the family of nations, even before it became a member of the UN. According to Micronesia's U.N. deputy ambassador, the country has since sought close bilateral relations with Israel in areas such as agriculture, technical training and health care training. Israel assisted Micronesia in its early development", ". Israel assisted Micronesia in its early development. As one Micronesian diplomat said, \"We need Israeli expertise, so I don't see a change in our policy anytime soon.\"", "In January 2010, the President of the Federated States of Micronesia, Emanuel Mori, and the President of the Republic of Nauru, Marcus Stephen, with their foreign ministers, visited Israel to expand ties on issues such as healthcare, solar energy, water conservation, clean technologies and other areas in which Israel can provide expertise. They met with Israeli leaders including the Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, President Shimon Peres and Minister of Foreign Affairs Avigdor Lieberman.\n\n Nauru", "Nauru \n\nIsrael and the Republic of Nauru established official diplomatic relations in 2013 and collaborated on various subjects. Nauru, like other Pacific islands such as the Marshall Islands, Micronesia and Palau, is a consistent supporter of Israel in international bodies, including the United Nations.\n\n New Zealand", "New Zealand was one of the four Commonwealth nations to vote in favour of the 1947 UN partition resolution. Since then, most New Zealand governments have been supportive of Israel. After 53 years of full diplomatic relations, the Israeli Embassy in Wellington closed in 2004 due to $5.4 million in cost-cuts by the Israeli Foreign Ministry. It was speculated that trade with Arab countries were a major factor", ". It was speculated that trade with Arab countries were a major factor. In June 2004, the New Zealand Government criticized Israel's policy of bulldozing Palestinian homes and donated $534,000 to aid homeless Palestinians. At one time there were four missions in the South Pacific area in Canberra, Sydney, Wellington and Suva in Fiji. Following the closure, only Canberra remained open, which was responsible for New Zealand-Israeli Relations", ". In 2009, the Israel Foreign Ministry announced the reopening of the embassy in Wellington.", "In mid-2004, two suspected Mossad agents were jailed for three months and paid a $35,000 fine for trying on false grounds to obtain a New Zealand passport. High-level visits between the two countries were cancelled, visa restrictions imposed for Israeli officials, and an expected visit to New Zealand by Israeli president Moshe Katsav was cancelled", ". More than a year later, Israel apologized and New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark announced that it was time to resume friendly diplomatic relations with Israel.", "Niue \nDiplomatic relations between Israel and Niue were established on August 3, 2023.\n\n Palau \n\nPalau is one of the most consistent supporters of Israel in the United Nations and other international affairs along with the United States, Micronesia and the Marshall Islands. In 2006, Palau had the highest voting coincidence with Israel in the United Nations.\n\n Papua New Guinea", "Papua New Guinea \n\n Tuvalu \nIsrael maintains a non-resident embassy to Tuvalu in Jerusalem and Tuvalu has voted together with Israel against UN resolutions furthering Palestinian sovereignty on occasion.\n\n South America \n\n Argentina", "South America \n\n Argentina \n\nIn 1992, three Israeli diplomats were killed in the bombing of the Israeli Embassy which left 29 people dead and 240 wounded. Two years later, another bombing took place at the AMIA Jewish community center in Buenos Aires, killing 85 people and wounding 300. The investigation was never completed. Néstor Kirchner called this a national disgrace, and reopened the files.", "Bolivia", "In January 2009, Bolivia limited its foreign relationship with Israel in the wake of strikes in Gaza by Israel. Bolivian President Evo Morales has reportedly promised to take Israel to an international court for alleged war crimes committed in Gaza. Bolivia originally granted visa free access to Israeli citizens", ". Bolivia originally granted visa free access to Israeli citizens. However, as a result of Israel's 2014 military operation in Gaza, which it opposed, President Evo Morales declared Israel a \"terrorist state\" and his government will now require Israeli citizens to obtain a visa to visit Bolivia. Morales has called Israel's treatment of Palestinians \"a genocide\".", "Following Morales's resignation and fleeing to Mexico in November 2019, relations were restored to their previous status.\n\nOn 1 November 2023, following the escalation of the 2023 Israel-Hamas war, Deputy Foreign Minister of Bolivia Freddy Mamani announced that Bolivia would be cutting diplomatic ties with Israel. This made Bolivia the first country to cut relations with Israel in response to the conflict.\n\n Brazil", "Brazil \n\nBrazil played a large role in the establishment of the State of Israel. Brazil held the Presidency office of the UN General Assembly in 1947, which proclaimed the Partition Plan for Palestine. The Brazilian delegation to the U.N., supported and heavily lobbied for the partition of Palestine toward the creation of the State of Israel. Brazil was also one of the first countries to recognize the State of Israel, on 7 February 1949, less than one year after Israeli Declaration of Independence.", "Nowadays, Brazil and Israel maintain close political, economic and military ties. Brazil is a full member state of Israel Allies Caucus, a political advocacy organization that mobilizes pro-Israel parliamentarians in governments worldwide. The two nations enjoy a degree of arms cooperation as Brazil is a key buyer of Israeli weapons and military technology. Also, Brazil is Israel's largest trading partner in Latin America", ". Also, Brazil is Israel's largest trading partner in Latin America. Israel has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in Sao Paulo and Brazil has an embassy in Tel Aviv and an honorary consulate in Haifa. A longstanding dispute between Israel and Brazil is ongoing over Brazil's official rejection of a new Israeli ambassador because of his ties to the West Bank.", "Brazil-Israel relations have improved significantly during the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro since 2019. Brazilian president Bolsonaro has expressed his love for Israel several times. He has even said to have turned Brazil into Israel's new best friend.\nIn December 2019, Brazil opened a trade office in Jerusalem. Brazil also considered to move its embassy to Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.", "Brazil has the ninth largest Jewish community in the world, about 107,329 by 2010, according to the IBGE census. The Jewish Confederation of Brazil (CONIB) estimates to more than 120,000.\n\n Chile", "Chile \n\nChile recognized Israel's independence in February 1949. Israel sent its first ambassador to Chile in May 1950, and Chile sent its first ambassador to Israel in June 1952. Prime Minister Golda Meir visited Chile during her term in office. In March 2005, the Chilean minister of foreign affairs Ignacio Walker made an official visit to Israel. Chile is home to the largest Palestinian community outside the Middle East, approximately 500,000.\n\n Colombia", "Colombia \n\nColombia and Israel established formal relations in the mid-1950s. In recent years, Colombia has purchased planes, drones, weapons and intelligence systems from Israel. An Israeli company, Global CST won a $10 million contract in Colombia.\n\n Guyana \nBoth countries have established diplomatic relations on 9 March 1992.", "Paraguay", "In September 2018, Paraguay announced that it was moving its embassy in Israel out of Jerusalem and back to Tel Aviv, just months after a previous Paraguayan administration had opened the new mission. The US, Guatemala and Paraguay, all moved their embassies to Jerusalem in May 2018. Paraguay said it had officially recognized the military wings of Palestinian group Hamas and Lebanon's Hezbollah as terrorist organizations, drawing praise from Israel", ". President Mario Abdo Benitez made the declaration in an official document in August 2019.", "Peru \n\nIsrael and Peru established diplomatic relations in 1957. In 1998 the two countries began talks on a free-trade agreement. Israel sent rescue teams and medical aid to Peru after earthquakes in 1970, 2005 and 2007. In 2001, Eliane Karp, a former Israeli, became the First Lady of Peru.", "Suriname", "Suriname and Israel established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1976. In February 2011, non-resident Israeli ambassador to Suriname, Amiram Magid, criticized the government of Suriname for recognizing the State of Palestine. On 30 May 2022, in a meeting with Israeli Foreign Minister Yair Lapid, Surinamese Foreign Minister Albert Ramdin announced plans to open a Surinamese embassy in Jerusalem in the near future", ". On 23 June, Surinamese President Chan Santokhi announced the cancellation of the Jerusalem embassy plans, citing a lack of funds.", "Uruguay \n\nIsrael has an embassy in Montevideo. Uruguay has an embassy in Tel Aviv and 2 honorary consulates in Ashdod and Haifa. Uruguay was one of the first nations to recognise Israel as independent.\n\n Venezuela", "Relations were once strong, but the bilateral ties soured under the Presidency of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela. The Jewish population in Venezuela, which peaked at 45,000, is now below 15,000 \"as a result of severe instability in the country\", according to the Israeli Stephen Roth Institute. The Miami Herald, Jewish Times, and Jewish organizations have reported large-scale emigration of Jewish people from Venezuela during the Chávez administration.Jewish Federation of Palm Beach County", ".Jewish Federation of Palm Beach County. JCRC expresses concern with Venezuelan unrest. Retrieved 11 August 2006. As a result of the June/July 2006 battles in the Gaza Strip, Venezuela withdrew its ambassador to Israel. Following the Israeli attack on Gaza in December 2008 and January 2009, Venezuela cut its diplomatic ties with Israel. Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez called the attack \"genocidal\", and urged that Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert be tried for war crimes.", "Israeli foreign aid", "Israeli foreign aid comprises primarily development assistance and humanitarian aid provided by Israel to foreign countries. Israel provides assistance to developing countries to alleviate and solve economic and social problems through its international cooperation program of technical assistance, based on its own recent and ongoing experience in developing human and material resources", ". Israel's Agency for International Development Cooperation, established as an agency of the Israeli Foreign Ministry in 1958 and known by its Hebrew acronym, MASHAV, is the primary vehicle for providing this aid.", "Israel has provided humanitarian assistance to developing countries in Asia, Africa, South America, Oceania, and Central Europe through the activities of Mashav, with the goal to give developing countries the knowledge, tools, and expertise that Israel gained in its own development, and its ability to \"make the desert flourish\"", ". This center trains course participants from approximately 140 countries on healthcare, as well as emergency and disaster medicine, and has participated in dozens of projects worldwide in fields economic fields such as agriculture, education, development, employment, and healthcare, as well as humanitarian fields such as disaster relief, reconstruction, and refugee absorption.", "In the 1970s, Israel broadened its aid agenda by granting safe haven to refugees and foreign nationals in distress from around the world. Since the 1980s, Israel has also provided humanitarian aid to places affected by natural disasters and terrorist attacks. In 1995, the Israeli Foreign Ministry and Israel Defense Forces established a permanent humanitarian and emergency aid unit, which has carried out humanitarian operations worldwide", ". In addition to providing humanitarian supplies, Israel has also sent rescue teams and medical personnel and set up mobile field hospitals in disaster-stricken areas worldwide.", "Non-government Israeli humanitarian aid organizations, such as IsraAid (The Israel Forum for International Humanitarian Aid), Fast Israeli Rescue and Search Team (FIRST), Israeli Flying Aid (IFA), Save a Child's Heart (SACH) and Latet'' (Hebrew for \"to give\") provide various types of aid in foreign countries, complementing or in coordination with the official government aid", ". They provide humanitarian aid such as search and rescue teams to disaster zones, life saving aid to people affected by natural or man-made disasters, medical aid, disease prevention, urgent pediatric heart surgery and follow-up care for children from developing countries, and food aid.", "See also\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nOfficial website of the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs\nRecognize Israel, Initiative for international diplomatic relations with Israel\n Israel's relations with the Third World and Africa, reports by Tel Aviv University and The Africa Institute American Jewish Committee\n EU Neighbourhood Info Centre: Country profile of Israel" ]

[ "The St. Louis Cardinals 2015 season was the 134th for the Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise in St. Louis, Missouri, the 124th season in the National League (NL), and the 10th at Busch Stadium III. They entered the 2015 season as two-time defending NL Central division champions and having made four consecutive National League Championship Series (NLCS) appearances.", "The Cardinals' 2014–15 offseason began tragically with the death of rookie outfielder Oscar Taveras in a traffic collision on October 26. On November 17, they acquired right fielder Jason Heyward and pitcher Jordan Walden from the Atlanta Braves in a blockbuster trade for pitchers Shelby Miller and Tyrell Jenkins. The Cardinals inducted Curt Flood, Bob Forsch, George Kissell and Ted Simmons into the franchise Hall of Fame. Forbes valued the Cardinals at $1", ". Forbes valued the Cardinals at $1.2 billion in 2015, ranking them 27th out of all sports franchises in the world, and the sixth-highest in all MLB.", "By winning 22 of their first 29 games of the season, the Cardinals secured their best start since 1887, and became the first major league team of the year to reach 50 wins, the fastest since the Chicago White Sox in 2005. Outfielder Matt Holliday set a new National League record by reaching base in his first 45 games of the season", ". In June, reports surfaced that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) were investigating an incident involving the Cardinals hacking into the Houston Astros' computer networks, the first known such case of corporate espionage in professional sports.", "By winning their 100th game on September 30, the Cardinals clinched their third consecutive division title. It was the first time since 2005 they had won at least 100 games in a season, and they became the first team to do so since the 2011 Phillies. However, they lost to the Chicago Cubs in the Division Series, ending their streak of four straight NLCS appearances.\n\nOff-season", "Off-season\n\nOverview\nThe St. Louis Cardinals ended their 2014 regular season as the National League Central division champions with a 90–72 won–loss record, their second consecutive Central division title and ninth overall. They finished sixth in the league in batting average (.253), fifteenth (last) in home runs (105), and ninth in runs scored (619). They also ranked seventh in earned run average (3.50).", "St. Louis finished two games ahead of the runner-up Pittsburgh Pirates, who qualified for the Wild Card Game. In the National League Division Series (NLDS), the Cardinals defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers, three games to one. They surrendered the National League Championship Series (NLCS) in five games to the San Francisco Giants, the eventual World Series champions", ". Despite the NLCS defeat, the Cardinals already had four consecutive LCS appearances, the first team to do so since the New York Yankees from 1998–2001 in the American League Championship Series. Since 2000, it was their ninth NLCS appearance.", "However, tragedy launched Major League Baseball's 2014–15 off-season when Cardinals rookie right fielder Oscar Taveras was killed in a car accident in the Dominican Republic on October 26, 2014. It was 10 days after the conclusion of the NLCS, and moments before the first pitch of Game 5 of the World Series. Reports confirmed alcohol intoxication on Taveras' part, making it the second alcohol-related fatality of a Cardinals player in a car accident since pitcher Josh Hancock in 2007", ". General manager John Mozeliak lamented the circumstances of both players' deaths, amplifying that the team would take a greater role in instructing young players \"to avoid reckless actions.\"", "Just 22 years old, Taveras was an immensely popular athlete and heralded prospect with fans, around Major League Baseball, and in his native Dominican Republic. On October 28, the Cardinals left the right field lights on at Busch Stadium and released a Twitter photo of the scene the next day. The following January, Cardinals chairman William DeWitt, Jr", ". The following January, Cardinals chairman William DeWitt, Jr., announced plans for the team to renovate a baseball field in Taveras' hometown of Sosúa in his honor, and that the team would also wear black circular patches inscribed with the initials \"OT\" inside a white circle on their jerseys for the 2015 season", ". Further, a large decal was posted in his memorial on the wall of the home team bullpen of Busch Stadium along with those of Hancock and Darryl Kile, another pitcher who died during the 2002 season while still active as a player.", "Bench coach Mike Aldrete vacated the Cardinals on October 27 for the same avocation with the Oakland Athletics. The day after the World Series ended, October 30, Mark Ellis, Justin Masterson, Jason Motte, Pat Neshek, and A. J. Pierzynski all filed for free agency. Four of the five players in the group signed with different teams in the 2014–15 off-season. Only Motte, a former closer, had played for the Cardinals prior to 2014. He acceded a one-year contract with the Chicago Cubs", ". He acceded a one-year contract with the Chicago Cubs. The only free agent who did not endorse with another club was Ellis, who announced his retirement as a player on February 26, 2015.", "The Cardinals picked up the 2015 option on starting pitcher John Lackey's contract on October 30, equivalent to the minimum salary of $507,000 ($ today), an unusually low number on for a veteran of his achievement level and competitiveness. Acquired from the Boston Red Sox at the trade deadline in 2014, he signed his current contract as a free agent before the 2010 season", ". The Red Sox inserted a provision in the contract that, in lieu of paying insurance in case he missed any season due to an elbow injury, the club could choose to pick up an option in 2015 for the league minimum salary. At that time, the Red Sox medical staff demonstrated concern that Lackey's elbow was found not to be fully sound during a physical examination. When he missed the 2012 season due to Tommy John surgery, the league-minimum option for 2015 was actuated", ". The Cardinals added performance bonuses before the start of the season.", "The Houston Astros appointed longtime scout Charlie González as a special assistant on November 1. Two days later, the Cardinals signed assistant hitting coach David Bell to a two-year contract to replace Aldrete as bench coach. To fill the position Bell vacated, the Cardinals hired former Cubs hitting coach Bill Mueller as assistant hitting coach on November 17.", "With a void in right field that emerged following the death of Taveras, the Cardinals settled a surprising blockbuster trade with the Atlanta Braves on November 17. St. Louis arrogated former Baseball America Minor League Player of the Year Jason Heyward and relief pitcher Jordan Walden in exchange for starting pitcher Shelby Miller and reliever Tyrell Jenkins", ". For the second time in the 2014–15 off-season, the Athletics drew from the Cardinals' staff, hiring director of scouting Dan Kantrovitz to be assistant general manager on November 24. To replace Kantrovitz, director of baseball development Chris Correa was promoted to director of scouting on December 2. One week later, the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame announced former ace Chris Carpenter as an inductee in their 2015 class.", "The Cardinals signed free agents relief pitcher Matt Belisle (December 2), from the Colorado Rockies, and first baseman Mark Reynolds (December 11) from the Milwaukee Brewers. They initially imported veteran reliever Carlos Villanueva on a minor league deal in February, but selected him for the major league roster out of spring training.", "In March 2015, Forbes appraised the Cardinals' outright value at $1.4 billion, making them the 27th-most valuable sports franchise in the world, and sixth-principal franchise in Major League Baseball (MLB). It was an increase from an $800 million pricing and eighth in the echelon in 2014. Their revenue was $294 million while their operating income was $73.6 million, and their overall assessment was approximately $200 million higher than the MLB average of $1.2 billion", ".2 billion. Mike Ozanian of Forbes remarked that the Cardinals were \"baseball's biggest anamoly\", with outsize value outpacing their status as one of baseball's \"smallest markets\", and the recently opened Ballpark Village – adjacent to Busch Stadium – was a popular destination for dining and entertainment. The Cardinals' local television ratings (7.76) graded the highest among all major league teams.", "Acquisitions, departures and roster moves\n\nOwnership, club officials, managers, and coaches\n\nPlayers\n\nSeason standings\n\nNational League Central\n\nNational League playoff standings\n\nNational League head-to-head records\n\nRegular season summary\n\nApril", "First-ever MLB Opening Night", "For the first time in his career, 23-year-old Carlos Martínez made the Cardinals starting rotation, earning the fifth starter spot out of spring training. Participating in the first-ever night game Opening Day to commence an MLB season, the Cardinals faced off against the Chicago Cubs on April 5, partners in an historic sports rivalry. Also dubbed \"Opening Night\", Adam Wainwright made his fourth career Opening Day start. St. Louis, in turn, made team history as they won 3–0", ". St. Louis, in turn, made team history as they won 3–0. Their four stolen bases (SB) set a team record for Opening Day, and Yadier Molina became the first catcher in club history with 11 consecutive Opening Day starts. Right fielder Jason Heyward debuted for the Cardinals in this game, garnering three hits, including two doubles, and a stolen base. Left fielder Matt Holliday opened the season with a 12-game hitting streak. His 12th game was also his first four-hit performance of the season.", "Matt Carpenter's doubles in seven consecutive games", "From April 12–19, third baseman Matt Carpenter netted seven consecutive games with at least two hits and one double, tying Ripper Collins for the franchise record he set in 1935. That same streak was also the longest in the Major Leagues since Paul Molitor achieve the same as a member of the Brewers in 1991. Carpenter also batted .480 with an .880 slugging percentage (SLG), seven doubles, one home run (HR), five runs batted in (RBI) and an-NL leading 22 total bases", ". MLB subsequently named him to his first NL Player of the Week Award for that period.", "Making his 99th career start on April 15, starter Lance Lynn earned his 50th career win in a 4–2 victory over Milwaukee. It was his 13th win in the month of April since 2012, the highest total in MLB. Setup man Kevin Siegrist earned his first major league save by pitching the last two innings of a 6−1 win against the Reds on April 17. Heyward hit his first home run as a Cardinal on April 18 against the Cincinnati Reds at Busch Stadium.", "Harris first Naval Academy graduate in MLB in 94 years, Wainwright out for season", "The club placed OF Peter Bourjos on three-day paternity leave on April 21, replacing him on the 25-man roster with RHP Mitch Harris. Harris was the first United States Naval Academy graduate to be called up to the majors since pitcher Nemo Gaines of the Washington Senators in 1921. On April 25, Harris made his major-league debut, substituting for Wainwright in a game against Milwaukee after he suffered an ankle injury, and struck out his first batter, Adam Lind", ". Catcher Cody Stanley, who replaced Wainwright on the 25-man roster, got a hit in his first major league at bat. The Cardinals announced that Wainwright had an Achilles tendon rupture and would likely miss the remainder of the season.", "Left-handed pitcher (LHP) Tim Cooney took Wainwright's next spot in the rotation. It was his major league debut, but was a disappointment, going only innings and giving up seven hits and a walk. The following day, the Cardinals called up RHP Miguel Socolovich and sent down Cooney. To make room on the 40-man roster, OF Tommy Pham was moved to the 60-day disabled list. Through his first four starts of the season, Martínez' ERA was 1.89. Through the month of April, Holliday maintained an MLB-best .500 OBP.", "May", "Sweep of each game of home series with walk-off hits", "The month of May increased the trend of unique and rare achievements for the Cardinals, both affirmative and dubious. In the May 1–3 series at home against the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Cardinals swept by winning each game in extra innings. In the last game of that series, Kolten Wong hit his second career regular-season walk-off home run; his first also occurred against the Pirates. St", ". St. Louis became the first team since 1925 to sweep by winning each game in extra innings when the Cincinnati Reds did so against the Boston Braves from June 4–7. Of course, because the games were at Busch Stadium, St. Louis each won in walk-off fashion: first baseman Matt Adams with a bases-loaded single in the first game, and Carpenter with a sacrifice fly in the second.", "Best 25-game start since at least 1900", "Miguel Socolovich made his Cardinals debut on May 3 against the Reds, completing one inning with a strikeout and no hits or walks. Setup man Jordan Walden went on the DL on May 3 because of a biceps injury, and it changed manager Mike Matheny's bullpen strategy by using his most capable relief pitchers more, including closer Trevor Rosenthal, setup man Matt Belisle and middle reliever Seth Maness. Each were either injured or because less effective later in the season", ". Each were either injured or because less effective later in the season. Kevin Siegrist, who originally filled the seventh inning, moved to the eight-inning setup role, leaving a hollow in the seventh inning.", "The Cardinals defeated the Cubs on May 4 for their seventh straight win, making their record on the season an MLB-best 19–6. It was their best start after 25 games since at least 1900. In that contest, Mark Reynolds hit his fourth career grand slam in the 10–9 score. Despite getting a no-decision, Martínez allowed seven of the nine runs in this game. In the next game, also against the Cubs, Reynolds' pinch-hit double drove in the go-ahead runs as the Cardinals were victorious, 7–4.", "The Cardinals called LHP Tyler Lyons up from Memphis to take Wainwright's next turn in the rotation on May 5. Lyons completed innings with seven strikeouts, two walks, six hits, and four runs (three earned). In IP against the Cubs on May 7, RHP John Lackey struck out 10. He also drove in his third career run with a double, his third career extra base hit in a 5–1 win.", "Flood, Forsch, Kissell and Simmons announced as new Cardinals Hall of Fame inductees", "Four new members of the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum were announced on May 5, including Curt Flood, Bob Forsch, George Kissell and Ted Simmons. In 12 seasons with St. Louis, center fielder Flood won seven Gold Gloves, was a three-time All-Star, and a member of the 1964 and 1967 championship clubs. However, Flood is best known for challenging the reserve clause, which in spite of the United States Supreme Court ruling in MLB's favor, eventually led to free agency", ". Forsch, the only pitcher in franchise history to throw two no-hitters, ranked third with 163 wins and second with 401 starts. Kissell spent 65 years in the Cardinals organization as a minor league player, manager, scout and instructor. Simmons, a catcher, played 13 years in St. Louis, was a six-time All-Star, and set the National League record for hits (188) by a catcher in 1975. He batted .298 with 172 HR and 929 RBI as Cardinal.", "Molina hit into first-ever 4–5–4 triple play in MLB", "In the next series against the Pirates on May 9, Martínez continued to struggle as he allowed 14 runs on 16 hits and 11 walks including the previous two starts totaling nine innings. His ERA jumped from 1.89 from before the previous start against the Cubs to 4.73 after the start against the Pirates", ".89 from before the previous start against the Cubs to 4.73 after the start against the Pirates. The next day, the Cardinals fell victim to the first \"4–5–4\" triple play (where the second baseman records the out, throws to the third baseman, who records a second out, and finally back to the second baseman, who records a third and final out of the inning, all in one play) in MLB history", ". In this play, Molina lined out to Pittsburgh second baseman Neil Walker, who threw to third baseman Jung-ho Kang to double up Jhonny Peralta for the second out. Kang briefly pirouetted the ball in his hand, albeit confused, then threw back to Walker to tag Jason Heyward for the final out.", "Cardinals batters struck out record 18 times", "Reigning American League Cy Young Award winner Corey Kluber of the Cleveland Indians struck out 18 Cardinals on May 13, setting a record for a Cardinal opponent and tying Bob Feller for the Indians' nine-inning franchise record in Cleveland's 2–0 win. After striking out five times on May 18, Grichuk followed up with two doubles and a triple the next night against the New York Mets as the Cardinals prevailed 10–2. A 3–1 victory over the Detroit Tigers on May 17 gave Mike Matheny his 300th win as manager", ". A 3–1 victory over the Detroit Tigers on May 17 gave Mike Matheny his 300th win as manager. Jaime García, reactivated from the 60-day disabled list for a start against the Mets on May 21, made his first MLB appearance in nearly one year. He completed seven innings but received the loss, allowing five hits, two runs (both earned), five walks, and striking out three.", "The Cardinals won each of Michael Wacha's first nine starts while he received the win in seven of them. That ninth game spanned through May 24 against the Kansas City Royals. His ERA was 1.87. Wacha was the first Cardinal pitcher to start with a 7–0 record since Matt Morris started 8–0 in 2005. Matt Carpenter homered for his 500th career hit and 300th career run scored", ". Matt Carpenter homered for his 500th career hit and 300th career run scored. On May 25, Jhonny Peralta hit a walk-off home run in the tenth inning against the Arizona Diamondbacks, his seventh home run of the season. García's first win in nearly a year was on May 26 against the Diamondbacks, in which worked six innings in a 6–4 victory.", "Matt Holliday's record on-base streak", "Holliday reached base each of his first 43 games of the season through May 27 against the Diamondbacks, breaking Albert Pujols' franchise and National League records, which he set in 2008. Holliday had also reached base in 45 consecutive games dating back to 2014, which was 10 short of Stan Musial's overall franchise record, and 29 short of Ted Williams' MLB record. Heyward's home run in the ninth inning that game tied the game at 3–3, and the Cardinals eventually won, 4–3", ". IF Matt Adams was placed on the 15-day disabled list May 28 with a torn right quadriceps and replaced on the 25-man roster with C Ed Easley. He had surgery May 29 and was expected to miss three to four months, effectively the rest of the season.", "Tribute to Taveras\nOn May 31, the Cardinals paid an official tribute to the deceased Oscar Taveras, who debuted for them in the major leagues exactly one year earlier. They played the Los Angeles Dodgers that day. Martínez, the Cardinals starting pitcher and close of friend of Taveras, struck out eight and extended a personal scoreless inning streak to innings as St. Louis prevailed, 3–1. It was the longest scoreless-inning streak in the NL for a starting pitcher through that point in the season.", "Through their first 50 games and two of the months of the season, the Cardinals were an MLB-best 33–17 (.660 winning percentage), including 20–6 at home. They produced the best run differential at plus-60 and were the only team with a staff ERA lower than 3.00, at 2.73. The bullpen had a 2.21 ERA. The offense produced a seventh-best .737 on-base plus slugging percentage (OPS).\n\nJune", "In his third start of the season on June 1 against the Milwaukee Brewers, García logged seven innings, while allowing one run and striking out four with less than 90 pitches. However, he ended up with a 1–0 loss, bringing his record for the season to 1–2 with a 2.70 ERA. In his time with the Cardinals through June 1, Peralta ranked first in extra-base hits (80) and home runs (29), third in RBI (101), second in slugging percentage (.461) and OPS (.804) and fourth in on-base percentage (", ".461) and OPS (.804) and fourth in on-base percentage (.361) among MLB shortstops. On defense, although he did not rely on heavily on range, but on smart positioning and making the routine plays, qualifying him for +1 defensive runs saved after saving 17 the year before. Holliday's National League-record on-base streak to start the season ended at 45 games – 47 overall – on June 2 against the Brewers in a 1–0 win", ". Umpire Joe West ejected him for arguing a called third strike in the seventh inning, and also ejected manager Mike Matheny, who had joined the argument. It was the longest such streak in the major leagues since Derek Jeter garnered 53 in 1999.", "Holliday, the second Cardinal of the season with a torn quadriceps muscle", "Martínez' next start, also against the Dodgers, came on June 5. Over seven innings, he gave up just one run on three hits and struck out 11, a new career high, in a 2–1 victory. By giving up the run in the second inning, the scoreless inning streak stopped at , also a career-high. On June 8, Holliday suffered a right quadriceps strain while attempting to catch a fly ball off the bat of Carlos González during a game against the Colorado Rockies", ". The Cardinals placed Holliday on the 15-day DL, and recalled Socolovich to take his place on the roster. At the time, Holliday was batting .303 with three HR and 26 RBI, and was third overall in the NL All-Star balloting. He was second among outfielders to Bryce Harper of the Washington Nationals, which would translate as a spot as a starting outfielder in the All-Star Game if that placement held for the final vote tally", ". In the MLB Draft, the Cardinals selected outfielder Nick Plummer with the 23rd overall and team's number-one pick from Brother Rice High School in Michigan. In a June 12 start against the Royals, Jaime García netted his 500th career strikeout by getting Omar Infante as the Cardinals won 4–0. It was García's 102nd career start; he had also not issued a walk in his first 30 IP of the season.", "Lyons, whom the Cardinals recalled from Memphis to take the place of an injured Lance Lynn on June 13, stopped a winless streak of 13 MLB starts by pitching a 3–2 victory over the Royals. He struck out five in six innings. Closer Trevor Rosenthal strung together a scoreless inning streak while saving his NL-leading 21st game of the season. The Cardinals' first back-to-back home runs of the season occurred on June 15 against the Twins, which Molina and Reynolds accomplished", ". It was Molina's first home run of the season and first in 95 games, dating back to June 27, 2014. The Cardinals' previous back-to-back home runs occurred when Holliday and Grichuk delivered against the Reds on September 19, 2014.", "First alleged case of cyber espionage in professional sports\nReports surfaced on June 16 that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) were reviewing an alleged incident involving Cardinals' front office officials hacking into the Houston Astros' database of players, scouting reports and proprietary statistics. It was regarded as the first known case of corporate espionage involving computer network hacking in professional sports.", "Rookies Grichuk, Garcia and Scruggs help deliver wins", "In his first major league action of 2015, second baseman Greg Garcia collected two hits in 12–4 win over the Philadelphia Phillies on June 19. Molina, Wong and Grichuk all homered as Lyons earned his second win of the season. At the plate, Lyons collected both his first major league run batted in and base on balls and while hitting two singles. He reached base and scored in all three plate appearances", ". He reached base and scored in all three plate appearances. Garcia and IF Xavier Scruggs had been called up from Memphis on June 19 in preparation for the series against the Phillies, with Harris and Easley optioned back to the AAA club. The Cardinals were also victorious the next game by a 10–1 score. Grichuk followed with a two more home runs and his second consecutive three-hit game. Heyward also contributed three hits and two RBI", ". Heyward also contributed three hits and two RBI. Lackey, the Cardinals' starting pitcher, completed seven innings, for the fourth time in five starts. He improved his record to 6–4 with a 3.41 ERA.", "Scruggs provided three hits and two RBI, Heyward hit his eighth home run, and Reynolds drove in the go-ahead run with a bases-loaded infield single on June 23 against the Miami Marlins in a 4–3 win. The Cardinals activated Lynn from the DL the next day prior to the series finale against the Marlins. Heyward homered again the next game, and Wong hit his ninth HR as García improved to 3–3 in a 6–1 victory and series win over the Marlins", ". The Cardinals optioned Lyons back to Memphis to make room on the roster for Lynn, who started the next game against the Marlins, pitching six scoreless innings in a 5–1 victory and series sweep. Wong's RBI double broke a scoreless tie and put the Cardinals ahead for good. Pete Kozma, filling in for Peralta at shortstop, scored on that double had three hits and reached base in four plate appearances, snapping an 0–21 streak that dated back to May 19.", "Greg Garcia's first major league home was on June 26 in the eighth inning against Pedro Strop of the Cubs, tying the score in an eventual 4–3 Cardinals win, where they walked off when Bourjos scored on an error in the 10th inning. The Cardinals improved to an MLB-best 27–7 at home.", "Best start in MLB in ten years", "The Cardinals won their fifth straight game on June 27 by a score of 8–1, also at home against the Cubs, extending their major league-best record to 50–24. Scruggs provided another three-hit night as all nine starters collected at least one hit. Wacha improved to 10–3 and Carlos Villanueva pitched the last three innings for his first save of the season and fourth career with three or more innings pitched. Each of the second, third and fourth innings with the Cubs batting ended with a double play.", "The Cardinals became the first club of the season to reach 50 wins and the fastest to win 50 since the Chicago White Sox in 2005. In the last 50 years, the 2015 Cardinals were just the 18th club to reach 50 wins before losing their 25th game, of which, 13 went on to win 100 or more games and only two missed the playoffs. The only other time in Cardinals' history with such a start or better occurred in 1944 (52–21–2), a season that concluded with 105 regular-season wins and the World Series title", ". The 2015 club held the major leagues' best run-differential at +95, and their staff ERA (2.63) was the lowest through 74 games in a season since the Baltimore Orioles in 1972 (2.31).", "Wacha and Martínez both with nine wins before July", "Winning again against the Cubs on June 28, the Cardinals swept as Martínez won his ninth decision. Thus he and Wacha were the first teammate duo aged 23 and under to win nine games or more in their team's first 75 since Dwight Gooden and Sid Fernandez did so with the Mets in 1986. On June 30 against the Chicago White Sox, the Cardinals again fell victim to a strikeout record against an American League Central pitcher", ". By striking out 12 Cardinals hitters, Chris Sale matched Pedro Martínez with 10 or more strikeouts in each of eight consecutive games, which Martínez accomplished in 1999. The Cardinals fell to the White Sox, 2–1, in extra innings for just their second loss at home of the month. Grichuk hit a home run off Sale into the Big Mac Land section, the longest home run of the year at Busch Stadium by a Cardinals player through that point. The bullpen finished with an MLB-best 1.52 ERA for the month of June.", "July\n\nDismissal of Correa for unauthorized access\nOn July 2, news reports including those by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch indicated that the Cardinals had dismissed scouting director Chris Correa after he had admitted to illegally accessing the Astros' scouting database in 2013.", "On January 8, 2016, Correa pleaded guilty in federal court to five counts of unauthorized access to a protected computer from at least March 2013 through June 2014. Officials in MLB's commissioner's office said they will review the results of the federal investigation and determine if and when any penalties will be assessed against the Cardinals.", "End of Rosenthal's scoreless streak\nTrevor Rosenthal's IP scoreless streak ended on July 3 against the San Diego Padres. Jedd Gyorko singled home the go-ahead run in the ninth to send the Cardinals to their fourth consecutive loss. Rosenthal's streak, which dated back to May 5, was the longest among relief pitchers in the National League to that point in the season. The Cardinals recalled Harris and optioned Greg Garcia back to Memphis on July 4.", "Pham's first MLB double and home run help win two games", "On July 4, the Cardinals defeated the Padres 2–1 as center fielder Tommy Pham, just recalled from Memphis, was influential in helping snap the four-game losing streak. He doubled for his first major league hit, then, later in the game, pilfered his first stolen base and scored the winning run. The next game, Pham hit his first major league home run and drove in his first major league runs, driving in all three runs in a 3–1 victory and propelling the Cardinals to the series split with the Padres", ". The Cardinals placed Jaime García with a right groin strain and recalled Cooney from Memphis. García sustained the injury on June 24 while running the bases against Miami.", "Six selected for All-Star Game", "Six Cardinals were selected to compete for the National League All-Star team in the 86th All-Star Game at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati, including Matt Holliday, Carlos Martínez, Yadier Molina, Jhonny Peralta, Trevor Rosenthal and Michael Wacha. Peralta and Holliday were voted to start the game by fan vote on July 6. Peralta garnered the most votes among NL shortstops, while Holliday placed third among NL outfielders, which automatically assured him one three starting outfield spots", ". Molina and Rosenthal were selected by fellow players on July 7; NL manager Bruce Bochy also selected Wacha that day. Additionally, Martínez was nominated as a contender for the All-Star Final Vote, which he won on July 10 for was his first All-Star selection.", "Although it was Holliday's seventh All-Star selection, it was first time he was selected by fan vote, and thus, as a starter. He was held out of participating due to the quadriceps injury. Peralta made his third All-Star team and first playing for the National League. Molina was selected for his seventh appearance, and Rosenthal and Wacha were both selected for the first time. Through July 10, Martínez completed innings and notched a 10–3 record with a 2.52 ERA", ". Through July 10, Martínez completed innings and notched a 10–3 record with a 2.52 ERA. Over his previous 10 outings, his totals included 10 consecutive quality starts with a 1.20 ERA and 7–1 W–L. Rosenthal elected not to play due to a sore arm.", "In the Reds' clubhouse for the All-Star Game, Molina was assigned the locker of second baseman Brandon Phillips. A rift had developed between the two in 2010 when Phillips called the Cardinals a derogatory name to the press, and an altercation between them during one of Phillips' at bats the following game ignited a bench-clearing brawl. Since then, the two mended their schism, and Molina has a photograph of their two families together", ". When informed with whom he shared, Molina replied, \"This is Phillips' locker? How about that? I'll have to write something to him.\"", "While the pregame roster introductions were made, Reds fans booed all six Cardinals players, and even former Cardinal Albert Pujols. When Molina was introduced, the booing reached a crescendo, and he smiled and turned and pointed his thumbs toward the back of his jersey. Pujols provided levity when he then joined in the booing. After the game, Molina remarked to reporters, \"when you spend 12 years coming to Cincinnati and you beat them so many times, they're going to boo you", ".\" In his career to that point, he hit .319 with a .352 on-base percentage and .500 slugging percentage in 270 career at-bats at Great American Ball Park.", "Pirates' three straight wins over Cardinals to end first half", "In the morning of July 12, the Cardinals dropped their second straight game (that had started the night before) to the second place Pirates, after Andrew McCutchen hit a walk off home run off Nick Greenwood in the bottom of the 14th inning. Earlier in this game, Mark Reynolds hit his first multiple home run game of the season – and 22nd of his career – while John Lackey delivered his sixth straight quality start, and 12th in 15 outings", ". The next game ended with a 6–5 extra-inning defeat of the Cardinals, this time in the bottom of the tenth inning. The loss shrunk the Central division-leading Cardinals' lead over the Pirates to games; it was also the Pirates' third consecutive victory over the Cardinals in as many days. Gregory Polanco's bases loaded single in the bottom of the tenth off Rosenthal gave the Pirates the win. Rosenthal's first blown save since May 3, it stopped a streak of 18 consecutive conversions", ". Rosenthal's first blown save since May 3, it stopped a streak of 18 consecutive conversions. This match was the tenth meeting between the two clubs to this point in the season, of which they had split evenly, and the fifth to go into extra innings.", "Despite withstanding both a three-game and four-game losing streak within their previous 14 games, the Cardinals entered the All-Star break with the best record in the major leagues at 56–33. According to STATS LLC, St. Louis abdicated a 2.71 ERA, the leading at-the-break ERA in the majors since the 1981 Astros allowed a 2.81 ERA. Between Lackey, Lynn, Martínez, and Wacha – the four with the most starts – their unified ERA was 2.84, the top figure for the club since 1968, the season of Bob Gibson's 1", ".84, the top figure for the club since 1968, the season of Bob Gibson's 1.12 ERA. Their record at Busch Stadium was 31–11 for a .738 winning percentage, the highest in the major leagues. They also had a 2.31 ERA at home.", "Start of second half", "On July 18, the Cardinals defeated the Mets 12–2 behind Lackey's seven innings and one run performance, Heyward's five hits and Grichuk's six RBI. Through his previous seven starts, Lackey's ERA was 1.63. Grichuk also had two home runs in the game, and a seven-game hitting streak, with 13 hits in 25 at bats (.520). It was his first six-RBI game. Heyward's five hits were his first in a game in two years", ".520). It was his first six-RBI game. Heyward's five hits were his first in a game in two years. In the last game of the series, the Mets defeated the Cardinals 3–1 in 18 innings, in spite of stranding 25 runners, which tied their franchise record set in 1974. The game lasted five hours and 55 minutes.", "Matt Holliday's first home run in his return from the disabled list was a grand slam against Carlos Rodon of the Chicago White Sox in an 8–5 win on July 21. It was his sixth career grand slam. Stephen Piscotty, appearing in his first major league game, singled in his second at bat for his first MLB hit. In the next game, also against the White Sox, Piscotty hit his first career double. With the bases loaded, Molina hit his first triple since 2011 and in more than 2,000 at bats", ". With the bases loaded, Molina hit his first triple since 2011 and in more than 2,000 at bats. This triple provided the decisive run in a 3–2 outcome and made the Cardinals the first team of the season to 60 wins.", "Cooney earned his first major league win by pitching a career-high seven innings in a 4−2 win over the Atlanta Braves on July 24. He had previously received no-decisions in each of his first five major league starts. Further, Cooney had a 12-inning scoreless streak that ended in the sixth inning. Grichuk hit a two-run home run, and, setup man Kevin Siegrist, filling in for closer Trevor Rosenthal, recorded his fifth save of the season", ". On July 25, Martínez pitched his 11th consecutive quality start, tying him with Clayton Kershaw of the Dodgers for longest current streak, and the longest for the Cardinals since Chris Carpenter in 2010. Piscotty's sacrifice fly scored Kozma and was the only run of the game, giving the Cardinals a 1–0 win. It was Piscotty's first MLB RBI.", "Kolten Wong's second career grand slam provided the margin in a 4–1 win over the Reds on July 27. The Reds then shut out the Cardinals on consecutive days. Holliday reaggravated the quadriceps injury on July 29 that he had sustained the month prior, and was placed on the 15-day DL. Lackey gave up just one run with eight strikeouts while allowing one walk and two hits. It was the fewest hits he allowed through that point in the season", ". It was the fewest hits he allowed through that point in the season. He also allowed three runs or fewer in all but of one of his prior 17 starts.", "However, the Cardinals' offense returned the following night (July 30) in a 9–8 home victory over the Colorado Rockies. After slumping to a .216 batting average over three months since being moved down in the order, Matt Carpenter returned to the lead off position for his first career multi-home run game. He also had four hits, four runs scored and four RBI. The game involved multiple lead changes, poor fundamental play and angry exchanges between the two clubs", ". Starting pitcher Carlos Martínez hit DJ LeMahieu with a pitch in the fifth inning; when the inning was completed, Martínez flashed an obscene gesture on full public display toward the visitors' dugout with Rockies players and personnel. Corresponding aggressive verbal exchanges ensued, including those between Molina and Nolan Arenado. In the seventh inning, Rockies pitcher Christian Friedrich hit Kolten Wong. The umpires issued warnings in the fifth inning but no ejections followed", ". The umpires issued warnings in the fifth inning but no ejections followed. Kevin Siegrist committed two throwing errors in the eighth inning involving Rockies baserunners, that, along with Randal Grichuk's throwing mistakes from center field (not officially ruled as errors), allowed Colorado to take an 8–6 lead. The Cardinals came back in the bottom of the ninth, winning on Greg Garcia's bases loaded walk-off walk. Carpenter was again instrumental, starting the rally with a ground rule double", ". Carpenter was again instrumental, starting the rally with a ground rule double. Jhonny Peralta later delivered a game-tying two-run single before the Cardinals loaded the bases and Garcia drew the decisive walk. Martínez' streak of 11 quality starts ended with this game after allowing five runs in five innings.", "Non-waiver trade deadline acquisitions", "To help offset the loss of batting production from Holliday's return to the DL, the Cardinals acquired first baseman and outfielder Brandon Moss from the Indians for LHP Rob Kaminsky. The following day, the Cardinals acquired another former closer in Jonathan Broxton, who was Milwaukee's setup man. The Brewers also sent cash, as the pitcher's 2015 salary was $9 million ($ today), and he would have been arbitration eligible in 2016 with a $2 million ($ today) buyout", ". The Cardinals sent outfielder Malik Collymore (minors, not on 40-man roster) to the Brewers.", "On July 30, it was announced the Cardinals had agreed to a new television deal with Fox Sports Midwest. It was an extension of the current deal, which would expire at the end of the 2017 season. The new deal would extend through 2032 and be worth $1 billion overall. It also guaranteed the franchise a minority stake in the network", ". It also guaranteed the franchise a minority stake in the network. The Cardinals' current deal would have been worth about $35 million in its final year, then climb to roughly $55 million in 2018, increasing with inflation each year afterward.", "August", "Moss' first RBI for St. Louis occurred on August 2, a game-winning single that scored Jason Heyward in the bottom of the ninth inning against the Rockies. Carpenter hit five home runs from July 30 to August 5. On August 5 against the Reds at Great American Ball Park, Grichuk doubled in the sixth inning and hit the game-winning home run in the top of the 13th for a 4–3 win", ". After closing out a 6–0 contest against Milwaukee on August 7 with three scoreless innings, Carlos Villanueva earned his second save of the season, and second of three innings. By shutting out the Brewers 3–0 on August 8, Cardinals pitchers induced 36 consecutive scoreless innings. Jaime García was the starter and winning pitcher in this game, improving to 4–4. The Cardinals extended their season-high scoreless streak to 38 innings against the Brewers on August 9, but lost the contest 5–4", ". They had also completed 62 innings without allowing a home run, which also ended in this game.", "Due to his increased frequency of home runs, Carpenter received consideration for a second NL Player of the week Award for August 9. He batted .348 with four home runs, eight RBI, seven runs scored, a 1.000 SLG and .423 OBP. Baseball America released their annual Tool Box Awards for 2015 on August 12, rated by managers and coaches league-wide", ". Those rating at or near the top of various categories included Carpenter for \"best strike zone judgment\" (third), Yadier Molina for both \"best hit and run artist\" (tied for first) and \"best defensive catcher\" (first), Trevor Rosenthal for \"best reliever\" (third), and Mike Matheny for \"best manager\" (second).", "In a 10–5 loss to the Pirates on August 13, starter Lance Lynn recorded just two outs while allowing seven runs total, three earned, in the first inning. Lynn allowed six hits while throwing 41 pitches. The Pirates scored four unearned runs after Matt Carpenter's throwing error. Pedro Álvarez, with six hits in 12 at bats, two home runs, and two doubles in the series, also homered in the first inning. That gave him 18 home runs in 80 games against the Cardinals", ". That gave him 18 home runs in 80 games against the Cardinals. Lynn became the first Cardinals starter since Anthony Reyes on October 1, 2006, to fail to complete the first inning by reason other than injury. Tyler Lyons, making his first relief appearance of the season, took over for Lynn and completed scoreless innings. It was the Cardinals' first scoreless relief outing of at least five innings since Manny Aybar did so in 1999.", "Jaime García pitched innings against the Miami Marlins at Busch Stadium on August 14 in a 3–1 win. One of the hits he allowed was to Ichiro Suzuki, his 4,191st hit in top-level professional baseball, matching Ty Cobb. Ichiro passed Cobb the next night with two singles as the Cardinals won, 6–2. John Lackey (10–7) was the Cardinals' starter and recorded his 12th consecutive season with at least 10 victories. In IP, he struck out six, and allowed the two runs after nine hits and one walk", ". In IP, he struck out six, and allowed the two runs after nine hits and one walk. At one point, he retired nine consecutive batters. Randal Grichuk and Mark Reynolds both homered and Stephen Piscotty collected three hits. Piscotty then hit a home run in the next game, also against the Marlins, for his in the major leagues, and Jason Heyward homered twice for his first multi-home run game with the Cardinals. It was not enough run support as Miami won, 6–4.", "After injuring his right elbow, the Cardinals placed Grichuk on the DL on August 17 due to a strain, and recalled Tommy Pham in his place. With his first major league triple, Piscotty set up the go-ahead run in a 2–1 win over the San Francisco Giants on August 17. Molina's 100th career home run on August 19 was well-timed, becoming the game-winning run in the bottom of the eighth inning at Busch Stadium in a 4–3 win over the Giants.", "The Cardinals won seven of ten games on their West Coast road trip from August 21–30. After losing the first two games of the series against the San Diego Padres at Petco Park by a combined 17–3 score, the Cardinals won on August 23, 10–3. Piscotty set a new career high with five RBI, and his first multi-home run game. Michael Wacha won his 15th game.", "The Cardinals swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in four games at Chase Field August 24–27. After saving his 40th game on August 26, Rosenthal became the third-youngest MLB pitcher to record back-to-back 40 save seasons, and just the second Cardinals pitcher to do so. Lee Smith registered 40 saves each season from 1991–93. In the final game of the series against the Diamondbacks, Brandon Moss hit his first home run as a Cardinal, and Tony Cruz hit his first home run of the season in a 5–3 win", ". The Cardinals announced on August 28 that they had chosen Randy Flores, a former relief pitcher who had played for the Cardinals' 2006 World Series championship team, as their next director of scouting. Matt Carpenter reached 20 home runs for the first time in his career on August 30 in a 7–5 win over the Giants. Reynolds and Moss also homered, and Heyward singled, doubled, and tripled, and Siegrist got his sixth save. It was the final game of the West Coast road trip.", "September and October", "St. Louis won their second successive, 8–5, come-from-behind victory at Busch Stadium over the Washington Nationals on September 1. Brandon Moss provided a three-run, walk-off home run. Marco Gonzales made his first appearance of the season in this game, allowing four runs in less than three innings. This win placed the club at 40 games above .500 for the first time on the season. The club activated center fielder Jon Jay from the disabled list on September 4 after missing 57 games due to a wrist injury", ". Jaime García achieved his 50th career win in a 4–1 decision over the Pirates on September 5, also reaching 100 IP in a season for the first time since 2012.", "The Cardinals reactivated Grichuk on September 6. Four days later, he played center field against the Cubs, but was not permitted to throw as his elbow had still not fully recovered. In an eight-game stretch, the Cardinals allowed 52 runs (6.5 per game), while scoring just 20, including a loss of 9–0 to the Cubs and another loss of 11–0 to the Reds. First baseman Matt Adams, on the DL since late May, returned to play on September 11", ". First baseman Matt Adams, on the DL since late May, returned to play on September 11. On September 12, MLB announced an 80-game suspension of catcher Cody Stanley after testing positive for 4-Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone, a prohibited substance under their drug policy. The club activated reliever Matt Belisle from the DL on September 12, and reactivated Matt Holliday three days later after missing 41 games.", "The Cardinals swept the September 15–17 series against Milwaukee to give them their first four-game winning streak of the month. On September 16, Pham tripled and hit his first multi-home run game in a 5–4 victory. He actually homered in three consecutive plate appearances spanning his last at bat previous to the game, September 13 against Cincinnati. In the next game, Pham's line drive ricocheted off the head of starting pitcher Jimmy Nelson", ". In the next game, Pham's line drive ricocheted off the head of starting pitcher Jimmy Nelson. Although Nelson had to leave the game, he was able to walk off the field in his own ability, and a magnetic resonance image (MRI) revealed a contusion. The Cardinals won, 6–3. Pham doubled and tripled in this game, giving him six hits and eight RBI in consecutive games against Milwaukee. With seven scoreless innings, Lackey reached 200 IP for the sixth time in his career and first time since 2010. He had a 2", ". He had a 2.23 ERA over his last 17 starts. By reaching 200 IP, he triggered a $400,000 bonus, bringing his earnings for the season over $2 million.", "With the Cubs seven games back, the first-place Cardinals visited Wrigley Field on September 18 to start a three-game series, continuing a renewed Cardinals–Cubs rivalry with Chicago being more competitive than in recent years. After Cubs pitcher Dan Haren hit Matt Holliday in the back of the head in the fifth inning, Belisle grazed Anthony Rizzo behind the knee in the seventh inning, prompting his ejection. The Cubs won, 8–3", ". The Cubs won, 8–3. Remarked Cubs manager Joe Maddon about Belisle hitting Rizzo, \"I have no history with the Cardinals except I used to love them growing up. That really showed me a lot today in a negative way. I don't know who put out the hit. I don't know if Tony Soprano is in the dugout. I didn't see him in there. But we're not going to put up with it, from them or anybody else.\"", "Chicago defeated St. Louis again the next game, 5–4, but the Cardinals clinched at least a spot in the wild-card play-in game with the Giants' loss to the Diamondbacks, the first team of the season to advance to the playoffs. Matheny became the first manager in MLB history to guide his club to the postseason in each of his first four full seasons. In the third game of the series against the Cubs on September 20, the bases were loaded with no outs in the eight inning", ". Addison Russell hit a fly ball that Heyward caught running and threw home to Molina to tag out Rizzo by two steps, helping preserve a 4–3 win. However, Molina injured his left thumb as he applied the tag. An MRI revealed a partial ligament tear the following day. The same day, the Cardinals announced Adam Wainwright was cleared to resume baseball activities ahead of schedule after diligently rehabilitating his Achilles tendon rupture throughout the season", ". Pham drove in two of the runs in a 3–1 win over the Reds on September 22.", "Catcher Travis Tartamella debuted on September 23 in the eighth inning of a 10–2 win against the Reds and singled on the first pitch of his first plate appearance. Martinez' season ended early in a start against the Brewers on September 25 in which threw only seven pitches; he also missed the postseason. The injury was a shoulder strain; however, surgery was not deemed necessary and that he would recover in time for the 2016 season", ". While playing the Pirates on September 28, Piscotty was injured on a fly ball into left field when he collided with Bourjos' knee, which hit him in the head. He suffered a bruise, but tests results were negative for injury, including concussion. The Cardinals won the contest 3–0, and Rosenthal gained his 48th save, establishing a new single-season franchise record.", "Making his first appearance of the season since April, Wainwright pitched an inning of relief in the first game of a doubleheader against Pittsburgh on September 30, an 8–2 loss. He gave up one run on two hits with a strikeout and no walks. He had returned from injury at least four months ahead of schedule. In the second game, the Cardinals won their 100th game of the season while clinching their third consecutive National League Central division title by an 11–1 score", ". The Pirates, who had kept close with the Cardinals for nearly the entire season, had won their 96th game of the season earlier in the day. They already qualified as one of two wild card entrants, along with the Cubs. Heyward hit a grand slam to highlight the second game, the second of his career, and robbed both Francisco Cervelli and Michael Morse of hits. Tyler Lyons, filling in for the injured Carlos Martínez, completed seven scoreless innings with just four hits and no walks allowed", ". Carpenter doubled and tripled, and Peralta added three RBI. Seigrist, making his major league-leading 80th appearance of the season, became just the third left-handed pitcher in franchise history to make that many appearances in a season.", "The Cardinals finished their regular season October 1–3 against the Atlanta Braves at Turner Field, which the Braves swept. They held the Cardinals scoreless in their final 27 innings of the regular season.\n\nSchedule and results\n\nGame log", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 1 || April 5 || @ Cubs || 3–0 || Wainwright (1–0) || Lester (0–1) || Rosenthal (1) || 35,055 || 1–0 || 1–0\n|- bgcolor=#bbbbbb\n| – || April 7 || @ Cubs || colspan=\"7\" | Postponed (inclement weather) (Makeup date: July 7th)\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 2 || April 8 || @ Cubs || 0–2 || Arrieta (1-0) || Lynn (0-1) || Rondón (1) || 26,814 || 1–1 ||1–1\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 3 || April 10 || @ Reds || 4–5 || Hoover (2-0) || Walden (0-1) || Chapman (2) || 30,808 || 1–2 || 1–2\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 4 || April 11 || @ Reds || 4–1 || Wacha (1-0) || Cueto (0-1) || Rosenthal (2) || 41,525 || 2–2 || 2–2\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 5 || April 12 || @ Reds || 7–5 (11) || Villanueva (1-0) || Gregg (0-1) || – || 41,446 || 3–2 || 3–2\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 6 || April 13 || Brewers || 4–5 || Garza (1-1) || Wainwright (1-1) || Rodríguez (1) || 47,875 || 3–3 || 3–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 7 || April 15 || Brewers || 4–2 || Lynn (1-1) || Peralta (0-1) || Rosenthal (3) || 40,826 || 4–3 || 4–3", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 8 || April 16 || Brewers || 4–0 || Lackey (1-0) || Fiers (0-2) || – || 40,079 || 5–3 || 5–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc \n| 9 || April 17 || Reds || 6–1 || Wacha (2-0) || Cueto (0-2) || Siegrist (1) || 46,462 || 6–3 || 6–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 10 || April 18 || Reds || 5–2 || Martínez (1-0) || Bailey (0-1) || Rosenthal (4) || 45,906 || 7–3 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 11 || April 19 || Reds || 2–1 || Wainwright (2–1) || Leake (0–1) || Walden (1) || 40,742 || 8–3 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 12 || April 21 || @ Nationals || 1–2 (10) || Barrett (2-0) || Villanueva (1-1) || – || 27,021 || 8–4 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 13 || April 22 || @ Nationals || 7–5 || Siegrist (1-0) || Treinen (0-2) || Rosenthal (5) || 25,771 || 9–4 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 14 || April 23 || @ Nationals || 4–1 || Wacha (3-0) || Scherzer (1-2) || Rosenthal (6) || 26,990 || 10–4 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 15 || April 24 || @ Brewers || 3–0 || Martínez (2-0) || Garza (1-3) || Rosenthal (7) || 26,286 || 11–4 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 16 || April 25 || @ Brewers || 5–3 || Belisle (1-0) || Peralta (0-3) || Maness (1) || 35,919 || 12–4 || 9–1\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 17 || April 26 || @ Brewers || 3–6 || Blazek (1-0) || Lynn (1-2) || Rodríguez (3) || 32,758 || 12–5 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 18 || April 27 || Phillies || 1–4 || Hamels (1-2) || Lackey (1-1) || Papelbon (5) || 40,052 || 12–6 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 19 || April 28 || Phillies || 11–5 || Wacha (4-0) || González (0-1) || – || 40,143 || 13–6 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 20 || April 29 || Phillies || 5–2 || Martínez (3-0) || Harang (2-2) || Rosenthal (8) || 40,399 || 14–6 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 21 || April 30 || Phillies || 9–3 || Villanueva (2-1) || Buchanan (0-5) || – || 40,715 || 15–6 || 7–3\n|-", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 22 || May 1 || Pirates || 2–1 (10) || Choate (1–0) || Scahill (0–2) || – || 40,912 || 16–6 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 23 || May 2 || Pirates || 2–1 (11) || Villanueva (3-1) || Hughes (0-1) || – || 45,095 || 17–6 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 24 || May 3 || Pirates || 3–2 (14) || Socolovich (1-0) || Liz (1-2) || – || 44,382 || 18–6 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 25 || May 4 || Cubs || 10–9 || Socolovich (2-0) || Strop (0-2) || Maness (2) || 41,981 || 19–6 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 26 || May 5 || Cubs || 7–4 || Harris (1-0) || Jackson (1-1) || Rosenthal (9) || 41,613 || 20-6 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 27 || May 6 || Cubs || 5–6 || Lester (2-2) || Lynn (1-3) || Rondon (6) || 42,207 || 20–7 || 8–2 \n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 28 || May 7 || Cubs || 5–1 || Lackey (2-1) || Arrieta (3-3) || Rosenthal (10) || 44,472 || 21–7 || 9–1\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 29 || May 8 || @ Pirates || 8–5 || Wacha (5-0) || Liriano (1-2) || Rosenthal (11) || 33,507 || 22–7 || 9–1\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 30 || May 9 || @ Pirates || 5–7 || Scahill (1-2) || Martínez (3-1) || Melancon (6) || 38,068 || 22–8 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 31 || May 10 || @ Pirates || 3–4 || Hughes (1-1) || Harris (1-1) || Melancon (7) || 34,036 || 22–9 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 32 || May 12 || @ Indians || 8–3 || Lynn (2-3) || Carrasco (4-3) || – || 12,615 || 23–9 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 33 || May 13 || @ Indians || 0–2 || Kluber (1-5) || Lackey (2-2) || Allen (5) || 12,313 || 23–10 || 6–4", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 34 || May 14 || @ Indians || 2–1 || Siegrist (2-0) || Rzepczynski (1-1) || Rosenthal (12) || 15,865 || 24–10 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 35 || May 15 || Tigers || 4–10 || Greene (4-2) || Martinez (3-2) || – || 45,601 || 24–11 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 36 || May 16 || Tigers || 3–4 || Hardy (1-0) || Belisle (1-1) || Soria (12) || 45,313 || 24–12 || 4–6\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 37 || May 17 || Tigers || 2–1 || Lynn (3-3) || Simón (4-2) || Rosenthal (13) || 43,654 || 25–12 || 5–5", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 38 || May 18 || @ Mets || 1–2 (14) || Torres (2-2) || Tuivailala (0-1) || – || 23,338 || 25–13 || 4–6\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 39 || May 19 || @ Mets || 10–2 || Wacha (6-0) || Niese (3-4) || – || 21,157 || 26–13 || 4–6\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 40 || May 20 || @ Mets || 9–0 || Martínez (4-2) || Colón (6-3) || – || 23,726 || 27–13 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 41 || May 21 || @ Mets || 0–5 || deGrom (5-4) || García (0-1) || – || 32,783 || 27–14 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 42 || May 22 || @ Royals || 0–5 || Young (4-0) || Lynn (3-4) || – || 37,379 || 27–15 || 4–6\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 43 || May 23 || @ Royals || 2–3 (6) || Vólquez (4-3) || Lackey (2-3) || – || 38,676 || 27–16 || 4–6\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 44 || May 24 || @ Royals || 6–1 || Wacha (7-0) || Ventura (3-4) || – || 36,342 || 28–16 || 4–6\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 45 || May 25 || Diamondbacks || 3–2 (10) || Rosenthal (1-0) || Ramirez (1-1) || – || 42,853 || 29–16 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 46 || May 26 || Diamondbacks || 6–4 || García (1-1) || Bradley (2-2) || Maness (3) || 41,107 || 30–16 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 47 || May 27 || Diamondbacks || 4–3 || Maness (1-0) || Ziegler (0-1) || – || 43,715 || 31–16 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 48 || May 29 || Dodgers || 3–0 || Lackey (3-3) || Bolsinger (3-1) || Rosenthal (14) || 44,223 || 32–16 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 49 || May 30 || Dodgers || 1–5 || Frías (4-2) || Wacha (7-1) || – || 44,754 || 32–17 || 6–4", "| 49 || May 30 || Dodgers || 1–5 || Frías (4-2) || Wacha (7-1) || – || 44,754 || 32–17 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 50 || May 31 || Dodgers || 3–1 || Martínez (5-2) || Anderson (2-3) || Rosenthal (15) || 45,285 || 33–17 || 6–4\n|-", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 51 || June 1 || Brewers || 0–1 || Fiers (2-5) || García (1-2) || Rodríguez (9) || 40,689 || 33–18 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 52 || June 2 || Brewers || 1–0 || Lynn (4-4) || Cravy (0-1) || Rosenthal (16) || 42,835 || 34–18 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 53 || June 3 || Brewers || 7–4 || Lackey (4-3) || Nelson (2-6) || Rosenthal (17) || 41,567 || 35–18 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 54 || June 4 || @ Dodgers || 7–1 || Wacha (8–1) || Frías (4–3) || – || 45,058 || 36–18 || 8–2", "| 54 || June 4 || @ Dodgers || 7–1 || Wacha (8–1) || Frías (4–3) || – || 45,058 || 36–18 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 55 || June 5 || @ Dodgers || 2–1 || Martínez (6-2) || Anderson (2-4) || Rosenthal (18) || 44,649 || 37–18 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 56 || June 6 || @ Dodgers || 2–0|| Kershaw (5-3) || García (1-3) || Jansen (6) || 47,655 || 37-19 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 57 || June 7 || @ Dodgers || 4–2 ||Siegrist (3–0) || Nicasio (1–2) || Rosenthal (19) || 41,500 || 38-19 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 58 || June 8 || @ Rockies ||3–11 || Hale (2–0) || Lackey (4–4) || – || 32,043 || 38-20 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 59 || June 9 || @ Rockies || 4–3 || de la Rosa (3–2) || Wacha (8–2) || Axford (11) || 33,731 || 38–21 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 60 || June 10 || @ Rockies || 4–2 || Martínez (7-2) || Bettis (2-1) || Rosenthal (20) || 30,698 || 39–21 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 61 || June 12 || Royals || 4–0 || García (2-3) || Ventura (3–6) || – || 45,909 || 40–21 || 7–3", "| 61 || June 12 || Royals || 4–0 || García (2-3) || Ventura (3–6) || – || 45,909 || 40–21 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 62 || June 13 || Royals || 3–2 || Lyons (1–0) || Guthrie (4–4) || Rosenthal (21) || 45,981 || 41–21 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#bbbbbb\n| -- || June 14 || Royals || colspan=\"7\" | Postponed (inclement weather) (Makeup date: July 23)\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 63 || June 15 || Twins || 3–2 || Lackey (5–4) || May (4–5) || Siegrist (2) || 43,174 || 42–21 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 64 || June 16 || Twins || 3–2 || Wacha (9–2) || Gibson (4–5) || Siegrist (3) || 41,203 || 43–21 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 65 || June 17 || @ Twins || 1–3 || Milone (3-1) || Martínez (7-3) || Perkins (23) || 34,381 || 43–22 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 66 || June 18 || @ Twins || 1–2 || Boyer (2-2) || Villanueva (3-2) || – || 34,648 || 43–23 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 67 || June 19 || @ Phillies || 12–4 || Lyons (2–0) || Aumont (0–1) || – || 21,169 || 44–23 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 68 || June 20 || @ Phillies || 10–1 || Lackey (6–4) || Harang (4–9) || – || 24,256 || 45–23 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 69 || June 21 || @ Phillies || 2–9 || Morgan (1–0) || Wacha (9–3) || – || 30,423 || 45–24 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 70 || June 23 || @ Marlins || 4–3 || Martínez (8–3) || Dyson (3–3) || Rosenthal (22) || 21,759 || 46–24 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 71 || June 24 || @ Marlins || 6–1 || García (3-3) || Latos (2-5) || – || 18,492 || 47–24 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 72 || June 25 || @ Marlins || 5–1 || Lynn (5-4) || Haren (6-5) || – || 20,733 || 48–24 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 73 || June 26 || Cubs || 3–2 (10) || Maness (2-0) || Grimm (1-2) || – || 45,558 || 49–24 || 7–3 \n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 74 || June 27 || Cubs || 8–1 || Wacha (10-3) || Roach (0-1) || Villanueva (1) || 46,407 || 50–24 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 75 || June 28 || Cubs || 4–1 || Martínez (9-3) || Hammel (5-3) || Rosenthal (23) || 45,384 || 51–24 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 76 || June 30 || White Sox || 1–2 (11) || Webb (1-0) || Socolovich (2-1) || Robertson (16) || 45,626 || 51–25 || 8–2\n|-", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 77 || July 1 || White Sox || 1–7 || Quintana (4–7) || Lackey (6–5) || – || 41,696 || 51–26 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb \n| 78 || July 2 || Padres || 3–5 (11) || Kelley (1–2) || Villanueva (3–3) || Kimbrel (20) || 42,926 || 51–27 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 79 || July 3 || Padres || 1–2 || Benoit (5–3) || Rosenthal (1–1) || Kimbrel (21) || 47,330 || 51–28 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 80 || July 4 || Padres || 2–1 || Maness (3–0) || Maurer (5–1) || Rosenthal (24) || 44,690 || 52–28 || 6–4", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 81 || July 5 || Padres || 3–1 || Lynn (6–4) || Kennedy (4–8) || Siegrist (4) || 42,764 || 53–28 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 82 || July 6 || @ Cubs || 6–0 || Lackey (7–5) || Lester (4–7) || – || 37,609 || 54–28 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 83 || rowspan=2| July 7 || @ Cubs || 4–7 || Arrieta (9–5) || Lyons (2–1) || – || 34,368 || 54–29 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 84 || @ Cubs || 3–5 || Wood (5–3) || Maness (3–1) || Motte (5) || 35,703 || 54–30 || 4–6\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 85 || July 8 || @ Cubs || 6–5 || Socolovich (3–1) || Strop (1–4) || Rosenthal (25) || 37,993 || 55–30 || 4–6\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 86 || July 9 || @ Pirates || 4–1 || Martínez (10–3) || Locke (5–5) || Rosenthal (26) || 35,183 || 56–30 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 87 || July 10 ||@ Pirates || 2–5 || Cole (13–3) || Lynn (6–5) || Melancon (29) || 36,825 || 56–31 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 88 || July 11 ||@ Pirates || 5–6 (14) || Worley (3–4) || Greenwood (0–1) || – || 37,318 || 56–32 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 89 || July 12 || @ Pirates || 5–6 (10) || Caminero (1–1) || Rosenthal (1–2) || – || 33,544 || 56–33 || 5–5\n|- style=\"text-align:center; bgcolor=\"bbcaff\"\n| rowspan=3 |ASG || colspan=8 | 86th All-Star Game at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States || rowspan=3 |Box\n|- bgcolor=\"bbcaff\"", "|- bgcolor=\"bbcaff\"\n| July 14 || colspan=2 | American 6, National 3 || Price (AL, DET) || Kershaw (NL, LAD) || – || 43,656 || 43−41–2 \n|- style=\"text-align:center; bgcolor=\"bbcaff\"\n| colspan=8 |Representing the Cardinals: Holliday, Martínez, Molina, Peralta, Rosenthal, and Wacha\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 90 || July 17 || Mets || 3–2 || Lynn (7–5) || Syndergaard (4–5) || Rosenthal (27) || 44,540 || 57–33 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 91 || July 18 || Mets || 12–2 || Lackey (8–5) || Colón (9–8) || – || 45,852 || 58–33 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 92 || July 19 || Mets || 1–3 (18) || Torres (3–4) || Martínez (10–4) || – || 43,194 || 58–34 || 4–6\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 93 || July 21 || @ White Sox || 8–5 || Wacha (11–3) || Rodon (3–3) || Rosenthal (28) || 29,728 || 59–34 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 94 || July 22 || @ White Sox || 3–2 || Socolovich (4–1) || Duke (3–4) || Rosenthal (29) || 30,046 || 60–34 || 6–4", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 95 || July 23 || Royals || 4–3 || Lackey (9–5) || Young (8–6) || Rosenthal (30) || 46,003 || 61–34 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 96 || July 24 || Braves || 4–2 || Cooney (1–0) || Banuelos (1–2) || Siegrist (5) || 44,778 || 62–34 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 97 || July 25 || Braves || 1–0 || Martínez (11–4) || Miller (5–7) || Choate (1) || 45,862 || 63–34 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 98 || July 26 || Braves || 2–3 || Wisler (5–1) || Wacha (11–4) || Johnson (9) || 44,870 || 63–35 || 7–3", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 99 || July 27 || Reds || 4–1 || Lynn (8–5) || Iglesias (1–3) || Rosenthal (31) || 42,553 || 64–35 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 100 || July 28 || Reds || 0–4 || Leake (9–5) || García (3–4) || – || 41,466 || 64–36 ||7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 101 || July 29 || Reds || 1–11 || DeSclafani (6–7) || Lackey (9–6) || Chapman (21) || 42,334 || 64–37 ||6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 102 || July 30 || Rockies || 9–8 || Villanueva (4–3) || Axford (3–4) || – || 43,518 || 65-37 ||7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 103 || July 31 || Rockies || 7–0 || Wacha (12-4) || Kendrick (4-12) || – || 42,568 || 66–37 || 7–3\n|-", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 104 || August 1 || Rockies || 2–6 || de la Rosa (7–4) || Lynn (8–6) || – || 45,216 || 66–38 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 105 || August 2 || Rockies || 3–2 || Rosenthal (2–2) || Oberg (2–2) || – || 44,743 || 67–38 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 106 || August 4 || @ Reds || 2–3 || DeSclafani (7–7) || Lackey (9–7) || Chapman (23) || 25,969 || 67–39 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 107 || August 5 || @ Reds || 4–3 (13) || Maness (4–1) || Axelrod (0–1) || – || 34,700 || 68–39 || 5–5", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 108 || August 6 || @ Reds || 3–0 || Wacha (13–4) || Lorenzen (3–7) || Rosenthal (32) || 26,053 || 69–39 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 109 || August 7 || @ Brewers || 6–0 || Lynn (9–6) || Cravy (0–3) || Villanueva (2) || 28,869 || 70–39 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 110 || August 8 || @ Brewers || 3–0 || García (4–4) || Peralta (2–7) || Rosenthal (33) || 34,327 || 71–39 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 111 || August 9 || @ Brewers || 4–5 || Smith (2–2) || Broxton (1–3) || Rodríguez (26) || 34,993 || 71–40 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 112 || August 11 || Pirates || 4–3 || Martínez (12–4) || Locke (6–7) || Rosenthal (34) || 41,273 || 72–40 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 113 || August 12 || Pirates || 4–2 || Wacha (14–4) || Cole (14–6) || Rosenthal (35) || 41,493 || 73–40 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 114 || August 13 || Pirates || 5–10 || Liriano (8–6) || Lynn (9–7) || – || 41,501 || 73–41 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 115 || August 14 || Marlins || 3–1 || García (5–4) || Koehler (8–10) || Rosenthal (36) || 42,025 || 74–41 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 116 || August 15 || Marlins || 6–2 || Lackey (10–7) || Hand (2–3) || – || 44,706 || 75–41 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 117 || August 16 || Marlins || 6–14 || Narveson (1–0) || Martínez (12–5) || Ramos (19) || 43,826 || 75–42 || 7–3", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 118 || August 17 || Giants || 2–1 || Siegrist (4–0) || Strickland (2–2) || Rosenthal (37) || 40,088 || 76–42 ||7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 119 || August 18 || Giants || 2–10 || Vogelsong (9–8) || Lynn (9–8) || Casilla (29) || 40,297 || 76–43 ||6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 120 || August 19 || Giants || 4–3 || Siegrist (5–0) || Strickland (2–3) || Rosenthal (38) || 40,278 || 77–43 ||6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 121 || August 21 || @ Padres || 3–9 || Cashner (5–12) || Lackey (10–8) || – || 32,734 || 77–44 ||6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 122 || August 22 || @ Padres || 0–8 || Kennedy (8–11) || Martínez (12–6) || – || 44,816 || 77–45 ||5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 123 || August 23 || @ Padres || 10–3 || Wacha (15–4) || Rea (2–1) || – || 33,756 || 78–45 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 124 || August 24 || @ D-backs || 5–3 || Lynn (10–8) || Chacín (0–1) || Rosenthal (39) || 19,892 || 79–45 || 6–4", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 125 || August 25 || @ D-backs || 9–1 || García (6–4) || Ray (3–10) || – || 18,720 || 80–45 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 126 || August 26 || @ D-backs || 3–1 || Lackey (11–8) || Hernandez (1–4) || Rosenthal (40) || 17,572 || 81–45 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 127 || August 27 || @ D-backs || 5–3 || Martínez (13–6) || De La Rosa (11–6) || Rosenthal (41) || 22,036 || 82–45 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 128 || August 28 || @ Giants || 4–5 || López (1–0) || Siegrist (5–1) || – || 41,577 || 82–46 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 129 || August 29 || @ Giants || 6–0 || Lynn (11–8) || Vogelsong (9–10) || – || 41,796 || 83–46 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 130 || August 30 || @ Giants || 7–5 || García (7–4) || Heston (11–8) || Siegrist (6) || 41,770 || 84–46 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 131 || August 31 || Nationals || 8–5 || Siegrist (6–1) || Janssen (1–3) || Rosenthal (42) || 42,081 || 85–46 || 8–2\n|-", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 132 || September 1 || Nationals || 8–5 || Harris (2–1) || Janssen (1–4) || || 42,589 || 86–46 || 9–1\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 133 || September 2 || Nationals || 3–4 || Martin (1–0) || Broxton (1–4) || Papelbon (23) || 41,489 || 86–47 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 134 || September 4 || Pirates || 3–9 || Happ (8–7) || Martínez (13–7) || – || 44,338 || 86–48 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 135 || September 5 || Pirates || 4–1 || García (8–4) || Morton (8–7) || – || 45,139 || 87–48 || 7–3", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 136 || September 6 || Pirates || 1–7 || Cole (16–8) || Lackey (11–9) || – || 46,011 || 87–49 || 6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 137 || September 7 || Cubs || 0–9 || Haren (9–9) || Lynn (11–9) || – || 45,986 || 87–50 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 138 || September 8 || Cubs || 5–8 || Hammel (8–6) || Wacha (15–5) || Rondon (27) || 42,206 || 87–51 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 139 || September 9 || Cubs || 4–3 || Broxton (2–4) || Richard (3–1) || Rosenthal (43) || 43,557 || 88–51 || 5–5", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 140 || September 10 || @ Reds || 11–12 || Lamb (1–3) || García (8–5) || – || 16,363 || 88–52 || 4–6\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 141 || September 11 || @ Reds || 2–4|| Hoover (8–1) || Broxton (2–5) || Chapman (30) || 31,427 || 88–53 || 3–7\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 142 || September 12 || @ Reds || 1–5 || DeSclafani (9–10) || Lynn (11–10) || – || 41,137 || 88–54 || 2–8\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 143 || September 13 || @ Reds || 9–2 || Wacha (16–5) || LeCure (0–1) || – || 29,900 || 89–54 || 3–7", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 144 || September 15 || @ Brewers || 3–1 (10) || Siegrist (7–1) || Thornburg (0–2) ||Rosenthal (44) || 30,349 || 90–54 || 4–6\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 145 || September 16 || @ Brewers || 5–4 || García (9–5) || Peralta (5–9) || Rosenthal (45) || 19,827 || 91–54 || 4–6\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 146 || September 17 || @ Brewers || 6–3 || Lackey (12–9) || Nelson (11–13) || – || 23,734 || 92–54 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 147 || September 18 || @ Cubs || 3–8 || Hunter (4–2) || Maness (4–2) || – || 40,846 || 92–55 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 148 || September 19 || @ Cubs || 4–5 || Cahill (1–3) || Wacha (16–6) || Strop (3) || 40,994 || 92–56 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 149 || September 20 || @ Cubs || 4–3 || Martínez (14–7) || Lester (10–11) || Rosenthal (46) || 40,962 || 93–56 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 150 || September 21 || Reds || 2–1 || Broxton (3–5) || Hoover (8–2) || Rosenthal (47) || 43,902 || 94–56 || 6–4 \n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 151 || September 22 || Reds || 3–1 || Lackey (13–9) || LeCure (0–2) || Cishek (4) || 43,981 || 95–56 || 7–3 \n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 152 || September 23 || Reds || 10–2 || Lynn (12–10) || Finnegan (4–1) || – || 43,729 || 96–56 || 8–2\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 153 || September 24 || Brewers || 7–3 || Wacha (17–6) || Jungmann (9–7) || – || 43,243 || 97–56 || 8–2", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 154 || September 25 || Brewers || 3–4 || Smith (7–2) || Rosenthal (2–3) || – || 45.057 || 97–57 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 155 || September 26 || Brewers || 5–1 || García (10–5) || Wagner (0–1) || – || 45,561 || 98–57 || 7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 156 || September 27 || Brewers || 4–8 || Goforth (1–0) || Rosenthal (2–4) || Rodríguez (37) || 45,021 || 98–58 ||6–4\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc", "|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 157 || September 28 || @ Pirates || 3–0 || Broxton (4–5) || Melancon (3–2) || Rosenthal (48) || 30,198 || 99–58 ||7–3\n|- bgcolor=#bbbbbb\n| － || September 29 || @ Pirates ||colspan=\"7\" | Postponed (rain). Makeup date: September 30.\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 158 || September 30 || @ Pirates || 2–8 || Cole (19–8) || Wacha (17–7) || – || 29,747 || 99–59 ||7–3\n|- bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 159 || September 30 || @ Pirates || 11–1 || Lyons (3–1) || Morton (9–9) || – || 34,729 || 100–59 ||7–3\n|-", "|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 160 || October 2 || @ Braves ||0–4||Teherán (11–8)|| García (10–6) || – || 24,481 || 100–60 ||6–4\n|- bgcolor=#bbbbbb\n| – || October 3 || @ Braves || colspan=7| Postponed (rain). Makeup date: October 4.\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 161 || rowspan=2|October 4|| @ Braves || 0–6 ||Miller (6–17)||Lackey (13–10) || – || 31,441 || 100–61 || 5–5\n|- bgcolor=#ffbbbb\n| 162 ||@ Braves || 0–2 || Wisler (8–8) || Lynn (12–11) || Jackson (1) ||31,441|| 100–62 ||4–6\n|-", "|-\n| Legend:      = Win      = Loss      = PostponementBold = Cardinals team member\n\nRoster\n\nInjury report\n\nIn-season acquisitions and roster moves\n\nPostseason\n\nGame log", "|- bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=#ccffcc\n| 1 || October 9 || Cubs || 4–0 || Lackey (1–0) || Lester (0–1) || – || 47,830 || 1–0\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=#ffbbbb \n| 2 || October 10 || Cubs || 3–6 || Wood (1–0) || García (0–1) || Rondón (1) || 47,859 || 1–1 \n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=#ffbbbb \n| 3 || October 12|| @ Cubs || 6–8 || Arrieta (2–0) || Wacha (0–1) || – || 42,411 || 1–2 \n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=#ffbbbb", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=#ffbbbb \n| 4 || October 13 || @ Cubs || 4–6 || Cahill (1–0) || Siegrist (0–1) || Rondón (2) || 42,411 || 1–3\n|-", "|-\n| Legend:      = Win      = Loss      = PostponementBold = Cardinals team member\n\nNational League Division Series", "The Cardinals faced off in a best-of-five series against the rival Chicago Cubs in the postseason for the first time since joining the National League in 1892. The first two games took place at the Cardinals' home venue, Busch Stadium. John Lackey started Game 1 for the Cardinals, opposing Jon Lester, who had both faced St. Louis in the 2013 World Series as members of the Boston Red Sox. Lackey held the Cubs to hitless through the first five innings on the way to pitching shutout innings in a 4–0 win", ". Rookies Stephen Piscotty and Tommy Pham both hit their first career postseason home runs. Jaime García, the starter for Game 2, pitched with illness and was ineffective, allowing five unearned runs in just two innings. Two errors, including his own, allowed the Cubs to take an early 5–1 lead. The Cardinals scored all runs on solo home runs from Matt Carpenter, Kolten Wong, and Randal Grichuk.", "The series shifted to Wrigley Field, the Cubs' home park, for the next two games. In the third game, the Cubs hit six home runs, and led 8–4 going into the ninth. After Piscotty's two-run home run, the Cardinals trailed by two, but this was the outcome as the Cubs won 8–6. The Cubs also won the final game, 6–4, to move on to the National League Championship Series and end the Cardinals' season. Anthony Rizzo hit his second home run in two days off reliever Kevin Siegrist for the go-ahead run.", "Postseason rosters", "| style=\"text-align:left\" |\nPitchers: 30 Jonathan Broxton 31 Lance Lynn 33 Carlos Villanueva 41 John Lackey 44 Trevor Rosenthal 46 Kevin Siegrist 50 Adam Wainwright 52 Michael Wacha 54 Jaime García 61 Seth Maness 70 Tyler Lyons\nCatchers: 4 Yadier Molina 48 Tony Cruz \nInfielders: 12 Mark Reynolds 13 Matt Carpenter 16 Kolten Wong 21 Brandon Moss 27 Jhonny Peralta 35 Greg Garcia \nOutfielders: 7 Matt Holliday 15 Randal Grichuk 19 Jon Jay 22 Jason Heyward 55 Stephen Piscotty 60 Tommy Pham\n|- valign=\"top\"", "Statistics\n\nBatting statistics\n\nPitching statistics\n\nRecords, awards, honors and milestones\n\nMajor League Baseball All-Star Game selections\n\nAwards\n\nAwards voting results: National League Most Valuable Player Award: Carpenter, 12th; Heyward, 15th; Rosenthal 17th. National League Cy Young Award: Lackey, 9th. National League Rookie of the Year Award: Piscotty, 6th. National League Manager of the Year Award: Matheny, 2nd.\n\nMilestones", "Executives and club officials\nSource: Cardinals front office\nExecutive officers\nChairman and chief executive officer: William DeWitt, Jr.\n President: William DeWitt III\n Senior vice president & general counsel: Mike Whittle\n Vice president of business development: Dan Good\nBaseball operations department\n Senior vice president of baseball operations / general manager (GM): John Mozeliak\n Assistant general manager: Mike Girsch", "Assistant general manager: Mike Girsch\n Special assistants to the GM: Ryan Franklin, Mike Jorgensen, Cal Eldred, Willie McGee, and Red Schoendienst\n Director of player development: Gary LaRocque\n Director of player personnel: Matt Slater\n Director of Major League administration: Judy Carpenter-Barada\n Director of baseball administration: John Vuch\n Baseball operations coordinator for player development: Tony Ferreira\n Director of scouting: Randy Flores", "Director of scouting: Randy Flores\n Director of international operations: Moisés Rodríguez\n Assistant director of international scouting: Luís Morales\n Manager for baseball information: Jeremy Cohen\n Baseball development analysts: Matt Bayer, Kevin Seats, Dane Sorensen\n Baseball developers: Pat Casanta, Brian Seyfert\n Additional coaching staff\n Senior medical advisor: Barry Weinberg\n Head athletic trainer: Greg Hauck\n Strength/conditioning coach: Pete Prinzi\n Equipment manager: Rip Rowan", "Strength/conditioning coach: Pete Prinzi\n Equipment manager: Rip Rowan\n Traveling secretary: C. J. Cherre\nCommunications department\n Vice president: Ron Watermon \n Director: Brian Bartow\nCardinals Care and community relations department\n Vice president for community relations & executive director for Cardinals Care: Michael Hall\n Vice president for event services and merchandising: Vicki Bryant\nFinance and administration department\n Senior vice president and chief financial officer: Brad Wood", "Senior vice president and chief financial officer: Brad Wood\nOperations department\n Vice president: Joe Abernathy\nTicket sales, marketing & corporate sales department\n Senior vice president of sales & marketing: Dan Farrell", "Minor league system and first-year player draft\n\nTeams\n\n‡ – Clinched playoff berth with 43–25 record and first place in second half\n¤ – Clinched playoff spot\nƒ – Clinched division title", "Overview", "Left-handed starting pitcher Tim Cooney, playing for the Memphis Redbirds of the Pacific Coast League (PCL), was named the PCL Pitcher of the Week after allowing a 0.66 ERA in IP against the New Orleans Zephyrs and Omaha Storm Chasers. He also held batters to a .143 batting average against (7-for-49). For the week ending June 7, Tyler Lyons, also a left-handed starter playing for Memphis, was named PCL Pitcher of the week after defeating both the Salt Lake Bees and Iowa Cubs. He allowed a 0.00 ERA, 0", ". He allowed a 0.00 ERA, 0.54 WHIP and .136 batting average against while striking out 13 in 13 IP.", "Right-handed pitcher Alex Reyes was selected to represent the World team in the All-Star Futures Game. Just coming off a 13-strikeout performance on June 17 with the Class A Advanced Palm Beach Cardinals, he led all of the minor leagues with a 13.4 strikeouts per nine innings. For the season, he was 2–5 with a 2.08 ERA, while striking 90 and walking 30 in IP. Reyes' fastball could reach and he also threw a power curveball", ". Reyes' fastball could reach and he also threw a power curveball. Luís Perdomo, pitching for the Peoria Chiefs of the Midwest League, replaced Reyes in the Futures Game due to injury. Converted from playing outfield after a major league tryout in front of scouts, he totaled 13 starts, a 2.79 ERA, 76 BB and 26 BB in IP. Jim Callis ranked Reyes as the Cardinals' top prospect for 2015, and the best prospect not to make MLB.com's top 100 list of all professional baseball.", "On July 2, reports emerged that the Cardinals had signed five international free agents, including Noel De Jesús (RHP from the Dominican Republic), Raffy Ozuna (shortstop, Dominican Republic), Brian Pirela (RHP, Venezuela), Álvaro Seijas (RHP, Venezuela), and Anthony Trompiz (RHP, Venezuela). At the time, Seijas, 16, was the 11th-ranked international prospect per MLB.com's top 30 list, and received a $762,500 signing bonus. Ozuna, also 16, received a $600,000 signing bonus.", "While carrying out a rehabilitation assignment with the Peoria Chiefs on July 23, RHP Jaime García pitched in a combined no-hitter and 2–0 win against the Clinton LumberKings, a Seattle Mariners affiliate. The starter for the game, García pitched the first five innings and struck out six. Steven Sabatino and Cody Schumacher finished the contest.", "Awards\n MLB.com's Cardinals 2015 top 30 prospects list\n Names in bold denote player appeared on Cardinals' major league roster in 2015.\n † – both a midseason and postseason All-Star selection\n\nAll-Star (midseason) selections\n Major League Baseball All-Star Futures Game:\n Luís Perdomo (RHP, Peoria Chiefs) (replaced Reyes)\n Alex Reyes (RHP, Palm Beach Cardinals) (injured)\n\n Pacific Coast League (AAA): Box \nTim Cooney (LHP)\nSam Tuivailala (RHP)", "Pacific Coast League (AAA): Box \nTim Cooney (LHP)\nSam Tuivailala (RHP)\n\n Texas League (AA): Box\n Kyle Barraclough (RHP)\n Joey Donofrio (RHP)\n Jeremy Hazelbaker (RF)\n Michael Ohlman (C)†\n Arturo Reyes (RHP)† \n Chris Thomas (RHP) \n Charlie Tilson (CF)†\n\n Florida State League (A-Advanced): Box\n Bruce Caldwell (IF)\n Alex Reyes (RHP)\n Luke Voit (DH)\n\n Midwest League (A): Box\n Austin Gomber (LHP)†\n Oscar Mercado (SS)\n Daniel Poncedeleon (RHP)\n Luís Perdomo (RHP)\n\nAll-Star (postseason) selections", "All-Star (postseason) selections\n\n Texas League (AA):\n Michael Ohlman (C)†\n Arturo Reyes (RHP)† \n Charlie Tilson (CF)†\n\n Midwest League (A): \n Austin Gomber (LHP)†\n Kyle Grana (RHP)\n Darren Seferina (2B)", "Monthly awards\n Florida State League Player of the Month:\n July: Corey Littrell (LHP)\n Texas League Player of the Month:\n June: Patrick Wisdom (3B)\n Cardinals Minor League Pitcher of the Month:\n April: Alex Reyes (RHP), Palm Beach\n May: Luís Perdomo (RHP), Peoria \n June: Arturo Reyes (RHP)†, Springfield \n July: Luke Weaver (RHP), Palm Beach\n August: Austin Gomber, Peoria\n Cardinals Minor League Player of the Month:\n April: Xavier Scruggs (1B), Memphis\n May: Greg Garcia (IF)\n June: Patrick Wisdom (3B)", "April: Xavier Scruggs (1B), Memphis\n May: Greg Garcia (IF)\n June: Patrick Wisdom (3B)\n July: Anthony Garcia (OF), Springfield", "Weekly awards\n Pitcher of the Week:\n Will Anderson (RHP): May 4, Florida State League\nTim Cooney (RHP): May 17, Pacific Coast League\n Thomas Lee (RHP) − 2×: May 10 and June 7, Texas League\nTyler Lyons (LHP): June 7, Pacific Coast League\n Jimmy Reed (LHP): May 25, Florida State League\n Arturo Reyes (RHP)†: June 7, Texas League\n Player of the Week:\n Harrison Bader (OF): August 31, Midwest League\n Jeremy Hazelbaker (OF): July 13, Pacific Coast League\n Michael Ohlman (C): June 7, Texas League", "Jeremy Hazelbaker (OF): July 13, Pacific Coast League\n Michael Ohlman (C): June 7, Texas League\n Nick Thompson (OF): August 24, Midwest League\n Patrick Wisdom (3B): June 15, Texas League", "Baseball America All-Star Awards\n Minor League Classification All-Star Teams\n High Class-A pitcher: Alex Reyes\n High Class-A pitcher: Luke Weaver \n Short season Class-A pitcher: Jacob Evans\n Rookie leagues pitcher: Ryan Helsley", "Baseball America Annual Toolbox Awards\nSource:\n Pacific Coast League\n Best strike zone judgment: Greg Garcia (2B)\n Best control: Tim Cooney (LHP)\n Best reliever: Sam Tuivailala (RHP)\n Best defensive outfielder: Tommy Pham (CF)\n Texas League\n Best defensive first baseman: Jonathan Rodriguez (1B)\n Florida State League\n Best pitching prospect: Alex Reyes (RHP)\n Best fastball: Alex Reyes (RHP)\n Best breaking pitch: Alex Reyes (RHP)", "Rawlings Gold Glove Award\n Rawlings Gold Glove Award for minor league catchers: Carson Kelly\n\nSt. Louis Cardinals minor league system awards\n Minor League Player of the Year: Stephen Piscotty (OF)\n Minor League Pitchers of the Year: Austin Gomber (LHP) & Alex Reyes (RHP)\n\nMajor League Baseball Draft", "The Cardinals selected a total of 42 players in the annual 40-round draft that took place from June 8–10 in Secaucus, New Jersey. The club's first pick of the draft, and 23rd overall, was outfielder Nick Plummer from Brother Rice High School in Michigan. He was the first high school player from Michigan taken in the first round since 1997. The Cardinals acceded him with a $2.124 million signing bonus", ". The Cardinals acceded him with a $2.124 million signing bonus. The Cardinals also signed each of the following selectees of the first ten rounds: Jake Woodford (RHP, 1A), Jordan Hicks (RHP, third round), Paul DeJong (LF, fourth), Ryan Helsley, (RHP, fifth), Andrew Brodbeck, (2B ninth), and others in the later rounds. Other selections notified the Cardinals of their intention to continue playing college baseball: Kép Brown (10th round), Gio Brusa (23rd), Matt Vierling (30th) and Parker Kelly (34th).", "Names in bold indicate the player was signed. Sources:\n\nReferences\nFootnotes\n\nSource notes\n\nExternal links\nSt. Louis Cardinals official site \n2015 St. Louis Cardinals at ESPN\n2015 St. Louis Cardinals at Baseball Reference\n\nSt. Louis Cardinals seasons\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League Central champion seasons" ]

[ "Maggie Greene (married name in the television series: Maggie Rhee) is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead, portrayed by Lauren Cohan in the television adaptation of the same name.", "In the comic book series, Maggie becomes the surrogate mother to Sophia following the suicide of the girl's mother, Carol. Maggie is initially insecure and depressed, attempting suicide at one point after her entire family is killed. Over time, she hardens and becomes independent. Maggie later becomes involved with the war against the Saviors, during which she encourages the people to follow Rick Grimes instead of Gregory and Negan", ". The people of The Hilltop listen to her and she becomes their de facto leader. After the war, Maggie has a son named after her father, Hershel. She remains fiercely protective of her children, as well as Carl Grimes, while being at odds with her predecessor, Gregory. Many people question her leadership due to her higher concern for her inner group, but there are some who idolize her, including Dante, who is shown to have feelings for her.", "In the television series, Maggie does not share the insecurities of her comic book counterpart, and is more independent from the start. Initially, Maggie is inexperienced and ignorant of the apocalypse, being largely sheltered at the Greene family farm, but once Rick's group arrives, she quickly grows into a fierce and skilled fighter, becoming proficient with weapons and participating in supply runs for the group", ". Maggie forms a casual relationship with Glenn after becoming aware of his crush on her but insists it is purely a temporary arrangement. She later realizes that she has fallen in love with him, and they eventually marry. Maggie assumes the same leadership role of the Hilltop as she does in the comics, as well as her conflict with Gregory.", "Appearances\n\nComic book series \n\nMaggie Greene is Hershel's second daughter, a rebellious and independent young woman, as well as a college dropout. Herschel barricaded her, her family, and her friends within the farm and kept them secluded, dependent solely on their farm's resources without knowing what was going on in the outside world.", "She quickly takes a liking to Glenn when his group arrives at the farm, and the two begin to have a string of sexual encounters while her father is unaware of the relationship. Their relationship gradually becomes more serious and heartfelt each day, with the two often relying on one another. After a barn massacre that claims the lives of several of Maggie's siblings, Hershel ousts Glenn's group from the farm; however, Maggie convinces her father to let Glenn stay", ". As days go by following the group's departure, the Greene family notices the weakening defense structures of the premises. They decide to go to the prison afterwards. Maggie and Glenn continue their affair in the prison, constantly having sex in open spots.", "Tragedy soon befalls Maggie, her brother Billy, and Hershel, when her two youngest sisters are brutally murdered by one of the remaining prison inmates, who is revealed to be a psychopathic sadist. The family remains close and in a deep state of depression for an extended amount of time, with Maggie caught in the middle of Billy and Hershel's strained relationship", ". She initially attempts to break off her relationship with Glenn, paranoid about the idea that the ongoing death pattern of her loved ones will soon reach Glenn. She decides at the last minute to continue to hold onto him after he convinces her that he will help her get through the deaths. As the inmate is prepared to be hanged out in the courtyard, Maggie shoots him to death in cold blood.", "Because of her deepening interpersonal connection with and emotional reliance on Glenn, his brief absence from the prison becomes difficult to deal with and sends her into her father's arms. She subsequently marries Glenn in a ceremony performed by Hershel", ". She subsequently marries Glenn in a ceremony performed by Hershel. Maggie yearns for a child, but Glenn and Hershel turn down the notion when they remind her of the cruel reality they are living in; despite this, however, she still holds out hope that she will be able to at some point when they have a more secure and better supplied environment.", "When the Woodbury army descends onto the prison and begins their assaults, Tyreese leads Maggie, Glenn, and other members of the group into town, where they are ambushed by Woodbury and yet are able to make it out alive. The tension heightens when they return to the prison, and the second assault from the army (guaranteed to be more deadly) is looming", ". Hershel convinces Maggie to leave with Glenn and other members of the group until the war blows over, and those who left soon station themselves back at the farm. It is within this timeframe that Sophia, having faced the loss of her mother, begins to look up to Maggie as a surrogate parent, which fulfills Maggie's gap of not being able to conceive.", "Upon reuniting with Rick and others, Maggie learns of Hershel and Billy's deaths during the assault; this sinks her into a deep depression, made even worse by the reminders of them around the farm. Glenn's attempts to console her prove effortless, and while journeying with the group led by Sergeant Abraham Ford to Washington D.C., she sneaks off into the woods one night and hangs herself. She is, however, rescued by Glenn and Abraham and successfully resuscitated.", "She struggles to convince the group that she is fine and begins to feel like she has to hide herself emotionally from Glenn. Glenn assures her that she should have nothing to hide from him and reminds her of his love for her. His words prove to be insufficient however, as he takes notice during their stay at the Alexandria Safe Zone that she is becoming increasingly distant from him", ". Their situation becomes even further strained when Glenn opts to start going out on risky supply runs with fellow Alexandria citizen Heath. Maggie fears for his well-being and refuses to take the risk of losing him, seeing as how he's become her entire life since Hershel and Billy's deaths. After many strenuous events at the Alexandria Safe Zone, she and Glenn finally get some good news in the form of Doctor Cloyd telling her she is pregnant (much to the couple's surprise).", "Fearing another attack after the Saviors' attempt to break into the community, Glenn convinces Maggie to leave the community with him and Sophia and head toward the Hilltop Colony, which he believes to be a much safer place. They are later ambushed by the Saviors while camping out during their trip, and she is forced to watch Glenn be viciously bludgeoned to death while crying her name.", "Maggie is initially bitter and resentful toward Rick for not stepping up and protecting Glenn and furiously beats him before Carl stops her at gunpoint. She later is able to come to peace with Rick and decides to stay behind at the Hilltop with Sophia as per her and Glenn's original plan.", "Later on, Maggie has regained stability and has continued focusing on her parental duties to Sophia while still mourning Glenn's loss. She befriends a woman in the community named Brianna who has also lost her family and makes regular visits to the community physician, who updates her on the baby's condition. She eventually ousts the Hilltop's leader, Gregory as a selfish coward, who pledges allegiance to Negan in order to avoid his own death, with no concern for the community itself", ". Maggie delivers a speech coercing the entire town to support Rick in his war against the Saviors, citing their precarious position and future as a reason to push forward against the Saviours. In result, the people follow Maggie in her actions to secure the town's future as she patrols the troops at the Hilltop Colony to save the people of Alexandria after the bombings that have destroyed the town. She relocates them to the Hilltop temporarily before it is re-constructed", ". She relocates them to the Hilltop temporarily before it is re-constructed. Maggie successfully overthrows Gregory's position as leader and the allied forces manage to work together and capture Negan, who subsequently resides as a prisoner at the Alexandria Safe Zone.", "Two years after the war is won, Maggie has had her son, whom she named Hershel after her father. She maintains her empowered leadership position, but her abilities are often challenged by the vain and self-absorbed previous leader, Gregory. Maggie remains protective of Sophia and Hershel (who is often cared for by Brianna in Maggie's leadership absence)", ". After Sophia is brutally beaten almost to death by two bullies, and is saved by Carl Grimes, now working as a blacksmith apprentice and living at the Hilltop Colony with Maggie, she is forced to send him away. Maggie's leadership position comes at a struggle when the boys' families turn against her and follow along with Gregory's suggestion to kill her", ". In addition, a new threatening mysterious group of survivors known as \"The Whisperers\", a tribe of people disguised as roamers, have been capturing and murdering the town's supply runners and herd teams who come their way, as they successfully locate the Hilltop Colony, where one of their people, Lydia, has been interrogated by both Maggie and Jesus.", "Television series", "Maggie is introduced as Hershel (Scott Wilson)'s confident and athletic eldest daughter and the sister of Beth Greene (Emily Kinney). She has grown up on her father's farm all her life and suffered the loss of her mother at a young age. As the outbreak began, Hershel barricaded the Greene family and friends on the farm. It was during this time that her once-strong sense of faith began to dwindle, and she was left with doubts about what she believed in. She frequently made supply runs for everyone.", "Season 2", "In the episode \"Bloodletting\", after Carl Grimes (Chandler Riggs) is accidentally shot, Maggie retrieves his mother, Lori (Sarah Wayne Callies) and brings her to the farm, where her father Hershel (Scott Wilson) treats the boy's wounds. In the episode \"Save the Last One\", Maggie strikes up a conversation with Glenn Rhee (Steven Yeun). In the episode \"Cherokee Rose\", they share a few tender moments before going off on a supply run together. They ultimately have sex inside the local pharmacy", ". They ultimately have sex inside the local pharmacy. In the episode \"Chupacabra\", Maggie tells Glenn that their tryst was a \"one time thing\". The two ultimately start a romance, however, and keep their relationship a secret, until Glenn finds the barn full of walkers across from her house.", "In the episode \"Secrets\", Maggie begs Glenn not to tell the others about the barn, but he soon reveals this secret, leaving Maggie feeling frustrated and betrayed. However, her feelings for Glenn become stronger after he saves her from a walker during another supply run", ". In the mid-season finale \"Pretty Much Dead Already\", Glenn tells the rest of the group about the barn, and Shane eventually breaks the barn open, leading Glenn and the other survivors to kill all the walkers as they file out, as Maggie and her family watch in horror.", "In the episode \"Nebraska\", Shane Walsh (Jon Bernthal) confronts Hershel about the barn, specifically accusing him of knowing that Carol Peletier's (Melissa McBride) daughter Sophia (Madison Lintz) whom the group were searching for was one of the walkers in the barn, Hershel and Maggie deny it. When Hershel disappears, she pleads with Glenn not to look for him.", "In the episode \"18 Miles Out\", Maggie's sister, Beth (Emily Kinney) becomes suicidal and Andrea (Laurie Holden) encourages her to make a choice whether to take her life. Maggie and Lori find out and pry the door open before Beth can finish cutting her wrists; Maggie bars Andrea from the house as a result. In the episode \"Better Angels\", when the survivor group is allowed to move into the farm house, Maggie tells Glenn he can move into her room, but he declines", ". In the season finale \"Beside the Dying Fire\", a horde of walkers attacks the farm. After the farm is overrun and lives are lost, Maggie and Glenn are left to depend on each other as the group scatters. On the road, he declares his love for her. The two then reconnect with the surviving others on the highway.", "Season 3", "In the season premiere \"Seed\", after spending the winter on the run, the group spots an abandoned prison and Maggie proves herself a capable soldier in helping to clear the yard of walkers. However, Hershel's leg is bitten and amputated in the process. In the episode \"Sick\", Maggie must come to terms with the possibility of losing her father. She sits with Hershel while he's unconscious and urges him to let go", ". She sits with Hershel while he's unconscious and urges him to let go. In the episode \"Killer Within\", she is present when Lori goes into labor during a walker attack on the prison. Once Lori realizes she is about to hemorrhage to death, she orders Maggie to cut her open. Maggie obliges, saving the baby but losing Lori in the process.", "In the episode \"Say the Word\", Daryl Dixon (Norman Reedus) and Maggie go to an abandoned daycare center to search for baby formula and infant supplies. In the episode \"Hounded\", while out on a supply run, she and Glenn are ambushed by Daryl's brother Merle (Michael Rooker) and brought to Woodbury for interrogation", ". In the episode \"When the Dead Come Knocking\", Glenn is tortured and Maggie is forced to strip for the Governor (David Morrissey), who threatens to rape her in his attempt to get her to divulge the location of their camp, which she eventually does when the Governor threatens to shoot Glenn.", "In the mid-season finale \"Made to Suffer\", Rick Grimes' (Andrew Lincoln) group makes it into Woodbury and rescues the couple, but Daryl is captured. As they escape over the wall, Oscar (Vincent Ward) is mortally wounded, and Maggie shoots him in the head to prevent reanimation. In the mid-season premiere, \"The Suicide King\", Maggie goes back into Woodbury with Rick and rescues Daryl and Merle", ". In the episode \"Home\", back at the prison, Maggie initially pushes Glenn away until they reconcile after the incident. In the episode \"I Ain't a Judas\", when Andrea comes to the prison, Maggie tells her what the Governor and his men did to her and Glenn. In the episode \"This Sorrowful Life\", Glenn proposes thereafter, and Maggie accepts", ". In the episode \"This Sorrowful Life\", Glenn proposes thereafter, and Maggie accepts. In the season finale \"Welcome to the Tombs\", she then takes part in defending the prison from the Woodbury Army, hiding on the prison catwalk in a riot gear suit and shooting at them. When the chaos is finished, she is present as the remaining Woodbury citizens are welcomed into the prison.", "Season 4\n\nIn the season premiere, \"30 Days Without an Accident\", a few months later, Maggie uncharacteristically complies with Glenn's urging that she not to go on a run. It is revealed that the couple had a pregnancy scare. Maggie mentions that if she had indeed been pregnant, they could have a family, and seems to be starting to think about the idea. Glenn has more reservations. In the episode \"Infected\", she and Carl rescue Michonne (Danai Gurira) when she is attacked by walkers.", "In the episode \"Isolation\", when a serious sickness ravages the Prison group, Maggie is one of the few not affected by it; even Glenn must be quarantined. Maggie and Rick try to talk Hershel out of going to treat the sick, but he insists that he needs to help them. In the episode \"Internment\", she tends to the fence along with Rick to keep the walkers from tearing it down, until Rick tells her to help Hershel when they hear gunshots", ". She finds Glenn unconscious and helps Hershel revive him, and soon Bob Stookey (Lawrence Gilliard, Jr.) arrives with antibiotics and administers them to Glenn. In the midseason finale, \"Too Far Gone\", Maggie witnesses the Governor kill her father and fights back when the Governor's group attacks the prison. Maggie rescues Glenn and puts him on the bus, but they get separated once the bus leaves. When Bob is shot, she escapes the prison with Sasha Williams (Sonequa Martin-Green) and Bob", ". When Bob is shot, she escapes the prison with Sasha Williams (Sonequa Martin-Green) and Bob. In the episode \"Inmates\", Maggie searches for Glenn, with Sasha and Bob following her. After she finds the bus and clears it but finds no sign of Glenn, she breaks down first in tears and then in laughter because she knows Glenn is out there somewhere.", "In the episode \"Alone\", when she finds a Terminus sign she wants to go. She believes Glenn could be there and leaves Sasha and Bob. Following the tracks, she leaves signs that she writes in walker blood telling Glenn to go to Terminus. Eventually, she rejoins Sasha and Bob to Terminus. In the episode \"Us\", the three run into Abraham Ford (Michael Cudlitz), Eugene Porter (Josh McDermitt), and Rosita Espinosa (Christian Serratos) and save Glenn and Tara Chambler (Alanna Masterson) from walkers in a tunnel", ". Maggie, with Glenn and the others, finally reach Terminus and are greeted by a resident named Mary, who offers them a plate of food. In the season finale \"A\", after Rick, Carl, Michonne and Daryl are captured by the residents of Terminus they are put into a train block, revealing that Maggie and the others were also put in there and they are all hostage.", "Season 5", "In the season premiere \"No Sanctuary\", Maggie and the others escape from the cannibal compound of Terminus as Carol destroys the compound and infests with walkers. In the episode \"Strangers\", they meet Reverend Gabriel Stokes (Seth Gilliam), who takes them to his church. In the episode \"Four Walls and a Roof\", they re-encounter Gareth and the Hunters, whom they massacred, although Maggie does not take part", ". In the morning, after much negotiation and Bob's death, Maggie agrees to go to Washington, DC to bring Eugene, who claims to be a scientist and to have the cure for the outbreak. In the episode \"Self Help\", along the way, he reveals he has lied. In the episode \"Crossed\", they return to the church to meet Michonne, Carl and Gabriel. In the mid-season finale \"Coda\", Michonne reveals that Beth is alive and being held in Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta", ". However, by the time Maggie's group arrive, Beth has been killed in a hostage exchange and Maggie breaks down in tears.", "In the mid-season premiere \"What Happened and What's Going On\", in the aftermath, Maggie, now the lone surviving Greene, is depressed but agrees to go on to Washington regardless, in hopes of a safe haven, despite encountering another loss with the death of Tyreese (Chad L. Coleman). In the episode \"Them\", Maggie is hostile towards Gabriel for abandoning his flock by locking them outside of his church", ". She bonds with the grieving Daryl and Sasha, before encountering Aaron (Ross Marquand), a recruiter for a community called Alexandria. In the episode \"The Distance\", while distrustful, they agree to go with him. In the episode \"Remember\", they meet leader and former congressperson, Deanna Monroe (Tovah Feldshuh) who assigns her as a personal assistant on the future operations of the town. In the episode \"Forget\", Maggie attends Deanna's party", ". In the episode \"Forget\", Maggie attends Deanna's party. In the episode \"Spend\", she overhears Gabriel telling Deanna about her group being dangerous. In the season finale, \"Conquer\", after Rick tries to resolve issues with Pete Anderson (Corey Britt), a doctor who is abusing his wife Jessie (Alexandra Breckenridge), she stands up for Rick and questions Deanna's own leadership in trying to exile her friend", ". She then leaves to confront Gabriel and finds Sasha holding him at gunpoint, but the three pray in healing, making peace at last.", "Season 6", "In the season premiere, \"First Time Again\", Maggie deals with the aftermath of Glenn's confrontation with supply runner Nicholas (Michael Traynor). She tells Tara that Glenn spared his life, despite Nicholas' attempt to kill him. In the episode \"JSS\", she helps keep Deanna safe outside of the walls while the Wolves are slaughtering the residents inside. Once all of the wolves have escaped or been killed, Maggie goes back inside Alexandria and tells Deanna she needs to remain strong", ". In the episode \"Now\", Maggie goes searching for Glenn after his disappearance and tells Aaron that she is pregnant. In the episode \"Heads Up\", Maggie sees green balloons in the air and yells out that the new arrival is none other than Glenn. She then watches as the watch tower suddenly collapses on the Alexandria wall and the herd begins to make their way into the safe zone", ". In the mid-season finale \"Start to Finish\", Maggie runs up a near by lookout post to avoid the herd of walkers that have now swarmed the streets of Alexandria. In the midseason premiere, \"No Way Out\", Glenn and Enid (Katelyn Nacon) save Maggie from the lookout post and join the others in fighting the herd inside Alexandria.", "In \"Knots Untie\", Maggie follows Paul \"Jesus\" Monroe (Tom Payne) to the Hilltop and negotiates a trading deal with its Governor, Gregory (Xander Berkely), to take care of a hostile group called the Saviors in exchange for food and supplies. In the episode, \"Not Tomorrow Yet\", Maggie and Carol are captured after infiltrating the Saviors' compound. In \"The Same Boat\", the Saviors take Maggie and Carol to a slaughterhouse in order to interrogate them until reinforcements arrive", ". Maggie and Carol are able to get free but Maggie wants to stay in order to kill the saviors. The two of them kill the Saviors, along with the reinforcements that show up shortly after. Maggie and Carol then meet back up with Rick and the group and head back to Alexandria. In the episode \"East\", Maggie is seen showering with Glenn, which reveals bruises on her hip and waist", ". In case the Saviors attack, Maggie suggest they create cache of guns throughout the community, to guarantee that they will have weapons. Later that evening, Enid cuts Maggie's hair, when she suddenly collapses onto the ground, screaming and holding her stomach. In the season finale, \"Last Day on Earth\", Rick, Carl, Sasha, Abraham, Eugene and Aaron drive the RV to get Maggie to the Hilltop's doctor, but they are trapped and captured by the Saviors. Their leader, Negan (Jeffrey Dean Morgan)", ". Their leader, Negan (Jeffrey Dean Morgan). arrives and sees a very ill Maggie, saying he should put her out of her misery. Negan then kills one of the group, which also includes Daryl, Rosita, Glenn, and Michonne, although it not shown who is killed.", "Season 7", "In the season premiere, \"The Day Will Come When You Won't Be,\" Maggie is forced to watch Abraham being beaten to death by Negan. An enraged Daryl tries to attack Negan, who then clubs him over the head to make an example of him. Despite severe head trauma, Glenn manages to tell Maggie, \"I'll find you\" before Negan beats him to death. After the Saviors depart, a traumatized Maggie tells the others to return to Alexandria and prepare for war and let her get to Hilltop by herself", ". Sasha decides to take Maggie to Hilltop and keep her safe.", "In the episode \"Go-Getters,\" Maggie recovers as the doctor advises her to stay put for the safety of the baby. She is comforted by Sasha and Jesus, but is forced to deal with Gregory's cowardice and his refusal to keep them there. She also changes her last name to Rhee in honor of Glenn. Maggie helps stop an attack on the Hilltop using a tractor to destroy the car radio drawing walkers in, and gives orders to Sasha and Jesus. She punches Gregory after he tries to give them up to the Saviors.", "Maggie is next seen in \"Hearts Still Beating\" where it's shown that she and Sasha have become quite well-liked in the Hilltop. She later reunites with Rick, Michonne, Carl, Rosita and Tara as well as Daryl as they come to the Hilltop to plan their next move against the Saviors. In \"Rock in the Road,\" Maggie, along with Rick, try to talk Gregory into allowing the Hilltop to join Alexandria in their plot to rebel against Negan, with Gregory declining", ". In the episode \"The Other Side,\" Maggie is seen training residents of the Hilltop and teaching them how to throw knives and the citizens of the Hilltop begin to look at her as their leader, making Gregory paranoid. Simon and the Saviors arrive at the Hilltop, causing Maggie and Daryl to hide in a cellar. While hiding, Daryl and Maggie talk about Glenn, causing Daryl to break down and cry, blaming himself for Glenn's death", ". Maggie insists that Glenn's death was not his fault, and the two of them embrace, with Maggie telling Daryl that they will defeat Negan.", "In the episode \"Something They Need,\" Maggie is seen gardening when Gregory approaches her. Gregory, realizing the people of the Hilltop are beginning to view Maggie as their leader, attempts to offer her a united front in leadership. Maggie says she will consider his offer and he contemplates killing her, but instead is saved by Maggie when a walker attacks him", ". In the season finale, \"The First Day of the Rest of Your Life,\" Maggie learns that Sasha has been captured by the Saviors, Negan's former minion Dwight (Austin Amelio) is offering to help Alexandria, and that Negan knows about Rick's plan to rebel. Jesus asks Maggie what Hilltop should do, and Maggie says they will help Alexandria. Maggie, Jesus and citizens of the Hilltop travel to Alexandria and join Rick and the others in battling Negan and the Saviors, driving the Saviors to retreat", ". After the battle, Maggie and Jesus find Sasha, who is now a walker, and Maggie tearfully stabs her in the head. The season ends with Rick, Maggie, and King Ezekiel (Khary Payton), each leaders of their respective communities, uniting and agreeing to declare war.", "Season 8", "In the season's opening episode \"Mercy\" Maggie joins Rick, Ezekiel and the others on their assault of The Sanctuary. Upon learning of Gregory's betrayal of his people, Jesus proclaims that the Hilltop has found a new leader in Maggie. By \"Monsters\" Maggie has returned to Hilltop. Gregory arrives pleading for Maggie to open the gate and forgive him. While she seems hesitant, she eventually lets him in", ". While she seems hesitant, she eventually lets him in. Later on, when Jesus brings a large group of Saviors to the Hilltop, Maggie is unsure whether or not keeping them as prisoners would be safe. In \"The King, the Widow, and Rick\" Maggie decides to keep them as prisoners in outdoor cells rather than kill them. Maggie also decides to hold Gregory prisoner, due to his reputation as being untrustworthy", ". Maggie also decides to hold Gregory prisoner, due to his reputation as being untrustworthy. That afternoon Aaron arrives at the Hilltop and he tells Maggie about his plan to convince Oceanside to join the war.", "In \"How It's Gotta Be\" Maggie and her people are in a car on their way to Alexandria when Maggie sees a tree on a road. Simon and others appear with Jerry as a hostage at gunpoint. One passenger seated behind Maggie (named Neil) is killed by Negan's right-hand man Simon (Steven Ogg). After this, Simon lets her group go. Since one member of her group was murdered, Maggie has one Savior released from the prison, and shot in front of the others", ". The following day Maggie sends that coffin back to Negan as a threat of what will happen to the other prisoners if the Saviors continue to fight. In \"Dead or Alive Or\" a Savior named Alden (Callan McAuliffe) suggests an agreement to Maggie that the prisoners be allowed to leave the cell supervised for a short period of time. At first she refuses, but eventually concedes. Later Maggie comforts Enid as she learns of Carl's death.", "In \"The Key\" Maggie along with Rosita, Enid and Michonne head to a meeting after finding a mysterious care package outside of the Hilltops gates. The woman they meet calls herself Georgie (Jayne Atkinson) and gives Maggie hand drawn blueprints for buildings and machinery such as windmills to allow the Hilltop to thrive after the war. She refers to this as the \"Key to the Future\" and promises Maggie she will eventually be back", ". She refers to this as the \"Key to the Future\" and promises Maggie she will eventually be back. In \"Do Not Send Us Astray\" Maggie, along the rest of the survivors, prepare a plan to defend the Hilltop upon the Saviors attack. Maggie threatens to kill all of the prisoners if Simon, the de facto leader of the Saviors, does not stop an attack on Hilltop. However Simon starts the attack without thinking about the welfare of the prisoners", ". However Simon starts the attack without thinking about the welfare of the prisoners. Alden asks if he can help, but Maggie sends him back to the others inside. Maggie is annoyed to learn that Negan is not at the battle, but thanks Rick for attempting to kill him earlier that day. Maggie's people praise her for saving them, but she says that the only reason she really wanted to fight the Saviors was so that she could finally kill Negan and avenge Glenn's death.", "The night after the attack, Maggie is horrified to discover everyone wounded in the battle has turned into walker. Rick recalls that Negan's bat was covered in walker blood, leading them to realize that the Saviors used their weapons to infect them. Maggie goes to the cell to check on the prisoners, but only Alden remains. She turns her gun on him asking what happened. Alden explains that the other Saviors escaped but that he stayed as he has no reason to follow Negan anymore", ". The following morning, Maggie buries the dead.", "Season 9\n\nIn \"A New Beginning,\" 18 months after the war with the Saviors, Maggie has won an election demanded by Gregory to determine who the leader of Hilltop will be. She has also given birth to Glenn's child, a boy whom she names Hershel in honor of her father.", "Maggie joins a group traveling to Washington, D.C. for supplies, but Ken Sutton (AJ Achinger), a young Hilltopper, is killed by walkers during the mission. Gregory gets Ken's grieving father Earl (John Finn) drunk and persuades him try to assassinate Maggie. She fights off the attempt on her life and confronts Gregory, who then tries to kill Maggie himself", ". Fed up with Gregory's treachery and wanting to make an example, Maggie has a gallows built while talking with Rick about helping to repair a bridge to better link the communities together. That night, she has Daryl execute Gregory by hanging in front of all of Hilltop.", "In \"The Bridge,\" Maggie is pressured by Earl's wife Tammy Rose (Brett Butler) to release him from prison. Eventually, Maggie talks to Earl, who explains his history of alcoholism before Ken was born and his relapse after Ken's death. Sympathetic, Maggie releases Earl on parole, explaining to Michonne how her father Hershel was also a recovering alcoholic and also deserved a second chance; she then says that Gregory had several chances to do the right thing, but did not take them.", "In \"Warning Signs,\" Maggie discovers the murder of the antagonistic Savior Justin (Zach McGowan), leading to renewed tensions between the communities and the Saviors while the murder and several other disappearances are investigated. Maggie and Daryl eventually deduce that Oceanside is the culprit, seeking revenge upon the surviving Saviors who took part in the massacre of all of the males in their community over the age of ten", ". Maggie and Daryl catch up with Oceanside as they are about to execute Arat (Elizabeth Ludlow), their last target and the women explain that Maggie's execution of Gregory inspired them to act. Remembering Negan's cruelty, Maggie and Daryl allow Oceanside to kill Arat and decide that it is time to deal with Negan.", "In \"The Obliged,\" Maggie heads for Alexandria despite Jesus' attempts to talk her out of her plan while Daryl and her allies work to divert Rick and the others from stopping Maggie.", "In \"What Comes After,\" Maggie confronts Negan in his cell, where he begs her to kill him. Seeing how broken Negan has become, Maggie decides that the Negan that she wants to kill is already dead and leaves without harming him. Maggie takes part in the attempt to save Rick from the massive herd he is facing, and is devastated by Rick's apparent death when he blows up the bridge to stop the herd from reaching the Hilltop.", "Six years later, Maggie is mentioned several times as being estranged from Michonne and her friends in Alexandria, presumably due to Michonne's decision to isolate Alexandria from the other communities. It is eventually revealed that Maggie left Hilltop to help Georgie and her group with another community far away. She is also close with Rick's daughter Judith (Cailey Fleming), who calls her \"Aunt Maggie\".", "In \"The Storm,\" after the trade fair massacre, it is mentioned that several letters have been sent to Maggie about the war with the Whisperers, but she has not responded to them.\n\nSeason 10\n\nIn \"Lines We Cross,\" Carol mentions that there has still been no response from Maggie to their letters about the Whisperers.", "In \"A Certain Doom,\" Maggie finally checks her mail and learns about the war with the Whisperers and the deaths of Tara, Jesus and Enid at the hands of the Whisperers' leader, Alpha (Samantha Morton). During the final battle with the Whisperers, Maggie and a masked survivor that she introduces as a friend appear in time to save Gabriel's life. Maggie is subsequently reunited with her surviving friends, talking with Alden and Judith as everyone celebrates the end of the war.\n\nSeason 11", "As Alexandria's food supplies dwindle, Maggie leads a team to scavenge her former home, Meridian, for supplies; she reluctantly includes Negan in the search. They are attacked by a horde of walkers in an abandoned subway station, and Maggie nearly dies when she loses her grip while climbing out. She is able to survive and escape, but realizes that Negan was going to let her die, intensifying their feud", ". She then finds Gage (Jackson Pace), an Alexandrian who had stolen food from the community, being attacked by walkers, and refuses to save him, letting him kill himself before the walkers devour his corpse.", "Maggie's group is attacked by Reapers in the woods, and are forced to scatter. She finds Negan and Alden, the latter mortally injured and insisting on being left behind. Maggie and Negan leave him and go to a supply depot at Arbor Hills, eventually meeting up with Gabriel and Elijah (Okea Eme-Akwari). Negan makes a Whisperer mask for Maggie, and tells her that he should have killed Rick's entire group, including her, because it would have made life safer for the other communities that the Saviors ruled", ". Maggie still hates him, but appreciates his honesty.", "Maggie later helps steer a horde of walkers away from Alexandria toward Meridian, which is now ruled by the ruthless Pope (Ritchie Coster). After Pope and his men destroy the horde, they attack Maggie's group. She kills several Reapers in cold blood, and puts Alden, now reanimated as a walker, out of his misery. After Pope is killed and the Reapers are defeated, Maggie goes back to Alexandria with her group, except for Negan, who goes off on his own upon realizing that Maggie will always hate him.", "Six months later, Maggie is the leader of Hilltop, and gets into a dispute with another community called Commonwealth, whose army is led by Daryl. Maggie allows them to stay to avoid another war. Commonwealth's corrupt Governor, Pamela Milton (Laila Robins), and her right-hand man, Lance Hornsby (Josh Hamilton), try to persuade her to merge Hilltop into Commonwealth, reasoning that the \"new world\" they are building means a better future for her and Herschel", ". Maggie ultimately declines the offer, however, because she does not trust Milton. Meanwhile, she once again encounters Negan, who is now married to a woman named Annie (Medina Senghore), who is pregnant with his child. Seeing that having a family has changed Negan for the better, Maggie slowly begins to trust him.", "When Milton's son Sebastian (Teo Rapp-Olsson) uses the Commonwealth's police to steal a cache of money and weapons, he frames Maggie. Hornsby interrogates Hershel for his mother's whereabouts, leading to a tense confrontation between him and Maggie when she resurfaces to protect her son. She then leaves Hilltop to keep Hershel safe, leaving the boy in the care of Negan and Annie", ". She then leaves Hilltop to keep Hershel safe, leaving the boy in the care of Negan and Annie. She is then kidnapped by Leah Shaw (Lynn Collins), a former Reaper now working for Hornsby, and Daryl's former lover, who holds her prisoner in her cabin. Maggie gets free and fights Leah, who overpowers and tries to kill her. Daryl saves Maggie at the last second, however, by killing Leah", ". Daryl saves Maggie at the last second, however, by killing Leah. Maggie and Daryl flee the cabin just as Hornsby and his men descend upon it, and they rendezvous with Negan to prepare for war with the Commonwealth.", "While tracking one of the Commonwealth's convoys, Maggie is separated from Hershel, and fears he is dead; after putting down a child walker that resembles Hershel, she is haunted by the possibility that she may have killed her own son. She then discovers that the convoy is in fact headed for Alexandria, and declares that her group will get their home back. She infiltrates Commonwealth's prison, where she finds Hershel, alive but locked in a cage by the sadistic warden, and saves him", ". by She and Daryl lead an attack on the Commonwealth, during which Milton fires at her. Judith shields Maggie, and is seriously wounded.", "After Maggie's group joins with Commonwealth's military in overthrowing Milton, they prepare to defend their community against a huge horde of walkers. Maggie and Negan serve as snipers, and Maggie saves Milton from being eaten by a zombiefied Hornsby, reasoning that, for Milton, prison is a worse punishment than death. After the horde is destroyed, Maggie has one last conversation with Negan, who has decided to leave the Commonwealth with Annie", ". Maggie says she will never be able to forgive him, but will try to get past her anger to move on with her life and set an example for Hershel. Soon afterward, Maggie bids goodbye to Rosita, who is on her deathbed after being bitten by a walker.", "One year later, Maggie is the leader of Hilltop, which thrives under her stewardship.\n\nThe Walking Dead: Dead City", "Several years after the end of The Walking Dead, Maggie seeks out the help of Negan, revealing that Hershel has been kidnapped and taken to a walker-infested Manhattan by a man known only as the Croat. In the years since the defeat of Pamela Milton and Lance Hornsby, Maggie has been forced to abandon the original Hilltop due to the damage from the Whisperers ultimately being too severe to repair, instead relocating the community to a rural factory complex in either New York or New Jersey", ". This new Hilltop was raided by the Croat who Maggie had recognized as a former Savior from his use of Savior tactics and, in particular, the whistle that the Saviors used to intimidate their victims. The two agree to a deal where Maggie will allow Negan's young companion Ginny to live at the Hilltop in exchange for his help", ". With the kidnapping of her son and her reunion and reluctant alliance with her husband's killer, Maggie is forced to deal with a resurgence of trauma over Glenn's death, particularly as Negan has reverted back to many of his old ways", ". However, she also starts to see previous events from the perspective of Negan and the Saviors that he was protecting as Maggie learns more about the Croat's past as one of Negan's first Saviors and ends up on the other side of Negan's protective and occasionally murderous charisma.", "Development\nLauren Cohan was officially announced as being cast in June 2011, along with co-stars Scott Wilson and Pruitt Taylor Vince. She was promoted to series regular starting with the third season. She was the top billed female actress on the show as of season four, until her departure in season nine.", "Salary dispute", "At the conclusion of the eighth season, Cohan finished her contract on The Walking Dead as a series regular. It was later reported Cohan had not reached an agreement to sign on for season 9 as a main cast member due to a pay dispute, as she demanded an enhanced salary closer to her male co-stars Andrew Lincoln and Norman Reedus. AMC refused, and Cohan began making herself available for TV pilots", ". AMC refused, and Cohan began making herself available for TV pilots. She booked the role of CIA operative Francesca \"Frankie\" Trowbridge in the ABC pilot Whiskey Cavalier, co-starring with Scott Foley. It was later confirmed she had reached an agreement to appear in season 9 under a limited capacity of 6 episodes in the first half of season 9. Later, it was confirmed Whiskey Cavalier was picked up to series; the show was cancelled after one season", ". Cohan was confirmed to return to The Walking Dead as a series regular for its eleventh season, after her recurring role in the second half of the tenth season.", "Critical reception", "The character has received very positive reviews, with many critics praising Maggie's relationship with Glenn, Lauren Cohan's emotional performance, and the character's growth, as well as her interactions with Hershel Greene. The episode \"Cherokee Rose\" marks Glenn and Maggie's first sexual encounter. Critics commended the development of the relationship between Maggie and Glenn", ". Critics commended the development of the relationship between Maggie and Glenn. Andrew Conrad of The Baltimore Sun stated that the storyline epitomized a \"steamy romance\", while The Wall Street Journal Aaron Rutkoff called it \"the funniest moment of the series.\" Goldman opined that their sexual encounter felt genuine; \"He's a nice guy, she seems like a cool gal, and it felt genuine when she noted she felt plenty lonely too and ready for some companionship", ".\" Nick Venable of Cinema Blend asserted that the interactions between Maggie and Glenn were the highlight of the episode. \"I'm glad the writers are introducing this comic book plot point, as this show seriously needs a couple without closets full of skeletons. When Glenn accidentally grabs a box of condoms for Maggie to see, I chuckled heartily. The ensuing conversation also made me smile, which makes me wonder why humor is paid the least amount of attention on the show", ".\" Jackson was surprised with the scene, and called it \"unexpected\".", "The progressing relationship between Maggie and Glenn in \"Secrets\" was well received by critics. Nate Rawlings of Time asserted that their interactions carried the most emotional poignance. Rawlings opined: \"She's forced to confront, perhaps for the first time, that these creatures are slobbering monsters. Before her attack, she yelled at Dale [sic] for calling them Walkers; to her they're mom, her brother, the neighbors. After her attack, her mind might be changed.\"", "Cohan's performance in \"Killer Within\" was praised by Eric Goldman. Goldman later praised Cohan in \"When the Dead Come Knocking\" when referring to the scene where The Governor forces Maggie to strip saying: \"More importantly, what he did do to her was terrible as it was, as he forced her to strip, slammed her down on a table and basically did all he could to try and mentally break her. Her telling him, in the face of all this, \"Do whatever you're gonna do. Go to hell\" was a powerful moment for Maggie", ". Go to hell\" was a powerful moment for Maggie. Lauren Cohan did terrific work here, showing someone simultaneously terrified and defiant in the face of a hellish scenario.\"", "In \"Coda\", Cohan's performance was praised, in particular, the scene where Maggie reacts to Beth's death. Laura Prudom of Variety said: \"The episode's final few moments did prove to be some of the series' most powerful yet — both Lauren Cohan and Norman Reedus gave truly gut-wrenching performances after Beth's death, and it was heartbreaking to see Maggie's rapid transition from elation at learning her sister was alive to utter devastation at seeing her dead over the course of twenty minutes.\"", "Noel Murray of Rolling Stone ranked Maggie Greene 7th in a list of 30 best Walking Dead characters, saying, \"She's developed political acumen thanks to the tutelage of Deanna, and has used it to fill the void within the survivors and become the group's real leader. And while she experimented with becoming as razor-edged as Carol, she ultimately realized that hardness didn't fit her personality or perspective. Battle-tested, strong-willed, and played with real nuance and grace by Lauren Cohan, the young Ms", ". Battle-tested, strong-willed, and played with real nuance and grace by Lauren Cohan, the young Ms. Greene has quietly become a Walking Dead MVP. Give 'em hell, Maggie.\"", "References\n\nExternal links \n Maggie Greene on IMDb\n\nAmerican female characters in television\nCharacters created by Robert Kirkman\nComics characters introduced in 2004\nFemale soldier and warrior characters in comics\nFictional attempted suicides\nFictional characters from Georgia (U.S. state)\nFictional Irish American people\nFictional farmers\nFictional sole survivors\nFictional victims of sexual assault\nFictional zombie hunters\nImage Comics female characters\nThe Walking Dead (franchise) characters" ]

[ "The Battle of Velestino (, ) comprised two separate combats, which took place on – and –, between the Greek and Ottoman armies at Velestino in Thessaly, as part of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897.", "The pass of Velestino controlled the road and railway lines linking the port city of Volos with the interior of the Thessalian plain. As the Greek army withdrew from Larissa to Farsala, a reinforced brigade under Colonel Konstantinos Smolenskis was sent to occupy the pass and cover Volos and the right of the new Greek position. At the same time, the Ottoman high command dispatched a mixed force of cavalry and infantry in the same direction to capture Volos", ". The first Greek detachments arrived in the area in the morning of 27 April, some hours ahead of the Ottomans, and occupied the heights around Velestino. As a result, a first clash developed in the same evening as the first Ottoman forces arrived in the area. The Ottomans were repelled and retreated to Kileler, while the bulk of Smolenskis' command arrived during the night and took up defensive positions on the next day, while the Ottomans remained inactive.", "The Ottoman forces resumed their attack on 29 April, chiefly through the arrival of Colonel Mahmud Muhtar as the representative of the Ottoman commander-in-chief Edhem Pasha. The Ottoman forces advanced up to the Greek positions planning to concentrate their attack on the Greek right, but in the event the advance of the Ottoman left under Naim Pasha was delayed, while on the Ottoman right, Mahmud Muhtar launched attacks on the Greek left", ". As a result, the Ottoman commanders altered their plans to focus on the Greek left, planning to outflank the Greek positions on the next day. However, both the outflanking manoeuvre as well as frontal infantry attacks and an attempt to penetrate the Greek lines with a massed cavalry charge failed on 30 April, both due to Greek resistance and poor coordination among the Ottoman units. As a result, the Ottomans broke off their attack and withdrew", ". As a result, the Ottomans broke off their attack and withdrew. Edhem Pasha retired the cavalry from the battle to recuperate, and replaced it with the 5th Infantry Division. The First Battle of Velestino was thus a Greek victory; the only major battlefield success for the Greek army during the war, which propelled Smolenskis to the status of a national hero.", "The Second Battle of Velestino began on 5 May, to coincide with the Battle of Farsala between the main body of the Ottoman army and the bulk of the Greek forces. Once again the Ottomans attempted to turn the Greek left flank, but the active Greek resistance thwarted them. On the next day, however, the Ottoman attack in the same area was more successful, as this time the Greeks were unable to bring in sufficient reinforcements to counter the outflanking manoeuvre", ". The Ottoman success forced the Greek left back, obliging Colonel Smolenskis to order a retreat. As the Ottomans did not exploit their success, the Greek forces were able to withdraw unmolested to Almyros, where they remained until the main Greek army was defeated at the Battle of Domokos.", "Background", "Following the Greek defeats in the battles of the frontier, the Greek forces of the Army of Thessaly were forced to withdraw to Larissa, but a panic broke out and the withdrawal degenerated into chaos during the night of 11/12 April. This forced the Greek commander-in-chief, Crown Prince Constantine, to abandon any idea of defending the line of the Pineios River, and withdraw further to Farsala. The Greek withdrawal was disorderly, leaving behind large quantities of material", ". The Greek withdrawal was disorderly, leaving behind large quantities of material. Ottomans followed hesitantly, losing the chance to destroy the Greek army or capture the port city of Volos. This gave the Greeks time to regroup and organize a defensive position at Farsala, and also send forces from there to cover the approaches to Volos at Velestino.", "Velestino is a small town located in southwestern Thessaly. Its strategic significance lies in its geographic position in a pass between the Chalkodonion–Karadagh Mountains (the ancient Cynoscephalae Hills) to the west and a western spur of Mount Pelion on the east, through which the road and railway line linking the Pagasetic Gulf and the port of Volos to the inland Thessalian plain and Larissa", ". The railway line from Volos also branched off to Farsala, and was thus vital for the supply of the Greek army at Farsala by sea, since the overland route via Lamia was difficult due to the lack of transport means.", "First Battle of Velestino, 27–30 April", "27 April", "On 26 April, a \"Mixed Brigade\" was established to occupy the Velestino position. It was formed around the 3rd Brigade (7th and 8th Infantry Regiments) commanded by Colonel Konstantinos Smolenskis, with the addition of the 6th Evzone Battalion, a mountain artillery battalion, an engineer company from the 2nd Engineer Battalion, and a cavalry company. Two days later, a field artillery battery from the 2nd Artillery Regiment was added to it", ". Two days later, a field artillery battery from the 2nd Artillery Regiment was added to it. Due to shortage of rail carriages, most of this force moved from Farsala to Velestino on foot. Only the Evzone Battalion, an engineer company, and an infantry company of the 7th Regiment's III Battalion (III/7) were sent by rail, arriving at Velestino at 11:00 on 27 April", ". There they established a defensive position around the Velestino railway station, and deployed a company to cover the eaves of the forest to the east, near the fork of railway line from Larissa to Volos and Farsala. The artillery and cavalry arrived next, around 15:00, with the rest of the troops following behind on foot. Only towards the end of the day were trains found to carry the 8th Regiment's III Battalion (III/8), an infantry company, and Colonel Smolenskis himself to the area.", "On the Ottoman side, the commander-in-chief, Edhem Pasha, dispatched a mixed force to capture Volos, as the Ottomans had received information that the latter city was held by only 200 men. The force, under Suleiman Pasha, was composed of the 13th and 14th Cavalry Regiments plus three companies of the 6th Imperial Horse Guards Regiment (12 companies in total), a horse artillery battery, and the 3rd Bursa Regiment of the 5th Infantry Division", ". Setting out from Larissa at 10:00 on 27 April, they moved via Gherli (modern Armenio) and its cavalry vanguard reached the area of Velestino at 17:30 on 27 April, when they crossed the bridge of Rizomylos.", "The Greek forces at Velestino, themselves having arrived hours before, only became aware of the Ottoman approach at 17:00. Immediately the 6th Evzone Battalion, along with the other units on site, deployed its forces: two companies moved to the direction of the Ottoman advance, two others moved to occupy the height of Velestino and Ovrias Gala, and another company covered the artillery, which took position around the railway station", ". The two cavalry squadrons were ordered to launch a spoiling attack against the Ottoman advance. At 17:30, as the Ottomans were crossing the Rizomylos bridge and their leading cavalry company was approaching Velestino, the Evzones opened fire.", "Unaware of the size of the opposing forces, Suleiman Pasha decided to break through in force, and sent three cavalry companies to capture the railway station. Faced with stiff resistance, Suleiman Pasha now employed his own artillery about one kilometre north of the Rizomylos bridge, and deployed his entire division: three companies were to continue the attack on the railway station, while the other seven were to advance towards Volos", ". Each of the two groups was divided into three echelons, the first in open order and the second and third in close-order formation. The firefight continued until 18:30, when the Greek forces launched a counterattack in the direction of the Rizomylos bridge. With their backs to the Rizomylos stream, Suleiman Pasha's forces were in danger of being cut off if the bridge were captured", ". Mistakenly estimating the Greek forces at much larger than they actually were, the Ottoman commander ordered a retreat, first to Gherli and then, along with the Bursa Regiment, to Kileler.", "Despite the Ottoman withdrawal, rumours spread in the Greek rear that the heights around Velestino had been captured, and that the Greek forces were about to be encircled. This led to cases of panic, sporadic wild shots and desertions. The entire artillery battalion withdrew to Volos, followed by two cavalry platoons, and a few Evzones and infantrymen", ". The 2nd Company of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment took flight towards Almyros, spreading panic; the field hospitals also fled to Volos, while the peasant carters hired to carry supplies for the troops simply abandoned their carts and fled. When Smolenskis arrived at the nearby village of Aerino after nightfall, the local railway station staff informed him of the rumours that Velestino had been captured by the Ottomans", ". He nevertheless pushed on foot towards Velestino with the bulk of his brigade, which had begun arriving; but being unaware of the terrain, and due to the late hour, after making contact with the units of the 8th Regiment, both he and his men spent the night on the heights to the southwest of Velestino. On the next morning, Smolenskis busied himself with deploying his troops in a defensive position, and trying to restore discipline and morale", ". His requests to the Greek headquarters to be allowed to shoot deserters on the spot were denied, but his arrival did calm nerves and restore order in the Greek units.", "28 April", "The Ottoman commander-in-chief Edhem Pasha dispatched one of the 5th Division's brigade commanders, Naim Pasha, to take over command of the operation, and sent another infantry regiment and a mountain artillery battery as well. Arriving at Kileler around noon on the 28th, Naim Pasha sent two cavalry companies towards Velestino on reconnaissance at 13:30, while half an hour later his main force, comprising his entire infantry brigade and Suleiman Pasha's cavalry division, followed suit, encamping at Gherli", ". Apart from reconnaissance activity and torching the village of Rizomylos, the Ottoman forces remained quiet that day.", "The cavalry detachments returned in the evening, reporting that the pass was held by a few Greek battalions and artillery. In the meantime, however, Edhem Pasha had become worried at the inactivity of Naim Pasha, and in the early hours of the 29th sent one of his staff officers, Cavalry Colonel Mahmud Muhtar, to examine the situation on the ground and take any necessary measures.", "29 April", "After his arrival at Gherli around noon on 29 April, Mahmud Muhtar urged Naim Pasha and Suleiman Pasha to attack before the Greeks had had enough time to establish strong fortifications; he also pointed out that the rest of the Ottoman army was at the very same time preparing to advance on Farsala, and that the Greek forces opposing them were not as strong as they thought", ".The energetic Mahmud Muhtar would prove to be the driving force of the Ottoman efforts to break through the Velestino position, but the Ottomans remained hampered by the lack of unified command: Naim Pasha, who outranked Mahmud Muhtar, disregarded his advice and proved himself a dilatory and hesitant commander.", "The Ottoman commanders worked out a plan of attack in two columns. Suleiman Pasha was put in charge of the right (western) column, although Colonel Mahmud Muhtar, who joined the column ostensibly as the commander-in-chief's liaison, was its de facto commander", ". It comprised the Bursa, Orhaneli, and Bilecik infantry battalions, a horse artillery battery, and 7 cavalry companies (three from the 6th Guards Regiment and the 13th Cavalry Regiment), and was intended to operate as a diversion, while the main attack would be led by Naim Pasha on the left (eastern) flank along the road to Volos, against the Greek centre and right", ". Naim Pasha's column comprised the Adapazarı, Elmalı, Çakırca, and Tuzca battalions and two companies from the Mihaliç battalion, the 14th Cavalry Regiment, and a field artillery battery.", "On the Greek side, the forces under Smolenskis' command on 29 April numbered 6 infantry companies on the feet of Malouka Hill, to the west of Velestino, with an artillery battery on the Panagia height. A battalion occupied the low ground before the pass itself, between the Velestino railway station and the height of Ovrias Gala to the northeast, near Rizomylos. The 6th Evzone Battalion held the Ovrias Gala height itself", ". The 6th Evzone Battalion held the Ovrias Gala height itself. Another infantry battalion, with an artillery battery, was placed at the Pilaf Tepe height. Two battalions (minus a company sent to Volos) remained at Velestino as a reserve. The Greek troops had dug trenches and field works before their positions.", "The Ottomans began their march at 14:00, and were detected by the Greek scouts an hour later, as the Ottoman vanguard detachments approached the village of Koniari (modern Chloi) in front of the Greek left. At around 16:00, Suleiman Pasha's troops occupied the heights around Koniari, and started firing on the Greek positions", ". After about half an hour, Mahmud Muhtar had gauged the Greek strength, which he estimated at 3–4 battalions with a few mountain artillery pieces, and, given the numerical superiority of the Ottoman forces, decided to launch an all-out attack. However, before giving this order, he had to coordinate with Naim Pasha's column, and set out to meet with him at Rizomylos, only to find that the latter's column had moved slowly and not yet reached its planned positions", ". Only at around 17:00 did the leading elements of Naim Pasha's column arrive at Rizomylos, with the main body following half an hour behind. Naim Pasha launched an attack against the Greek positions at Ovrias Gala at 18:00, but was repulsed, and nightfall halted any further operations.", "According to Colmar von der Goltz, Mahmud Muhtar suggested a night attack against the Greek left at 03:00, but again this did not take place because the additional battalion promised by Naim Pasha for this operation failed to arrive on time. With the shift of troops and focus to their right, the Ottomans effectively reversed their original plan and made their main effort against the Greek left.", "On the Greek side, Colonel Smolenskis asked Crown Prince Constantine for urgent reinforcements, and in the same night received by rail the 4/2 field artillery battery, which took up position near the railway station, and the 4th Evzone Battalion, which took up positions at Ayvali (modern Rigaion) to cover Smolenskis' left flank", ". As a result, by the next morning, the heights of Malouka Hill on the Greek left were defended by the equivalent of two full battalions (III/7 Battalion minus two companies, IV/8 Battalion, two companies of 8th Regiment) and two mountain batteries (12 guns), while the positions on the low ground between the railway station and the Ovrias Gala height also strengthened to six companies (II/7 Battalion and two companies from 8th Regiment), leaving 7 companies of 8th Regiment as a reserve", ". On the right, Ovrias Gala was held by six companies: the 6th Evzone Battalion, minus a company detached to cover the village of Kapourna (modern Glafyra), along with a company from III/7 Battalion. The engineer company was placed on the Latomi heights east of the Velestino railway station, while the last company of III/7 Battalion had been detached to maintain order in Volos.", "30 April\n\nThe Ottoman attack began at dawn (5:00) on the 30th, with Naim Pasha's column attacking the Ovrias Gala and Pilaf Tepe heights, with support from a battery at Rizomylos. The attacking Ottoman forces, however, were repulsed both at Ovrias Gala and in front of Velestino. The Greeks were aided by the recently arrived field battery, which took position near the railway station at 9:00.", "At Ovrias Gala, the commander of the Greek II/7 Battalion, Major Kopsidas, launched a counterattack with two companies against the Ottoman reserves, throwing them into panic and dispersing them, until an Ottoman battalion and cavalry company came to their rescue, and attacked the Greeks' left. Eventually, the Greek column withdrew back to its trenches before the railway station around noon. The Ottomans then launched an attack on the Megavouni height with a battalion, but the attack was repulsed by 17:00", ". Likewise, in the centre, the repeated attempts of the Adapazarı battalion and the two companies from the Mihaliç battalion to evict the Greek defenders from the forest north of Velestino, failed. At 11:30 a Greek company attempted to launch a counterattack but was likewise repulsed.", "On the Ottoman right, Mahmud Muhtar left the Bursa battalion with the horse artillery battery to pin down the Greek left, while personally leading six infantry companies from the Orhaneli and Bilecik battalions on a wide outflanking manoeuvre around Mount Karadagh to the rear of the Greek left's positions. Two infantry companies of the Bilecik battalion and seven cavalry companies were kept as a reserve to exploit any success.", "By noon, Mahmud Muhtar's manoeuvring element still had not made sufficient progress, hampered by the hard terrain, and thwarted by the reaction of the III/7 Battalion commander, Major Nikolaos Demestichas, who progressively sent out companies to extend the Greek left flank to the west and occupy crucial heights before the Turks arrived", ". At the same time, on the Ottoman left, Naim Pasha grew increasingly anxious about the situation of his forces, which were engaged already for seven hours without success, and pleaded with his fellow commanders to apply more pressure on their own front. The bad situation on Naim Pasha's front was exacerbated by the inept disposition of his forces: contrary to the advice of Mahmud Muhtar, he had strung out his entire force on an wide front, without keeping any reserves", ". As a result, Mahmud Muhtar and Suleiman Pasha decided to launch a frontal attack against the Greek left at Karadagh with the infantry they had held in reserve, and the seven cavalry companies, 300 men under Ibrahim Bey, were instructed to stand by to intervene at the \"suitable moment\".", "The Ottoman infantry quickly captured the first Greek line, while the Greeks withdrew to their second, main defensive position. Ibrahim Bey had sent an officer to the front line to determine the \"suitable moment\" and give the signal for the cavalry to attack; the officer did so at that point, when it was clearly premature, as the line of the Greek infantry had not yet been broken.", "Consequently, at 13:00 the Ottoman cavalry began to move into position to attack: a first echelon of two companies under Colonel Mahmud Muhtar were tasked with penetrating the Greek positions at the western slopes of Panagia height; Ibrahim Bey led a second echelon of three companies to the left and rear of the first, to assist it in its breakthrough; and a third echelon of two companies followed to the right and rear as a reserve force", ". While Mahmud Muhtar's first echelon successfully reached the slopes of Panagia and turned south as planned, the second echelon missed the turn and continued advancing to the east. When Ibrahim Bey realized this, it was too late: if he tried to turn south, his men would suffer heavy casualties to the entrenched Greeks on its flank. Thus he ordered his bugler to signal the retreat north. The third echelon followed suit, returning to the positions it had started from", ". The third echelon followed suit, returning to the positions it had started from. This left Mahmud Muhtar's first echelon, already charging against the Greek trenches west of Panagia, alone and without any support. The Ottoman attack reached the Greek trenches, with some of the cavalrymen fighting with their sabres or dismounting to shoot at the defending Greeks; in the end, the Ottomans were forced to retreat by the heavy fire of the well-entrenched infantry.", "At about the same time, at 13:30, the Bursa battalion attacked the second Greek line on Karadagh, defended by IV/7 Battalion. By 15:00, the Ottoman troops found themselves separated from their comrades in the six outflanking companies by a single trench still held by the Greeks. The Greeks, with good artillery support, managed to force the Ottomans to withdraw, leaving two artillery pieces behind.", "In the meantime, the six outflanking companies launched five successive attempts to break through or outflank the Greek positions, without success. At 16:30, the Greek III/7 Battalion's 2nd company launched a fierce counterattack which forced them back, leaving 40 dead. With the Greek positions intact, at 16:30 Naim Pasha and Mahmud Muhtar ordered their forces to retreat towards Gherli. By 18:00, with the Ottoman withdrawal in full effect, fire ceased.", "Although the day had been a success for the Greeks, the Greek commanders, committed to the doctrine of passive defence, completely failed to exploit their success by launching a pursuit against the strung-out Ottoman forces, even though they disposed of twice as much infantry (7,000 men) as the Ottomans. The counterattack launched by Major Kopsidas, if properly supported, might have destroyed the eastern Ottoman column, but the opportunity was allowed to be lost.", "The casualties of the two sides during the First Battle of Velestino were 138 killed and 254 wounded for the Ottomans, and 28 killed and 142 wounded for the Greeks.\n\nSecond Battle of Velestino, 5–6 May\n\nSmolenskis expected the Ottomans to try again on the next day, and therefore asked for and received ammunition and reinforcements in the form of the 1st Independent Infantry Battalion and three dismounted cavalry companies, which arrived on 3 May.", "On the Ottoman side, Mahmud Muhtar reported to Edhem Pasha in person on 1 May, and expressed the opinion that the bulk of the Greek army was at Velestino, recommending an immediate attack with greater forces. Edhem Pasha disagreed, recalled the units of the Cavalry Division to Larissa, and instead sent the rest of the 5th Division, under Hakki Pasha, to assume a defensive position at Gherli", ". In preparation for renewing the attack, the division was reinforced during the next days to a total of 17 battalions, 4 cavalry companies, and 4 artillery batteries, a total of 8,500 infantry, 24 guns, and 160 cavalry. The role assigned to the 5th Division was to keep the Greek forces at Velestino pinned in place, so that they could not come to the aid of the rest of the Greek army, which faced the main Ottoman attack around Farsala.", "By 5 May, Smolenskis' Mixed Brigade counted 11 battalions (7th and 8th Infantry Regiments, 1st Independent, 6th Evzones), an engineer company, three dismounted and one mounted cavalry companies, and three artillery batteries. At the nearby village of Ayvali, although not placed under Smolenskis' command until the morning of 6 May, was the 4th Evzone Battalion and a mixed sapper-firemen company. In total, the Greek forces numbered 10,228 infantry, 150 cavalry, and 18 guns", ". In total, the Greek forces numbered 10,228 infantry, 150 cavalry, and 18 guns. The Greek dispositions did not change much since 30 April, except that Smolenskis appointed 8th Regiment commander, Colonel Nikolaos Giannikostas, to command his right wing, while 7th Regiment commander Lieutenant Colonel Stylianos Reglis assumed command of the left wing.", "5 May", "On 5 May in the morning, the Ottoman 5th Division began to move towards Velestino in four columns. Its rightmost (western) column, with the 2nd Infantry Regiment and one mountain artillery company, marched ahead, so as to engage the Greek left and prevent a possible Greek withdrawal towards Farsala. Furthermore, the column was to again attempt the flanking manoeuvre around Karadagh that had been attempted on 30 April", ". The central column, comprising the heavily reinforced 3rd Regiment (six battalions) and three artillery companies, was to attack the heights directly west of Velestino, while the 4th Regiment formed a left column and marched towards Ovrias Gala. The cavalry formed a separate column between the central and right columns, while an infantry regiment remained at Gherli as reserve", ". In total, the Ottoman forces deployed for the day's attack were estimated at 6,000 men, two batteries, and small numbers of cavalry.", "The Ottomans deployed for battle at 9:00, and by 9:30 captured the Petroto height in front of the positions of the Greek left wing, while other detachments passed through the ravines of Karadagh to try and outflank the Greek positions. The remaining Ottoman columns did not seriously probe the Greek positions. Around 10:00, as the Ottoman forces had approached the Greek positions on the left, a sudden rain and hail storm broke out, reducing visibility to almost zero", ". The Ottomans exploited this to approach the Greek lines even closer, and managed to occupy some Greek trenches. This led to a brief panic on the Greek front, but order was quickly restored by the officers. As the storm passed after 10:30, the fighting resumed. The Greek batteries were particularly exposed, as the Ottoman artillery had greater range and could fire at them with impunity, and they were forced to cease fire", ". Nevertheless, aided by gradual reinforcements from the 1st Independent Battalion, the Greek line held against repeated Ottoman attacks. The Ottoman commander also fed 3.5 battalions as reinforcements into the attack, but to no avail. Ottoman artillery fire became more sparse after 18:30, and fighting ended entirely at 19:30. On the extreme Greek left, the Ottoman outflanking manoeuvre was stopped thanks to the timely intervention of two companies from the 4th Evzone Battalion at Ayvali.", "Already at 16:30, Hakki Pasha had sent requests for reinforcement of at least a brigade or even an entire division to Edhem Pasha. As the continued presence of the Greeks at Velestino might threaten the flanks of the main Ottoman army, Edhem ordered the 3rd Infantry Division and a reserve brigade to Velestino on the next day, but they did not arrive in time to play any role in the battle", ". The Greek forces retained their previous dispositions, except that the two companies of the 4th Evzone Battalion were withdrawn as the entire battalion moved to occupy the Ayvali pass to secure the Mixed Brigade's rear from the direction of Farsala.", "6 May", "At 5:00 on 6 May, the Ottoman attack resumed, pushing against the Greek left with greater forces than the previous day, while applying pressure along the rest of the Greek front as well. Due to the withdrawal of the Evzone companies, the extreme Greek left flank was left exposed. Despite repeated requests of the III/7 Battalion commander, no reinforcements arrived, so that by noon, the Ottoman forces broke through and forced the Greek left to retreat", ". As the Ottoman forces did not force a pursuit, the Greek retreat did not degenerate to a collapse of the front.", "Once informed of these developments, Colonel Smolenskis ordered 7th Regiment to hold at all costs and sent two reserve companies to bolster its position, but they arrived too late. At the same time, Smolenskis was informed by telegram of the defeat of the main Greek army at the Battle of Farsala and its withdrawal to Domokos", ". Combined with the critical situation on his left, around 15:00 Smolenskis ordered the Brigade to start retreating, beginning with the more exposed units of 8th Regiment in the lower ground. Although the Greek retreat was somewhat disorderly, the Ottomans did not exploit the situation: once they captured the Greek left, they stopped to rest, and another rain storm that broke out around 16:30 helped cover the Greek retreat", ". The Greeks managed to break off contact with the Ottomans and retire without trouble to Almyros, while some of the units of the right flank withdrew to Volos, where they were picked up by ships of the Greek fleet.", "Velestino was captured by the Ottomans on 7 May, where Edhem Pasha met with the European consuls from Volos, who announced to him that the city had been evacuated by the Greek forces. As a result, Edhem sent only two battalions to occupy the city, while the 5th Division remained in the wider area of Velestino.\n\nThe total casualties for the Second Battle of Velestino were 59 killed and 361 wounded for the Ottomans and 73 killed and 306 wounded for the Greeks.", "Aftermath", "The main Greek army withdrew to Domokos, where they began hastily setting up fortifications. The reinforcements that had been sent to Smolenskis' command—1st Independent Battalion, 4th Evzone Battalion, the dismounted cavalry companies, a field artillery battery and the sappers company—were recalled to bolster the defensive position there, while the 3rd Brigade remained at Almyros for the time being, covering the coastal road", ". The Ottoman 5th Division resumed contact with the positions of the Greek 3rd Brigade on 17 May, but no clashes occurred other than a brief bombardment of the Ottoman positions by Greek warships. On the same day, at the Battle of Domokos, the right flank of the main Greek army was turned back. Without any available reserves, the Greek army was likely to be surrounded, so Crown Prince Constantine decided to again withdraw south. As a result, 3rd Brigade was ordered to retreat to Lamia", ". As a result, 3rd Brigade was ordered to retreat to Lamia. An armistice took effect on the next day, which was finalized on 3 June, ending the war.", "Amidst a string of humiliating Greek defeats, the successful ten-day defence of Velestino by Smolenskis stood out. Already during the battle, the press clamoured for promoting him to general and commander-in-chief, and contrasted his capable performance during the war with the general ineffectiveness of the military and political leadership. On 19 May he received a field promotion to major general and was placed in command of the 1st Infantry Division", ". He was decorated with the Grand Commander of the Order of the Redeemer, and was propelled to the status of a national hero. Already in 1897, the Municipality of Athens gave his name to a street, and he received honorary citizenships from several Greek cities. Medals and lithographs with his portrait were in widespread demand and prominently displayed for several years thereafter", ". This popularity was quickly used to launch his political career: Smolenskis was twice elected Member of the Hellenic Parliament for the Attica and Boeotia Prefecture, and served twice as Minister for Military Affairs, in the 1897 Alexandros Zaimis cabinet, and in the 1903 Georgios Theotokis cabinet.", "Footnotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n \n \n \n \n \n\n1897 in Greece\n1897 in the Ottoman Empire\nVelestino\nVelestino\nVelestino\nVelestino\nVelestino" ]

[ "Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders, also known outside of North America as Starla & the Jewel Riders (and sometimes spelled as the more traditionally Arthurian \"Guinevere\"), is an American comic fantasy-themed animated television series aimed at pre-teen girl audiences and produced by Bohbot Entertainment in association with Hong Ying Animation Company Limited", ". It was internationally syndicated by Bohbot on their Syndicated Amazin' Adventures block, where it originally ran for two 13-episode seasons from 1995 until 1996. The show's plot follows the quest of the eponymous young Princess Gwenevere of Avalon and her two fellow teenage Jewel Riders, Fallon and Tamara, to find the seven lost enchanted jewels so they can stop the evil sorceress Lady Kale from taking over the kingdom", ". In the second season, the Jewel Riders receive more powers to compete against the returning Kale and the mighty new enemy Morgana for more magical jewels in order to rescue their banished mentor Merlin and restore harmony in magic.", "The series is in many ways similar to The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers, and both had the same creator and director, Robert Mandell, as well as some of its writers, notably Christopher Rowley. The series was initially planned as an adaptation of Dragonriders of Pern, came in the wake of Bohbot's earlier take on the Arthurian legend, King Arthur and the Knights of Justice, and shares similarities with the magical girl subgenre of anime and with some American cartoons", ". Although critics were divided on the show, it was a hit in France. It was later rebooted as the novel series Avalon: Web of Magic during the 2000s. In 2023, Princess Gwenevere sequel comic books were announced by Mad Cave Studios.", "Plot", "Premise", "In the show's original North American version, the titular character's name, Gwenevere (Gwen) resembles that of King Arthur's wife, Queen Guinevere, even though Gwen is rather her distant descendant and just a namesake, while other Arthurian characters include Merlin and the Lady of the Lake. The series is set on the legendary island of Avalon, here portrayed as a fairy tale-style utopia in which mystical jewels help their users cast spells and do it safely", ". The dangerous raw wild magic coming from another dimension that is also called the Wild Magic is kept in check through the seven Crown Jewels of the Kingdom, each representing an area of the realm. The story takes place a thousand years after the good wizard Merlin's initial victory over the evil queen Morgana", ". The eponymous Jewel Riders are young female champions of goodness and magical guardians of the city of New Camelot who, using and mentored by the ageless Merlin and aided by their magic animal friends, have been upholding the just laws of this peaceful land and defending its people for generations. But when a new great menace looms over Avalon, and with their teacher Merlin suddenly gone, the current three new Jewel Riders are tasked with recovering the Crown Jewels controlling the wild magic.", "Avalon's fate now rests with the latest incarnation of the Jewel Riders, currently made of the 16-year-old Princess Gwenevere (Gwen) leading her friends Fallon and Tamara of around the same age. Their personal jewels, besides their various unique powers, allow them to \"ride\" safely through the tunnels of a perilous dimension of the Wild Magic, as well as to communicate with their Special Friends, the magic animals wearing a jewel identical to that of their rider", ". The girls are often assisted by the Pack, the also teenage but male trio of wolf-riding Knights of Avalon who wield the Forest Stones. Together, they fight against Lady Kale, the evil former princess of Avalon who uses dark magic and has vowed to command all the magic and rule the kingdom no matter the consequences. An emphasis is set on the \"power of friendship\", which enables the Jewel Riders to overcome evil and even ultimately befriend some of their would-be enemies", ". In the second season, the threat to Avalon is not over yet, and actually gets even worse with the introduction of an even more dangerous adversary for the Jewel Riders to deal with besides Kale. Instead of the Crown Jewels, Gwen and her friends seek out another cache of magical gems while still struggling to hold off the forces of darkness and contain the growing chaos in the magic.", "First season", "The story is set up during the two-part pilot episode \"Jewel Quest\". Princess Gwenevere, the young daughter of the rulers of Avalon, Queen Anya and King Jared, is being prepared by Merlin for the day when she will meet her own magic animal friend to bond with her Enchanted Jewel so she can become the new leader of the Jewel Riders", ". She is yet to be given the magic of the royal Sun Stone in a special ceremony, while her best friends Tamara and Fallon already wield the magic of their own Enchanted Jewels, the Heart Stone and the Moon Stone. Meanwhile, the outlaw sorceress Lady Kale, a cruel and power-hungry sister of Queen Anya, plans to steal Merlin's Crown Jewels so she can use their great magic to take over Avalon and reign forever", ". Many years ago, Lady Kale was denied the Sun Stone and later banished, but now she finds a mysterious jewel of great evil magic that she names the Dark Stone and quickly uses it to overpower her hated enemy Merlin, sending him into the deadly Wild Magic. However, it soon turns out that Merlin did not perish, and he foils her at the last moment by breaking the Crown Jewels setting and sending them back to the lands from where they had come, scattering them wide across the kingdom and beyond", ". Unfortunately, once the Crown Jewels' bond is broken, magic is no longer stable and flows out of control, causing dangerous outbreaks until the jewels are brought back together. In addition, the Jewel Riders learn that retrieving them all is also the only way they might free Merlin from being lost in the limbo of Wild Magic.", "Soon, Gwen successfully completes her Sun Stone bonding ceremony with Sunstar, a flying unicorn whom she rescued from Lady Kale's castle. The primary storyline then tells of the Jewel Riders' adventures in their quest as they search for the hidden Crown Jewels through the wild magic outbreaks", ". The seven Crown Jewels consist of the Jewel of the North Woods (in the episode \"Travel Trees Can't Dance\"), the Rainbow Jewel found inside the Rainbow Falls (in the episode \"Song of the Rainbow\"), the Jewel of the Burning Ice found in the Hall of Wizards at the Wizard's Peak in the snow-covered mountains (in the episode \"Wizard's Peak\"), the Misty Rose Jewel found in the Misty Moors (in the episode \"For Whom the Bell Trolls\")", ", the Misty Rose Jewel found in the Misty Moors (in the episode \"For Whom the Bell Trolls\"), the Desert Star Jewel of the Great Desert found in the otherworldly realm of Faeryland (in the episode \"The Faery Princess\"), the Jewel of the Dreamfields (in the episode \"Dreamfields\"), and the Jewel of the Jungle found in the hidden lair of the legendary wizard Morgana (in the episode \"Revenge of the Dark Stone\")", ". The girls need to find and secure each of these jewels first before Lady Kale can get her hands on it, or to win it back if she does. Using the magic of the Enchanted Jewels and their friendship, the Jewel Riders must prevent Kale from gaining any more power from magic jewels or magic animals, as they cannot let her turn either evil, and reclaim all the Crown Jewels, so they can ultimately defeat the witch and save both Merlin and all of Avalon.", "During the two-part dramatic finale of the first season (in the episodes \"Revenge of the Dark Stone\" and \"Full Circle\"), Lady Kale succeeds in seizing control of the Jewel Keep at the Crystal Palace. Becoming seemingly invincible, Kale overthrows Anya, unleashes the dark magic onto Avalon, strips the Jewel Riders of their powers, and prepares to make herself queen for eternity", ". The witch then seeks out Merlin to finish him off, but he uses his remaining powers to pull her into the Wild Magic and hold her there long enough for the girls to release the hidden great good magic of the Crystal Palace, revealed as the greatest Enchanted Jewel in Avalon. Unaware of this, Kale attempts to absorb the powers of the gathered Crown Jewels but ends up trapped and destroyed by wild magic", ". The girls and their friends celebrate their victory and discover that the Jewel Riders have tuned the Crown Jewels to their personal jewels, enabling them to channel all the magic of Avalon. In a bittersweet ending, Merlin appears one last time to congratulate his students and tell them he had given up his staff jewel so Kale could be defeated, and without it he will be completely lost to the Wild Magic.", "Second season", "The second season begins with Lady Kale and Merlin seemingly gone forever, and Avalon now at peace yet still not safe. The wild magic outbreaks continue as the Jewel Riders had lost a chance of solving the magic crisis for good. But the Jewel Riders realize that the Crown Jewels have given them a set of new 'Level Two' armor and magic seven times more powerful than before, enabling them to easily deal with the outbreaks", ". The girls now have at their disposal far greater magic than they ever dreamed possible, however they also find it difficult to use. Meanwhile, deep inside the Wild Magic, Kale's Dark Stone is summoned towards a floating palace, where she re-materializes and meets her accidental rescuer, the legendary evil enchantress Morgana, creator and original wielder of the Dark Stone", ". Morgana had led the other ancient wizards against Merlin a millennium ago but failed and, having lost her jewel, has remained trapped in the Wild Magic ever since. United only by their mutual hatred for Merlin and his followers, the two grudgingly decide to team up as Morgana sends Kale back to Avalon in search of the other Wizard Jewels in preparation for her own return", ". The Jewel Riders need to master their enhanced jewel powers while they continue their quest to find a way to bring Merlin home, especially since soon they realize that Avalon is in even worse trouble than ever.", "Not only is Lady Kale back for vengeance, but now the Jewel Rides face a new and even greater enemy in Morgana. Wizard Jewels are also even harder to obtain than the Crown Jewels were, as they are scattered in dangerous places beyond Avalon, mostly in hidden wizard lairs protected by magic traps", ". Through most of their adventures, the girls try to find the jewels before they fall into the hands of Morgana, who wants to use their magic to complete her conquest of the kingdom; at the same time, Kale also seeks the Wizard Jewels for herself while supposedly working for Morgana", ". The seven Wizard Jewels consist of the Unicorn Jewel (in the episode \"Vale of the Unicorns\"), the Jewel of Arden (in the episode \"Prince of the Forest\"), the Garden Jewel (in the episode \"The Wizard of Gardenia\"), the Jewel of the Sea (in the episode \"The Jewel of the Sea\"), the Time Stone (in the episode \"Mystery Island\"), and the Fortune Jewel (in the episode \"The Fortune Jewel\"), not counting the Dark Stone itself", ". Soon, Tamara gains a magic animal steed for herself, which turns out to be an otherworldly unicorn named Shadowsong (in the titular episode \"Shadowsong\"). On another occasion (the episode \"Prince of the Forest\"), Gwenevere and the mysterious werewolf-like young man named Ian meet and rescue each other, as she and him quickly fall in love.", "Eventually, the fight to the finish between the forces of light and dark takes place during the series' two-part conclusion (in the episodes \"Lady of the Lake\" and \"The One Jewel\", or \"Spirit of Avalon\" and \"The One Jewel\" in the Starla version), set in the hidden isle of the Heart of Avalon and then in the Heart of the Wild Magic. There, Gwen is given the magic Staff of Avalon by the Lady of the Lake (the Spirit of Avalon)", ". There, Gwen is given the magic Staff of Avalon by the Lady of the Lake (the Spirit of Avalon). With it, and Ian's help, Gwen faces off against Kale and is able to rid the world of her evil aunt for the second and last time, after a dramatic confrontation in which Fallon and Tamara have been briefly turned into crystal statues. The final showdown against Morgana then follows as the Jewel Riders and their friends band together to battle her in a test of skills and wits over the collected Wizard Jewels", ". Morgana almost prevails, but the princess fuses the Dark Stone with the Sun Stone and captures the ultimate One Jewel forged from all the Wizard Jewels, and the restored Merlin then uses it to put an end to Morgana as well as the ancient wizards' ghosts once and for all. The series ends with the Jewel Riders and their friends happily reuniting with Merlin and about to come back home together.", "Characters\n\nJewel Riders\nThe Jewel Riders consist of the three pretty and brave teenage girls: Gwenevere (Starla in the Starla version), Fallon and Tamara. Each of them has different abilities along with their gemstones of common and unique powers that also allow them to communicate with their magic animals.", "The adventurous and romantic Princess Gwenevere (voiced by Kerry Butler in the first season and Jean Louisa Kelly in the second season) is the current leader of the Jewel Riders, as well the destined future queen of Avalon. Gwen wields the royal Sun Stone controlling the great powers of light and goodness, and rides the unique winged unicorn named Sunstar (voiced by Deborah Allison). She is blonde and blue-eyed like her mother Queen Anya, and wearing mostly shades of pink.", "The tomboyish and practical Fallon (voiced by Deborah Allison) is a fearless and athletic dedicated warrior and scout of the Jewel Riders and bodyguard of Princess Gwenevere. Fallon wields the Moon Stone, the main powers of which relate to movement and illusion, and rides the mighty unicorn princess named Moondance (voiced by Barbara Jean Kearney). She is dark-skinned and dark-haired, and wearing mostly shades of purple.", "The empathetic and spiritual Tamara (voiced by Laura Dean) is the healer and magic musician of the Jewel Riders, wielding the Heart Stone and able to talk with all animals. She is pink-haired with light green eyes and medium light skin, and wearing mostly shades of green. Tamara is in charge of raising three baby magic animals named Cleo, Spike and Sugar who too sometimes accompany the girls on their adventures", ". During the second season, she pairs with the male \"zebracorn\" named Shadowsong (voiced by Henry Mandell).", "Other characters", "In the absence of the missing Merlin (voiced by Bob Kaliban), the Jewel Riders are being guided and advised by his talking owl familiar named Archimedes or just Archie (voiced by John Beach 'Voiceguy') who becomes their constant companion. The girls are also sometimes assisted by the handsome and strong boys of the Wolf Pack, the Knights of the Crystal Palace", ". The Pack is led by Gwenevere's aspiring boyfriend Drake (voiced by John Beach), riding the great wolf Thunderbolt (Thunder), supported by Josh (voiced by Bob Kaliban) and Max (voiced by Peter Fernandez) with their respective wolves Stormrunner and Windwalker.", "Other recurring good characters include Princess Gwenevere's parents Queen Anya (voiced by Corinne Orr) and King Jared, the sentient and talking Travel Trees, and the genie Guardian (all voiced by Bob Kaliban). A major new character of the second season is Ian (voiced by Bob Kaliban), a hunky man-wolf prince of the Forest of Arden who falls in love with Gwen, and becomes her devoted champion as well as her second romantic interest in addition to Drake.", "The series' initial antagonist is Gwenevere's wicked and haughty aunt, Lady Kale (voiced by Corinne Orr, who also voiced Kale's almost-twin blonde sister Anya), using the Dark Stone. Tall, raven-haired and wearing shades of red and purple, she is a beautiful but evil \"outlaw princess\" who believes herself to be the rightful heir to the throne \"stolen\" from her by Anya and Merlin", ". She had once been Merlin's student and would-be Jewel Rider herself, but was denied the Sun Stone and then banished for plotting against him and Anya. In her ruthless ambition to become the absolute ruler of Avalon, Kale is being aided by her own bonded magic animals, the huge and mean dragon Grimm (voiced by Peter Fernandez) and a duo of mischievous dragon-weasel creatures, the brothers Rufus and Twig (voiced by John Beach and Henry Mandell, respectively)", ". She also has human servants such as a gang known as the Outlaws.", "The prime villain of the second season is the powerful and mysterious Queen Morgana (voiced by Deborah Allison), a beautiful elflike mistress of the dark magic, with a revived Kale reduced to her very insubordinate and disloyal sidekick. Kale and Morgana fight against the Jewel Riders together, but the two evil witches despise each other and secretly plot to betray one another. A few other ancient wizards also make appearance, notably the now-reformed Derek who this time sides with Merlin against Morgana.", "Episodes\n\nSeason 1 (1995)\n\nSeason 2 (1996)\n\nHistory", "Development", "Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders was produced by the New York-based studios New Frontier Entertainment and Enchanted Camelot Productions for Bohbot Productions (later BKN) in 1995. The series was produced by much of the team behind the late 1980s science fiction cartoon The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers, including the creator, co-writer and main director of both shows, Robert Mandell, after a long development process", ". Despite a similar theme and title, there are no connections with King Arthur and the Knights of Justice, which was Bohbot Entertainment's other Arthurian-inspired cartoon series that was produced in 1992–1993. It was originally supposed to be a cartoon adaptation of the Dragonriders of Pern series of fantasy novels by Anne McCaffrey but eventually went in a different direction", ". The project was renamed repeatedly in the course of its development, including to Enchanted Jewel Riders sometime in late 1994 or early 1995 and Princess Guinevere & Her Jewel Adventures in March 1995, before ultimately becoming Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders (which was again retitled as Starla & the Jewel Riders for the export version)", ". One of the several work-in-progress titles for the show was Enchanted Camelot, which was acquired as such in March 1994 by LIVE Entertainment (along with Skysurfer Strike Force and Highlander: The Animated Series). Enchanted Camelot had some major differences in its character design. The August 1994 draft script for the pilot episode of Enchanted Camelot (\"Enchanted Quest\", which would become \"Jewel Quest\") has been different in many aspects.", "According to The Buffalo News, \"the production team intended for the Jewel Riders to serve as positive role models for girls.\" Bohbot's press kit for the series described it as \"classic story-telling,\" incorporating \"strong themes of friendship, teamwork, responsibility and conflict resolution.\" Each episode was constructed as an animated minimusical", ".\" Each episode was constructed as an animated minimusical. The animation work on the series was done in Taipei, Taiwan by Hong Ying Animation Company Limited; one of the show's character designers was the future Emmy Award winner Rob Davies. The overall design was done by Jane Abbot, with Billy Zeats and Greg Autore serving as art directors. Enrico Casarosa was one of the storyboard artists", ". Enrico Casarosa was one of the storyboard artists. It was the first series scored by Louis Fagenson; though the French version's soundtrack was the work of Julie Zenatti. The show's CGI effects were created by Ian Tetrault in Autodesk 3ds Max and Adobe After Effects. The actress for Gwenevere/Starla was changed for the second season because Kerry Butler had to go to Canada for the musical Beauty and the Beast.", "The show was not renewed for 1997, but a third season was rumored in 1998. The series' art director Greg Autore said about the making of the second season in 1995: \"Bohbot wanted European distribution which required 26 [episodes]. So they made the next 13. They would have made more but were waiting to see how it succeeded", ". So they made the next 13. They would have made more but were waiting to see how it succeeded. When the second set of episodes was turned on, the only two directions to start with were – 1) Search for wild magic jewels since the first set was all found 2) Use Morgana as the ultimate villainess instead of Lady Kale. Fortunately, director Robert Mandell was open to many of my suggestions. That second season had many episodes that grew from my concepts and a very rough storyline suggestion", ". Since the second season were not yet written and were rushed into production, this was where I had the most fun. Instead of just translating the characters and creating new fashions, I was free to create many new powers and adventures for the show. While I had input on many of the first episodes, I was now creating the basic storylines for entire episodes. Robert always had Morgana in the back of his head as a villainess he wanted to do", ". Robert always had Morgana in the back of his head as a villainess he wanted to do. Now we could break out and expand the world of Avalon in different ways.\"", "Broadcast \nThe series was first broadcast in the United States in 1995–1996 on Bohbot Entertainment's \"Amazin'! Adventures\" block, had U.S. coverage of 80% and aired on 106 stations. Internationally, it has been shown in more than 130 countries in the Starla version. It was acquired by Fox Kids Europe in 2000 (Fox Kids UK had aired it in 1996 before the rest of Fox Kids Europe in 2000).", "Release", "There have been four VHS releases in America by Family Home Entertainment in January 1996 covering only part of the first season and consisting of Jewel Quest (episodes \"Jewel Quest Part 1\" and \"Jewel Quest Part 2\"), Wizard's Peak (\"Wizard's Peak\" and \"Travel Trees Can't Dance\") and For Whom the Bell Trolls (\"For Whom the Bell Trolls\" and \"The Faery Princess\"), followed by Full Circle (\"Revenge of the Dark Stone\" and \"Full Circle\") in July 1996", ". Leading up to the release date, Hasbro and Toys 'R' Us offered an episode from the program on video for free with the pre-order purchase of a related toy. The UK (Carlton Video 1997), Serbian (Vidcom 1996, \"Prizor\" dub) and French (Warner Home Video 2000) VHS releases include some episodes from the second season.", "In 2005, the rights for the DVD retail in the United States and Canada were given to Digiview Entertainment, which has reserved the right to release the show on DVD. They announced plans to release the first two volumes in 2006 and subsequent volumes over the course of the next year. However, the only DVD released by Digiview was Wizard's Peak, containing the first five episodes of the show and available in Wal-Mart stores", ". Though it says \"Princess Gwenevere & the Jewel Riders\" on the cover, the show on the DVD is the international version (Starla & the Jewel Riders); in the case of both the cover and the show itself, the Starla-style title fonts (similar to the title fonts in Gargoyles) are used in the logo, and the disc appears to be region-free. The complete first season was released on DVD in France in 2008 dubbed into French. The series was also released on DVD in Serbia in 2007 and 2008 with a Serbian dub", ". The series was also released on DVD in Serbia in 2007 and 2008 with a Serbian dub. Pidax Film released the German dub together with the English original on DVD in 2021.", "In 2008–2009, the series was available to be watched for free in a streaming media form on the Lycos Cinema service and later Kidlet.tv; while it was titled as Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders, it was actually the Starla version. In 2009, the show was also made freely available for users of the Internet service SyncTV (available online from the browser for the American users and downloadable for watching for the others)", ". In 2011, the Starla version became available for streaming through Netflix for the users in the United States, expanded to the entire first season in 2012. The first two episodes (\"Jewel Quest\") have been put on YouTube by 41 Entertainment, a new company founded by the producer Allan J. Bohbot. In 2018, most of the episodes have been released in high quality and wide aspect ratio through the subscription service Watch It Kid!", ". It has been since also made available on other streaming platforms, including Apple TV, Amazon Prime Video, Tubi, and PeacockTV.", "Merchandise", "According to Robert Mandell, the show was originally commissioned by Hasbro through reverse toyetic to accompany their line of toys (albeit only in the form of vague outline and the creators developed the plot and the characters). However, according to Variety, Bohbot \"took the Princess Gwenevere concept to Hasbro Toys, which after extensive market research, put itself enthusiastically behind the project, collaborating in equal partnership with Bohbot on the development of the property", ".\" A national \"Watch and Win\" contest in February 1996 offered viewers the opportunity to win Princess Gwenevere videos and toys if they mailed in the correct code words from the show. The Hasbro/Kenner toy line had two series of action figures for girls ages 4 and up. The first series contains Princess Gwenevere (Starla), Sun Power Gwenevere, Tamara, Fallon, Drake, Lady Kale, Sunstar, and Moondance; and the second series contains Deluxe Princess Gwenevere (Starla), Deluxe Tamara, and Deluxe Fallon", ". According to Time to Play, the action figures' sales \"bombed\". In the fall of 1996, Hasbro planned to reintroduce revamped versions of the figures as well as new characters from the animated series. The toys had a television advertising campaign featuring a 30-second commercial.", "Other merchandise included a series of collectible trading cards released by the Upper Deck Company in 1996, a \"play-a-sound\" children's illustrated sound book by Nancy L. McGill based on the first two episodes and published by Publications International that same year, Panini Group collectible stickers, a makeup kit, Happy Meal and Long John Silver's premium toys, lunchboxes, clothing items, and such", ". There were unrealized plans to produce a video game adaptation and the series' theme song was included on Mastermix's TV SETS CD 14.", "Reception", "Ratings", "Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders was reported to be \"struggling with a 0.6 national Nielsen rating among girls 2–11\" in 1995. Bohbot hoped heavy promotion of the merchandise products would raise awareness of the show. Nevertheless, it was the most popular of the first-run cartoon series in the 1995 edition of Bohbot's \"Amazin' Adventures II\" weekend syndicated package. Daily Herald reported it was \"the number one syndicated television show in the U.S. among girls 6 to 11\" in 1996", ".S. among girls 6 to 11\" in 1996. It was reported that Starla became \"a huge hit\" when it was shown in France. First broadcast there in April 1996, it reached the top of the channel France 3's ratings in children's time slots with a 77.6% market share average, proving \"that action, knights and fantastic stories work very well with boys, too.\"", "Critical reception", "The reception by writers has been mixed. According to Video Librarian, \"a cross between She-Ra: Princess of Power and the saccharine My Little Pony, the Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders series is standard Saturday morning cartoon fodder.\" Scott Moore of The Buffalo News compared the \"underwhelming\" Princess Gwenevere to the \"overhyped\" Sailor Moon", ". Rob Bricken of Topless Robot ranked Princess Gwenevere fifth on his 2009 list of \"most ridiculous\" adaptations of Arthurian legend, commenting that shows like that \"were clearly made to take advantage of a small, low-aiming school of girl-oriented action cartoons, but it ultimately lost out to a slightly more tolerable Japanese import", ".\" Bert Olton opined in Arthurian Legends on Film and Television that \"Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders combines all the worst elements of minimalist cartooning, modern commercialism and vacuous storytelling with a tiny portion of Arthurian legend.\" In The Middle Ages in Popular Culture: Medievalism and Genre, Clare Bradford and Rebecca Hutton described it as \"a disappointing production that is markedly sexist and racist with only tenuous links to the Arthuriad.\" Similarly, Kathleen Richter of Ms", ".\" Similarly, Kathleen Richter of Ms. called the show \"so sexist and racist\" for how it has \"the powerful female figure demonized as evil and the main character blonde and blue-eyed.\"", "On the other hand, France's Fun Radio included it among the 14 \"probably the best\" cartoons of the 1990s. Alan and Barbara Lupack opined in King Arthur in America that the show, \"with its strong female heroine, is interesting in part because it is designed primarily for girls.\" In Adapting the Arthurian Legends for Children, Barbara Lupack added that it successfully \"translated the Arthurian story into an idiom easily accessible to preteen", "female viewers and (...) appealed to its young audience.\" Bustle'''s Lucia Peters wrote, \"Princess Gwenevere and the Jewel Riders followed a pretty classic 'special kid and special friends have awesome powers and must defeat the forces of darkness' format. The fact that it met at the intersection of horses, sparkly things, and girl power, though, means that it holds a special place in many '90s kids' hearts.\" Some noted the show for its positive values", ".\" Some noted the show for its positive values. According to Billboard, \"there are life lessons to be learned along the way, and the program in general promotes brains over brawn\". Similarly, Keith Busby wrote in Arthurian Literature that \"the series appeals to young girls and teaches them the values of friendship\"", ". Marshal Honorof of Tom's Guide described it as similar to the 1980s Dungeons & Dragons cartoon in being \"a traditional swords-and-sorcery adventure with stand-alone episodes and an emphasis on making kids laugh rather than bogging them down with the dour intrigue or blood-soaked combat of most medieval fantasy stories", ".\" In 2018, Syfy's Brittany Vincent wrote that the show had been a \"perfect fodder for young girls like me looking for strong women and heroes to imitate\" and called it \"a pleasant and kitschy relic of the past.\"", "Legacy \nNatoo's jewel line Joyau Magique (Magic Jewel) was inspired by Jewel Riders, her favourite childhood cartoon.\n\nSpiritual sequel", "In 2001, author Rachel Roberts began writing her contemporary fantasy book series Avalon: Web of Magic loosely based on the showFantasy Book Series ‘Avalon: Web of Magic’ Headed to the Big, The Film Stage, September 28, 2012. and borrowing various concepts and names (including even some of the episode titles), as well as lyrics from some of the songs used in Jewel Riders. As of 2012, the series consists of 12 novels, as well as the three-volume graphic novel adaptation, titled Avalon: The Warlock Diaries", ". A film adaptation of Avalon: Web of Magic was announced in 2012, but was never released. An Avalon animated series project was revealed in 2017.", "Sequel", "In 2023, nearly three decades after the end of the television series, licensed Princess Gwenevere & the Jewel Riders graphics novels were announced to be released by the Mad Cave Studios imprint Maverick", ". According to the cartoon's executive producer and copyright holder Allen Bohbot from 41 Entertainment, they are going \"to reflect a modern take of the Arthurian legends with a more dramatized version [and] will target an older audience,\" and it \"may well serve as a foundation of story and design content for potential new YA animated project.\"", "The comic series, written by Jordie Bellaire and illustrated by Koi Carreon for a scheduled release starting in May 2024, is to be a direct sequel to the animated series, beginning some time after the end of the second season: \"While the girls remain friends, things are not as they once were. Gwenevere - once the leader of the Jewel Riders - has had to take a step back from her true passion, being a Jewel Rider and protecting Avalon from evil, in order to step into a new role as the future queen", ". Fallon, holder of the Moon Stone now leads the Pack--an elite group of Avalon's protectors, a role once held by Gwen's fiance. Tamara trains under Merlin to better harness the power of her Heart Stone, but wonders where she--and her powers--truly belong. When Merlin begins acting oddly, it's a sign that evil Wild Magic has returned to the kingdom--and so has a foe the Jewel Riders thought they'd once vanquished", ". With her kingdom, friends, and magic on the line, Gwenevere must choose between the life she loves and knows as a Jewel Rider and her newfound duties.\"", "See also Amethyst, Princess of GemworldLady Lovely LocksLoliRockStar vs. the Forces of EvilSteven UniverseTenko and the Guardians of the MagicW.I.T.C.H.WildfireWinx ClubWonder Woman and the Star RidersNotes\n\nReferences\n\nIn-line\n\nOther sources\n Enchanted Jewel Riders Show Bible.\n Full Production Credits at NYTimes.com.\n Jewel Riders at Super3 channel's website.\n Kevin J. Harty, King Arthur on Film: New Essays on Arthurian Cinema'', 1999, p. 224.\n\nExternal links\n (archived)\n \n The Jewel Riders Archive", "1990s toys\n1990s American animated television series\n1995 American television series debuts\n1996 American television series endings\n2020s comics\nAmerican children's animated adventure television series\nAmerican children's animated comedy television series\nAmerican children's animated fantasy television series\nAmerican children's animated musical television series\nAmerican comics\nAnimated musical groups\nArthurian comics\nTelevision series based on Arthurian legend\nGwenevere\nEnglish-language television shows", "Television series based on Arthurian legend\nGwenevere\nEnglish-language television shows\nFantasy comics\nGwenevere\nFictional characters who use magic\nGwenevere\nFirst-run syndicated television programs in the United States\nITV children's television shows\nMagical girl comics\nMagical girl television series\nTelevision superheroes\nTelevision about unicorns\nTelevision series about princesses\nTelevision shows based on fairy tales\nWitchcraft in television\nWizards in television\nYoung adult comics" ]

[ "A diamond simulant, diamond imitation or imitation diamond is an object or material with gemological characteristics similar to those of a diamond. Simulants are distinct from synthetic diamonds, which are actual diamonds exhibiting the same material properties as natural diamonds. Enhanced diamonds are also excluded from this definition. A diamond simulant may be artificial, natural, or in some cases a combination thereof", ". A diamond simulant may be artificial, natural, or in some cases a combination thereof. While their material properties depart markedly from those of diamond, simulants have certain desired characteristics—such as dispersion and hardness—which lend themselves to imitation. Trained gemologists with appropriate equipment are able to distinguish natural and synthetic diamonds from all diamond simulants, primarily by visual inspection.", "The most common diamond simulants are high-leaded glass (i.e., rhinestones) and cubic zirconia (CZ), both artificial materials. A number of other artificial materials, such as strontium titanate and synthetic rutile have been developed since the mid-1950s, but these are no longer in common use. Introduced at the end of the 20th century, the lab-grown product moissanite has gained popularity as an alternative to diamond", ". The high price of gem-grade diamonds, as well as significant ethical concerns of the diamond trade, have created a large demand for diamond simulants.", "Desired and differential properties", "In order to be considered for use as a diamond simulant, a material must possess certain diamond-like properties. The most advanced artificial simulants have properties which closely approach diamond, but all simulants have one or more features that clearly and (for those familiar with diamond) easily differentiate them from diamond. To a gemologist, the most important of differential properties are those that foster non-destructive testing; most of these are visual in nature", ". Non-destructive testing is preferred because most suspected diamonds are already cut into gemstones and set in jewelry, and if a destructive test (which mostly relies on the relative fragility and softness of non-diamonds) fails, it may damage the simulant—an unacceptable outcome for most jewelry owners, as even if a stone is not a diamond, it may still be of value.", "Following are some of the properties by which diamond and its simulants can be compared and contrasted.", "Durability and density", "The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a non-linear scale of common minerals' resistances to scratching. Diamond is at the top of this scale (hardness 10), as it is one of the hardest naturally occurring materials known. (Some artificial substances, such as aggregated diamond nanorods, are harder.) Since a diamond is unlikely to encounter substances that can scratch it, other than another diamond, diamond gemstones are typically free of scratches", ". Diamond's hardness also is visually evident (under the microscope or loupe) by its highly lustrous facets (described as adamantine) which are perfectly flat, and by its crisp, sharp facet edges. For a diamond simulant to be effective, it must be very hard relative to most gems. Most simulants fall far short of diamond's hardness, so they can be separated from diamond by their external flaws and poor polish.", "In the recent past, the so-called \"window pane test\" was commonly thought to be an assured method of identifying diamond. It is a potentially destructive test wherein a suspect diamond gemstone is scraped against a pane of glass, with a positive result being a scratch on the glass and none on the gemstone. The use of hardness points and scratch plates made of corundum (hardness 9) are also used in place of glass", ". Hardness tests are inadvisable for three reasons: glass is fairly soft (typically 6 or below) and can be scratched by a large number of materials (including many simulants); diamond has four directions of perfect and easy cleavage (planes of structural weakness along which the diamond could split) which could be triggered by the testing process; and many diamond-like gemstones (including older simulants) are valuable in their own right.", "The specific gravity (SG) or density of a gem diamond is fairly constant at 3.52. Most simulants are far above or slightly below this value, which can make them easy to identify if unset. High-density liquids such as diiodomethane can be used for this purpose, but these liquids are all highly toxic and therefore are usually avoided. A more practical method is to compare the expected size and weight of a suspect diamond to its measured parameters: for example, a cubic zirconia (SG 5.6–6) will be 1", ".6–6) will be 1.7 times the expected weight of an equivalently sized diamond.", "Optics and color", "Diamonds are usually cut into brilliants to bring out their brilliance (the amount of light reflected back to the viewer) and fire (the degree to which colorful prismatic flashes are seen). Both properties are strongly affected by the cut of the stone, but they are a function of diamond's high refractive index (RI—the degree to which incident light is bent upon entering the stone) of 2.417 (as measured by sodium light, 589", ".417 (as measured by sodium light, 589.3 nm) and high dispersion (the degree to which white light is split into its spectral colors as it passes through the stone) of 0.044, as measured by the sodium B and G line interval. Thus, if a diamond simulant's RI and dispersion are too low, it will appear comparatively dull or \"lifeless\"; if the RI and dispersion are too high, the effect will be considered unreal or even tacky", ". Very few simulants have closely approximating RI and dispersion, and even the close simulants can be separated by an experienced observer. Direct measurements of RI and dispersion are impractical (a standard gemological refractometer has an upper limit of about RI 1.81), but several companies have devised reflectivity meters to gauge a material's RI indirectly by measuring how well it reflects an infrared beam.", "Perhaps equally as important is optic character. Diamond and other cubic (and also amorphous) materials are isotropic, meaning that light entering a stone behaves the same way regardless of direction. Conversely, most minerals are anisotropic, which produces birefringence, or double refraction of light entering the material in all directions other than an optic axis (a direction of single refraction in a doubly refractive material)", ". Under low magnification, this birefringence is usually detectable as a visual doubling of a cut gemstone's rear facets or internal flaws. An effective diamond simulant should therefore be isotropic.", "Under longwave (365 nm) ultraviolet light, diamond may fluoresce a blue, yellow, green, mauve, or red of varying intensity. The most common fluorescence is blue, and such stones may also phosphoresce yellow—this is thought to be a unique combination among gemstones. There is usually little if any response to shortwave ultraviolet, in contrast to many diamond simulants", ". Similarly, because most diamond simulants are artificial, they tend to have uniform properties: in a multi-stone diamond ring, one would expect the individual diamonds to fluoresce differently (in different colors and intensities, with some likely to be inert). If all the stones fluoresce in an identical manner, they are unlikely to be diamond.", "Most \"colorless\" diamonds are actually tinted yellow or brown to some degree, whereas some artificial simulants are completely colorless—the equivalent of a perfect \"D\" in diamond color terminology. This \"too good to be true\" factor is important to consider; colored diamond simulants meant to imitate fancy diamonds are more difficult to spot in this regard, but the simulants' colors rarely approximate", ". In most diamonds (even colorless ones) a characteristic absorption spectrum can be seen (by a direct-vision spectroscope), consisting of a fine line at 415 nm. The dopants used to impart color in artificial simulants may be detectable as a complex rare-earth absorption spectrum, which is never seen in diamond.", "Also present in most diamonds are certain internal and external flaws or inclusions, the most common of which are fractures and solid foreign crystals. Artificial simulants are usually internally flawless, and any flaws that are present are characteristic of the manufacturing process. The inclusions seen in natural simulants will often be unlike those ever seen in diamond, most notably liquid \"feather\" inclusions", ". The diamond cutting process will often leave portions of the original crystal's surface intact. These are termed naturals and are usually on the girdle of the stone; they take the form of triangular, rectangular, or square pits (etch marks) and are seen only in diamond.", "Thermal and electrical", "Diamond is an extremely effective thermal conductor and usually an electrical insulator. The former property is widely exploited in the use of an electronic thermal probe to separate diamonds from their imitations. These probes consist of a pair of battery-powered thermistors mounted in a fine copper tip", ". These probes consist of a pair of battery-powered thermistors mounted in a fine copper tip. One thermistor functions as a heating device while the other measures the temperature of the copper tip: if the stone being tested is a diamond, it will conduct the tip's thermal energy rapidly enough to produce a measurable temperature drop. As most simulants are thermal insulators, the thermistor's heat will not be conducted. This test takes about 2–3 seconds", ". This test takes about 2–3 seconds. The only possible exception is moissanite, which has a thermal conductivity similar to diamond: older probes can be fooled by moissanite, but newer thermal and electrical conductivity testers are sophisticated enough to differentiate the two materials.", "The latest development is nano diamond coating, an extremely thin layer of diamond material. If not tested properly it may show the same characteristics as a diamond.", "A diamond's electrical conductance is only relevant to blue or gray-blue stones, because the interstitial boron responsible for their color also makes them semiconductors. Thus, a suspected blue diamond can be affirmed if it completes an electric circuit successfully.", "Artificial simulants", "Diamond has been imitated by artificial materials for hundreds of years; advances in technology have seen the development of increasingly better simulants with properties ever nearer those of diamond. Although most of these simulants were characteristic of a certain time period, their large production volumes ensured that all continue to be encountered with varying frequency in jewelry of the present", ". Nearly all were first conceived for intended use in high technology, such as active laser mediums, varistors, and bubble memory. Due to their limited present supply, collectors may pay a premium for the older types.", "Summary table\n\nThe \"refractive index(es)\" column shows one refractive index for singly refractive substances, and a range for doubly refractive substances.", "1700 onwards", "The formulation of flint glass using lead, alumina, and thallium to increase RI and dispersion began in the late Baroque period. Flint glass is fashioned into brilliants, and when freshly cut they can be surprisingly effective diamond simulants. Known as rhinestones, pastes, or strass, glass simulants are a common feature of antique jewelry; in such cases, rhinestones can be valuable historical artifacts in their own right", ". The great softness (below hardness 6) imparted by the lead means a rhinestone's facet edges and faces will quickly become rounded and scratched. Together with conchoidal fractures, and air bubbles or flow lines within the stone, these features make glass imitations easy to spot under only moderate magnification", ". In contemporary production it is more common for glass to be molded rather than cut into shape: in these stones the facets will be concave and facet edges rounded, and mold marks or seams may also be present. Glass has also been combined with other materials to produce composites.", "1900–1947", "The first crystalline artificial diamond simulants were synthetic white sapphire (Al2O3, pure corundum) and spinel (MgO·Al2O3, pure magnesium aluminium oxide). Both have been synthesized in large quantities since the first decade of the 20th century via the Verneuil or flame-fusion process, although spinel was not in wide use until the 1920s. The Verneuil process involves an inverted oxyhydrogen blowpipe, with purified feed powder mixed with oxygen that is carefully fed through the blowpipe", ". The feed powder falls through the oxy-hydrogen flame, melts, and lands on a rotating and slowly descending pedestal below. The height of the pedestal is constantly adjusted to keep its top at the optimal position below the flame, and over a number of hours the molten powder cools and crystallizes to form a single pedunculated pear or boule crystal. The process is an economical one, with crystals of up to 9 centimeters (3.5 inches) in diameter grown", ".5 inches) in diameter grown. Boules grown via the modern Czochralski process may weigh several kilograms.", "Synthetic sapphire and spinel are durable materials (hardness 9 and 8) that take a good polish; however, due to their much lower RI when compared to diamond (1.762–1.770 for sapphire, 1.727 for spinel), they are \"lifeless\" when cut. (Synthetic sapphire is also anisotropic, making it even easier to spot.) Their low RIs also mean a much lower dispersion (0.018 and 0.020), so even when cut into brilliants they lack the fire of diamond", ".018 and 0.020), so even when cut into brilliants they lack the fire of diamond. Nevertheless, synthetic spinel and sapphire were popular diamond simulants from the 1920s until the late 1940s, when newer and better simulants began to appear. Both have also been combined with other materials to create composites. Commercial names once used for synthetic sapphire include Diamondette, Diamondite, Jourado Diamond''', and Thrilliant", ". Names for synthetic spinel included Corundolite, Lustergem, Magalux, and Radiant.", "1947–1970", "The first of the optically \"improved\" simulants was synthetic rutile (TiO2, pure titanium oxide). Introduced in 1947–48, synthetic rutile possesses plenty of life when cut—perhaps too much life for a diamond simulant. Synthetic rutile's RI and dispersion (2.8 and 0.33) are so much higher than diamond that the resultant brilliants look almost opal-like in their display of prismatic colors", ". Synthetic rutile is also doubly refractive: although some stones are cut with the table perpendicular to the optic axis to hide this property, merely tilting the stone will reveal the doubled back facets.", "The continued success of synthetic rutile was also hampered by the material's inescapable yellow tint, which producers were never able to remedy. However, synthetic rutile in a range of different colors, including blues and reds, were produced using various metal oxide dopants. These and the near-white stones were extremely popular if unreal stones. Synthetic rutile is also fairly soft (hardness ~6) and brittle, and therefore wears poorly", ". Synthetic rutile is also fairly soft (hardness ~6) and brittle, and therefore wears poorly. It is synthesized via a modification of the Verneuil process, which uses a third oxygen pipe to create a tricone burner; this is necessary to produce a single crystal, due to the much higher oxygen losses involved in the oxidation of titanium. The technique was invented by Charles H. Moore, Jr. at the South Amboy, New Jersey-based National Lead Company (later NL Industries)", ". Moore, Jr. at the South Amboy, New Jersey-based National Lead Company (later NL Industries). National Lead and Union Carbide were the primary producers of synthetic rutile, and peak annual production reached 750,000 carats (150 kg). Some of the many commercial names applied to synthetic rutile include: Astryl, Diamothyst, Gava or Java Gem, Meredith, Miridis, Rainbow Diamond, Rainbow Magic Diamond, Rutania, Titangem, Titania, and Ultamite.", "National Lead was also where research into the synthesis of another titanium compound—strontium titanate (SrTiO3, pure tausonite)—was conducted. Research was done during the late 1940s and early 1950s by Leon Merker and Langtry E. Lynd, who also used a tricone modification of the Verneuil process. Upon its commercial introduction in 1955, strontium titanate quickly replaced synthetic rutile as the most popular diamond simulant", ". This was due not only to strontium titanate's novelty, but to its superior optics: its RI (2.41) is very close to that of diamond, while its dispersion (0.19), although also very high, was a significant improvement over synthetic rutile's psychedelic display. Dopants were also used to give synthetic titanate a variety of colors, including yellow, orange to red, blue, and black. The material is also isotropic like diamond, meaning there is no distracting doubling of facets as seen in synthetic rutile.", "Strontium titanate's only major drawback (if one excludes excess fire) is fragility. It is both softer (hardness 5.5) and more brittle than synthetic rutile—for this reason, strontium titanate was also combined with more durable materials to create composites. It was otherwise the best simulant around at the time, and at its peak annual production was 1.5 million carats (300 kg)", ".5 million carats (300 kg). Due to patent coverage, all US production was by National Lead, while large amounts were produced overseas by Nakazumi Company of Japan. Commercial names for strontium titanate included Brilliante, Diagem, Diamontina, Fabulite, and Marvelite.", "1970–1976", "From about 1970 strontium titanate began to be replaced by a new class of diamond imitations: the \"synthetic garnets\". These are not true garnets in the usual sense because they are oxides rather than silicates, but they do share natural garnet's crystal structure (both are cubic and therefore isotropic) and the general formula A3B2C3O12. While in natural garnets C is always silicon, and A and B may be one of several common elements, most synthetic garnets are composed of uncommon rare-earth elements", ". They are the only diamond simulants (aside from rhinestones) with no known natural counterparts: gemologically they are best termed artificial rather than synthetic, because the latter term is reserved for human-made materials that can also be found in nature.", "Although a number of artificial garnets were successfully grown, only two became important as diamond simulants. The first was yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG; Y3Al5O12) in the late 1960s. It was (and still is) produced by the Czochralski, or crystal-pulling, process, which involves growth from the melt. An iridium crucible surrounded by an inert atmosphere is used, wherein yttrium oxide and aluminium oxide are melted and mixed together at a carefully controlled temperature near 1980 °C", ". A small seed crystal is attached to a rod, which is lowered over the crucible until the crystal contacts the surface of the melted mixture. The seed crystal acts as a site of nucleation; the temperature is kept steady at a point where the surface of the mixture is just below the melting point. The rod is slowly and continuously rotated and retracted, and the pulled mixture crystallizes as it exits the crucible, forming a single crystal in the form of a cylindrical boule", ". The crystal's purity is extremely high, and it typically measures 5 cm (2 inches) in diameter and 20 cm (8 inches) in length, and weighs 9,000 carats (1.75 kg).", "YAG hardness (8.25) and lack of brittleness were great improvements over strontium titanate, and although its RI (1.83) and dispersion (0.028) were fairly low, they were enough to give brilliant-cut YAGs perceptible fire and good brilliance (although still much lower than diamond). A number of different colors were also produced with the addition of dopants, including yellow, red, and a vivid green, which was used to imitate emerald", ". Major producers included Shelby Gem Factory of Michigan, Litton Systems, Allied Chemical, Raytheon, and Union Carbide; annual global production peaked at 40 million carats (8000 kg) in 1972, but fell sharply thereafter. Commercial names for YAG included Diamonair, Diamonique, Gemonair, Replique, and Triamond.", "While market saturation was one reason for the fall in YAG production levels, another was the recent introduction of the other artificial garnet important as a diamond simulant, gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG; Gd3Ga5O12). Produced in much the same manner as YAG (but with a lower melting point of 1750 °C), GGG had an RI (1.97) close to, and a dispersion (0.045) nearly identical to diamond", ".97) close to, and a dispersion (0.045) nearly identical to diamond. GGG was also hard enough (hardness 7) and tough enough to be an effective gemstone, but its ingredients were also much more expensive than YAG's. Equally hindering was GGG's tendency to turn dark brown upon exposure to sunlight or other ultraviolet source: this was due to the fact that most GGG gems were fashioned from impure material that was rejected for technological use. The SG of GGG (7", ". The SG of GGG (7.02) is also the highest of all diamond simulants and amongst the highest of all gemstones, which makes loose GGG gems easy to spot by comparing their dimensions with their expected and actual weights. Relative to its predecessors, GGG was never produced in significant quantities; it became more or less unheard of by the close of the 1970s. Commercial names for GGG included Diamonique II and Galliant.", "1976 to present", "Cubic zirconia or CZ (ZrO2; zirconium dioxide—not to be confused with zircon, a zirconium silicate) quickly dominated the diamond simulant market following its introduction in 1976, and it remains the most gemologically and economically important simulant", ". CZ had been synthesized since 1930 but only in ceramic form: the growth of single-crystal CZ would require an approach radically different from those used for previous simulants due to zirconia's extremely high melting point (2750 °C), unsustainable by any crucible", ". The solution found involved a network of water-filled copper pipes and radio-frequency induction heating coils; the latter to heat the zirconia feed powder, and the former to cool the exterior and maintain a retaining \"skin\" under 1 millimeter thick. CZ was thus grown in a crucible of itself, a technique called cold crucible (in reference to the cooling pipes) or skull crucible (in reference to either the shape of the crucible or of the crystals grown).", "At standard pressure zirconium oxide would normally crystallize in the monoclinic rather than cubic crystal system: for cubic crystals to grow, a stabilizer must be used. This is usually Yttrium(III) oxide or calcium oxide. The skull crucible technique was first developed in 1960s France, but was perfected in the early 1970s by Soviet scientists under V. V. Osiko at the Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow. By 1980 annual global production had reached 50 million carats (10,000 kg).", "The hardness (8–8.5), RI (2.15–2.18, isotropic), dispersion (0.058–0.066), and low material cost make CZ the most popular simulant of diamond. Its optical and physical constants are however variable, owing to the different stabilizers used by different producers. There are many formulations of stabilized cubic zirconia. These variations change the physical and optical properties markedly", ". These variations change the physical and optical properties markedly. While the visual likeness of CZ is close enough to diamond to fool most who do not handle diamond regularly, CZ will usually give certain clues. For example: it is somewhat brittle and is soft enough to possess scratches after normal use in jewelry; it is usually internally flawless and completely colorless (whereas most diamonds have some internal imperfections and a yellow tint); its SG (5", ".6–6) is high; and its reaction under ultraviolet light is a distinctive beige. Most jewelers will use a thermal probe to test all suspected CZs, a test which relies on diamond's superlative thermal conductivity (CZ, like almost all other diamond simulants, is a thermal insulator). CZ is made in a number of different colors meant to imitate fancy diamonds (e.g., yellow to golden brown, orange, red to pink, green, and opaque black), but most of these do not approximate the real thing", ". Cubic zirconia can be coated with diamond-like carbon to improve its durability, but will still be detected as CZ by a thermal probe.", "CZ had virtually no competition until the 1998 introduction of moissanite (SiC; silicon carbide). Moissanite is superior to cubic zirconia in two ways: its hardness (8.5–9.25) and low SG (3.2). The former property results in facets that are sometimes as crisp as a diamond's, while the latter property makes simulated moissanite somewhat harder to spot when unset (although still disparate enough to detect). However, unlike diamond and cubic zirconia, moissanite is strongly birefringent", ". However, unlike diamond and cubic zirconia, moissanite is strongly birefringent. This manifests as the same \"drunken vision\" effect seen in synthetic rutile, although to a lesser degree. All moissanite is cut with the table perpendicular to the optic axis in order to hide this property from above, but when viewed under magnification at only a slight tilt the doubling of facets (and any inclusions) is readily apparent.", "The inclusions seen in moissanite are also characteristic: most will have fine, white, subparallel growth tubes or needles oriented perpendicular to the stone's table. It is conceivable that these growth tubes could be mistaken for laser drill holes that are sometimes seen in diamond (see diamond enhancement), but the tubes will be noticeably doubled in moissanite due to its birefringence", ". Like synthetic rutile, current moissanite production is also plagued by an as yet inescapable tint, which is usually a brownish green. A limited range of fancy colors have been produced as well, the two most common being blue and green.", "Natural simulants", "Natural minerals that (when cut) optically resemble white diamonds are rare, because the trace impurities usually present in natural minerals tend to impart color. The earliest simulants of diamond were colorless quartz (A form of silica, which also form obsidian, glass and sand), rock crystal (a type of quartz), topaz, and beryl (goshenite); they are all common minerals with above-average hardness (7–8), but all have low RIs and correspondingly low dispersions", ". Well-formed quartz crystals are sometimes offered as \"diamonds\", a popular example being the so-called \"Herkimer diamonds\" mined in Herkimer County, New York. Topaz's SG (3.50–3.57) also falls within the range of diamond.", "From a historical perspective, the most notable natural simulant of diamond is zircon. It is also fairly hard (7.5), but more importantly shows perceptible fire when cut, due to its high dispersion of 0.039. Colorless zircon has been mined in Sri Lanka for over 2,000 years; prior to the advent of modern mineralogy, colorless zircon was thought to be an inferior form of diamond. It was called \"Matara diamond\" after its source location", ". It was called \"Matara diamond\" after its source location. It is still encountered as a diamond simulant, but differentiation is easy due to zircon's anisotropy and strong birefringence (0.059). It is also notoriously brittle and often shows wear on the girdle and facet edges.", "Much less common than colorless zircon is colorless scheelite. Its dispersion (0.026) is also high enough to mimic diamond, but although it is highly lustrous its hardness is much too low (4.5–5.5) to maintain a good polish. It is also anisotropic and fairly dense (SG 5.9–6.1). Synthetic scheelite produced via the Czochralski process is available, but it has never been widely used as a diamond simulant", ". Due to the scarcity of natural gem-quality scheelite, synthetic scheelite is much more likely to simulate it than diamond. A similar case is the orthorhombic carbonate cerussite, which is so fragile (very brittle with four directions of good cleavage) and soft (hardness 3.5) that it is never seen set in jewelry, and only occasionally seen in gem collections because it is so difficult to cut. Cerussite gems have an adamantine luster, high RI (1.804–2.078), and high dispersion (0", ". Cerussite gems have an adamantine luster, high RI (1.804–2.078), and high dispersion (0.051), making them attractive and valued collector's pieces. Aside from softness, they are easily distinguished by cerussite's high density (SG 6.51) and anisotropy with extreme birefringence (0.271).", "Due to their rarity fancy-colored diamonds are also imitated, and zircon can serve this purpose too. Applying heat treatment to brown zircon can create several bright colors: these are most commonly sky-blue, golden yellow, and red. Blue zircon is very popular, but it is not necessarily color stable; prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light (including the UV component in sunlight) tends to bleach the stone. Heat treatment also imparts greater brittleness to zircon and characteristic inclusions.", "Another fragile candidate mineral is sphalerite (zinc blende). Gem-quality material is usually a strong yellow to honey brown, orange, red, or green; its very high RI (2.37) and dispersion (0.156) make for an extremely lustrous and fiery gem, and it is also isotropic. But here again, its low hardness (2.5–4) and perfect dodecahedral cleavage preclude sphalerite's wide use in jewelry", ".5–4) and perfect dodecahedral cleavage preclude sphalerite's wide use in jewelry. Two calcium-rich members of the garnet group fare much better: these are grossularite (usually brownish orange, rarely colorless, yellow, green, or pink) and andradite. The latter is the rarest and most costly of the garnets, with three of its varieties—topazolite (yellow), melanite (black), and demantoid (green)—sometimes seen in jewelry", ". Demantoid (literally \"diamond-like\") especially has been prized as a gemstone since its discovery in the Ural Mountains in 1868; it is a noted feature of antique Russian and Art Nouveau jewelry. Titanite or sphene is also seen in antique jewelry; it is typically some shade of chartreuse and has a luster, RI (1.885–2.050), and dispersion (0.051) high enough to be mistaken for diamond, yet it is anisotropic (a high birefringence of 0.105–0.135) and soft (hardness 5.5).", "Discovered the 1960s, the rich green tsavorite variety of grossular is also very popular. Both grossular and andradite are isotropic and have relatively high RIs (around 1.74 and 1.89 respectively) and high dispersions (0.027 and 0.057), with demantoid's exceeding diamond. However, both have a low hardness (6.5–7.5) and invariably possess inclusions atypical for diamond—the byssolite \"horsetails\" seen in demantoid are one striking example. Furthermore, most are very small, typically under 0", ". Furthermore, most are very small, typically under 0.5 carats (100 mg) in weight. Their lusters range from vitreous to subadamantine, to almost metallic in the usually opaque melanite, which has been used to simulate black diamond. Some natural spinel is also deep black and could serve this same purpose.", "Composites", "Because strontium titanate and glass are too soft to survive use as a ring stone, they have been used in the construction of composite or doublet diamond simulants. The two materials are used for the bottom portion (pavilion) of the stone, and in the case of strontium titanate, a much harder material—usually colorless synthetic spinel or sapphire—is used for the top half (crown)", ". In glass doublets, the top portion is made of almandine garnet; it is usually a very thin slice which does not modify the stone's overall body color. There have even been reports of diamond-on-diamond doublets, where a creative entrepreneur has used two small pieces of rough to create one larger stone.", "In strontium titanate and diamond-based doublets, an epoxy is used to adhere the two halves together. The epoxy may fluoresce under UV light, and there may be residue on the stone's exterior. The garnet top of a glass doublet is physically fused to its base, but in it and the other doublet types there are usually flattened air bubbles seen at the junction of the two halves", ". A join line is also readily visible whose position is variable; it may be above or below the girdle, sometimes at an angle, but rarely along the girdle itself.", "The most recent composite simulant involves combining a CZ core with an outer coating of laboratory created amorphous diamond. The concept effectively mimics the structure of a cultured pearl (which combines a core bead with an outer layer of pearl coating), only done for the diamond market.\n\n See also \nDiamond clarity\nDiamond cut\nFullerene \nImitation pearl\nMoissanite\nCubic zirconia\n\nFootnotes\n\n References", "Hall, Cally. (1994). Gemstones. p. 63, 70, 121. Eyewitness Handbooks; Kyodo Printing Co., Singapore. \nNassau, Kurt. (1980). Gems Made by Man, pp. 203–241. Gemological Institute of America; Santa Monica, California. \nO'Donoghue, Michael, and Joyner, Louise. (2003). Identification of Gemstones, pp. 12–19. Butterworth-Heinemann, Great Britain. \nPagel-Theisen, Verena. (2001). Diamond Grading ABC: The Manual (9th ed.), pp. 298–313. Rubin & Son n.v.; Antwerp, Belgium.", "Schadt, H. (1996). Goldsmith's Art: 5000 Years of Jewelry and Hollowware, p. 141. Arnoldsche Art Publisher; Stuttgart, New York. \nWebster, Robert, and Read, Peter G. (Ed.) (2000). Gems: Their Sources, Descriptions and Identification'' (5th ed.), pp. 65–71. Butterworth-Heinemann, Great Britain.", "Crystals\nGlass art" ]

[ "Saul Aaron Kripke (; November 13, 1940 – September 15, 2022) was an American analytic philosopher and logician. He was Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and emeritus professor at Princeton University. Kripke is considered one of the most important philosophers of the latter half of the 20th century", ". Kripke is considered one of the most important philosophers of the latter half of the 20th century. Since the 1960s, he has been a central figure in a number of fields related to mathematical and modal logic, philosophy of language and mathematics, metaphysics, epistemology, and recursion theory.", "Kripke made influential and original contributions to logic, especially modal logic. His principal contribution is a semantics for modal logic involving possible worlds, now called Kripke semantics. He received the 2001 Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy.", "Kripke was also partly responsible for the revival of metaphysics and essentialism after the decline of logical positivism, claiming necessity is a metaphysical notion distinct from the epistemic notion of a priori, and that there are necessary truths that are known a posteriori, such as that water is H2O. A 1970 Princeton lecture series, published in book form in 1980 as Naming and Necessity, is considered one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century", ". It introduces the concept of names as rigid designators, designating (picking out, denoting, referring to) the same object in every possible world, as contrasted with descriptions. It also contains Kripke's causal theory of reference, disputing the descriptivist theory found in Gottlob Frege's concept of sense and Bertrand Russell's theory of descriptions. Kripke is often seen in opposition to the other great late-20th-century philosopher to eschew logical positivism: W. V. O. Quine", ". V. O. Quine. Quine rejected essentialism and modal logic.", "Kripke also gave an original reading of Ludwig Wittgenstein, known as \"Kripkenstein\", in his Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language. The book contains his rule-following argument, a paradox for skepticism about meaning. Much of his work remains unpublished or exists only as tape recordings and privately circulated manuscripts.", "Life and career", "Saul Kripke was the oldest of three children born to Dorothy K. Kripke and Myer S. Kripke. His father was the leader of Beth El Synagogue, the only Conservative congregation in Omaha, Nebraska; his mother wrote educational Jewish books for children. Saul and his two sisters, Madeline and Netta, attended Dundee Grade School and Omaha Central High School", ". Kripke was labeled a prodigy, teaching himself Ancient Hebrew by the age of six, reading Shakespeare's complete works by nine, and mastering the works of Descartes and complex mathematical problems before finishing elementary school. He wrote his first completeness theorem in modal logic at 17, and had it published a year later. After graduating from high school in 1958, Kripke attended Harvard University and graduated summa cum laude in 1962 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics", ". During his sophomore year at Harvard, he taught a graduate-level logic course at nearby MIT. Upon graduation he received a Fulbright Fellowship, and in 1963 was appointed to the Society of Fellows. Kripke later said, \"I wish I could have skipped college. I got to know some interesting people but I can't say I learned anything. I probably would have learned it all anyway just reading on my own.\"", "After briefly teaching at Harvard, Kripke moved in 1968 to Rockefeller University in New York City, where he taught until 1976. In 1978 he took a chaired professorship at Princeton University. In 1988 he received the university's Behrman Award for distinguished achievement in the humanities. In 2002 Kripke began teaching at the CUNY Graduate Center, and in 2003 he was appointed a distinguished professor of philosophy there.", "Kripke has received honorary degrees from the University of Nebraska, Omaha (1977), Johns Hopkins University (1997), University of Haifa, Israel (1998), and the University of Pennsylvania (2005). He was a member of the American Philosophical Society and an elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 1985 was a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy. He won the Schock Prize in Logic and Philosophy in 2001.", "Kripke was married to philosopher Margaret Gilbert. He is the second cousin once removed of television writer, director, and producer Eric Kripke.\n\nKripke died of pancreatic cancer on September 15, 2022, in Plainsboro, New Jersey, at the age of 81.\n\nWork\n\nKripke's contributions to philosophy include:", "Work\n\nKripke's contributions to philosophy include:\n\n Kripke semantics for modal and related logics, published in several essays beginning in his teens.\n His 1970 Princeton lectures Naming and Necessity (published in 1972 and 1980), which significantly restructured philosophy of language.\n His interpretation of Wittgenstein.\n His theory of truth.\n\nHe has also contributed to recursion theory (see admissible ordinal and Kripke–Platek set theory).", "Modal logic", "Two of Kripke's earlier works, \"A Completeness Theorem in Modal Logic\" (1959) and \"Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic\" (1963), the former written when he was a teenager, were on modal logic. The most familiar logics in the modal family are constructed from a weak logic called K, named after Kripke. Kripke introduced the now-standard Kripke semantics (also known as relational semantics or frame semantics) for modal logics. Kripke semantics is a formal semantics for non-classical logic systems", ". Kripke semantics is a formal semantics for non-classical logic systems. It was first made for modal logics, and later adapted to intuitionistic logic and other non-classical systems. The discovery of Kripke semantics was a breakthrough in the making of non-classical logics, because the model theory of such logics was absent before Kripke.", "A Kripke frame or modal frame is a pair , where W is a non-empty set, and R is a binary relation on W. Elements of W are called nodes or worlds, and R is known as the accessibility relation. Depending on the properties of the accessibility relation (transitivity, reflexivity, etc.), the corresponding frame is described, by extension, as being transitive, reflexive, etc.\n\nA Kripke model is a triple , where is a Kripke frame, and is a relation between nodes of W and modal formulas, such that:", "if and only if ,\n if and only if or ,\n if and only if implies .\n\nWe read as \"w satisfies A\", \"A is satisfied in w\", or \"w forces A\". The relation is called the satisfaction relation, evaluation, or forcing relation. The satisfaction relation is uniquely determined by its value on propositional variables.\n\nA formula A is valid in:\n\n a model , if for all w ∈ W,\n a frame , if it is valid in for all possible choices of ,\n a class C of frames or models, if it is valid in every member of C.", "We define Thm(C) to be the set of all formulas that are valid in C. Conversely, if X is a set of formulas, let Mod(X) be the class of all frames which validate every formula from X.\n\nA modal logic (i.e., a set of formulas) L is sound with respect to a class of frames C, if L ⊆ Thm(C). L is complete with respect to C if L ⊇ Thm(C).", "Semantics is useful for investigating a logic (i.e., a derivation system) only if the semantical entailment relation reflects its syntactical counterpart, the consequence relation (derivability). It is vital to know which modal logics are sound and complete with respect to a class of Kripke frames, and for them, to determine which class it is.", "For any class C of Kripke frames, Thm(C) is a normal modal logic (in particular, theorems of the minimal normal modal logic, K, are valid in every Kripke model). However, the converse does not hold generally. There are Kripke incomplete normal modal logics, which is unproblematic, because most of the modal systems studied are complete of classes of frames described by simple conditions.", "A normal modal logic L corresponds to a class of frames C, if C = Mod(L). In other words, C is the largest class of frames such that L is sound wrt C. It follows that L is Kripke complete if and only if it is complete of its corresponding class.", "Consider the schema T : . T is valid in any reflexive frame : if , then since w R w. On the other hand, a frame which validates T has to be reflexive: fix w ∈ W, and define satisfaction of a propositional variable p as follows: if and only if w R u. Then , thus by T, which means w R w using the definition of . T corresponds to the class of reflexive Kripke frames.", "It is often much easier to characterize the corresponding class of L than to prove its completeness, thus correspondence serves as a guide to completeness proofs. Correspondence is also used to show incompleteness of modal logics: suppose L1 ⊆ L2 are normal modal logics that correspond to the same class of frames, but L1 does not prove all theorems of L2. Then L1 is Kripke incomplete. For example, the schema generates an incomplete logic, as it corresponds to the same class of frames as GL (viz", ". transitive and converse well-founded frames), but does not prove the GL-tautology .", "Canonical models \n\nFor any normal modal logic L, a Kripke model (called the canonical model) can be constructed, which validates precisely the theorems of L, by an adaptation of the standard technique of using maximal consistent sets as models. Canonical Kripke models play a role similar to the Lindenbaum–Tarski algebra construction in algebraic semantics.", "A set of formulas is L-consistent if no contradiction can be derived from them using the axioms of L, and modus ponens. A maximal L-consistent set (an L-MCS for short) is an L-consistent set which has no proper L-consistent superset.\n\nThe canonical model of L is a Kripke model , where W is the set of all L-MCS, and the relations R and are as follows:\n\n if and only if for every formula , if then ,\n if and only if .", "if and only if for every formula , if then ,\n if and only if .\n\nThe canonical model is a model of L, as every L-MCS contains all theorems of L. By Zorn's lemma, each L-consistent set is contained in an L-MCS, in particular every formula unprovable in L has a counterexample in the canonical model.", "The main application of canonical models are completeness proofs. Properties of the canonical model of K immediately imply completeness of K with respect to the class of all Kripke frames. This argument does not work for arbitrary L, because there is no guarantee that the underlying frame of the canonical model satisfies the frame conditions of L.\n\nWe say that a formula or a set X of formulas is canonical with respect to a property P of Kripke frames, if", "X is valid in every frame which satisfies P,\n for any normal modal logic L which contains X, the underlying frame of the canonical model of L satisfies P.\n\nA union of canonical sets of formulas is itself canonical. It follows from the preceding discussion that any logic axiomatized by a canonical set of formulas is Kripke complete, and compact.", "The axioms T, 4, D, B, 5, H, G (and thus any combination of them) are canonical. GL and Grz are not canonical, because they are not compact. The axiom M by itself is not canonical (Goldblatt, 1991), but the combined logic S4.1 (in fact, even K4.1) is canonical.\n\nIn general, it is undecidable whether a given axiom is canonical. We know a nice sufficient condition: H. Sahlqvist identified a broad class of formulas (now called Sahlqvist formulas) such that:", "a Sahlqvist formula is canonical,\n the class of frames corresponding to a Sahlqvist formula is first-order definable,\n there is an algorithm which computes the corresponding frame condition to a given Sahlqvist formula.", "This is a powerful criterion: for example, all axioms listed above as canonical are (equivalent to) Sahlqvist formulas. A logic has the finite model property (FMP) if it is complete with respect to a class of finite frames. An application of this notion is the decidability question: it follows from Post's theorem that a recursively axiomatized modal logic L which has FMP is decidable, provided it is decidable whether a given finite frame is a model of L", ". In particular, every finitely axiomatizable logic with FMP is decidable.", "There are various methods for establishing FMP for a given logic. Refinements and extensions of the canonical model construction often work, using tools such as filtration or unravelling. As another possibility, completeness proofs based on cut-free sequent calculi usually produce finite models directly.\n\nMost of the modal systems used in practice (including all listed above) have FMP.", "Most of the modal systems used in practice (including all listed above) have FMP.\n\nIn some cases, we can use FMP to prove Kripke completeness of a logic: every normal modal logic is complete wrt a class of modal algebras, and a finite modal algebra can be transformed into a Kripke frame. As an example, Robert Bull proved using this method that every normal extension of S4.3 has FMP, and is Kripke complete.", "Kripke semantics has a straightforward generalization to logics with more than one modality. A Kripke frame for a language with\n as the set of its necessity operators consists of a non-empty set W equipped with binary relations Ri for each i ∈ I. The definition of a satisfaction relation is modified as follows:\n\n if and only if\n\nCarlson models", "if and only if\n\nCarlson models \n\nA simplified semantics, discovered by Tim Carlson, is often used for polymodal provability logics. A Carlson model is a structure with a single accessibility relation R, and subsets Di ⊆ W for each modality. Satisfaction is defined as:\n\n if and only if \n\nCarlson models are easier to visualize and to work with than usual polymodal Kripke models; there are, however, Kripke complete polymodal logics which are Carlson incomplete.", "In Semantical Considerations on Modal Logic, published in 1963, Kripke responded to a difficulty with classical quantification theory. The motivation for the world-relative approach was to represent the possibility that objects in one world may fail to exist in another. But if standard quantifier rules are used, every term must refer to something that exists in all the possible worlds. This seems incompatible with our ordinary practice of using terms to refer to things that exist contingently.", "Kripke's response to this difficulty was to eliminate terms. He gave an example of a system that uses the world-relative interpretation and preserves the classical rules. But the costs are severe. First, his language is artificially impoverished, and second, the rules for the propositional modal logic must be weakened.", "Kripke's possible worlds theory has been used by narratologists (beginning with Pavel and Dolezel) to understand \"reader's manipulation of alternative plot developments, or the characters' planned or fantasized alternative action series.\" This application has become especially useful in the analysis of hyperfiction.\n\nIntuitionistic logic\nKripke semantics for intuitionistic logic follows the same principles as the semantics of modal logic, but uses a different definition of satisfaction.", "An intuitionistic Kripke model is a triple\n, where is a partially ordered Kripke frame, and satisfies the following conditions:\n if p is a propositional variable, , and , then (persistency condition),\n if and only if and ,\n if and only if or ,\n if and only if for all , implies ,\n not .\n\nIntuitionistic logic is sound and complete with respect to its Kripke semantics, and it has the Finite Model Property.\n\nIntuitionistic first-order logic", "Let L be a first-order language. A Kripke model of L is a triple\n, where\n is an intuitionistic Kripke frame, Mw is a\n(classical) L-structure for each node w ∈ W, and the following compatibility conditions hold whenever u ≤ v:\n the domain of Mu is included in the domain of Mv,\n realizations of function symbols in Mu and Mv agree on elements of Mu,\n for each n-ary predicate P and elements a1,...,an ∈ Mu: if P(a1,...,an) holds in Mu, then it holds in Mv.", "Given an evaluation e of variables by elements of Mw, we define the satisfaction relation :\n if and only if holds in Mw,\n if and only if and ,\n if and only if or ,\n if and only if for all , implies ,\n not ,\n if and only if there exists an such that ,\n if and only if for every and every , .\nHere e(x→a) is the evaluation which gives x the value a, and otherwise agrees with e.", "Naming and Necessity", "The three lectures that form Naming and Necessity constitute an attack on the descriptivist theory of names. Kripke attributes variants of descriptivist theories to Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein, and John Searle, among others. According to descriptivist theories, proper names either are synonymous with descriptions, or have their reference determined by virtue of the name's being associated with a description or cluster of descriptions that an object uniquely satisfies", ". Kripke rejects both these kinds of descriptivism. He gives several examples purporting to render descriptivism implausible as a theory of how names get their references determined (e.g., surely Aristotle could have died at age two and so not satisfied any of the descriptions we associate with his name, but it would seem wrong to deny that he was still Aristotle).", "As an alternative, Kripke outlined a causal theory of reference, according to which a name refers to an object by virtue of a causal connection with the object as mediated through communities of speakers. He points out that proper names, in contrast to most descriptions, are rigid designators: that is, a proper name refers to the named object in every possible world in which the object exists, while most descriptions designate different objects in different possible worlds", ". For example, \"Richard Nixon\" refers to the same person in every possible world in which Nixon exists, while \"the person who won the United States presidential election of 1968\" could refer to Nixon, Humphrey, or others in different possible worlds.", "Kripke also raised the prospect of a posteriori necessities—facts that are necessarily true, though they can be known only through empirical investigation. Examples include \"Hesperus is Phosphorus\", \"Cicero is Tully\", \"Water is H2O\", and other identity claims where two names refer to the same object. According to Kripke, the Kantian distinctions between analytic and synthetic, a priori and a posteriori, and contingent and necessary do not map onto one another", ". Rather, analytic/synthetic is a semantic distinction, a priori/a posteriori is an epistemic distinction, and contingent/necessary is a metaphysical distinction.", "Finally, Kripke gave an argument against identity materialism in the philosophy of mind, the view that every mental particular is identical with some physical particular. Kripke argued that the only way to defend this identity is as an a posteriori necessary identity, but that such an identity—e.g., that pain is C-fibers firing—could not be necessary, given the (clearly conceivable) possibility that pain could be separate from the firing of C-fibers, or the firing of C-fibers be separate from pain", ". (Similar arguments have since been made by David Chalmers.) In any event, the psychophysical identity theorist, according to Kripke, incurs a dialectical obligation to explain the apparent logical possibility of these circumstances, since according to such theorists they should be impossible.", "Kripke delivered the John Locke Lectures in philosophy at Oxford in 1973. Titled Reference and Existence, they were in many respects a continuation of Naming and Necessity, and deal with the subjects of fictional names and perceptual error. In 2013 Oxford University Press published the lectures as a book, also titled Reference and Existence.", "In a 1995 paper, philosopher Quentin Smith argued that key concepts in Kripke's new theory of reference originated in the work of Ruth Barcan Marcus more than a decade earlier", ". Smith identified six significant ideas in the New Theory that he claimed Marcus had developed: (1) that proper names are direct references that do not consist of contained definitions; (2) that while one can single out a single thing by a description, this description is not equivalent to a proper name of this thing; (3) the modal argument that proper names are directly referential", ", and not disguised descriptions; (4) a formal modal logic proof of the necessity of identity; (5) the concept of a rigid designator, though Kripke coined that term; and (6) a posteriori identity", ". Smith argued that Kripke failed to understand Marcus's theory at the time but later adopted many of its key conceptual themes in his New Theory of Reference.", "Other scholars have subsequently offered detailed responses arguing that no plagiarism occurred.", "\"A Puzzle about Belief\"", "Kripke's main propositions about proper names in Naming and Necessity are that the meaning of a name simply is the object it refers to and that a name's referent is determined by a causal link between some sort of \"baptism\" and the utterance of the name", ". Nevertheless, he acknowledges the possibility that propositions containing names may have some additional semantic properties, properties that could explain why two names referring to the same person may give different truth values in propositions about beliefs. For example, Lois Lane believes that Superman can fly, although she does not believe that Clark Kent can fly", ". This can be accounted for if the names \"Superman\" and \"Clark Kent\", though referring to the same person, have distinct semantic properties.", "But in his article \"A Puzzle about Belief\" (1988) Kripke seems to oppose even this possibility. His argument can be reconstructed as follows: The idea that two names referring to the same object may have different semantic properties is supposed to explain that coreferring names behave differently in propositions about beliefs (as in Lois Lane's case)", ". But the same phenomenon occurs even with coreferring names that obviously have the same semantic properties: Kripke invites us to imagine a French, monolingual boy, Pierre, who believes that \"Londres est jolie\" (\"London is beautiful\"). Pierre moves to London without realizing that London = Londres. He then learns English the same way a child would learn the language, that is, not by translating words from French to English", ". Pierre learns the name \"London\" from the unattractive part of the city where he lives, and so comes to believe that London is not beautiful. If Kripke's account is correct, Pierre now believes both that Londres is jolie and that London is not beautiful. This cannot be explained by coreferring names having different semantic properties. According to Kripke, this demonstrates that attributing additional semantic properties to names does not explain what it is intended to.", "Wittgenstein", "First published in 1982, Kripke's Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language contends that the central argument of Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations centers on a devastating rule-following paradox that undermines the possibility of our ever following rules in our use of language", ". Kripke writes that this paradox is \"the most radical and original skeptical problem that philosophy has seen to date\", and that Wittgenstein does not reject the argument that leads to the rule-following paradox, but accepts it and offers a \"skeptical solution\" to ameliorate the paradox's destructive effects.", "Most commentators accept that Philosophical Investigations contains the rule-following paradox as Kripke presents it, but few have agreed with his attributing a skeptical solution to Wittgenstein. Kripke himself expresses doubts in Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language as to whether Wittgenstein would endorse his interpretation of Philosophical Investigations", ". He says that the work should not be read as an attempt to give an accurate statement of Wittgenstein's views, but rather as an account of Wittgenstein's argument \"as it struck Kripke, as it presented a problem for him\".", "The portmanteau \"Kripkenstein\" has been coined for Kripke's interpretation of Philosophical Investigations. Kripkenstein's main significance was a clear statement of a new kind of skepticism, dubbed \"meaning skepticism\": the idea that for isolated individuals there is no fact in virtue of which they mean one thing rather than another by the use of a word. Kripke's \"skeptical solution\" to meaning skepticism is to ground meaning in the behavior of a community.", "Kripke's book generated a large secondary literature, divided between those who find his skeptical problem interesting and perceptive, and others, such as Gordon Baker, Peter Hacker, and Colin McGinn, who argue that his meaning skepticism is a pseudo-problem that stems from a confused, selective reading of Wittgenstein. Kripke's position has been defended against these and other attacks by the Cambridge philosopher Martin Kusch, and Wittgenstein scholar David G", ". Stern considers Kripke's book \"the most influential and widely discussed\" work on Wittgenstein since the 1980s.", "Truth", "In his 1975 article \"Outline of a Theory of Truth\", Kripke showed that a language can consistently contain its own truth predicate, something deemed impossible by Alfred Tarski, a pioneer in formal theories of truth. The approach involves letting truth be a partially defined property over the set of grammatically well-formed sentences in the language", ". Kripke showed how to do this recursively by starting from the set of expressions in a language that do not contain the truth predicate, and defining a truth predicate over just that segment: this action adds new sentences to the language, and truth is in turn defined for all of them", ". Unlike Tarski's approach, however, Kripke's lets \"truth\" be the union of all of these definition-stages; after a denumerable infinity of steps the language reaches a \"fixed point\" such that using Kripke's method to expand the truth-predicate does not change the language any further. Such a fixed point can then be taken as the basic form of a natural language containing its own truth predicate", ". But this predicate is undefined for any sentences that do not, so to speak, \"bottom out\" in simpler sentences not containing a truth predicate. That is, \" 'Snow is white' is true\" is well-defined, as is \" ' \"Snow is white\" is true' is true,\" and so forth, but neither \"This sentence is true\" nor \"This sentence is not true\" receive truth-conditions; they are, in Kripke's terms, \"ungrounded.\"", "Gödel's first incompleteness theorem demonstrates that self-reference cannot be avoided naively, since propositions about seemingly unrelated objects (such as integers) can have an informal self-referential meaning, and this idea – manifested by the diagonal lemma – is the basis for Tarski's theorem that truth cannot be consistently defined", ". But Kripke's truth predicate does not give a truth value (true/false) to propositions such as the one built in Tarski's proof, since it is provable by induction that it is undefined at stage for every finite .", "Kripke's proposal is problematic in the sense that while the language contains a \"truth\" predicate of itself (at least a partial one), some of its sentences – such as the liar sentence (\"this sentence is false\") – have an undefined truth value, but the language does not contain its own \"undefined\" predicate. In fact it cannot, as that would create a new version of the liar paradox, the strengthened liar paradox (\"this sentence is false or undefined\")", ". Thus while the liar sentence is undefined in the language, the language cannot express that it is undefined.", "Saul Kripke Center", "The Saul Kripke Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York is dedicated to preserving and promoting Kripke's work. Its director is Romina Padro. The Saul Kripke Center holds events related to Kripke's work and is creating a digital archive of previously unpublished recordings of Kripke's lectures, lecture notes, and correspondence dating back to the 1950s", ". In his favorable review of Kripke's Philosophical Troubles, the Stanford philosopher Mark Crimmins wrote, \"That four of the most admired and discussed essays in 1970s philosophy are here is enough to make this first volume of Saul Kripke's collected articles a must-have..", "... The reader's delight will grow as hints are dropped that there is a great deal more to come in this series being prepared by Kripke and an ace team of philosopher-editors at the Saul Kripke Center at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York.\"", "Works\n\n Naming and Necessity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972. \n Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language: an Elementary Exposition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982. . \n Philosophical Troubles. Collected Papers Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. \n Reference and Existence – The John Locke Lectures. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.\n\nAwards and recognitions", "Fulbright Scholar (1962–1963)\nSociety of Fellows, Harvard University (1963–1966).\nDoctor of Humane Letters, honorary degree, University of Nebraska, 1977.\nFellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1978–).\nCorresponding Fellow, British Academy (1985–).\nHoward Behrman Award, Princeton University, 1988.\nFellow, Academia Scientiarum et Artium Europaea (1993–).\nDoctor of Humane Letters, honorary degree, Johns Hopkins University, 1997.", "Doctor of Humane Letters, honorary degree, Johns Hopkins University, 1997.\nDoctor of Humane Letters, honorary degree, University of Haifa, Israel, 1998.\nFellow, Norwegian Academy of Sciences (2000–).\nSchock Prize in Logic and Philosophy, Swedish Academy of Sciences, 2001.\nDoctor of Humane Letters, honorary degree, University of Pennsylvania, 2005.\nFellow, American Philosophical Society (2005–).", "See also\n\n American philosophy\n List of American philosophers\n Barry Kripke (a character on The Big Bang Theory who is believed to be named after Saul)\n\nReferences", "Further reading\n Arif Ahmed (2007), Saul Kripke. New York, NY; London: Continuum. .\n Alan Berger (editor) (2011) Saul Kripke. .\n Jonathan Berg (2014) Naming, Necessity and More: Explorations in the Philosophical Work of Saul Kripke. \n Taylor Branch (August 14, 1977), \"New Frontiers in American Philosophy\". The New York Times Magazine.\n John Burgess (2013), Saul Kripke: Puzzles and Mysteries. .\n G. W. Fitch (2005), Saul Kripke. .\n Christopher Hughes (2004), Kripke : Names, Necessity, and Identity. .", "Christopher Hughes (2004), Kripke : Names, Necessity, and Identity. .\n Paul W. Humphreys and James H. Fetzer (editors) (1998) The New Theory of Reference: Kripke, Marcus, and Its Origins \n Martin Kusch (2006), A Sceptical Guide to Meaning and Rules: Defending Kripke's Wittgenstein. Acumben: Publishing Limited.\n Colin McGinn (1984), Wittgenstein on Meaning. .\n Harold Noonan (2013), Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Kripke and Naming and Necessity.", "Harold Noonan (2013), Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Kripke and Naming and Necessity. \n Christopher Norris (2007), Fiction, Philosophy and Literary Theory: Will the Real Saul Kripke Please Stand Up? London: Continuum\n Consuelo Preti (2002), On Kripke. Wadsworth. .\n Nathan Salmon (1981), Reference and Essence. .\n Scott Soames (2002), Beyond Rigidity: The Unfinished Semantic Agenda of Naming and Necessity. .", "External links", "CUNY Graduate Center Philosophy Department faculty page \n Saul Kripke's archive on the CUNY Philosophy Commons\n Second Annual Saul Kripke Lecture by John Burgess on the Necessity of Origin at the CUNY Graduate Center, November 13th, 2012\n \n \"Saul Kripke, Genius Logician\", a short, non-technical interview by Andreas Saugstad, February 25, 2001.\n The conference in honor of Kripke's sixty-fifth birthday with a video of his speech \"The First Person\", January 25–26, 2006", "Video of his talk \"From Church's Thesis to the First Order Algorithm Theorem,\" June 13, 2006.\n Podcast of his talk \"Unrestricted Exportation and Some Morals for the Philosophy of Language,\" May 21, 2008.\n London Review of Books article by Jerry Fodor discussing Kripke's work \n Celebrating CUNY's Genius Philosopher, by Gary Shapiro, January 27, 2006, in The New York Sun.\n information from 'Wisdom Supreme' website\n A New York Times article about his 65th birthday", "information from 'Wisdom Supreme' website\n A New York Times article about his 65th birthday\n Roundtable on Kripke's critique of mind-body identity with Scott Soames as the main presenter May 26, 2010.", "1940 births\n2022 deaths\n20th-century American philosophers\n21st-century American philosophers\nAmerican people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent\nPhilosophers from New York (state)\nAmerican metaphysics writers\nAnalytic philosophers\nHarvard University alumni\nPrinceton University faculty\nJewish American academics\nJewish American writers\nJewish philosophers\nJews and Judaism in Omaha, Nebraska\nSaul\nAmerican logicians\nMembers of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts", "Saul\nAmerican logicians\nMembers of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts\nMembers of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters\nMetaphysicians\nModal logicians\nPeople from Bay Shore, New York\nWriters from Omaha, Nebraska\nPhilosophers of language\nPhilosophers of mind\nPhilosophers of logic\nRolf Schock Prize laureates\nPhilosophers from Nebraska\nSet theorists\nCorresponding Fellows of the British Academy\nMathematicians from New York (state)\nOmaha Central High School alumni\nWittgensteinian philosophers", "Mathematicians from New York (state)\nOmaha Central High School alumni\nWittgensteinian philosophers\nFulbright alumni\nDeaths from pancreatic cancer" ]

[ "Liberalism and progressivism within Islam involve professed Muslims who have created a considerable body of progressive thought about Islamic understanding and practice. Their work is sometimes characterized as \"progressive Islam\" ( ). Some scholars, such as Omid Safi, differentiate between \"Progressive Muslims\" (post-colonial, anti-imperialist, and critical of modernity) and \"Liberal advocates of Islam\" (an older movement embracing modernity).", "Liberal Islam originally emerged out of the Islamic revivalist movement of the 18th-19th centuries. Liberal and progressive ideas within Islam are considered controversial by some traditional Muslims, who criticize liberal Muslims on the grounds of being too Western and/or rationalistic.", "The methodologies of liberal and progressive Islam rest on the re-interpretation of traditional Islamic sacred scriptures (the Quran) and other texts (the Hadith), a process called ijtihad (see below). This can vary from the slight to the most liberal, where only the meaning of the Quran is considered to be a revelation, with its expression in words seen as the work of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in his particular time and context.", "Liberal Muslims see themselves as returning to the principles of the early Ummah and as promoting the ethical and pluralistic intent of the Quran. The reform movement uses monotheism (tawhid) \"as an organizing principle for human society and the basis of religious knowledge, history, metaphysics, aesthetics, and ethics, as well as social, economic and world order\".", "Liberal Muslims affirm the promotion of progressive values such as democracy, gender equality, human rights, LGBT rights, women's rights, religious pluralism, interfaith marriage, freedom of expression, freedom of thought, and freedom of religion; opposition to theocracy and total rejection of Islamism and Islamic fundamentalism; and a modern view of Islamic theology, ethics, sharia, culture, tradition, and other ritualistic practices in Islam", ". Liberal Islam emphasizes the re-interpretation of the Islamic scriptures in order to preserve their relevance in the 21st century.", "Background in Islamic philosophy", "The rise of Islam, based on both the transmission of the Quran and the life of Muhammad, strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region. Early Islamic philosophy emphasized an inexorable link between religion and science, and the process of ijtihad to find truth—in effect, all philosophy was \"political\" as it had real implications for governance", ". This view was challenged by the \"rationalist\" Muʿtazilite philosophers, who held a more Hellenistic view, emphasizing reason above revelation, and as such are known to modern scholars as the first speculative theologians of Islam; they were supported by a secular aristocracy who sought freedom of action independent of the Caliphate. By the late ancient period, however, the \"traditionalist\" Ashʿarīte theology had in general triumphed in Islam", ". According to the Ashʿarītes, reason must be subordinate to the Quran and the sunnah.", "Ibn Rushd", "Ibn Rushd, often Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian polymath. Being described as \"founding father of secular thought in Western Europe\", he was known by the nickname the Commentator for his precious commentaries on Aristotle's works. His main work was The Incoherence of the Incoherence in which he defended philosophy against al-Ghazali's claims in The Incoherence of the Philosophers. His other works were the Fasl al-Maqal and the Kitab al-Kashf", ". His other works were the Fasl al-Maqal and the Kitab al-Kashf. Ibn Rushd presented an argument in Fasl al-Maqal (Decisive Treatise) providing a justification for the emancipation of science and philosophy from official Ash'ari theology and that there is no inherent contradiction between philosophy and religion; thus Averroism has been considered a precursor to modern secularism. Ibn Rushd accepts the principle of women's equality", ". Ibn Rushd accepts the principle of women's equality. According to him they should be educated and allowed to serve in the military; the best among them might be tomorrow's philosophers or rulers. The 13th-century philosophical movement in Latin Christian and Jewish tradition based on Ibn Rushd's work is called Averroism. Ibn Rushd became something of a symbolic figure in the debate over the decline and proposed revitalization of Islamic thought and Islamic society in the later 20th century", ". A notable proponent of such a revival of Averroist thought in Islamic society was Mohammed Abed al-Jabri with his Critique de la Raison Arabe (1982).", "Rifa'a al-Tahtawi \n\nEgyptian Egyptologist and renaissance intellectual Rifa'a al-Tahtawi (1801-1873) is considered one of the early adapters to Islamic Modernism. Islamic Modernists attempted to integrate Islamic principles with European social theories.", "In 1831, Rifa'a al-Tahtawi was part of the statewide effort to modernize the Egyptian infrastructure and education. They introduced his Egyptian audience to Enlightenment ideas such as secular authority and political rights and liberty; his ideas regarding how a modern civilized society ought to be and what constituted by extension a civilized or \"good Egyptian\"; and his ideas on public interest and public good", ". Tahtawi's work was the first effort in what became an Egyptian renaissance (nahda) that flourished in the years between 1860 and 1940.", "In 1826, Al-Tahtawi was sent to Paris by Mehmet Ali. There, he studied at an educational mission for five years, returning in 1831. Tahtawi was appointed director of the School of Languages. At the school, he worked translating European books into Arabic. Tahtawi was instrumental in translating military manuals, geography, and European history. In total, al-Tahtawi supervised the translation of over 2,000 foreign works into Arabic. He even made favorable comments about French society in some of his books", ". He even made favorable comments about French society in some of his books. Tahtawi stressed that the Principles of Islam are compatible with those of European Modernity.", "In his piece, The Extraction of Gold or an Overview of Paris, Tahtawi discusses the patriotic responsibility of citizenship. He uses Roman civilization as an example for what could become of Islamic civilizations; at one point all Romans are united under one Caesar but split into East and West. After splitting, the two nations see \"all its wars ended in defeat, and it retreated from a perfect existence to nonexistence", ".\" Tahtawi understands that if Egypt is unable to remain united, it could fall prey to outside invaders. He stresses the importance of citizens defending the patriotic duty of their country. One way to protect one's country according to Tahtawi, is to accept the changes that come with a modern society.", "Muhammad Abduh", "Egyptian Islamic jurist and religious scholar Muhammad Abduh, regarded as one of the key founding figures of Islamic Modernism, broke the rigidity of the Muslim ritual, dogma, and family ties. Abduh argued that Muslims could not simply rely on the interpretations of texts provided by medieval clerics, they needed to use reason to keep up with changing times. He said that in Islam man was not created to be led by a bridle, man was given intelligence so that he could be guided by knowledge", ". According to Abduh, a teacher's role was to direct men towards study. He believed that Islam encouraged men to detach from the world of their ancestors and that Islam reproved the slavish imitation of tradition. He said that the two greatest possessions relating to religion that man was graced with were independence of will and independence of thought and opinion. It was with the help of these tools that he could attain happiness", ". It was with the help of these tools that he could attain happiness. He believed that the growth of western civilization in Europe was based on these two principles. He thought that Europeans were roused to act after a large number of them were able to exercise their choice and to seek out facts with their minds. In his works, he portrays God as educating humanity from its childhood through its youth and then on to adulthood", ". According to him, Islam is the only religion whose dogmas can be proven by reasoning. He was against polygamy and thought that it was an archaic custom. He believed in a form of Islam that would liberate men from enslavement, provide equal rights for all human beings, abolish the religious scholar's monopoly on exegesis and abolish racial discrimination and religious compulsion.", "Muhammad Abduh claimed in his book Al-Idtihad fi Al-Nasraniyya wa Al-Islam that no one had exclusive religious authority in the Islamic world. He argued that the Caliph did not represent religious authority, because he was not infallible nor was the Caliph the person whom the revelation was given to; therefore, according to Abduh, the Caliph and other Muslims are equal", ". ʿAbduh argued that the Caliph should have the respect of the ummah but not rule it; the unity of the umma is a moral unity which does not prevent its division into national states.", "Mohammad Abduh made great efforts to preach harmony between Sunnis and Shias. Broadly speaking, he preached brotherhood between all schools of thought in Islam. Abduh regularly called for better friendship between religious communities. As Christianity was the second biggest religion in Egypt, he devoted special efforts towards friendship between Muslims and Christians. He had many Christian friends and many a time he stood up to defend Copts.\n\nNasr Hamid Abu Zayd", "Egyptian Qur'anic thinker, author, academic Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd is one of the leading liberal theologians in Islam. He is famous for his project of a humanistic Qur'anic hermeneutics, which \"challenged mainstream views\" on the Qur'an sparking \"controversy and debate.\" While not denying that the Qur'an was of divine origin, Zayd argued that it was a \"cultural product\" that had to be read in the context of the language and culture of seventh century Arabs, and could be interpreted in more than one way", ". He also criticized the use of religion to exert political power. In 1995 an Egyptian Sharia court declared him an apostate, this led to threats of death and his fleeing Egypt several week later. (He later \"quietly\" returned to Egypt where he died.)", "According to scholar Navid Kermani \"three key themes\" emerge from Abu Zayd's work:\n\n to trace the various interpretations and historical settings of the single Qur'anic text from the early days of Islam up to the present;\n to demonstrate the \"interpretational diversity\" () that exists within the Islamic tradition;\n and to show how this diversity has been \"increasingly neglected\" across Islamic history.", "Abu Zayd saw himself as an heir to the Muʿtazila, \"particularly their idea of the created Qurʿān and their tendency toward metaphorical interpretation.\"\n\nAbu Zayd strongly opposed the belief in a \"single, precise and valid interpretation of the Qur'an handed down by the Prophet for all times\".", "In his view, the Quran made Islamic Arab culture a 'culture of the text` () par excellence, but because the language of the Quran is not self-explanatory, this implied Islamic Arab culture was also a culture of interpretation (). Abu Zayd emphasized \"intellect\" () in understanding the Quran, as opposed to \"a hermeneutical approach which gives priority to the narrated traditions [ hadith ]\" ()", ". As a reflection of this Abu Zayd used the term (interpretation) for efforts to understand the Quran, while in the Islamic sciences, the literature that explained the Quran was referred to as (commentary, explanation).", "For Abu Zayd, interpretation goes beyond explanation or commentary, \"for without\" the Qur'an would not have meaning:", "The [Qur'anic] text changed from the very first moment - that is, when the Prophet recited it at the moment of its revelation - from its existence as a divine text (nass ilahi), and became something understandable, a human text (nass insani), because it changed from revelation to interpretation (li-annahu tahawwala min al-tanzil ila al-ta'wil). The Prophet's understanding of the text is one of the first phases of movement resulting from the text's connection with the human intellect", ".Naqd al-hhitab al-dini, p. 93., translated by", "Abu Zayd's critical approach to classical and contemporary Islamic discourse in the fields of theology, philosophy, law, politics, and humanism, promoted modern Islamic thought that might enable Muslims to build a bridge between their own tradition and the modern world of freedom of speech, equality (minority rights, women's rights, social justice), human rights, democracy and globalisation.\n\nAli Shariati", "Ali Shariati Mazinani (Persian: علی شریعتی مزینانی, 23 November 1933 – 18 June 1977) was an Iranian revolutionary and sociologist who focused on the sociology of religion. He believed that Socialism was compatible with Islam and, in fact, that it was from the beginning. It seems that his eagerness to explore socialism began with the translation of the book Abu Zarr: The God-Worshipping Socialist by the Egyptian thinker Abdul Hamid Jowdat-al-Sahar (ar:عبد الحميد جودة السحار)", ". According to this book, Abu Dhar was the very first socialist. Then, Shariarti's father declared that his son believed that the principles of Abu Dhar are fundamental. Even some thinkers described Shariati as the modern-day Abu Dhar in Iran. Of all his thoughts, there is his insistence on the necessity of revolutionary action. Shariati believed that Marxism could not provide the Third World with the ideological means for its own liberation", ". One of his premises was that Islam by nature is a revolutionary ideology. Therefore, Islam could relate to the modern world as an ideology. According to Shariati, the historical and original origin of human problems was the emergence of private ownership. He believed that in the modern era, the appearance of the machine was the second most fundamental change in the human condition", ". In fact, private ownership and the emergence of the machine, if considered one of two curves of history, belong to the second period of history. The first period is collective ownership. However, Shariati gave a critique of the historical development of religion and the modern philosophical and ideological movements and their relationship to both private ownership and the emergence of the machine.", "In addition to socialism, he believed in women's rights, as evidenced in his book Fatima Is Fatima, where he argued that Fatima Zahra the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad is as a role model for Muslim women around the world and a woman who was free. She was described as , 'the symbol of a responsible, fighting woman when facing her time and the fate of her society", ".' Also, he criticised Western liberal democracy for its direct relationship to the plundering of Third World nations and instead promoted Commitment Democracy. Commitment Democracy was, according to Shariati, the government of Imam Ali. For explaining better the commitment to democracy, he at first divides between two concepts. One of them is Syasat and the other is politic", ". One of them is Syasat and the other is politic. Syasat is a philosophy by the government that want to have the responsibility of changing and becoming the society, not its being and existence. In fact, Syasat is a progressive and dynamic thing. The aim of the government in the philosophy of Syasat is to change social foundations, institutions and even all the norms of society namely culture, morality and desires etc. in simple word, Syasat want to make exist the people", ". in simple word, Syasat want to make exist the people. On contrary, there is no making in politics. In other words, politics is the following of having people not making them. Of course, Shariati prefers Syasat on politics because the former is more progressive. He considers making human (Ensan Sazi). In fact, his utopia is constructed with three concepts of Gnosis, equality and freedom", ". In fact, his utopia is constructed with three concepts of Gnosis, equality and freedom. Commitment democracy appeared out of his lecture in Hoseyniyeh Ershad; a famous lecture with the name of Ummah and Imamate. According to him, an Imam is one who wants to guide humans not only in political, social and economic dimensions but also in all existential dimensions. He believes that Imam is alive everywhere and every time. On one hand, Imamate is not a metaphysical belief but a revolutionary guide philosophy", ". On one hand, Imamate is not a metaphysical belief but a revolutionary guide philosophy. He added that Imam has to guide people not according to his desire like a dictator but to Islamic ideology and authentic values.", "Ijtihad", "Ijtihad (lit. effort, physical or mental, expended in a particular activity) is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question. It is contrasted with taqlid (imitation, conformity to legal precedent)", ". It is contrasted with taqlid (imitation, conformity to legal precedent). According to classical Sunni theory, ijtihad requires expertise in the Arabic language, theology, revealed texts, and principles of jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh), and is not employed where authentic and authoritative texts (Qur'an and hadith) are considered unambiguous with regard to the question, or where there is an existing scholarly consensus (ijma). Ijtihad is considered to be a religious duty for those qualified to perform it", ". Ijtihad is considered to be a religious duty for those qualified to perform it. An Islamic scholar who is qualified to perform ijtihad is called a mujtahid.", "Starting from the 18th century, some Muslim reformers began calling for abandonment of taqlid and emphasis on ijtihad, which they saw as a return to Islamic origins. Public debates in the Muslim world surrounding ijtihad continue to the present day. The advocacy of ijtihad has been particularly associated with Islamic modernists. Among contemporary Muslims in the West there have emerged new visions of ijtihad which emphasize substantive moral values over traditional juridical methodology.\n\nSpecific issues", "Specific issues\n\nFeminism", "A combination of Islam and feminism has been advocated as \"a feminist discourse and practice articulated within an Islamic paradigm\" by Margot Badran in 2002. Islamic feminists ground their arguments in Islam and its teachings, seek the full equality of women and men in the personal and public sphere, and can include non-Muslims in the discourse and debate", ". Islamic feminism is defined by Islamic scholars as being more radical than secular feminism, and as being anchored within the discourse of Islam with the Quran as its central text.", "During recent times, the concept of Islamic feminism has grown further with Islamic groups looking to garner support from many aspects of society. In addition, educated Muslim women are striving to articulate their role in society.\nExamples of Islamic feminist groups are the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan, founded by Meena Keshwar Kamal, Muslim Women's Quest for Equality from India, and Sisters in Islam from Malaysia, founded by Zainah Anwar and Amina Wadud among other five women.", "In 2014, the Selangor Islamic Religious Council (MAIS) issued a fatwa declaring that Sisters In Islam, as well as any other organisation promoting religious liberalism and pluralism, deviate from the teachings of Islam. According to the edict, publications that are deemed to promote liberal and pluralistic religious thinking are to be declared unlawful and confiscated, while social media is also to be monitored and restricted", ". As fatwas are legally binding in Malaysia, SIS is challenging it on constitutional grounds.", "Human rights\n\nModerate Islamic political thought contends that the nurturing of the Muslim identity and the propagation of values such as democracy and human rights are not mutually exclusive, but rather should be promoted together.", "Most liberal Muslims believe that Islam promotes the notion of absolute equality of all humanity, and that it is one of its central concepts. Therefore, a breach of human rights has become a source of great concern to most liberal Muslims. Liberal Muslims differ with their culturally conservative counterparts in that they believe that all humanity is represented under the umbrella of human rights", ". Many Muslim majority countries have signed international human rights treaties, but the impact of these largely remains to be seen in local legal systems.", "Muslim liberals often reject traditional interpretations of Islamic law, which allows Ma malakat aymanukum and slavery. They say that slavery opposed Islamic principles which they believe to be based on justice and equality and some say that verses relating to slavery or \"Ma malakat aymanukum\" now can not be applied due to the fact that the world has changed, while others say that those verses are totally misinterpreted and twisted to legitimize slavery", ". In the 20th century, South Asian scholars Ghulam Ahmed Pervez and Amir Ali argued that the expression ma malakat aymanukum should be properly read in the past tense. When some called for reinstatement of slavery in Pakistan upon its independence from the British colonial rule, Pervez argued that the past tense of this expression means that the Quran had imposed \"an unqualified ban\" on slavery.", "Liberal Muslims have argued against death penalty for apostasy based on the Quranic verse that \"There shall be no compulsion in religion.\"\n\nLGBT rights", "LGBT rights \n\nIn January 2013, the Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity (MASGD) was launched. The organization was formed by members of the Queer Muslim Working Group, with the support of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Several initial MASGD members previously had been involved with the Al-Fatiha Foundation, including Faisal Alam and Imam Daayiee Abdullah.", "The Safra Project for women is based in the UK. It supports and works on issues relating to prejudice LGBTQ Muslim women. It was founded in October 2001 by Muslim LBT women. The Safra Project's \"ethos is one of inclusiveness and diversity.\"", "In Australia, Nur Wahrsage has been an advocate for LGBTI Muslims and founded Marhaba, a support group for queer Muslims in Melbourne, Australia. In May 2016, Wahrsage revealed that he is homosexual in an interview on SBS2’s The Feed, being the first openly gay Imam in Australia.\n\nIn Canada, Salaam was founded as the first gay Muslim organization in Canada and the second in the world. Salaam was found in 1993 by El-Farouk Khaki, who organized the Salaam/Al-Fateha International Conference in 2003.", "In May 2009, the Toronto Unity Mosque / el-Tawhid Juma Circle was founded by Laury Silvers, a University of Toronto religious studies scholar, alongside Muslim gay-rights activists El-Farouk Khaki and Troy Jackson. Unity Mosque/ETJC is a gender-equal, LGBT+ affirming, mosque.", "In November 2012, a prayer room was set up in Paris by gay Islamic scholar and founder of the group 'Homosexual Muslims of France' Ludovic-Mohamed Zahed. It was described by the press as the first gay-friendly mosque in Europe. The reaction from the rest of the Muslim community in France has been mixed, the opening has been condemned by the Grand Mosque of Paris.", "Examples of Muslim LGBT media works are the 2006 Channel 4's documentary Gay Muslims, the film production company Unity Productions Foundation, the 2007 and 2015 documentary films A Jihad for Love and A Sinner in Mecca, both produced by Parvez Sharma, and the Jordanian LGBT publication My.Kali.\n\nSecularism", "The definition and application of secularism, especially the place of religion in society, varies among Muslim countries as it does among non-Muslim countries. As the concept of secularism varies among secularists in the Muslim world, reactions of Muslim intellectuals to the pressure of secularization also varies. On the one hand, secularism is condemned by some Muslim intellectuals who do not feel that religious influence should be removed from the public sphere", ". On the other hand, secularism is claimed by others to be compatible with Islam", ". For example, the quest for secularism has inspired some Muslim scholars who argue that secular government is the best way to observe sharia; \"enforcing [sharia] through coercive power of the state negates its religious nature, because Muslims would be observing the law of the state and not freely performing their religious obligation as Muslims\" says Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, a professor of law at Emory University and author of Islam and the secular state : negotiating the future of Shariʻa", ". Moreover, some scholars argue that secular states have existed in the Muslim world since the Middle Ages.", "Egalitarianism\n\n Islam is often described as possessing a \"decidedly egalitarian spirit\", and \"in principle egalitarian, recognizing no superiority of one believer over another by birth or descent, race or nationality, or social status\", (slaves and women notwithstanding). Nonetheless, Muslims known as Sayyids (those accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) have special privileges in Islam, notably of tax exemptions and a share in Khums.", "Discrimination also exists in regards of intermarriage between persons of Arab and non-Arab lineages, as can be found in a number of fatwa sites. \nAccording to Darul Ifta Birmingham (Hanafi fiqh) quoting Raddul Muhtar: 'An Ajmi (non-Arab) cannot be a match for a woman of Arab descent, no matter that he be an Aalim (religious scholar) or even a Sultan (ruling authority).'", "The website Islamic Virtues quotes the Shafi’i manual Reliance of the Traveller and Tools of the Worshipper: 'And the ajami (non-Arab) is not suitable for an Arab woman', ... \" (the quote goes on to discourage marriages between Muslims of different tribes).", "Still another site (\"Answered according to Shafi'i Fiqh by Qibla.com ... Answered by Shaykh Amjad Rasheed\") states: \"... most of the scholars do consider this aspect [i.e. lineage] for suitability, therefore a non-Arab is not suitable for an Arab. And a non-Qurayshi is not suitable for a Qurayshi woman ... \"", "This is notably in direct contrast to the Prophet Muhammad's last sermon, \"...All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also a white has no superiority over a black nor a black has any superiority over white except by piety and good action.\"\n\nMovements", "Movements\n \n\nOver the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, in accordance with their increasingly modern societies and outlooks, liberal Muslims have tended to reinterpret many aspects of the application of their religion in their life in an attempt to reconnect. This is particularly true of Muslims who now find themselves living in non-Muslim countries.", "At least one observer (Max Rodenbeck) has noted several challenges to \"reform\"—i.e", ".e. accommodation with the enlightenment, reason and science, the separation of religion and politics—that the other two Abrahamic faiths did not have to grapple with: whereas Christian and Jewish reform evolved over centuries, in relatively organic and self-generated—albeit often bloody—fashion, the challenge to Islam of such concepts as empirical reasoning, the nation-state, the theory of evolution, and individualism arrived all in a heap and all too often at the point of a gun.", "In addition, traditional sharia law has been shaped in all its complexity by serving for centuries as \"the backbone\" of legal systems of Muslim states, while millions of Muslim now live in non-Muslim states. Islam also lacks a \"widely recognized religious hierarchy to explain doctrinal changes or to enforce them\" because it has no [central] church.\n\nIslamic Modernism", "Islamic Modernism\n\nIslamic Modernism, also sometimes referred to as Modernist Salafism, is a movement that has been described as \"the first Muslim ideological response\" attempting to reconcile Islamic faith with modern Western values such as nationalism, democracy, civil rights, rationality, equality, and progress. It featured a \"critical reexamination of the classical conceptions and methods of jurisprudence\" and a new approach to Islamic theology and Quranic exegesis (Tafsir).", "It was the first of several Islamic movements – including secularism, Islamism and Salafism – that emerged in the middle of the 19th century in reaction to the rapid changes of the time, especially the perceived onslaught of Western Civilization and colonialism on the Muslim world. Founders include Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905), a Sheikh of Al-Azhar University for a brief period before his death in 1905, Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani (1838-1897), and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (1817-1898).", "The early Islamic Modernists (al-Afghani and Muhammad Abdu) used the term \"salafiyya\" to refer to their attempt at renovation of Islamic thought, and this \"salafiyya movement\" is often known in the West as \"Islamic modernism,\" although it is very different from what is currently called the Salafi movement, which generally signifies \"ideologies such as wahhabism\"", ". Since its inception, Modernism has suffered from co-option of its original reformism by both secularist rulers and by \"the official ulama\" whose \"task it is to legitimise\" rulers' actions in religious terms.", "Modernism differs from secularism in that it insists on the importance of religious faith in public life, and from Salafism or Islamism in that it embraces contemporary European institutions, social processes, and values.\n\nQuranism", "Quranists believe Muhammad himself was a Quranist and the founder of Quranism, and that his followers distorted the faith and split into schisms and factions such as Sunni, Shia, and Khawarij. Quranists reject the hadith and follow the Quran only", ". The extent to which Quranists reject the authenticity of the Sunnah varies, but the more established groups have thoroughly criticised the authenticity of the hadith and refused it for many reasons, the most prevalent being the Quranist claim that hadith is not mentioned in the Quran as a source of Islamic theology and practice, was not recorded in written form until more than two centuries after the death of the Muhammed, and contain perceived internal errors and contradictions.", "Tolu-e-Islam\n\nThe movement was initiated by Muhammad Iqbal, and later spearheaded by Ghulam Ahmed Pervez. Ghulam Ahmed Pervez did not reject all hadiths; however, he only accepted hadiths which \"are in accordance with the Quran or do not stain the character of the Prophet or his companions\". The organization publishes and distributes books, pamphlets, and recordings of Pervez's teachings.\n\nTolu-e-Islam does not belong to any political party, nor does it belong to any religious group or sect.", "Scriptural fallibility\nSome Muslims (Saeed Nasheed, Abdul Karim Soroush, Sayyed Ahmad Al-Qabbanji, Hassan Radwan) have argued for taking \"the bold step of challenging the very idea that the Qur’an and Sunna are infallible\", and asserting that instead the Quran is \"divinely inspired but ... human-authored\". Saeed Nasheed writes,", "\"The Qur’an is not the speech of God, just as the loaf of bread is not the work of the farmer. God produced the raw material, which was inspiration, just as the farmer produces the raw material, which is wheat. But it is the baker who turns the wheat or flour into bread according to his own unique way, artistic expertise and creative ability. Thus it is the Prophet who was responsible for interpreting the inspiration and turning it into actual phrases and words according to his own unique view.\"", "See also\n Cultural Muslim\n Islah\n Islam and modernity\n Islam and secularism\n Islamic revival\nJaringan Islam Liberal\n Modern Islamic philosophy\n Muslims for Progressive Values\nNahdlatul Ulama\n Ideology of Mahmoud Mohammed Taha\n\nNotes\n\nReferences", "Further reading\n Safi, Omid, Progressive Islam, in Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014, Vol. II, pp. 486–490. \nQur'an and Woman by Amina Wadud.\nAmerican Muslims: Bridging Faith and Freedom by M. A. Muqtedar Khan.\nCharles Kurzman, ed. (1998). Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook. Oxford University Press, USA. .\nProgressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism, edited by Omid Safi.", "Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism, edited by Omid Safi.\n\"Debating Moderate Islam\", edited by M. A. Muqtedar Khan.\nQur'an, Liberation and Pluralism by Farid Esack.\nRevival and Reform in Islam by Fazlur Rahman Malik.\nThe Unthought in Contemporary Islamic Thought by Mohammed Arkoun.\nUnveiling Traditions: Postcolonial Islam in a Polycentric World by Anouar Majid.\nIslam and Science: Religious Orthodoxy and the Battle for Rationality by Pervez Hoodbhoy.", "Islam and Science: Religious Orthodoxy and the Battle for Rationality by Pervez Hoodbhoy.\nIslam is Mercy: Essential Features of a Modern Religion, by Mouhanad Khorchide 2012; English 2014.\nThe Viability of Islamic Science by S. Irfan Habib, Economic and Political Weekly, June 5, 2004.\n The Reformist Islamic Thinker Muhammad Shahrur: In the Footsteps of Averroes\n A Liberal Muslim Blog\nVanessa Karam, Olivia Samad and Ani Zonneveld, eds. (2011). Progressive Muslim Identities. Oracle Releasing. .", "Mustafa Akyol (2011). Islam Without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty. W. W. Norton & Company. .", "External links\nCharles Kurzman's Liberal Islam links, compiled by the author of Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook.\n\n \nWomen's rights in Islam\nLGBT Muslim organizations\nLGBT and multiculturalism\nI\nI" ]

[ "WrestleMania is a professional wrestling event held annually between mid-March and mid-April by the American company WWE, the world's largest professional wrestling promotion. Since premiering in 1985, 39 editions have been held, with its most recent 39th edition occurring at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, California on April 1 and 2, 2023. WrestleMania was WWE's first-ever pay-per-view (PPV) produced and is the most successful and longest-running professional wrestling event in history", ". The event has been shown through traditional PPV since 1985, and has been available to livestream on the WWE Network since 2014 and Peacock since 2021. WrestleMania was conceptualized by WWE executive chairman Vince McMahon and named by ring announcer and WWE Hall of Famer Howard Finkel. It is the company's flagship event and along with Royal Rumble, SummerSlam, Survivor Series, and Money in the Bank, it is referred to as one of the \"Big Five\", WWE's five biggest annual events of the year.", "The widespread success of WrestleMania helped transform professional wrestling. The annual event has facilitated the rise to stardom of several top WWE wrestlers. Celebrities such as Aretha Franklin, Cyndi Lauper, Muhammad Ali, Mr. T, Mike Tyson, Donald Trump, Floyd Mayweather Jr., Snoop Dogg, Ronda Rousey, Rob Gronkowski, Shaquille O'Neal, and Bad Bunny, among many others, have made special appearances within the events, with some participating in matches", ". Rousey herself later became a full-time professional wrestler and was one of three women to compete in the first women's match to headline a WrestleMania in 2019.", "The first WrestleMania was held in Madison Square Garden in New York City; the 10th and 20th editions were also held there. WrestleMania III in the Detroit suburb of Pontiac, Michigan was the highest-attended indoor sports event in the world, with 93,173 fans in attendance. The record stood until February 14, 2010, when the 2010 NBA All-Star Game broke the indoor sporting event record with an attendance of 108,713 at Cowboys Stadium, since renamed AT&T Stadium, in Arlington, Texas", ". In 2016, WrestleMania 32 surpassed WrestleMania III as the highest-attended professional wrestling event ever held in America, with 101,763 fans in attendance at AT&T Stadium, although the company revealed that attendance figures are manipulated for marketing purposes through investor calls. All editions of the event have been hosted in North American cities, with 37 in the United States and two in Canada.", "The only WrestleMania in the event's history to not air live and be held without fans in attendance was WrestleMania 36 in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; it was the first major professional wrestling event to be affected by the pandemic. It was also the first to be held across two nights, with each WrestleMania since becoming two-night events", ". WrestleMania 37 in 2021 was WWE's first event back with a live crowd, but at a reduced venue capacity before the company resumed live touring with full capacity crowds in July that year.", "Organization", "Most WrestleMania events have taken place in large stadiums in large cities, with some in sports arenas. Much like the Super Bowl, cities bid for the right to host the year's edition of WrestleMania", ". The most-attended events include WrestleMania III (93,173) in Pontiac, WrestleMania VI (67,678) in Toronto, WrestleMania VIII (62,167) in Indianapolis, WrestleMania X-Seven (67,925) in Houston, WrestleMania X8 (68,237) also in Toronto, WrestleMania XIX (54,097) in Seattle, WrestleMania 23 (80,103) in Detroit, WrestleMania XXIV (74,635) in Orlando, WrestleMania 25 (72,744) also in Houston, WrestleMania XXVI (72,219) in Phoenix, WrestleMania XXVII (71,617) in Atlanta, WrestleMania XXVIII (78,363) in Miami", ",219) in Phoenix, WrestleMania XXVII (71,617) in Atlanta, WrestleMania XXVIII (78,363) in Miami, WrestleMania 29 (80,676) in East Rutherford, WrestleMania XXX (75,167) in New Orleans, WrestleMania 31 (76,976) in Santa Clara, and WrestleMania 32 (101,763) in Arlington", ". Since moving to large stadiums and running WrestleMania Axxess, the event produces a local economy boost for the host cities.", "WrestleMania centers on the main event matches, primarily for the WWE Championship – and additional world titles, such as the World Heavyweight Championship (2003–2013) and the WWE Universal Championship (since 2017) – as well as matches involving celebrities such as American footballer Lawrence Taylor or actor Mr. T. Other WWE championships are also contested for, while the match card also includes gimmick matches and matches involving personal feuds.", "Since 1993, the winner of the annual Royal Rumble match receives a guaranteed WWE Championship match at the same year's WrestleMania (except in 2016 in which the championship was the prize of the match itself). With the introduction of the World Heavyweight Championship in 2002, the winner was also given the option to choose between it or the WWE Championship. The creation of the ECW brand in June 2006 gave the Rumble winner a third option, the ECW Championship", ". This option was made available from 2007 until the brand was retired in 2010; however, the title was never chosen. The brand split ended in 2011 and the WWE and World Heavyweight Championships were unified in 2013, leaving the former as the only title to challenge for until the reintroduction of the brand split in 2016, which added the WWE Universal Championship as a choice", ". A women's Royal Rumble match was introduced in 2018, with the winner receiving the option of challenging for either the WWE Raw Women's Championship or WWE SmackDown Women's Championship, which were renamed as the WWE Women's Championship and Women's World Championship, respectively, in June 2023", ". NXT's championships, the NXT Championship and NXT Women's Championship, became additional choices in 2020, but were dropped as choices in 2022 after NXT reverted to its original status as WWE's developmental brand in September 2021.", "WrestleMania 21 saw the introduction of the Money in the Bank ladder match", ". This match features six to ten participants and took place at six WrestleManias between 2005 and 2010 before becoming the headline match of its own pay-per-view event, Money in the Bank which incorporated the use of two Money in the Bank ladder matches for both respective WWE brands, Raw and SmackDown (since 2017, two matches have been held at the titular event, but one each for the men and women, with participants divided between the brands)", ". The participant who retrieves the briefcase suspended above the ring wins a contract, which guarantees a world title match at the time and place of the winner's choosing for up to one year, including the following year's WrestleMania. This lasted until 2010 when the Money in the Bank pay-per-view was introduced and thus the Money in the Bank ladder match was retired from WrestleMania.", "Forbes named WrestleMania one of the world's most valuable sports event brands from 2014 to 2019, ranking it sixth with a brand value of US$245 million in 2019 behind the Super Bowl, Summer Olympics, NCAA Final Four, the FIFA World Cup, and the College Football Playoffs.\n\nCommentators", "For five of the first six WrestleManias, Gorilla Monsoon and Jesse Ventura served as the color commentators (the exception being WrestleMania 2, which was split among three venues and had Monsoon, Ventura, and Vince McMahon split up with guest commentators), while Bobby Heenan, Gene Okerlund, Lord Alfred Hayes, and others filled guest roles. For WrestleMania VII and VIII, Monsoon and Heenan provided color commentary", ". For WrestleMania VII and VIII, Monsoon and Heenan provided color commentary. In the mid to late 1990s, the commentator team comprised Vince McMahon, Jim Ross, and Jerry Lawler. Since the brand separation in 2002, matches from the Raw brand have been called by Ross and Lawler; the SmackDown matches called by Michael Cole, Tazz, John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield, and Jonathan Coachman, and from 2006 to 2010, the ECW matches called by Joey Styles and Tazz", ". At WrestleMania 25, the first three-man inter-brand commentary team since the brand extension was introduced was used and consisted of Jim Ross, Jerry \"The King\" Lawler, and Michael Cole. The following year at WrestleMania XXVI, Jim Ross was replaced by Matt Striker. At WrestleMania XXVII, Jim Ross returned to commentate, along with Josh Mathews and new SmackDown color commentator Booker T; the sudden change of commentary was due to a singles match between regular commentators Michael Cole and Lawler", ". Howard Finkel, who is credited with coming up with the name \"WrestleMania\" in 1984, has served as the long-standing ring-announcer and has appeared at every event except WrestleMania 33, but since the introduction of the WWE brand extension, Lilian Garcia, Tony Chimel, and Justin Roberts took over as announcers for their respective brand's matches", ". Four French commentators were at ringside: Jean Brassard and Raymond Rougeau (WrestleMania 13), Phillippe Chéreau, and Christophe Agius (WrestleMania XXX, WrestleMania 31, WrestleMania 32, and WrestleMania 33).", "History\n\n1980s", "The World Wrestling Federation staged the first WrestleMania on March 31, 1985, at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The main event was a tag-team match between WWF World Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan and Mr. T, accompanied by Jimmy Snuka against the team of Roddy Piper and Paul Orndorff, who were accompanied by Cowboy Bob Orton", ". The financial and critical success of the event secured the company's status as the most successful professional wrestling promotion in the United States, rising above competitors such as the National Wrestling Alliance and American Wrestling Association. In attendance were business celebrity Sy Sperling and broadcasting executive Tony D'Angelo. WrestleMania 2 was held the following year and took place in three venues across the country", ". WrestleMania 2 was held the following year and took place in three venues across the country. The Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York, the Rosemont Horizon (now Allstate Arena) in the Chicago suburb of Rosemont, Illinois, and the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles. They each featured multiple matches that led up to the main event; this saw WWF World Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan defeat King Kong Bundy in a Steel Cage match.", "A world indoor attendance-record of 93,173 fans was set at WrestleMania III, which was also the largest paying attendance in the history of professional wrestling at the time. The event is widely considered to be the pinnacle of the 1980s wrestling boom. To make certain that every seat in the Pontiac Silverdome would be filled, WWF decided to exclude the entire state of Michigan from pay-per-view access to the event, which made attending the event the only way for fans in Michigan to see it", ". The event featured Hulk Hogan defending the WWF World Heavyweight Championship against André the Giant and the WWF Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship match between \"Macho Man\" Randy Savage and Ricky \"The Dragon\" Steamboat. The match between Savage and Steamboat would go on to be regarded as one of the greatest matches in WrestleMania history and is acknowledged by many (including Vince McMahon) as having \"stolen the show\".", "WrestleMania IV was held at the Atlantic City Convention Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey (though on the broadcast it was billed as being held in the Trump Plaza because the adjacent casino hotel was the event's primary sponsor). The event was an all-tournament event to crown a new WWF World Heavyweight Champion, with four non-tournament matches to fill between the gaps in the tournament rounds", ". The second round of the tournament featured a rematch of the previous year's main event between Hulk Hogan and André the Giant while Randy Savage went on to defeat Ted DiBiase in the finals to win the championship.", "The next event, WrestleMania V, returned the event to Atlantic City, in which Hulk Hogan defeated Randy Savage for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, which Savage had won the previous year. To date, this is the only time consecutive WrestleManias were held in the same venue. The event also saw the WrestleMania in-ring debut of Shawn Michaels, who would later go on to earn the moniker \"Mr. WrestleMania\".\n\n1990s", "The first time WrestleMania took place outside of the United States was WrestleMania VI, which was held at the SkyDome (now Rogers Centre) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In the main event match, The Ultimate Warrior won the WWF World Heavyweight Championship from Hulk Hogan. The following year, the event returned to the United States for WrestleMania VII, which was originally scheduled to be held at the outdoors Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum", ". The event was moved to the adjacent indoors Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena after poor ticket sales, sold on television as being for security reasons related to the Gulf War and Sgt. Slaughter's storyline defection to Iraq. The event saw Hulk Hogan face defending champion Sgt. Slaughter for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship, while The Undertaker made his WrestleMania debut, defeating Jimmy Snuka", ". Following this, The Undertaker went undefeated in 21 of his WrestleMania matches until he lost to Brock Lesnar at WrestleMania XXX in 2014. The next edition, WrestleMania VIII, was held in the Hoosier Dome with \"Macho Man\" Randy Savage defeating Ric Flair for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship and Hulk Hogan defeating Sid Justice via disqualification.", "WrestleMania IX was the first WrestleMania held at an outdoor venue. It was also the first and only time in WrestleMania history that the WWF World Heavyweight Championship switched twice. Yokozuna defeated Bret Hart to become the WWF World Heavyweight Champion, only to lose it to Hulk Hogan in an impromptu match. WrestleMania X saw the event's return to Madison Square Garden", ". WrestleMania X saw the event's return to Madison Square Garden. The event featured Owen Hart defeating his elder brother Bret; a ladder match for the WWF Intercontinental Championship also headlined, in which Razor Ramon defeated Shawn Michaels. Bret having been defeated earlier won the WWF World Heavyweight Championship from Yokozuna in the main event. Bret is the first wrestler in WrestleMania history to lose his first match and come back to win the WWF World Heavyweight Championship in the main event", ". After failing to capture the title from Diesel at WrestleMania XI, Michaels defeated Bret Hart to win the WWF World Heavyweight Championship in a 60-minute Iron Man match at WrestleMania XII. The match was widely praised. The event also saw the return of the Ultimate Warrior, who defeated Hunter Hearst Helmsley (later known as Triple H) in the latter's WrestleMania debut.", "At WrestleMania 13, a submission match pitted Bret Hart and Stone Cold Steve Austin against one another in a bout that received much acclaim, and The Undertaker defeated Sycho Sid for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship in the main event", ". The match between Hart and Austin is considered by many fans as one of the best professional wrestling matches of all time and has been voted by IGN as the greatest match in WrestleMania history, and was number 1 among their list of top 20 WrestleMania matches of all time. Various other sources also names the match as the greatest WrestleMania match of all time.", "At WrestleMania XIV, Austin defeated Shawn Michaels to become the new WWF World Heavyweight Champion in a match that featured Mike Tyson serving as the special enforcer. Although Tyson had been aligned with Michaels and his stable D-Generation X, Tyson revealed to have been aligned with Austin all along as he personally counted the pinfall and declared Austin the winner. The Undertaker and Kane fought for the first time at this event where The Undertaker won", ". The Undertaker and Kane fought for the first time at this event where The Undertaker won. The following year at WrestleMania XV, Austin defeated The Rock to regain the WWF Championship. The event featured the first of three encounters at WrestleMania between Austin and The Rock in a rivalry of the two most prominent and popular stars of the Attitude Era.", "2000s", "WrestleMania 2000 featured the first-ever Triangle Ladder match for the WWF Tag Team Championship, involving The Hardy Boyz (Jeff Hardy and Matt Hardy), The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley), and Edge and Christian. The main event featured WWF Champion Triple H successfully defend his title in a fatal four-way match against The Rock, Big Show, and Mick Foley", ". This match was billed as having 'a McMahon in every corner' as Triple H was accompanied by Stephanie McMahon, The Rock by Vince McMahon, Big Show by Shane McMahon, and Mick Foley by Linda McMahon.", "At WrestleMania X-Seven, Stone Cold defeated The Rock and regained the WWF Championship. The event also featured Vince and Shane McMahon in a Street Fight, while Edge and Christian won the WWF Tag Team Championship against the Hardy Boyz and Dudley Boyz in the second Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match. The event was the pinnacle of the 1990s wrestling boom", ". The event was the pinnacle of the 1990s wrestling boom. It was also the first WrestleMania held after the dissolution and WWF's subsequent purchase of the company's rival, World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and the end of the Monday Night Wars. The event was higly praised. In 2013, WWE released a list of their \"15 best pay-per-views ever\", with WrestleMania X-Seven ranked at number one.", "WrestleMania X8 was the last WrestleMania to be produced under the WWF name, and featured Triple H defeating Chris Jericho to win the Undisputed WWF Championship. Austin, The Rock, and The Undertaker defeated Scott Hall, Hulk Hogan, and Ric Flair respectively, all of whom had rejoined the company after their stints with WCW. Also, Rob Van Dam won his first Intercontinental Championship in his WrestleMania debut.", "WrestleMania XIX, which was the first after the company was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), saw Stone Cold's last match, as he faced The Rock for a third time at WrestleMania, ending their long-running feud. Additionally, Hulk Hogan defeated Vince McMahon and Shawn Michaels participated in his first WrestleMania match in five years, defeating Chris Jericho", ". The World Heavyweight Championship (2002–2013 version) was defended for the first time at the event, with Triple H retaining against Booker T, while Brock Lesnar defeated Kurt Angle to win the WWE Championship.", "WWE celebrated the 20th edition of WrestleMania at Madison Square Garden with WrestleMania XX. The event featured The Undertaker (who returned to his Deadman persona) defeating the unmasked Kane in their second encounter and the WWE Championship and World Heavyweight Championship victories of Eddie Guerrero and Chris Benoit, respectively, with Guerrero defeating Kurt Angle to retain the WWE Championship and Benoit defeating Triple H and Shawn Michaels to win the World Heavyweight Championship", ". The event also featured the Rock 'n' Sock Connection (The Rock and Mick Foley) versus Evolution (Batista, Randy Orton, and Ric Flair) in a 2-on-3 handicap match, which was The Rock's last match for over seven years, as well as Stone Cold as the guest referee in an inter-promotional singles match between the departing superstars Brock Lesnar (who would return to the company eight years later) and Goldberg (who would return 12 years later)", ". The WWE Hall of Fame was also reintroduced and became an annual induction show held the night before or week of WrestleMania.", "At WrestleMania 21, the concept of the Money in the Bank ladder match was introduced; a six-man ladder match that featured a briefcase suspended above the ring containing a contract that guaranteed the winning Raw brand participant a world title match at any time and place of their choosing within one year up to the next year's WrestleMania, in which Edge went on to win this match", ". In the main events, the WWE Championship and the World Heavyweight Championship passed on to John Cena and Batista, respectively, by defeating John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield and Triple H in their respective matches. Eddie Guerrero's last WrestleMania match took place at WrestleMania 21 against Rey Mysterio, before he died later that year. The event also featured the return of \"Stone Cold\" Steve Austin after a year-long hiatus, while Kurt Angle defeated Shawn Michaels in a highly acclaimed match.", "The Money in the Bank ladder match was also held at WrestleMania 22 as a six-man interpromotional match where the winner would get a world title match of their choosing, regardless of the brand they were on, with this match was won by Rob Van Dam. The main events of WrestleMania 22 featured Rey Mysterio win the World Heavyweight Championship against Kurt Angle and Randy Orton in a Triple Threat Match, and John Cena retained the WWE Championship against Triple H", ". Edge defeated Mick Foley in a Hardcore Rules match, where Edge infamously speared Foley off the ring apron through a flaming table at ringside. WrestleMania 22 also featured Shawn Michaels defeating Vince McMahon in a No Holds Barred match, Undertaker defeating Mark Henry in a casket match, and Mickie James defeat Trish Stratus to win the original WWE Women's Championship.", "At WrestleMania 23, the Money in the Bank match expanded to include eight men and would include stars from the new ECW brand, which was won by Mr. Kennedy. John Cena would go on to retain his WWE Championship against Shawn Michaels, while The Undertaker would win the World Heavyweight Championship from Batista", ". Representing Donald Trump, ECW World Champion Bobby Lashley defeated Umaga, who represented Vince McMahon, in a match billed as the \"Battle of the Billionaires\" and arbitrated by \"Stone Cold\" Steve Austin. This was also the last WrestleMania where the original WWE Women's Championship was defended when Melina defeated Ashley Massaro in a lumberjills match.", "At WrestleMania XXIV, Shawn Michaels defeated Ric Flair in a highly acclaimed retirement match, while the Money in the Bank ladder match included seven participants from all three brands which was won by CM Punk, who would also win the match again at WrestleMania 25", ". The ECW Championship was defended for the only time at a WrestleMania event, when Kane emerged as the new champion in a record 8 seconds, while Randy Orton retained the WWE Championship and The Undertaker won the World Heavyweight Championship for the second consecutive year, defeating Edge. In an encounter that featured major media coverage, boxing world champion Floyd Mayweather Jr. defeated Big Show. The event was the second WrestleMania to be held at an outdoor venue.", "WrestleMania 25 featured Chris Jericho defeating WWE Hall of Famers Roddy Piper, Jimmy Snuka, and Ricky Steamboat in a match that featured appearances by Ric Flair and actor Mickey Rourke. Shawn Michaels unsuccessfully attempted to hand The Undertaker his first defeat at a WrestleMania in a critically acclaimed match, which received the 2009 Match of the Year award by both Pro Wrestling Illustrated and the Wrestling Observer Newsletter", ". The WWE Intercontinental Championship was defended at the event for the first time since WrestleMania X8 with Rey Mysterio defeated John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield. John Cena defeated Edge for the World Heavyweight Championship also involving the Big Show, while Triple H retained the WWE Championship against Randy Orton.", "2010s", "At WrestleMania XXVI, the professional wrestling career of Shawn Michaels came to an end as he faced The Undertaker in a highly acclaimed re-match of their encounter from the previous year. The event also featured John Cena winning the WWE Championship and Chris Jericho retaining the World Heavyweight Championship", ". Following Bret Hart's return to WWE in over twelve years since the Montreal Screwjob incident, Bret Hart defeated Vince McMahon in a No Holds Barred match with members of the Hart wrestling family present. The Money in the Bank ladder match included ten participants from both Raw and SmackDown (the ECW brand was retired in February), and this match was won by Jack Swagger", ". This was the last Money in the Bank ladder match to be held at a WrestleMania event due to the creation of the Money in the Bank pay-per-view in July that year.", "WrestleMania XXVII featured the return of The Rock following a seven-year hiatus to serve as host for the event. Trish Stratus competed in her first WrestleMania since WrestleMania 22, teaming with John Morrison and Jersey Shores Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi to defeat LayCool and Dolph Ziggler. Longtime WWE announcers Michael Cole and Jerry Lawler brawled in a match officiated by \"Stone Cold\" Steve Austin, while Triple H failed in his attempt to avenge Shawn Michaels' loss to The Undertaker from a year prior", ". This was the first WrestleMania in history in which both the World Heavyweight Champion and WWE Champion were able to successfully retain their titles. World Heavyweight Champion Edge defeated the challenger Alberto Del Rio in what would be Edge's last match before his retirement on April 11, and The Rock closed out the event saluting the fans after laying out John Cena and The Miz with his signature move, the Rock Bottom, following Miz retaining the WWE Championship", ". This incident would set up the main event for the following year's WrestleMania.", "WrestleMania XXVIII had three matches in the upper card. In the first main event, The Undertaker defeated Triple H in a Hell in a Cell match via pinfall, officiated by Shawn Michaels and extending his WrestleMania streak to 20–0. The second main event featured CM Punk retaining the WWE Championship against Chris Jericho, via submission. The third main event featured The Rock defeating John Cena via pinfall in a \"Once in a Lifetime\" match, announced a year in advance.", "In 2013, WrestleMania 29 had 80,676 fans in attendance, becoming the third-highest attended WrestleMania ever. This WrestleMania had three main events. The first saw The Undertaker extend his undefeated streak to 21–0 by defeating CM Punk. Triple H, with the help of Shawn Michaels, defeated Brock Lesnar in a No Holds Barred match; had Triple H lost, he would have had to retire from in-ring competition", ". In the final match, John Cena avenged his loss from the previous year by defeating The Rock for the WWE Championship, winning the title a record 11th time and setting a record of four victories as a challenger in a world title match at WrestleMania. Other matches included Alberto Del Rio successfully defending the World Heavyweight Championship against Jack Swagger, and Fandango pulling off an upset win over veteran Chris Jericho", ". In the opening bout, The Shield (Dean Ambrose, Seth Rollins, and Roman Reigns) defeated the team of Big Show, Sheamus, and Randy Orton in their WrestleMania debut.", "WrestleMania XXX was the 30th annual WrestleMania event produced by WWE on April 6, 2014, at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. The event was the first WrestleMania to be held in the state of Louisiana. It saw Daniel Bryan defeat Triple H in the opening match. Per the stipulation, this gave Bryan a spot in the main event, where he won the WWE World Heavyweight Championship by making Batista submit in a triple threat match which also included Randy Orton", ". It was the only WrestleMania where the WWE Divas Championship was defended, with AJ Lee retaining the title in the \"Vickie Guerrero Divas Championship Invitational\". WrestleMania XXX also saw the end of The Undertaker's undefeated streak at WrestleMania as he was defeated by Brock Lesnar in what was described as 'the most shocking result in sports-entertainment history'. At WrestleMania XXX, Bray Wyatt's undefeated streak since his debut came to an end at the hands of John Cena", ". Also, at WrestleMania XXX, The Shield defeated Kane and The New Age Outlaws (Road Dogg and Billy Gunn) in a six-man tag team match, and Cesaro won the first-ever André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal by body-slamming Big Show over the top rope in similar fashion to Hulk Hogan bodyslamming André the Giant at WrestleMania III.", "WrestleMania 31 was held at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California on March 29, 2015. Brock Lesnar defended the WWE World Heavyweight Championship in the main event against Royal Rumble winner Roman Reigns, with Seth Rollins cashing in his Money in the Bank briefcase, turning the bout into a Triple Threat, ending with Rollins pinning Reigns to win the championship", ". Other main bouts included Sting's first-ever WWE match against Triple H, which he lost, The Undertaker returned and defeated Bray Wyatt to get his 22nd victory at the event's history, Randy Orton defeated Seth Rollins and Rusev lost the United States Championship and his unbeaten streak to John Cena. Another important promoted match was the 7-man ladder match for the Intercontinental Championship, which was won by Daniel Bryan", ". Also at WrestleMania 31, AJ Lee teamed with Paige to defeat The Bella Twins (Brie Bella and Nikki Bella) in a tag team match, while Big Show won the second annual Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, by last eliminating Damien Mizdow.", "WrestleMania 32 was held at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas on April 3, 2016. WrestleMania 32 broke the attendance record at 101,763 as announced by The Rock at the event. In the main event, Roman Reigns defeated Triple H to win the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. Other bouts included the Undertaker defeating Shane McMahon in a Hell in a Cell match. Had Shane won, he would have gained control of Raw, while had Undertaker lost, this would have been his last WrestleMania", ". Brock Lesnar defeated Dean Ambrose in a No Holds Barred Street Fight, Charlotte defeated Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks to win the inaugural WWE Women's Championship, Chris Jericho defeated AJ Styles in a singles match, The League of Nations (Sheamus, Rusev, and Alberto Del Rio) (with King Barrett) defeated The New Day (Xavier Woods, Kofi Kingston, and Big E) in a six-man tag match, Zack Ryder won a 7-man ladder match for the Intercontinental Championship", ", Zack Ryder won a 7-man ladder match for the Intercontinental Championship, and The Rock defeated Erick Rowan in a record-breaking 6-second match", ". Also at WrestleMania 32, Baron Corbin won the third annual André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, by last eliminating Kane.", "WrestleMania 33 took place on April 2, 2017, at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida. It was the first WrestleMania since WrestleMania 29 in 2013 to feature two world championships on the line: Raw's Universal Championship, defended for the first time at WrestleMania, and SmackDown's WWE Championship. The main event saw Roman Reigns defeat The Undertaker in a No Holds Barred match giving Undertaker his second loss at WrestleMania", ". Elsewhere on the event's card, Brock Lesnar defeated Goldberg in a rematch from WrestleMania XX to become the new Universal Champion, Randy Orton defeated Bray Wyatt to win his ninth WWE Championship, and Mojo Rawley won the fourth annual André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal by last eliminating Jinder Mahal. The event also marked the unannounced return of The Hardy Boyz, who won the Raw Tag Team Championship at the event in a fatal four-way tag team ladder match.", "WrestleMania 34 was held on April 8, 2018, at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. In the main event, Brock Lesnar retained the Universal Championship against Roman Reigns. In another main event promoted match, AJ Styles retained the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura", ". Other marquee matches saw Kurt Angle and Ronda Rousey defeat Triple H and Stephanie McMahon in a mixed tag team match, which was Rousey's WWE debut match, and Daniel Bryan had his in-ring return after three years, teaming with Shane McMahon to defeat Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn. Also, The Undertaker defeated John Cena in an impromptu match", ". In another prominent match, Charlotte Flair retained the SmackDown Women's Championship against Asuka, ending Asuka's two-year undefeated streak, and Nicholas, a 10-year old fan, became the youngest WWE champion when he teamed with Braun Strowman to defeat Cesaro and Sheamus for the Raw Tag Team Championship, The SmackDown Tag Team Championship was also defended for the first time at WrestleMania", ", The SmackDown Tag Team Championship was also defended for the first time at WrestleMania, where The Bludgeon Brothers Harper and Rowan) defeated The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) and The New Day to win the titles, Matt Hardy last eliminated Baron Corbin to win fifth André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal as well as first-ever WrestleMania Women's Battle Royal contested where Naomi won by last eliminating Bayley", ".", "WrestleMania 35 was held on April 7, 2019, at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. At the event, Kofi Kingston became the first African-born WWE Champion after defeating Daniel Bryan, while Seth Rollins defeated Brock Lesnar to win the Universal Championship. The event also saw the retirement of veteran WWE stars Kurt Angle and Batista", ". The event also saw the retirement of veteran WWE stars Kurt Angle and Batista. For the first time, the main event of WrestleMania was a women's match, with Raw Women's Champion Ronda Rousey, SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair, and Becky Lynch facing off in a Winner Takes All Triple Threat match for both championships, in which Lynch emerged victorious.", "2020s", "For the first time in WrestleMania's history, WrestleMania 36 was taped and held across two nights. The tapings occurred on March 25 and 26, 2020, at multiple locations including the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida. It then aired on tape delay on April 4 and 5. It was originally scheduled to take place solely on April 5 at the Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida and to air live, but was moved due to the COVID-19 pandemic", ". It was only attended by essential personnel, and was the first WWE pay-per-view event unattended by fans. It was the first WrestleMania to promote the NXT brand, which was formerly WWE's developmental brand, but this would be the only to promote NXT as the brand was not featured at the next WrestleMania and it returned to being the developmental brand in September 2021", ". In the main event for Part 1 of WrestleMania 36, The Undertaker defeated AJ Styles in a Boneyard match, which was produced as a cinematic match and was one of two matches not filmed at the Performance Center—this would in turn be The Undertaker's final match. Braun Strowman also defeated Goldberg to win the Universal Championship while Becky Lynch retained the Raw Women's Championship over NXT's Shayna Baszler", ". In the main event for Part 2, Drew McIntyre defeated Brock Lesnar to win the WWE Championship; after the show went off the air, a dark match occurred wherein McIntyre retained the title over Big Show in a match described by WWE as the \"hidden WrestleMania main event\" (which was shown on the April 6 episode of Raw)", ". Also on the show, \"The Fiend\" Bray Wyatt defeated John Cena in a Firefly Fun House match, which was the other match not filmed at the Performance Center and also produced as a cinematic match, and Charlotte Flair defeated Rhea Ripley to win the NXT Women's Championship, which was the first and thus far only time an NXT title was defended at WrestleMania. Also on Part 2, Edge had his first singles match since 2011 in which he defeated Randy Orton in a Last Man Standing match", ". Following this, WrestleMania would become a two-night event.", "WrestleMania 37 took place on April 10–11 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida, the original location of WrestleMania 36, to allow for fan attendance—making it the first WWE event to have ticketed fans in attendance during the pandemic, though to a limited capacity of 25,000 for each night. In the main event for WrestleMania 37 Night 1, Bianca Belair defeated Sasha Banks to win the SmackDown Women's Championship, which was the first time two African Americans headlined WrestleMania", ". Also on the card, Bobby Lashley defeated Drew McIntyre by technical submission to retain the WWE Championship and celebrity Bad Bunny teamed with Damian Priest and defeated The Miz and John Morrison. In the main event of Night 2, Roman Reigns retained the Universal Championship against Edge and Daniel Bryan in a triple threat match.", "WrestleMania 38 took place on April 2 and 3, 2022, at AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas", ". As most COVID-19 restrictions had been lifted by that point, this was the first full capacity WrestleMania since 2019, and established a new format for WrestleMania Weekend – a special live WrestleMania SmackDown featuring the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal (a recent WrestleMania night staple) immediately followed by the WWE Hall of Fame inductions, and then NXT holding its now annual WrestleMania event, Stand & Deliver, the afternoon of Night 1", ", and then NXT holding its now annual WrestleMania event, Stand & Deliver, the afternoon of Night 1, and then followed by Raw After WrestleMania on Monday", ". At WrestleMania 38 itself, Cody Rhodes returned as Seth Rollins' \"mystery opponent\", defeating Rollins in Night 1. In the main event of Night 1, \"Stone Cold\" Steve Austin came out of retirement for a one match return to defeat Kevin Owens", ". In the main event of Night 2, Roman Reigns defeated Brock Lesnar in a Winner Takes All match for the WWE Championship and WWE Universal Championship, becoming the first wrestler to hold both titles simultaneously and becoming recognized as the Undisputed WWE Universal Champion, although both titles retained their individual lineages.", "WrestleMania 39 took place on April 1 and 2, 2023, at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, California—the original location of WrestleMania 37 before the pandemic forced it to be relocated", ". As was established the previous year, the WrestleMania Weekend festivities included a live WrestleMania SmackDown (including the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal) immediately followed by the 2023 WWE Hall of Fame induction ceremony on Friday March 31, then on the afternoon of Saturday April 1, NXT held their Stand & Deliver event, all at the Crypto.com Arena in nearby Los Angeles, which also hosted the post WrestleMania edition of Raw on April 3", ".com Arena in nearby Los Angeles, which also hosted the post WrestleMania edition of Raw on April 3. The main event of Night 1 of WrestleMania saw Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn defeat The Usos for the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship, marking the first time a tag team title match was the main event of a WrestleMania, and only the second time a tag team match was the main event, after WrestleMania I. The match was well received", ". The match was well received. It was also the first WrestleMania match since 1997 to earn a five stars rating from sports journalist Dave Meltzer. In Night 2's main event, Roman Reigns retained the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship against Cody Rhodes, after Reigns' cousin Solo Sikoa interfered on his behalf.", "Celebrity involvement", "Over the years, WrestleMania has featured many celebrity appearances with varying levels of involvement. The main event of the first WrestleMania showcased numerous celebrities along with the wrestlers. Billy Martin served as ring announcer with Liberace as timekeeper, and Muhammad Ali served as an official. Mr. T competed in the main event alongside tag team partner, Hulk Hogan", ". Mr. T competed in the main event alongside tag team partner, Hulk Hogan. WrestleMania 2 featured a 20-man battle royal pitting several NFL players against WWF wrestlers, while Lawrence Taylor defeated Bam Bam Bigelow in the main event of WrestleMania XI. Mike Tyson appeared at WrestleMania XIV as the special guest enforcer for the WWF Championship bout between Shawn Michaels and Steve Austin, while professional boxer Butterbean was challenged to a boxing match by Bart Gunn at WrestleMania XV", ". At WrestleManias XIV, XV, and 2000, Pete Rose became involved in a short feud with Kane that became a running gag with each appearance ending with Rose receiving a Tombstone piledriver or chokeslam from Kane. Big Show faced sumo wrestling yokozuna Akebono in a sumo contest at WrestleMania 21, and fought professional welterweight boxer Floyd Mayweather Jr. at WrestleMania XXIV", ". at WrestleMania XXIV. Jersey Shore star Nicole \"Snooki\" Polizzi competed in a 6-person tag team match teaming with Trish Stratus and John Morrison in a winning effort against Dolph Ziggler and LayCool (Layla and Michelle McCool), at WrestleMania XXVII.", "The event has also featured live musical performances. Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin, Gladys Knight, Willie Nelson, Reba McEntire, Little Richard, Boyz II Men, Ashanti, Boys Choir of Harlem, Michelle Williams, John Legend, Nicole Scherzinger, Fantasia Barrino, and Keri Hilson have each renditioned the songs \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" or \"America the Beautiful\" before the show. Robert Goulet performed \"O Canada\" at WrestleMania VI. Acts such as Motörhead, Limp Bizkit, Saliva, Run–D.M.C", ". Acts such as Motörhead, Limp Bizkit, Saliva, Run–D.M.C., Salt-n-Pepa, Living Colour, Ice-T, Drowning Pool, Flo Rida, P.O.D., Machine Gun Kelly, Rev Theory, Mark Crozer, and Snoop Dogg have also performed during the live entrances of competitors.", "WrestleMania Axxess", "In 1988, in association with The Trump Organization, WWF prepared a small festival to celebrate WrestleMania IV, which included autograph signings, a brunch, and a 5K run; the event was held again in 1989 for WrestleMania V. In 1992, a festival was held the day of WrestleMania VIII which included a WWF superstar look-alike contest and a tournament for the WWF WrestleFest arcade game", ". In 1993, the WWF held a \"WrestleMania Brunch\" the day of WrestleMania IX at Caesars Palace, during the course of which Lex Luger attacked Bret Hart. In 1994, WWF offered \"Fan Fest\" for the weekend of WrestleMania X, which allowed fans to step inside a WWF ring, participate in games, meet superstars, and purchase merchandise; the event was followed up in 1995 with another \"Fan Fest\" for WrestleMania XI", ". For WrestleMania XV, a pre-event concert known as the \"WrestleMania Rage Party\" (in reference to that year's theme, \"The Ragin' Climax\") was held at the Pennsylvania Convention Center and televised by USA Network in an hour-long special, featuring performances by Isaac Hayes and Big Pun.", "The following year WWF held its first WrestleMania Axxess event at the Anaheim Convention Center expanding upon the party idea of WrestleMania Rage Party. The event included autograph signings and mementos to inductees of the WWE Hall of Fame. There were also activities where fans could enter a wrestling ring and commentate a wrestling match", ". In 2001, WrestleMania Axxess was held at the Reliant Hall which expanded upon the event by adding numerous activities including areas where attendees could buy special merchandise, see a production truck and check out special WWE vehicles. From 2002, WrestleMania Axxess would be extended to a three-day event (March 14–16) and would be held at the Canadian National Exhibition. The three-day event included similar activities to that of the one-day line-up", ". The three-day event included similar activities to that of the one-day line-up. 2003 would be the final WrestleMania Axxess at a convention center for 6 years. From 2004 to 2008, WrestleMania Axxess visited cities around the United States and Canada with a smaller touring version of what was previously presented at regular Axxess events", ". In 2009 WrestleMania Axxess returned, and has continued every year since, as a four-day event held at convention centers and arenas in the host city of that year's WrestleMania.", "Events", "See also\n List of WWE pay-per-view and WWE Network events\n Starrcade, the premier event produced by the National Wrestling Alliance and the defunct World Championship Wrestling\n November to Remember, the premier event produced by the defunct Extreme Championship Wrestling\n FMW Anniversary Show, the premier event produced by the defunct Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling\n Euro Catch Festival, the premier event produced by the defunct Catch Wrestling Association", "Euro Catch Festival, the premier event produced by the defunct Catch Wrestling Association\n Ultima Lucha, the premier event produced by the defunct Lucha Underground\n Bound for Glory, the premier event produced by Impact Wrestling\n Final Battle, the premier event produced by Ring of Honor\n Wrestle Kingdom, the premier event produced by New Japan Pro Wrestling\n CMLL Anniversary Show, the premier event produced by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre", "CMLL Anniversary Show, the premier event produced by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre\n Triplemanía, the premier event produced by Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide\n NWA Anniversary Show, the premier event produced by National Wrestling Alliance\n WWC Aniversario, the premier event produced by World Wrestling Council (WWC)\n SuperFight, the premier event produced by Major League Wrestling (MLW)\n Double or Nothing, the premier event produced by All Elite Wrestling (AEW)", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n \n WrestleMania history\n WrestleMania: Happy 25th! – slideshow by Life\n\n \nRecurring events established in 1985\n1985 establishments in the United States" ]

[ "Bayview–Hunters Point (sometimes spelled Bay View or Bayview) is the San Francisco, California, neighborhood combining the Bayview and Hunters Point neighborhoods in the southeastern corner of the city. The decommissioned Hunters Point Naval Shipyard is located within its boundaries and Candlestick Park, which was demolished in 2015, was on the southern edge. Due to the South East location, the two neighborhoods are often merged", ". Due to the South East location, the two neighborhoods are often merged. Bayview–Hunter's Point has been labeled as San Francisco's \"Most Isolated Neighborhood\".", "Redevelopment projects for the neighborhood became the dominant issue of the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. Efforts include the Bayview Redevelopment Plan for Area B, which includes approximately 1300 acres of existing residential, commercial and industrial lands. This plan identifies seven economic activity nodes within the area. The former Navy Shipyard waterfront property is also the target of redevelopment to include residential, commercial, and recreational areas.", "Geography", "The Bayview–Hunters Point districts are located in the southeastern part of San Francisco, strung along the main artery of Third Street from India Basin to Candlestick Point. The boundaries are Cesar Chavez Boulevard to the north, U.S. Highway 101 (Bayshore Freeway) to the west, Bayview Hill to the south, and the San Francisco Bay to the east. Neighborhoods within the district include Hunters Point, India Basin, Bayview, Silver Terrace, Bret Harte, Islais Creek Estuary and South Basin", ". The entire southern half of the neighborhood is the Candlestick Point State Recreation Area as well as the Candlestick Park Stadium which was demolished in 2015.", "History\n\nThe Ohlone people", "Primarily composed of tidal wetlands with some small hills, the area was inhabited by the Yelamu and Ramaytush Ohlone people prior to the arrival of Spanish missionaries in the 1700s. The district consisted of what the Ohlone people called \"shell mounds\", which were sacred burial grounds. The Spanish called them, Costanoans, or \"coast dwellers\". The land was later colonized in 1775 by Juan Bautista Aguirre, a ship pilot for Captain Juan Manuel de Ayala who named it La Punta Concha (English: Conch Point)", ". Later explorers renamed it Beacon Point. For the next several decades it was used as pasture for cattle run by the Franciscan friars at Mission Dolores.", "In 1839, the area was part of the Rancho Rincon de las Salinas y Potrero Viejo Mexican land grant given to José Cornelio Bernal (1796–1842). Following the California Gold Rush, Bernal sold what later became the Bayview–Hunters Point area for real estate development in 1849", ". Little actual development occurred but Bernal's agents were three brothers, John, Phillip and Robert Hunter, who built their homes and dairy farm on the land (then near the present-day corner of Griffith Street and Oakdale Avenue) and who gave rise to the name Hunters Point. In 1850, Hunter began trying to sell lots in an entirely new city called “South San Francisco” on the peninsula that now bears his name", ". Physically isolated from the rest of the city by both Mission Bay and the Islais Creek estuary, the only way to get to Hunters Point aside from sailing was via the San Bruno Road, completed in 1858.", "The Bayview–Hunters Point district was labelled \"Southern San Francisco\" on some maps, not to be confused with the city of South San Francisco further to the south.\n\n Islais Creek and \"Sacred Sites\"", "Islais Creek and \"Sacred Sites\"\n\nThe Muwekma Ohlone held and still hold Islais Creek by 3rd Street and Marin in the Bayview as one of fifty, \"sacred sites\". Islais Creek and the adjoining bay has been heavily polluted. Of the original approximately 1500 people who inhabited the San Francisco Peninsula prior to the Portola Expedition in 1769, only one lineage is known to have survived. Their descendants form the four branches of the Ramaytush Ohlone peoples today.", "Industrial development", "After a San Francisco ordinance in 1868 banned the slaughter and processing of animals within the city proper, a group of butchers established a \"butchers reservation\" on of tidal marshland in the Bayview district. Within ten years, 18 slaughterhouses were located in the area along with their associated production facilities for tanning, fertilizer, wool and tallow", ". The \"reservation\" (then bounded by present-day Ingalls Street, Third Street, from Islais Creek to Bayshore) and the surrounding houses and businesses became known as Butchertown. By 1888, the city cracked down on the slaughterhouse district due to a diphtheria outbreak and a need for better sanitation. The city inspectors found under the slaughterhouses a foul smell, the decay of animal parts, and live pigs", ". The butcher industry declined following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake until 1971 when the final slaughterhouse closed.", "From 1929 until 2006 the Bayview–Hunters Point district were home for the coal and oil-fired power plants which provided electricity to San Francisco. Smokestack effluvium and byproducts dumped in the vicinity have been cited for health and environmental problems in the neighborhood. In 1994, the San Francisco Energy Company proposed building another power plant in the neighborhood, but community activists protested and pushed to have the current facility shut down", ". In 2008, Pacific Gas and Electric Company demolished the Hunters Point Power Plant and began a two-year remediation project to restore the land for residential development. The area remains a hub of business along 3rd Street, represented by the Merchants of Butchertown.", "Shrimping industry\n\nFrom 1870 to the 1930s, shrimping industries developed as Chinese immigrants begin to operate most of the shrimp companies. By the 1930s, there were a dozen shrimp operations in Bayview. In 1939 when the U.S. Navy took over the land under eminent domain for the Naval Shipyard. The Health Department came in and burned the shacks and docks that once provided a small village of fishermen and their families a steady living in the abundant shrimp harvest from the San Francisco Bay.", "Shipyard", "Shipbuilding became integral to Bayview–Hunters Point in 1867 with the construction there of the first permanent drydock on the Pacific coast. The Hunters Point Dry Docks were greatly expanded by Union Iron Works and Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation and were capable of housing the largest ships that could pass through the locks of the Panama Canal", ". World War I increased the contracts there for building Naval vessels and, in 1940, the United States Navy purchased a section of property to develop the San Francisco Naval Shipyard. Beginning in the 1920s, a strong presence of Maltese American immigrants, along with Italian Americans, began populating the Bayview, focused on the local Catholic St. Paul of the Shipwreck Church and the Maltese American Social Club. They were a presence until the 1960s when they began moving into the suburbs.", "The shipbuilding industry saw a large influx of blue collar workers into the neighborhood, many of them African Americans taking part in the Great Migration. This migration into Bayview increased substantially after World War II due to racial segregation and eviction of African Americans from homes elsewhere in the city. Between 1940 and 1950, the population of Bayview saw a fourfold increase to 51,000 residents. The Hunter's Point shipyard at its peak employed 17,000 people", ". The Hunter's Point shipyard at its peak employed 17,000 people. One function of HPS was the loading of components of the atomic weapon “Little Boy” that was eventually used on Hiroshima. “Little Boy” was loaded on the USS Indianapolis on July 15, 1945, and is reported to have contained half of the uranium-235 (U-235) available in the United States, valued at the time at $300 million ($4.37 billion in 2018)", ".37 billion in 2018). The USS Indianapolis left Hunters Point at 6:30 am on July 16, 1945, but was not allowed to leave San Francisco’s harbor until 8:30 am, after the first atomic weapon test “Trinity” (5:29 am) had been confirmed successful in the New Mexico desert. In 1947, the Hunter's Point crane was constructed at the shipyard to repair battleships. It was the largest crane in the world at the time. The crane still looms large over the neighborhood today.", "Until 1969, the Hunters Point shipyard was the site of the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory (NRDL). The NRDL decontaminated ships exposed to atomic weapons testing and also researched the effects of radiation on materials and living organisms. This caused widespread radiological contamination and, in 1989, the base was declared a Superfund site requiring long-term clean-up. The Navy closed the shipyard and Naval base in 1994", ". The Navy closed the shipyard and Naval base in 1994. The Base Realignment and Closure program manages various pollution remediation projects.", "Environmental impact report", "On January 10, 2010, Ohlone representatives, Ann Marie Sayers, Corrina Gould, Charlene Sul, and Carmen Sandoval, Ohlone Profiles Project, American Indian Movement West and International Indian Treaty Council penned a letter to then mayor of San Francisco, Gavin Newsom, about preserving the Ohlone historical sites at the Candlestick Point–Hunters Point shipyard stating “This is an important opportunity to work together to protect these ancient historical sites", ", honor our ancestors and insure that development pressures do not further damage critical Ohlone Indigenous sites, the sites affected by the development are extremely significant and are believed to be burial or ceremonial sites, in addition to protecting these sites, we also want to work with the local community to protect their health, the land and the fragile Bay marine environment", ".”", "On June 12, 2014, Vice published an article on the history, environmental bigotry and radiation effects on the residents of the neighborhood.\n\nItalian, Portuguese, and Maltese community development \n\nUpon late 1800s settlement, there were many Italian, Maltese, and Portuguese home-builders, ranchers and truck farmers in the Bayview from 1890 to 1910. The growing population of Italian, Maltese, and Portuguese residents seemingly pushed out the early Chinese community that was located in the Bayview.", "African-American community development", "Redlining reports", "In the 1930s, the distribution of race and income in the neighborhood was fairly even. Two redlining reports from this time characterize the residential makeup of the area as lower-income: that is, residents were either \"white collar\" workers or factory laborers who had jobs in the vicinity. While \"many of the inhabitants [were] from foreign extraction, no racial problem [was] presented.\" Poverty in the neighborhood was widely attributed to the depression", ".\" Poverty in the neighborhood was widely attributed to the depression. In 1937, the Home Owner's Loan Corporation made a redlining map to determine which San Francisco neighborhoods should receive loans for mortgages and general housing investment. Two districts in the Bayview Hunters Point received the two lowest possible grades. This lack of investment made it much harder for the area to rebound from the depression, and also made it very difficult for people trying to purchase new homes in the area", ". In 1942, to address the housing shortage issue, the federal government built 5,500 'temporary' housing units in the area for the families of shipyard workers. As a result, Hunters Point began as one of the most integrated areas in the city. Toward the end of WWII, the San Francisco Housing Authority pushed for the hiring of an all-white police force to govern the neighborhood. Many of the officers were recruited from the segregated south", ". Many of the officers were recruited from the segregated south. From this point onwards, racial discrimination – in terms of the environment, housing, employment, and policing – shaped the development of the Bayview Hunters Point and further contributed to its segregation from the rest of the city.", "By the 1950s and 60s, the Bayview was a predominantly African-American neighborhood that housed a movie theater along the Third Street corridor, as well as a library, a gymnasium at the time, Cub scouts through \"Rec and Park\" as well as youth baseball teams such as \"The Blue Diamonds\" of Innes [Street].\n\nRacial tensions", "By the 1960s, the Bayview and Hunters Point neighborhoods were populated predominantly by African-Americans and other racial minorities, and the area was isolated from the rest of San Francisco. Pollution, substandard housing, declining infrastructure, limited employment and racial discrimination were notable problems. James Baldwin documented the marginalization of the community in a 1963 documentary, \"Take This Hammer\", stating, \"this is the San Francisco America pretends does not exist", ".\" On September 27, 1966, a race riot occurred at Hunters Point, sparked by the killing of a 16-year-old fleeing from a police officer. The policeman, Alvin Johnson, stated he \"caught [a couple of kids] red-handed with a stolen car\" and ordered Matthew Johnson to stop, firing several warning shots before fatally shooting Johnson. In 1967 US Senators Robert F. Kennedy, George Murphy and Joseph S", ". In 1967 US Senators Robert F. Kennedy, George Murphy and Joseph S. Clark visited the Western Addition and Bayview-Hunter's Point Neighborhood accompanied by future mayor Willie Brown to speak to activist Ruth Williams about the inequalities occurring in the Bayview. Closure of the naval shipyard, shipbuilding facilities and de-industrialization of the district in the 1970s and 1980s increased unemployment and local poverty levels.", "Building projects to revitalize the district began in earnest in the 1990s and the 2000s. As in the rest of the city, housing prices rose 342% between 1996 and 2008. Many long-time African American residents, whether they could no longer afford to live there or sought to take advantage of their homes' soaring values, left what they perceived as an unsafe neighborhood and made an exodus to the Bay Area's outer suburbs", ". Once considered a historic African American district, the percentage of black people in the Bayview–Hunters Point population declined from 65 percent in 1990 to a minority in 2000. Despite the decline, the 2010 U.S. Census shows the African American population in the Bayview to be greater in number than that of any other ethnicity.", "In the 2000s, the neighborhood became the focus of several redevelopment projects. The MUNI T-Third Street light-rail project was built through the neighborhood, replacing an aging bus line with several new stations, street lamps and landscaping. Lennar proposed a $2-billion project to build 10,500 homes, including rentals, and commercial spaces atop the former Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, and a new football stadium for the San Francisco 49ers, and a shopping complex for Candlestick Point", ". The stadium would reinvigorate the district, but the 49ers changed their focus to Santa Clara in 2006. Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics in San Francisco that included plans to build an Olympic Village in Bayview–Hunters Point was also dropped. Lennar proposed to build the stadium without the football team. Local community activist groups have criticized much of the redevelopment for displacing rather than benefiting existing neighborhood residents.", "Education", "The Bayview, a historically predominant black neighborhood, is home to more elementary school-age students than any other neighborhood in the city and combined with the Mission and Excelsior, houses a quarter of all students in the district. Schools in the Bayview have suffered from declining enrollment for the past two decades. Out of the 6,000 students who live in the Bayview, more than 70% choose to attend school outside of their neighborhood", ". In 2016, in attendance with Jonathan Garcia, Adonal Foyle and Theo Ellington, Willie L. Brown middle school in Bayview-Hunter's Point commemorated the unveiling of the new Golden State Warrior outside basketball court at the school, donated by the Warriors Community Foundation. Bayview-Hunter's Point has several elementary and middle schools, one high school and has two college campuses. The schools include:", "Elementary and early enrichment\n Whitney Young Development Center (now FACES SF)\n Erikson School (K)\n Frandelja Enrichment Center Fairfax\nFrandelja Enrichment center Gilman\n Success Daycare\n Bret Harte elementary school\n George Washington Carver elementary school\n Hunters Point Number Two School\n Charles R. Drew Elementary School\n Leola M. Havard Early Education School\n Malcolm X Academy", "Middle and junior high schools\n Joshua Marie Cameron Academy\n KIPP Bayview Academy\n KIPP San Francisco College Preparatory\n Willie L. Brown Jr. Middle School\n One Purpose School (K–12)\nThurgood Marshall High School\n Rise University Preparatory\n\nHigh schools\n One Purpose School (K–12)\nThurgood Marshall High School\nJoshua Marie Cameron Academy (7–12)\nComing Of Age Christian Academy (K–12)\n\nColleges\n City College of San Francisco—Evans Center\n City College of San Francisco—Oakdale Center", "Colleges\n City College of San Francisco—Evans Center\n City College of San Francisco—Oakdale Center\n\nAfter school programs\n YMCA—Bayview \n College Track\n Young Community Developers (YCD)\n Faces SF—Bayview\n City of Dreams", "In 2004 Bill Cosby visited the Bayview-Hunter's Point school, Charles Drew Elementary where he railed against students and parents, criticizing them by saying \"they must invest in their children's education before they wind up teenage moms, jail inmates, drug dealers -- or dead", ".\" In his speech—which was a topic of debate on conservative talk radio, on cable TV networks and in African American neighborhoods—Cosby lambasted low-income blacks for spending $500 on their children's shoes, but not spending $250 on the educational tool Hooked on Phonics. He furthered his statements by saying \"I am talking about these people who cry when their son is standing there in an orange suit,\" he said in May", ". \"Where were you when he was 2? Where were you when he was 12? Where were you when he was 18, and how come you didn't know that he had a pistol? And where is the father? ... You can't keep saying that God will find a way. God is tired of you", "... You can't keep saying that God will find a way. God is tired of you.\" Then San Francisco schools chief Arlene Ackerman wrote a letter to Cosby shortly after the speech, inviting him to visit one of her three new \"Dream Schools,\" low-performing public schools overhauled to include long school days, Saturday school, mandatory student uniforms, a more rigorous curriculum and required contracts signed by parents pledging to be involved in their children's education", ". He derided African Americans for wearing saggy pants, speaking improper English and giving children names like \"Shaniqua, Shaligua, Mohammed and all that crap.\"", "After his visit, Cosby praised the school, but he stressed that it was parents—not just the schools themselves—who needed to step up to ensure their children beat the statistics. \"Parents are 99 percent,\" he said. \"School districts don't parent. They teach.\"", "In 2017, mentorship nonprofit, Friends of the Children received a four-year $1.2 million grant from the Social Innovation Fund, which will allow the national program to expand into San Francisco’s Bayview and Hunters Point neighborhoods. Friends of the Children provides long-term mentorship opportunities for children from kindergarten through high school", ". After 24 years of evaluation, the program was proven to increase high school graduation rates, decrease teen pregnancy, and reduce juvenile justice involvement.", "Demographics", "According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Bayview–Hunters Point (ZIP 94124) had a population of 33,996, an increase of 826 from 2000. The census data showed the single-race racial composition of Bayview–Hunters Point was 33.7% African-American, 30.7% Asian (22.1% Chinese, 3.1% Filipino, 2.9% Vietnamese, 0.4% Cambodian, 0.3% Indian, 0.2% Burmese, 0.2% Korean, 0.2% Japanese, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.1% Laotian), 12.1% White, 3.2% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (2.4% Samoan, 0.1% Tongan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 0", ".2% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (2.4% Samoan, 0.1% Tongan, 0.1% Native Hawaiian), 0.7% Native American, 15.1% other, and 5.1% mixed race. Of Bayview's population, 24.9% was of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race (11.5% Mexican, 4.2% Salvadoran, 2.6% Guatemalan, 1.4% Honduran, 1.4% Nicaraguan, 0.7% Puerto Rican, 0.2% Peruvian, 0.2% Spanish, 0.2% Spaniard, 0.1% Colombian, 0.1% Cuban, 0.1% Panamanian).", "According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Bayview–Hunters Point had the highest percentage of African-Americans among San Francisco neighborhoods, home to 21.5% of the city's Black population, and they were the predominant ethnic group in the Bayview. Census figures showed the percentage of African-Americans in Bayview declined from 48% in 2000 to 33.7% in 2010, while the percentage of Asian and White ethnicity increased from 24% and 10%, respectively, to 30.7% and 12.1%", ".7% and 12.1%. However the eastern part of the neighborhood had a population of 12,308 and is still roughly 53% African-American.", "According to the 2005–2009 American Community Survey (ACS), the Bayview district is estimated to have 10,540 housing units and an estimated owner-occupancy rate of 51%. The 2010 U.S. Census indicates the number of households to be 9,717, of which 155 belong to same-sex couples. Median home values were estimated in 2009 to be $586,201, but that has since fallen dramatically to around $367,000 in 2011, the lowest of any of San Francisco's ZIP code areas", ". Median Household Income was estimated in 2009 at $43,155. Rent prices in the Bayview remain relatively low, by San Francisco standards, with over 50% of rents paid in 2009 at less than $750/mo.", "A recent Brookings Institution report identified Hunters Point as one of five Bay Area \"extreme poverty\" neighborhoods, in which over 40% of the inhabitants live below the Federal poverty level of an income of $22,300 for a family of four. Nearly 12% of the population in the Bayview receives public assistance income, three times the national average, and more than double the state average", ". While the Bayview has a higher percentage of the population receiving either Social Security or retirement income than the state or national averages, the dollar amounts that these people receive is less than the averages in either the state or the nation.", "Marginalization", "Since the 1960s, the Bayview–Hunters Point community has been cited as a significant example of marginalization. In 2011, it remained \"one of the most economically disadvantaged areas of San Francisco\". Root causes include a working class populace historically segregated to the outskirts of the city, high levels of industrial pollution, the closure of industry, and loss of infrastructure. The results have been high rates of unemployment, poverty, disease and crime", ". Attempts to mitigate the effects of marginalization include the city's building of the Third Street light-rail line, establishment of the Southeast Community Facility (SECF) as a response from the SF Public Utilities Commission to a community-led effort to balance environmental injustice associated with public utilities, the Southeast Food Access Workgroup, initially formed by the SF Department of Public Health as part of the SF Mayor's ShapeUp SF health initiative", ", and implementation of enhanced local hiring policy that recognizes that regulations requiring hiring for public projects prioritize City residents and contractors may not help specific neighborhoods where job seekers and contractors may still be overlooked", ". Place-based and asset-based community building programs networked through the Quesada Gardens Initiative began in 2002 adding direct grassroots public participation to the social and environmental change landscape with a goal of preserving diversity and encouraging longterm residents to reinvest in their neighborhood.", "The Hunter's Point shipyard's toxic waste pollution has been cited for elevated rates of asthma and other respiratory diseases among residents. These adverse health effects coupled with rising housing costs contribute to what one community member and organizer has characterized as behavior \"meeting the UN standard definition of genocide\".", "Gang and drug activity, as well as a high murder rate, have plagued the Bayview–Hunters Point district. A 2001 feature article in the San Francisco Chronicle cited feuding between small local gangs as the major cause of the area's unsolved homicides. In 2011, The New York Times described Bayview as \"one of the city's most violent\" neighborhoods", ". In 2011, The New York Times described Bayview as \"one of the city's most violent\" neighborhoods. Police have made the removal of guns from the streets their top priority in recent years, leading to a 20% decline in major crimes between 2010 and 2011, including declines of 35% in homicides, 22% in aggravated assaults, 38% in arson, 30% in burglary, 34% in theft, 23% in auto theft, and 39% in robbery. Lesser crimes have also declined by about 24% over the past year", ". Lesser crimes have also declined by about 24% over the past year. As of 2018, crime rates in the area are 161% higher compared to the national average. Auto theft averaged around 10 break-ins a day as of 2020.", "Food Desert & Food Swamp\nThe USDA defines a food desert as a region without access to nutritious, affordable and quality whole foods. Food deserts are areas with a 20 percent or greater poverty rate and where a third of residents live more than a mile from a supermarket, farmers market or local grocery store. In the “grocery gap,” researchers from Food Trust found African Americans are 400 percent more likely to live in a community that lacks a full-service supermarket.", "Until the late 2000s the neighborhood had no chain supermarkets. In 2011, a San Francisco official described the area as \"a food desert – an area with limited access to affordable, nutritious food like fresh produce at a full-size grocery store.\" A large swath of the southeast sector of San Francisco sits within a Federally recognized food desert. A Home Depot was approved by the city to be built in the area, but the Home Depot Corporation abandoned its plans following the late 2000s economic crisis", ". Lowe's took over Home Depot's plans, and in 2010 opened their first store in San Francisco on the Bayshore Blvd. site. In August 2011, UK supermarket chain Tesco, owner of Fresh and Easy stores, opened Bayview–Hunters Point's first new grocery store in 20 years, though this store has closed as part of Fresh and Easy's larger corporate exit from the United States.", "The neighborhood was the subject of a 2003 documentary, Straight Outta Hunters Point, directed by lifelong Hunters Point resident Kevin Epps, and a 2012 sequel, \"Straight Outta Hunters Point 2,\" movies that expose the daily drama of gang-related wars plaguing a community already fighting for social and economic survival. The Spike Lee film Sucker Free City used Hunters Point as a backdrop for a story on gentrification and street gangs", ". In 2002, the Quesada Gardens Initiative began with two people planting flowers and vegetables where space allotted; now there are 3,500 members who volunteer. At last count, Quesada Gardens Initiative produced 10,000 pounds of fruits and vegetables in a year. The transformation has also been slow but steady.", "In 2011 Hunter's Point was labelled as the United States' top 9 worst food deserts in that same year the Bayview District welcomed Fresh & Easy, an upstart grocery chain owned by British food giant Tesco. The Bayview location delivered weak sales, but it was hardly alone: Tesco sold most of the stores and closed the rest in 2013, and the chain soon disappeared into bankruptcy", ". The store sat empty for a few years while former Supervisor Malia Cohen worked with former mayor Mayor Ed Lee and the Office of Economic and Workforce Development (OEWD) on finding a new owner. They landed on Howard and Amanda Ngo. With a $250,000 investment from OEWD and $4.1 million from the Small Business Administration, the couple hosted the grand opening for their second Duc Loi’s Pantry at 5800 Third Street in 2016", ". But the store closed in 2019 due to a range of factors, including lack of patronage from the surrounding community. Residents in the community voiced that both Fresh & Easy and Duc Loi’s Pantry could have done more to engage the locals", ". “In a growing community where there are folks who have been here for decades and new folks coming in, you have to find that connection with everyone that is around you and let them know that your service is available, and I just feel that both entities did not necessarily do that.”", "In October 2021 it was made public that a first-of-its-kind “food empowerment market\" would be placed in at Third and McKinnon where the former Doc Loi Pantry and Fresh & Easy grocery store had been. The idea is a community market that would distribute donated or subsidized food—but unlike a food bank, eligible shoppers would be able to pick and choose their own groceries and either pay for the goods at a subsidized price or obtain them for free", ". The market would also host an on-site community kitchen focusing on culinary education and offer free delivery service for seniors and those with mobility issues. The Food Empowerment Market idea stems from legislation introduced by District 11 Supervisor Ahsha Safai that allocates $1.5 million in startup funds from the Human Service Agency to establish the model for the new market in partnership with a yet-to-be-named neighborhood nonprofit", ". Bayview-Hunters Pointhas the highest rates of obesity in San Francisco with less than five percent of food sold in the neighborhood consisting of fresh produce. The neighborhood also has the most residents (mainly seniors) facing food insecurity than anywhere else in the city, according to a report from the San Francisco Department of Public Health.", "District 10 supervisor Shamann Walton supports the idea, stating it would provide residents with unprecedented healthy choices, and that he’s hopeful The City will get behind any deal struck between the current owners of the vacant space and the Human Services Agency. This project would really focus on seniors and families as well, Latino and Black seniors are twice as likely to be food insecure in San Francisco, according to The City’s COVID-19 Command Center report", ". Many of them live in Bayview-Hunters Point and historically have low rates of enrollment in distribution and food delivery programs, making them hard to reach. Families experience the risks of living in a food desert early and intensely. Nearly 27% of pregnant Latina mothers and 20% of Black mothers in San Francisco don’t know where their next healthy meal is coming from. Children from those same families are also the most likely to consume fast food than their white peers", ". Any and all efforts to combat food insecurity should focus on seniors and families, two groups especially vulnerable to food insecurity, advocates and officials say. Doing so doesn’t just make for healthier communities, it starts down the path toward ensuring equity in opportunity and access for all residents.", "Community activism\nIn April 1968, baseball icon, hall-of-fame inductee, and San Francisco Giants legend Willie Mays and Osceola Washington campaigned for \"Blacks and Whites Together Fund Drive for Youth Activities this Summer. Bayview-Hunters Point Neighborhood Community Center.\"", "A number of community groups, such as the India Basin Neighborhood Association, the Quesada Gardens Initiative, Literacy for Environmental Justice, the Bayview Merchants' Association, the Bayview Footprints Collaboration of Community-Building Groups, and Greenaction for Health and Environmental Justice work with community members, other organizations and citywide agencies to strengthen, improve, and fight for the protection of this diverse part of San Francisco.", "Community gardening, art, and social history are popular in the area. The Quesada Gardens Initiative is a well recognized organization that has created a cluster of 35 community and backyard gardens in the heart of the neighborhood, including the original Quesada Garden on the 1700 block of Quesada Ave", "., the Founders' Garden, Bridgeview Teaching and Learning Garden (which won the 2011 Neighborhood Empowerment Network's \"Best Green Community Project Award,\" Krispy Korners, the Latona Community Garden, and the new Palou Community Garden. Major public art pieces honor unique hyper-local history, grassroots involvement, and the right of communities to define themselves.", "Redevelopment\n\nLinda Brooks-Burton Library", "The original Anna E. Waden Bayview Branch Library was opened as a storefront facility in 1927. It was the 13th branch in the San Francisco Public Library system, replacing a \"library station\" that had been established in 1921. In 1969, a red brick building was built on the corner of 3rd Street and Revere Avenue in the Bayview-Hunters Point district. With a bequest from Anna E. Waden, a clerical employee of the City of San Francisco", ". With a bequest from Anna E. Waden, a clerical employee of the City of San Francisco. Miss Waden's gift of $185,700 paid for the development of this cooperative community project. The building was completed in February 1969, and the formal dedication took place on July 12, 1969. The architect was John S. Bolles & Associates and the contractor was Nibbi Brothers. The façade included a sculpture by Jacques Overhoff", ". The façade included a sculpture by Jacques Overhoff. Linda Brooks Burton, born and raised in the Bayview was the Managing Librarian at the Bayview branch for 15 years before promotion to District Manager. She worked for the SF Public Library for 30 years total. Brooks-Burton was the driving force and central champion behind the new branch library building project", ". At the branch library, Linda co-founded the African American History Preservation Project in 2007 to create digital archives about a vanishing piece of local history as well as collected and recorded information about the migration of blacks to jobs at the Hunters Point Shipyard and the culture that developed in the area. And co-founded the Bayview Footprints Network of Community Building Groups in 2008", ". And co-founded the Bayview Footprints Network of Community Building Groups in 2008. Bayview Footprints brought together dozens of community groups that tell the story of the Bayview online. Officials with the library system said Brooks-Burton was an advocate for education, youth and families. She served on the Bayview community boards of Whitney Young Child Development Center (now FACES SF) and Healing Arts Youth Center and all six branches in the South East. Brooks-Burton passed away Sept", ". Brooks-Burton passed away Sept. 19, 2013, from a sudden heart attack and some residents had been calling for the branch to be named after her following her death. Library officials said Brooks-Burton was a “tireless community champion” and officials called her the quiet champion behind the effort to build a new branch library in the Bayview. The Anna E. Waden Library finished construction in 2013, it was renamed in honor of Linda Brooks-Burton in 2015 and is located at Third Street and Revere", ". The building cladding is also inspired by African textile designs. In the buildings outside atrium are west African Adinkra symbols.", "Redevelopment of Hunters Point Naval Shipyard and environmental racism", "In 2016, Tetra Tech, the firm in charge of overseeing the cleanup of toxic material on the naval base, was charged with negligence. In response, the Navy was forced to momentarily cease transferring shipyard land to Lennar for redevelopment. Hunters Point Naval Shipyard was a redevelopment project being spearheaded by Lennar on the 702 acres at Candlestick Point and the San Francisco Naval Shipyard", ". The plan called for 10,500 residential units, a new stadium to replace Candlestick Park, of commercial and retail space, an 8,000- to arena; artists' village and 336 acres of waterfront park and recreational area. The developers said the project would contribute up to 12,000 permanent jobs and 13,000 induced jobs.", "The approval process required developers to address concerns of area residents and San Francisco government officials. Criticism of the project focused on the large-scale toxic clean-up of the industrial superfund site, environmental impact of waterfront construction, displacement of an impoverished neighborhood populace and a required build-up to solve transportation needs.", "In July 2010, Lennar received initial approval of an Environmental Impact Report from San Francisco supervisors. In September 2011, the court denied the transfer of property to Lennar prior to clean-up of contamination. Per a letter sent from the EPA to the Navy, the process was placed on hold until “the actual potential public exposure to radioactive material at and near” the shipyard can be “clarified.”", "\"I am Bayview\" campaign", "Partnered with the office of Supervisor of District 10 Malia Cohen and Bayview Underground, I am Bayview helmed by creative George McCalman and photographer Jason Madara created a series of images of photographed community members to visually communicate gentrification. George states that if \"one is going to move into a neighborhood, you should get to know the people who live there, not simply displace an existing community. Gentrification is a hot button issue in San Francisco", ". Gentrification is a hot button issue in San Francisco. This was our visual response. Twenty-nine posters are now installed along the 3rd Street corridor of the Dogpatch and Bayview, capturing the Bayview residents who represent their neighborhood proudly.\"", "I am Bayview has also been subject to criticism as some Bayview- and San Franciscan-born people felt it promoted the gentrification of the neighborhood.", "Pan-African flags", "In 2017, Supervisor Malia Cohen and the city of San Francisco \"tagged\" Third Street poles with red, black and green stripes in honor of Black History Month and to honor Black residents' heritage in Bayview–Hunters Point", ". Cohen issued a statement issued a statement explaining the reasoning behind the painting: “The intention of painting the flagpoles is to create a unifying cultural marker for the Bayview, in the same vein as the Italian flags painted on poles in North Beach, the designation of Calle 24 in the Mission and the bilingual street signs and gates upon entering Chinatown", ". This is about branding the Bayview neighborhood to honor and pay respect to the decades of contributions that African-Americans have made to the southeast neighborhood and to the city. It’s also beautification for the streetscape.” Many neighbors were pleased to see the tribute to African-Americans' community legacy. Several early risers in the community took photos of the poles being painted, expressing their gratitude to Cohen.", "Birth Education and Community", "SisterWeb", "Bayview-based birth business, SisterWeb founded by Marna Armstead provides support resources for a wide range of maternal support for individuals before and after birth. They also provide mothers with information and support throughout pregnancy and childbirth as well as advocate for mothers’ needs to practitioners. SisterWeb's clients typically begin working with doulas by early in the third trimester of pregnancy through the first six weeks after birth", ". Former San Francisco Supervisor Malia Cohen, who represented the Bayview, was researching health disparities in birth outcomes for black women after conversations she had with her younger sister and one of her legislative aides, both of whom were pregnant at the time.", "Cohen’s research led her to SisterWeb, which aims to train black, Pacific Islander and Spanish-speaking doulas before matching them with women in their respective communities in San Francisco.\n\nArts and technology\n\nThe Bayview has also been a quiet hub for the arts since 1957 and technology going back as far as 1984. Acts such as Ike and Tina Turner performed at the former Club Long Island located on what is now Third & McKinnon.\n\nMETRAe BaHu", "Operating from 1987-1998, BaHu Gallery was a free-space, non-commercial art gallery and installation location in Bayview-Hunters Point (BaHu). BaHu was the second location for the exhibition spaces sponsored by METRAe, originally located in SOMA. The first METRAe show in 1984 featured beat poet Jack Micheline in a below ground, basement workshop. During the METRAe BaHu period, dozens of artists were provided display areas, receptions open to the public, etc. An inaugural show with multi-media artist S", ". An inaugural show with multi-media artist S. Scott Davis III was curated by artist Dewey Crumpler, whose own work can be seen on the exterior of the Joe Lee Gym in Bayview Town Center. Over the 10 year period, participating artists included: Rene Yung, Susan Hersey, Tony Calkins, William Pattengill, Topher Delany, Jessica Bodner, Jack Freeman, and many others.", "Sculptures in Bayview \n\nIn the Bayview, there are recorded eighteen sculptures across the neighborhood they are:", "Invocation by Pepe Ozan\n SRL by Survival Research Laboratory \n Ship Shape-Shifting Time by Nobuho Nagasawa\n Copra Cane\n Islais Sculpture by Cliff Garten\n Heron's Head Park Sculpture by Macchiarini Creative Design\n Time to Dream by Amana Johnson\n Sundial by Jaques Overhoff\n Big Fish by William Wareham\n Headless\n Ndebele by Fran Martin\n Bone Wall\n The Butterfly Girl by Jason Webster\n Gigantry by Matthew Passmore\n Nautica Swing by Matthew Gellar\n Bayview Horn by Jerry Ross Barish", "Gigantry by Matthew Passmore\n Nautica Swing by Matthew Gellar\n Bayview Horn by Jerry Ross Barish\n Hale Konon (Ohlone Canoe) by Jessica Bodner", "Murals in Bayview", "In the 1980s an artist named Brooke Fancher's mural titled “Tazuri Watu” was commissioned and completed in 1987, \"Tazuri Watu\" has covered the side of a building located at the intersection of 3rd and Palou for three decades. Over time, the historical work of art had faded, and vandals have defaced portions of it. Earl Shaddix, executive director of Economic Development on Third, called for its restoration", ". Earl Shaddix, executive director of Economic Development on Third, called for its restoration. Shaddix applied for a $25,000 grant from the city through the District 10 Participatory Budgeting program, spearheaded by former Supervisor Malia Cohen's office. The program allows residents of a few districts in San Francisco to vote on funding one-time neighborhood improvement projects. After a successful campaign, the city awarded the money in 2018, and planning for the restoration began.", "The city commissioned a Malcolm X mural on the Kirkwood Star Market, painted by artist Refa-1 in 1997 and the murals painted on Joseph Lee Recreational Center by artist Dewey Crumpler titled \"The Fire Next Time\" (presumably after the James Baldwin book of the same name) in 1984 of Harriet Tubman, Paul Robeson, two Senufo birds which in African culture oversee the lives and creativity of the community, King Tut, Muhammed Ali, Willie Mays, Wilma Rudolph and Arthur Ashe.", "On Egbert Street, painted by Korean artist Chris \"Royal Dog\" Chanyang Shim in 2016, a mural features a young African-American girl in a traditional Korean hanbok robe with Korean characters above her head translate to the phrase “You will be a blessing.” Other artists that contributed to the 9 murals alone Egbert St are Cameron Moberg, Ricky Watts, Dan Pan, Strider, Annie, Vanessa Agana Espinoza, Mel Waters, William Holland crowned \"The Mayor of Egbert\" by the community.", "The murals were revealed during Imprint City's \"block party\" and was mostly commissioned with private funds, but public funds were secured by the California Arts Council. On April 21, 2021, Afatasi the Artist, Tanya Herrera and 4 other artists designed a group of the new murals that line Evans Avenue and Hunters Point Boulevard viewed only in the pedestrian lane in Bayview-Hunters Point.\n\nAlong the Third Street corridor, there are many more murals including:\n\nMultimedia and technology", "Along the Third Street corridor, there are many more murals including:\n\nMultimedia and technology \n\nKimberly Bryant founded Black Girls Code, not-for-profit organization that focuses on providing technology education for African-American girls, in the Bayview in 2011.", "In 2012, Leila Janah started Samaschool with a pilot program in the Bayview-Hunters Point community. The model originally focused on training students to perform digital work competitively, to prepare them for success on online work sites like oDesk and Elance.", "A collaboration was completed with singer-songwriter Michael Franti and Freq Nasty, in which Franti's single \"The Future\" was remixed in support of a Bay Area nonprofit Beats for a Better Future to help create a music studio for at-risk youth in Bayview-Hunters Point.", "Although located in the Dogpatch district not Bayview, long time center for technology and the arts, BAYCAT Studio (short for Bayview Hunters Point Center for Arts and Technology provides a productive space for low-income youth, young people of color, and young women in the Bay Area to learn the technical side of multi-media production. According to their site, BAYCAT exists \"to end racial, gender, and economic inequity by creating powerful, authentic media while diversifying the creative industry", ". Through the education and employment of low-income youth, young people of color, and young women in the Bay Area, and producing media for socially-minded clients, we are changing the stories that get shared with the world.\"", "Imprint City, BayviewLIVE, and music performances \n\nStarted by Tyra Fennell, Imprint City is a non-profit organization located in the Bayview that seeks to activate underutilized spaces with arts and culture events as well as community development projects, encouraging increased foot traffic and economic vitality. The BayviewLIVE Festival, celebrates urban performing and visual artists with past featured headliners such as Talib Kweli, Busta Rhymes, Kamaiyah, Nef the Pharaoh and Jidenna.\n\nDance", "Dance \n\nThe Hunters Point Shipyard is home to the country's largest artist colony, \"The Point\". Zaccho Dance Theatre, founded by Artistic Director Joanna Haigood, one of the main professional dance companies in BVHP since opening their studio in 1990. In 2018 the Zaccho Dance Studio put on a live event titled, Picture Bayview Hunters Point that showcase the history of Bayview-Hunter's Point through dance. Other studios include all female dance studio, Feline Finesse Dance Company.", "Landmarks and attractions\n\nHistoric buildings \n\nFive buildings historic buildings in the district, which are listed in as San Francisco Designated Landmarks.", "The Bayview Opera House (previously South San Francisco Opera House), located at 4705 Third St., was constructed in 1888 and designated a California landmark on December 8, 1968. It was nominated for the National Registry in 2010, and won the Governor's Award for Historic Preservation in 2011. For Black History Month in 2014, Tony Saunders hosted an event at the opera house with special guest", ". In 2017 the Bayview opera house hosted Hercules in the Bayview presented by Theater of War Productions and featured dramatic readings by acclaimed actors Reg E. Cathey, Frances McDormand, Linda Powell, David Strathairn who read scenes from Euripides' The Madness of Hercules. The event was partnered by Bret Harte School and OnePurpose School, the Golden State Warriors, Bayview Hunters Point YMCA, The San Francisco Foundation, KQED, The 3rd Street Youth Center & Clinic, Infinity Productions Inc", "., former D10 Supervisor Malia Cohen, and The San Francisco Chapter of The Links, Incorporated. The Opera House has also screened films such as The Hate U Give, Sorry to Bother You, Blindspotting, and Toni Morris: The Pieces I Am.", "The Albion Brewery was built in 1870 and opened as the Albion Ale And Porter Brewing Company (this was also the location of the Hunters Point Springs and the Albion Castle). Located at 881 Innes Avenue, it was listed as a San Francisco Designated Landmark on April 5, 1974.\n\nThe Quinn House, located at 1562 McKinnon Avenue, was built in and listed as a San Francisco Designated Landmark on July 6, 1974.", "The Sylvester House at 1556 Revere was built in and listed as a San Francisco Designated Landmark on April 5, 1974.\n\nRecreation areas\n\nCandlestick Park \n\nOn July 26, 2013, prior to being demolished, Justin Timberlake and Jay-Z brought the Legends of the Summer Stadium Tour to Candlestick Park.", "Many acts prior and after had also performed at Candlestick including The Beatles, Rolling Stones, Jimmy Buffett, Van Halen, Scorpions, Metallica and Paul McCartney. Pope John Paul II celebrated a Papal Mass on September 18, 1987, at Candlestick Park during his tour of America.", "Martin Luther King Jr Memorial Swimming Pool \nIn 1968, actor Steve McQueen and mayor Joseph Alioto attended the ceremonial groundbreaking for the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial swimming pool at Third Street and Carroll Avenue. The makers of McQueen's film 'Bullitt', Warner Bros Studios, donated an initial $25,000 towards the pool's construction in hopes to raise another $50,000 at the movie premiere. Director Woody Allen is also credited with donating $5000 to this project.", "Parks", "Bayview is home to multiple large parks. Bayview Park is located on Key Avenue offers sweeping views of the city. Bayview K.C. Jones Playground features a swimming pool and baseball diamond. The Candlestick Point State Recreation Area located on the bay south of Bayview Hill at Candlestick Point is a popular attraction for kayakers and windsurfers", ". Heron's Head Park, located in the northern part of the neighborhood, is home to a recently resurgent population of Ridgway's rails and the EPA Award-Winning Heron's Head Eco Center. India Basin Shoreline Park features a playground and multipurpose \"hypecourt\", and it offers waterfront access.", "The Quesada Garden, located on Quesada Avenue and 3rd Street in the heart of the neighborhood, is a landmark community open space on a public right-of-way. It is connected to a showcase community food producing garden (Bridgeview Community Teaching and Learning Garden) by two large murals produced with the community by artists Deidre DeFranceaux, Santie Huckaby, Malik Seneferu, and Heidi Hardin", ". Together, these projects have turned one of the most dangerous and blighted corridors in San Francisco into the safe route through the neighborhood, and have created a destination point for residents and visitors. Karl Paige and Annette Young Smith, retired residents, started planting on an urban median strip in 2002, and were quickly joined by neighbors to complete what is now a 650-foot by 20-foot focal point for flowers, food, art and community building", ". Thirteen mature Canary Island date palm trees on the block are on the San Francisco Registry of Historic Trees. In 2008 Annette Smith, one of the founders of the revitalized Quesada Community Garden.", "India Basin Waterfront Park", "In 2014, the San Francisco Recreation and Park Department acquired the 900 Innes Avenue property in India Basin. The property was the former site of a shipbuilding center, and an 18-month environmental cleanup at the site was completed in August 2022. In October 2018, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved a plan to combine India Basin Shoreline Park, India Basin Shoreline Open Space, and the 900 Innes Avenue lot to create India Basin Waterfront Park", ". In February 2022, the city of San Francisco unveiled an Equitable Development Plan (EDP) \"with the goal of preserving the culture and identity of the historic neighborhood\" during the construction of the park. The partnership includes the A. Philip Randolph Institute, the Trust for Public Land, and San Francisco Parks Alliance", ". Philip Randolph Institute, the Trust for Public Land, and San Francisco Parks Alliance. India Basin Waterfront Park is part of the Blue Greenway initiative to connect San Francisco's southeast waterfront with a series of parks, open spaces, and trails spanning from Oracle Park to Candlestick Point.", "Ghost streets", "The Bayview and Hunter's Point has many \"ghost streets\", streets with long corridors that have been since the 1940s. \"Ghost streets\" exist at the streets Westbrook and Hunters View at the Westbook Public Housing at Fitch Street above Innes Avenue, \"Hudson Street\" (the fence) above Hawes and Innes. The slope here is a hotspot of native habitat, so aficionados of plants and insects. The locals treat Hudson Street as a way of relieving the heavy traffic on Hunters Point Blvd and Innes Avenue", ". Another is Earl Street which runs along the fence separating the India Basin Open Space and some private properties from the former Naval Base.", "\"All My USO'S\"", "Yearly at Gilman Park in Bayview, the Polynesian and Samoan community host a BBQ called \"All My Uso's\" (AMU). The BBQ is held to honor both the heritage of the communities as well as the humanity amongst people. Every year one of the founders JT Mauia who passed of cancer and community activist Taeotui \"Jungle Joe\" who tragically passed from gun violence are honored. At the barbecue kids get free haircuts and face-paint jobs are also offered", ". At the barbecue kids get free haircuts and face-paint jobs are also offered. All My Uso's (AMU) was founded in San Francisco, CA in 2015 and established as a non-profit organization in 2017. AMU’s mission is to promote cultural identity while celebrating diversity and empowerment in underrepresented communities.", "Businesses on the Third Street Corridor \n\nAfter 60 years, the historic and iconic Sam Jordan's Bar and Grill at 4004 3rd Street closed in 2019. Sam Jordan's Bar and Grill was the oldest African-American bar in San Francisco. The Galvez block was renamed \"Sam Jordan's Way\" in his honor.\n\nThe San Francisco Wholesale Produce Market, located on Jerrold Avenue, has been at the center of food distribution in San Francisco since long before moving to its Bayview location in 1963.", "In June 2020, San Francisco native, Reese Benton, opened the city's first black-owned woman-led cannabis dispensary, Posh Green Retail Store.\n\nA Lucky's grocery store opened at Bayview Plaza (the site where the old Walgreens stood) in 2022.", "A Lucky's grocery store opened at Bayview Plaza (the site where the old Walgreens stood) in 2022.\n\nMother Brown's Dining Room \nMother Brown's Dining Room United Council of Human Services has been a long staple in the Bayview and provides two meals a day to area homeless in the Bayview District but due to permit issues, beds cannot be provided so plastic chairs are provided instead.", "5700 and 5800 Third Street \nBetween 2012–2019, the 5700 and 5800 Third Street area in the Bayview was the host of many businesses including Wing Stop, Limón Rotisserie, Fresh and Easy grocery store (closed in fall 2013), locally owned grocery store Duc Loi (closed in 2019), as well as former restaurants such as CDXX, and Corner Café. None of which have been able to remain open due to the location along the Third Street corridor.\n\nPost offices", "Post offices\n\nThe Bayview currently has two major USPS offices, the second-largest branch (next to Napoleon Street) located on Evans Street, and a smaller branch on Williams Street.", "The USPS in 2011 told Bayview postal employees, community leaders, and local politicians that the closure of Bayview's Williams location was \"not in the plans\" and \"off the table\". Months later, all Bayview postal customers were mailed official notifications of an impending closure. This stirred up controversy in the immediate community, sparking frustrations and outrage. From residents to politicians, many cited racial and social bias as the reasoning for the closure of the location", ". Residents were encouraged to use their voices and call local the local postmaster.", "In 2012 postmaster Raj Sanghera announced that the Bayview Williams location was taken off the closure list, with other branches as well located in Visitacion Valley, Civic Center, McLaren Station, and San Bruno Avenue.", "During the COVID pandemic in 2020, after calling for a #DontMessWithUSPS Day of Action and nearing the November 2020 elections, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi showed up at the Bayview Post Office in San Francisco on Williams Street to discuss her new bill funding the USPS and blocking the Trump administration's overhaul of it. She also had won concessions on mail delivery", ". She also had won concessions on mail delivery. Pelosi accompanied with District 10 supervisor, Shamann Walton exclaimed that the Trump administration had been trying to \"tamper\" with the mail-in ballots by closing several post offices across the country. Other speakers at the Bayview event included letter carriers, someone whose mailbox had been removed, and a veteran with epilepsy who depends on the postal service for medication.", "Transportation", "The Bayview is served by the Muni bus and light rail system. Caltrain commuter rail service runs the eastern part of the neighborhood. The rail line formerly served the Paul Avenue station in the Bayview until it closed in 2005. The transportation system enables trips that are minutes to/from downtown being 1/2 mile from Hwy 101 and Interstate 280, and 1.5 miles from Dogpatch and UCSF-Mission Bay. The neighborhood is also 15 min way from SFO", ".5 miles from Dogpatch and UCSF-Mission Bay. The neighborhood is also 15 min way from SFO. Opening in 2007, the T-Third Street line, a line extension of the Muni Metro system, linked Bayview-Hunters Point to downtown San Francisco. In addition to facilitating a connection between the neighborhood and the rest of the city, many residents cite the T-Third Street also being a contributing factor to rising property values and housing prices in the area.", "Muni transit lines that run through the Bayview include:\n\nActive lines\n T Third Street\n 23 Monterey\n 54 Felton\n 24 Divisadero\n T Owl\n 9 San Bruno\n 9R San Bruno Rapid\n 10 Townsend\n 15 Bayview-Hunters Point Express\n 19 Polk\n 29 Sunset\n 33 Ashbury/18th Street\n 44 O'Shaughnessy\n 48 Quintara/24th Street\n 54 Felton\n 56 Rutland\n 67 Bernal Heights\n 90 San Bruno Owl\n 91 3rd Street/19th Avenue Owl.\n\nDefunct lines\n 15 Kearny (Now the T Third Street)\n 16 Third Street (Now the T Third Street)", "Defunct lines\n 15 Kearny (Now the T Third Street)\n 16 Third Street (Now the T Third Street)\n\nSan Francisco 49ers pre and post game-day shuttles\n 75X Candlestick Express\tBalboa Park Station\n 77X Candlestick Express\tCalifornia and Van Ness\n 78X Candlestick Express\tFunston and California\t\n 79X Candlestick Express\tSutter and Sansome\t\n 86 Candlestick Shuttle\tBacon and San Bruno\t\n 87 Candlestick Shuttle\tGilman and Third Street\n\nIn popular culture", "In popular culture\n\nVideo games\n In the 2016 Ubisoft game Watch Dogs 2 which was set in a fictional version of San Francisco, the art installation Bayview Rise was featured.\n\nPrint\n The San Francisco Bay View is an African-American newspaper with headquarters located on Third Street.\n Thrasher magazine also houses headquarters in the Bayview.\n The Examiner prints out of the Bayview.\n The Sun-Reporter, a historic weekly newspaper, operates out of Bayview.", "Radio\n Radio station KYA broadcast out of Bayview Park until it was sold to the Hearst Publishing Company in 1934, becoming the full-time voice of the San Francisco Examiner.\n KALW 91.7 FM local public radio and the San Francisco Arts Commission to tell the stories of the people who live, work, and have a positive impact on San Francisco's Bayview neighborhood\n\nFilm", "Full-length films\n The Midnight Story starring Tony Curtis, some scenes in the film were shot in Bayview. The St. Joseph Orphanage Asylum, originally located at Revere/Newhall, is the site of several set-ups. The All Hallows Chapel, at Newhall/Palou is also used in the funeral scene. (1957)\n The Hunters Point Shipyard made a cameo appearance in Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo. (1958)", "The Hunters Point Shipyard made a cameo appearance in Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo. (1958)\n The Bayview's Candlestick Park was also home to the location for the climactic scene in the thriller Experiment in Terror. (1962)\n Take This Hammer, a film aired by KQED directed by Richard O. Moore, follows author and activist James Baldwin in the spring of 1963 as he's driven around San Francisco to meet with members of the local African-American community. (1963)", "The film Bullitt features scenes filmed in the Bayview. (1968)\n Freebie and the Bean, a Richard Rush comedy was also filmed at Candlestick Park in Bayview. (1974)\n The Fan, the Robert DeNiro and Wesley Snipes film was also filmed in the Bayview. (1996)\n The Spike Lee film, Sucker Free City, Hunter's-Point was used as a backdrop. (2004)\n The Will Smith film The Pursuit of Happyness, the film had a scene that took place at Candlestick Park. (2006)", "Scenes for the film Contagion, starring Matt Damon, Kate Winslet and Jude Law, were filmed at Candlestick stadium. (2011)\n The Last Black Man in San Francisco features scenes that were filmed in Hunter's Point. The Allen house (901 Innes Ave.) and the dock undergoing a hazardous materials cleanup (881 Innes Ave.) in the film's opening scenes are located on adjacent blocks on Innes Street. (2019)", "Short films\n Palm Trees Down 3rd Street, is a short film and film festival winner, directed by Maria Judice, that features the 3rd street corridor.\n\nMusic videos", "Music videos\n\nMusic videos with prominent artists that feature the Bayview or Hunter's Point \n RBL Posse's hit \"Don't Give Me No Bammer Weed\" was filmed in the Hunter's Point community and features cameos from Ainsley and NBA legend, Shaquille O'Neal. (1992)\n Larry June's music video \"Smoothies 1991\" (2019)\n Marcus Orelias's music video \"Blackouts\" featuring Stephan Marcellus (2017)\n Jordan Gomes also known as Stunnaman02's music video \"Out that Window\" (2019)", "Documentaries\n The short film Point of Pride, released in 2014, is a documentary that focuses on the Bayview-Hunter's Point social uprising of the 50s and 60s.\n Straight Outta Hunters Point was a widely successful early 00s documentary made by filmmaker Kevin Epps showcasing the gang violence in Bayview-Hunter's Point.\n Bay View Hunter's Point: San Francisco's Last Black Neighborhood? an Andante Higgins produced documentary (2004)\n A Choice of Weapons (2008)", "Television\n KQED aired news footage of Bobby Kennedy and George Murphy describing their impressions of housing in Bayview Hunters Point in 1967. The footage also included representatives of Bayview Hunters Point, including Osceola Washington, Harold Brooks and Suzanne Cook.\n Discovery Channel's, Forgotten Planet – Episode 3 focuses on the Hunter's Point Shipyard.\n Sam Jordan's Bar appeared on an episode of Spike's Bar Rescue.", "Sam Jordan's Bar appeared on an episode of Spike's Bar Rescue.\n During the Versuz battle of the Bay between Bay Area legends, E-40 and Too Short. Too Short shouted out the Bayview community. (2021)", "In the cult-classic animated TV show Fillmore!, one of the main characters - Ingrid Third was named after the Third Street corridor. The creator of the show, Scott M. Gimple had developed a keen fascination with San Francisco hence the name being coined after the Fillmore district while couch surfing in his early years.", "Notable residents", "Music\nThe Product (a rap-duo composed of Budwyser and Darace), one of the first rap groups out of Hunters Point.\n 11/5, defunct gangsta rap group from the Oakdale public housing projects in Hunters Point\n Eric Melvin, guitarist for NOFX\n RBL Posse, gangsta rap group from Harbor Road public housing projects in Hunters Point\n Ramirez, punk rapper, from Bayview-Hunter's Point signed to New Orleans based label G*59 Records.\nPrezi, rapper from Hunter's Point.", "Prezi, rapper from Hunter's Point. \nCindy Herron, singer and founding member of En Vogue.\nMartin Luther McCoy, actor, guitarist and musician.\nLarry June, rapper from Hunter's Point.\nJordan \"Stunnaman02\" Gomes, rapper and actor from Bayview.\nMarcus Orelias, rapper, actor, and entrepreneur from Bayview. \nMichael Franti, rapper, musician, poet, activist, documentarian, and singer-songwriter.\nBoo Banga, rapper from the Hunter's Point community, famously featured on San Quinn's \"San Francisco Anthem\".", "Herm, rapper from the Bayview-Hunter's Point.", "Film, theatre, and television\n Kevin Epps, filmmaker best known for the documentary Straight Outta Hunters Point\n Terri J. Vaughn (born 1969), actress born and raised in Bayview–Hunters Point\n Iman Rodney, videographer and Emmy Award winner.\nMaria Judice, filmmaker and artist.\nAndré Fenley, multi-award winning senior sound mixing, sound editor engineer at Skywalker Sound.", "André Fenley, multi-award winning senior sound mixing, sound editor engineer at Skywalker Sound.\nRuth Williams was a producer, activist, playwright, and actress. She fundraised in the Bayview with the assistance of Tina Turner, Sly and the Family Stone, the O'Jays, Larry Graham, H.B. Barnum, Danny Glover, Chaka Khan and more. The Bayview Opera House's theatre is named after her.", "Sports and fitness\nFrank \"Lefty\" O'Doul (1897–1969), an american professional baseball player born and raised in the Bayview.\n Jimmy Lester (1944-2006), former boxer known as the \"Bayview Blaster\"\n Dion Jordan (born 1990), a professional NFL player born and raised in the Bayview.\n Desmond Bishop, professional NFL player\n Stevie Johnson (born 1986), NFL wide receiver, born and raised in Hunters Point before moving to Fairfield, CA\n Eric Wright (born 1985), NFL player, cornerback for the San Francisco 49ers", "Eric Wright (born 1985), NFL player, cornerback for the San Francisco 49ers\nSam Jordan (1925-2003), professional boxer, politician and founder of Sam Jordan's Bar.\n Donald Strickland (born 1980), NFL player, free agent cornerback who played for the San Francisco 49ers, Indianapolis Colts and New York Jets\n Maria Kang (born 1980), fitness advocate, coach, blogger and founder of the \"No Excuse Mom\" movement.", "Medical\n Dr. Arthur H. Coleman (1920–2002), the first black physician and one of the last privately practicing family doctors in San Francisco's Bayview-Hunters Point district.\n Dr. Ahimsa Sumchai (born 1952), nutritionist, environmental activist and former professional gymnast responsible for winning the San Francisco Citywide Gymnastics Competition in 1964.", "Education\n Linda Brooks-Burton, was a librarian, educator, activist, and loved member of the Bayview community. The main Bayview library is named in her honor.", "Politics and activism\n Espanola Jackson (1934–2016), heralded as \"Bayview's greatest activist\"; a member of the Muwekma Ohlone tribe.\n Elouise Westbrook (1915–2011) activist\n Mary L. Booker (1931–2017), civil rights activist\n Big Five of Bayview, environmental and community activist\n Sophie Maxwell, resident of the Bayview and former district 10 supervisor.\n Christopher Muhammad, Bay Area Minister of the Nation of Islam\n Marie Harrison (1948–2019), Bayview environmental activist.", "Marie Harrison (1948–2019), Bayview environmental activist.\nShamann Walton, resident of the Bayview and district 10 supervisor.", "See also\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links", "Profile: Bayview–Hunters Point 2006 11-part series UC Berkeley School of Journalism\n Community-building through informal resident-led groups known as Quesada Gardens Initiative\n Community's user-generated calendar of events created by Footprints community network\n Bayview Merchants' Association\n Bay View Newspaper\n Bayview MAGIC – Community of color collaborative\n Historic Hunters Point in pictures \n India Basin Neighborhood Association\n Map of India Basin\n Islais Creek History Neighborhood Parks Council", "Map of India Basin\n Islais Creek History Neighborhood Parks Council\n Hunters Point infant mortality rate is comparable to Bulgaria\n Hunters Point Shipyard redevelopment\n 1966 Hunters Point riot\n Review of a documentary film about Hunters Point\n Alternative economic development for Bayview–Hunters Point\n Community Window on the Shipyard, an archive of Shipyard-related documents\n Literacy for Environmental Justice, a local organization working on Environmental Justice issues in Hunters Point", "Artists at Hunters Point Shipyard\n Department of the Navy BRAC Program Management Office", "African-American culture\nAfrican-American history in San Francisco\nHistory of San Francisco\nPopulated coastal places in California\nBayview–Hunters Point, San Francisco" ]

[ "The 2008 New York Yankees season was the 106th season for the New York Yankees franchise. The Yankees hosted the 2008 All-Star Game at Yankee Stadium on Tuesday July 15, 2008. It was the 83rd and last season at the original Yankee Stadium prior to the team's move to a new ballpark (also called \"Yankee Stadium\") just north of the current stadium", ". It also marked the first season since 1993 that the Yankees failed to make it to the playoffs (excepting the 1994 season, when a players' strike canceled the postseason, though the Yankees had the best record in the American League that year). Also, it would also be the first under a new team skipper, former team catcher Joe Girardi, who assumed the managerial role in the offseason. The next active playoff streaks nows belongs to the NHL's Detroit Red Wings making the playoffs every year since 1991.", "Offseason\n\nThe Yankees' 2007/2008 offseason began in a tumultuous manner, with uncertainty as to the status of manager Joe Torre and team stalwarts Andy Pettitte, Jorge Posada, Mariano Rivera, and Alex Rodriguez, all of whom were free agents. While Torre departed after 12 years as the team's manager for the Los Angeles Dodgers, all four free agents returned to play for the Yankees in 2008, providing stability and continuity for new manager Joe Girardi.", "Roster changes\nManager Joe Torre left for the Los Angeles Dodgers after the 2007 season. After conducting interviews with Don Mattingly, Tony Peña and Joe Girardi, Girardi was signed to be the new Yankees Manager. This prompted Mattingly to leave the team as well and follow Torre to the Dodgers.\n\nOn November 29, the Yankees re-signed catcher Jorge Posada to a four-year contract for $52,400,000. Posada will be earning $13,100,000 per season which is the highest average salary ever for a catcher.", "On December 3, the Yankees re-signed backup catcher José Molina to a 2-year, $4 million contract.\n\nOn December 4, the Yankees shipped minor league pitcher and part-time MLB starter Tyler Clippard to the Washington Nationals for reliever Jonathan Albaladejo.\n\nOn December 9, the Yankees agreed to a contract with relief pitcher LaTroy Hawkins for 1 year, $3.75 million.\n\nOn December 12, the Yankees re-signed pitcher Andy Pettitte to a 1-year, $16 million contract.", "Alex Rodriguez opted out of his contract in the middle of Game 4 of the 2007 World Series. The Yankees initially stated that they would not negotiate with Rodriguez once he opted out but changed course once Rodriguez announced his desire to return to pinstripes after issuing an apology for the public and the Yankees misunderstanding his desire to stay with the team", ". On December 13, 2007, Rodriguez and the Yankees officially agreed to a 10-year, $275 million contract that would rise to above $300 million if certain performance milestones were reached.", "On December 17, the Yankees re-signed closer Mariano Rivera. Despite his original plan to hold out for a fourth year, Rivera agreed to a three-year contract offer worth $45 million, making him the highest-paid closer in baseball history.", "Relief pitcher Luis Vizcaíno turned down an offer of salary arbitration and signed a multi-year deal with the Colorado Rockies on December 21. 1B Andy Phillips departed for the Cincinnati Reds, and Doug Mientkiewicz departed for the Pittsburgh Pirates. Roger Clemens remained a free agent and did not return to the Yankees in 2008. That would be the end of Clemens' MLB career. On March 10, 2008 the team signed actor/comedian Billy Crystal to a one-day contract just before his 60th birthday.\n\nRegular season", "April", "The Yankees started opening day one day late at Yankee Stadium against the Toronto Blue Jays after a rainout. The Yankees took 2 of 3 games in the series. After that, they faced a new look Rays team. They lost the first two by the scores of 13-4 and 6-3, but would rebound and split the series 2 games apiece. Following the series, the Yankees had a grueling road trip in which they played 18 of their next 20 games on the road", ". During this stretch, rookies Phil Hughes and Ian Kennedy struggled mightily and went winless the entire first month. After a rib injury to Hughes, Kennedy was reassigned to the minor league AAA affiliate Scranton/Wilkes-Barre as the Yankees called up Darrell Rasner. Fortunately, Rasner went 3-1 with a 1.80 ERA in his first four starts.", "Both shortstop Derek Jeter and third baseman Alex Rodriguez had suffered minor quadriceps injuries at different times. Catcher Jorge Posada was also placed on the disabled list for the first time in his career after a slight tear in his rotator cuff and backup infielder Wilson Betemit missed several games due to conjunctivitis.", "May", "Their struggles continued in May, as they only had one series win through the 20th and that was a 3-game sweep against the Mariners on May 2–4 at the Stadium. They would lose 3 of 4 against the Rays in St. Petersburg and were swept in 2 games by the Mets in the Subway Series. In that series, there was a controversial call where Carlos Delgado appeared to hit a foul ball by the left field foul pole, when a replay would later show that the ball was actually a home run. The Mets would go on to win 11-2", ". The Mets would go on to win 11-2. The game on the 16th was postponed because of rain. The Yankees would end the month winning 8 of their last 10 games, escaping the AL East cellar and getting back to over .500.", "June", "The Yankees lost three in a row through the first three days of June, dropping the final 2 games of the four-game set against the Twins at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, then were blitzed 9-3 by the Jays on Joba Chamberlain's first career start in the majors. The Yankees, however, won the next 2 against them including a wild comeback on June 5 that ended in a two-run, pinch hit homer into the upper deck by Jason Giambi after trailing 7-2 in the 6th inning", ". Following the series, Yankees split a 4-game weekend series with the Royals and took 2 out of 3 from the A's highlighted by Hideki Matsui celebrating his 34th birthday with a Grand Slam off of Joe Blanton. The Yankees would then sweep the Astros and were 4 games over .500 for the first time this season, but Chien-Ming Wang hurt his leg rounding the bases in a 13-0 win. He was out for the rest of the season. The Yankees would then sweep the Padres at home to win 7 straight for the first time this season", ". The Yankees would then sweep the Padres at home to win 7 straight for the first time this season. The streak came to a halt on June 20, when they lost to Edinson Vólquez and the Reds 4-2 on the Reds' first visit to Yankee Stadium since 1976, the first season of the renovated Yankee Stadium. They would follow with a lopsided 6-0 loss in which they left 12 runners on base despite Dan Giese's great outing, but salvage the final game with a 4-1 win", ". The Yankees traveled to PNC Park for the first time ever when they faced the Pirates from June 24–25 before returning to New York to play a double header with their cross-town rival Mets. In game one, the Yankees were outmatched 15-6, but rebounded in the nightcap game two, with a 9-0 shutout.", "July", "After dropping the first 2 games of a 3-game series to the Texas Rangers, the Yankees salvaged the final game 18-7 before losing the first two of a four-game series to the Red Sox 7-0 and 6-4. With Mike Mussina on the hill for game 3, they would rebound behind his 6 shutout innings to barely win 2-1 and then earn a split when rookie Brett Gardner hit a game-winning single in the bottom of the 10th inning for a 5-4 victory", ". In an important 2-game series against the Rays, they would win the first game 5-0 behind Andy Pettitte's stellar pitching performance and then complete the sweep on Bobby Abreu's game-winning double. The Yankees would go to Pittsburgh to play a make-up interleague game against the Pirates and lose 4-2. Next, they traveled to Toronto to play three against the Blue Jays", ". Next, they traveled to Toronto to play three against the Blue Jays. They would be shut out by Roy Halladay in the opener, getting only two hits but then they rebounded and won their next game 9-4 behind home runs by Derek Jeter and Alex Rodriguez. It was their 50th win of the season. After the game, the Yankees learned that former broadcaster Bobby Murcer died of cancer", ". After the game, the Yankees learned that former broadcaster Bobby Murcer died of cancer. After losing 4-1 to the Blue Jays on Sunday, the Yankees head into the All-Star break 6 games behind the Red Sox in the AL East and 5½ games behind the Rays in the Wild Card race. After the break, Yankees won 8 in a row including back to back sweeps of the Twins and A's, extending their winning streak to 10 games at home", ". After defeating the Boston Red Sox 1-0 in Joba Chamberlain's first career start at Fenway Park, the Yankees acquired Pittsburgh Pirates corner outfielder Xavier Nady and left-handed reliever Dámaso Marte for four minor league prospects. The Yankees then traded Kyle Farnsworth to the Detroit Tigers for catcher Iván Rodríguez.", "August", "The Yankees started August by losing 1-0 to the Angels when Mariano Rivera gave up a run in the 9th inning. The Yankees rebounded to take the next two, including an 8-2 win on Old Timers Day and a 14-9 come-from-behind victory on Sunday. The Yankees embarked on a key 10-game road trip with four against the Texas Rangers. In the opener, Joba Chamberlain was injured before the bullpen surrendered a walk-off grand slam to Marlon Byrd", ". The second game saw the Yankees fall short despite a grand slam of their own before rebounding to win the next two for the split. They were then swept in Anaheim, highlighted by an 8th inning 8-run meltdown on Saturday and Mariano Rivera allowing a walk off hit the next day. After losing two out of three to the Minnesota Twins, the Yankees were written off as contenders", ". After losing two out of three to the Minnesota Twins, the Yankees were written off as contenders. Returning home, they dropped the opener to the Kansas City Royals but rebounded to win the next day in the 12th inning when Brett Gardner drove in the winning run. They took the series with a 15-6 romp the next day. The Yankees went back on the road for six games and lost two of three in Toronto", ". The Yankees went back on the road for six games and lost two of three in Toronto. They did rebound to sweep the Baltimore Orioles, but the struggles continued at home vs Boston as they dropped the first 2 games, 7-3, and 11-3, respectively. A-Rod was heavily booed in game 1, as he was 0 for 5 and grounded into 2 double plays with one being in a bases-loaded situation. He also struck out to end the game", ". He also struck out to end the game. The Yankees would salvage the series finale with a score of 3-2 thanks to pinch-hitter Jason Giambi hitting a two-run homer in the 7th, and then a walk-off single in the bottom of the 9th.", "September\nThe Yanks started off the last month of the regular season on a good note by beating the Tigers 13-9 in a makeup game that was postponed earlier in the season. They continued to keep fans' hopes high by thrashing the AL East leading Rays 7-2 and 8-4 in the first two games of a 3-game series in Tampa. They dropped the third game of the series 7-5. The following day in Seattle, Wilson Betemit's eighth-inning RBI double ended Brandon Morrow's no-hit bid, but New York still lost the game 3-1.", "The final regular season game at Yankee Stadium was played on September 21, 2008 against the Baltimore Orioles, who are based in the city from which both the Yankees and their great star Babe Ruth originated. Fielding Derek Jeter as their captain, Andy Pettitte as the starting pitcher, and led by home runs from Johnny Damon and José Molina, the Yankees won 7–3", ". Molina's home run, a two-run shot hit to left-center field with one out in the bottom of the 4th inning, turned out to be the final home run in Stadium history. The final run was scored by Yankee pinch-runner Brett Gardner in the bottom of the 7th inning. Mariano Rivera pitched the top of the 9th inning, and the final batter was Baltimore's Brian Roberts, who hit a ground-ball out to Yankee first baseman Cody Ransom, closing out 83 years of baseball history", ". After the game, Derek Jeter addressed the crowd, thanking them for their support over the years, and urging them to \"take the memories of this field, add them to the new memories that will come at the new Yankee Stadium and continue to pass them on from generation to generation.\" The Yankees players then circled the field and saluted the fans, to the sound of \"New York, New York\"", ". Guest commentators for the game on ESPN included Yankee legends Reggie Jackson, Whitey Ford and Yogi Berra, as well as local YES Network announcer Michael Kay.", "Line score from final game at Yankee Stadium\n\nThe Yankees were officially eliminated from the playoffs on September 23 with a Red Sox win over the Indians, making them the last team to miss out in the Division Series era and it was the first time since 1993 they missed the postseason (in 1994, the Yankees had the best record in the American League, but the season came to early halt as a result of the longest work stoppage in sports history up to that point.", "On September 28, Mike Mussina won 20 games for the first time in his career, the oldest pitcher in major league history to win 20 games for the first time in his career. The record was previously held by Jamie Moyer, as he won 20 as a 38-year-old. This capped a remarkable comeback season for Mussina, who came back to win 20 games after a 5.15 ERA in 2007. He was one of the few bright spots of the Yankees 2008 season.\n\nSeason standings\n\nRecord vs. Opponents\n\nRoster\n\nGame log", "Season standings\n\nRecord vs. Opponents\n\nRoster\n\nGame log\n\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#bbbbbb\"\n| — || March 31 || Blue Jays || colspan=6|Postponed (rain) Rescheduled for April 1\n|-", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 1 || April 1 || Blue Jays || 3–2 || Wang (1–0) || Halladay (0–1) || Rivera (1) || 55,112 || 1–0\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 2 || April 2 || Blue Jays || 5–2 || Burnett (1–0) || Mussina (0–1) || Accardo (1) || 48,544 || 1–1\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 3 || April 3 || Blue Jays || 3–2 || Chamberlain (1–0) || Wolfe (0–1) || Rivera (2) || 47,785 || 2–1\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 4 || April 4 || Rays || 13–4 || Sonnanstine (1–0) || Kennedy (0–1) || || 49,255 || 2–2\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 5 || April 5 || Rays || 6–3 || Jackson (1–0) || Pettitte (0–1)|| Percival (1) || 52,247 || 2–3\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 6 || April 6 || Rays || 2–0 || Wang (2–0) || Shields (1–1) ||Rivera (3) || 51,279 || 3–3\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 7 || April 7 || Rays || 6–1 || Mussina (1–1) || Hammel (0–1) || || 41,302 || 4–3", "| 7 || April 7 || Rays || 6–1 || Mussina (1–1) || Hammel (0–1) || || 41,302 || 4–3\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 8 || April 8 || @ Royals || 5–2 || Bannister (2–0) || Hughes (0–1) || Soria (4) || 37,296 || 4–4\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 9 || April 9 || @ Royals || 4–0 ||Greinke (2–0) ||Farnsworth (0–1) || Gobble (1)|| 19,007 || 4–5\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 10 || April 10 || @ Royals || 6–1 || Pettitte (1–1) || Bale (0–2) || || 16,143 || 5–5\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 11 || April 11 || @ Red Sox || 4–1 || Wang (3–0) || Timlin (0–1) || || 37,624 || 6–5\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 12 || April 12 || @ Red Sox || 4–3 || Beckett (1–1) || Mussina (1–2) || Papelbon (4) || 37,461 || 6–6\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 13 || April 13 || @ Red Sox || 8–5 || Matsuzaka (3–0) || Hughes (0–2) || || 37,876 || 6–7\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 14 || April 14 || @ Rays || 8–7 || Bruney (1–0) || Reyes (1–2) || Rivera (4) || 18,872 || 7–7\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 15 || April 15 || @ Rays || 5–3 || Pettitte (2–1) || Jackson (2–1) || Rivera (5) || 20,923 || 8–7\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 16 || April 16 || Red Sox || 15–9 || Hawkins (1–0) || Tavárez (0–1) || Bruney (1) || 54,667 || 9–7\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 17 || April 17 || Red Sox || 7–5 || Beckett (2–1) || Mussina (1–3) || || 55,088 || 9–8\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 18 || April 18 || @ Orioles || 8–2 || Cabrera (1–0) || Hughes (0–3) || || 40,653 || 9–9\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 19 || April 19 || @ Orioles || 6–0 || Burres (2–1) || Kennedy (0–2) || Johnson (1) || 41,776 || 9–10\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 20 || April 20 || @ Orioles || 7–1 || Pettitte (3–1) || Trachsel (1–3) || || 37,501 || 10–10\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 21 || April 22 || @ White Sox || 9–5 || Wang (4–0) || Contreras (1–2) || || 25,012 || 11–10\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 22 || April 23 || @ White Sox || 6–4 || Mussina (2–3) || Vázquez (3–2) || Rivera (6) || 27,751 || 12–10\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 23 || April 24 || @ White Sox || 7–6 || Jenks (1–0) || Chamberlain (1–1) || || 27,243 || 12–11\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 24 || April 25 || @ Indians || 6–4 || Byrd (1–2) || Pettitte (3–2) || Betancourt (2) || 31,467 || 12–12\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 25 || April 26 || @ Indians || 4–3 || Kobayashi (1–0) || Ohlendorf (0–1) || || 35,765 || 12–13\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 26 || April 27 || @ Indians || 1–0 || Wang (5–0) || Sabathia (1–4) || Rivera (7) || 31,598 || 13–13\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 27 || April 28 || @ Indians || 5–2 ||Mussina (3–3)|| Laffey (0–1) || Rivera (8) || 20,689 || 14–13\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 28 || April 29 || Tigers || 6–4 || Rogers (2–3) || Hughes (0–4) || Jones (5) || 49,194 || 14–14\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 29 || April 30 || Tigers || 6–2 || Bonderman (2–2) || Pettitte (3–3) || || 49,513 || 14–15\n|-", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 30 || May 1 || Tigers || 8–4 || Robertson (1–3) || Albaladejo (0–1) || || 50,993 || 14–16\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 31 || May 2 || Mariners || 5–1 || Wang (6–0) || Bédard (2–1) || || 52,199 || 15–16\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 32 || May 3 || Mariners || 6–1 || Mussina (4–3) || Hernández (2–2) || || 52,810 || 16–16\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 33 || May 4 || Mariners || 8–2 || Rasner (1–0) || Silva (3–1) || || 53,542 || 17–16", "| 33 || May 4 || Mariners || 8–2 || Rasner (1–0) || Silva (3–1) || || 53,542 || 17–16\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 34 || May 6 || Indians || 5–3 || Pérez (1–1) || Chamberlain (1–2) || Betancourt (3) || 50,713 || 17–17\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 35 || May 7 || Indians || 3–0 || Lee (6–0) || Wang (6–1) || Betancourt (4) || 50,199 || 17–18\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 36 || May 8 || Indians || 6–3 || Mussina (5–3) || Byrd (1–3) || Rivera (9) || 53,227 || 18–18", "| 36 || May 8 || Indians || 6–3 || Mussina (5–3) || Byrd (1–3) || Rivera (9) || 53,227 || 18–18\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 37 || May 9 || @ Tigers || 6–5 || Rogers (3–3) || Igawa (0–1) || || 44,062 || 18–19\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 38 || May 10 || @ Tigers || 5–2 || Rasner (2-0) || Bonderman (2–4) || Rivera (10) || 44,580 || 19–19\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbbbbb\"\n| — || May 11 || @ Tigers || colspan=6|Postponed (rain) Rescheduled for September 1 \n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 39 || May 12 || @ Rays || 7–1 || Garza (2–1) || Pettitte (3–4) || || 13,932 || 19–20\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 40 || May 13 || @ Rays || 2–1 (11) || Howell (3–0) || Rivera (0–1) || || 16,558 || 19–21\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 41 || May 14 || @ Rays || 2–1 || Mussina (6–3) || Shields (4–3) || Rivera (11) || 20,936 || 20–21\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 42 || May 15 || @ Rays || 5–2 || Kazmir (2–1) || Kennedy (0–3) || Percival (10) || 19,976 || 20–22\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbbbbb\"\n| — || May 16 || Mets || colspan=6|Postponed (rain) Rescheduled for June 27\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 43 || May 17 || Mets || 7–4 || Santana (5–2) || Pettitte (3–5) || Wagner (9) || 55,093 || 20–23\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 44 || May 18 || Mets || 11–2 || Pérez (4–3) || Wang (6–2) || || 55,012 || 20–24", "| 44 || May 18 || Mets || 11–2 || Pérez (4–3) || Wang (6–2) || || 55,012 || 20–24\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 45 || May 20 || Orioles || 12–2 || Cabrera (5–1) || Mussina (6–4) || || 51,617 || 20–25\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 46 || May 21 || Orioles || 8–0 || Rasner (3–0) || Olson (3–1) || || 50,682 || 21–25\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 47 || May 22 || Orioles || 2–1 || Rivera (1–1) || Johnson (0–2) || || 49,452 || 22–25\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 48 || May 23 || Mariners || 13–2 || Pettitte (4–5) || Bédard (3–3) || || 52,005 || 23–25\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 49 || May 24 || Mariners || 12–6 || Mussina (7–4) || Silva (3–4) || || 53,512 || 24–25\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 50 || May 25 || Mariners || 6–5 || Ramírez (1–0) || Putz (1–2) || Rivera (12) || 54,269 || 25–25\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 51 || May 26 || @ Orioles || 6–1 || Olson (4–1) || Rasner (3–1) || || 34,928 || 25–26", "| 51 || May 26 || @ Orioles || 6–1 || Olson (4–1) || Rasner (3–1) || || 34,928 || 25–26\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 52 || May 27 || @ Orioles || 10–9 (11) || Albers (3–1) || Hawkins (1–1) || || 24,030 || 25–27\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 53 || May 28 || @ Orioles || 4–2 || Pettitte (5–5)|| Guthrie (2–6) || Rivera (13) || 24,791 || 26–27\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 54 || May 30 || @ Twins || 6–5 || Mussina (8–4) || Perkins (2–2) ||Rivera (14) || 30,188 || 27–27", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 55 || May 31 || @ Twins || 7–6 (12) || Ohlendorf (1–1) || Rincón (2–2) || Rivera (15) || 36,441 || 28–27\n|-", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 56 || June 1 || @ Twins || 5–1 || Bass (2–1)|| Rasner (3–2) || || 27,479 || 28–28\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 57 || June 2 || @ Twins || 6–5 || Gurrier (3–1) || Farnsworth (0–2) || Nathan (15) || 20,168 || 28–29\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 58 || June 3 || Blue Jays || 9–3 || Halladay (7–5) || Giese (0–1) || || 53,629 || 28–30\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 59 || June 4 || Blue Jays || 5–1 || Mussina (9–4) || Litsch (7–2)|| || 51,151 || 29–30", "| 59 || June 4 || Blue Jays || 5–1 || Mussina (9–4) || Litsch (7–2)|| || 51,151 || 29–30\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 60 || June 5 || Blue Jays || 9–8 || Farnsworth (1–2) || Ryan (1–2) || || 53,571 || 30–30\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 61 || June 6 || Royals || 2–1 || Kyle Davies (2–0) || Rasner (3–3) || Soria (13) || 52,187 || 30–31\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 62 || June 7 || Royals || 12–11 || Rivera (2–1) || Soria (0–1)|| || 53,611 || 31–31\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 63 || June 8 || Royals || 6–3 || Giese (1–1) || Greinke (5–4) || Rivera (16) || 54,213 || 32–31\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 64 || June 9 || Royals || 3–2 || Yabuta (1–0) || Rivera (2–2) || Soria (14) || 53,633 || 32–32\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 65 || June 10 || @ Athletics || 3–1 || Wang (7–2) || Eveland (4–5) || Rivera (17) || 26,402 || 33–32\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 66 || June 11 || @ Athletics || 8–4 || Duchscherer (6–4) || Rasner (3–4) || || 27,292 || 33–33\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 67 || June 12 || @ Athletics || 4-1 || Pettitte (6-5) || Blanton (3-9) || Rivera (18) || 28,658 || 34-33\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 68 || June 13 || @ Astros || 2-1 || Veras (1-0) || Brocail (2-1) || Farnsworth (1) || 43,095 || 35-33\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 69 || June 14 || @ Astros || 8–4 || Mussina (10–4) || Rodríguez (2–3) || || 43,409 || 36–33\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 70 || June 15 || @ Astros || 13–0 || Wang (8–2) || Oswalt (5–7) || || 43,165 || 37–33\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 71 || June 17 || Padres || 8–0 || Pettitte (7–5) || Wolf (5–5) || || 52,306 || 38–33\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 72 || June 18 || Padres || 8–5 || Rasner (4–4) || Peavy (5–4) || Rivera (19) || 52,628 || 39–33", "| 72 || June 18 || Padres || 8–5 || Rasner (4–4) || Peavy (5–4) || Rivera (19) || 52,628 || 39–33 \n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 73 || June 19 || Padres || 2–1 || Veras (2–0) || Banks (2–1) || Rivera (20) || 54,362 || 40–33\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 74 || June 20 || Reds || 4–2 || Vólquez (10–2) || Mussina (10–5) || Cordero (14) || 53,421 || 40–34 \n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 75 || June 21 || Reds || 6–0 || Bray (2–0) || Giese (1–2) || || 54,509 || 40–35", "| 75 || June 21 || Reds || 6–0 || Bray (2–0) || Giese (1–2) || || 54,509 || 40–35\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 76 || June 22 || Reds || 4–1 || Pettitte (8–5) || Cueto (5–8) || Rivera (21) || 54,234 || 41–35 \n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 77 || June 24 || @ Pirates || 12–5 || Gorzelanny (6–6) || Rasner (4–5) |||| 38,867 || 41-36\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 78 || June 25 || @ Pirates || 10–0 || Chamberlain (2–2) || Duke (4–5) || || 38,952 || 42–36\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbbbbb\"\n| — || June 26 || @ Pirates ||colspan=6|Postponed (rain) Rescheduled for July 10\n|-align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 79 || June 27 || Mets || 15–6 || Pelfrey (5–6) || Giese (1–3) || || 54,978 || 42–37\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 80 || June 27 || @ Mets || 9–0 || Ponson (5–1) || Martínez (2–2)|| || 56,308 || 43–37\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 81 || June 28 || @ Mets || 3–2 || Pettitte (9–5) || Santana (7–7) || Rivera (22) || 56,172 || 44–37", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 82 || June 29 || @ Mets || 3–1 || Pérez (6–5) || Rasner (4–6) || Wagner (18) || 56,277 || 44–38\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 83 || June 30 || Rangers || 2–1 || Feldman (2–3) || Mussina (10–6) || Wilson (18) || 53,045 || 44–39\n|-", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 84 || July 1 || Rangers || 3–2 || Francisco (2–2) || Rivera (2–3) || Wilson (19) || 53,223 || 44–40\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 85 || July 2 || Rangers || 18–7 || Ramírez (2–0)|| Madrigal (0–1) || || 52,659 || 45–40\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 86 || July 3 || Red Sox || 7–0 || Lester (7–3) || Pettitte (9–6) || || 54,677 || 45–41\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 87 || July 4 || Red Sox ||6–4 ||Beckett (8–5) ||Rasner (4–7) || ||55,130 ||45–42", "| 87 || July 4 || Red Sox ||6–4 ||Beckett (8–5) ||Rasner (4–7) || ||55,130 ||45–42\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 88 || July 5 || Red Sox || 2–1 || Mussina (11–6) || Masterson (4–3) || Rivera (23) || 54,920 || 46–42\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 89 || July 6 || Red Sox || 5–4 (10) || Rivera (3–3) || Papelbon (3–3)|| || 54,922 || 47–42\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 90 || July 8 || Rays || 5–0 || Pettitte (10–6) || Kazmir (7–4) || || 53,089 || 48–42\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 91 || July 9 || Rays || 2–1 (10) || Rivera (4–3) || Balfour (2–1) || || 53,552 || 49–42\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\" \n| 92 || July 10 || @ Pirates || 4–2 || Maholm (6–5) || Veras (2–1) || Marte (4) || 39,081 || 49–43\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 93 || July 11 || @ Blue Jays || 5–0 || Halladay (11–6) || Chamberlain (2–3) || || 43,078 || 49–44 \n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 94 || July 12 || @ Blue Jays || 9–4 || Rasner (5–7) || Litsch (8–6) || || 44,364 || 50–44\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 95 || July 13 || @ Blue Jays || 4–1 || Burnett (10–8) || Pettitte (10–7) || Ryan (18) || 43,854 || 50–45\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 96 || July 18 || Athletics || 7–1 || Mussina (12–6) || Smith (5–8) || || 54,145 || 51–45\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 97 || July 19 || Athletics || 4–3 (12)|| Robertson (1–0) || DiNardo (1–2) || || 54,183 || 52–45\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 98 || July 20 || Athletics || 2–1 || Pettitte (11–7) || Duchscherer (10–6) || Rivera (24) || 54,366 || 53–45\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 99 || July 21 || Twins || 12–4 || Ponson (6–1) || Blackburn (7–6) || || 53,484 || 54–45\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 100 || July 22 || Twins || 8–2 || Robertson (2–0) || Slowey (6–7) || || 53,406 || 55–45\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 101 || July 23 || Twins || 5–1 || Mussina (13–6) || Perkins (7–3) || Rivera (25) || 54,114 || 56–45\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 102 || July 25 || @ Red Sox || 1–0 || Chamberlain (3–3) || Beckett (9–7) || Rivera (26) || 37,744 || 57–45\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 103 || July 26 || @ Red Sox || 10–3 || Pettitte (12–7) || Wakefield (6–8) || || 37,225 || 58–45\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 104 || July 27 || @ Red Sox || 9–2 || Lester (9–3)|| Ponson (6–2) || || 37,688 || 58–46\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 105 || July 28 || Orioles || 13–4 || Guthrie (7–8) || Mussina (13–7) || || 54,120 || 58–47\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 106 || July 29 || Orioles || 7–6 || Cabrera (7–6) || Rasner (5–8) || || 54,241 || 58–48", "| 106 || July 29 || Orioles || 7–6 || Cabrera (7–6) || Rasner (5–8) || || 54,241 || 58–48\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 107 || July 30 || Orioles || 13–3 || Chamberlain (4–3) || Sarfate (4–2) || || 54,296 || 59–48\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 108 || July 31 || Angels || 12–6 || Garland (10–6) || Pettitte (12–8) || || 53,405 || 59–49\n|-", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 109 || August 1 || Angels || 1–0 || Santana (12–5) || Rivera (4–4) || Rodríguez (45) || 53,997 || 59–50\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 110 || August 2 || Angels || 8–2 || Mussina (14–7) || Weaver (9–9) || || 54,170 || 60–50\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 111 || August 3 || Angels || 14–9 || Ramírez (3–0) || Shields (4–3) || || 54,204 || 61–50\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 112 || August 4 || @ Rangers || 9–5 || Guardado (3–2) || Marte (4–1) || || 33,813 || 61–51\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 113 || August 5 || @ Rangers || 8–6 || Harrison (3–2) || Pettitte (12–9) || Guardado (3) || 34,473 || 61–52\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 114 || August 6 || @ Rangers || 5–3 || Ponson (7–2) || Hunter (0–1) || Rivera (27) || 38,638 || 62–52\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 115 || August 7 || @ Rangers || 3–0 || Mussina (15–7) || Feldman (4–5) || Rivera (28) || 44,603 || 63–52\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 116 || August 8 || @ Angels || 10–5 || Weaver (10–9) || Kennedy (0–4) || || 44,158 || 63–53\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 117 || August 9 || @ Angels || 11–4 || Shields (5–3) || Ramírez (3–1) || || 43,919 || 63–54\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 118 || August 10 || @ Angels || 4–3 || Rodríguez (2–2) || Marte (4–2) || || 44,138 || 63–55\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 119 || August 11 || @ Twins || 4–0 || Perkins (9–3) || Ponson (7–3) || || 30,126 || 63–56\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 120 || August 12 || @ Twins || 9–6 (12) || Veras (3–1) || Guerrier (6–6) || Ramírez (1) || 33,036 || 64–56\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 121 || August 13 || @ Twins || 4–2 || Slowey (9–8) || Rasner (5–9) || Nathan (32) || 35,187 || 64–57\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 122 || August 15 || Royals || 4–3 || Núñez (4–1) || Rivera (4–5) || Soria (33) || 53,067 || 64–58\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 123 || August 16 || Royals || 3–2 (13) || Robertson (3–0) || Fulchino (0–1) || || 54,180 || 65–58\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 124 || August 17 || Royals || 15–6 || Mussina (16–7) || Bannister (7–12) || || 54,114 || 66–58\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 125 || August 19 || @ Blue Jays || 2–1 || Burnett (16–9) || Veras (3–2) || Ryan (24) || 37,221 || 66–59\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 126 || August 20 || @ Blue Jays || 5–1 || Pettitte (13–9) || Purcey (2–4) || || 34,910 || 67–59\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 127 || August 21 || @ Blue Jays || 14–3 || Halladay (15–9) || Ponson (7–4) || || 37,037 || 67–60\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 128 || August 22 || @ Orioles || 9–4 || Veras (4–2) || Walker (1–1) || Rivera (29) || 45,543 || 68–60\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 129 || August 23 || @ Orioles || 5–3 || Pavano (1–0) || Guthrie (10–10) || Rivera (30) || 48,817 || 69–60\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 130 || August 24 || @ Orioles || 8–7 || Ramírez (4–1) || Walker (1–2) || Rivera (31) || 42,746 || 70–60\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 131 || August 26 || Red Sox || 7–3 || Wakefield (8–8) || Pettitte (13–10) || Papelbon (34) || 55,058 || 70–61\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 132 || August 27 || Red Sox || 11–3 || Byrd (9–11) || Ponson (7–5) || || 55,027 || 70–62\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 133 || August 28 || Red Sox || 3–2 || Rivera (5–5) || Masterson (4–4) || || 55,092 || 71–62\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 134 || August 29 || Blue Jays || 2–1 || Pavano (2-0) || Burnett (16–10) || Rivera (32) || 53,088 || 72–62\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 135 || August 30 || Blue Jays || 7–6 || League (1–2) || Marte (4–3) || Ryan (25) || 53,273 || 72–63\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 136 || August 31 || Blue Jays || 6–2 || Halladay (17–9) || Pettitte (13–11) || || 53,634 || 72–64\n|-", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 137 || September 1 || @ Tigers || 13–9 || Bruney (2–0) || Verlander (10–15) || || 44,336 || 73–64\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 138 || September 2 || @ Rays || 7–2 || Mussina (17–7) || Garza (11–8) || || 21,629 || 74–64\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 139 || September 3 || @ Rays || 8–4 || Ramírez (5–1) || Jackson (11–9) || || 25,215 || 75–64\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 140 || September 4 || @ Rays || 7–5 || Kazmir (11–6) || Rasner (5–10) || Wheeler (10) || 26,080 || 75–65\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 141 || September 5 || @ Mariners || 3–1 || Morrow (2–2) || Pettitte (13–12) || Putz (11) || 39,518 || 75–66\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 142 || September 6 || @ Mariners || 7–4 || Ponson (8–5) || Green (4–5) || Rivera (33) || 44,473 || 76–66\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 143 || September 7 || @ Mariners || 5–2 || Feierabend (1–2) || Mussina (17–8) || Putz (12) || 42,677 || 76–67\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 144 || September 8 || @ Angels || 12–1 || Garland (13–8) || Pavano (2–1) || || 41,025 || 76–68\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 145 || September 9 || @ Angels || 7–1 || Aceves (1–0) || Santana (15–6) || || 43,042 || 77–68\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 146 || September 10 || @ Angels || 4–2 || Moseley (2–4) || Pettitte (13–13) || Rodríguez (56) || 39,783 || 77–69\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#bbbbbb\"\n| -- || September 12 || Rays || colspan=6|Postponed (rain) Rescheduled for September 13\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 147 || September 13 || Rays || 7–1 || Shields (13–8) || Mussina (17–9) || || 54,088 || 77–70\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 148 || September 13 || Rays || 6–5 || Marte (5–3) || Howell (6–1) || Rivera (34) || 53,568 || 78–70\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 149 || September 14 || Rays || 8–4 || Pavano (3–1) || Jackson (11–11) || Rivera (35) || 54,279 || 79–70\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 150 || September 15 || White Sox || 4–2 || Coke (1–0) || Wassermann (1–2) || Rivera (36) || 53,236 || 80–70\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 151 || September 16 || White Sox || 6–2 || Floyd (16–7) || Pettitte (13–14) || || 52,558 || 80–71\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 152 || September 17 || White Sox || 5–1 || Bruney (3–0) || Richard (2–5) || || 52,671 || 81–71\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 153 || September 18 || White Sox || 9–2 || Mussina (18–9) || Vázquez (12–14) || || 53,152 || 82–71\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 154 || September 19 || Orioles || 3–2 || Pavano (4–1) || Liz (6–6) || Rivera (37) || 54,136 || 83–71\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 155 || September 20 || Orioles || 1–0 || Rivera (6–5) || Miller (0–2) || || 54,662 || 84–71\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 156 || September 21 || Orioles || 7–3 || Pettitte (14–14) || Waters (3–4) || || 54,610 || 85–71\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 157 || September 23 || @ Blue Jays || 3–1 || Mussina (19–9) || Litsch (12–9) || Rivera (38) || 27,216 || 86–71\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 158 || September 24 || @ Blue Jays || 6–2 (10) || Veras (5–2) || Carlson (7–2) || || 28,701 || 87–71\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 159 || September 25 || @ Blue Jays || 8–2 || Halladay (20–11) || Pavano (4–2) || || 44,346 || 87–72\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 160 || September 26 || @ Red Sox || 19–8 || Robertson (4–0) || Pauley (0–1) || || 37,301 || 88–72\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbbbbb\"\n| -- || September 27 || @ Red Sox ||colspan=6|Postponed (rain) Rescheduled for September 28\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"bbffbb\"\n| 161 || September 28 || @ Red Sox || 6–2 || Mussina (20–9) || Matsuzaka (18–3) || Rivera (39) || 37,091 || 89–72\n|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"", "|- align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"ffbbbb\"\n| 162 || September 28 || @ Red Sox || 4–3 (10) || Hansack (1–0) || Veras (5–3) || || 37,440 || 89–73\n|-", "Player stats\nBold= Team leader in category.\n\nBatting\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; R = Runs scored; H = Hits; 2B = Doubles; 3B = Triples; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in; AVG = Batting average; SB = Stolen bases\n\nBold indicates team leader\n\nPitching\nNote: W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; G = Games pitched; GS = Games started; SV = Saves; IP = Innings pitched; R = Runs allowed; ER = Earned runs allowed; BB = Walks allowed; K = Strikeouts", "Bold indicates team leader for W, L, ERA, G, GS, SV, and IP; indicates highest on team in R, ER, BB, and K\n\nFarm system\n\nLEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, Trenton\n\nReferences\n\nGame Logs:\nOfficial Game Log (YES Network).\n1st Half: New York Yankees Game Log on ESPN.com\n2nd Half: New York Yankees Game Log on ESPN.com\nBatting Statistics: New York Yankees Batting Stats on ESPN.com\nPitching Statistics: New York Yankees Pitching Stats on ESPN.com", "2008 New York Yankees season at Baseball Reference\n2008 New York Yankees team page at www.baseball-almanac.com\n\nNew York Yankees seasons\nNew York Yankees\nNew York Yankees\n2000s in the Bronx" ]

[ "A Hindu temple (or mandir, devasthana, pura, gudi, kovil etc in various languages) is a structure designed to bring Hindus and gods together through worship, sacrifice, and devotion, thought of as the house of the god to whom it is dedicated. The symbolism and structure of a Hindu temple are rooted in Vedic traditions, deploying circles and squares", ". It also represents recursion and the representation of the equivalence of the macrocosm and the microcosm by astronomical numbers, and by \"specific alignments related to the geography of the place and the presumed linkages of the deity and the patron\". A temple incorporates all elements of the Hindu cosmos — presenting the good, the evil and the human, as well as the elements of the Hindu sense of cyclic time and the essence of life — symbolically presenting dharma, artha, kama, moksha, and karma.", "The spiritual principles symbolically represented in Hindu temples are given in the ancient Sanskrit texts of India (for example, the Vedas and Upanishads), while their structural rules are described in various ancient Sanskrit treatises on architecture (Bṛhat Saṃhitā, Vāstu Śāstras). The layout, the motifs, the plan and the building process recite ancient rituals, geometric symbolisms, and reflect beliefs and values innate within various schools of Hinduism", ". A Hindu temple is a spiritual destination for many Hindus, as well as landmarks around which ancient arts, community celebrations and the economy have flourished.", "Hindu temples come in many styles, are situated in diverse locations, deploy different construction methods and are adapted to different deities and regional beliefs, yet almost all of them share certain core ideas, symbolism and themes", ". They are found in South Asia, particularly India and Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, in Southeast Asian countries such as Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia, and countries such as Canada, Fiji, France, Guyana, Kenya, Mauritius, the Netherlands, South Africa, Suriname, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other countries with a significant Hindu population", ". The current state and outer appearance of Hindu temples reflect arts, materials and designs as they evolved over two millennia; they also reflect the effect of conflicts between Hinduism and Islam since the 12th century. The Swaminarayanan Akshardham in Robbinsville, New Jersey between the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas, was inaugurated in 2014 as one of the world's largest Hindu temples.", "Significance and meaning of a temple", "A Hindu temple reflects a synthesis of arts, the ideals of dharma, beliefs, values and the way of life cherished under Hinduism. It is a link between man, deities, and the Universal Puruṣa in a sacred space. It represents the triple-knowledge (trayi-vidya) of the Vedic vision by mapping the relationships between the cosmos (brahmaṇḍa) and the cell (pinda) by a unique plan based on astronomical numbers", ". Subhash Kak sees the temple form and its iconography to be a natural expansion of Vedic ideology related to recursion, change and equivalence.", "In ancient Indian texts, a temple is a place of pilgrimage, known in India as a Tirtha. It is a sacred site whose ambience and design attempts to symbolically condense the ideal tenets of the Hindu way of life. In a Hindu temple, all the cosmic components that produce and maintain life are there, from fire to water, from depictions of the natural world to gods, from genders that are feminine or masculine to those that are everlasting and universal.", "Susan Lewandowski states that the underlying principle in a Hindu temple is the belief that all things are one, that everything is connected. The pilgrim is welcomed through 64-grid or 81-grid mathematically structured spaces, a network of art, pillars with carvings and statues that display and celebrate the four important and necessary principles of human life – the pursuit of artha (prosperity, wealth), of kama (pleasure, sex), of dharma (virtues, ethical life) and of moksha (release, self-knowledge)", ". At the centre of the temple, typically below and sometimes above or next to the deity, is mere hollow space with no decoration, symbolically representing Purusa, the Supreme Principle, the sacred Universal, one without form, which is omnipresent, connects everything, and is the essence of everyone. A Hindu temple is meant to encourage reflection, facilitate purification of one's mind, and trigger the process of inner realization within the devotee", ". The specific process is left to the devotee's school of belief. The primary deity of different Hindu temples varies to reflect this spiritual spectrum.", "In Hindu tradition, there is no dividing line between the secular and the lonely sacred. In the same spirit, Hindu temples are not just sacred spaces; they are also secular spaces. Their meaning and purpose have extended beyond spiritual life to social rituals and daily life, offering thus a social meaning", ". Some temples have served as a venue to mark festivals, to celebrate arts through dance and music, to get married or commemorate marriages, the birth of a child, other significant life events or the death of a loved one. In political and economic life, Hindu temples have served as a venue for succession within dynasties and landmarks around which economic activity thrived.", "Forms and designs of Hindu temples", "Almost all Hindu temples take two forms: a house or a palace. A house-themed temple is a simple shelter that serves as a deity's home. The temple is a place where the devotee visits, just like he or she would visit a friend or relative. The use of moveable and immoveable images is mentioned by Pāṇini. In the Bhakti school of Hinduism, temples are venues for puja, which is a hospitality ritual, where the deity is honored, and where devotee calls upon, attends to and connects with the deity", ". In other schools of Hinduism, the person may simply perform japa, or meditation, or yoga, or introspection in his or her temple. Palace-themed temples often incorporate more elaborate and monumental architecture.", "Site \nThe appropriate site for a temple, suggests ancient Sanskrit texts, is near water and gardens, where lotus and flowers bloom, where swans, ducks and other birds are heard, and where animals rest without fear of injury or harm. These harmonious places were recommended in these texts with the explanation that such are the places where gods play, and thus the best site for Hindu temples.", "While major Hindu temples are recommended at sangams (confluence of rivers), river banks, lakes and seashore, Brhat Samhita and Puranas suggest temples may also be built where a natural source of water is not present. Here too, they recommend that a pond be built preferably in front or to the left of the temple with water gardens. If water is neither present naturally nor by design, water is symbolically present at the consecration of the temple or the deity", ". Temples may also be built, suggests Visnudharmottara in Part III of Chapter 93, inside caves and carved stones, on hill tops affording peaceful views, on mountain slopes overlooking beautiful valleys, inside forests and hermitages, next to gardens, or at the head of a town street.", "Manuals", "Ancient builders of Hindu temples created manuals of architecture, called Vastu-Sastra (literally \"science\" of dwelling; vas-tu is a composite Sanskrit word; vas means \"reside\", tu means \"you\"); these contain Vastu-Vidya (literally, knowledge of dwelling) and Sastra meaning system or knowledge in Sanskrit. There exist many Vastu-Sastras on the art of building temples, such as one by Thakkura Pheru, describing where and how temples should be built. By the 6th century CE, Sanskrit manuals for in India", ". By the 6th century CE, Sanskrit manuals for in India. Vastu-Sastra manuals included chapters on home construction, town planning, and how efficient villages, towns and kingdoms integrated temples, water bodies and gardens within them to achieve harmony with nature", ". While it is unclear, states Barnett, as to whether these temple and town planning texts were theoretical studies and if or when they were properly implemented in practice, the manuals suggest that town planning and Hindu temples were conceived as ideals of art and integral part of Hindu social and spiritual life.", "The Silpa Prakasa of Odisha, authored by Ramacandra Bhattaraka Kaulacara in the 9th or 10th centuries CE, is another Sanskrit treatise on Temple Architecture. Silpa Prakasa describes the geometric principles in every aspect of the temple and symbolism such as 16 emotions of human beings carved as 16 types of female figures. These styles were perfected in Hindu temples prevalent in the eastern states of India", ". These styles were perfected in Hindu temples prevalent in the eastern states of India. Other ancient texts found expand these architectural principles, suggesting that different parts of India developed, invented and added their own interpretations. For example, in the Saurastra tradition of temple building found in western states of India, the feminine form, expressions and emotions are depicted in 32 types of Nataka-stri compared to 16 types described in Silpa Prakasa", ". Silpa Prakasa provides a brief introduction to 12 types of Hindu temples. Other texts, such as Pancaratra Prasada Prasadhana compiled by Daniel Smith and Silpa Ratnakara compiled by Narmada Sankara provide a more extensive list of Hindu temple types.", "Ancient Sanskrit manuals for temple construction discovered in Rajasthan, in northwestern region of India, include Sutradhara Mandana's Prasadamandana (literally, manual for planning and building a temple). Manasara, a text of South Indian origin, estimated to be in circulation by the 7th century CE, is a guidebook on South Indian temple design and construction. Isanasivagurudeva paddhati is another Sanskrit text from the 9th century describing the art of temple building in India in south and central India", ". In north India, Brihat-samhita by Varāhamihira is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit manual from 6th century describing the design and construction of Nagara style of Hindu temples.", "Plan \n\nA Hindu temple design follows a geometrical design called vastu-purusha-mandala. The name is a composite Sanskrit word with three of the most important components of the plan. Mandala means circle, Purusha is universal essence at the core of Hindu tradition, while Vastu means the dwelling structure. The Vastu-purusha-mandala is a yantra, a design laying out a Hindu temple in a symmetrical, self-repeating structure derived from central beliefs, myths, cardinality and mathematical principles.", "The four cardinal directions help create the axis of a Hindu temple, around which is formed a perfect square in the space available. The circle of the mandala circumscribes the square. The square is considered divine for its perfection and as a symbolic product of knowledge and human thought, while the circle is considered earthly, human and observed in everyday life (moon, sun, horizon, water drop, rainbow). Each supports the other", ". Each supports the other. The square is divided into perfect 64 (or in some cases 81) sub-squares called padas. Each pada is conceptually assigned to a symbolic element, sometimes in the form of a deity. The central square(s) of the 64- or 81-grid is dedicated to Brahman (not to be confused with brahmin, the scholarly and priestly class in India), and are called Brahma padas.", "The 49-grid design is called Sthandila and is of great importance in creative expressions of Hindu temples in South India, particularly in Prakaras. The symmetric Vastu-purusa-mandala grids are sometimes combined to form a temple superstructure with two or more attached squares. The temples face sunrise, and the entrance for the devotee is typically this east side. The mandala pada facing sunrise is dedicated to Surya, the sun-god", ". The mandala pada facing sunrise is dedicated to Surya, the sun-god. The Surya pada is flanked by the padas of Satya, the deity of Truth, on one side and Indra, the king of the demigods, on other. The east and north faces of most temples feature a mix of gods and demigods; while the west and south feature demons and demigods related to the underworld", ". This vastu-purusha-mandala plan and symbolism is systematically seen in ancient Hindu temples on the Indian subcontinent as well as those in southeast Asia, with regional creativity and variations.", "Beneath the mandala's central square(s) is the space for the all-pervasive, all-connecting Universal Spirit, the highest reality, the purusha. This space is sometimes known as the garbha-griya (literally, “womb house”) – a small, perfect square, windowless, enclosed space without ornamentation that represents universal essence", ". In or near this space is typically a cult image — which, though many Indians may refer to casually as an idol, is more formally known as a murti, or the main worshippable deity, who varies with each temple. Often this murti gives the temple a local name, such as a Vishnu temple, Krishna temple, Rama temple, Narayana temple, Shiva temple, Lakshmi temple, Ganesha temple, Durga temple, Hanuman temple, Surya temple, etc", ". It is this garbha-griya which devotees seek for darsana (literally, a sight of knowledge, or vision).", "Above the vastu-purusha-mandala is a superstructure with a dome called Shikhara in north India, and Vimana in south India, that stretches towards the sky. Sometimes, in makeshift temples, the dome may be replaced with symbolic bamboo with few leaves at the top. The vertical dimension's cupola or dome is designed as a pyramid, a cone or other mountain-like shape, once again using the principle of concentric circles and squares", ". Scholars suggest that this shape is inspired by the cosmic mountain of Meru or Himalayan Kailasa, the abode of the gods, according to Vedic mythology.", "In larger temples, the central space typically is surrounded by an ambulatory for the devotee to walk around and ritually circumambulate the Purusa, the universal essence. Often this space is visually decorated with carvings, paintings or images meant to inspire the devotee. In some temples, these images may be stories from Hindu Epics; in others, they may be Vedic tales about right and wrong or virtues and vice; in yet others, they may be murtis of locally worshipped deities", ". The pillars, walls and ceilings typically also have highly ornate carvings or images of the four just and necessary pursuits of life – kama, artha, dharma and moksa. This walk around is called pradakshina.", "Large temples also have pillared halls, called mandapa — one of which, on the east side, serves as the waiting room for pilgrims and devotees. The mandapa may be a separate structure in older temples, but in newer temples this space is integrated into the temple superstructure. Mega-temple sites have a main temple surrounded by smaller temples and shrines, but these are still arranged by principles of symmetry, grids and mathematical precision", ". An important principle found in the layout of Hindu temples is mirroring and repeating fractal-like design structure, each unique yet also repeating the central common principle, one which Susan Lewandowski refers to as \"an organism of repeating cells\".", "The ancient texts on Hindu temple design, the Vāstu-puruṣa-mandala and Vastu Śāstras, do not limit themselves to the design of a Hindu temple. They describe the temple as a holistic part of its community, and lay out various principles and a diversity of alternate designs for home, village and city layout along with the temple, gardens, water bodies and nature.", "Exceptions to the square grid principle", "A predominant number of Hindu temples exhibit the perfect-square grid principle. However, there are some exceptions. For example, the Telika Mandir in Gwalior, built in the 8th century CE, is not a square but a rectangle in 2:3 proportion. Further, the temple explores a number of structures and shrines in 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:5, 3:5 and 4:5 ratios", ". These ratios are exact, suggesting that the architect intended to use these harmonic ratios, and the rectangle pattern was not a mistake, nor an arbitrary approximation. Other examples of non-square harmonic ratios are found at the Naresar temple site of Madhya Pradesh and at the Nakti-Mata temple near Jaipur, Rajasthan", ". Michael Meister suggests that these exceptions mean that the ancient Sanskrit manuals for temple building were guidelines, and Hinduism permitted its artisans flexibility in expression and aesthetic independence.", "Symbolism \n\nA Hindu temple is a symbolic reconstruction of the universe and the universal principles that enable everything in it to function. The temples reflect Hindu philosophy and its diverse views on the cosmos and on truth.", "Hinduism has no traditional ecclesiastical order, no centralized religious authorities, no governing body, no prophet nor any binding holy book save the Vedas; Hindus can choose to be polytheistic, pantheistic, monistic, or atheistic. Within this diffuse and open structure, spirituality in Hindu philosophy is an individual experience, and referred to as kṣaitrajña (Sanskrit: क्षैत्रज्ञ))", ". It defines spiritual practice as one's journey towards moksha, awareness of self, the discovery of higher truths, true nature of reality, and a consciousness that is liberated and content. A Hindu temple reflects these core beliefs. The central core of almost all Hindu temples is not a large communal space; the temple is designed for the individual, a couple or a family – a small, private space to allow visitors to experience darsana.", "Darsana is itself a symbolic word. In ancient Hindu scripts, darsana is the name of six methods or alternate viewpoints of understanding truth. These are Nyaya, Vaisesika, Sankhya, Yoga, Mimamsa and Vedanta – which flowered into individual schools of Hinduism, each of which is considered a valid, alternate path to understanding truth and achieving self-realization in the Hindu way of life.", "From names to forms, from images to stories carved into the walls of a temple, symbolism is everywhere in a Hindu temple. Life principles such as the pursuit of joy, connection and emotional pleasure (kama) are fused into mystical, erotic and architectural forms in Hindu temples. These motifs and principles of human life are part of the sacred texts of the Hindus, such as its Upanishads; the temples express these same principles in a different form, through art and spaces", ". For example, Brihadaranyaka Upanisad (4.3.21) recites:", "The architecture of Hindu temples is also symbolic. The whole structure fuses the daily life and its surroundings with the divine concepts, through a structure that is open yet raised on a terrace, transitioning from the secular towards the sacred, inviting the visitor inwards and upwards towards the Brahma pada, the temple's central core, a symbolic space marked by its spire (shikhara, vimana). The ancient temples had grand, intricately carved entrances but no doors, and they lacked a boundary wall", ". In most cultures, suggests Edmund Leach, a boundary and gateway separates the secular and the sacred, and this gateway door is grand. In Hindu tradition, this is discarded in favor of an open and diffusive architecture, where the secular world was not separated from the sacred, but transitioned and flowed into the sacred. The Hindu temple has structural walls, which were patterned usually within the 64-grid, or other geometric layouts", ". Yet the layout was open on all sides, except for the core space with a single opening for darsana. The temple space is laid out in a series of courts (mandapas). The outermost regions may incorporate the negative and suffering side of life with the symbolism of evil, asuras and rakshashas; but in small temples this layer is dispensed with", ". When present, this outer region diffuse into the next inner layer that bridges as human space, followed by another inner Devika padas space and symbolic arts incorporating the positive and joyful side of life about the good and the gods. This divine space then concentrically diffuses inwards and lifts the guest to the core of the temple, where resides the main murti, as well as the space for the Purusa, and ideas held to be most sacred principles in Hindu tradition", ". The symbolism in the arts and temples of Hinduism, suggests Edmund Leach, is similar to those in Christianity and other major religions of the world.", "Building teams", "Indian texts call the craftsmen and builders of temples as ‘‘Silpin’’ (Sanskrit: शिल्पिन्), derived from ‘‘Silpa’’. One of earliest mentions of Sanskrit word Silpa is in Atharvaveda, from about 1000 BCE, which scholars have translated as any work of art. Other scholars suggest that the word Silpa has no direct one word translation in English, nor does the word ‘‘Silpin’’", ". Silpa, explains Stella Kramrisch, is a multicolored word and incorporates art, skill, craft, ingenuity, imagination, form, expression and inventiveness of any art or craft. Similarly a Shilpin, notes Kramrisch, is a complex Sanskrit word, describing any person who embodies art, science, culture, skill, rhythm and employs creative principles to produce any divine form of expression", ". Silpins who built Hindu temples, as well as the art works and sculpture within them, were considered by the ancient Sanskrit texts to deploy arts whose number are unlimited, Kala (techniques) that were 64 in number, and Vidya (science) that were of 32 types.", "The Hindu manuals of temple construction describe the education, characteristics of good artists and architects. The general education of a Hindu Shilpin in ancient India included Lekha or Lipi (alphabet, reading and writing), Rupa (drawing and geometry), Ganana (arithmetic). These were imparted from age 5 to 12. The advanced students would continue in higher stages of Shilpa Sastra studies till the age of 25", ". The advanced students would continue in higher stages of Shilpa Sastra studies till the age of 25. Apart from specialist technical competence, the manuals suggest that best Silpins for building a Hindu temple are those who know the essence of Vedas and Agamas, consider themselves as students, keep well verse with principles of traditional sciences and mathematics, painting and geography", ". Further they are kind, free from jealousy, righteous, have their sense under control, of happy disposition, and ardent in everything they do.", "According to Silparatna, a Hindu temple project would start with a Yajamana (patron), and include a Sthapaka (guru, spiritual guide and architect-priest), a Sthapati (architect) who would design the building, a Sutragrahin (surveyor), and many Vardhakins (workers, masons, painters, plasterers, overseers) and Taksakas (sculptors). While the temple is under construction, all those working on the temple were revered and considered sacerdotal by the patron as well as others witnessing the construction", ". Further, it was a tradition that all tools and materials used in temple building and all creative work had the sanction of a sacrament. For example, if a carpenter or sculptor needed to fell a tree or cut a rock from a hill, he would propitiate the tree or rock with prayers, seeking forgiveness for cutting it from its surroundings, and explaining his intent and purpose. The axe used to cut the tree would be anointed with butter to minimize the hurt to the tree", ". The axe used to cut the tree would be anointed with butter to minimize the hurt to the tree. Even in modern times, in some parts of India such as Odisha, Visvakarma Puja is a ritual festival every year where the craftsmen and artists worship their arts, tools and materials.", "Social functions of Hindu temples", "Hindu temples served as nuclei of important social, economic, artistic and intellectual functions in ancient and medieval India. Burton Stein states that South Indian temples managed regional development function, such as irrigation projects, land reclamation, post-disaster relief and recovery. These activities were paid for by the donations (melvarum) they collected from devotees", ". These activities were paid for by the donations (melvarum) they collected from devotees. According to James Heitzman, these donations came from a wide spectrum of the Indian society, ranging from kings, queens, officials in the kingdom to merchants, priests and shepherds. Temples also managed lands endowed to it by its devotees upon their death. They would provide employment to the poorest. Some temples had large treasury, with gold and silver coins, and these temples served as banks.", "Hindu temples over time became wealthy from grants and donations from royal patrons as well as private individuals. Major temples became employers and patrons of economic activity. They sponsored land reclamation and infrastructure improvements, states Michell, including building facilities such as water tanks, irrigation canals and new roads", ". A very detailed early record from 1101 lists over 600 employees (excluding the priests) of the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, still one of the largest temples in Tamil Nadu. Most worked part-time and received the use of temple farmland as reward. For those thus employed by the temple, according to Michell, \"some gratuitous services were usually considered obligatory, such as dragging the temple chariots on festival occasions and helping when a large building project was undertaken\"", ". Temples also acted as refuge during times of political unrest and danger.", "In contemporary times, the process of building a Hindu temple by emigrants and diasporas from South Asia has also served as a process of building a community, a social venue to network, reduce prejudice and seek civil rights together.\n\nLibrary of manuscripts", "John Guy and Jorrit Britschgi state Hindu temples served as centers where ancient manuscripts were routinely used for learning and where the texts were copied when they wore out. In South India, temples and associated mathas served custodial functions, and a large number of manuscripts on Hindu philosophy, poetry, grammar and other subjects were written, multiplied and preserved inside the temples", ". Archaeological and epigraphical evidence indicates existence of libraries called Sarasvati-bhandara, dated possibly to early 12th-century and employing librarians, attached to Hindu temples.", "Palm-leaf manuscripts called lontar in dedicated stone libraries have been discovered by archaeologists at Hindu temples in Bali Indonesia and in 10th century Cambodian temples such as Angkor Wat and Banteay Srei.", "Temple schools", "Inscriptions from the 4th century CE suggest the existence of schools around Hindu temples, called Ghatikas or Mathas, where the Vedas were studied. In south India, 9th century Vedic schools attached to Hindu temples were called Calai or Salai, and these provided free boarding and lodging to students and scholars. The temples linked to Bhakti movement in the early 2nd millennium, were dominated by non-Brahmins", ". The temples linked to Bhakti movement in the early 2nd millennium, were dominated by non-Brahmins. These assumed many educational functions, including the exposition, recitation and public discourses of Sanskrit and Vedic texts. Some temple schools offered wide range of studies, ranging from Hindu scriptures to Buddhist texts, grammar, philosophy, martial arts, music and painting", ". By the 8th century, Hindu temples also served as the social venue for tests, debates, team competition and Vedic recitals called Anyonyam.", "Hospitals, community kitchen, monasteries", "According to Kenneth G. Zysk – a professor specializing in Indology and ancient medicine, Hindu mathas and temples had by the 10th-century attached medical care along with their religious and educational roles. This is evidenced by various inscriptions found in Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and elsewhere. An inscription dated to about 930 CE states the provision of a physician to two matha to care for the sick and destitute", ". Another inscription dated to 1069 at a Vishnu temple in Tamil Nadu describes a hospital attached to the temple, listing the nurses, physicians, medicines and beds for patients. Similarly, a stone inscription in Andhra Pradesh dated to about 1262 mentions the provision of a prasutishala (maternity house), vaidya (physician), an arogyashala (health house) and a viprasattra (hospice, kitchen) with the religious center where people from all social backgrounds could be fed and cared for", ". According to Zysk, both Buddhist monasteries and Hindu religious centers provided facilities to care for the sick and needy in the 1st millennium, but with the destruction of Buddhist centers after the 12th century, the Hindu religious institutions assumed these social responsibilities. According to George Michell, Hindu temples in South India were active charity centers and they provided free meal for wayfarers, pilgrims and devotees, as well as boarding facilities for students and hospitals for the sick", ".", "The 15th and 16th century Hindu temples at Hampi featured storage spaces (temple granary, kottara), water tanks and kitchens. Many major pilgrimage sites have featured dharmashalas since early times. These were attached to Hindu temples, particularly in South India, providing a bed and meal to pilgrims. They relied on any voluntary donation the visitor may leave and to land grants from local rulers", ". They relied on any voluntary donation the visitor may leave and to land grants from local rulers. Some temples have operated their kitchens on a daily basis to serve the visitor and the needy, while others during major community gatherings or festivals. Examples include the major kitchens run by Hindu temples in Udupi (Karnataka), Puri (Odisha) and Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh). The tradition of sharing food in smaller temple is typically called prasada.", "Styles \nHindu temples are found in diverse locations each incorporating different methods of construction and styles:\n Mountain temples such as Masrur\n Cave temples such as Chandrabhaga, Chalukya and Ellora\n Step well temple compounds such as the Mata Bhavani, Ankol Mata and Huccimallugudi.\n Forest temples such as Kasaun and Kusama\n River bank and sea shore temples such as Somnath.", "Step well temples", "In arid western parts of India, such as Rajasthan and Gujarat, Hindu communities built large walk-in wells that served as the only source of water in dry months but also served as social meeting places and carried religious significance. These monuments went down into the earth towards subterranean water, up to seven storeys, and were part of a temple complex", ". These vav (literally, stepwells) had intricate art reliefs on the walls, with numerous murtis and images of Hindu deities, water spirits and erotic symbolism. The step wells were named after Hindu deities; for example, Mata Bhavani's Stepwell, Ankol Mata Vav, Sikotari Vav and others. The temple ranged from being small single pada (cell) structure to large nearby complexes. These stepwells and their temple compounds have been variously dated from late 1st millennium BCE through 11th century CE", ". Of these, Rani ki vav, with hundreds of art reliefs including many of Vishnu deity avatars, has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage site.", "Cave temples", "The Indian rock-cut architecture evolved in Maharashtran temple style in the 1st millennium CE. The temples are carved from a single piece of rock as a complete temple or carved in a cave to look like the interior of a temple. Ellora Temple is an example of the former, while The Elephanta Caves are representative of the latter style. The Elephanta Caves consist of two groups of caves—the first is a large group of five Hindu caves and the second is a smaller group of two Buddhist caves", ". The Hindu caves contain rock-cut stone sculptures, representing the Shaiva Hindu sect, dedicated to the god Shiva.", "Arts inside Hindu temples \n\nA typical, ancient Hindu temple has a profusion of arts – from paintings to sculpture, from symbolic icons to engravings, from thoughtful layout of space to fusion of mathematical principles with Hindu sense of time and cardinality.\n\nAncient Sanskrit texts classify murtis and images in a number of ways. For example, one method of classification is the dimensionality of completion:", "Chitra: images that are three-dimensional and completely formed\n Chitrardha: images that are engraved in half relief\n Chitrabhasa: images that are two-dimensional, such as paintings on walls and cloth\n\nAnother way of classification is by the expressive state of the image:", "Raudra or Dugra: are images that were meant to terrify, induce fear. These typically have wide, circular eyes, carry weapons, have skulls and bones as adornment. These murtis were worshiped by soldiers before going to war, or by people in times of distress or terrors. Raudra deity temples were not set up inside villages or towns, but invariably outside and in remote areas of a kingdom.", "Shanta and saumya: are images that were pacific, peaceful and expressive of love, compassion, kindness and other virtues in Hindu pantheon. These images would carry symbolic icons of peace, knowledge, music, wealth, flowers, sensuality among other things. In ancient India, these temples were predominant inside villages and towns.", "A Hindu temple may or may not include a murti or images, but larger temples usually do. Personal Hindu temples at home or a hermitage may have a pada for yoga or meditation, but be devoid of anthropomorphic representations of god. Nature or others arts may surround him or her. To a Hindu yogin, states Gopinath Rao, one who has realised the Self and the Universal Principle within himself, there is no need for any temple or divine image for worship", ". However, for those who have yet to reach this height of realization, various symbolic manifestations through images, murtis and icons as well as mental modes of worship are offered as one of the spiritual paths in the Hindu way of life. Some ancient Hindu scriptures like the Jabaladarshana Upanishad appear to endorse this idea", "However, devotees aspiring to a personal relationship with the Supreme Lord, whom they worship variously as Krishna or Shiva, for example, tend to reverse such hierarchical views of self-realization, holding that the personal form of the deity, as the source of the Brahma-jyoti, or the light into which impersonalists, according to their ideals, propose to merge themselves and their individual identities, will benevolently accept worship through an arca vigraha", ", will benevolently accept worship through an arca vigraha, an authorized form constructed not according to imagination but in pursuit of scriptural directives", ".", "Historical development and destruction", "A number of ancient Indian texts suggest the prevalence of murtis, temples and shrines in Indian subcontinent for thousands of years", ". For example, the temples of the Koshala kingdom are mentioned in the Valmiki Ramayana (various recent scholars' estimates for the earliest stage of the text range from the 7th to 4th centuries BCE, with later stages extending up to the 3rd century CE) The 5th century BCE text, Astadhyayi, mentions male deity arcas or murtis of Agni, Indra, Varuna, Rudra, Mrda, Pusa, Surya, and Soma being worshipped, as well as the worship of arcas of female goddesses such as Indrani, Varunani, Usa, Bhavani", ", as well as the worship of arcas of female goddesses such as Indrani, Varunani, Usa, Bhavani, Prthivi and Vrsakapayi", ". The 2nd century BCE \"Mahabhasya\" of Patanjali extensively describes temples of Dhanapati (deity of wealth and finance, Kubera), as well as temples of Rama and Kesava, wherein the worship included dance, music and extensive rituals. The Mahabhasya also describes the rituals for Krsna, Visnu and Siva. An image recovered from Mathura in north India has been dated to the 2nd century BCE. Kautilya's Arthashastra from 4th century BCE describes a city of temples, each enshrining various Vedic and Puranic deities", ". All three of these sources have common names, describe common rituals, symbolism and significance possibly suggesting that the idea of murtis, temples and shrines passed from one generation to next, in ancient India, at least from the 4th century BCE. The oldest temples, suggest scholars, were built of brick and wood. Stone became the preferred material of construction later.", "Early Jain and Buddhist literature, along with Kautilya's Arthashastra, describe structures, embellishments and designs of these temples – all with motifs and deities currently prevalent in Hinduism. Bas-reliefs and murtis have been found from 2nd to 3rd century, but none of the temple structures have survived. Scholars theorize that those ancient temples of India, later referred to as Hindu temples, were modeled after domestic structure – a house or a palace", ". Beyond shrines, nature was revered, in forms such as trees, rivers, and stupas, before the time of Buddha and Vardhamana Mahavira. As Jainism and Buddhism branched off from the religious tradition later to be called Hinduism, the ideas, designs and plans of ancient Vedic and Upanishad era shrines were adopted and evolved, likely from the competitive development of temples and arts in Jainism and Buddhism", ". Ancient reliefs found so far, states Michael Meister, suggest five basic shrine designs and combinations thereof in 1st millennium BCE:", "A raised platform with or without a symbol\n A raised platform under an umbrella\n A raised platform under a tree\n A raised platform enclosed with a railing\n A raised platform inside a pillared pavilion", "Many of these ancient shrines were roofless, some had toranas and roof.", "From the 1st century BCE through 3rd century CE, the evidence and details about ancient temples increases. The ancient literature refers to these temples as Pasada (or Prasada), stana, mahasthana, devalaya, devagrha, devakula, devakulika, ayatana and harmya. The entrance of the temple is referred to as dvarakosthaka in these ancient texts notes Meister, the temple hall is described as sabha or ayagasabha, pillars were called kumbhaka, while vedika referred to the structures at the boundary of a temple.", "With the start of Gupta dynasty in the 4th century, Hindu temples flourished in innovation, design, scope, form, use of stone and new materials as well as symbolic synthesis of culture and dharmic principles with artistic expression. It is this period that is credited with the ideas of garbhagrha for Purusa, mandapa for sheltering the devotees and rituals in progress, as well as symbolic motifs relating to dharma, karma, kama, artha and moksha", ". Temple superstructures were built from stone, brick and wide range of materials. Entrance ways, walls and pillars were intricately carved, while parts of temple were decorated with gold, silver and jewels. Visnu, Siva and other deities were placed in Hindu temples, while Buddhists and Jains built their own temples, often side by side with Hindus.", "The 4th through 6th century marked the flowering of Vidharbha style, whose accomplishments survive in central India as Ajanta caves, Pavnar, Mandhal and Mahesvar. In the Malaprabha river basin, South India, this period is credited with some of the earliest stone temples of the region: the Badami Chalukya temples are dated to the 5th century by some scholars, and the 6th by some others.", "Over 6th and 7th centuries, temple designs were further refined during Maurya dynasty, evidence of which survives today at Ellora and in the Elephanta cave temples.\n\nIt is the 5th through 7th century CE when outer design and appearances of Hindu temples in north India and south India began to widely diverge. Nevertheless, the forms, theme, symbolism and central ideas in the grid design remained same, before and after, pan-India as innovations were adopted to give distinctly different visual expressions.", "The Western Chalukya architecture of the 11th- & 12th-century Tungabhadra region of modern central Karnataka includes many temples. Step-wells are consist of a shaft dug to the water table, with steps descending to the water; while they were built for secular purposes, some are also decorated as temples, or serve as a temple tank.", "During the 5th to 11th century, Hindu temples flourished outside Indian subcontinent, such as in Cambodia, Viet Nam, Malaysia and Indonesia. In Cambodia, Khmer architecture favoured the Temple mountain style famously used in Angkor Wat, with a prang spire over the sanctum cell. Indonesian candi developed regional forms. In what is modern south and central Viet Nam, Champa architecture built brick temples.", "Destruction, conversion, and rebuilding\nMany Hindu temples have been destroyed, some, after rebuilding, several times. Deliberate temple destruction usually had religious motives. Richard Eaton has listed 80 campaigns of Hindu temple site destruction stretching over centuries, particularly from the 12th through the 18th century. Others temples have served as non-Hindu places of worship, either after conversion or simultaneously with Hindu use.", "In the 12th-16th century, during Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent and South Asia, Hindu temples, along with the temples of Buddhists and Jains, intermittently became targets of armies from Persian, Central Asian, and Indian sultanates. Imagined by these foreign zealots to be mere idols, sacred Forms of various deities were broken, spires and pillars were torn down, and temples were looted of their treasury. Some temples were converted into mosques, or parts used to build mosques", ". Some temples were converted into mosques, or parts used to build mosques. There exist both Indian and Muslim traditions of religious toleration. Muslim rulers led campaigns of temple destruction and forbade repairs to damaged temples, following the Muslim traditions. The Delhi Sultanate destroyed a large number of temples; Sikandar the Iconoclast, Sultan of Kashmir, was also known for his intolerance.", "The 16th- and 19th-century Goa Inquisition destroyed hundreds of Hindu temples. All Hindu temples in Portuguese colonies in India were destroyed, according to a 1569 letter in the Portuguese royal archives. Religious conflict and desecrations of places of worship continued during the British colonial era.", "Historian Sita Ram Goel's book \"What happened to Hindu Temples\" lists over 2000 sites where temples have been destroyed and mosques have been built over them. Some historians suggest that around 30,000 temples were destroyed by Islamic rulers between 1200 and 1800 CE.", "Destruction of Hindu temple sites was comparatively less in the southern parts of India, such as in Tamil Nadu. Cave-style Hindu temples that were carved inside a rock, hidden and rediscovered centuries later, such as the Kailasa Temple, have also preferentially survived. Many are now UNESCO world heritage sites.", "In India, the Place of Worship (Special Provisions) Act was enacted in 1991 which prohibited the conversion of any religious site from the religion to which it was dedicated on 15 August 1947.\n\nCustoms and etiquette \n\nThe customs and etiquette varies across India. Devotees in major temples may bring in symbolic offerings for the puja. This includes fruits, flowers, sweets and other symbols of the bounty of the natural world. Temples in India are usually surrounded with small shops selling these offerings.", "When inside the temple, devotees keep both hands folded (namaste mudra). The inner sanctuary, where the murtis reside, is known as the garbhagriha. It symbolizes the birthplace of the universe, the meeting place of the gods and mankind, and the threshold between the transcendental and the phenomenal worlds. It is in this inner shrine that devotees seek a darsana of, where they offer prayers. Devotees may or may not be able to personally present their offerings at the feet of the deity", ". Devotees may or may not be able to personally present their offerings at the feet of the deity. In most large Indian temples, only the pujaris (priest) are allowed to enter into the main sanctum.", "Temple management staff typically announce the hours of operation, including timings for special pujas. These timings and nature of special puja vary from temple to temple. Additionally, there may be specially allotted times for devotees to perform circumambulations (or pradakshina) around the temple.", "Visitors and worshipers to large Hindu temples may be required to deposit their shoes and other footwear before entering. Where this is expected, the temples provide an area and help staff to store footwear. Dress codes vary. It is customary in temples in Kerala, for men to remove shirts and to cover pants and shorts with a traditional cloth known as a Mundu. In Java and Bali (Indonesia), before one enters the most sacred parts of a Hindu temple, shirts are required as well as Sarong around one's waist", ". At many other locations, this formality is unnecessary.", "Regional variations in Hindu temples\n\nNagara Architecture of North Indian temples", "North Indian temples are referred to as Nagara style of temple architecture. They have sanctum sanctorum where the deity is present, open on one side from where the devotee obtains darśana. There may or may not be many more surrounding corridors, halls, etc. However, there will be space for devotees to go around the temple in clockwise fashion circumambulation. In North Indian temples, the tallest towers are built over the sanctum sanctorum in which the deity is installed.", "The north India Nagara style of temple designs often deploy fractal-theme, where smaller parts of the temple are themselves images or geometric re-arrangement of the large temple, a concept that later inspired French and Russian architecture such as the matryoshka principle. One difference is the scope and cardinality, where Hindu temple structures deploy this principle in every dimension with garbhgriya as the primary locus, and each pada as well as zones serving as additional centers of loci", ". This makes a Nagara Hindu temple architecture symbolically a perennial expression of movement and time, of centrifugal growth fused with the idea of unity in everything.", "Temples in West Bengal", "In West Bengal, the Bengali terra cotta temple architecture is found. Due to lack of suitable stone in the alluvial soil locally available, the temple makers had to resort to other materials instead of stone. This gave rise to using terracotta as a medium for temple construction. Terracotta exteriors with rich carvings are a unique feature of Bengali temples. The town of Bishnupur in West Bengal is renowned for this type of architecture", ". The town of Bishnupur in West Bengal is renowned for this type of architecture. There is also a popular style of building known as Naba-ratna (nine-towered) or Pancha-ratna (five-towered). An example of Navaratna style is the Dakshineswar Kali Temple.", "Temples in Odisha", "Odisha temple architecture is known as Kalinga architecture, classifies the spire into three parts, the Bāḍa (lower limb), the Ganḍi (body) and the Cuḷa/Mastaka (head). Each part is decorated in a different manner. Kalinga architecture is a style which flourished in Kalinga, the name for kingdom that included ancient Odisha. It includes three styles: Rekha Deula, Pidha Deula and Khakhara Deula", ". It includes three styles: Rekha Deula, Pidha Deula and Khakhara Deula. The former two are associated with Vishnu, Surya and Shiva temples while the third is mainly associated with Chamunda and Durga temples. The Rekha Deula and Khakhara Deula houses the sanctum sanctorum while the Pidha Deula style includes space for outer dancing and offering halls.", "Temples of Goa and Konkani", "The temple architecture of Goa is quite unique. As Portuguese colonial hegemony increased, Goan Hindu temples became the rallying point to local resistance. Many these temples are not more than 500 years old, and are a unique blend of original Goan temple architecture, Dravidian, Nagar and Hemadpanthi temple styles with some British and Portuguese architectural influences. Goan temples were built using sedimentary rocks, wood, limestone and clay tiles, and copper sheets were used for the roofs", ". These temples were decorated with mural art called as Kavi kala or ocher art. The interiors have murals and wood carvings depicting scenes from the Hindu mythology.", "South Indian and Sri Lankan temples", "South Indian temples have a large gopuram, a monumental tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of the temple. This forms a prominent feature of Koils, Hindu temples of the Dravidian style. They are topped by the kalasam, a bulbous stone finial. They function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex", ". They function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex. The gopuram's origins can be traced back to early structures of the Tamil kings Pallavas; and by the twelfth century, under the Pandya rulers, these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple's outer appearance, eventually overshadowing the inner sanctuary which became obscured from view by the gopuram's colossal size. It also dominated the inner sanctum in amount of ornamentation. Often a shrine has more than one gopuram", ". Often a shrine has more than one gopuram. They also appear in architecture outside India, especially Khmer architecture, as at Angkor Wat. A koil may have multiple gopurams, typically constructed into multiple walls in tiers around the main shrine. The temple's walls are typically square with the outer most wall having gopuras. The sanctum sanctorum and its towering roof (the central deity's shrine) are also called the vimanam", ". The inner sanctum has restricted access with only priests allowed beyond a certain point.", "Temples in Kerala", "Temples in Kerala have a different architectural style (keeping the same essence of Vastu), especially due to climatic differences Kerala have with other parts of India with larger rainfall. The temple roof is mostly tiled and is sloped and the walls are often square, the innermost shrine being entirely enclosed in another four walls to which only the pujari (priest) enters. The walls are decorated with either mural paintings or rock sculptures which many times are emphasised on Dwarapalakas.", "Temples in Tamil Nadu", "The Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple is the worlds largest functioning Hindu temple. The temple is present in Tamil Nadu, the temple was first built by the Chola ruler, Dharmavarma. The Kaveri river flood destroyed the temple and vimanam submerged in the island, and later, the early Cholas King Killivalavan rebuilt the temple complex as is present today", ". Beyond the ancient textual history, archaeological evidence such as inscriptions refer to this temple, and these stone inscriptions are from late 100 BCE to 100 CE. Hence, making it one of the Oldest surviving active temple complexes in South India. Later, the temple constructions reached its peak during rule of is construction reached its peak during rule of Pallavas", ". They built various temples around Kancheepuram, and Narasimhavarman II built the Thirukadalmallai and Shore Temple in Mamallapuram, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Pandyas rule created temples such as the Koodal Azhagar temple and Meenakshi Amman Temple at Madurai and Srivilliputhur Andal Temple at Srivilliputhur. The Cholas were prolific temple builders right from the times of the first medieval king Vijayalaya Chola", ". The Chola temples include Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple at Srirangam, the Brihadeeshwarar temple at Tanjore, Brihadeeshwarar temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram and the Airavatesvarar Temple of Darasuram which are among the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Nayaks of Madurai reconstructed some of the well-known temples in Tamil Nadu such as the Meenakshi Temple", ". One of the southernmost famous temples in South India, the Ramanathaswamy Temple was built in the 17th century on the island of Rameshwaram in Tamil Nadu.", "Temples in Nepal \nPashupatinath temple is one of the important temples of Hindu religion which is situated in Kathmandu, Nepal. It is built in a pagoda style and is surrounded by hundreds of temples and buildings built by kings. The temples top is made from pure gold.\n\nKhmer Temples", "Khmer Temples \n\nAngkor Wat was built as a Hindu temple by King Suryavarman II in the early 12th century in Yasodharapura (Khmer, present-day Angkor), the capital of the Khmer Empire, as his state temple and eventual mausoleum. Breaking from the Shaiva tradition of previous kings, Angkor Wat was instead dedicated to Vishnu. The Spire in Khmer Hindu temple is called Giri (mountain) and symbolizes the residence of gods just like Meru does in Bali Hindu mythology and Ku (Guha) does in Burmese Hindu mythology.", "Angkor Wat is just one of numerous Hindu temples in Cambodia, most of them in ruins. Hundreds of Hindu temples are scattered from Siem Reap to Sambor Prei Kuk in central Cambodian region.\n\nTemples in Indonesia", "Ancient Hindu temples in Indonesia are called Candi (read: chandi). Prior to the rise of Islam, between the 5th to 15th century Dharmic faiths (Hinduism and Buddhism) were the majority in Indonesian archipelago, especially in Java and Sumatra. As the result numerous Hindu temples, locally known as candi, constructed and dominated the landscape of Java", ". According to local beliefs, Java valley had thousands of Hindu temples which co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 CE.", "Between 1,100 and 1,500 additional Hindu temples were built, but abandoned by Hindus and Buddhists as Islam spread in Java circa 15th to 16th century.", "In last 200 years, some of these have been rediscovered mostly by farmers while preparing their lands for crops. Most of these ancient temples were rediscovered and reconstructed between 19th to 20th century, and treated as the important archaeological findings and also as tourist attraction, but not as the house of worship. Hindu temples of ancient Java bear resemblances with temples of South Indian style", ". Hindu temples of ancient Java bear resemblances with temples of South Indian style. The largest of these is the 9th century Javanese Hindu temple, Prambanan in Yogyakarta, now a UNESCO world heritage site. It was designed as three concentric squares and has 224 temples. The inner square contains 16 temples dedicated to major Hindu deities, of which Shiva temple is the largest. The temple has extensive wall reliefs and carvings illustrating the stories from the Hindu epic Ramayana.", "In Bali, the Hindu temple is known as \"Pura\", which is designed as an open-air worship place in a walled compound. The compound walls have a series of intricately decorated gates without doors for the devotee to enter. The design, plan and layout of the holy pura follows a square layout.", "The majority of Hindu temples in Java were dedicated to Shiva, who Javanese Hindus considered as the God who commands the energy to destroy, recombine and recreate the cycle of life. Small temples were often dedicated to Shiva and his family (wife Durga, son Ganesha). Larger temple complexes include temples for Vishnu and Brahma, but the most majestic, sophisticated and central temple was dedicated to Shiva", ". The 732 CE Canggal inscription found in Southern Central Java, written in Indonesian Sanskrit script, eulogizes Shiva, calling him God par-excellence.", "Temples in Vietnam", "There are a number of Hindu temple clusters built by the Champa Kingdoms along the coast of Vietnam, with some on UNESCO world heritage site list. Examples include Mỹ Sơn – a cluster of 70 temples with earliest dated to be from the 4th century CE and dedicated to Siva, while others are dedicated to Hindu deities Krishna, Vishnu and others. These temples, internally and with respect to each other, are also built on the Hindu perfect square grid concept", ". Other sites in Vietnam with Hindu temples include Phan Rang with the Cham temple Po Klong Garai.", "Temples in Thailand \n\nThailand has many notable Hindu temples including: the Sri Mariammam temple in Bangkok, the Devasathan, the Erawan Shrine, Prasat Muang Tam, Sdok Kok Thom and Phanom Rung. Most of the newer Hindu temples are of South Indian origin and were built by Tamil migrant communities. However, Thailand has many historic indigenous Hindu temples such as Phanom Rung. Although most indigenous Hindu temples are ruins, a few such as Devasathan in Bangkok are actively used.", "Temples outside Asia", "Many members of the diaspora from the Indian subcontinent have established Hindu temples outside India as a means of preserving and celebrating cultural and spiritual heritage abroad. Describing the hundreds of temples that can be found throughout the United States, scholar Gail M. Harley observes, \"The temples serve as central locations where Hindus can come together to worship during holy festivals and socialize with other Hindus", ". Temples in America reflect the colorful kaleidoscopic aspects contained in Hinduism while unifying people who are disbursed throughout the American landscape.\" Numerous temples in North America and Europe have gained particular prominence and acclaim, many of which were built by the Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha", ". The Ganesh temple of Hindu Temple Society of North America, in Flushing, Queens, New York City, is the oldest Hindu temple in the Western Hemisphere, and its canteen feeds 4,000 people a week, with as many as 10,000 during the Diwali (Deepavali) festival.", "New York/New Jersey\n\nOutside New York/New Jersey", "Temple management", "The Archaeological Survey of India has control of most ancient temples of archaeological importance in India. In India, day-to-day activities of a temple is managed by a temple board committee that administers its finances, management, and events", ". Since independence, the autonomy of individual Hindu religious denominations to manage their own affairs with respect to temples of their own denomination has been severely eroded and the state governments have taken control of major Hindu temples in some countries; however, in others, such as the United States, private temple management autonomy has been preserved.", "Etymology and nomenclature \n\nIn Sanskrit, the liturgical language of Hinduism, the word mandira means \"house\" (). Ancient Sanskrit texts use many words for temple, such as matha, vayuna, kirti, kesapaksha, devavasatha, vihara, suravasa, surakula, devatayatana, amaragara, devakula, devagrha, devabhavana, devakulika, and niketana. Regionally, they are also known as prasada, vimana, kshetra, gudi, ambalam, punyakshetram, deval, deula, devasthanam, kovil, candi, pura, and wat.", "The following are the other names by which a Hindu temple is referred to in India:", "Devasthana (ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ) in Kannada\n Deul/Doul/Dewaaloy in Assamese and in Bengali\n Deval/Raul/Mandir (मंदिर) in Marathi\n Devro/Mindar in Rajasthani\n Devala, Devalaya, Math, Devaghar or Mandira in Bhojpuri. Thakurbari and sivala are specially use of Krishna temple and Shiva temple respectively. \n Deula (ଦେଉଳ) or Mandira(ମନ୍ଦିର) in Odia and Gudi in Kosali Odia", "Deula (ଦେଉଳ) or Mandira(ମନ୍ଦିର) in Odia and Gudi in Kosali Odia\n Gudi (గుడి), Devalayam (దేవాలయం), Devasthanam (దేవస్థానము), Kovela (కోవెల), Kshetralayam (క్షేత్రాలయం), Punyakshetram (పుణ్యక్షేత్రం), or Punyakshetralayam (పుణ్యక్షేత్రాలయం), Mandiramu (మందిరము) in Telugu\n Kovil or kō-vill (கோவில்) and occasionally Aalayam (ஆலயம்) in Tamil; the Tamil word Kovil means \"residence of God\"\n Kshetram (ക്ഷേത്രം), Ambalam (അമ്പലം), Kovil (കോവിൽ), Devasthanam (ദേവസ്ഥാനം) or Devalayam (ദേവാലയം) in Malayalam", "Mandir (मंदिर) in Hindi, Nepali, Kashmiri, Marathi, Punjabi (ਮੰਦਰ), Gujarati (મંદિર), and Urdu (مندر)\n Mondir (মন্দির) in Bengali", "In Southeast Asia temples known as:\n Candi in Indonesia, especially in Javanese, Malay and Indonesian, used both for Hindu or Buddhist temples.\n Pura in Hindu majority island of Bali, Indonesia.\n Wat in Cambodia and Thailand, also applied to both Hindu and Buddhist temples.", "Temple sites\nSome lands, including Varanasi, Puri, Kanchipuram, Dwarka, Amarnath, Kedarnath, Somnath, Mathura and Rameswara, are considered holy in Hinduism. They are called kṣétra (Sanskrit: क्षेत्र). A kṣétra has many temples, including one or more major ones. These temples and its location attracts pilgrimage called tirtha (or tirthayatra).\n\nSee also", "See also \n\n Dambana\n List of Hindu temples\n List of Hindu temples in India\n List of Hindu temples outside India\n List of largest Hindu temples\n List of largest Hindu ashrams\n Hindu temple architecture\n Mandi-Mandaean Temple\n Temple\n BAPS\n\nNotes\n\nReferences", "Bibliography \n Deva, Kṛṣṇa (1995). Temples of India. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.\n Goel, S. R., and Arun Shourie (1992). Hindu temples: what happened to them. New Delhi: Voice of India.\n Kramrisch, Stella Hindu Temple, \n \n Meister, Michael W. Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, \n Michell, George The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms, \n Ram Rāz, Henry Harkness (1834), —on Hindu Temple Vimana, Pillars and Śilpa Śastras.", "Ram Rāz, Henry Harkness (1834), —on Hindu Temple Vimana, Pillars and Śilpa Śastras.\n Nagar, Shanti Lal (1990). The temples of Himachal Pradesh. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.", "External links \n \n \n\n \nTemples" ]

[ "Sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago is disputed between Mauritius and the United Kingdom. Mauritius has repeatedly stated that the Chagos Archipelago is part of its territory and that the United Kingdom claim is a violation of United Nations resolutions banning the dismemberment of colonial territories before independence.", "The UK government has stated that it has \"no doubt\" about its sovereignty over the Chagos, yet has also said that the Chagos will be returned to Mauritius once the islands are no longer required for military purposes. Given the absence of any meaningful progress with the UK, Mauritius took up the matter at various legal and political forums. \nThe African Union and the Non-Aligned Movement have expressed unanimous support for Mauritius.", "On 3 November 2022, it was announced that the UK and Mauritius had decided to begin negotiations on sovereignty over the British Indian Ocean Territory, taking into account the recent international legal proceedings.", "History", "The Constitution of Mauritius states that the Outer islands of Mauritius includes the islands of Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga, Cargados Carajos and the Chagos Archipelago, including Diego Garcia and any other island comprised in the State of Mauritius", ". The Government of the Republic of Mauritius has stated that it does not recognise the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) which the United Kingdom created by excising the Chagos Archipelago from the territory of Mauritius prior to its independence, and claims that the Chagos Archipelago including Diego Garcia forms an integral part of the territory of Mauritius under both Mauritian law and international law.", "In 1965, the United Kingdom split the Chagos Archipelago away from Mauritius, and the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches from the Seychelles, to form the British Indian Ocean Territory. The islands were formally established as an overseas territory of the United Kingdom on 8 November 1965. However, with effect from 23 June 1976, Aldabra, Farquhar, and Desroches were returned to the Seychelles on their attaining independence.", "On 18 March 2015, the Permanent Court of Arbitration unanimously held that the marine protected area (MPA) which the United Kingdom declared around the Chagos Archipelago in April 2010 was created in violation of international law. The Prime Minister of Mauritius has stated that this is the first time that the country's conduct with regard to the Chagos Archipelago has been considered and condemned by any international court or tribunal", ". He described the ruling as an important milestone in the relentless struggle, at the political, diplomatic, and other levels, of successive Governments over the years for the effective exercise by Mauritius of the sovereignty it claims over the Chagos Archipelago. The tribunal considered in detail the undertakings given by the United Kingdom to the Mauritian Ministers at the Lancaster House talks in September 1965", ". The UK had argued that those undertakings were not binding and had no status in international law. The Tribunal firmly rejected that argument, holding that those undertakings became a binding international agreement upon the independence of Mauritius, and have bound the UK ever since. It found that the UK's commitments towards Mauritius in relation to fishing rights and oil and mineral rights in the Chagos Archipelago are legally binding.", "On 22 June 2017, by a margin of 94 to 15 countries, the UN General Assembly asked the International Court of Justice (\"ICJ\") to give an advisory opinion on the separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius before the country's independence in the 1960s. In September 2018, the International Court of Justice began hearings on the case. 17 countries argued in favour of Mauritius", ". 17 countries argued in favour of Mauritius. The UK apologised for the \"shameful\" way islanders were evicted from the Chagos Archipelago but were insistent that Mauritius was wrong to bring the dispute over sovereignty of the strategic atoll group to the United Nations’ highest court and continues to refuse to allow them to return", ". The UK and its allies argued that this matter should not be decided by the court but should be resolved through bilateral negotiations, while bilateral discussions with Mauritius have been unfruitful over the past 50 years. On 25 February 2019, the judges of the International Court of Justice by thirteen votes to one stated that the United Kingdom is under an obligation to bring to an end its administration of the Chagos Archipelago as rapidly as possible", ". Only the American judge, Joan Donoghue, voted in favour of the UK. The president of the court, Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf, said the detachment of the Chagos Archipelago in 1965 from Mauritius had not been based on a \"free and genuine expression of the people concerned", ".\" \"This continued administration constitutes a wrongful act,\" he said, adding \"The UK has an obligation to bring to an end its administration of the Chagos Archipelago as rapidly as possible and that all member states must co-operate with the United Nations to complete the decolonization of Mauritius.\"", "On 22 May 2019, the United Nations General Assembly debated and adopted a resolution that affirmed that the Chagos Archipelago, which has been occupied by the UK for more than 50 years, \"forms an integral part of the territory of Mauritius\". The resolution gives effect to an advisory opinion of the ICJ, demanded that the UK \"withdraw its colonial administration ... unconditionally within a period of no more than six months\"", "... unconditionally within a period of no more than six months\". 116 states voted in favour of the resolution, 55 abstained and only Australia, Hungary, Israel and Maldives supported the UK and US. During the debate, the Mauritian Prime Minister described the expulsion of Chagossians as \"a crime against humanity\". While the resolution is not legally binding, it carries significant political weight since the ruling came from the UN's highest court and the assembly vote reflects world opinion", ". The resolution also has immediate practical consequences: the UN, its specialised agencies, and all other international organisations are now bound, as a matter of UN law, to support the decolonisation of Mauritius even if the UK continues to claim the area.", "The Maldives has a dispute with Mauritius with regards to the limit of its Exclusive Economic Zone (“EEZ”) and the EEZ of the Chagos Archipelago. In June 2019, Mauritius initiated arbitral proceedings against the Maldives at the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (“ITLOS”) to delimit its maritime boundary between the Maldives and the Chagos Archipelago", ". Among its preliminary objections, the Maldives argued that there was an unresolved sovereignty dispute between Mauritius and the UK over the Chagos Archipelago, which fell outside the scope of the ITLOS's jurisdiction. On 28 January 2021, the ITLOS concluded that the dispute between the UK and Mauritius had in fact already been determinatively resolved by the ICJ's earlier Advisory Opinion, and that there was therefore no bar to jurisdiction", ". The ITLOS rejected all five of the Maldives’ preliminary objections and found that Mauritius' claims are admissible.", "On 3 November 2022, the British Foreign Secretary James Cleverly announced that the UK and Mauritius had decided to begin negotiations on sovereignty over the British Indian Ocean Territory, taking into account the recent international legal proceedings. Both states had agreed to ensure the continued operation of the joint UK/US military base on Diego Garcia.\n\nHistorical background", "Beginning in the late 15th century, Portuguese explorers began to venture into the Indian Ocean and recorded the location of Mauritius and the other Mascarene Islands, Rodrigues and Réunion (the latter presently a French overseas department). In the 16th century, the Portuguese were joined by Dutch and English sailors, both nations having established East India Companies to exploit the commercial opportunities of the Indian Ocean and the Far East", ". Although Mauritius was used as a stopping point in the long voyages to and from the Indian Ocean, no attempt was made to establish a permanent settlement.", "The first permanent colony in Mauritius was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1638. The Dutch maintained a small presence on Mauritius, with a brief interruption, until 1710 at which point the Dutch East India Company abandoned the island. Following the Dutch departure, the French government took possession of Mauritius in 1715, renaming it the Île de France.", "The Chagos Archipelago was known during this period, appearing on Portuguese charts as early as 1538, but remained largely untouched. France progressively claimed and surveyed the Archipelago in the mid-18th century and granted concessions for the establishment of coconut plantations, leading to permanent settlement. Throughout this period, France administered the Chagos Archipelago as a dependency of the Ile de France.", "In 1810, the British captured the Ile de France and renamed it Mauritius. By the Treaty of Paris of 30 May 1814, France ceded the Ile de France and all its dependencies (including the Chagos Archipelago) to the United Kingdom.\n\nThe British Administration of Mauritius and the Chagos Archipelago", "From the date of the cession by France until 8 November 1965, when the Chagos Archipelago was detached from the colony of Mauritius, the Archipelago was administered by the United Kingdom as a Dependency of Mauritius. During this period, the economy of the Chagos Archipelago was primarily driven by the coconut plantations and the export of copra (dried coconut flesh) for the production of oil, although other activities developed as the population of the Archipelago expanded", ". British administration over the Chagos Archipelago was exercised by various means, including by visits to the Chagos Archipelago made by Special Commissioners and Magistrates from Mauritius.", "Although the broad outlines of British Administration of the colony during this period are not in dispute, the Parties disagree as to the extent of economic activity in the Chagos Archipelago and its significance for Mauritius, and on the significance of the Archipelago's status as a dependency", ". Mauritius contends that there were \"close economic, cultural and social links between Mauritius and the Chagos Archipelago\" and that \"the administration of the Chagos Archipelago as a constituent part of Mauritius continued without interruption throughout that period of British rule\". The United Kingdom, in contrast, submits that the Chagos Archipelago was only \"very loosely administered from Mauritius\" and \"in law and in fact quite distinct from the Island of Mauritius", ".\" The United Kingdom further contends that \"the islands had no economic relevance to Mauritius, other than as a supplier of coconut oil\" and that, in any event, economic, social and cultural ties between the Chagos Archipelago and Mauritius during this period are irrelevant to the Archipelago's legal status.", "The independence of Mauritius", "Beginning in 1831, the administration of the British Governor of Mauritius was supplemented by the introduction of a Council of Government, originally composed of ex-officio members and members nominated by the Governor. The composition of this council was subsequently democratized through the progressive introduction of elected members. In 1947, the adoption of a new Constitution for Mauritius replaced the Council of Government with separate Legislative and Executive Councils", ". The Legislative Council was composed of the Governor as president, 19 elected members, 12 members nominated by the Governor and 3 ex-officio members.", "The first election of the Legislative Council took place in 1948, and the Mauritius Labour Party (the \"MLP\") secured 12 of the 19 seats available for elected members. The MLP strengthened its position in the 1953 election by securing 14 of the available seats, although the MLP lacked an overall majority in the Legislative Council because of the presence of a number of members appointed by the Governor.", "The 1953 election marked the beginning of Mauritius’ move towards independence. Following that election, Mauritian representatives began to press the British Government for universal suffrage, a ministerial system of government and greater elected representation in the Legislative Council. By 1959, the MLP-led government had openly adopted the goal of complete independence.", "Constitutional Conferences were held in 1955, 1958, 1961, and 1965, resulting in a new constitution in 1958 and the creation of the post of Chief Minister in 1961 (renamed as the Premier after 1963). In 1962 Seewoosagur Ramgoolam became the Chief Minister within a Council of Ministers chaired by the Governor and, following the 1963 election, formed an all-party coalition government to pursue negotiations with the British on independence.", "The final Constitutional Conference was held in London in September 1965 and was principally concerned with the debate between those Mauritian political leaders favouring independence and those preferring some form of continued association with the United Kingdom. On 24 September 1965, the responsible UK government minister, Anthony Greenwood, announced that the UK intended for Mauritius to become independent. Mauritius became independent on 12 March 1968", ". Mauritius became independent on 12 March 1968. Section 111 of the Constitution of Mauritius states that \"Mauritius\" includes –", "(a) the Islands of Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga, Tromelin, Cargados Carajos and the Chagos Archipelago, including Diego Garcia and any other island comprised in the State of Mauritius;\n(b) the territorial sea and the air space above the territorial sea and the islands specified in paragraph (a);\n(c) the continental shelf; and\n(d) such places or areas as may be designated by regulations made by the Prime Minister, rights over which are or may become exercisable by Mauritius.", "Detachment of the Chagos Archipelago \n\nDuring negotiations on granting Mauritian independence, the UK proposed to separate the Chagos Archipelago from the colony of Mauritius. Only Mauritius would become independent, with the UK retaining the Chagos under British control. According to Mauritius, the proposal stemmed from a UK decision in the early 1960s to \"accommodate the United States’ desire to use certain islands in the Indian Ocean for defence purposes.\"", "The record before the Tribunal sets out a series of bilateral talks between the United Kingdom and the United States in 1964 at which the two States decided that, in order to execute the plans for a military facility in the Chagos Archipelago, the United Kingdom would \"provide the land, and security of tenure, by detaching islands and placing them under direct U.K. administration.\"", "The suitability of Diego Garcia as the site of the planned military base was determined following a joint survey of the Chagos Archipelago and certain islands of the Seychelles in 1964. Following the survey, the United States sent its proposals to the United Kingdom, identifying Diego Garcia as its first preference as the site for the military facility", ". The United Kingdom and the United States conducted further negotiations between 1964 and 1965 regarding the desirability of \"detachment of the entire Chagos Archipelago,\" as well as the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches (then part of the Colony of the Seychelles). They further discussed the terms of compensation that would be required \"to secure the acceptance of the proposals by the local Governments.\"", "On 19 July 1965, the Governor of Mauritius was instructed to communicate the proposal to detach the Chagos Archipelago to the Mauritius Council of Ministers and to report back on the council's reaction. The initial reaction of the Mauritian Ministers, conveyed by the Governor's report of 23 July 1965, was a request for more time to consider the proposal. The report also noted that Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam expressed \"dislike of detachment\"", ". The report also noted that Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam expressed \"dislike of detachment\". At the next meeting of the council on 30 July 1965, the Mauritian Ministers indicated that detachment would be \"unacceptable to public opinion in Mauritius\" and proposed the alternative of a long-term lease, coupled with safeguards for mineral rights and a preference for Mauritius if fishing or agricultural rights were ever granted", ". The Parties differ in their understanding of the strength of, and motivation for, the Mauritian reaction. In any event, on 13 August 1965, the Governor of Mauritius informed the Mauritian Ministers that the United States objected to the proposal of a lease.", "Discussions over the detachment of the Chagos Archipelago continued in a series of meetings between certain Mauritian political leaders, including Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam, and the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Anthony Greenwood, coinciding with the Constitutional Conference of September 1965 in London", ". Over the course of three meetings, the Mauritian leaders pressed the United Kingdom with respect to the compensation offered for Mauritian agreement to the detachment of the Archipelago, noting the involvement of the United States in the establishment of the defence facility and Mauritius’ need for continuing economic support (for example through a higher quota for Mauritius sugar imports into the United States), rather than the lump sum compensation being proposed by the United Kingdom", ". The United Kingdom took the firm position that obtaining concessions from the United States was not feasible; the United Kingdom did, however, increase the level of lump sum compensation on offer from £1 million to £3 million and introduced the prospect of a commitment that the Archipelago would be returned to Mauritius when no longer needed for defence purposes. The Mauritian leaders also met with the Economic Minister at the U.S", ". The Mauritian leaders also met with the Economic Minister at the U.S. Embassy in London on the question of sugar quotas, and Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam met privately with Prime Minister Harold Wilson on the morning of 23 September 1965. The United Kingdom's record of this conversation records Prime Minister Wilson having told Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam that", "The meetings culminated in the afternoon of 23 September 1965 (the \"Lancaster House Meeting\") in a provisional agreement on the part of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam and his colleagues to agree in principle to the detachment of the Archipelago in exchange for the Secretary of State recommending certain actions by the United Kingdom to the Cabinet. The draft record of the Lancaster House Meeting set out the following:", "Thereafter, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam addressed a handwritten note to the Under-Secretary of State at the Colonial Office, Mr Trafford Smith, setting out further conditions relating to navigational and meteorological facilities on the Archipelago, fishing rights, emergency landing facilities, and the benefit of mineral or oil discoveries.", "On 6 October 1965, instructions were sent to the Governor of Mauritius to secure \"early confirmation that the Mauritius Government is willing to agree that Britain should now take the necessary legal steps to detach the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius on the conditions enumerated in (i)–(viii) in paragraph 22 of the enclosed record [of the Lancaster House Meeting].\" The Secretary of State went on to note that -\n\nOn 5 November 1965, the Governor of Mauritius informed the Colonial Office as follows:", "On 5 November 1965, the Governor of Mauritius informed the Colonial Office as follows:\n\nThe Governor also noted that \"Parti Mauricien Social Démocrate (PMSD) Ministers dissented and (are now) considering their position in the government.\" The Parties differ regarding the extent to which Mauritian consent to the detachment was given voluntarily.", "The detachment of the Chagos Archipelago was effected by the establishment of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) on 8 November 1965 by Order in Council. Pursuant to the Order in Council, the governance of the newly created BIOT was made the responsibility of the office of the BIOT Commissioner, appointed by the Queen upon the advice of the United Kingdom FCO. The BIOT Commissioner is assisted in the day-to-day management of the territory by a BIOT Administrator.", "On the same day, the Secretary of State cabled the Governor of Mauritius as follows:\n\nOn 12 November 1965, the Governor of Mauritius cabled the Colonial Office, querying whether the Mauritian Ministers could make public reference to the items in paragraph 22 of the record of the Lancaster House Meeting and adding \"[i]n this connection I trust further consideration promised . . . will enable categorical assurances to be given.\"", "On 19 November 1965, the Colonial Office cabled the Governor of Mauritius as follows: U.K./U.S. defence interests;", "A few weeks after the proposal to detach the islands from Mauritius, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 2066(XX) on 16 December 1965, which stated that detaching part of a colonial territory was against customary international law and the UN Resolution 1514 passed on 14 December 1960", ". This resolution stated that \"Any attempt aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national unity and the territorial integrity of a country is incompatible with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.\"", "Depopulation \n\nAfter initially denying that the islands were inhabited, British officials forcibly expelled approximately 2,000 Chagossians to mainland Mauritius to allow the United States to establish a military base on Diego Garcia. Since 1971, the atoll of Diego Garcia is inhabited by some 3,000 UK and US military and civilian contracted personnel. The British and American governments routinely deny Chagossian requests for the right of return.\n\nMarine protected area", "Marine protected area \n\nA marine protected area (MPA) around the Chagos Islands known as the Chagos Marine Protected Area was created by the British Government on 1 April 2010 and enforced on 1 November 2010. It is the world's largest fully protected reserve, twice the size of Great Britain. The designation proved controversial as the decision was announced during a period when the UK Parliament was in recess.", "On 1 December 2010, WikiLeaks release a leaked US Embassy London diplomatic cable dating back to 2009 which exposed British and US calculations in creating the marine nature reserve. The cable relays exchanges between US Political Counselor Richard Mills and British Director of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Colin Roberts, in which Roberts \"asserted that establishing a marine park would, in effect, put paid to resettlement claims of the archipelago’s former residents.\" Richard Mills concludes:", "The cable (reference ID \"09LONDON1156\" ) was classified as confidential and \"no foreigners\", and leaked as part of the Cablegate cache.\n\nResettlement study \n\nIn March 2014, it was reported that the UK government would send experts to the islands to examine \"options and risks\" of resettlement.\n\nLegal proceedings\n\nCase before Permanent Court of Arbitration", "The Government of Mauritius initiated proceedings on 20 December 2010 against the UK Government under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to challenge the legality of the ‘marine protected area’", ". Mauritius argues that Britain breached a UN resolution when it separated Chagos from the rest of the colony of Mauritius in the 1960s, before the country became independent, and that Britain therefore doesn't have the right to declare the area a marine reserve and that the MPA was not compatible with the rights of the Chagossians. The dispute was arbitrated by the Permanent Court of Arbitration", ". The dispute was arbitrated by the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The sovereignty of Mauritius was explicitly recognized by two of the arbitrators and denied by none of the other three. Three members of the Tribunal found that they did not have jurisdiction to rule on that question; they expressed no view as to which of the two States has sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago", ". Tribunal Judges Rüdiger Wolfrum and James Kateka held that the Tribunal did have jurisdiction to decide this question, and concluded that UK does not have sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago. They found that:", "internal United Kingdom documents suggested an ulterior motive behind the MPA, noting disturbing similarities and a common pattern between the establishment of the so-called \"BIOT\" in 1965 and the proclamation of the MPA in 2010;\n the excision of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 shows a complete disregard for the territorial integrity of Mauritius by the UK;", "UK Prime Minister Harold Wilson's threat to Premier Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam in 1965 that he could return home without independence if he did not consent to the excision of the Chagos Archipelago amounted to duress; Mauritian Ministers were coerced into agreeing to the detachment of the Chagos Archipelago, which violated the international law of self-determination;\n the MPA is legally invalid.", "On 18 March 2015, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled that the Chagos Marine Protected Area was illegal. The Tribunal's decision determined that the UK's undertaking to return the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius gives Mauritius an interest in significant decisions that bear upon possible future uses of the archipelago", ". The result of the Tribunal's decision is that it is now open to the Parties to enter into the negotiations that the Tribunal would have expected prior to the proclamation of the MPA, with a view to achieving a mutually satisfactory arrangement for protecting the marine environment, to the extent necessary under a \"sovereignty umbrella\".", "Case before International Court of Justice", "In 2004, following the decision of the British government to promulgate the British Indian Ocean Territory Order, which prohibited the Chagossians from remaining on the islands without express authorisation, Mauritius contemplated recourse to the International Court of Justice to finally and conclusively settle the dispute. However, article 36 of the International Court of Justice Statute provides that it is the option of the state whether it wishes to subject itself to the court's jurisdiction", ". Where the state chooses to be so bound, it may also restrict or limit the jurisdiction of the court in a number of ways. The UK's clause deposited at the court excluded, amongst other things, the jurisdiction of the court with regard \"to any disputes with the government of any country which is a member of the Commonwealth with regard to situations or facts existing before 1 January 1969\". The temporal limitation of 1 January 1969 was inserted to exclude all disputes arising during decolonisation", ". The effect of the British exclusionary clause would thus have prevented Mauritius from resorting to the court on the Chagos dispute because it is a member of the Commonwealth. When Mauritius threatened to leave the Commonwealth, the United Kingdom quickly amended its exclusion clause to exclude any disputes between itself, Commonwealth States and former Commonwealth States, thereby quashing any Mauritian hopes to ever have recourse to the contentious jurisdiction of the court, even if it left.", "On 23 June 2017, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) voted in favour of referring the territorial dispute between Mauritius and the UK to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in order to clarify the legal status of the Chagos Islands archipelago in the Indian Ocean. The motion was approved by a majority vote with 94 voting for and 15 against. In September 2018, the International Court of Justice began hearings on the case. Seventeen countries have argued in favour of Mauritius", ". Seventeen countries have argued in favour of Mauritius. The UK apologised for the \"shameful\" way islanders were evicted from the Chagos Archipelago but were insistent that Mauritius was wrong to bring the dispute over sovereignty of the strategic atoll group to the United Nations' highest court", ". The UK and its allies argued that this matter should not be decided by the court but should be resolved through bilateral negotiations, while bilateral discussions with Mauritius have been unfruitful over the past 50 years.", "In its 25 February 2019 ruling, the Court deemed the United Kingdom's separation of the Chagos Islands from the rest of Mauritius in 1965, when both were colonial territories, to be unlawful and found that the United Kingdom is obliged to end \"its administration of the Chagos Islands as rapidly as possible.\" Largely because of the detachment of the islands, the ICJ determined that the decolonization of Mauritius was still not lawfully completed.", "On 1 May 2019, the UK Foreign Office minister Alan Duncan stated that Mauritius has never held sovereignty over the archipelago and the UK does not recognise its claim. He stated that the ruling was merely an advisory opinion and not a legally binding judgment. Jeremy Corbyn, leader of the UK's main opposition party, wrote to the UK PM condemning her decision to defy a ruling of the UN's principal court that concluded that Britain should hand back the Chagos Islands to Mauritius", ". He expressed his concern that the UK government appears ready to disregard international law and ignore a ruling of the international court and the right of the Chagossians to return to their homes.", "Case before International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea \nOn 28 January 2021, the United Nation's International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ruled, in a dispute between Mauritius and Maldives on their maritime boundary, that the United Kingdom has no sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago, and that Mauritius is sovereign there. The United Kingdom disputes this and does not recognise the tribunal's decision.", "See also \n List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean\n Sovereignty disputes of the United Kingdom\n List of islands in Chagos Archipelago\n List of territorial disputes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWho Owns Diego Garcia? Decolonisation and Indigenous Rights in the Indian Ocean\nRuling of THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL about the CHAGOS MARINE PROTECTED AREA\n\nLet Us Return USA!", "Let Us Return USA!\n\nFilm and video\n Chagos: A Documentary Film\n Stealing a Nation (TV documentary, 2004), a Special Report by John Pilger", "Chagos Archipelago\nBritish Indian Ocean Territory\nPolitics of Mauritius\nPolitics of the Maldives\nMaldives and the Commonwealth of Nations\nMauritius and the Commonwealth of Nations\nMauritius–United Kingdom relations\nMaldives–United Kingdom relations\nMaldives–Mauritius relations\nTerritorial disputes of the United Kingdom\nTerritorial disputes of the Maldives\nTerritorial disputes of Mauritius\nUnited Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Nations\nSovereignty\nInternational disputes" ]

[ "The Common Core State Standards Initiative, also known as simply Common Core, is an educational initiative from 2010 that details what K–12 students throughout the United States should know in English language arts and mathematics at the conclusion of each school grade. The initiative is sponsored by the National Governors Association and Council of Chief State School Officers.", "The initiative also seeks to establish consistent educational standards across the states as well as ensure that students graduating from high school are prepared to enter credit-bearing courses at two- or four-year college programs or to enter the workforce.\n\nBackground\nIn the 1990s, a movement began in the U.S. to establish national educational standards for students across the country.", "(a) outlining what students were expected to know and do at each grade level \n (b) implementing ways to find out if they were meeting those standards.", "Development", "In late 2008, the NGA convened a group to work on developing the standards. This team included David Coleman, William McCallum of the University of Arizona, Phil Daro, and Student Achievement Partners founders Jason Zimba and Susan Pimentel to write standards in the areas of English language arts and mathematics", ". Announced on June 1, 2009, the initiative's stated purpose was to \"provide a consistent, clear understanding of what students are expected to learn, so teachers and parents know what they need to do to help them\". Additionally, \"The standards are designed to be robust and relevant to the real world, reflecting the knowledge and skills that our young people need for success in college and careers\", which should place American students in a position in which they can compete in a global economy.", "Work groups composed of representatives from higher education, K-12 education, teachers, and researchers drafted the Common Core State Standards. The work groups consulted educators, administrators, community and parent organizations, higher education representatives, the business community, researchers, civil rights groups, and states for feedback on each of the drafts.", "The standards are copyrighted by NGA Center for Best Practices (NGA Center) and the CCSSO, which controls use of and licenses the standards. The NGA Center and CCSSO do this by offering a public license which is used by State Departments of Education. The license states that use of the standards must be \"in support\" of the Common Core State Standards Initiative. It also requires attribution and a copyright notice, except when a state or territory has adopted the standards \"in whole\".", "When the CCSS was originally published, there was no intention to publish a common set of standards for English language proficiency development (ELPD). Instead, it was indicated that the ELPD standards would be left to individual states. However, the need for more guidance quickly became apparent, and led to the creation of several initiatives to provide resources to states and educators, including:", "WIDA, which is a consortium that produces standardized tests aimed at English Language Learners (ELLs), more properly known as English as an Additional Language (EAL) students, that is used in multiple states. It is still updating its standards in order to align with CCSS.\n An English language proficiency development framework from The Council of Chief State School Officers, which assists states in revising their ELPD standards to align to both the CSS and Next Generation Science Standards.", "Both the National Board of Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) and the TESOL International Association are involved in establishing the standards for ESL instruction, but as of yet there isn't a standardized set of qualifications across the country for ESL instruction.", "The U.S. Department of Education has since funded two grants to develop the next generation of ELPD assessments, which must measure students’ proficiency against a set of common ELPD standards, which in turn correspond to the college/career-ready standards in English language arts and mathematics. The new assessment system must also:", "Be based on a common definition of English language learner adopted by all consortium states.\n Include diagnostic (e.g., screener, placement) and summative assessments.\n Assess English language proficiency across the four language domains (reading, writing, speaking, and listening) for each grade level from kindergarten through grade 12.", "Produce results that indicate whether individual students have attained a level and complexity of English language proficiency that is necessary to fully participate in academic instruction in English.\n Be accessible to all ELLs, except those who are eligible for alternate assessments based on alternate academic standards.\n Use technology to the maximum extent appropriate to develop, administer, and score assessments.", "Adoption", "Since 2010, 41 states and the District of Columbia have been members of the Common Core State Standards Initiative; Alabama, Oklahoma, Texas, Virginia, Alaska, Nebraska, Indiana and South Carolina did not adopt it. Minnesota adopted the English Language Arts standards but not the Mathematics standards. Although starting as a fast trend, the curriculum lost momentum and found at least 12 states introducing legislation to prohibit implementation", ". Four states that initially adopted Common Core have since decided to repeal or replace it: Indiana, Arizona, Oklahoma, and South Carolina. In 2022 Florida also abandoned the standard.", "Standards were released for mathematics and English language arts on June 2, 2010, with a majority of states adopting the standards in the subsequent months. States were given an incentive to adopt the Common Core Standards through the possibility of competitive federal Race to the Top grants. U.S. President Barack Obama and U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan announced the Race to the Top competitive grants on July 24, 2009, as a motivator for education reform", ". To be eligible, states had to adopt \"internationally benchmarked standards and assessments that prepare students for success in college and the work place.\" Though states could adopt other college- and career-ready standards and still be eligible, they were awarded extra points in their Race to the Top applications if they adopted the Common Core standards by August 2, 2010. Forty-one states made the promise in their application", ". Forty-one states made the promise in their application. Virginia and Texas were two states that chose to write their own college and career-ready standards, and were subsequently eligible for Race to the Top. Development of the Common Core Standards was funded by the governors and state schools chiefs, with additional support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Pearson Publishing Company, the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation, and others.", "Until the Every Student Succeeds Act was passed in December 2015, the US Department of Education had encouraged states to adopt the Common Core Standards by tying the grant of waivers from the No Child Left Behind Act to adoption of the Standards. However, the Every Student Succeeds Act not only replaced the No Child Left Behind Act, it also expressly prohibits the Department of Education from attempting to \"influence, incentivize, or coerce State adoption of the Common Core State Standards ..", "... or any other academic standards common to a significant number of States.\"", "Though the Common Core State Standards do not cover science and social studies content standards, the Next Generation Science Standards were released in April 2012 and have been adopted by many states. They are not directly related to the Common Core, but their content can be cross-connected to the mathematical and English Language Arts standards within the Common Core.", "English Language Arts standards", "The stated goal of the English Language Arts and Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects standards is to ensure that students are college and career ready in literacy no later than the end of high school. There are five key components to the standards for English and Language Arts: Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening, Language, and Media and Technology. The essential components and breakdown of each of these key points within the standards are as follows:", "Reading\n As students advance through each grade, there is an increased level of complexity to what students are expected to read and there is also a progressive development of reading comprehension so that students can gain more from what they read.", "Teachers, school districts, and states are expected to decide on the appropriate curriculum, but sample texts are included to help teachers, students, and parents prepare for the year ahead. Molly Walsh of Burlington Free Press notes an appendix (of state standards for reading material) that lists \"exemplar texts\" from works by noted authors such as Ovid, Voltaire, William Shakespeare, Ivan Turgenev, Edgar Allan Poe, Robert Frost, W. B", ". B. Yeats, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and the more contemporary, including, Amy Tan, Atul Gawande and Julia Alvarez.", "There is some critical content for all students classic myths and stories from around the world, foundational U.S. documents, seminal works of American literature, and the writings of Shakespeare but the rest is left up to the states and the districts.", "Standards for Reading Foundational Skills are described for kindergarten to grade five. They include the areas of print concepts, phonological awareness, phonics and word recognition, and fluency. Specific teaching suggestions and research are contained in the Appendices, where “phonics” is referred to as “Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondences”.", "Writing\n The driving force of the writing standards is logical arguments based on claims, solid reasoning, and relevant evidence. The writing also includes opinion writing even within the K–5 standards.", "Short, focused research projects, similar to the kind of projects students will face in their careers, as well as long-term, in-depth research is another piece of the writing standards. This is because written analysis and the presentation of significant findings are critical to career and college readiness.\n The standards also include annotated samples of student writing to help determine performance levels in writing arguments, explanatory texts, and narratives across the grades.", "Speaking and listening\n Although reading and writing are the expected components of an English language arts curriculum, standards are written so that students gain, evaluate, and present complex information, ideas, and evidence specifically through listening and speaking.\n There is also an emphasis on academic discussion in one-on-one, small-group, and whole-class settings, which can take place as formal presentations or informal discussions during student collaboration.", "Language\n Vocabulary instruction in the standards takes place through a mix of conversations, direct instruction, and reading so that students can determine word meanings and can expand their use of words and phrases.\n The standards expect students to use formal English in their writing and speaking, but also recognize that colleges and 21st-century careers will require students to make wise, skilled decisions about how to express themselves through language in a variety of contexts.", "Vocabulary and conventions are their own strand because these skills extend across reading, writing, speaking, and listening.", "Media and technology\n Since media and technology are intertwined with every student's life and in school in the 21st century, skills related to media use, which includes the analysis and production of various forms of media, are also included in these standards.\n The standards include instruction in keyboarding, but do not mandate the teaching of cursive handwriting.\n\nMathematics standards", "Mathematics standards\n\nThe stated goal of the mathematics standards is to achieve greater focus and coherence in the curriculum. This is largely in response to the criticism that American mathematics curricula are \"a mile wide and an inch deep\".\n\nThe mathematics standards include Standards for Mathematical Practice and Standards for Mathematical Content.\n\nPractice", "Practice\n\nThe Standards mandate that eight principles of mathematical practice be taught:\n Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.\n Reason abstractly and quantitatively.\n Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.\n Model with mathematics.\n Use appropriate tools strategically.\n Attend to precision.\n Look for and make use of structure.\n Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.", "The practices are adapted from the five process standards of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the five strands of proficiency in the U.S. National Research Council's Adding It Up report. These practices are to be taught in every grade from kindergarten to twelfth grade. Details of how these practices are to be connected to each grade level's mathematics content are left to local implementation of the Standards.", "Content\nThe standards lay out the mathematics content that should be learned at each grade level from kindergarten to Grade 8 (age 13–14), as well as the mathematics to be learned in high school. The standards do not dictate any particular pedagogy or what order topics should be taught within a particular grade level. Mathematical content is organized in a number of domains. At each grade level there are several standards for each domain, organized into clusters of related standards. (See examples below.)", "In addition to detailed standards (of which there are 21 to 28 for each grade from kindergarten to eighth grade), the standards present an overview of \"critical areas\" for each grade.\n\nThere are six conceptual categories of content to be covered at the high school level:\n Number, and quantity;\n Algebra;\n Functions;\n Modeling;\n Geometry;\n Statistics and probability.", "Some topics in each category are indicated only for students intending to take more advanced, optional courses such as calculus, advanced statistics, or discrete mathematics. Even if the traditional sequence is adopted, functions and modeling are to be integrated across the curriculum, not taught as separate courses. Mathematical Modeling is a Standard for Mathematical Practice (see above), and is meant to be integrated across the entire curriculum beginning in kindergarten", ". The modeling category does not have its own standards; instead, high school standards in other categories which are intended to be considered part of the modeling category are indicated in the standards with a star symbol.", "Each of the six high school categories includes a number of domains. For example, the \"number and quantity\" category contains four domains: the real number system; quantities; the complex number system; and vector and matrix quantities. The \"vector and matrix quantities\" domain is reserved for advanced students, as are some of the standards in \"the complex number system\".", "In high school (Grades 9 to 12), the standards do not specify which content is to be taught at each grade level, nor does the Common Core prescribe how a particular standard should be taught. Up to Grade 8, the curriculum is integrated; students study four or five different mathematical domains every year", ". The standards do not dictate whether the curriculum should continue to be integrated in high school with study of several domains each year (as is done in other countries), or whether the curriculum should be separated out into separate year-long algebra and geometry courses (as has been the tradition in most U.S. states)", ".S. states). An appendix to the standards describes four possible pathways for covering high school content (two traditional and two integrated), but states are free to organize the content any way they want.", "Key shifts \nThe Common Core State Standards for Mathematics shifted the way the United States teaches math in three core ways. They built on the pre-existing standards to emphasize the skills and knowledge students will not only need in college, but in their career and in life as well. The key shifts are:\n\n Greater focus on fewer topics\n Coherence: Linking topics and thinking across grades\n Rigor: Pursue conceptual understanding, procedural skills and fluency, and application with equal intensity", "As an example, here is the description of one of the key shifts, a greater focus on fewer topics:The Common Core calls for greater focus in mathematics. Rather than racing to cover many topics in a mile-wide, inch deep curriculum, the standards ask math teachers to significantly narrow and deepen the way time and energy are spent in the classroom. This means focusing deeply on the major work of each grade as follows:", "In grades K-2: Concepts, skills, and problem solving related to addition and subtraction\n In grades 3-5: Concepts, skills, and problem solving related to multiplication and division of whole numbers and fractions\n In grade 6: Ratios and proportional relationships, and early algebraic expressions and equations\n In grade 7: Ratios and proportional relationships, and arithmetic of rational numbers\n In grade 8: Linear algebra and linear functions", "This focus will help students gain strong foundations, including a solid understanding of concepts, a high degree of procedural skill and fluency, and the ability to apply the math they know to solve problems inside and outside the classroom.\n\nAssessment", "According to the Common Core State Standards Initiative website, formal assessment was expected to take place in the 2014–2015 school year, which coincided with the projected implementation year for most states. The assessment is being created by two consortia with different approaches. The final decision of which assessment to use was determined by individual state education agencies", ". Both of these leading consortiums proposed computer-based exams that include fewer selected and constructed response test items, unlike the Standardized Test.", "The PARCC RttT Assessment Consortium comprises the 19 jurisdictions of Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Tennessee. Their approach focuses on computer-based \"through-course assessments\" in each grade together with streamlined end-of-year tests", ". (PARCC refers to \"Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers\" and RttT refers to the Race to the Top.)", "The second consortium, called the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium, comprised 31 states and territories (as of January 2014) focusing on creating \"adaptive online exams\". Member states include Alaska, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, U.S. Virgin Islands, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.", "As of October 2015, SBAC membership was reduced to 20 members: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Michigan, Montana, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, U.S. Virgin Islands, The Bureau of Indian Education, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wyoming.", "While some states are working together to create a common, universal assessment based on the Common Core State Standards, other states are choosing to work independently or through these two consortiums to develop the assessment. Florida Governor Rick Scott directed his state education board to withdraw from PARCC. Georgia withdrew from the consortium test in July 2013 in order to develop its own. Michigan decided not to participate in Smarter Balanced testing", ". Michigan decided not to participate in Smarter Balanced testing. Oklahoma tentatively withdrew from the consortium test in July 2013 due to the technical challenges of online assessment. Utah withdrew from the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium in August 2012.", "Reception and criticism", "The Common Core State Standards have drawn both support and criticism from politicians, analysts, and commentators. Teams of academics and educators from around the United States led the development of the standards, and additional validation teams approved the final standards. The teams drew on public feedback that was solicited throughout the process and that feedback was incorporated into the standards", ". The Common Core initiative only specifies what students should know at each grade level and describes the skills that they must acquire in order to achieve college or career readiness. Individual school districts are responsible for choosing curricula based on the standards. Textbooks bearing a Common Core label are not verified by any agency and may or may not represent the intent of the Common Core Standards", ". Some critics believe most current textbooks are not actually aligned to the Common Core, while others disagree.", "The mathematicians Edward Frenkel and Hung-Hsi Wu wrote in 2013 that the mathematical education in the United States was in \"deep crisis\", caused by the way math was being taught in schools. Both agreed that math textbooks, which were widely adopted across the states, already create \"mediocre de facto national standards\". The texts, they said, were \"often incomprehensible and irrelevant\". The Common Core State Standards address these issues and \"level the playing field\" for students", ". The Common Core State Standards address these issues and \"level the playing field\" for students. They point out that adoption of the Common Core State Standards and how best to test students are two separate issues.", "In 2012, Tom Loveless of the Brookings Institution called into question whether the standards will have any effect, and said that they \"have done little to equalize academic achievement within states\". In response to the standards, the libertarian Cato Institute claimed that \"it is not the least bit paranoid to say the federal government wants a national curriculum", ".\" According to a study published by the Pioneer Institute, although the standards themselves are sound, their method of implementation has failed to deliver improvements in literacy, while numeracy has actually declined, due to the imposition of the mediocre curriculum sequences used in a number of mid-performing states, and the \"progressive\" teaching methods that are popular among Common Core developers", ". South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley said her state should not \"relinquish control of education to the federal government, neither should we cede it to the consensus of other states.\"", "Educational analysts from the Thomas B. Fordham Institute determined that the Common Core standards \"are clearly superior to those currently in use in 39 states in math and 37 states in English. For 33 states, the Common Core is superior in both math and reading", ". For 33 states, the Common Core is superior in both math and reading.\" In a follow-up study, researchers found that while some states were committed to updating their standards, more resources were still needed to ensure adequate implementation of those standards, including adequate course material, capacity to deliver assessments, and accountability systems.", "According to the National Education Association, the Common Core State Standards are supported by 76% of its teacher members. Research from the Fordham Institute confirmed that many teachers support Common Core, but also found that the use of multiple methods to teach a single subject negatively impacted students' and parents' perceptions of these standards.", "The Heritage Foundation argued in 2010 that the Common Core's focus on national standards would do little to fix deeply ingrained problems and incentive structures within the education system.", "Marion Brady, a teacher, and Patrick Murray, an elected member of the school governing board in Bradford, Maine, wrote that Common Core drains initiative from teachers and enforces a \"one-size-fits-all\" curriculum that ignores cultural differences among classrooms and students. Diane Ravitch, former U.S", ". Diane Ravitch, former U.S. Assistant Secretary of Education and education historian, wrote in her book Reign of Error that the Common Core standards have never been field-tested and that no one knows whether they will improve education. Nicholas Tampio, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Fordham University, said that the standards emphasize rote learning and uniformity over creativity, and fail to recognize differences in learning styles.", "Michigan State University's Distinguished Professor William Schmidt wrote:", "The standards require certain critical content for all students, including: classic myths and stories from around the world, America's Founding Documents, foundational American literature, and Shakespeare. In May 2013, the National Catholic Educational Association noted that the standards are a \"set of high-quality academic expectations that all students should master by the end of each grade level\" and are \"not a national curriculum\".", "Advancing one Catholic perspective, over one hundred college-level scholars signed a public letter criticizing the Common Core for diminishing the humanities in the educational curriculum: The \"Common Core adopts a bottom-line, pragmatic approach to education and the heart of its philosophy is, as far as we can see, that it is a waste of resources to 'over-educate' people,\" though the Common Core set only minimum—not maximum—standards", ". Mark Naison, Fordham University Professor, and co-founder of the Badass Teachers Association, raised a similar objection: \"The liberal critique of Common Core is that this is a huge profit-making enterprise that costs school districts a tremendous amount of money, and pushes out the things kids love about school, like art and music\".", "As Common Core is implemented in New York, the new tests have been criticized. Some parents have said that the new assessments are too difficult and are causing too much stress, leading to an \"opt-out movement\" in which parents refuse to let their children take the tests.", "Former governor Jeb Bush has said of opponents of the standards that while \"criticisms and conspiracy theories are easy attention grabbers\", he instead wanted to hear their solutions to the problems in American education. In 2014, Bobby Jindal wrote that \"It has become fashionable in the news media to believe there is a right-wing conspiracy against Common Core.\"\n\nDiane Ravitch has also stated:", "Diane Ravitch has also stated:\n\nWriter Jonathan Kozol uses the metaphor \"cognitive decapitation\" to describe the unfulfilling educational experience students are going through due to the subjects that have been excluded in their curriculum as a result of the Common Core. He notes cognitive decapitation is often experienced in urban schools of color, while white children have the privilege to continue engaging in a creative curriculum that involves the arts.", "In 2016, ACT, Inc., administrators of the ACT college readiness assessment, reported that there is a disconnect between what is emphasized in the Common Core and what is deemed important for college readiness by some college instructors. ACT has been a proponent of the Common Core Standards, and Chief Executive Officer Martin Roorda stated that \"ACT's findings should not be interpreted as a rebuke of the Common Core.\"", "Results", "Kentucky was the first to implement the Common Core State Standards, and local school districts began offering new math and English curricula based on the standard in August 2010", ". In 2013, Time magazine reported that the high school graduation rate had increased from 80 percent in 2010 to 86 percent in 2013, test scores went up 2 percentage points in the second year of using the Common Core test, and the percentage of students considered to be ready for college or a career, based on a battery of assessments, went up from 34 percent in 2010 to 54 percent in 2013. According to Sarah Butrymowicz from The Atlantic,", "Kentucky's experience over the past three school years suggests it will be a slow and potentially frustrating road ahead for the other states that are using the Common Core. Test scores are still dismal, and state officials have expressed concern that the pace of improvement is not fast enough. Districts have also seen varying success in changing how teachers teach, something that was supposed to change under the new standards.", "The Common Core State Standards are considered to be more rigorous than the standards they replaced in Kentucky. Kentucky's old standards received a \"D\" in an analysis by the Thomas B. Fordham Institute. School officials in Kentucky believe it will take several more years to adjust to the new standards, which received an A− in math and a B+ in English from the Fordham Institute.", "A working paper found that Common Core had a small but significant negative effect in grade 4 reading and grade 8 mathematics based on National Assessment of Educational Progress scores.\n\nImplementation may be one of the major reasons why early results have been uneven. District administration and teachers have, in many cases, lacked the appropriate professional development, instructional materials, and Common Core-aligned assessments to support effective implementation of the new standards.", "Adoption and implementation by states\nThe chart below contains the adoption status of the Common Core State Standards as of March 21, 2019. Among the territories of the United States (not listed in the chart below), the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the American Samoa Islands have adopted the standards while Puerto Rico has not adopted the standards.", "As of May 12, 2015, five states have repealed Common Core. Nine additional member states have legislation in some stage of the process that would repeal Common Core participation.", "See also\n\n 21st century skills identified as being required for success in 21st century society and workplaces by educators, business leaders, academics, and governmental agencies\n No Child Left Behind, federal law requiring states to develop assessments in basic skills\n New Math, controversial attempt to revise mathematics education in post-war United States.\n Outcome-based education\n\nReferences", "Further reading\n Hess, Frederick M. and Michael Q. McShane eds. Common Core Meets Education Reform: What It All Means for Politics, Policy, and the Future of Schooling (Teachers College Press; 2013) 232 pages; Essays by academics and policy analysts on integrating Common Core Standards with existing efforts at accountability and other reforms.\n Pattison, Darcy. What is Common Core? (Mims House; 2013) 78 pages; Overview and introduction to the Common Core State Standards.", "Richard P. Phelps and R. James Milgram, The Revenge of K–12: How Common Core and the New SAT Lower College Standards in the U.S., Boston: Pioneer Institute, 2014.\n Tampio, Nicholas. Common Core: National Education Standards and the Threat to Democracy (Johns Hopkins University Press; 2018); Describes the history, philosophy, content, and controversy surrounding the Common Core standards for English language arts and math.", "Phelps, Richard P. Common Core Collaborators: Six Organizational Portraits Nonpartisan Education Review / Articles, 2018; Historical, financial and media analyses of the organization that spawned the Common Core Initiative, the two copyright holders, two of the paid proselytizers, and the delivery vehicle.", "Milgram, Stotsky, & Wiliam The Common Core Dissenters Nonpartisan Education Review, 2013; Includes explanations from three of the four members of the Validation Committee who refused to sign the committee report's recommendations.\n Nelson, Eric A. Cognitive Science and the Common Core Nonpartisan Education Review/Articles, 13(3), 2017.\n Stotsky, Sandra Is Common Core Racist? Nonpartisan Education Review/Essays 14(1), 2018.", "Stotsky, Sandra Is Common Core Racist? Nonpartisan Education Review/Essays 14(1), 2018.\n Phelps, Richard P. Real Clear Propaganda: Bellwether's Education News Bias Nonpartisan Education Review/Articles 14(5), 2018.", "External links\n Common Core State Standards Initiative website\n\n21st-century establishments in the United States\nEducation in the United States\nEducation reform\n2009 in education\nStandards-based education" ]

[ "Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made significant scientific innovations, findings and technological advances across various scientific disciplines including the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, military technology, mathematics, geology and astronomy.", "Among the earliest inventions were the binary code, and one of the earliest examples of genetic sequencing, abacus, the sundial, and the Kongming lantern. The Four Great Inventions,the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing – were among the most important technological advances, only known to Europe by the end of the Middle Ages 1000 years later. The Tang dynasty (AD 618–906) in particular was a time of great innovation", ". The Tang dynasty (AD 618–906) in particular was a time of great innovation. A good deal of exchange occurred between Western and Chinese discoveries up to the Qing dynasty.", "The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and astronomy, while undergoing its own scientific revolution, at the same time bringing Chinese knowledge of technology back to Europe. In the 19th and 20th centuries the introduction of Western technology was a major factor in the modernization of China. Much of the early Western work in the history of science in China was done by Joseph Needham and his Chinese partner, Lu Gwei-djen.\n\nMo Di and the School of Names", "The Warring States period began 2500 years ago at the time of the invention of the crossbow. Needham notes that the invention of the crossbow \"far outstripped the progress in defensive armor\", which made the wearing of armor useless to the princes and dukes of the states. At this time, there were also many nascent schools of thought in China—the Hundred Schools of Thought (諸子百家), scattered among many polities. The schools served as communities which advised the rulers of these states", ". The schools served as communities which advised the rulers of these states. Mo Di (墨翟 Mozi, 470 BCE–c. 391 BCE) introduced concepts useful to one of those rulers, such as defensive fortification. One of these concepts, fa (法 principle or method) was extended by the School of Names (名家 Ming jia, ming=name), which began a systematic exploration of logic", ". The development of a school of logic was cut short by the defeat of Mohism's political sponsors by the Qin dynasty, and the subsumption of fa as law rather than method by the Legalists (法家 Fa jia).", "Needham further notes that the Han dynasty, which conquered the short-lived Qin, were made aware of the need for law by Lu Jia and by Shusun Tong, as defined by the scholars, rather than the generals.", "Derived from Taoist philosophy, one of the newest longstanding contributions of the ancient Chinese are in Traditional Chinese medicine, including acupuncture and herbal medicine. The practice of acupuncture can be traced back as far as the 1st millennium BC and some scientists believe that there is evidence that practices similar to acupuncture were used in Eurasia during the early Bronze Age.", "Using shadow clocks and the abacus (both invented in the ancient Near East before spreading to China), the Chinese were able to record observations, documenting the first recorded solar eclipse in 2137 BC, and making the first recording of any planetary grouping in 500 BC. These claims, however, are highly disputed and rely on much supposition. The Book of Silk was the first definitive atlas of comets, written c. 400 BC", ". The Book of Silk was the first definitive atlas of comets, written c. 400 BC. It listed 29 comets (referred to as sweeping stars) that appeared over a period of about 300 years, with renderings of comets describing an event its appearance corresponded to.", "In architecture, the pinnacle of Chinese technology manifested itself in the Great Wall of China, under the first Chinese Emperor Qin Shi Huang between 220 and 200 BC. Typical Chinese architecture changed little from the succeeding Han dynasty until the 19th century. The Qin dynasty also developed the crossbow, which later became the mainstream weapon in Europe. Several remains of crossbows have been found among the soldiers of the Terracotta Army in the tomb of Qin Shi Huang.\n\nHan dynasty", "The Eastern Han dynasty scholar and astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) invented the first water-powered rotating armillary sphere (the first armillary sphere having been invented by the Greek Eratosthenes), and catalogued 2,500 stars and over 100 constellations. In 132, he invented the first seismological detector, called the \"Houfeng Didong Yi\" (\"Instrument for inquiring into the wind and the shaking of the earth\")", ". According to the History of Later Han Dynasty (25–220 AD), this seismograph was an urn-like instrument, which would drop one of eight balls to indicate when and in which direction an earthquake had occurred. On June 13, 2005, Chinese seismologists announced that they had created a replica of the instrument.", "The mechanical engineer Ma Jun (c. 200–265 AD) was another impressive figure from ancient China. Ma Jun improved the design of the silk loom, designed mechanical chain pumps to irrigate palatial gardens, and created a large and intricate mechanical puppet theatre for Emperor Ming of Wei, which was operated by a large hidden waterwheel. However, Ma Jun's most impressive invention was the south-pointing chariot, a complex mechanical device that acted as a mechanical compass vehicle", ". While the exact mechanism is unclear, scholars think it incorporated the use of a differential gear in order to apply equal amount of torque to wheels rotating at different speeds, a device that is found in all modern automobiles.", "Sliding calipers were invented in China almost 2,000 years ago. The Chinese civilization was the earliest civilization to experiment successfully with aviation, with the kite and Kongming lantern (proto Hot air balloon) being the first flying machines.\n\n\"Four Great Inventions\"", "The \"Four Great Inventions\" () are the compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing. Paper and printing were developed first. Printing was recorded in China in the Tang dynasty, although the earliest surviving examples of printed cloth patterns date to before 220. Pin-pointing the development of the compass can be difficult: the magnetic attraction of a needle is attested by the Louen-heng, composed between AD 20 and 100, although the first undisputed magnetized needles in Chinese literature appear in 1086", ".", "By AD 300, Ge Hong, an alchemist of the Jin dynasty, conclusively recorded the chemical reactions caused when saltpetre, pine resin and charcoal were heated together, in Book of the Master of the Preservations of Solidarity. Another early record of gunpowder, a Chinese book from c. 850 AD, indicates:\n\n\"Some have heated together sulfur, realgar and saltpeter with honey; smoke and flames result, so that their hands and faces have been burnt, and even the whole house where they were working burned down.\"", "These four discoveries had an enormous impact on the development of Chinese civilization and a far-ranging global impact. Gunpowder, for example, spread to the Arabs in the 13th century and thence to Europe. According to English philosopher Francis Bacon, writing in Novum Organum:", "One of the most important military treatises of all Chinese history was the Huo Long Jing written by Jiao Yu in the 14th century. For gunpowder weapons, it outlined the use of fire arrows and rockets, fire lances and firearms, land mines and naval mines, bombards and cannons, two stage rockets, along with different compositions of gunpowder, including 'magic gunpowder', 'poisonous gunpowder', and 'blinding and burning gunpowder' (refer to his article).", "For the 11th century invention of ceramic movable type printing by Bi Sheng (990–1051), it was enhanced by the wooden movable type of Wang Zhen in 1298 and the bronze metal movable type of Hua Sui in 1490.\n\nChina's scientific revolution", "China's scientific revolution \n\nAmong the engineering accomplishments of early China were matches, dry docks, the double-action piston pump, cast iron, the iron plough, the horse collar, the multi-tube seed drill, the wheelbarrow, the suspension bridge, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the raised-relief map, the propeller, the sluice gate, and the pound lock. The Tang dynasty (AD 618–907) and Song dynasty (AD 960–1279) in particular were periods of great innovation.", "In the 7th century, book-printing was developed in China, Korea and Japan, using delicate hand-carved wooden blocks to print individual pages. The 9th century Diamond Sutra is the earliest known printed document. Movable type was also used in China for a time, but was abandoned because of the number of characters needed; it would not be until Johannes Gutenberg that the technique was reinvented in a suitable environment.", "In addition to gunpowder, the Chinese also developed improved delivery systems for the Byzantine weapon of Greek fire, Meng Huo You and Pen Huo Qi first used in China c. 900. Chinese illustrations were more realistic than in Byzantine manuscripts, and detailed accounts from 1044 recommending its use on city walls and ramparts show the brass container as fitted with a horizontal pump, and a nozzle of small diameter", ". The records of a battle on the Yangtze near Nanjing in 975 offer an insight into the dangers of the weapon, as a change of wind direction blew the fire back onto the Song forces.", "Song dynasty", "The Song dynasty (960–1279) brought a new stability for China after a century of civil war, and started a new area of modernisation by encouraging examinations and meritocracy. The first Song Emperor created political institutions that allowed a great deal of freedom of discourse and thought, which facilitated the growth of scientific advance, economic reforms, and achievements in arts and literature", ". Trade flourished both within China and overseas, and the encouragement of technology allowed the mints at Kaifeng and Hangzhou to gradually increase in production. In 1080, the mints of Emperor Shenzong had produced 5 billion coins (roughly 50 per Chinese citizen), and the first banknotes were produced in 1023. These coins were so durable that they would still be in use 700 years later, in the 18th century.", "There were many famous inventors and early scientists in the Song dynasty period. The statesman Shen Kuo is best known for his book known as the Dream Pool Essays (1088 AD). In it, he wrote of use for a drydock to repair boats, the navigational magnetic compass, and the discovery of the concept of true north (with magnetic declination towards the North Pole)", ". Shen Kuo also devised a geological theory for land formation, or geomorphology, and theorized that there was climate change in geological regions over an enormous span of time.", "The equally talented statesman Su Song was best known for his engineering project of the Astronomical Clock Tower of Kaifeng, by 1088 AD. The clock tower was driven by a rotating waterwheel and escapement mechanism. Crowning the top of the clock tower was the large bronze, mechanically driven, rotating armillary sphere. In 1070, Su Song also compiled the Ben Cao Tu Jing (Illustrated Pharmacopoeia, original source material from 1058 to 1061 AD) with a team of scholars", ". This pharmaceutical treatise covered a wide range of other related subjects, including botany, zoology, mineralogy, and metallurgy.", "Chinese astronomers were the first to record observations of a supernova, the first being the SN 185, recorded during the Han dynasty. Chinese astronomers made two more notable supernova observations during the Song dynasty: the SN 1006, the brightest recorded supernova in history; and the SN 1054, making the Crab Nebula the first astronomical object recognized as being connected to a supernova explosion.\n\nArchaeology", "During the early half of the Song dynasty (960–1279), the study of archaeology developed out of the antiquarian interests of the educated gentry and their desire to revive the use of ancient vessels in state rituals and ceremonies", ". This and the belief that ancient vessels were products of 'sages' and not common people was criticized by Shen Kuo, who took an interdisciplinary approach to archaeology, incorporating his archaeological findings into studies on metallurgy, optics, astronomy, geometry, and ancient music measures. His contemporary Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072) compiled an analytical catalogue of ancient rubbings on stone and bronze, which Patricia B. Ebrey says pioneered ideas in early epigraphy and archaeology", ". Ebrey says pioneered ideas in early epigraphy and archaeology. In accordance with the beliefs of the later Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886), some Song gentry—such as Zhao Mingcheng (1081–1129)—supported the primacy of contemporaneous archaeological finds of ancient inscriptions over historical works written after the fact, which they contested to be unreliable in regard to the former evidence", ". Hong Mai (1123–1202) used ancient Han dynasty era vessels to debunk what he found to be fallacious descriptions of Han vessels in the Bogutu archaeological catalogue compiled during the latter half of Huizong's reign (1100–1125).", "Geology and climatology", "In addition to his studies in meteorology, astronomy, and archaeology mentioned above, Shen Kuo also made hypotheses in regards to geology and climatology in his Dream Pool Essays of 1088, specifically his claims regarding geomorphology and climate change", ". Shen believed that land was reshaped over time due to perpetual erosion, uplift, and deposition of silt, and cited his observance of horizontal strata of fossils embedded in a cliffside at Taihang as evidence that the area was once the location of an ancient seashore that had shifted hundreds of miles east over an enormous span of time", ". Shen also wrote that since petrified bamboos were found underground in a dry northern climate zone where they had never been known to grow, climates naturally shifted geographically over time.", "Chemistry\n\nUntil the Song dynasty, Chinese medicine classified drugs under the system of the Zhenghe bencao (Herbal of the Zhenghe Era):\n\nSuperior drugs, associated with immortality, were used for the realization of vital powers\nMedium drugs that enrich one's nature\nInferior drugs were those used to treat diseases", "These early forms of drugs were made using primitive methods, usually just simple dried herbs, or unprocessed minerals. They were developed into combinations known as \"elixirs of immortality\". These early magical practices, supported by the imperial courts of Shihunagdi (259-210 BCE) and Emperor Wu (156-87 BCE) eventually led to the first observations of chemistry in ancient China", ". Chinese alchemists searched for ways to make cinnabar, gold and other minerals water soluble so they could be ingested, such as using a solution of potassium nitrate in vinegar . Solubilzation of cinnabar was found to occur only if an impurity (chloride ion) was present. Gold also was soluble when iodate was present in crude niter deposits.", "Mongol transmission", "Mongol rule under the Yuan dynasty saw technological advances from an economic perspective, with the first mass production of paper banknotes by Kublai Khan in the 13th century. Numerous contacts between Europe and the Mongols occurred in the 13th century, particularly through the unstable Franco-Mongol alliance. Chinese corps, expert in siege warfare, formed an integral part of the Mongol armies campaigning in the West", ". In 1259–1260 military alliance of the Franks knights of the ruler of Antioch, Bohemond VI and his father-in-law Hetoum I with the Mongols under Hulagu, in which they fought together for the conquests of Muslim Syria, taking together the city of Aleppo, and later Damascus. William of Rubruck, an ambassador to the Mongols in 1254–1255, a personal friend of Roger Bacon, is also often designated as a possible intermediary in the transmission of gunpowder know-how between the East and the West", ". The compass is often said to have been introduced by the Master of the Knights Templar Pierre de Montaigu between 1219 and 1223, from one of his travels to visit the Mongols in Persia.", "Chinese and Arabic astronomy intermingled under Mongol rule. Muslim astronomers worked in the Chinese Astronomical Bureau established by Kublai Khan, while some Chinese astronomers also worked at the Persian Maragha observatory. Before this, in ancient times, Indian astronomers had lent their expertise to the Chinese court.\n\nTheory and hypothesis", "As Toby E. Huff notes, pre-modern Chinese science developed precariously without solid scientific theory, while there was a lacking of consistent systemic treatment in comparison to contemporaneous European works such as the Concordance and Discordant Canons by Gratian of Bologna (fl. 12th century)", ". 12th century). This drawback to Chinese science was lamented even by the mathematician Yang Hui (1238–1298), who criticized earlier mathematicians such as Li Chunfeng (602–670) who were content with using methods without working out their theoretical origins or principle, stating:", "Despite this, Chinese thinkers of the Middle Ages proposed some hypotheses which are in accordance with modern principles of science. Yang Hui provided theoretical proof for the proposition that the complements of the parallelograms which are about the diameter of any given parallelogram are equal to one another", ". Sun Sikong (1015–1076) proposed the idea that rainbows were the result of the contact between sunlight and moisture in the air, while Shen Kuo (1031–1095) expanded upon this with description of atmospheric refraction. Shen believed that rays of sunlight refracted before reaching the surface of the Earth, hence the appearance of the observed Sun from Earth did not match its exact location", ". Coinciding with the astronomical work of his colleague Wei Pu, Shen and Wei realized that the old calculation technique for the mean Sun was inaccurate compared to the apparent Sun, since the latter was ahead of it in the accelerated phase of motion, and behind it in the retarded phase", ". Shen supported and expanded upon beliefs earlier proposed by Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE) scholars such as Jing Fang (78–37 BCE) and Zhang Heng (78–139 CE) that lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth obstructs the sunlight traveling towards the Moon, a solar eclipse is the Moon's obstruction of sunlight reaching Earth, the Moon is spherical like a ball and not flat like a disc, and moonlight is merely sunlight reflected from the Moon's surface", ". Shen also explained that the observance of a full moon occurred when the Sun's light was slanting at a certain degree and that crescent phases of the moon proved that the Moon was spherical, using a metaphor of observing different angles of a silver ball with white powder thrown onto one side", ". Although the Chinese accepted the idea of spherical-shaped heavenly bodies, the concept of a spherical Earth (as opposed to a flat Earth) was not accepted in Chinese thought until the works of Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci (1552–1610) and Chinese astronomer Xu Guangqi (1562–1633) in the early 17th century.", "Pharmacology", "There were noted advances in traditional Chinese medicine during the Middle Ages. Emperor Gaozong (reigned 649–683) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) commissioned the scholarly compilation of a materia medica in 657 that documented 833 medicinal substances taken from stones, minerals, metals, plants, herbs, animals, vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops", ". In his Bencao Tujing ('Illustrated Pharmacopoeia'), the scholar-official Su Song (1020–1101) not only systematically categorized herbs and minerals according to their pharmaceutical uses, but he also took an interest in zoology", ". For example, Su made systematic descriptions of animal species and the environmental regions they could be found, such as the freshwater crab Eriocher sinensis found in the Huai River running through Anhui, in waterways near the capital city, as well as reservoirs and marshes of Hebei.", "Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi in 896, mentions the popular introduction of various Chinese herbs and aloes in Baghdad.", "Horology and clockworks", "Although the Bencao Tujing was an important pharmaceutical work of the age, Su Song is perhaps better known for his work in horology. His book Xinyi Xiangfayao (新儀象法要; lit. 'Essentials of a New Method for Mechanizing the Rotation of an Armillary Sphere and a Celestial Globe') documented the intricate mechanics of his astronomical clock tower in Kaifeng", ". This included the use of an escapement mechanism and world's first known chain drive to power the rotating armillary sphere crowning the top as well as the 133 clock jack figurines positioned on a rotating wheel that sounded the hours by banging drums, clashing gongs, striking bells, and holding plaques with special announcements appearing from open-and-close shutter windows", ". While it had been Zhang Heng who applied the first motive power to the armillary sphere via hydraulics in 125 CE, it was Yi Xing (683–727) in 725 CE who first applied an escapement mechanism to a water-powered celestial globe and striking clock. The early Song dynasty horologist Zhang Sixun (fl. late 10th century) employed liquid mercury in his astronomical clock because there were complaints that water would freeze too easily in the clepsydra tanks during winter.", "Al-Jazari (1136–1206), a Muslim engineer and inventor of various clocks, including the Elephant clock, wrote: \"[T]he elephant represents the Indian and African cultures, the two dragons represents Chinese culture, the phoenix represents Persian culture, the water work represents ancient Greek culture, and the turban represents Islamic culture\".", "Magnetism and metallurgy", "Shen Kuo's written work of 1088 also contains the first written description of the magnetic needle compass, the first description in China of experiments with camera obscura, the invention of movable type printing by the artisan Bi Sheng (990–1051), a method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast similar to the modern Bessemer process, and the mathematical basis for spherical trigonometry that would later be mastered by the astronomer and engineer Guo Shoujing (1231–1316)", ". While using a sighting tube of improved width to correct the position of the pole star (which had shifted over the centuries), Shen discovered the concept of true north and magnetic declination towards the North Magnetic Pole, a concept which would aid navigators in the years to come.", "In addition to the method similar to the Bessemer process mentioned above, there were other notable advancements in Chinese metallurgy during the Middle Ages. During the 11th century, the growth of the iron industry caused vast deforestation due to the use of charcoal in the smelting process. To remedy the problem of deforestation, the Song Chinese discovered how to produce coke from bituminous coal as a substitute for charcoal", ". Although hydraulic-powered bellows for heating the blast furnace had been written of since Du Shi's (d. 38) invention of the 1st century CE, the first known drawn and printed illustration of it in operation is found in a book written in 1313 by Wang Zhen (fl. 1290–1333).", "Mathematics", "Qin Jiushao (c. 1202–1261) was the first to introduce the zero symbol into Chinese mathematics. Before this innovation, blank spaces were used instead of zeros in the system of counting rods. Pascal's triangle was first illustrated in China by Yang Hui in his book Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa (详解九章算法), although it was described earlier around 1100 by Jia Xian. Although the Introduction to Computational Studies (算学启蒙) written by Zhu Shijie (fl", ". Although the Introduction to Computational Studies (算学启蒙) written by Zhu Shijie (fl. 13th century) in 1299 contained nothing new in Chinese algebra, it had a great impact on the development of Japanese mathematics.", "Alchemy and Taoism", "In their pursuit for an elixir of life and desire to create gold from various mixtures of materials, Taoists became heavily associated with alchemy. Joseph Needham labeled their pursuits as proto-scientific rather than merely pseudoscience. Fairbank and Goldman write that the futile experiments of Chinese alchemists did lead to the discovery of new metal alloys, porcelain types, and dyes", ". However, Nathan Sivin discounts such a close connection between Taoism and alchemy, which some sinologists have asserted, stating that alchemy was more prevalent in the secular sphere and practiced by laymen.", "Experimentation with various materials and ingredients in China during the middle period led to the discovery of many ointments, creams, and other mixtures with practical uses", ". In a 9th-century Arab work Kitāb al-Khawāss al Kabīr, there are numerous products listed that were native to China, including waterproof and dust-repelling cream or varnish for clothes and weapons, a Chinese lacquer, varnish, or cream that protected leather items, a completely fire-proof cement for glass and porcelain, recipes for Chinese and Indian ink, a waterproof cream for the silk garments of underwater divers, and a cream specifically used for polishing mirrors.", "Gunpowder warfare", "The significant change that distinguished Medieval warfare to early Modern warfare was the use of gunpowder weaponry in battle. A 10th-century silken banner from Dunhuang portrays the first artistic depiction of a fire lance, a prototype of the gun. The Wujing Zongyao military manuscript of 1044 listed the first known written formulas for gunpowder, meant for light-weight bombs lobbed from catapults or thrown down from defenders behind city walls", ". By the 13th century, the iron-cased bomb shell, hand cannon, land mine, and rocket were developed. As evidenced by the Huolongjing of Jiao Yu and Liu Bowen, by the 14th century the Chinese had developed the heavy cannon, hollow and gunpowder-packed exploding cannonballs, the two-stage rocket with a booster rocket, the naval mine and wheellock mechanism to ignite trains of fuses.", "Jesuit activity in China", "The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries introduced Western science and astronomy, then undergoing its own revolution, to China. One modern historian writes that in late Ming courts, the Jesuits were \"regarded as impressive especially for their knowledge of astronomy, calendar-making, mathematics, hydraulics, and geography", ".\" The Society of Jesus introduced, according to Thomas Woods, \"a substantial body of scientific knowledge and a vast array of mental tools for understanding the physical universe, including the Euclidean geometry that made planetary motion comprehensible.\" Another expert quoted by Woods said the scientific revolution brought by the Jesuits coincided with a time when science was at a very low level in China:", "Johann Adam Schall published Yuan Jing Shuo, Explanation of the Telescope, in 1626, in Latin and Chinese. Schall's book referred to the telescopic observations of Galileo.", "Conversely, the Jesuits were very active in transmitting Chinese knowledge to Europe. Confucius's works were translated into European languages through the agency of Jesuit scholars stationed in China. Matteo Ricci started to report on the thoughts of Confucius, and Father Prospero Intorcetta published the life and works of Confucius into Latin in 1687", ". It is thought that such works had considerable importance on European thinkers of the period, particularly among the Deists and other philosophical groups of the Enlightenment who were interested by the integration of the system of morality of Confucius into Christianity.", "The followers of the French physiocrat François Quesnay habitually referred to him as \"the Confucius of Europe\", and he personally identified himself with the Chinese sage. The doctrine and even the name of \"Laissez-faire\" may have been inspired by the Chinese concept of Wu wei. However, the economic insights of ancient Chinese political thought had otherwise little impact outside China in later centuries. Goethe, was known as \"the Confucius of Weimar\".\n\nScientific and technological stagnation", "One question that has been the subject of debate among historians has been why China did not develop a scientific revolution and why Chinese technology fell behind that of Europe. Many hypotheses have been proposed ranging from the cultural to the political and economic. John K. Fairbank, for example, argued that the Chinese political system was hostile to scientific progress", ". Fairbank, for example, argued that the Chinese political system was hostile to scientific progress. As for Needham, he wrote that cultural factors prevented traditional Chinese achievements from developing into what could be called \"science.\" It was the religious and philosophical framework of the Chinese intellectuals which made them unable to believe in the ideas of laws of nature:", "Another prominent historian of science, Nathan Sivin, has argued that China indeed had a scientific revolution in the 17th century but it's just that we are still not able to really understand the scientific revolution that took place in China. Sivin suggests that we need to look at the scientific development in China on its own terms.", "There are also questions about the philosophy behind traditional Chinese medicine, which, derived partly from Taoist philosophy, reflects the classical Chinese belief that individual human experiences express causative principles effective in the environment at all scales. Because its theory predates use of the scientific method, it has received various criticisms based on scientific thinking", ". Philosopher Robert Todd Carroll, a member of the Skeptics Society, deemed acupuncture a pseudoscience because it \"confuse(s) metaphysical claims with empirical claims\".", "More recent historians have questioned political and cultural explanations and have put greater focus on economic causes. Mark Elvin's high level equilibrium trap is one well-known example of this line of thought. It argues that the Chinese population was large enough, workers cheap enough, and agrarian productivity high enough to not require mechanization: thousands of Chinese workers were perfectly able to quickly perform any needed task", ". Other events such as Haijin, the Opium Wars and the resulting hate of European influence prevented China from undergoing an Industrial Revolution; copying Europe's progress on a large scale would be impossible for a lengthy period of time", ". Political instability under Cixi rule (opposition and frequent oscillation between modernists and conservatives), the Republican wars (1911–1933), the Sino-Japanese War (1933–1945), the Communist/Nationalist War (1945–1949) as well as the later Cultural Revolution isolated China at the most critical times. Kenneth Pomeranz has made the argument that the substantial resources taken from the New World to Europe made the crucial difference between European and Chinese development.", "In his book Guns, Germs, and Steel, Jared Diamond postulates that the lack of geographic barriers within much of Chinaessentially a wide plain with two large navigable rivers and a relatively smooth coastlineled to a single government without competition. At the whim of a ruler who disliked new inventions, technology could be stifled for half a century or more. In contrast, Europe's barriers of the Pyrenees, the Alps, and the various defensible peninsulas (Denmark, Scandinavia, Italy, Greece, etc", ".) and islands (Britain, Ireland, Sicily, etc.) led to smaller countries in constant competition with each other. If a ruler chose to ignore a scientific advancement (especially a military or economic one), his more-advanced neighbors would soon usurp his throne. This explanation, however, ignores the fact that China had been politically fragmented in the past, and was thus not inherently disposed to political unification.", "The Republic of China (1912–1949)", "The Republic of China (1912–1949) saw the introduction in earnest of modern science to China. Large numbers of Chinese students studied abroad in Japan and in Europe and the US. Many returned to help teach and to found numerous schools and universities. Among them were numerous outstanding figures, including Cai Yuanpei, Hu Shih, Weng Wenhao, Ding Wenjiang, Fu Ssu-nien, and many others. As a result, there was a tremendous growth of modern science in China", ". As a result, there was a tremendous growth of modern science in China. As the Communist Party took over China's mainland in 1949, some of these Chinese scientists and institutions moved to Taiwan. The central science academy, Academia Sinica, also moved there.", "People's Republic of China", "After the establishment of the People's Republic in 1949, China reorganized its science establishment along Soviet lines. Although the country regressed scientifically as a result of government policies which led to famine during the Great Leap Forward and political chaos during the Cultural Revolution, scientific research in nuclear weapons and satellite launching still gained great success", ". From 1975, science and technology was one of the Four Modernizations, and its high-speed development was declared essential to all national economic development by Deng Xiaoping. Other civilian technologies such as superconductivity and high-yield hybrid rice led to new developments due to the application of science to industry and foreign technology transfer.", "As the People's Republic of China becomes better connected to the global economy, the government has placed more emphasis on science and technology. This has led to increases in funding, improved scientific structure, and more money for research. These factors have led to advancements in agriculture, medicine, genetics, and global change. In 2003, the Chinese space program allowed China to become the third country to send humans into space, and ambition to put a man on mars by 2030", ". In the 2000s and 2010s, China became a top scientific and industrial power in more advanced fields such as super computing, artificial intelligence, bullet trains, aeronautics, nuclear physics researches and other fields.", "In 2016, China became the country with the highest science output, as measured in publications. While the US had been the biggest producer of scientific studies until then, China published 426,000 studies in 2016 while the US published 409,000. However, the numbers are somewhat relative, as it also depends how authorship on international collaborations is counted (e.g. if one paper is counted per person or whether authorship is split among authors).\n\nSee also", "See also \n\n Chinese astronomy\n Chinese mathematics\n History of Chinese archaeology\n List of Chinese discoveries\n List of Chinese inventions\n List of inventions and discoveries of Neolithic China\n Military history of China\n History of canals in China\n Science and Civilization in China\n Traditional Chinese medicine\n Two Bombs, One Satellite\n Yongle Encyclopedia\n\nReferences\n\nCitations", "Sources \n Patricia Buckley Ebrey, The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1996. .\n Mark Elvin, \"The high-level equilibrium trap: the causes of the decline of invention in the traditional Chinese textile industries\" in W. E. Willmott, Economic Organization in Chinese Society, (Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Press, 1972) pp. 137–172.", "Joseph Needham (1986). Science and Civilization in China, Volume 4, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Pty. Ltd.\n \n Li Shu-hua, “Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole,” Isis, Vol. 45, No. 2. (Jul., 1954)\n \n Stephen Turnbull, The Walls of Constantinople, AD 324–1453, Osprey Publishing, \n Agustín Udías, Searching the Heavens and the Earth: The History of Jesuit Observatories (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003)", "Shelagh Vainker in Anne Farrer (ed), \"Caves of the Thousand Buddhas\", 1990, British Museum publications, \n Sivin, Nathan. \"Science and Medicine in Imperial China--the state of the field.\" Journal of Asian Studies (1988): 41–90. online\n Sivin, Nathan. 2005. “A Multi-dimensional Approach to Research on Ancient Science”. East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine, no. 23. Temporary Publisher: 10–25. .\n Thomas Woods, How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization, (Washington, DC: Regenery, 2005),", "External links", "Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences\nChinese Society for the History of Science and Technology\nPopular Science Alliance Network, Internet Society of China\nChina Association for Science and Technology\nChina International Association for Promotion of Science and Technology (CIAPST)\nChina Popular Science Network\nChina Research Institute for Science Popularization\nScience Education Network\nChina Association of Children's Science Instructors\nChina Science", "Science Education Network\nChina Association of Children's Science Instructors\nChina Science\nChina Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology 1991–2015" ]

[ "NYC Ferry is a public network of ferry routes in New York City operated by Hornblower Cruises. , there are six routes, as well as one seasonal route, connecting 25 ferry piers across all five boroughs. NYC Ferry has the largest passenger fleet in the United States with a total of 38 vessels, providing between 20 and 90 minute service on each of the routes, depending on the season.", "New York City had an extensive ferry network until the 1960s, when almost all ferry services were discontinued, but saw a revival in the 1980s and 1990s. During 2013 the city government officially proposed its own ferry service, which was announced two years later under the tentative name of Citywide Ferry Service. The first of two phases launched in 2017 with service along the East River and to the Rockaways, Bay Ridge, and Astoria. A second phase launched to the Lower East Side and Soundview in 2018", ". A second phase launched to the Lower East Side and Soundview in 2018. A ferry to St. George, Staten Island, and a stop in Throgs Neck/Ferry Point Park launched in 2021, while a route to Coney Island is planned.", "Single-ride trips on the system cost $4.00, including free transfers between routes, but there is no free transfer to other modes of transport in the city. NYC Ferry also provides free shuttle buses, connecting to ferry stops in the Rockaways and Midtown Manhattan. The ferry service was originally expected to transport 4.5 to 4.6 million passengers annually, but the annual ridership estimates were revised in early 2018 to 9 million", ". Despite its crowding, the ferry has generally received positive reviews from passengers. However, there has been criticism over the highly subsidized nature of the service, and NYC Ferry's low ridership compared to the city's other public transit modes.", "Background\n\nEarly ferries", "Until the 19th century, when the first fixed crossings were put in place across the city's waterways, there were many ferries traversing the area. New York's first ferries date to when the city was a Dutch colony named New Amsterdam, which comprised modern-day Lower Manhattan. A ferry across the East River, between New Amsterdam and modern-day Brooklyn, was created in 1642 by Cornelius Dircksen, who was reportedly \"the earliest ferryman of whom the records speak", ".\" By 1654, New Amsterdam's government passed ordinances to regulate East River ferries. The first ferry to New Jersey was founded in 1661, traveling across the Hudson River from Manhattan to Communipaw (now part of Jersey City). Ferries along the Harlem River, between uptown Manhattan and the Bronx, started in 1667, and a ferry to Staten Island was started in 1712. The number of ferries would grow, and by 1904, there would be 147 ferry services operating in New York City waters.", "One of the first documented horse-powered \"team\" boats in commercial service in the United States was the Fulton Ferry Company, an East River ferry run that Robert Fulton implemented in 1814. The South Ferry Company, founded in 1836, merged with the Fulton Ferry Company three years later, and the combined companies underwent a series of acquisitions, eventually owning many of the East River ferries", ". However, by 1918, the construction of bridges and New York City Subway tunnels across the East River resulted in some companies, such as the New York and East River Ferry Company between Yorkville and Astoria, operating at a loss. Even with city ownership, many of the East River ferries were superseded by bridges, road tunnels, and subway tunnels by the mid-20th century. The Yorkville–Astoria ferry, for instance, stopped in 1936 after being replaced by the Triborough Bridge.", "On the other side of Manhattan, there were a myriad of Hudson River ferries at one point, with boat routes running from New Jersey to twenty passenger docks in Manhattan. However, the construction of the Holland Tunnel, Lincoln Tunnel, Hudson & Manhattan Railroad, Pennsylvania Railroad and George Washington Bridge between Manhattan and New Jersey, as well as the growth of car ownership in the United States, meant that these ferries were no longer needed by the mid-20th century", ". As a result, in 1967, the last cross-Hudson ferry (between Hoboken and Battery Park City) ceased operations.", "The Richmond Turnpike Company started a steamboat service from Manhattan to Staten Island in 1817. Cornelius Vanderbilt bought the company in 1838, and it was sold to the Staten Island Railroad Company in 1864. The Staten Island Ferry was then sold to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1884, and the City of New York assumed control of the ferry in 1905. The ferry, which still operates, was at one point the only commuter ferry within the entire city, after the discontinuation of the Hoboken ferry in 1967.", "Despite the discontinuation of ferry service to New Jersey, people moved to locations along the Hudson River waterfront there. In 1986, waterfront settlements like Bayonne, Highlands, Keyport, Port Liberte, and Weehawken saw a reinstatement of their ferry service to Manhattan, under the operation of NY Waterway. By 1989, around 3,000 of the settlements' combined 10,500 residents paid a $5", ". By 1989, around 3,000 of the settlements' combined 10,500 residents paid a $5.00 fare in each direction to board the NY Waterway ferries, despite competition from cheaper alternatives like the PATH train system. Around this time, there were plans to create ferry routes between Inwood and Atlantic City; South Amboy and Wall Street; and from the city proper to New Jersey, Connecticut, and Westchester.", "Revival of ferries", "In early 2011, the New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC), and the NYC & Company water travel initiative NYHarborWay, worked with the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) to release a Comprehensive Citywide Ferry Study, in which it examined over 40 potential locations for a ferry system in New York City. The study was commissioned in order to examine transport alternatives for neighborhoods along New York City's shores", ". It also discussed the East River Ferry, which was set to enter service later that year. The study identified potential ferry routes to western Manhattan and Riverdale; eastern Manhattan, the South Bronx, and Co-op City; the northern Brooklyn and Queens shorelines; the South Shore of Staten Island; and southwestern Brooklyn, southern Brooklyn, and the Rockaways.", "In June 2011, the NY Waterway-operated East River Ferry line started operations. The route was a 7-stop East River service that ran from Pier 11 to East 34th Street, making four intermediate stops in Brooklyn and one in Queens. The ferry, an alternative to the New York City Subway, cost $4 per one-way ticket (the subway at the time cost $2.25). It was instantly popular, with two to six times the number of passengers that the city predicted would ride the ferries", ". From June to November 2011, the ferry accommodated 2,862 riders on an average weekday, as opposed to a projection of 1,488 riders, and it had 4,500 riders on an average weekend, six times the city's projected ridership; in total, the ferry saw 350,000 riders in that period, over 250% of the initial ridership forecast of 134,000 riders.", "In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012, massive infrastructural damage to the IND Rockaway Line () south of the Howard Beach–JFK Airport station severed all direct subway connections between the Rockaways, Broad Channel, and the Queens mainland for seven months", ". Ferry operator SeaStreak began running a city-subsidized ferry service between a makeshift ferry slip at Beach 108th Street and Beach Channel Drive in Rockaway Park, Queens, and Pier 11/Wall Street, then continuing on to the East 34th Street Ferry Landing. A stop at Brooklyn Army Terminal was added in August 2013 because of the reconstruction of the Montague Street Tunnel, which temporarily suspended R train service through the tunnel", ". The ferry proved to be popular and its license was extended several times, as city officials evaluated the ridership numbers to determine whether to establish the service on a permanent basis. Between its inception and December 2013, the service had carried close to 200,000 riders.", "The NYCEDC study was updated in 2013, following the introduction of the SeaStreak Rockaway ferry. The study, called \"CFS2013\", showed the effect of ferry services in New York City, citing the success of the East River ferry. Specifically, ferry service raised the values of real estate within of ferry landings by an average of 1", ".2%; spurred new construction near ferry stops; added more transport options to neighborhoods with few transit alternatives; and helped relieve crowding on other parts of New York City's transport network. The study also suggested extra routes that could be added to the ferry system, with proposed routes that would serve new development in all five boroughs. The specific idea of a citywide ferry was also first proposed in the study.", "When the city government announced its budget in late June 2014 for the upcoming fiscal year beginning July 1, the ferry only received a $2 million further appropriation, enough to temporarily extend it again through October. The administration of Mayor Bill de Blasio stated that there was not enough ridership to justify the cost of operation. Despite last-minute efforts by local transportation advocates, civic leaders, and elected officials, ferry service ended on October 31, 2014", ". They promised to continue efforts to have the service restored. This led to many negotiations between the mayor's office and the parties interested in reopening the ferry. The mayor's office eventually agreed to restart the Rockaway ferry when the NYC Ferry system opened.", "Development\n\nProposal", "NYC Ferry, first proposed by the NYCEDC as the \"Citywide Ferry Service,\" was announced by de Blasio's administration in 2015 as part of a proposed citywide ferry system that would reach through the five boroughs, though a Staten Island terminal had not been finalized. The NYCEDC promised the project, along with the Brooklyn–Queens Connector proposal, as a way to reinvent the city's transit system", ". Routes were to go to Astoria, Bay Ridge, the Rockaways, the Lower East Side, Soundview, South Brooklyn, and Brooklyn Navy Yard. NY Waterway's East River route was to be transferred to NYC Ferry system as part of the plan. Funding was being sought for a route to Coney Island and Stapleton, but it was not included in NYC Ferry's implementation timeline.", "A fare for one trip was set at $2.75, the same as on other modes of transportation in New York City. Free transfers would be offered only to other NYC Ferry lines, meaning that riders would pay another fare if they transferred to one of the city's other mass-transit systems. Transfers to other lines would be issued on request. Prior to the implementation of NYC Ferry, other ferry lines in the city had weekday and weekend fares of $4 and $6, respectively", ". The relatively low fare of NYC Ferry was made in contrast to some other major cities like San Francisco and Sydney, where ferry fares are higher than the fares of other modes of mass transit in these cities. The city said that the low ferry fares were intended to make the ferries affordable, while de Blasio stated that it is intended to promote \"transit equity\". Assuming that the ferry system met the projection of 4.5 million annual riders, the city would pay a subsidy of $6", ".5 million annual riders, the city would pay a subsidy of $6.60 per rider, making the ferry the third-most subsidized form of transportation in the city, after the express bus service and the Long Island Rail Road.", "NYC Ferry was to cost $325 million with the city contributing an additional operating subsidy of $10 million to $20 million per year. The privately operated ferries were offered under a 6-year contract to Hornblower Cruises, which would receive at least $30 million annually during the course of the contract. After having accepted the contract, Hornblower Cruises was selected as the ferry's operator on March 16, 2016.", "Some of the ferry's six proposed routes were originally supposed to be operational in June 2017, but the implementation date was later moved to May 1. Under the 2015 plan, the whole system was expected to come into full service by 2018. The system includes routes that were formerly under NY Waterway, most notably the East River route. There would be at least 18 boats needed for rush-hour operation. Twelve boats would be deployed in 2017, while the other six would be put in service the next year", ". Twelve boats would be deployed in 2017, while the other six would be put in service the next year. The number of boats was later revised slightly to 20, including three boats that would be upgraded later.", "The creation of the ferry system was supposed to relieve some of the load of the city's transportation system, which is largely \"the footprint of an early-19th-century transit map\" according to Deputy Mayor Alicia Glen, and cannot accommodate the city's fast population growth. As a result of projected desire for the ferries, annual ridership was expected to eventually reach 4.5 million to 4.6 million", ".5 million to 4.6 million. Even though this amounted to only about 12,500 daily riders (compared to the New York City Subway's 5 million riders each weekday), one fellow at the Manhattan Institute said that \"every person you're not cramming on to the trains helps\". New York City's deputy mayor for housing and economic development stated, \"Our aim is to make this thing as big as possible.\"", "Planning", "In March and April 2015, the city started the process of environmental review for Citywide Ferry. The city requested the draft of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) on August 12, 2015, which was completed by April 18, 2016. After public comment, the final EIS was approved on July 28, 2016", ". After public comment, the final EIS was approved on July 28, 2016. The project also had a City Environmental Quality Review, which analyzed the ferry's effects on open space, urban design, natural resources, nearby transportation, noise pollution, air quality, the environment, and public health.", "Construction", "From January to June 2016, the city bought 4 boats for the proposed ferry service for a combined total of $6 million, with plans for a total of 30 boats over the coming years. Hornblower Cruises requested 13 boats for the first routes, each costing $4 million. The total combined cost of the boats is more than $70 million. In addition, the city was building 13 ferry landings at a cost of $85 million, as well as a boat depot", ". One of these docks, in Astoria, was built privately as part of the Astoria Cove development. In September 2016, construction on 19 ferries began at two shipyards in Bayou La Batre, Alabama, and Jeanerette, Louisiana, with 200 full-time employees working on the boats. The contract with the two shipyards is unusual because shipbuilding contracts are usually with only one company", ". However, NYC Ferry executives had purposely chosen these two companies because of their expertise and because of the unlikeliness that both shipyards would be destroyed by hurricanes.", "Ferry implementation required permission from several entities. Before the ferry could start service, the NYCDOT was required to approve a new transportation mode within its service area. Additionally, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and United States Army Corps of Engineers (CoE) was supposed to give NYC Ferry permission to use of the landings, with the United States Coast Guard advising the CoE's approval of a permit as well as monitoring the design of vessels", ". In addition, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation had to allow ferries to use the landing at Gantry Plaza State Park, and the Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation was consulted so they could give permission for the Roosevelt Island landing to be built. By September 2016, the Gantry Plaza landing had been approved.", "In December 2016, Hornblower purchased the rights to operate the East River route for $21 million. The route had been operated by Billybey Ferries, which had a contract to operate the line under the NY Waterway banner. As part of the sale, Hornblower paid $6 million for four older boats already in use on the East River ferry.", "The first completed new vessel left the Bayou La Batre facility on around March 24, 2017, and it arrived in New York on April 2, 2017. On April 6, Mayor de Blasio announced that the service had been rebranded from Citywide Ferry to NYC Ferry, and that the start of service had been moved up a month from the original schedule, with the East River, South Brooklyn, and Rockaway routes to begin on May 1, a month ahead of schedule", ". Under the new schedule, the South Brooklyn route began on June 1 and the Astoria route began on August 29, while the Lower East Side and Soundview routes were still to begin in 2018.", "Operation\n\nOpening and high ridership", "The first two routes were opened on May 1, 2017. On its first day of service, NYC Ferry saw more than 6,400 riders; of these, 1,828 rode the Rockaway ferry while the rest rode the East River Ferry. In its first week, the ferry transported 49,000 riders, of which 38,000 used the East River Ferry while the remaining 11,000 used the Rockaway route. Although the service had a 95% on-time rate during the first week, NYC Ferry chartered a boat from NY Waterway due to delays on some routes", ". NYC Ferry also continued to temporarily use some of the older East River Ferry boats on that route. The ferry grew so popular that during the Memorial Day weekend in May 2017, the routes saw 26,000 passengers over two days, including 9,600 riders on the East River Ferry during each day. Described by The New York Times as the service's \"biggest test so far\", the 2017 Memorial Day weekend saw reports of hour-long waits for overcrowded ferries.", "In June, NYC Ferry had to charter two 400-passenger charter boats for the East Ferry route to alleviate crowding on the routes serving Governors Island while packed boats skipped stops along these routes. By June 22, the ferry had carried 500,000 passengers, a milestone officials had not expected to be reached for several months. Due to unexpected demand, crowding became worse as the summer of 2017 progressed, with packed-to-capacity boats and long waits becoming more common", ". By July 2017, there were an estimated 83,500 riders on the South Brooklyn route in one month, exceeding the original ridership estimate by more than 30,000. The East River ferry saw about 7,200 riders per average weekday since being taken over by NYC Ferry, up from 3,257 average weekday riders in 2013. That month, three new boats being built were also revised to fit more passengers. A 500-passenger boat was also borrowed from SeaStreak for the Rockaway route", ". A 500-passenger boat was also borrowed from SeaStreak for the Rockaway route. By July 26, 2017, NYC Ferry had carried 1 million riders.", "In August 2017, NYC Ferry filed plans to build four ferry docks: one in Soundview, one in Yorkville, one near Stuyvesant Cove, and one on the Lower East Side. It also sought to add two more piers to its home port at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. The Soundview route was revised so that it would stop at East 34th Street instead of at East 62nd Street, which would no longer be built. That month, Brooklyn politicians called for docks to be built in Coney Island and Canarsie, owing to the new system's popularity", ". The Astoria route was projected to carry 1,800 daily passengers upon opening, by which point the service had seen 1.4 million riders. Due to even more ridership demand, three extra ferries were ordered in September 2017, by which time over 2 million people had ridden the ferry. By November 2017, there had been a total of 2.5 million rides on NYC Ferry, compared to the 1", ". By November 2017, there had been a total of 2.5 million rides on NYC Ferry, compared to the 1.8 million that had been projected by this time, and two of the four routes had already surpassed ridership milestones that the city had not anticipated would be reached until 2019. At that point, the city had spent $16.5 million to subsidize the ferry. The New York Post reported in November 2017 that five of the new ferryboats had already been taken out of service due to leaks", ". According to the Post, the boats were taken out of service starting in October after Coast Guard inspectors observed severe corrosion on the hulls. Hornblower subsequently confirmed the report, saying that the cause of the corrosion was misaligned keel coolers, and that three vessels had been removed from service in October for repair, followed by three more in November.", "Construction on the four remaining NYC Ferry docks in Manhattan and the Bronx started on February 28, 2018, in preparation for the start of Lower East Side and Soundview service that summer. In May 2018, the first anniversary of the ferry system's opening, de Blasio announced that NYC Ferry had received an extra $300 million to purchase extra boats, increase fleet capacity, and expand service", ". The number of new boats was not specified, but it was expected that there would be a mix of standard 150-passenger boats and large 350-passenger boats; as a stopgap, Hornblower would charter up to eight 500-passenger boats for temporary use on NYC Ferry. At this point, the city planned that the service would see 9 million riders per year, double the original annual estimate of 4.5 million riders", ".5 million riders. However, critics stated that the MTA's subway and bus systems carried a combined 7 million passengers per day, and that such a large subsidy for NYC Ferry was disproportionate to the number of people who rode the ferry. According to The Village Voice, NYC Ferry was aiming to transport 24,500 daily riders by 2023, a figure smaller than the 2017 daily ridership of 14 local bus routes", ". NYC Ferry had averaged 10,000 daily riders in 2017, while the bus and subway system had respectively carried 2 million and 5 million daily riders on average.", "Further changes\n\n2010s\nIn August 2018, it was announced that service on NYC Ferry's Soundview and Lower East Side routes would begin that month. The route to Soundview opened on August 15, 2018, followed by the Lower East Side route on August 29. New York City Transit extended select Bx27 bus trips to Clason Point Park to serve the Soundview route in mid-2018.", "Following the opening of the Lower East Side route in August 2018, de Blasio stated that he planned for the system to expand further. In January 2019, de Blasio announced further expansions to the NYC Ferry system to take place by 2021. There would be two new routes to Staten Island and Coney Island, as well as extensions of two additional routes. The Staten Island route would travel between Manhattan's West Side and the St. George Terminal in St", ". George Terminal in St. George, Staten Island, and was originally slated to open in 2020, but was pushed back to 2021. The Coney Island route would travel between Pier 11 Wall Street and Coney Island, and would start operating in 2021. The Astoria route would make an extra stop at Brooklyn Navy Yard, while the Soundview route would be extended from Soundview east to Throgs Neck", ". The South Brooklyn route would terminate at Brooklyn Army Terminal, and the existing Bay Ridge ferry pier would be served by the Coney Island route. The Brooklyn Navy Yard stop opened on May 20, 2019. The same month, NYC Ferry launched a new weekend-only shuttle from Pier 11/Wall Street to Governors Island, replacing the East River and South Brooklyn service to the island.", "The service expansion required that the city increase its per-rider subsidy to $8. In March 2019, the nonprofit Citizens Budget Commission (CBC) found that NYC Ferry was one of the most subsidized forms of transport in New York City, despite having low ridership. The CBC found that the city paid $10.73 per person per ride, and once the Coney Island route started operating, the subsidy to NYC Ferry would rise to $25 per person per ride. The per-ride subsidy was so high because NYC Ferry had only 4", ". The per-ride subsidy was so high because NYC Ferry had only 4.1 million passengers in 2018, less than the total subway patronage on an average weekday. Furthermore, NYC Ferry ridership tended to decline by two-thirds between August and January of each year. In January 2020, the NYCEDC announced three minor changes to the expansion plan. The St. George ferry's Staten Island terminal would be Empire Outlets rather than St", ". The St. George ferry's Staten Island terminal would be Empire Outlets rather than St. George Terminal; the South Brooklyn route would be truncated to a new stop at Industry City; and the Coney Island ferry would go directly between Bay Ridge and Wall Street without a stop at the Brooklyn Army Terminal.", "2020s", "On May 18, 2020, service was reduced, all ferry service ending at 9 p.m., with the discontinuation of the Lower East Side route, the addition of the Stuyvesant Cove stop to the Soundview line, and the modification of the South Brooklyn route to run from Atlantic Avenue to Wall Street, Dumbo, and to its new last stop at Corlears Hook. The ferry to Staten Island would not be implemented until 2021, along with the Coney Island and Throggs Neck expansions", ". On June 27, 2020, the summer schedule was implemented, increasing frequency of all routes except for the Governors Island route, which remained indefinitely suspended until July 18. Shortly after, de Blasio budgeted $62 million for eight new vessels. On August 22, 2020, the Astoria route was extended to 90th Street and the Rockaway route received a schedule modification", ". On November 2, 2020, the East River route was extended north to Hunters Point South, with the previous northern terminal, East 34th Street, becoming the second to last stop.", "Throughout 2021, numerous stops experienced periodic closures due to mechanical failures, according to AM New York Metro's analysis of announcements on NYC Ferry's Twitter account. In April 2021, the Dumbo ferry landing was closed for eight to ten weeks so it could be relocated to Fulton Ferry, and the South Williamsburg landing was closed for the same amount of time for expansion", ". The Greenpoint landing was temporarily closed in October 2020 because the pier had been sold, and it was closed again in May 2021 due to a mechanical issue; it did not reopen until November 2022. The St. George route began operating on August 23, 2021. Further expansion of the ferry network on Staten Island was not planned at that time; in places like the East Shore and South Shore of Staten Island, any new construction would potentially require building a dock of at least due to shallow waters there", ". Work on the Coney Island ferry pier had begun by October 2021. The Throggs Neck ferry stop opened on December 28, 2021, with the Soundview route being extended there.", "In mid-2022, the EDC announced that the Coney Island ferry route had been postponed indefinitely. One problem was that the sand in the Coney Island Creek shifted frequently, hampering efforts to construct a ferry pier there. Another issue was that the creek itself was heavily polluted, and a Superfund cleanup project was being planned for the creek", ". Independent news site Hell Gate subsequently reported that test boats had repeatedly run aground in Coney Island Creek and that sand had returned to the creek after it was partially dredged in 2021. Mayor Eric Adams announced in July 2022 that NYC Ferry would introduce a $1.35 reduced-price ticket and a $27.50 ten-trip ticket while raising its base fare to $4. The new fare scale, to be implemented in September 2022, would increase revenue by an estimated $2 million per year", ". Also in July 2022, the Rockaway Rocket route started operating during summer weekends. That September, city officials announced that further NYC Ferry expansions would be postponed until the system's finances stabilized. The city government agreed in August 2023 to pay Hornblower $405 million to continue operating NYC Ferry for five years. Residents of City Island, Bronx, also advocated for a ferry stop in their neighborhood, although NYC Ferry had no plans to expand there.", "Routes", ", there are six routes and one seasonal route that make up the NYC Ferry system. There was a phased introduction of these routes. Phase 1 covered the routes implemented in 2017 and provided new service to the Rockaways, Bay Ridge, Sunset Park, Roosevelt Island, and Astoria in addition to areas already served by the East River Ferry. Phase 2 covered the routes implemented in 2018 and provided new service to Soundview, Yorkville, Kips Bay, and the Lower East Side", ". In 2019, the summer weekend extension of the East River and South Brooklyn lines to Governors Island was eliminated due to complaints about the confusing routing patterns, and replaced by a new Governors Island shuttle route. The Governor's Island route is seasonal and only operates during summer weekends; it launched in 2019. A route to St. George, Staten Island, started operating in 2021, and a route to Coney Island, Brooklyn, was planned", ". There are two main Manhattan terminals at Wall Street and East 34th Street. The Lower East Side route was discontinued in 2020, and the Coney Island route has been postponed indefinitely due to issues trying to find a suitable location for the landing in Coney Island.", "The Lower East Side route was discontinued in 2020, while the Coney Island route never began service due to community opposition regarding the placement of the Coney Island dock.\n\nIn addition to ferry service, NYC Ferry operates four shuttle buses to connect passengers with ferry landings:", "Astoria Ferry\nAstoria ferries run in both directions with year-round service running every 38 minutes during rush hours and evenings, hourly during weekday middays, and on an irregular schedule at least once per hour on weekends.\n\nThe route began stopping at the Brooklyn Navy Yard/Pier 72 in May 2019, and was extended to end at East 90th St on August 22, 2020.\n\nEast River Ferry", "East River Ferry\n\nEast River ferries operate in both directions with year-round service, running every 22 minutes during rush hours, every 36 minutes during middays and evenings, and every 24 minutes on weekends.\n\nRockaway Ferry\nThe Rockaway Ferry route runs in both directions with year-round service. Service operates every 60 minutes.", "In May 2018, a special Rockaway Express service was implemented, running express between Pier 11/Wall Street and Rockaway while skipping Sunset Park. This service did not return for the summer 2019 season. In July 2022, a new variation of the express service was introduced. (See Rockaway Rocket).\n\nSouth Brooklyn Ferry\nSouth Brooklyn ferries run in both directions with year-round service running every 50–60 minutes weekdays, and every 40–60 minutes on weekends.", "On May 19, 2020, this route was modified to replace the Lower East Side route when it was discontinued. The route north of Atlantic Av was changed, where it now serves Wall St/Pier 11 before DUMBO, and was extended to now end at Corlears Hook. In 2021, service to DUMBO, Sunset Park, and Bay Ridge was to be discontinued in conjunction with the opening of the Coney Island route", ". However, due to issues trying to find a suitable landing in Coney Island, the route was postponed indefinitely as well as the changes to the South Brooklyn route. It is unknown if the addition of the Industry City stop, will still occur. In March 2023, a special AM express variant was created, which runs from Bay Ridge to Wall Street, making only one stop at Atlantic Avenue to speed up commutes.", "Soundview Ferry\nSoundview ferries run in both directions. Service on this route runs every 40 minutes during rush hours, every 60 minutes during middays and evenings, hourly weekend mornings, and every 40 minutes on weekend afternoons and evenings.\n\nOn May 19, 2020, Stuyvesant Cove (originally a part of the Lower East Side Line) was added between Wall Street and 34th Street to replace LES service at this stop. On December 28, 2021, the route was extended from Soundview to Throgs Neck.", "Governors Island Ferry\nA shuttle from Pier 11/Wall Street to Governors Island runs every 30 minutes on summer weekends only.\n\nSt. George Ferry \nThis route runs every 30 minutes during rush hours, every 45 minutes during midday, every 45 minutes weekend mornings, and every 30 minutes on weekend afternoons and evenings. This route is the first NYC Ferry route to not stop at Wall St/Pier 11.", "Coney Island Ferry", "Service on this route was scheduled to begin in 2021. The construction and placement on the Coney Island dock in Fraser Park was met with opposition due to concerns over environmental impact. The landing was completed in December 2022, with testing beginning that same month, but community opposition prompted NYC Ferry to stop test runs and remove the landing later that month. After weeks of unsuccessful attempts to find a new location for the landing, the route was postponed indefinitely.", "Rockaway Rocket\nThe Rockaway Rocket express service was introduced in 2022 and runs during summer weekends and holidays. The Rockaway Rocket is a premium-fare service costing $8 per ticket; a seat is reserved for every ticket holder. During mornings, the Rockaway Rocket runs directly from Pier 11 to Rockaway; during afternoons and evenings, the Rockaway Rocket runs from Rockaway to Pier 11.", "This is a new variation of the Rockaway Express route, which last ran in 2019. Due to intense crowding, a special express version of the Rockaway route, named the Rockaway Rocket, supplements the regular Rockaway ferry by providing direct service to the Rockaways with reserved guaranteed seating and a higher price.\n\nDiscontinued routes\n\nLower East Side Ferry", "Discontinued routes\n\nLower East Side Ferry\n\nThe Lower East Side route originally ran in both directions, with service on this route running every 25 minutes during rush hours, every 60 minutes during middays and evenings, and every hour and 30 minutes during off-peak hours. This route was permanently discontinued on May 18, 2020, due to low ridership, and was replaced by the Astoria, Soundview, and South Brooklyn lines.", "Fares and amenities", "The fare for a single, one-way trip is $4.00. The fare was originally $2.75, the same as on other modes of transportation in New York City such as the subway. A $1 surcharge was also required to bring a bike on the ferry. 30-day passes were available for $121, while a 30-day pass for cyclists costed $141. Riders can transfer to other ferry routes within the system for free for ninety minutes after the passenger boards the first ferry", ". though this excludes the fare-free Staten Island Ferry, since it will not be integrated into NYC Ferry. In addition, the NYC Ferry system does not provide free transfer to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's greater mass transit system, nor does it accept MetroCards nor OMNY. Ferry tickets can be purchased online, through NYC Ferry's mobile app, or physically at a ticket booth or ticket machine.", "Starting September 12, 2022, the fare for a one-way trip increased to $4. The one-way fare for disabled passengers, low-income residents, and passengers over age 65 was reduced to $1.35. In addition, a 10-trip ticket was introduced, costing $27.50; this would effectively keep the price of a ferry fare at $2.75 for regular commuters. The $1 cyclist surcharge and 30-day passes were eliminated.", "The original boats can carry 150 people each, including wheelchairs, strollers, and bikes. Newer boats seat 350 passengers. As a further incentive, the boats have snacks and drink options, including coffee and wine, that are available to riders. There are also battery-charging stations on board the boats.\n\nStops", "The service has 25 landings, of which ten brand-new, five upgraded, and six pre-existing landings with no upgrades with the addition of NYC Ferry routes. The existing East River Ferry landings at Brooklyn Bridge Park Pier 1; Schaefer Landing, North Williamsburg, Greenpoint, and Long Island City remained unchanged. Upgrades were made to the landings at Wall Street, East 34th Street, East 92nd Street, the Brooklyn Army Terminal, and Brooklyn Bridge Park Pier 6", ". The remaining landings were built as part of the project. A stop on Governor's Island was implemented along one of the routes to South Brooklyn. At the present time, the Governor's Island Ferry, the only public access to the island, runs seasonally between May and September, but ferry service year-round has been proposed", ". It was decided to build the Rockaway dock at Beach 108th Street, but a proposed second dock could not be built further east than Beach 84th Street due to height restrictions caused by the Rockaway Line subway bridge. Construction on the first dock, the Rockaway landing, began in January 2017.", "The upgraded landings, which increase capacity and passenger flow, are located on barges that connect to land via the use of either one or two articulated ramps. The landings conform to the Americans with Disabilities Act and contain enclosed waiting rooms with ticket booths and information boards. Mono-pile mooring facilities are installed on the side of the landings to ensure that the ferries dock safely, but some landings also include extra bulkheads or piers.", "Ferry fleet", "In July 2016, Metal Shark Boats and Horizon Shipbuilding were jointly awarded construction contracts for the service's new-build ferries. The vessels, which were designed by Incat Crowther, are about long, with a beam, and have a passenger capacity of 149. They are powered by Baudouin diesel engines, with a service speed of . By September, nineteen ferries were being built for Phase 1 of service. In January 2017, five more ferries were ordered from Horizon Shipbuilding, for a total of 24 vessels", ". The first new-build vessel for NYC Ferry was launched by Horizon Shipbuilding on February 13, 2017. These boats arrived in New York City on April 17 and were named at a ceremony at Brooklyn Bridge Park.", "The boats use the same types of loading equipment on the port and starboard Sides and bow as do boats that already operated in the New York Harbor. There are two types of boats: an open-water \"Rockaway vessel\" type for the Rockaway route, and another \"River vessel\" type for the rest of the system", ". Both designs have a common length and beam, but the Rockaway service vessels have a slightly deeper draft and higher freeboard, as well as added fuel capacity and larger engines giving a slightly higher service speed. All of the vessels are powered by engines that pass Environmental Protection Agency Tier 3 vehicle emission and fuel standards guidelines. Ferry horns' volumes were Lowered in June 2017 after complaints by residents living near ferry stops.", "The Brooklyn Army Terminal and Brooklyn Navy Yard were considered for the location of the vessel maintenance facility. The Navy Yard option, which the city preferred because of its proximity to the \"core operating area\" of the routes and would allow an extra station to be added there in the future, was eventually selected. Renovation of the site was required to remove an existing pier and replace it with a new structure capable of docking up to 25 boats", ". This new facility is responsible for performing regular cleaning and maintenance on the vessels. The construction work began in spring 2017 with completion in March 2019.", "Originally three of the twenty 149-passenger vessels were to be reconfigured into 250-passenger boats. The plan was scrapped, as in September 2017, the NYCEDC ordered three new 350-passenger boats for NYC Ferry service to supplement the 20 original boats. Metal Shark built the new boats for $7 million to $7.5 million each. Three more large boats were ordered in November 2017. As part of the contract between the city and Hornblower, both parties have options for the city to buy the boats in the future", ". The first of the new 350-passenger boats was delivered in July 2018.", "By early 2020, a total of 31 vessels were in active service. In April, the first two vessels powered by engines meeting EPA Tier 4 emissions standards were delivered, with five additional ferries under construction and scheduled to enter service by the end of the year. By this time, the construction program had expanded beyond Metal Shark to include other shipbuilders in both Louisiana and Florida.", "Before being allowed to pilot a NYC Ferry vessel, prospective captains are tested using a ferry simulation at the State University of New York Maritime College in Throgs Neck. , there were plans to hire up to 50 captains by 2018. In July 2017, Hornblower started looking to hire 80 deckhands to dock boats.\n\nActive roster \nThe following vessels are owned and operated by Hornblower for NYC Ferry operation, and do not include vessels leased from other companies.\n\nSchedules and shuttle buses", "Schedules and shuttle buses\n\nNYC Ferry operates from 5:30 a.m. to 10:30 p.m. during all seven days of the week. During peak hours, ferries operate or are proposed to operate at 20-minute headways to Astoria and the Lower East Side; 30-minute headways to Bay Ridge and Soundview; and 30–60 minute headways to the Rockaways (see for more details).", "NYC Ferry operates four shuttle bus routes. One was taken over preexisting NY Waterway service to the East 34th Street landing. Two are brand-new services to the Rockaway landing, which is at Beach 108th Street. One route goes west to Jacob Riis Park, while a second was originally planned for operation between the ferry landing and Beach 67th Street, but was ultimately extended eastward", ". The Environmental Impact Statement provided for an extension of the Beach 67th Street bus to Beach 31st Street via Rockaway Beach Boulevard and Beach Channel Drive, but de Blasio's office said that extending the bus further would cause a bus fleet shortage, resulting in passengers missing their boats. In May 2019, as part of a three-month pilot program, a nonstop shuttle bus route was created between the Rockaway landing and Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue station", ". The fourth route travels between the Throgs Neck dock and the Ferry Point Park parking lot.", "Critical reception\n\nPraise", "There has been both praise and criticism for the ferry service. The editorial board in the local newspaper AM New York praised the NYC Ferry system's affordability and stated that if done correctly, the ferry \"could be far more enjoyable than a subway ride\". It urged city officials to consider what routes to prioritize for Phase 1 service in 2017", ". It urged city officials to consider what routes to prioritize for Phase 1 service in 2017. Politicians such as City Councilman Vincent Gentile and State Senator Marty Golden also lauded the fact that the ferry would bring service to places, such as southwest Brooklyn, that are underserved by transportation.", "In July 2017, after the ferry had opened, a commentator for the news website CityLab called the NYC Ferry system's \"customer-oriented amenities\" a \"key to transit's future", ".\" The writer noted that some of the high-quality amenities included snacks and drinks, an advanced ticketing system, connections to shuttle buses at certain terminals, and ferry workers who provided customer service—in contrast to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, which she said \"blames riders for its staggering decline in reliability\" over the previous year. A reporter for Curbed NY wrote in September 2017 that the East River route was \"worth the $2", ". A reporter for Curbed NY wrote in September 2017 that the East River route was \"worth the $2.75 fare, especially if you're a person who loves architecture\", owing to its waterfront views of landmarks along the river.", "Criticism", "The ferry system has been criticized for mainly benefiting the well-off and for serving gentrifying waterfront areas such as Williamsburg. Most of the ferry stops were placed in areas where the annual income is higher than the city average. Additional criticism arose from the fact that the ferry system was not definitively planned to serve Staten Island", ". One writer for the Staten Island Advance noted that the only proposed NYC Ferry route to Staten Island, the Stapleton route, was not only unfunded but also redundant to the existing Staten Island Ferry.", "After NYCEDC president James Patchett touted the ferry as a substitute to the subway system, Henry Grabar of Slate Moneybox noted that Patchett's supposition was \"ludicrous\" since each ferry fits fewer people than a single subway car. According to Grabar, the first half-dozen ferries in service on opening day did not even carry the same number of people in a single subway train", ". He said that the ferry system was not a way to improve transit access to people in transit-deserts, but as a way to spur economic development along the waterfront. Grabar wrote that subways had been the reason for early ferries' demise in the first place, and that the ferry was not an effective remedy for subway congestion. However, Grabar also stated that \"the commute will be a real delight\" for the few who found the ferry convenient enough.", "Benjamin Kabak, a transit blogger, wrote that \"the reach of the ferries is particularly narrow\", out of walking distance for 94% of city residents. He also noted that the total ridership for NYC Ferry in 2017 was less than the New York City Subway's total daily ridership, and that more than three times as many people rode Citi Bike, the city's bike-share system, than took the ferry in 2017", ". Kabak stated that the ferry system was only a small part of the city's transit future, and that the city could easily build a light rail line with the subsidies that it was paying to fund NYC Ferry. The New York Post editorial board wrote in June 2020, \"Mayor Bill de Blasio's favorite white elephant had turned into a real drag on the city\" even before the COVID-19 pandemic, with the NYCEDC recording its first negative profits in 2019.", "Tom Fox, the president of New York Water Taxi from 2001 to 2011, wrote in 2016 that the plan was marred with \"an unrealistic time frame, the wrong lead agency, the selection of an inexperienced operator with no ferries, and poor planning\"", ". Fox cited the selection of Hornblower Cruises, a California-based cruise operator, despite a bid from three large ferry operators in the New York metropolitan area; the decision to build new boats for the system, instead of buying existing boats from other companies; and the fact that the new boats could accommodate fewer people than the overcrowded existing East River ferries", ". He noted that the city bought French motorboat engines that had never been used on passenger boats in the United States; and that since all American shipyards with expertise were not able to take new orders until 2018, the city decided to use a builder with less experience. Additionally, a reporter for DNAinfo.com wrote that Hornblower Cruises had a history of poor relations with its workers' unions", ".com wrote that Hornblower Cruises had a history of poor relations with its workers' unions. Another writer for that website stated that Hornblower had hired ticket sellers who harangued passersby in order to sell tickets for separate ferries in Lower Manhattan. The aggressive ticket-selling practice was stopped following the latter story.", "Rider reception", "According to an August 2017 customer satisfaction survey from the NYCEDC, passengers had a mostly positive view of the NYC Ferry system, with 93% of riders giving positive ratings. Almost 70% of the 1,300 riders surveyed gave the ferry the highest possible rating. In May 2018, The Village Voice conducted an informal demographic survey of NYC Ferry riders, since the NYCEDC had not officially released the rider-demographic data", ". The Voice found that most of the 60 riders it encountered were using the ferry simply because it was less crowded and more comfortable compared to the subway. Additionally, many of the surveyed riders worked in higher-income jobs.", "Other ferries", "Several ferries in the New York City area were affected when plans for NYC Ferry were made public. NY Waterway would give over its East River route to NYC Ferry. New York Water Taxi remained separate, but was to eliminate 200 jobs; it had stated that if it did not win the contract with the city to operate NYC Ferry, then it would shut down", ". Since the company did not win the NYC Ferry contract, it had been expected to shut down in October 2016, but continued operations through the end of the year before being purchased by Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises in January 2017. The city-owned Staten Island Ferry remains a separate entity. In addition, the ferry service would add 155 jobs to the New York Harbor area.", "Due to the lack of concrete plans for any NYC Ferry routes to Staten Island, there have been tentative agreements with other ferry services to provide fast-ferry service between Staten Island and Manhattan, supplementing the city-owned route there. In April 2017, Staten Island Borough President James Oddo negotiated with NY Waterway to provide service between St. George Terminal and West Midtown Ferry Terminal", ". George Terminal and West Midtown Ferry Terminal. In September of the same year, private developers on the South Shore of Staten Island also negotiated with SeaStreak to run a separate fast ferry route from the South Shore to Lower Manhattan.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n\n2017 establishments in New York City\nFerries of New York City\nFerry companies of New York City\nWater taxis" ]

[ "Headphones are a pair of small loudspeaker drivers worn on or around the head over a user's ears. They are electroacoustic transducers, which convert an electrical signal to a corresponding sound. Headphones let a single user listen to an audio source privately, in contrast to a loudspeaker, which emits sound into the open air for anyone nearby to hear. Headphones are also known as earphones or, colloquially, cans", ". Headphones are also known as earphones or, colloquially, cans. Circumaural ('around the ear') and supra-aural ('over the ear') headphones use a band over the top of the head to hold the speakers in place. Another type, known as earbuds or earpieces consist of individual units that plug into the user's ear canal. A third type are bone conduction headphones, which typically wrap around the back of the head and rest in front of the ear canal, leaving the ear canal open", ". In the context of telecommunication, a headset is a combination of headphone and microphone.", "Headphones connect to a signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio, CD player, portable media player, mobile phone, video game console, or electronic musical instrument, either directly using a cord, or using wireless technology such as Bluetooth, DECT or FM radio. The first headphones were developed in the late 19th century for use by telephone operators, to keep their hands free. Initially the audio quality was mediocre and a step forward was the invention of high fidelity headphones.", "Headphones exhibit a range of different audio reproduction quality capabilities. Headsets designed for telephone use typically cannot reproduce sound with the high fidelity of expensive units designed for music listening by audiophiles. Headphones that use cables typically have either a or phone jack for plugging the headphones into the audio source", ". Some stereo earbuds are wireless, using Bluetooth connectivity to transmit the audio signal by radio waves from source devices like cellphones and digital players. As a result of the Walkman effect, beginning in the 1980s, headphones started to be used in public places such as sidewalks, grocery stores, and public transit", ". Headphones are also used by people in various professional contexts, such as audio engineers mixing sound for live concerts or sound recordings and DJs, who use headphones to cue up the next song without the audience hearing, aircraft pilots and call center employees. The latter two types of employees use headphones with an integrated microphone.", "History", "Headphones grew out of the need to free up a person's hands when operating a telephone. By the 1880s, soon after the invention of the telephone, telephone switchboard operators began to use head apparatuses to mount the telephone receiver. The receiver was mounted on the head by a clamp which held it next to the ear. The head mount freed the switchboard operator's hands, so that he could easily connect the wires of the telephone callers and receivers", ". The head-mounted telephone receiver in the singular form was called a \"headphone\". These head-mounted phone receivers, unlike modern headphones, only had one earpiece.", "By the 1890s a listening device with two earpieces – which was not mounted on the head – was developed by the British company Electrophone. The device created a listening system through the phone lines that allowed the customer to connect into live feeds of performances at theaters and opera houses across London. Subscribers to the service could listen to the performance through a pair of massive earphones that connected below the chin and were held by a long rod.", "French engineer Ernest Mercadier in 1891 patented a set of in-ear headphones. He was awarded U.S. Patent No. 454,138 for “improvements in telephone-receivers…which shall be light enough to be carried while in use on the head of the operator.\" The German company Siemens Brothers at this time was also selling headpieces for telephone operators which had two earpieces, although placed outside the ear. These headpieces by Siemens Brothers looked fairly similar to modern headphones", ". These headpieces by Siemens Brothers looked fairly similar to modern headphones. The majority of headgear used by telephone operators continued to have only one earpiece.", "Modern headphones subsequently evolved out of the emerging field of wireless telegraphy, which was the beginning stage of radio broadcasting. Some early wireless telegraph developers chose to use the telephone receiver's speaker as the detector for the electrical signal of the wireless receiving circuit. By 1902 wireless telegraph innovators, such as Lee de Forest, were using two jointly head-mounted telephone receivers to hear the signal of the receiving circuit", ". The two head-mounted telephone receivers were called in the singular form \"head telephones\". By 1908 the headpiece began to be written simply as \"head phones\", and a year later the compound word \"headphones\" began to be used.", "One of the earliest companies to make headphones for wireless operators was the Holtzer-Cabot Company in 1909. They were also makers of head receivers for telephone operators and normal telephone receivers for the home. Another early manufacturer of headphones was Nathaniel Baldwin. He was the first major supplier of headsets to the U.S. Navy. In 1910 he invented a prototype telephone headset due to his inability to hear sermons during Sunday service", ". He offered it for testing to the navy, which promptly ordered 100 of them because of their good quality. Wireless Specialty Apparatus Co., in partnership with Baldwin Radio Company, set up a manufacturing facility in Utah to fulfill orders.These early headphones used moving iron drivers, with either single-ended or balanced armatures. The common single-ended type used voice coils wound around the poles of a permanent magnet, which were positioned close to a flexible steel diaphragm", ". The audio current through the coils varied the magnetic field of the magnet, exerting a varying force on the diaphragm, causing it to vibrate, creating sound waves. The requirement for high sensitivity meant that no damping was used, so the frequency response of the diaphragm had large peaks due to resonance, resulting in poor sound quality. These early models lacked padding, and were often uncomfortable to wear for long periods", ". These early models lacked padding, and were often uncomfortable to wear for long periods. Their impedance varied; headphones used in telegraph and telephone work had an impedance of 75 ohms. Those used with early wireless radio had more turns of finer wire to increase sensitivity. Impedance of 1,000 to 2,000 ohms was common, which suited both crystal sets and triode receivers. Some very sensitive headphones, such as those manufactured by Brandes around 1919, were commonly used for early radio work.", "In early powered radios, the headphone was part of the vacuum tube's plate circuit and carried dangerous voltages. It was normally connected directly to the positive high voltage battery terminal, and the other battery terminal was securely grounded. The use of bare electrical connections meant that users could be shocked if they touched the bare headphone connections while adjusting an uncomfortable headset.", "In 1958, John C. Koss, an audiophile and jazz musician from Milwaukee, produced the first stereo headphones.", "Smaller earbud type earpieces, which plugged into the user's ear canal, were first developed for hearing aids. They became widely used with transistor radios, which commercially appeared in 1954 with the introduction of the Regency TR-1. The most popular audio device in history, the transistor radio changed listening habits, allowing people to listen to radio anywhere. The earbud uses either a moving iron driver or a piezoelectric crystal to produce sound. The 3", ". The earbud uses either a moving iron driver or a piezoelectric crystal to produce sound. The 3.5 mm radio and phone connector, which is the most commonly used in portable application today, has been used at least since the Sony EFM-117J transistor radio, which was released in 1964. Its popularity was reinforced with its use on the Walkman portable tape player in 1979.", "Applications", "Headphones may be used with stationary CD and DVD players, home theater, personal computers, or portable devices (e.g., digital audio player/MP3 player, mobile phone), as long as these devices are equipped with a headphone jack. Cordless headphones are not connected to their source by a cable. Instead, they receive a radio or infrared signal encoded using a radio or infrared transmission link, such as FM, Bluetooth or Wi-Fi", ". These are battery-powered receiver systems, of which the headphone is only a component. Cordless headphones are used with events such as a Silent disco or Silent Gig.", "In the professional audio sector, headphones are used in live situations by disc jockeys with a DJ mixer, and sound engineers for monitoring signal sources. In radio studios, DJs use a pair of headphones when talking to the microphone while the speakers are turned off to eliminate acoustic feedback while monitoring their own voice. In studio recordings, musicians and singers use headphones to play or sing along to a backing track or band", ". In military applications, audio signals of many varieties are monitored using headphones.", "Wired headphones are attached to an audio source by a cable. The most common connectors are 6.35 mm (inch) and 3.5 mm phone connectors. The larger 6.35 mm connector is more common on fixed location home or professional equipment. The 3.5 mm connector remains the most widely used connector for portable application today. Adapters are available for converting between 6.35 mm and 3.5 mm devices.", "As active component, wireless headphones tend to be costlier due to the necessity for internal hardware such as a battery, a charging controller, a speaker driver, and a wireless transceiver, whereas wired headphones are a passive component, outsourcing speaker driving to the audio source.\n\nSome headphone cords are equipped with a serial potentiometer for volume control.", "Some headphone cords are equipped with a serial potentiometer for volume control.\n\nWired headphones may be equipped with a non-detachable cable or a detachable auxiliary male-to-male plug, as well as some with two ports to allow connecting another wired headphone in a parallel circuit, which splits the audio signal to share with another participant, but can also be used to hear audio from two inputs simultaneously. An external audio splitter can retrofit this ability.", "Applications for audiometric testing", "Various types of specially designed headphones or earphones are also used to evaluate the status of the auditory system in the field of audiology for establishing hearing thresholds, medically diagnosing hearing loss, identifying other hearing related disease, and monitoring hearing status in occupational hearing conservation programs. Specific models of headphones have been adopted as the standard due to the ease of calibration and ability to compare results between testing facilities.", "Supra-aural style headphones are historically the most commonly used in audiology as they are the easiest to calibrate and were considered the standard for many years. Commonly used models are the Telephonics Dynamic Headphone (TDH) 39, TDH-49, and TDH-50. In-the-ear or insert style earphones are used more commonly today as they provide higher levels of interaural attenuation, introduce less variability when testing 6,000 and 8,000 Hz, and avoid testing issues resulting from collapsed ear canals", ". A commonly used model of insert earphone is the Etymotic Research ER-3A. Circum-aural earphones are also used to establish hearing thresholds in the extended high frequency range (8,000 Hz to 20,000 kHz). Along with Etymotic Research ER-2A insert earphones, the Sennheiser HDA300 and Koss HV/1A circum-aural earphones are the only models that have reference equivalent threshold sound pressure level values for the extended high frequency range as described by ANSI standards.", "Audiometers and headphones must be calibrated together. During the calibration process, the output signal from the audiometer to the headphones is measured with a sound level meter to ensure that the signal is accurate to the reading on the audiometer for sound pressure level and frequency. Calibration is done with the earphones in an acoustic coupler that is intended to mimic the transfer function of the outer ear", ". Because specific headphones are used in the initial audiometer calibration process, they cannot be replaced with any other set of headphones, even from the same make and model.", "Electrical characteristics \nElectrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers may be readily applied to headphones, because most headphones are small dynamic loudspeakers.", "Impedance", "Headphones are available with high or low impedance (typically measured at 1 kHz). Low-impedance headphones are in the range 16 to 32 ohms and high-impedance headphones are about 100-600 ohms. As the impedance of a pair of headphones increases, more voltage (at a given current) is required to drive it, and the loudness of the headphones for a given voltage decreases", ". In recent years, impedance of newer headphones has generally decreased to accommodate lower voltages available on battery powered CMOS-based portable electronics. This has resulted in headphones that can be more efficiently driven by battery-powered electronics. Consequently, newer amplifiers are based on designs with relatively low output impedance.", "The impedance of headphones is of concern because of the output limitations of amplifiers. A modern pair of headphones is driven by an amplifier, with lower impedance headphones presenting a larger load. Amplifiers are not ideal; they also have some output impedance that limits the amount of power they can provide", ". To ensure an even frequency response, adequate damping factor, and undistorted sound, an amplifier should have an output impedance less than 1/8 that of the headphones it is driving (and ideally, as low as possible). If output impedance is large compared to the impedance of the headphones, significantly higher distortion is present. Therefore, lower impedance headphones tend to be louder and more efficient, but also demand a more capable amplifier", ". Higher impedance headphones are more tolerant of amplifier limitations, but produce less volume for a given output level.", "Historically, many headphones had relatively high impedance, often over 500 ohms so they could operate well with high-impedance tube amplifiers. In contrast, modern transistor amplifiers can have very low output impedance, enabling lower-impedance headphones. Unfortunately, this means that older audio amplifiers or stereos often produce poor-quality output on some modern, low-impedance headphones. In this case, an external headphone amplifier may be beneficial.", "Sensitivity", "Sensitivity is a measure of how effectively an earpiece converts an incoming electrical signal into an audible sound. It thus indicates how loud the headphones are for a given electrical drive level. It can be measured in decibels of sound pressure level per milliwatt (dB (SPL)/mW) or decibels of sound pressure level per volt (dB (SPL) / V). Unfortunately, both definitions are widely used, often interchangeably", ". Unfortunately, both definitions are widely used, often interchangeably. As the output voltage (but not power) of a headphone amplifier is essentially constant for most common headphones, dB/mW is often more useful if converted into dB/V using Ohm's law:", "Once the sensitivity per volt is known, the maximum volume for a pair of headphones can be easily calculated from the maximum amplifier output voltage. For example, for a headphone with a sensitivity of 100 dB (SPL)/V, an amplifier with an output of 1 root mean square (RMS) voltage produces a maximum volume of 100 dB.", "Pairing high-sensitivity headphones with power amplifiers can produce dangerously high volumes and damage headphones. The maximum sound pressure level is a matter of preference, with some sources recommending no higher than 110 to 120 dB", ". In contrast, the American Occupational Safety and Health Administration recommends an average SPL of no more than 85 dB(A) to avoid long-term hearing loss, while the European Union standard EN 50332-1:2013 recommends that volumes above 85 dB(A) include a warning, with an absolute maximum volume (defined using 40–4,000 Hz noise) of no more than 100 dB to avoid accidental hearing damage", ". Using this standard, headphones with sensitivities of 90, 100 and 110 dB (SPL)/V should be driven by an amplifier capable of no more than 3.162, 1.0 and 0.3162 RMS volts at maximum volume setting, respectively to reduce the risk of hearing damage.", "The sensitivity of headphones is usually between about 80 and 125 dB/mW and usually measured at 1 kHz.\n\nSpecifications \nHeadphone size can affect the balance between fidelity and portability. Generally, headphone form factors can be divided into four separate categories: circumaural (over-ear), supra-aural (on-ear), earbud and in-ear.\n\nConnectivity\n\nWired \nHeadphones with soldered headphone jack cables.", "Connectivity\n\nWired \nHeadphones with soldered headphone jack cables.\n\nWireless \n Wireless on-ear headphones. Often have an inbuilt headphone jack.\n Wireless over-ear headphones. Often have an inbuilt headphone jack.\n Wireless earphones connected via a neckband.\n\nTrue wireless \nTrue wireless earbuds have no cord to keep each bud connected to each other. They rely on wireless technology such as Bluetooth to transmit audio from a hardware device.", "Depending on hardware and software configuration, both channels may be first transmitted to one earbud, which splits off and forwards one channel to the other bud, coordinating the two. Alternatively, each bud only receives its individual audio signal, while the coordination is done in the signal source.\n\nThe former arrangement has the advantage of being compatible with legacy systems, while the latter arrangement has the advantage of requiring less energy from the coordinating ear bud.\n\nEar adaption", "Ear adaption\n\nCircumaural", "Circumaural headphones (sometimes called full size headphones or over-ear headphones) have circular or ellipsoid earpads that encompass the ears. Because these headphones completely surround the ear, circumaural headphones can be designed to fully seal against the head to attenuate external noise. Because of their size, circumaural headphones can be heavy and there are some sets that weigh over . Ergonomic headband and earpad design is required to reduce discomfort resulting from weight", ". Ergonomic headband and earpad design is required to reduce discomfort resulting from weight. These are commonly used by drummers in recording.", "Supra-aural", "Supra-aural headphones or on-ear headphones have pads that press against the ears, rather than around them. They were commonly bundled with personal stereos during the 1980s. This type of headphone generally tends to be smaller and lighter than circumaural headphones, resulting in less attenuation of outside noise. Supra-aural headphones can also lead to discomfort due to the pressure on the ear as compared to circumaural headphones that sit around the ear. Comfort may vary due to the earcup material.", "Ear-fitting headphones\n\nEarphones", "Earphones are very small headphones that are fitted directly in the outer ear, facing but not inserted in the ear canal. Earphones are portable and convenient, but many people consider them uncomfortable. They provide hardly any acoustic isolation and leave room for ambient noise to seep in; users may turn up the volume dangerously high to compensate, at the risk of causing hearing loss. On the other hand, they let the user be better aware of their surroundings", ". On the other hand, they let the user be better aware of their surroundings. Since the early days of the transistor radio, earphones have commonly been bundled with personal music devices. They are sold at times with foam or rubber pads for comfort. (The use of the term earbuds, which has been around since at least 1984, did not hit its peak until after 2001, with the success of Apple's MP3 player.)", "In-ear headphones \n\nIn-ear headphones, also known as in-ear monitors (IEMs) or canalphones, are small headphones with similar portability to earbuds that are inserted in the ear canal itself. IEMs are higher-quality in-ear headphones and are used by audio engineers and musicians as well as audiophiles.", "The outer shells of in-ear headphones are made up of a variety of materials, such as plastic, aluminum, ceramic and other metal alloys. Because in-ear headphones engage the ear canal, they can be prone to sliding out, and they block out much environmental noise. Lack of sound from the environment can be a problem when sound is a necessary cue for safety or other reasons, as when walking, driving, or riding near or in vehicular traffic", ". Some in-ear headphones utilize built-in microphones to allow some outside sound to be heard when desired.", "Generic or custom-fitting ear canal plugs are made from silicone rubber, elastomer, or foam. Such plugs in lower-end devices may be interchangeable, which increases the risk of them falling off and getting lodged in the ear canal. Custom in-ear headphones use castings of the ear canal to create custom-molded plugs that provide added comfort and noise isolation.\n\nSome wireless earphones include a charging case.", "Some wireless earphones include a charging case.\n\nOpen- or closed-back \nBoth circumaural and supra-aural headphones can be further differentiated by the type of earcups:\n\nOpen-back \nOpen-back headphones have the back of the earcups open. This leaks more sound out of the headphone and also lets more ambient sounds into the headphone, but gives a more natural or speaker-like sound, due to including sounds from the environment.", "Semi-open", "Semi-open headphones, have a design that can be considered as a compromise between open-back headphones and closed-back headphones. Some believe the term \"semi-open\" is purely there for marketing purposes. There is no exact definition for the term semi-open headphone", ". There is no exact definition for the term semi-open headphone. Where the open-back approach has hardly any measure to block sound at the outer side of the diaphragm and the closed-back approach really has a closed chamber at the outer side of the diaphragm, a semi-open headphone can have a chamber to partially block sound while letting some sound through via openings or vents.", "Closed-back \nClosed-back (or sealed) styles have the back of the earcups closed. They usually block some of the ambient noise. Closed-back headphones usually can produce stronger low frequencies than open-back headphones.\n\nHeadset", "A headset is a headphone combined with a microphone. Headsets provide the equivalent functionality of a telephone handset with hands-free operation. Among applications for headsets, besides telephone use, are aviation, theatre or television studio intercom systems, and console or PC gaming. Headsets are made with either a single-earpiece (mono) or a double-earpiece (mono to both ears or stereo)", ". The microphone arm of headsets is either an external microphone type where the microphone is held in front of the user's mouth, or a voicetube type where the microphone is housed in the earpiece and speech reaches it by means of a hollow tube.", "Telephone headsets", "Telephone headsets connect to a fixed-line telephone system. A telephone headset functions by replacing the handset of a telephone. Headsets for standard corded telephones are fitted with a standard 4P4C commonly called an RJ-9 connector. Headsets are also available with 2.5 mm jack sockets for many DECT phones and other applications. Cordless bluetooth headsets are available, and often used with mobile telephones. Headsets are widely used for telephone-intensive jobs, in particular by call centre workers", ". Headsets are widely used for telephone-intensive jobs, in particular by call centre workers. They are also used by anyone wishing to hold telephone conversations with both hands free.", "For older models of telephones, the headset microphone impedance is different from that of the original handset, requiring a telephone amplifier for the telephone headset. A telephone amplifier provides basic pin-alignment similar to a telephone headset adaptor, but it also offers sound amplification for the microphone as well as the loudspeakers. Most models of telephone amplifiers offer volume control for loudspeaker as well as microphone, mute function and switching between headset and handset", ". Telephone amplifiers are powered by batteries or AC adaptors.", "Communication headsets \n\nCommunication headsets are used for two-way communication and typically consist of a headphone and attached microphone. Such headsets are used in a variety of professions as aviation, military, sports, music, and many service-oriented sectors. They come in all shapes and sizes, depending on use, required noise attenuation, and fidelity of communication needed.", "Ambient noise reduction \nUnwanted sound from the environment can be reduced by excluding sound from the ear by passive noise isolation, or, often in conjunction with isolation, by active noise cancellation.", "Passive noise isolation is essentially using the body of the earphone, either over or in the ear, as a passive earplug that simply blocks out sound. The headphone types that provide most attenuation are in-ear canal headphones and closed-back headphones, both circumaural and supra aural. Open-back and earbud headphones provide some passive noise isolation, but much less than the others. Typical closed-back headphones block 8 to 12 dB, and in-ears anywhere from 10 to 15 dB", ". Typical closed-back headphones block 8 to 12 dB, and in-ears anywhere from 10 to 15 dB. Some models have been specifically designed for drummers to facilitate the drummer monitoring the recorded sound while reducing sound directly from the drums as much as possible. Such headphones claim to reduce ambient noise by around 25 dB.", "Active noise-cancelling headphones use a microphone, amplifier, and speaker to pick up, amplify, and play ambient noise in phase-reversed form; this to some extent cancels out unwanted noise from the environment without affecting the desired sound source, which is not picked up and reversed by the microphone. They require a power source, usually a battery, to drive their circuitry", ". They require a power source, usually a battery, to drive their circuitry. Active noise cancelling headphones can attenuate ambient noise by 20 dB or more, but the active circuitry is mainly effective on constant sounds and at lower frequencies, rather than sharp sounds and voices. Some noise cancelling headphones are designed mainly to reduce low-frequency engine and travel noise in aircraft, trains, and automobiles, and are less effective in environments with other types of noise.", "Transducer technology \nHeadphones use various types of transducer to convert electrical signals to sound.\n\nMoving-coil", "The moving coil driver, more commonly referred to as a \"dynamic\" driver is the most common type used in headphones. It consists of a stationary magnet element affixed to the frame of the headphone, which sets up a static magnetic field. The magnet in headphones is typically composed of ferrite or neodymium", ". The magnet in headphones is typically composed of ferrite or neodymium. A voice coil, a light coil of wire, is suspended in the magnetic field of the magnet, attached to a diaphragm, typically fabricated from lightweight, high-stiffness-to-mass-ratio cellulose, polymer, carbon material, paper or the like", ". When the varying current of an audio signal is passed through the coil, it creates a varying magnetic field that reacts against the static magnetic field, exerting a varying force on the coil causing it and the attached diaphragm to vibrate. The vibrating diaphragm pushes on the air to produce sound waves.", "Electrostatic", "Electrostatic drivers consist of a thin, electrically charged diaphragm, typically a coated PET film membrane, suspended between two perforated metal plates (electrodes). The electrical sound signal is applied to the electrodes creating an electrical field; depending on the polarity of this field, the diaphragm is drawn towards one of the plates. Air is forced through the perforations; combined with a continuously changing electrical signal driving the membrane, a sound wave is generated", ". Electrostatic headphones are usually more expensive than moving-coil ones, and are comparatively uncommon. In addition, a special amplifier is required to amplify the signal to deflect the membrane, which often requires electrical potentials in the range of 100 to 1,000 volts.", "Due to the extremely thin and light diaphragm membrane, often only a few micrometers thick, and the complete absence of moving metalwork, the frequency response of electrostatic headphones usually extends well above the audible limit of approximately 20 kHz. The high-frequency response means that the low-midband distortion level is maintained to the top of the audible frequency band, which is generally not the case with moving coil drivers", ". Also, the frequency response peakiness regularly seen in the high-frequency region with moving coil drivers is absent. Well-designed electrostatic headphones can produce significantly better sound quality than other types.", "Electrostatic headphones require a voltage source generating 100 V to over 1 kV, and are on the user's head. Since the invention of insulators, there is no actual danger. They do not need to deliver significant electric current, which further limits the electrical hazard to the wearer in case of fault.", "Electret", "An electret driver functions along the same electromechanical means as an electrostatic driver. However, the electret driver has a permanent charge built into it, whereas electrostatics have the charge applied to the driver by an external generator. Electret and electrostatic headphones are relatively uncommon. Original electrets were also typically cheaper and lower in technical capability and fidelity than electrostatics", ". Patent applications from 2009 to 2013 have been approved that show by using different materials, i.e. a \"Fluorinated cyclic olefin electret film\", Frequency response chart readings can reach 50 kHz at 100 db. When these new improved electrets are combined with a traditional dome headphone driver, headphones can be produced that are recognised by the Japan Audio Society as worthy of joining the Hi Res Audio program. US patents 8,559,660 B2. 7,732,547 B2.7,879,446 B2.7,498,699 B2.", "Planar magnetic \nPlanar magnetic (also known as orthodynamic) headphones use similar technology to electrostatic headphones, with some fundamental differences. They operate similarly to planar magnetic loudspeakers.", "A planar magnetic driver consists of a relatively large membrane that contains an embedded wire pattern. This membrane is suspended between two sets of permanent, oppositely aligned, magnets. A current passed through the wires embedded in the membrane produces a magnetic field that reacts with the field of the permanent magnets to induce movement in the membrane, which produces sound.\n\nBalanced armature", "A balanced armature is a sound transducer design primarily intended to increase the electrical efficiency of the element by eliminating the stress on the diaphragm characteristic of many other magnetic transducer systems. As shown schematically in the left diagram, it consists of a moving magnetic armature that is pivoted so it can move in the field of the permanent magnet. When precisely centered in the magnetic field there is no net force on the armature, hence the term 'balanced'", ". As illustrated in the right diagram, when there is electric current through the coil, it magnetizes the armature one way or the other, causing it to rotate slightly one way or the other about the pivot thus moving the diaphragm to make sound.", "The design is not mechanically stable; a slight imbalance makes the armature stick to one pole of the magnet. A fairly stiff restoring force is required to hold the armature in the 'balance' position. Although this reduces its efficiency, this design can still produce more sound from less power than any other. Popularized in the 1920s as Baldwin Mica Diaphragm radio headphones, balanced armature transducers were refined during World War II for use in military sound powered telephones", ". Some of these achieved astonishing electro-acoustic conversion efficiencies, in the range of 20% to 40%, for narrow bandwidth voice signals.", "Today they are typically used only in in-ear headphones and hearing aids, where their high efficiency and diminutive size is a major advantage. They generally are limited at the extremes of the hearing spectrum (e.g. below 20 Hz and above 16 kHz) and require a better seal than other types of drivers to deliver their full potential. Higher-end models may employ multiple armature drivers, dividing the frequency ranges between them using a passive crossover network", ". A few combine an armature driver with a small moving-coil driver for increased bass output.", "The earliest loudspeakers for radio receivers used balanced armature drivers for their cones.", "Thermoacoustic technology \nThe thermoacoustic effect generates sound from the audio frequency Joule heating of the conductor, an effect that is not magnetic and does not vibrate the speaker.", "In 2013 a carbon nanotube thin-yarn earphone based on the thermoacoustic mechanism was demonstrated by a research group in Tsinghua University. The as-produced CNT thin yarn earphone has a working element called CNT thin yarn thermoacoustic chip. Such a chip is composed of a layer of CNT thin yarn array supported by the silicon wafer, and periodic grooves with certain depth are made on the wafer by micro-fabrication methods to suppress the heat leakage from the CNT yarn to the substrate.", "Other transducer technologies", "Transducer technologies employed much less commonly for headphones include the Heil Air Motion Transformer (AMT); Piezoelectric film; Ribbon planar magnetic; Magnetostriction and Plasma or Ionic. The first Heil AMT headphone was marketed by ESS Laboratories and was essentially an ESS AMT tweeter from one of the company's speakers being driven at full range. Since the turn of the century, only Precide of Switzerland have manufactured an AMT headphone", ". Since the turn of the century, only Precide of Switzerland have manufactured an AMT headphone. Piezoelectric film headphones were first developed by Pioneer, their two models used a flat sheet of film that limited the maximum volume of air movement. Currently, TakeT produces a piezoelectric film headphone shaped similarly to an AMT transducer but, which like the Precide driver, has a variation in the size of transducer folds over the diaphragm", ". It additionally incorporates a two way design by its inclusion of a dedicated tweeter/supertweeter panel. The folded shape of a diaphragm allows a transducer with a larger surface area to fit within smaller space constraints. This increases the total volume of air that can be moved on each excursion of the transducer given that radiating area", ". Due to the small volume of air in a headphone, the plasma or ionic transducer can become a full range driver although the high temperatures and voltages of these types makes them very rare with only the Plasmasonic being commercial.", "Magnetostriction headphones, sometimes sold under the label Bonephones, work by vibrating against the side of head, transmitting sound via bone conduction. This is particularly helpful in situations where the ears must be unobstructed, or for people who are deaf for reasons that do not affect the nervous apparatus of hearing. Magnetostriction headphones though, are limited in their fidelity compared to conventional headphones that rely on the normal workings of the ear", ". Additionally, in the mid-1980s, a French company called Audio Reference tried to market the Plasmasonic plasma headphone invented by Henri Bondar. There are no known functioning examples left. Due to the small volume of air in a headphone, the plasma or ionic transducer can become a full range driver although the high temperatures and voltages needed makes them very rare.", "Benefits and limitations", "Headphones can prevent other people from hearing the sound, either for privacy or to prevent disturbing others, as in listening in a public library. They can also provide a level of sound fidelity greater than loudspeakers of similar cost. Part of their ability to do so comes from the lack of any need to perform room correction treatments with headphones. High-quality headphones can have an extremely flat low-frequency response down to 20 Hz within 3 dB", ". While a loudspeaker must use a relatively large (often 15\" or 18\") speaker driver to reproduce low frequencies, headphones can accurately reproduce bass and sub-bass frequencies with speaker drivers only 40-50 millimeters wide (or much smaller, as is the case with in-ear monitor headphones). Headphones' impressive low-frequency performance is possible because they are so much closer to the ear that they only need to move relatively small volumes of air.", "Marketed claims such as 'frequency response 4 Hz to 20 kHz' are usually overstatements; the product's response at frequencies lower than 20 Hz is typically very small. \nHeadphones are also useful for video games that use 3D positional audio processing algorithms, as they allow players to better judge the position of an off-screen sound source (such as the footsteps of an opponent or their gunfire).", "Although modern headphones have been particularly widely sold and used for listening to stereo recordings since the release of the Walkman, there is subjective debate regarding the nature of their reproduction of stereo sound. Stereo recordings represent the position of horizontal depth cues (stereo separation) via volume and phase differences of the sound in question between the two channels. When the sounds from two speakers mix, they create the phase difference the brain uses to locate direction", ". Through most headphones, because the right and left channels do not combine in this manner, the illusion of the phantom center can be perceived as lost. Hard panned sounds are also heard only in one ear rather than from one side.", "Binaural recordings use a different microphone technique to encode direction directly as phase, with very little amplitude difference below 2 kHz, often using a dummy head. They can produce a surprisingly lifelike spatial impression through headphones. Commercial recordings almost always use stereo recording, rather than binaural, because loudspeaker listening is more common than headphone listening.", "It is possible to change the spatial effects of stereo sound on headphones, to better approximate the presentation of speaker reproduction, by using frequency-dependent cross-feed between the channels.\n\nHeadsets can have ergonomic benefits over traditional telephone handsets. They allow call center agents to maintain better posture without needing to hand-hold a handset or tilt their head sideways to cradle it.\n\nHealth and safety\n\nDangers and risks", "Using headphones at a sufficiently high volume level may cause temporary or permanent hearing impairment or deafness. The headphone volume often has to compete with the background noise, especially in loud places such as subway stations, aircraft, and large crowds", ". Extended periods of exposure to high sound pressure levels created by headphones at high volume settings may be damaging to hearing; Nearly 50% of teenagers and young adults (12 to 35 years old) in middle and high income countries listen to unsafe levels of sound on their personal audio devices and smartphones", ". However, one hearing expert found in 2012 (before the worldwide adoption of smartphones as the main personal listening devices) that \"fewer than 5% of users select volume levels and listen frequently enough to risk hearing loss.\" The International Telecommunication Union recently published \"Guidelines for safe listening devices/systems\" recommended that sound exposure not exceed 80 decibels, A-weighted dB(A) for a maximum of 40 hours per week", ". The European Union have also set a similar limit for users of personal listening devices (80 dB(A) for no more than 40 hours per week) and for each additional increase of 3-dB in sound exposure, the duration should be cut in half (83 dB(A) for no more than 20 hours, 86 dB(A) for 10 hours per week, 89 dB(A) for 5 hours per week and so on. Most major manufactures of smartphones now include some safety or volume limiting features and warning messaging in their devices", ". though such practices have received mixed response from some segments of the buying who favor the personal choice of setting their own volume levels.", "The usual way of limiting sound volume on devices driving headphones is by limiting output power. This has the additional undesirable effect of being dependent of the efficiency of the headphones; a device producing the maximum allowed power may not produce adequate volume when paired with low-efficiency, high-impedance equipment, while the same amount of power can reach dangerous levels with very efficient earphones.", "Some studies have found that people are more likely to raise volumes to unsafe levels while performing strenuous exercise. A Finnish study recommended that exercisers should set their headphone volumes to half of their normal loudness and only use them for half an hour.", "Other than hearing risk, there is a general danger that listening to loud music in headphones can distract the listener and lead to injury and accidents. Noise-cancelling headphones add extra risk. Several countries and states have made it illegal to wear headphones while driving or cycling.", "There have also been numerous reports of contact dermatitis due to exposure to in-ear headphones such as Apple AirPods. The contact dermatitis would be caused by in-ear headphones that contain gold, rubber, dyes, acrylates, or methacrylates. However, there have been no studies done to prove that exposure to in-ear headphones will cause contact dermatitis, rather that there is a correlation between in-ear headphone use and contact dermatitis cases.", "Occupational health and safety", "Hearing risk from headphones' use also applies to workers who must wear electronic or communication headsets as part of their daily job (i.e., pilots, call center and dispatch operators, sound engineers, firefighters, etc.) and hearing damage depends on the exposure time. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends sound exposure not exceed 85 dB(A) over 8 hour work day as a time-weighted average", ". NIOSH uses the 3-dB exchange rate often referred to as \"time-intensity tradeoff\" which means if sound exposure level is increased by 3 decibels, the duration of exposure should be cut in half. NIOSH published several documents targeted at protecting the hearing of workers who must wear communication headsets such as call center operators, firefighters, and musicians and sound engineers.", "See also \n Bone conduction\n Digital audio player\n Earmuffs\n Earpad\n Headphone amplifier\n In-ear monitor\n Loudspeaker\n Noise-cancelling headphones\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \nPhones\nAudio engineering\nConsumer electronics\nLoudspeakers\nTransducers\nAudiovisual introductions in 1910\nAudiology" ]

[ "This is a list of members of the Boston City Council, both past and present, serving the people of Boston, Massachusetts.\n\nCouncil member selection", "Since 1984, the council has consisted of 13 members; four members elected at-large and nine members elected by district. All 13 seats are contested every two years. The preliminary election and general election are held in September and November, respectively, of odd years with winners starting their terms in January of even years. For example; a preliminary election was held in September 2017 for the November 2017 general election, with elected council members starting their terms in January 2018.", "Historically, the makeup of the council has changed multiple times. Since 1910:\n\nCouncil members by year\n\n1822–1829", "1822 - Aldermen: Samuel Billings; Ephraim Eliot; Jacob Hall; Joseph Head; Joseph Jenkins; Joseph Lovering; Nathaniel Pope Russell; Bryant Parrott Tilden", ". — Common Council: William Barry; Thaddeus Page; Charles Wells; Simon Wilkinson; Martin Bates; Benjamin Lamson; Henry Orne; Joseph Stodder; Theodore Dexter; Joshua Emmons; Samuel Jones; Joseph Coolidge; Samuel Perkins; Robert Gould Shaw; Joel Thayer; George Washington Coffin; Thomas Kendall; Horatio Gates Ware; Isaac Winslow; Samuel Appleton; Thomas Motley; Jesse Shaw; William Sullivan; Jonathan Amory; Patrick Tracy Jackson; Augustus Peabody; Enoch Silsby; Jonathan Davis;", "Jonathan Amory; Patrick Tracy Jackson; Augustus Peabody; Enoch Silsby; Jonathan Davis; Hawkes Lincoln; William Prescott; John Welles; David Watts Bradlee; Peter Chardon Brooks; James Perkins; Benjamin Russell; Andrew Drake; Daniel Lewis Gibbens; David Collson Moseley; Isaac Stevens; George Watson Brimmer; Asa Bullard; Barzillai Holmes; Winslow Lewis; Cyrus Alger; John French; John Howe; Moses Williams", ".", "1823 - Aldermen: Daniel Baxter; George Odiorne; David Weld Child; Joseph Hawley Dorr; Asher Benjamin; Enoch Patterson; Caleb Eddy; Stephen Hooper", ". — Common Council: John Welles", ", President; John Elliot; Joseph Wheeler; John Parker Boyd; John Richardson Adan; John Damarisque Dyer; Henry Farnam; Elias Haskell; John Sullivan Perkins; Joseph Stacy Hastings; Joel Prouty; William Wright; Samuel Swett; Charles Pelham Curtis; Lewis Tappan; James Savage; Eliphalet Williams; Samuel King Williams; Aaron Baldwin; David Francis; Francis Johonnot Oliver; Thomas Beale Wales; Charles Howard; Josiah Stedman; Joseph Willet; Samuel Bradlee; Noah Brooks; Francis Jackson;", "Charles Howard; Josiah Stedman; Joseph Willet; Samuel Bradlee; Noah Brooks; Francis Jackson; Charles Sprague", ".", "1824 - Alderman: Cyrus Alger. — Common Council: Michael Tombs; William Little Jr; Oliver Reed; Joseph Stone; Edward Page; William Sprague; Jeremiah Fitch; William Rounsville Pierce Washburn; Eliphalet Porter Hartshorn; George Washington Otis; Winslow Wright; Thomas Wiley; William Goddard; Elijah Morse; Isaac Parker; John Ballard; John Chipman Gray; Benjamin Willis; Phineas Upham; Samuel Frothingham; Giles Lodge; Isaac Thorn; Charles Bemis.", "1825 - Aldermen: Daniel Carney; John Bellows; Josiah Marshall; John Damarisque Dyer; Thomas Welsh Jr; George Blake; Henry Jackson Oliver; John Bryant", ". — Common Council: Robert Fennelly; Lewis Lerow; Scammel Penniman; Benjamin Clark; John Fenno; Thomas Wells; Abraham William Fuller; Amos Farnsworth; George Hallet; Ezra Dyer; Charles Tracy; William Simonds; Isaac Waters; Samuel Thaxter; Franklin Dexter; Jeremiah Smith Boies; Levi Meriam; Jeffrey Richardson; Josiah Bradlee; Jonathan Simonds; John Parker Rice; George Morey Jr; Joshua Vose; Adam Bent; Oliver Fisher; Ephraim Groves Ware.", "1826 - Aldermen: John Foster Loring; Francis Jackson; Edward Hutchinson Robbins. — Common Council: Lemuel Putnam Grosvenor; Samuel Aspinwall; Nathaniel Faxon; Asa Adams; William Howe; John Warren James; Joseph Eveleth; Jonathan Thaxter; William Parker; Edward Brooks; Charles Torrey; Francis Bassett; Joseph Helger Thayer; Joseph Hawley Dorr; John Baker; Solomon Piper; Charles Barnard; Thomas Brewer; Henry Hatch.", "1827 - Aldermen: Jeremiah Smith Boies; Robert Fennelly; Thomas Beale Wales; James Savage. — Common Council: John Floyd Truman; Thomas Gould; Quincy Tufts; Lewis Glover Pray; George Lane; Jonathan Loring; Joseph Warren Lewis; Samuel Dorr; Samuel Dexter Ward; John Arno Bacon; Thomas Walley Phillips; Gamaliel Bradford; John Prescott Bigelow; Joshua Sears; George Brinley; William Parker; Josiah Vose; George Gay.", "1828 - Aldermen: Thomas Kendall; James Hall; Phineas Upham; John Pickering; Samuel Turell Armstrong", ". — Common Council: Ninian Clark Betton; Horace Fox; Eleazer Pratt; Frederick Gould; Henry Fowle Jr; George Washington Johnson; Levi Roberts Lincoln; James Lendall Pitts Orrok; Andrew Cunningham Jr; James Means; Ebenezer Appleton; David Moody; John Belknap; George Washington Adams; Thomas Wren; Waldo Flint; Benjamin Toppan Pickman; Norman Seaver; Thomas Lamb; Robert Treat Paine; John Lowell Jr; George Bethune; Otis Everett; Otis Turner; Perez Gill; Payson Perrin; Alpheus Cary;", "Jr; George Bethune; Otis Everett; Otis Turner; Perez Gill; Payson Perrin; Alpheus Cary; Walter Cornell; Joseph Neale Howe; Benjamin Stevens", ".", "1829 - Aldermen: Benjamin Russell; Winslow Lewis; Charles Wells", ". — Common Council: John Wells; Christopher Gore; Henry Sewall Kent; Samuel Ellis; Thomas Reed; Daniel Ballard; Joseph Bradley; Amos Bradley Parker; John Rayner; Samuel Davenport Torrey; Samuel Austin Jr; Jared Lincoln; Samuel Goodhue; Thomas Wetmore; Walter Frost; Isaac Danforth; Jacob Aniee; Levi Brigham; Thomas Minns; James Brackett Richardson; Samuel Leonard Abbot; Charles Casey Starbuck; Aaron Willard Jr; Isaac Parker Townsend.", "1830–1839", "1830 - Aldermen: John Burbeck McCleary; Moses Williams. — Common Council: Simon Wiggin Robinson; Larra Crane; Michael Lovell; Washington Parker Gragg; Levi Haskell; Charles Leighton; Joshua Seaver Jr; Benjamin Parker; Elias Hasket Derby; Edward Goldsborough Prescott; Joseph Reynolds Newell; Leach Harris; Levi Bliss; Jabez Ellis; Joseph Hay; Thomas Melville Vinson; James Wright.", "1831 - Aldermen: Henry Farnam; Adam Bent; John Binney; Richard Devens Harris. — Common Council: John Brigden Tremere; Charles French; Ephraim Milton; Daniel Dickinson; James Clark; Asa Swallow; Samuel Chessman; Joshua Baker Flint; Ensign Sargent; Stephen Titcomb; Levi Bartlett; Abbott Lawrence; Edward Hutchinson Robbins; Ebenezer Bailey; Josiah Pierce.", "1832 - Aldermen: Jabez Ellis; James Bowdoin; John Stevens; William Tileston. — Common Council: John Center; Bill Richardson; Jonathan Porter; Grenville Temple Winthrop; Henry Rice; Richard Hildreth; James Brown; John Lewis Dimmock; Francis Brinley Jr; John Collamore Jr; John Lillie Phillips; Gilman Prichard; Henry Willis Kinsman; Thomas Hunting; Ebenezer Hayward; Joseph Harris Jr.", "1833 - Aldermen: Thomas Wetmore; Samuel Fales; Joseph Warren Revere; Benjamin Fiske", ". — Common Council: Enoch Howes Snelling; Thomas Hart Thompson; Henry Andrews; George Priest Thomas; Philip Adams; Edward Blake; Henry Rice; Silas Pierce Tarbell; Abel Phelps; Perez Loring; Luther Parks; William Tappan Eustis; Josiah Quincy Jr; Oliver William Bourne Peabody; Silas Bullard; Francis Osborn Watts; Abner Bourne; Daniel Messinger; Israel Martin; Thomas Richards Dascomb; John Doggett; Samuel Gilbert Jr; Ruel Baker; James Blake; Josiah Dunham.", "1834 - Aldermen: Charles Leighton; Josiah Dunham; Nathan Gurney; Samuel Atkins Eliot; Samuel Greele. — Common Council: Henry D", ". — Common Council: Henry D. Gray; Robert Keith; Henry Jackson Oliver; George Washington Smith; Henry Rice; Joseph Melcher Leavitt; John Snelling; Simon Green Shipley; Ammi Cutter; Ezra Trull; Asa Lewis; George Worthington Lewis; Michael Roulstone; Nathaniel Fellowes Cunningham; Calvin Washburn; Enoch Hobart; George Washington Bazin; Benjamin Apthorp Gould; Isaac McLellan Jr; Henry Sargent; Edward Cruft Jr; William Reed; Elias Bond Thayer; Philip Marett; Josiah Lee Currell Amee.", "1835 - Alderman: Joseph Henshaw Hay. — Common Council: Isaac Harris; Caleb Gould Loring; Stephen William Olney; Lewis Josselyn; Thomas Hollis; William Truman Spear; Moses Grant; George William Gordon; Henry Lincoln; Benajah Brigham; Abraham Waters Blanchard; John C. Park; Jonathan Chapman; Amos Wood; Horatio Masa Willis; Zebedee Cook Jr; James Harris; Horace Dupee; Richard Sullivan Fay; Jedediah Tuttle; John Thompson; William Bradlee Dorr; John Green Jr; John Bliss Stebbins.", "1836 - Aldermen: Thomas Hunting; Samuel Quincy", ". — Common Council: Joseph Bassett; Gilbert Nurse; William Eaton; Thatcher Rich Raymond; Nathan Carruth; Thomas Moulton; John Boles; Benjamin Kimball; Jason Dyer Battles; Asa Barker Snow; George Washington Edmands; Ebenezer Ellis; Henry Upham; Henry Edwards; James Thomas Hobart; Thomas Coffin Amory Wd; William Greene Eaton; Aaron Breed; Elbridge Gerry Austin; Benjamin Yeaton; Benjamin Marshall Nevers; Alpheus Stetson; Stephen Child; George Savage; Solon Jenkins.", "1837 - Aldermen: John B. Wells; Thomas Richardson. — Common Council: Erasmus Thompson; Thomas Hudson; Samuel Lock Cutter; William Orne Haskell; Joseph Thornton Adams; Edmund Trowbridge Hastings; Philip Greely Jr.; Francis Brown; Ezra Lincoln; Thomas Buckminster Curtis; Simon Davis Leavens; Charles Brooks; Lemuel Shattuck; Calvin Bullard; Thomas Vose; Josiah Dunham Jr; John Thomas Dingley.", "1838 - Aldermen: Isaac Harris; Martin Brimmer. — Common Council: Benjamin Dodd; Bradley Newcomb Cumings; Rowland Ellis; Charles Arnold; James Morris Whiton; Nathaniel Hammond; James McAllaster; Theophilus Burr; Henry Rice; Newell Aldrich Thompson; John Brooks Russell; Benjamin Parker Richardson; John Brooks Parker; Thomas Jefferson Shelton Jonathan Preston Stephen Shelton; Jeremy Drake; Nehemiah Pitman Mann; Samuel Wheeler; Warren White.", "1839 - Alderman: James Harris. — Common Council: Zebina Lee Raymond; William Dillaway; Richard Brackett; Freeborn Fairfield Raymond; Samuel Emmes; Jacob Stearns; Ezekiel Bates; Charles Wilkins; James Haughton; Alfred Augustus Wellington; William Vinal Kent; Ephraim Larkin Snow; Horace Williams; Ezra Child Hutchins; William Walker Parrott; Gideon French Thayer; Winslow Lewis Jr; Elisha Copeland Jr; John Stevens; Nicholas Noyes; George Page; Horatio Nelson Crane.", "1840–1849", "1840 - Aldermen: James Clark; Charles Wilkins; Abraham Thompson Lowe; William Turell Andrews; Charles Amory. — Common Council: Henry Leeds; William Russell Lovejoy; Peter Dunbar; Erastus Wilson Sanborn; Dexter Follett; Lucius Doolittle; George Washington Otis Jr; John Hubbard Wilkins; Elijah Williams Jr; George William Phillips; Daniel Kimball; Holmes Hinckley; Eben Jackson.", "1841 - Alderman: Benson Leavitt. — Common Council: Henry Northey Hooper; Pelham Bonney; Freeman Stowe; Edward Parker Meriam; Enoch Train; Joseph Neale Howe Jr; John Plummer Healy; Theophilus Rogers Marvin; Moses Whitney Jr; Luther Blodgett; John Gardner Nazro; Richard Urann; Edward Shirley Erving; John Gray Roberts; Samuel Leeds; William Henry Howard; Seriah Stevens; William Burton Harding.", "1842 - Aldermen: Larra Crane; William Parker, Joseph Tilden; James Longley; Richard Urann", ". — Common Council: Norton Newcomb; Cyrus Buttrick; Perkins Boynton; Aaron Adams; Joseph Cullen Ayer; Abner Williams Pollard; Enoch Hemenway Wakefield; Francis Boardman Crowninshield; William Brown Spooner; Noah Sturtevant; George Wheelwright; Henry Plimpton; Samuel Ripley Townsend; William Augustus Weeks; Josiah Moore Jones; Benjamin Burchstead; Charles Edward Cook; John Rice Bradlee; William Hayden; Jonathan Ellis; Henry Worthington Dutton; William Dall; Asaph Parmelee; Robert", "William Hayden; Jonathan Ellis; Henry Worthington Dutton; William Dall; Asaph Parmelee; Robert Cowdin; Willis Howes; John Tillson; Caleb Thurston", ".", "1843 - Aldermen: Simon Wilkinson; Josiah Stedman; Jonathan Preston. — Common Council: Jacob George Lewis Libbey; Daniel Bartlett Jr; William Henry Learnard; Joshua B. Fowle; Henry Davis; James Whiting; James Harvey Dudley; George Washington Crockett; Willard Nason Fisher; James Fowle; Kimball Gibson; Peleg Whitman Chandler; John Slade Jr; George Tyler Bigelow; Andrew Townsend Hall; Clement Willis; Isaac Cary; Greenleaf Connor Sanborn; Romanus Emerson.", "1844 - Aldermen: Simon Wiggin Robinson; Henry Bromfield Rogers. — Common Council: Job Turner; John Plummer Ober; Timothy Converse Kendall; Oliver Dyer; James Boynton; Samuel Whitney Hall; Charles Boardman; Loring Norcross; John Gardner; Otis Clapp; Benjamin Barnard Appleton; Joseph Bradlee; Samuel Topliff; George Whittemore; Samuel Harris; Charles H. Brown; William Pope; Asa Brown; Henry Wadsworth Fletcher; Isaac Jones.", "1845 - Aldermen: William Pope; John Hathaway; Samuel Shurtleff Perkins; Simon Green Shipley; Joseph Cullen Ayer; Lyman Reed; James Sullivan Savage. — Common Council: Samuel Parkman Oliver; James Munroe; William R. Carnes; Benjamin Wood; John Turner; Artemus Ward; Cyrus Cummings; Samuel Abbott Lawrence; Sargent Smith Littlehale; Benjamin Seaver; George R. Sampson; George Stillman Hillard; James Hayward; Daniel Denny; James Dennison; George Davis; Calvin Whiting Haven; Samuel C", ". Demerest; Thomas Jones; Samuel Whittemore Sloan; Theophilus Stover.", "1846 - Aldermen: Frederick Gould; Charles Allyn Wells; Thomas Jones; George Edward Head. — Common Council: Samuel C. Nottage; Noah Harrod; George Carlisle; George Cofran; Jeremiah Ross; Thomas Butler Pope; Thomas Haviland; Charles Henry Parker; Nathaniel Wheeler Coffin; William Whitney; Walter Bryent; Henry Waldo Cushing; James Dodd; John L. Emmons; Stephen Tucker; George Washington Frothingham; William Eaton; Seth Adams; John W. Crafts.", "1847 - Aldermen: John Hubbard Wilkins; Billings Briggs. — Common Council: Noah Lincoln Jr; William Wildes; Edwin Curtis Bailey; George W. Felt; William Whitwell Greenough; Darwin Erasmus Jewett; Eliphalet Jones; William Dawes Coolidge; George Whiting Abbot; Richard Bridge Carter; William Gray Brooks; Samuel Eliot Guild; Francis Gardner; Willard Adams Harrington; William Blake; Tisdale Drake; Samuel Wales Jr; Ezra Lincoln Jr; Jabez Coney; Samuel Shurtleff Perkins; Alvan Simonds.", "1848 - Aldermen: John Plummer Ober; Moses Grant. — Common Council: John Hillard Bowker; Abel B. Munroe; William Palfrey; George D. Boardman Blanchard; Thomas Critchet; John Phelps Putnam; Josiah Putnam Bradlee; Nathaniel Brewer; Solomon Hopkins; Jesse Maynard; Benjamin James; Joseph Smith.", "1849 - Alderman: Samuel Hall. — Common Council: Isaiah Faxon; William Parkman; Emory Goss; Julius Auboineau Palmer; Robert Marsh; John Atkins; Nathaniel Seaver; Frederick Crosby; Benjamin Beal; John M. Wright; Charles Brown; Edward Hennessey; Daniel Noyes Haskell; Richard B. Callender; Calvin Whiting Clark; George Woodman; Moses Kimball; Reuben Lovejoy; Manlius Stimson Clarke; George William McLellan; Albert T. Minot; Francis Richards; Samuel Dexter Crane.", "1850–1859", "1850 - Aldermen: Solomon Piper; Henry Manning Holbrook; James Perkins. — Common Council: John Cushing; Solomon Carter; Charles Emerson; Henry Joseph Gardner; William C. Ford; Abraham Gibson Wyman; Avery Plumer Jr; Ebenezer Dale; Samuel Appleton Appleton; David Chapin; John B. Dexter Jr; James W. Sever; Joseph W. Merriam; Aaron Heywood Bean.", "1851 - Aldermen: Abel B. Munroe; Calvin Whiting Clark; Moses Kimball; Benjamin Smith. — Common Council: James G. Hovey; Joel M. Holden; Charles H. Stearns; Cyrus Washburn; James B. Allen; William Howard Calrow; Richard Shackford; Hiram Bosworth; Thomas Sprague; Andrew Abbot; James Lawrence; Harvey Jewell; Ezekiel Kendall; Oliver B. Dorrance; Francis C. Manning; Peter C. Jones; Otis Kimball; Edward Reed; Andrew J. Loud; Theodore P. Hale; Zibeon Southard.", "1852 - Aldermen: Benjamin James; Sampson Reed; Jacob Sleeper; Lyman Perry; Benjamin Leach Allen; Thomas Phillips Rich; Isaac Cary. — Common Council: Elijah Stearns; Benjamin Fessenden; Edward A. Vose; George Wilson; Andrew Burnham; Samuel A. Bradbury; Dexter Roby; John James Rayner; Joseph D. Roberts; Paul Adams; William Thomas; Frederick H. Stimpson; Samuel Nicolson; Edward H. Eldredge; Farnham Plummer; Amos Cutler; George Washington Warren; John Odin Jr; John F", ". Eldredge; Farnham Plummer; Amos Cutler; George Washington Warren; John Odin Jr; John F. Banister; Horace A. Breed; Aaron Hobart; David Hamblen; John Proctor; George N. Noyes; Samuel Rogers Spinney.", "1853 - Aldermen: James Whiting; Benjamin Franklin White; Oliver Frost. — Common Council: Charles Todd Woodman; Charles A. Turner; Henry D. Gardiner; Daniel Dole Kelly; Benjamin F. Russell; Mical Tubbs; Charles Dupee; William F. Goodwin; Martin L. Hall; Israel C. Rice; Matthew Binney; Ezra Forristall; Francis B. Winter; Henry Fowle Durant; William Washburn; Samuel Hatch; William Burrage; Charles Demond; John H. Thorndike; Calvin P", ". Thorndike; Calvin P. Hinds; Thacher Beal; Joseph Lawrence Drew; Jonas Harrod French; Samuel J. M. Homer; Joel Richards; Alexander Hamilton Rice; Stephen Tilton Jr; Gardner P. Drury; John A. Cummings; Charles C. Conley; Joshua Jenkins; William S. Thacher; James F. Whittemore.", "1854 - Aldermen: John Thomas Dingley; Josiah Dunham Jr; William Washburn; Tisdale Drake; George Frederick Williams; George Odiorne. — Common Council: William P. Howard; John Davis; Morrill Cole; Watson G. Mayo; Ebenezer Atkins; Caleb S. Johnson; Benjamin F. Mahan; George Washington Messinger; John M. Clark; George W. Chipman; Levi Boles; Daniel Warren; George S. Jones; Jonathan Amory Davis; Hiram Simmons; Ebenezer Johnson; Artemas Stone; David Whiton; Charles Owen Rogers; John W", ". T. Stodder; David Bryant; Hezekiah Prince; John R. Mullin; John W. F. Hobbs; Charles Mayo; Edward H. Brainard.", "1855 - Aldermen: Robert Cowdin; Samuel Topliff; Thomas Sprague; Joseph Lawrence Drew; Charles Todd Woodman; John M. Clark; Salma Elger Gould; Charles Woodberry; Albion Keith Parris Joy; Benjamin Franklin Cooke; Goorge Washington Messinger. — Common Council: William Marble; Samuel P. Whitman; George Dexter Ricker; Bradbury G. Prescott; Austin Gove; Amos A. Dunnels; Edward Francis Porter; Samuel Jepson; Jonathan B. Severance; William H. Lounsbury; Edward W. Hinks; Robert I", ". Severance; William H. Lounsbury; Edward W. Hinks; Robert I. Burbank; Charles B. Farley; Lorenzo S. Cragin; Jerome W. Tyler; Joseph Story; Joseph A. Pond; William Giles Harris; George W. Learnard; Benjamin Franklin Stevens; Alvin Vinal; Hales Wallace Suter; Joseph Buckley; Sylvester P. Gilbert; Frederick L. Washburn; Charles Nowell; William B. Merrill; William Augustus Bell; Samuel W. Ropes; Charles S. Burgess; Eben Tarbell; Jairus A. Frost; George S", ". Ropes; Charles S. Burgess; Eben Tarbell; Jairus A. Frost; George S. Dexter; Daniel Hall; Jedediah P. Bean.", "1856 - Aldermen: Eben Jackson; Pelham Bonney; Timothy Converse Kendall; William Howard Calrow; Farnham Plummer; James Cheever; Osmyn Brewster; Levi Benjamin Meriam; Otis Rich; George Washington Torrey; Robert Codman; Joseph Milner Wightman. — Common Council: Oliver Frost; William A. Kruger; Henry A. Dalton; William S. Albertson; James M. Stevens; Lucius A. Bigelow; James W. Russell; John Peak; Jacob Albert Dresser; Oliver Stevens; Reuben Reed; Barnet F. Warner; Daniel J", ". Warner; Daniel J. Coburn; Ezra Farnsworth; John G. Webster; Davis B. Roberts; Rufus B. Bradford; Daniel Cragin; David F. McGilvray; Nahum Morrill Morrison; Lemuel Miles Standish; Robert Slade; Nathaniel Cushing Nash; Francis Jewett Parker; William Fox Richardson; Frederick Fessenden Thayer; Julian Ovando Mason; Ezra Harlow; Freeman Marshall Josselyn Jr; Lewis Gary Whiton; Sumner Crosby.", "1857 - Aldermen: Solomon Carter; Samuel Hatch; Silas Peirce; James Nute; Timothy Allen Sumner. — Common Council: John B. Wedger; Nehemiah Gibson; Benjamin F. Palmer; Benjamin Pond; James J. Cobb; Samuel Talbot Jr; Francis Edwin Faxon; George N. Nichols; George Atwood Shaw 6; John Stanhope Damrell; George W. Tuxbury; John H. Barry; Henry E. Bayley; George Silsbee Hale; James H. Beal; Benjamin French; Sidney Algernon Stetson; John Tyler; Josiah B", ". Beal; Benjamin French; Sidney Algernon Stetson; John Tyler; Josiah B. Richardson; Samuel Wallis Waldron Jr; Davis W. Bailey; Henry Mason.", "1858 - Aldermen: Samuel Dexter Crane; Charles Emerson; Rufus B. Bradford; George Dennie; George Augustus Curtis; Jesse Holbrook; Ebenezer Atkins. — Common Council: John W. Bartlett; Albert Betteley; Horace Poland; John C. Tucker; Francis Dana Stedman; Alexander Wadsworth; William Cross Williamson; Joseph L. Bates; Jairus Beal; Lucius Slade; Joseph Lyman Henshaw; Prescott Barker; Henry Williamson Haynes; Elijah Drew; Timothy R. Page; Thomas M. Howard; Edward F. Robinson; John A", ". Page; Thomas M. Howard; Edward F. Robinson; John A. Warren; Edward F. Hall; William S. McGowan; Calvin Allen Richards; Benjamin B. Brown; George P. French; Henry B. Janes; Chauncy Page.", "1859 - Aldermen: Clement Willis; William Welden Allen; Joseph Tilden Bailey; Thomas Coffin Amory Jr; Otis Clapp. — Common Council: Samuel Brown Krogman; Cornelius Doherty; Gilbert E. Pierce; Joseph Robbins; William Clark Burgess; Thomas Mooney; Theophilus Burr Jr; John H. Robinson; Philip Howes Sears; Jabez Frederick; Gharles J", ". Robinson; Philip Howes Sears; Jabez Frederick; Gharles J. McCarthy; James Riley; John Steele Tyler; Jonas Fitch; John Langdon Batchelder; William Carpenter; Horace Jenkins; Levi Lincoln Willcutt; Justin Jones; Ansel Lothrop; William Warland Clapp Jr; Joseph Frost Paul; Osborn Howes; Joel Baker Jr.", "1860–1869", "1860 - Aldermen: Francis Edwin Faxon; Harrison Otis Briggs; James Laighton Hanson. — Common Council: John Dacey; Thomas A. Mathews; Albert P. Morrison; Daniel Goodwin; George Thomas Sampson; John Allison; John Milton Roberts; William Edward Webster; Lyman Sawin Hapgood; Nathaniel C. A. Preble; Benjamin Greenleaf Boardman; Gardiner Howland Shaw; John Leahy; Joseph Hildreth Bradley; Samuel A. B. Bragg; George Partridge Sanger; William Bentley Fowle Jr; Joseph W", ". B. Bragg; George Partridge Sanger; William Bentley Fowle Jr; Joseph W. Howard; Henry Souther; George Washington Sprague; Benjamin Pope.", "1861 - Aldermen: Samuel Rogers Spinney; Nehemiah Gibson; George Washington Parmenter; Moses Clark; John Francis Pray; Elisha Tyson Wilson. — Common Council: Andrew Ainsworth; John William Leighton; Cornelius Murphy; Horace Dodd; Albert Bowker; Stephen N. Stockwell; Sylvanus Allen Denio; John Rogers; Philip O. Donnell; Seldon Crockett; Elias E. Davison; Benjamin Franklin Edmands; Daniel H. Whitney; Daniel Carr Jr; John S. Pear; Daniel Davies; Henry W. Foley; Morris C", ". Whitney; Daniel Carr Jr; John S. Pear; Daniel Davies; Henry W. Foley; Morris C. Fitch; Frederick Grant; John Coffin Jones Brown; William A. Clark; Francis H. Ward; John Borrowscale; Joseph F. Huntress; Joshua Dorsey Ball; John C. Fallon; Hollis Randall Gray.", "1862 - Aldermen: Francis Richards No; Joseph Lyman Henshaw; Joseph Frost Paul; Calvin Allen Richards; Otis Norcross. — Common Council: Dennis Bonner; Matthew Keany; Richard Beeching; George Hinman; Augustus Reed; Bernard Cullen; John Glancy; Joseph Andrew Brown; Linus Mason Child; Michael F. Wells; William Emery Bicknell; George P. Clapp; George Otis Shattuck; Edward Ryan; Windsor Hatch; Franklin H. Sprague; Samuel G. Bowdlear; William Hormby Ireland; Loring B", ". Sprague; Samuel G. Bowdlear; William Hormby Ireland; Loring B. Barnes; Cyrus Hicks; Horace Bullard Fisher; Lucius A. Cutler; Henry A. Drake; Stanley Gore.", "1863 - Aldermen: Sylvanus Allen Denio; Robert Marsh; Lemuel Miles Standish; John Steele Tyler; Hiram Ambrose Stevens. — Common Council: Patrick McLaughlin; Charles Rankin McLean; Nicholas J. Bean; John Minot Fiske; Granville Mears; William Wilkins Warren; Joseph Allen; Joseph Richardson; David Hill Coolidge; Charles Woodbury; John P. Ordway; Daniel J. Sweeney; John Tisdale Bradlee; Gilbert C. Brown; John C. Haynes; Patrick F", ". Ordway; Daniel J. Sweeney; John Tisdale Bradlee; Gilbert C. Brown; John C. Haynes; Patrick F. Logan; Nathaniel Adams; William Cumston; Nathan Morse; William Gallagher; Lewis J. Bird.", "1864 - Aldermen: George Washington Warren; Nathaniel Cushing Nash; William Warland Clapp Jr; George Washington Sprague; Daniel Davies; Charles Francis Dana. — Common Council: Jabez Fisher Hewes; Albert Stevens Pratt; John Turner; William W. Elliott; Nathaniel McKay; Edwin Mason Putnam; Lewis Rice; Patrick H", ". Elliott; Nathaniel McKay; Edwin Mason Putnam; Lewis Rice; Patrick H. Farren; Robert Bunten; Thomas Gaffield; Patrick Tracy Jackson; William Mooney; Samuel Harvey Loring; Thomas Francis Richardson; Joshua Putnam Preston; Cadis Barney Boyce; Solomon B. Stebbins; George Parmer Darrow; Moses Wright Richardson; Charles W. Livermore; Thomas Gogin; Horace Smith; Moses Colman.", "1865 - Aldermen: Edward Francis Porter; Thomas Gaffield. — Common Council: John Miller; Andrew Hall; Allen Riley; John F. Flynn; Joel Gray; Noah Webster Farley; Augustine G. Stimson; Weston Lewis; Jarvis Dwight Braman; Francis Winthrop Palfrey; James Joseph Flynn; William Driver Park; Walbridge Abner Field; Horace Leander Bowker; Job T. Souther; Benjamin Dean; Freeborn Adams Jr.", "1866 - Aldermen: Jonas Fitch; Charles Wesley Slack; Gilbert Wait; Noah Mayo Jr. — Common Council: William James Ellis; Francis James Munroe; Moses B. Tower; Dennis Cawley Jr; Murdock Matheson; Elam W. Hale; Increase Eldredge Noyes; Alfonso Bowman; Christopher Augustus Connor; Thomas Leavitt; Hugh Ambrose Madden; Michael Carney; Israel Smith Trafton; Edward Augustus White; William Sanford Hills; George Nowell; Jeremiah L. Newton; Daniel Gorton Grafton; Samuel W", ". Newton; Daniel Gorton Grafton; Samuel W. Hodges; Charles Caverly Jr; Matthias Rich; Jonas Ball; Hubbard Winslow Tilton; Henry Dwight Hyde; Solomon S. Gray; Henry E. Bradlee.", "1867 - Aldermen: William Cumston; Charles Rankin McLean; Albert Stevens Pratt; Jarvis Dwight Braman; Edward Augustus White; Walter Edward Hawes; Newton Talbot. — Common Council: William Woolley; George E. Young; Michael Carney; John Furness Jarvis; Edward R. Merritt; Charles R. Train; Edward E. Batchelder; Francis Augustus Osborn; Hiram Burr Crandall; Oliver Cromwell Livermore; William H. Emerson; Warren Lothrop Tower; Henry Clement Lougee; George Baxter Jr; Sewall B. Bond; Lucius W", ". Bond; Lucius W. Knight; William R. Bryden; Frederick A. Wilkins; Albert F. Upton; Charles Hastings Allen; Ivory Bean; Henry Warren Wilson; Howard A. Doe.", "1868 - Aldermen: Nathaniel Seaver; Samuel Crocker Cobb; Moses Fairbanks. — Common Council: James Byron Nason; Joshua Weston; Thomas Dinsmore; Edward Malone; Thomas Leighton Jenks; Lyman Alonzo Belknap; Zimri B. Heywood; Michael J. Driscoll; William M. Flanders; Francis Wayland Jacobs -; Sereno T. Thayer; Horace Goodman Tucker; Robert Bishop; Michael G. Minon; John White; Sidney Squires; Samuel Rice; Ebenezer Nelson; Charles S. Butler; George P", ". Minon; John White; Sidney Squires; Samuel Rice; Ebenezer Nelson; Charles S. Butler; George P. Denny; Horace Tyler Rockwell; Samuel B. Hopkins; Samuel Thomas Snow; Albert Judd Wright; William Treadwell Van Nostrand; Thomas Dolan; Benjamin Franklin; Lemuel Foster Morse; Joseph T. Ryan; William Hobbs Jr; Augustus Parker; Henry B. Phelps; Henry White Pickering; James Monroe Keith; Everett C. Kingsbury; John Austin Rogers; Horace H. White.", "1869 - Aldermen: Lewis Rice; John Tisdale Bradlee; William Treadwell Van Nostrand; George Partridge Baldwin. — Common Council: Jeremiah Hobbs Pote; Thomas Doherty; George Going; Nathan Hagar Daniels; Amos Lucian Noyes; Milford Joy Coyle; Grenville Temple Winthrop Braman; Albert Frye Cole; Winslow Bradford Lucas; James K. Crowley; Edmund B. Vannevar; William Frost; Albert Gay; George Edward Learned; John Osborne Poor; George H", ". Vannevar; William Frost; Albert Gay; George Edward Learned; John Osborne Poor; George H. Johnston; Solomon Adams Woods; Melville Ezra Ingalls; Jeremiah M. Mullane; George C. Pearson; David P. Davis; Gurdon C. Judson; Giles Hopkins Rich; Nathan D. Conant.", "1870–1879", "1870 - Aldermen: Christopher Augustus Connor; Francis Wayland Jacobs; Grenville Temple Winthrop Braman; George Washington Pope; Charles Edwin Jenkins; George Oliver Carpenter; Henry Lillie Pierce. — Common Council: Joseph H. Barnes; William Francis Brooks; Thomas W. Brown Jr; William Taylor; Albert Cushman Pond; Eugene C. Donnelly; Charles Brooks Perkins; Barney Hull; John Joseph Murphy; John Quinn; Stephen Rensselaer Niles; George Middleton Barnard Jr; John O", ". Brien; John Henry Giblin; Patrick O. Connor; Isaac Hale Robbins; John Sam Moulton; Calvin M. Winch; Solomon Sewall Rowe; William Jamieson Smith; Daniel Augustus Patch; William C. Roberts; John Bullard Meads; William Morse; Franklin Williams; Joel Seaverns; Adams Ayer; Herman D. Bradt; James Devine; Patrick Henry Rogers; Charles D. Bickford; William Pope; William Say; Thomas French Temple; George Lathe Burt.", "1871 - Aldermen: Avery Plumer; George Dexter Ricker; Samuel Talbot Jr; William Woolley; Samuel Little; Leonard Richardson Cutter. — Common Council: James Smith; Frederick Pease; William Cunningham; George S. Kendall; Thomas R. Jacobs; Stephen Decatur Salmon Jr; Alfred Alonzo Clatur; John Robertson; John W. Foye; Henry Nathan Stone; William Edward Perkins; David Locke Webster; Robert McDevitt; Edward J. Long; Washington L", ". Long; Washington L. Prescott; James Davis Knowles Willis; Stephen Locke Emery; Wallace Fullam Robinson; Marquis Fayette Dickinson Jr; Charles Henry Hersey; John Henry Locke; Thomas Brennan; Theodore C. Faxon; Isaac Paul Gregg; Alfred Heyer Perry; William Henry West.", "1872 - Aldermen: Thomas Leighton Jenks; Sidney Squires; William Say; Stephen Abbot Stackpole; John Taylor Clark; William Chadwell Poland; James Power. — Common Council: Neil Doherty; Patrick Collins; Timothy J. Dacey; Thomas J. Anderson; George Parkman Kingsley; Horace E. Walker; Edward Olcott Shepard; Horace Loring; Francis Michael Hughes; Edward J", ". Walker; Edward Olcott Shepard; Horace Loring; Francis Michael Hughes; Edward J. Holmes; John Bernard Martin; John Edward Fitzgerald; Abraham John Lamb; Charles Darrow; Benjamin Heath; David Whiston; Cyrus Andrew Page; Edward Payson Wilbur; James Freeman Marston; John Johnson McNutt; Frederick Samuel Risteen; Wilmon Whilldin Blackmar; Asa Harden Caton; William Henry Hart; Daniel Dowd; Bartholomew Dolan; William Hatch Jones; William G", ". Thacher; Hiram Augustus Wright; Charles Augustus Burditt; Hartford Davenport.", "1873 - Aldermen: Solomon B. Stebbins; John Brown; Alanson Bigelow; Hiram Emery; Charles Hulbert; Samuel Miller Quincy. — Common Council: William McKenney; Thomas H. Doherty; Jacob Abbott; Charles Edward Powers; Michael James Flatley; John W. Mahan; Robert McCue; Elijah B. Hine; John Madden; Henry W. Harrington; Edwin Hutton Woods; John Quincy Adams Brackett; Andrew Jackson Hall; Samuel S. Cudworth; Hillman B. Barnes; Harrison Loring; Hiram A. Bowles; Alonzo Warren; William G", ". Cudworth; Hillman B. Barnes; Harrison Loring; Hiram A. Bowles; Alonzo Warren; William G. Train; William Elliot Woodward; Charles G. Davis; Ebenezer Adams; Halsey Joseph Boardman; Pierpont Edwards; Frederick Bleiler; Michael Kelley; James Humphreys Upham.", "1874 - Aldermen: William Francis Brooks; Andrew Jackson Hall; Charles Jones Prescott; Thomas Burdett Harris; Francis Alonzo Peters; Roland Worthington. — Common Council: Frederick B. Day; Rufus Cushman; Michael D. Collins; James Bent; Thomas Mooney; George F. Gordon; Thomas Charles Butler; Henry Harrison Sprague; Michael H. McCarty; Richard Jennings; David Pulsifer Kimball; Samuel H. Russell; Uriel Haskell Crocker; Edward William Barry; Frank B. Brown; Francis H", ". Russell; Uriel Haskell Crocker; Edward William Barry; Frank B. Brown; Francis H. Peabody; John Sweetser; Zenas E. Smith; Henry Lowell Leach; John Goldthwait; Horace M. Bearce; Frederick Griswold Walbridge; Nathan S. Wilbur; Thacher F. Sweat; Henry Ware Putnam; Henry W. Fuller; Samuel Cony Perkiris; Alexander Beal; William Minot Jr; Francis Hunnewell; Patrick Moley; Edwin Sibley; James F. Dacey; William H. Kent; Francis William Pray; George H. Long; John Tyler Hicks.", "1875 - Aldermen: William Pope; Abraham Orlando Bigelow; Alvah Augustus Burrage; Clinton Viles; Hugh O'Brien; — Common Council: Emery Dyer Leighton; Jeremiah Harrigan; Charles Marvel Kingsley; Jeremiah A. Murray; Albus R. Cushing; William Henry Whitmore; Alexander Fairfield Wadsworth; John H. Walsh; John Augustus Duggan; Ward; Curtis Guild; Walter Harmon; Patrick Barry; Thomas J. Fitzpatrick; John Osborne Jr; Francis Jaques; Eugene Henry Sampson; Joseph Augustus Felt; Otis H", ". Pierce; Osborne Howes Jr; George Leonard Damon; James A. Lappen; Ephraim D. Whitcomb; George J. Coyle; Lowell Brigham Hiscock; John F. Newton; Isaac P. Clarke; Omar Loring; Charles F. Curtis; Charles E. Rice; Ezra Jackson Trull; Benjamin Franklin Stacey; John Kelley; John N. Devereux; Richard Power.", "1876 - Aldermen: George Thomas Sampson; Liverus Hull; Francis Thompson; Choate Burnham; Thomas Jones Whidden. — Common Council: Edwin R. Webster; Edward Pearl; William J. Burke; Albert H. Taylor; Marcellus Day; Phinehas J. Stone Jr; Stephen G. Jones; Franklin Oliver Reed; George F. Shepard; Sidney E. Adams; Michael Barr; John William Fraser; Daniel Doherty; Joseph Doherty; James O. Donnell; Warren Kendall Blodgett; James Hall Jr; George Lewis Ruffin; John A", ". Donnell; Warren Kendall Blodgett; James Hall Jr; George Lewis Ruffin; John A. Smardon; Alfred Israel Woodbury; James W. Fox; John Mullen; Martin Luther Ham; Richard Pope; Francis Allen Davis; Abraham Firth; William Tuttle; William Everett Shay; Christopher J. Spenceley; James Benton Graham; Joseph Morrill Jr; William Blanchard; Benjamin Holt Ticknor; John Wilder May; James Homer Pierce.", "1877 - Aldermen: Lucius Slade; John Edward Fitzgerald; Charles Henry Bass Breck; George Dunbar; Richard Worth Robinson; Charles Woodard Wilder. — Common Council: James J. Doherty; George Larkin Thorndike; George B. Webster; Peter Stillings Roberts; Frederick B. Day; Norman Young Brintnall; John H. Dee; John Kelley; John Augustine Kidney; Richard Roach; Peter Cannon; Edward O. Donnell; Patrick F. McGaragle; Thomas O", ". Donnell; Patrick F. McGaragle; Thomas O. Connor; Robert Means Thompson; James Bailey Richardson; James Hutchins Danforth; Oscar Brownell Mowry; Roger Wolcott; Jeremiah Henry Mullane; Patrick Francis McDonald; James F. McClusky; James W. Loughlin; Joaquin Kilvert Souther; Oliver George Fernald; Robert Cox; John Cross; Andrew Jackson; Dennis Ambrose Flynn; Salmon P", ". Hibbard; Charles Henry Reed; James Henry Nugent; James Fagan; Charles Edward Pratt; James Joseph Barry; Henry Francis Coe; Alfred Staniford Brown; Charles S. Perham; Coolidge Barnard; Robert Vose Jr; Webster F. Warren.", "1878 - Aldermen: Lewis Cary Whiton; Samuel Cony Perkins; Curtis Guild; George Burrell Faunce; Charles Hayden; Josiah Shepard Robinson; John Perrin Spaulding. — Common Council: James Woolley; Harvey Newton Shepard; Benjamin Brintnall; Nathaniel D. Toppan; George H. Lovering; Charles W. Howland; John Drynan; Alexander B. McGahey; Dennis O. Connor; Lemuel Meader Ham; John J", ". Howland; John Drynan; Alexander B. McGahey; Dennis O. Connor; Lemuel Meader Ham; John J. Smith; Nathaniel Johnson Rust; Charles Wheeler; Thomas Joseph Denney; Thomas Henry Devlin; James Aloysius McGeough; Howard Clapp; Thomas Hill; Albert Frederic Lauten; John Tavlor; Isaac Rosnosky; Jesse Leonard Nason; John Freeman Colby; Oscar Hallett Sampson; Nathan Sawyer; John P. Santry; John Patrick Brawley; Paul Henry Kendricken; William E. Whitcher; Thomas Edwin Wilson; George H", ". Whitcher; Thomas Edwin Wilson; George H. Wyman; Francis J; Charles Herbert Plimpton; Henry Nathan Sawyer; George Warren Hollis; Jacob F. Taylor.", "1879 - Aldermen: Daniel Dole Kelly; Benjamin Pope; James Joseph Flynn; Joseph Augustus Tucker; George Edwin Bell. — Common Council: Martin Moore Hancock; Cornelius Francis Doherty; John Thomas Hayes; Frank Eliot Sweetser; William Hanson Howard; Otis B. Dudley; John Paul Hilton; Andrew A. O'Dowd; Stephen F. McLaughlin; Roger John Kelley; John Doherty; Charles V. Bunten; James Christal; Henry Parkman; Malcolm Scollay Greenough; Henry Walton Swift; Joseph Healy; Charles F", ". Austin; Nicholas Furlong; Francis O. Brien; John Cannon; George Henry Cavanagh; Evan H. Morgan; John Elliott Bowker; George T. Perkins; John William Morrison; Thomas Norton Hart; Benjamin Franklin Anthony; Patrick James Maguire; John Andrew Slattery; Timothy A. Murphy; Michael William Costello; John Eli Blakemore; Albert Thomas Stearns; George Albert Fisher; John A. Sawyer.", "1880–1889", "1880 - Aldermen: Asa Harden Caton; Frederick Griswold Walbridge; George Larkin Thorndike; Charles Varney Whitten; Joseph Caldwell. — Common Council: Clarence Parker Lovell; Daniel J. Sweeney; Hiram I. Nason; Matthew Walsh; Andrew Jackson Bailey; Philip J", ". Sweeney; Hiram I. Nason; Matthew Walsh; Andrew Jackson Bailey; Philip J. McLaughlin; Edward Dixon; John Patrick Joseph; William Joseph Welch; John Bernard Fitzpatrick; Alden Everett Viles; James Goldthwaite Freeman Alder; man; Eugene Bigelow Hagar; William Fisher Wharton; Charles Herbert Williams; Patrick H. Cronin; Martin Thomas Folan; John I", ". Cronin; Martin Thomas Folan; John I. Lane; Lewis Raymond Tucker; Charles William Donahoe; Frank Foster Farwell; Henry Elisha Hosley; David Franklin Barry; Dudley Richards Child; Nathaniel Brimbecom; Jeremiah J. McNamara; Abraham Theobald Rogers; Horace Beals Clapp; Austin Bigelow.", "1881 - Aldermen: Charles Henry Hersey; George Curtis; Cyrus Summerfield Haldeman; William Frost. — Common Council: Peter Morrison; Jesse Morse Gove; Christopher Patrick Conlin; Charles Francis Quigley; William L. Harding; Francis J. Murphy; Henry Ward Beecher Cotton; Samuel Josiah Harrison; George Frederick Mullett; James F. Daly; Martin Sumner McCormick; John Aloysius McLaughlin; John Joseph Foyle; James W. Pope; Prentiss Cummings; George Lewis Huntress; Charles A", ". Pope; Prentiss Cummings; George Lewis Huntress; Charles A. Powers; Joseph Binard Gomez; Otis Dexter Dana; William Eustis Bartlett; Leander Beal; William H. Ford; Thomas Jefferson Emery; James Teevan; William Caverly Fisk; Arthur Frederick Means; Joseph Patrick Connell; Nathan Gilman Smith; Thomas Richard Mathews; Nelson Sumner Wakefield; Reuben Samuel Swan; Otis Eddy.", "1882 - Aldermen: Benjamin Franklin Anthony; Thomas Norton Hart; Laban Pratt; Clinton White. — Common Council: Benjamin P. Bates; James Edmund Fitzgerald; Alfred N. Proctor; Ernest Clifton Marshall; Horace E. Boynton; Patrick John Donovan; Michael J. Houghton; Daniel McLaughlin; John Joseph Cannon; Godfrey Morse; Edward Perry Fisk; John Davis Williams French; James Henry Stack; James Ambrose Murphy; William Henry Frizzell; Charles H", ". Orr; James Donovan; Frederick Bourne Taylor; John Good; Felix Aloysius Strange; Michael J. Killion; Charles Henry Wise; Munroe Chickering; Joseph Francis Howland; John Henry Lee.", "1883 - Aldermen: Francis William Pray; Thomas Henry Devlin; Paul Henry Kendricken; William Joseph Welch; Edwin Forrest Leighton. — Common Council: Edwin Grosvenor Smith; Walter F. Burk; William Abraham Foss; George E. Bacon; Joseph W. Peterson; Samuel Lombard; Harvey Newton Collison; James H. Gallagher; Robert Donnelly; Francis Patrick Maguire; Andreas Blume; Eugene David Sullivan; Patrick Leo Cassidy; George Francis Henry Murray; Benjamin W", ". Dean; Charles Michael Bromwich; George Henry Bond; John Edward Lappen; James F. Marley; Aaron Francis Richards; Samuel Hichborn; Francis L. White; William A. Thomes; John Albree; Edward Jacob Hathorne; Thomas O Flynn; John P. O'Brien; Francis Anthony Strater; Chauncey Thomas; Lewis Wheaton Morse; James Goodman; Edward Finnerty; Asa Spalding Weld.", "1884 - Aldermen: Oliver George Fernald; James Henry Nugent Coundlman; Malcolm Scollay Greenough; John William McDonald; Andrew Marathon Morton. — Common Council: John E. Lynch; William Henry Harrison Emmons; John Henry Sullivan; Michael G. Lynch; Francis W. Curry; Hugh E. Brady; Elbridge Gerry Brown; Lyman Haven Bigelow; Thomas Hinds Green; Patrick Kearins; John Doherty; William Taylor Jr; William J. Reagan; John E", ". Reagan; John E. McNellev; Alfred D wight Foster; Herbert Lee Harding; Daniel Foster Farrar; Michael H. Burke; Henry J. McKee; Samuel Kelley; Dennis A.Horgan; Charles Wilbur Whitcomb; William J. Kilduff; Lewis Grieve Farmer; William McKinley Osborne; Henry Phillips Oakman; Frank E. Brigham; James Granville Young Jr; William Mackin.", "1885 - Aldermen: James Smith; Patrick John Donovan; Jeremiah Henry Mullane; Charles Hastings Allen; Benjamin French Cutter. — Common Council: Bedfield Erskine; William Henry Murphy; George Nelson Fisher Jr; William H. Miller; William P. Henry; Edward L. Quigley; John Gallagher; Richard J. Murray; William Oscar Armstrong; Benjamin B. Jenks; Jacob Fottler; Thomas Prince Beal; Edward John Jenkins; William Peter Cherrington; William A. Daly; James F", ". Daly; James F. Murphy; Thomas Joseph Keliher; William English; William Edward Hodgkins; Thomas F. Fallon; Patrick Edward Riddle; Albert Watson Hersey; Henry S. Dewey; Patrick Henry Costello; Francis B. Kelley; Edward Payson Butler; John F. Brown.", "1886 - Aldermen: John Henry Sullivan; Michael Barr; James Goldthwaite Freeman; William Patrick Carroll; Charles Michael Bromwich; Patrick James Maguire; Nathan Gilman Smith; Henry Francis Coe; Samuel John Capen. — Common Council: Nathaniel March Jewett; John Archibald Webster; Thomas Owen McEnaney; Benjamin Joseph Sullivan; WardS; Joseph H. Carroll; Patrick Coyle; Edwin F. Dunn; Samuel J. Cochran; Edward F. Reilly; William J. Mahoney; Christopher O. Brien; Edward A", ". Dunn; Samuel J. Cochran; Edward F. Reilly; William J. Mahoney; Christopher O. Brien; Edward A. Rogan; William Bernarden Francis Whall; William Power Wilson; Nathaniel Watson Ladd; William Reuben Richards; George Partridge Sanger Jr; John J. Egan; Edward Joseph Leary; Edward J. Powers; William Sarsfield McNary; Robert Provan; John W. Hayes; Whittemore Rowell; Alpheus Sanford; Henry Frost; Augustus Gordon Perkins; Frank Bartlett Thayer; Bartholomew J", ". Connolly; Thomas Hugh Duggan; James F. Davern; John Murphy; Cassius Clay Powers; Julius D. Whipple; Thomas Hendee Hickey; Robert William Light; William Scollans.", "1887 - Aldermen: John Aloysius McLaughlin; Tilly Haynes; Charles Whipple Smith; John Henry Lee. — Common Council: Henry Carstensen; Frank Robert Morrison; Jeremiah F. Coleman; Peter J. Gallagher; John F. Sundberg; Maurice Joseph McKenna; Augustus L. Perry; John J. Murphy; Roger Haggerty; Edward J. Harrington; Thomas Francis Kelley; John J", ". Perry; John J. Murphy; Roger Haggerty; Edward J. Harrington; Thomas Francis Kelley; John J. Kennedy; Andrew Berkley Lattimore; Frank Morison; Edward Sullivan; Cornelius Francis Desmond; Thomas Francis Tracy; John James Teevens; Frank Jefferson Tuttle; Michael Joseph Carroll; Thomas Francis Nunan; Robert Howard Bowman; John William O Mealey; Samuel Edward Shaw; Ward; James H. Sullivan; Charles Havey Dolan; John Homans Norton; See No; John Charles Short; Richard Sullivan; Lewis L. P", ". P. Atwood; Sidney Leeland Burr; George Robert Fowler; Louis Munroe Clark; Edmund Francis Snow; John T. Chamberlain.", "1888 - Aldermen: Jesse Morse Gove; Philip Joseph Doherty; William Power Wilson; James Ambrose Murphy; Samuel Kelley; John Charles Short; Homer Rogers; Otis Eddy. — Common Council: Joseph Benjamin Maccabe; Frank Casey; Robert C. Fanning; Frank Eugene Bagley; Francis Henry Dillon; Michael John Mitchell; William Herbert Oakes; Israel Frank Pierce; Patrick Cannon; Neil J", ". Gillespie; Thomas Francis Keenan; Joseph Patrick Lomasney; George Wesley Boynton; Charles Joseph Brooks; Francis William Sprague; James Means; Frank Ellery Winslow; James Bernard Hayes; Jeremiah Stephen Mahoney; Michael William Norris; John McNamara; James Francis Mullen; William James Murphy; William Henry Vialle; William Stanford Stevens; Thomas Francis Lyons; John James Hoar; John Patrick Kelley; Horace Gwynne Allen; William Gardner Reed; Sidney Cushing; Anton Peters; Andrew J", ". Robinson; John Comerford.", "1889 - Aldermen: Benjamin Franklin Stacey; Albert Alonzo Folsom; Homer Rogers; William Gardner Reed. — Common Council: Lewis Burnham; John Andolph Campbell; Frank Cushing Wood; Patrick H", ". Quinn; William Joseph Doherty; Tobias Beck; Edward Everett Drew; Benjamin Franklin Hatch; William Thomas Graham; Neil Francis Doherty; James Daniel Doherty; James Joseph Donnelly; Daniel Francis Breen; Nathaniel Goddard Robinson; Albert Harrison Hall; Charles Edward Harris; George von Lengerke Meyer; Bowdoin Strong Parker; Charles Franklin Sprague; Perlie Appleton Dyar; Francis Cabot Lowell; Ira Loriston Moore; John Francis Joseph Mulhall; Charles James Chance; Nicholas Francis", "Lowell; Ira Loriston Moore; John Francis Joseph Mulhall; Charles James Chance; Nicholas Francis McCarthy; Samuel Hood Wise; Edward Patrick Barry; James M", ". O'Brien; John Augustine Keefe; William Warren Towle; Maurice J. Hahlo; George Evans Lovett; Andrew Peter McCauley; Benjamin Franklin Brown; Melancthon Ware Burlen; John Francis Kinney; Frederick Peterson Knapp; Franklin Plummer Pierce; Walter Lawton Hayes; Harlan Page Paige; Henry B. Goodenough; George Francis Mitchell.", "1890–1899", "1890 - Aldermen: William Power Wilson (chairman); Thomas William Flood; Charles Burr Woolley; Herbert Schaw Carruth; Wesley Austin Gove; Edward Joseph Leary; Homer Rogers; Sidney Cushing", ". — Common Council: John Joseph Cotter; Patrick Cornelius Kelly; John Joseph Mahoney; John Patrick Reed; Henry Warren Woodbury; James Gilfillian Jones; Charles Carroll; Edward William Dixon; John James Irving; Edward Patrick Clark; James Benjamin Hamilton; Michael Bartholomew Gilbride; Arthur Langdon Spring; Charles Wallace Hallstram; Patrick Joseph Heffernin; Daniel Patrick Toomey; John Henry Griffin; George Augustus Whiteley; Jacob Nelson Goodnough; Francis Edwin Park; Osgood", "Henry Griffin; George Augustus Whiteley; Jacob Nelson Goodnough; Francis Edwin Park; Osgood Chandler Blaney; Joseph James Casey; Isaac Paul Hutchinson; Abraham Captaine Ratshesky; Thomas Talbot; Paul Cuff Brooks; Charles Henry Bryant; Thomas Caldwell Thompson; John Davidson Wayne; Charles Edward Wiggin Jr; Horace Bacon; Bernice Jenkins Noyes; James Benjamin Light; Frederic Eaton", ".", "1891 - Aldermen: Herbert Schaw Carruth (chairman); Thomas Francis Keenan; George von Lengerke Meyer; Nathaniel Johnson Rust; Weston Lewis; Martin Regan; Lewis Grieve Farmer. — Common Council: John L. Bates; Hugh L. Stalker; Thomas Arthur; William J. Donovan; Michael J. Tierney; William H. Boardman; Myron D. Cressy; John Hurley; James W. O Brien; Elliott D. Robbins; Patrick F. Brogan; Cornelius H. Toland; Patrick Higgins; Hugh McLaughlin; Nelson G. Gaskins; Seth P", ". Brogan; Cornelius H. Toland; Patrick Higgins; Hugh McLaughlin; Nelson G. Gaskins; Seth P. Smith; Clarence P. Weston; Frank H. Briggs; John Quinn Jr; Andrew J. Quinn; James H. Coughlin; John A. Daunt; Josiah S. Dean; Charles H. Dirksmeyer; Timothy J. Sullivan; John B. Cadigan; Abraham Levy; William R. Browne; William Gordon; Mark H. Lynch; Hugh Gilligan; William B. McClellan; George H. Murray; Frank F. Proctor; John J. Kane; Charles E. Folsom Jr Aldemian; Fred H. Young.", "1892 - Aldermen: John H. Lee (chairman); Michael John Mitchell; Jacob Fottler; William Alonzo Folsom; John Francis Dever. — Common Council: James A. Cochran; Cornelius J. Flynn; Frank McGinniss; John M. O Hara; Albert W. Forbush; Frank A. Teeling; John F. Fitzgerald; Cornelius Doherty; Timothy F. Murphy; William Francis Donovan; Walden Banks; Sidney B. Everett; William C. Parker; Royal Robbins; Michael T. Callahan; William J. Welch; John Merrill; William J. Sullivan; Frederick S", ". Callahan; William J. Welch; John Merrill; William J. Sullivan; Frederick S. Gore; John J. Healy; James Keenan; Charles H. Reinhart; Charles E. Clark; Andrew J. Patterson; Nicholas J. Quinn; Albert C. Smith; Hubert B. Curley; Thomas H. Boyd; Albert C. Burrage; George M. Scates; Frederick C. Bleiler; William F. Finneran; Patrick F. Gormley; Edward F. Draper; John B. Patterson; Edward Farrell; Frank H. Ricker.", "1893 - Aldermen: Charles Thomas Witt; Martin Michael Lomasney; John J. Maguire; Alpheus Sanford; William L. Mooney; Charles Wallace Hallstram; Charles Edward Folsom. — Common Council: George R. W. Battis; David H. Jones Jr; Manassah E. Bradley; Michael W. Collins; William H. Fallon; Timothy J. Donovan; William H. Marnell; Jeremiah E. Mahoney; Christopher F. O Brien; Daniel D. Rourke; Bernard McMackin; David T. King; Charles H. Hall; Joshua B. Holden; Timothy J. Crowley; John B", ". King; Charles H. Hall; Joshua B. Holden; Timothy J. Crowley; John B. Collins; William E. Mansfield; John P. O Connor; Daniel A. McCarthy; William Berwin; Freeman O. Emerson; John H. Colby; Henry S. Fisher; Charles C. Collins; Norman Mintz; Michael J. Lyons; Albert Wise; Richard F. Andrews Jr; Walter C. Brown; Charles J. Jacobs; William A. Davis; James H. Kelly; Herbert M. Manks; George I. Robinson Jr; J. Harris Aubin; Samuel H. Mitchell.", "1894 - Aldermen: Alpheus Sanford (chairman); Charles Henry Bryant; Bordman Hall; Edward Webb Presho; David Franklin Barry. — Common Council: John W. Hayes; Michael J. Leary; Peter F. Tague; Martin F. Connorton; William J. Miller; James T. Roche; Patrick J. Carroll; George F. Coleman; Daniel A. Whelton; J. Henderson Allston; Stanley Ruffin; Calvin M. Lewis; Edward H. McGuire; Walter L. Sears; John J. Browne; John E. Baldwin; Jeffrey R. Eager; Michael J. Reidy; Timothy J", ". Sears; John J. Browne; John E. Baldwin; Jeffrey R. Eager; Michael J. Reidy; Timothy J. Wholey; Joseph L. Bartlett; Daniel F. Connor; Edwin S. Fields; William W. Davis; William M. Mclnness; Edward H. Costello; Thomas Reynolds; Frederick A. Wood; Eugene A. Reed Jr.", "1895 - Aldermen: Perlie Appleton Dyar; Horace Gwynne Allen. — Common Council: Joseph H. Barnes Jr; John E. Lowden; Joseph H. Corny; John L. Kelly; James F. Haley; John J. O'Callaghan; George A. Garland; William E. Mahoney; James J. Brock; James A. Doherty; James C. Murphy; Simon Hirshon; John R. Foster; Edward S. Crockett; George U. Crocker; Timothy J. Butler; William H. Woods; John H. Dunn; Edward C. Cadigan; John J. Mahoney; Patrick Bowen; John J. Gartland Jr; Benjamin C", ". Dunn; Edward C. Cadigan; John J. Mahoney; Patrick Bowen; John J. Gartland Jr; Benjamin C. Lane; John W. Johnson; G. Waldon Smith; George W. Bennett; Michael E. Gaddis; Timothy E. McCarthy; Samuel C. Jones; Alfred Newmarch; Chauncey K. Bullock; Edward Orchard; Franklin L. Codman; Walter W. Strangman; William M. Farrington; Francis F. Morton.", "1896 - Aldermen: Samuel Darius Charles; William Francis Donovan; William Joseph Donovan; John Joseph Mahoney. — Common Council: Collingwood C. Millar; William B. Whitney; John E. McCarthy; Dennis J. Falvey; John A. Ryan; James H. Shannon; Michael J. McColgan; John A. Rowan; Francis J. Horgan; Daniel J. Kiley; Nelson I. Southwick; Alfred H. Colby; Alfred F. Kenney; John J. Falvey; Hugh W. Bresnahan; James T. Mahoney Jr; Patrick J. O Toole; William P. Hickey; Thomas F", ". Bresnahan; James T. Mahoney Jr; Patrick J. O Toole; William P. Hickey; Thomas F. Donovan; John Dugan; David F. McCarthy; George G. Banchor; Charles Hiller Innes; Sidney Moulthorp; Arthur G. Wood; Thomas L. Noonan; George Whittaker; Timothy L. Connolly; Albert C. Sawyer; Charles P. Nangle; Charles W. Dennis; John A. Maier Jr; Thomas C. Bachelder; Elmer E. Chain.", "1897 - Aldermen: William Berwin; Franklin Lincoln Codman; John Henry Colby; Josiah Stevens Dean; William Henry Lott; Milton Coburn Paige. — Common Council: Charles I. Albee; A. Dudley Bagley; William J. Cronin; James H. Donovan; Henry B. Carroll; John I. Toland; John W. Donahue; Joseph A. Turnbull; Michael J. Donovan; W. T. A. Fitzgerald; Thomas Mackey; William H. Roth; Louis Sonnabend; Michael Leonard; Maurice J. McCarthy; George S. Brooks; Walter E. Nichols; Charles R", ". McCarthy; George S. Brooks; Walter E. Nichols; Charles R. Saunders; George H. Tinkham; John B. Dumond; Edward P. Sands; James F. Mulcahy; Daniel V. Mclsaac; Oliver F. Davenport; Frederick W. Farwell; Arthur P. Russell; John P. Lanergan; James J. Casey; John H. Daly; John F. Dempsey; John J. Flanagan; Wilbur F. Adams; Edwin D. Bell; Louis T Ho; Charles F. Adams; William Dallow Jr; Konrad Young; William E. Harvey; Willard W. Hibbard; Harry B. Whall; Ezra N. Rolland; William D", ". Harvey; Willard W. Hibbard; Harry B. Whall; Ezra N. Rolland; William D. Wheeler.", "1898 - Aldermen: Michael Henry Cleary; Joseph Aloysius Conry; Edward William Dixon; Joseph James Norton; Frank John O Toole. — Common Council: Joseph F. Hickey; William F. Harrington; Charles A. Horrigan; John F. Desmond; John P. Sullivan; William E. Bennett; Edward H. Madden; Samuel H. Borofsky; Daniel J. Donnelly; John L. Donovan; William H. Cuddy; Michael F. Hart; Frank H. Cowin; Samuel Kasanof; Charles A. Atkins; David R. Robinson; Edward A. Armistead; William S. B", ". Atkins; David R. Robinson; Edward A. Armistead; William S. B. Stevens; David B. Chamberlain; Thomas J. Collins; Michael J. Lydon; John D. Fenton; William Martin; Charles E. Eddy; Patrick H. Brennan; John J. Curley; James A. Watson; Michael T. Athridge; Frederick W. Klemm; Paul F. Folsom; Abram Jordan; Andrew Brauer; Clarence W. Sanderson,.", "1899 - Aldermen: Wilbur Fiske Adams; Michael William Brick; Frederick William Day; James Henry Doyle; Patrick Francis McDonald. — Common Council: George H. Battis; David W. Simpson; Frank J. Johnson; Thomas F. Rice; Francis J. Doherty; Thomas A. Kelley; John F. Gibbons; Andrew A. Badaracco; Patrick H. Bradley; William J. O Brien; James H. Stone; James A. Sweeney; Martin Leftovith; John J. Tobin; John Bordman Jr; Walter R. Mansfield; George H. Moore; Lawrence M. Stockton; Donald N", ". Tobin; John Bordman Jr; Walter R. Mansfield; George H. Moore; Lawrence M. Stockton; Donald N. MacDonald; Arthur K. Peck; Frank J. Linehan; George A. Donahoe; Edward L. Logan; John H. Giblin, A; Frank S. Atwood; Frank E. Wells; George A. Flynn; William H. Doyle; James Mclnerney; George R. Miller; George O. Wood; Fred A. Emery; Temple A. Winsloe; George W. Lorey; William G. Roemer; John H. Broderick; Guy F. Newhall; Samuel H. Mildram.", "1900–1909", "1900 - Aldermen: Philip O Brien; Patrick Bowen; Michael William Norris; Michael Joseph O Brien; George Holden Tinkham; Robert Anson Jordan; Edwin Peabody Gerry. — Common Council: William B. Jackson; William C. S. Healey; Daniel J. Sheehan; William J. Carley; George H. Cadigan; Arthur W. Dolan; John C. Hurley; Thomas J. Grady; Daniel L. Flanagan; Osborn A. Newton; Harry S. Upham; Lawrence J. Kelly; John E. L. Monaghan; J. Frank O Hare; William L. White; William McG Grant; James M", ". Kelly; John E. L. Monaghan; J. Frank O Hare; William L. White; William McG Grant; James M. Curley; William E. Good; Michael W. Kelley; William O. S. Hennigan; William M. Curtis; Clarence W. Starratt; William H. Nitz; William L. Strickland; Walter E. Henderson; J. Henry Smith; Frederick W. Whiteley; Herbert W. Burr; William E. Hannan; Frank H. Howe.", "1901 - Aldermen: John Lawrence Kelly; George Robert Miller; Joseph Irving Stewart. — Common Council: Walter J. Staples; Joseph F. Carter; Thomas F. Clark; Edward L. Cauley; Henry M. Wing; Ward A; Philip C. McMahon; John J. Mullen; Frank P. Murphy; Maurice J. Power; Henry S. Fitzgerald; George A. Scigliano; James F. McDermott; John L. Sullivan; Hyman Weinberg; John L. Curry; Edward F. Fitzgerald; Harry Alexander; James F. Phelan; March G. Bennett; Robert Homans; S", ". Fitzgerald; Harry Alexander; James F. Phelan; March G. Bennett; Robert Homans; S. William Simms; Frank E. Gaylord; Andrew L. O Toole; Patrick J. Shiels; John J. Teevens Jr; William E. Hickey; James M. Lane; William H. Gavin; Hugh J. Young; William H. Murphy; William J. Barrett; Thomas E. Raftery; John F. Egan; Peter A. Hoban; Bernard W. Kenney; Frank W. Thayer; Edmund Weber; Thomas D. Roberts; George P. Beckford; Edward J. Bromberg; Edward W. Brown; George McKee.", "1902 - Aldermen: Edward Louis Quigley; Thomas Henry Dowd; Charles Henry Slattery; Frederick Walter Farwell; Timothy Edward McCarthy; William Blackman Heath. — Common Council: Robert J. Gove; James J. Donnelly; John J. Flaherty; John J. Conway; Daniel J. McDonald; Peter A. McDonald; George A. Murdock; Philip J. McGonagle; William A. H. Crowley; Joseph A. Maynard; Aaron E. Myers; Guy W. Cox; Daniel W. Lane; Everett H. Jenney; Edward F. McGrady; Robert J. Ware; Charles E", ". Cox; Daniel W. Lane; Everett H. Jenney; Edward F. McGrady; Robert J. Ware; Charles E. Walsh; Arthur L. Gavin; William J. Lyons; Jeremiah J. Good; John F. Hoar; Martin Milmore; David M. Owens; John J. Burke; John Grauman; John J. Conway; Henry S. Clark.", "1903 - Aldermen: James Francis Nolan; Hugh William Bresnahan; John Joseph Flanagan; Henry Adams Frothingham; Fred Eldridge Bolton; Edward Justin Bromberg. — Common Council: Thomas H. Dalton; Gilbert M. Stalker; John D. Cadogan; John F. Collins; James E. Fitzgerald; Patrick J. Long; Thomas J. McMackin; William J. Foley; David Mancovitz; Robert J. McKirdy; Frank J. Gethro; Edward N. Lacey; George Nicols; Charles W. M. Williams; Fred A. Ewell; Eugene T. Brazzell; William L", ". Lacey; George Nicols; Charles W. M. Williams; Fred A. Ewell; Eugene T. Brazzell; William L. Newton; William J. Drummond; Joseph H. Reagan; Thomas B. Bradley; Clement H. Coleman; Charles M. Callahan; John M. McDonald; Theodore A. Glynn; William P. Grady; Thomas J. Fay; William H. Curley; Michael A. Spillane; Tilton S. Bell; Thomas Leavitt; Edwin T. McKnight; John E. Crook; William F. Howes; William H. Jordan; Gideon B. Abbott; Charles Patterson; Joseph B. Brown; Hammond B", ". Howes; William H. Jordan; Gideon B. Abbott; Charles Patterson; Joseph B. Brown; Hammond B. Hazelwood; Edward M. Richardson.", "1904 - Aldermen: John Edward Baldwin, No; James Michael Curley; William John Hennessey; Fred James Kneeland; Daniel Aloysius Whelton. — Common Council: William G. Harrington; Lewis B. McKie; Edward F. Colbert; Joseph F. Crowley; Michael J. Eagan; Thomas F. Fitzgerald; William F. Murray Jr; Max L. Rachkowsky; John W. Craig; Daniel L. Sullivan; J. Bernard Ferber; Philip S. Dalton; Myron E. Pierce; Humphrey J. Collins; Nathan B. McLoud; James J. Moynihan; John J. Driscoll; Timothy J", ". Pierce; Humphrey J. Collins; Nathan B. McLoud; James J. Moynihan; John J. Driscoll; Timothy J. Sullivan Jr; George F. Coughlin; James J. Conboy; William J. Gleason; Joseph P. Good; James J. Kelley; Charles F. Mackenzie; Sherwin L. Cook; Fred P. Warner; Matthew J. Hanley; Jeremiah J. Hourin; Paul L. Jepson; James A. Price; James Oliver Higgins; Patrick H. Barry; Francis B. McKinney.", "1905 - Aldermen: Edward Lawrence Cauley; Louis Munroe Clark; Frank J. Linehan. — Common Council: Robert E. Sexton; Ernest W. Woodside; William G. Donovan; Michael H. Fitzgerald; Bernard F. Hanrahan; William E. Magurn; Joseph M. Sullivan; Alfred J. Lill Jr; Jeremiah J. McCarthy; David T. Montague; Malcolm E. Nichols; James B. Noyes; Isaac L. Roberts; William E. Chester; Florence H. Fitzgerald; Leo F. McCullough; Thomas P. McDavitt; Thomas F. Coogan; James J", ". Fitzgerald; Leo F. McCullough; Thomas P. McDavitt; Thomas F. Coogan; James J. Hughes; Hugh Mealey Jr; Patrick H. O Connor; John P. Noonan; Thomas M. Joyce; Daniel J. Cuttey Jr; Samuel J. Madden; Timothy F. Murphy; Charles E. Beatty; James J. McCarty; John J. Shea Jr; George W. Carruth; Harry B. Fowler; J. Henry Leonard; William E. Cose; Edward C. Webster.", "1906 - Aldermen: Francis Reginald Bangs; George H. Battis; Tilton Stuart Bell; Charles Martin Draper. — Common Council: Edward C. R. Bagley; Thomas F. Doherty; Joseph E. Donovan; James E. Ducey; John J. Hayes; John J. McDermott; J. Frank O Brien; Joseph Santosuosso; Bartholomew A. Brickley; Matthew J. Dacey; Jacob Rosenberg; John S. Driscoll; John B. McGregor; Patrick D. McGrath; John Troy; John D. McGivern; William S. Bramhall; Charles A. Clark; Donald J. Ferguson; E", ". McGivern; William S. Bramhall; Charles A. Clark; Donald J. Ferguson; E. Howard George; Joseph H. Wentworth; William C. Clark; Edward M. Green; William B. Willcutt.", "1907 - Aldermen: Frederick Andrew Finigan; Daniel Lawrence Flanagan, Michael John Leary; William Henry Woods. — Common Council: Theodore L. Sorenson; Joseph H. Pendergast; John J. McCormack; James A. Hatton; John J. Buckley; James T. Purcell; John T. Kennedy; Edward D. Spellman; Joseph Leonard; Solomon Sacks; George P. Anderson; Joseph W. Wharton; George T. Daley; Augustus D. McLennan; James J. Doyle; Edward T. J. Noonan; Cornelius J. Fitzgerald; Thomas F. O Brien; Francis L", ". Doyle; Edward T. J. Noonan; Cornelius J. Fitzgerald; Thomas F. O Brien; Francis L. Colpoys; John L. Costello; James H. Kelly; Francis L. Daly; Frederick J. J. Sheenan; Daniel F. Cronin; Michael F. O Brien; William J. Kohler; Charles T. Harding; William N. Hackett; William H. Morgan; George Penshorn; George M. Brown; Earl E. Davidson; George C. McCabe; Axel E. Zetterman.", "1909: George C. McCabe, President; Edward C. R. Bagley; J. Henderson Allston; Daniel F. Cronin; Frank A. Goodwin; Channing H. Cox; Michael F. O'Brien; Joseph A. Hoey; William S. Kinney; George Kenney; Joseph H. Pendergast; Courtenay Crocker; Peter A. Hoban; Dannis A. O'Neil; Theodore Hoague; William J. Kohler; Michael J. Brophy; Charles H. Moore; John J. Donovan; James J. Brennan; Seth Fenelon Arno; Charles T. Harding; Joseph A. Dart; Alfred G. Davis; Harry H. Cumming; William J", ". Harding; Joseph A. Dart; Alfred G. Davis; Harry H. Cumming; William J. Murray; Francis J. H. Jones; William Smith Jr.; Francis M. Ducey; Leo F. McCullough; William N. Hackett; Patrick B. Carr; Stephen A. Welch; John Ballantyne; James I. Green; Coleman E. Kelly; Walter R. Meins; John J. Buckley; Cornelius J. Fitzgerald; William H. Morgan; William E. Carney; Thomas J. Casey; George Penshorn; Edward A. Troy; Joseph L. Collins; Bernhard G. Krug; Stephen Gardella; John O'Hara; George W", ". Troy; Joseph L. Collins; Bernhard G. Krug; Stephen Gardella; John O'Hara; George W. Carruth; Francis D. O'Donnell; William T. Conway; George W. Smith; Alfred Scigliano; Joseph A. O'Bryan; Ward D. Prescott; John L. Donovan; John D. McGivern; Frank B. Crane; John T. Kennedy; Hugh M. Garrity; James A. Hart; Dominick F.; Spellman; William D. McCarthy; Clifford C. Best; James J. Ryan; Thomas M. Joyce; Edward C. Webster; James A. Bragan; Francis J. Brennan; George C. McCabe; Adolphus M", ". Joyce; Edward C. Webster; James A. Bragan; Francis J. Brennan; George C. McCabe; Adolphus M. Burroughs; John D. Connors; Charles H. Warren; Issac Gordon; Joseph O'Kane, Clerk; Robert J. Howell; Thomas B. McKeagney.", "1910–1919", "1910: Walter Ballantyne, President; John J. Attridge; James M. Curley; Frederick J. Brand; Matthew Hale; Daniel J. McDonald; Walter L. Collins; Thomas J. Kenny; Timothy J. Buckley.\n 1911: Daniel J. McDonald; John J. Attridge; James M. Curley; Timothy J. Buckley; Matthew Hale; Walter Ballantyne; Ernest E. Smith; Walter L. Collins; Thomas J. Kenny.", "1912: John J. Attridge, President; Walter Ballantyne; Daniel J. McDonald; Thomas J. Kenny; Timothy J. Buckley; Matthew Hale; John A. Coulthurst; Ernest E. Smith; Walter L. Collins.\n 1913: Thomas J. Kenny, President; John J. Attridge; Walter Ballantyne; Daniel J. McDonald; Walter L. Collins; Timothy J. Buckley; James A. Watson; John A. Coulthurst; Ernest E. Smith.", "1914: Daniel J. Mcdonald, President; John J. Attridge; Walter Ballantyne; George W. Coleman; Walter L. Collins; Thomas J. Kenny; William H. Woods; James A. Watson; John A. Coulthurst.\n 1915: George E. Coleman, President; Walter Ballantyne; George W. Coleman; John J. Attridge; John A. Coulthurst; Daniel J. McDonald; Walter L. Collins; Henry E. Hagan; William H. Woods; James A. Watson; James J. Storrow.", "1916: Henry E. Hagan, President; John J. Attridge; Walter Ballantyne; Daniel J. McDonald; Walter L. Collins; John A. Coulthurst; George W. Coleman; James Storrow; Thomas J. Kenny; Geoffrey B. Lehy.\n 1917: James J. Storrow, President; Fran J. W. Ford; John J. Attridge; Walter Ballantyne; Daniel J. McDonald; Walter L. Collins; Henry E. Hagan; James A. Watson; Alfred E. Wellington.", "1918: Wavier L. Collins, President; Henry E. Hagan; Francis J. W. Ford; John J. Attridge; Daniel W. Lane; Daniel J. McDonald; Walter L. Collins; James T. Moriarty; James A. Watson; James J. Storrow.\n 1919: Francis J. W. Ford, President; Walter L. Collins; Henry E. Hagan; John A. Donoghue; Daniel W. Lane; Daniel J. McDonald; Edward F. McLaughlin; James T. Moriarty; James A. Watson.", "1920–1929", "1920: James T. Moriarty, President; David J. Brickley; Walter L. Collins; Henry E. Hagan; Francis J. W. Ford; John A. Donoghue; Daniel W. Lane; James A. Watson; Edward F. McLaughlin.\n 1921: James W. Watson, President; Henry E. Hagan; David J. Brickley; Walter L. Collins; Daniel W. Lane; Francis J. W. Ford; John A. Donoghue; James T. Moriarty; James A. Watson; Edward F. McLaughlin.", "1922: David J. Buckley, President; John A. Donoghue; Henry E. Hagan; David J. Brickley; George F. Gilbody; Daniel W. Lane; Francis J. W. Ford; William J. Walsh; James T. Moriarty; James A. Watson.\n 1923: Daniel W. Lane, President; David J. Brickley; John A. Donoghue; Henry E. Hagan; William C.S. Healey; George F. Gilbody; James A. Watson; William J. Walsh; James T. Moriarty.", "1924: John A. Donoghue, President; Daniel W. Lane; David J. Brickley; James T. Moriarty; William C.S. Healey; George F. Gilbody; James T. Purcell; James A. Watson; William J. Walsh.\n 1925: James T. Moriarty, President; Daniel W. Lane; David J. Brickley; John A. Donoghue; William C.S. Healey; George F. Gilbody; James T. Purcell; James A. Watson; William J. Walsh.", "In November 1924, Boston voters approved replacing the 9-person City Council (all elected at-large) with a 22-person City Council (elected by wards). The first such election was held in November 1925, for terms starting in January 1926.", "1926: Charles G. Keene, President; Timothy F. Donovan; John F. Dowd; Thomas W. Mcmahon; Thomas H. Green; Michael J. Ward; George F. Gilbody; John I. Fitzgerald; Walter J. Freeley; Robert Gardiner Wilson Jr.; Seth F. Arnold; Edward L. Englert; Walter E. Wragg; Michael J. Mahoney; Herman L. Bush; Horace Guild; Henry Parkman Jr.; Joseph McGrath; Frederick E. Dowling; William G. Lynch; Israel Ruby; John J. Heffernan.", "1927: John J. Heffernan, President; Timothy F. Donovan; John F. Dowd; Thomas W. McMahon; Thomas H. Green; Michael J. Ward; George F. Gilbody; John I. Fitzgerald; Walter J. Freeley; Robert Gardiner Wilson Jr.; Seth F. Arnold; Edward L. Englert; Walter E. Wragg; Michael J. Mahoney; Herman L. Bush; Horace Guild; Henry Parkman Jr.; Joseph McGrath; Charles C. Keene; William G. Lynch; Israel Ruby; Frederic E. Dowling.", "1928: Thomas H. Green, President; Timothy F. Donovan; Michael J. Ward; Albert L. Fish; John I. Fitzgerald; Roger E. Deveney; Robert Gardiner Wilson Jr.; Seth F. Arnold; William A. Motle Jr. Peter J. Murphy; Henry Parkman Jr.; Herman L. Bush; Peter A. Murray; Michael J. Mahoney; Frank E. Sullivan; Charles G. Keene; William G. Lynch; Israel Ruby; Frederic E. Dowling; John F. Dowd; Thomas W. McMahon; Edward M. Gallagher.", "1929: Timothy F. Donovan, President; Thomas H. Green; Michael J. Ward; Albert L. Fish; John I. Fitzgerald; Roger E. Deveney; Robert Cardiner Wilson Jr.; Seth F. Arnold; William A. Motley Jr. Peter J. Murphy; Henry Parkman Jr.; Herman L. Bush; Peter A. Murray; Michael J. Mahoney; Frank E. Sullivan; Charles G. Keene; William G. Lynch; Israel Ruby; Frederic E. Dowling; John F. Dowd; Thomas W. McMahon; Edward M. Gallagher.", "1930–1939", "1930: William G. Lynch, President; Timothy F. Donovan; Richard D. Gleason; Albert L. Fish; Thomas H. Green; Leo F. Power; Robert Gardiner Wilson Jr.; John I. Fitzgerald; Edward L. Englert; Clement A. Norton; Seth F. Arnold; Herman L. Bush; Peter A. Murray; Laurence Curtis; Joseph McGrath; Joseph P. Cox; Michael J. Mahoney; Israel Ruby; James Hein; John F. Dowd; Francis E. Kelley; Edward M. Gallagher.", "1931: Joseph McGrath, President; Timothy F. Donovan; John F. Dowd; Albert L. Fish; Thomas H. Green; Richard D. Gleason; Robert Gardiner Wilson Jr.; John I. Fitzgerald; Leo F. Power; Clement A. Norton; Seth F. Arnold; Edward L. Englert; Peter A. Murray; Laurence Curtis; Herman L. Bush; Joseph P. Cox; Michael J. Mahoney; Israel Ruby; James Hein; William G. Lynch; Francis E. Kelley; Edward M. Gallagher.", "1932: Edward M. Gallagher, President; William H. Barker; John F. Dowd; Albert L. Fish; Thomas H. Green; Richard D. Gleason; Francis E. Kelley; John I. Fitzgerald; Leo F. Power; Thomas Burke; George W. Roberts; Edward L. Englert; Clement A. Norton; Laurence Curtis; David M. Brackman; Peter A. Murray; George P. Donovan; Joseph McGrath; Joseph P. Cox; William G. Lynch; Israel Ruby; James Hein.", "1933: Joseph Mcgrath, President; William H. Barker; John F. Dowd; Albert L. Fish; Thomas II Green; Richard D. Gleason; Thomas Burke; John I. Fitzgerald; Leo F. Power; Clement A. Norton; George W. Roberts; Edward L. Englert; Peter A. Murray; Laurence Curtis; David M. Brackman; Joseph P. Cox; George P. Donovan; Israel Ruby; James Hein; William G. Lynch; Francis E. Kelley; Edward M. Gallagher.", "1934: John A. Dowd, President; Henry Selvitella; Richard D. Gleason; Albert L. Fish; Thomas H. Green; John J. Doherty; Robert Gardiner Wilson Jr.; John I. Fitzgerald; Edward L. Englert; Clement A. Norton; George W. Roberts; David M. Brackman; Peter A. Murray; Henry Lee Shattuck; Joseph McGrath; James F. Finley; George P. Donovan; Maurice M. Goldman; James E. Agnew; John E. Kerrigan; Martin H. Tobin; Edward M. Gallagher.", "1935: John I. Fitzgerald, President; Henry Selvitella; Richard D. Gleason; Albert L. Fish; Thomas H. Green; John J. Doherty; Robert Cardiner Wilson Jr.; George W. Roberts; Edward L. Englert; Clement A. Norton; Henry L. Shattuck; David M. Brackman; Peter A. Murray; George P. Donovan; Joseph McGrath; James F. Finley; John E. Kerrigan; Maurice M. Goldman; James E. Agnew; John F. Dowd; Martin H. Tobin; Edward M. Gallagher.", "1936: John I. Fitzgerald, President; Henry Selvitella; Richard D. Gleason; John J. McGrath; James J. Mellen; John J. Doherty; Robert Gardiner Wilson Jr.; George W. Roberts; James J. Kilroy; Clement A. Norton; Henry L. Shattuck; David M. Brackman; Peter J. Murphy; George A. Murray; Peter J. Fitzgerald; James F. Finley; John E. Kerrigan; Sidney Rosenberg; James E. Agnew; John F. Dowd; Martin H. Tobin; Edward M. Gallagher.", "1937: John I. Fitzgerald, President; Henry Selvitella; Mildred M. Harris; John J. McGrath; James J. Mellen; John J. Doherty; Robert Gardiner Wilson Jr.; George W. Roberts; James J. Kilroy; Clement A. Norton; Henry L. Shattuck; David M. Brackman; Peter A. Murray; George A. Murray; Peter J. Fitzgerald; James F. Finley; John E. Kerrigan; Sidney Rosenberg; James E. Agnew; John F. Dowd; Martin H. Tobin; Edward M. Gallagher.", "1938: John E. Kerrigan, President; Francis W. Irwin; Mildred M. Harris; Philip Austin Fish; William J. Galvin; William A. Carey; Robert Gardiner Wilson Jr.; John I. Fitzgerald; Edward L. Englert; Clement A. Norton; Perlie Dyar Chase; Charles I. Taylor; Peter A. Murray; Henry L. Shattuck; Edward A. Hutchinson Jr. Theodore F. Lyons; George A. Murray; Sydney Rosenberg; James E. Agnew; John F. Dowd; John B. Kelly; Maurice H. Sullivan.", "1939: George A. Murray, President; Francis W. Irwin; Mildred M. Harris; Philip Austin Fish; William J. Galvin; William A. Carey; Robert Gardiner Wilson Jr.; John I. Fitzgerald; Edward L. Englert; Clement A. Norton; Perlie Dyar Chase; Charles I. Taylor; James M. Langan; Henry L. Shattuck; Edward A. Hutchinson Jr. Theodore F. Lyons; John E. Kerrigan; Sidney Rosenberg; James E. Agnew; George F. McMahon; John B. Kelly; Maurice H. Sullivan.", "1940–1949", "1940–1941: William J. Galvin, President; James S. Coffey; Daniel F. Sullivan; Philip Austin Fish; Joseph Russo; William A. Carey; John C. Wickes; Perlie Dyar Chase; Edward L. Englert; James J. Goode Jr.; Henry L. Shattuck; Charles I. Taylor; James M. Langan; Joseph M. Scannell; Edward A. Hutchinson Jr. Theodore F. Lyons; Thomas E. Linehan; Joseph J. Gottlieb; Michael J. Ward; William F. Hurley; John B. Kelly; Maurice H. Sullivan.", "1942: Thomas E. Linehan, President; James S. Coffey; Daniel F. Sullivan; Philip Austin Fish; Michael L. Kinsella; William A. Carey; John C. Wickes; Joseph Russo; Matthew F. Hanley; James J. Goode Jr.; Perlie Dyar Chase; Charles I. Taylor; James M. Langan; A. Frank Foster; Thomas J. Hannon; Theodore F. Lyons; Joseph M. Scannell; Joseph J. Gottlieb; William F. Dwyer; William F. Hurley; John B. Kelly; Maurice H. Sullivan.", "1943: Thomas J. Hannon, President; James S. Coffey; William F. Hurley; Philip Austin Fish; Michael L. Kinsella; Daniel F. Sullivan; John C. Wickes; Joseph Russo; William A. Carey; James J. Goode Jr.; Perlie Dyar Chase; Matthew F. Hanley; James M. Langan; A. Frank Foster; Charles I. Taylor; Theodore F. Lyons; Joseph M. Scannell; Isadore H. Y. Muchnick; William F. Dwyer; Thomas E. Linehan; John B. Kelly; Maurice H. Sullivan.", "1944: John E. Kerrigan, President; James S. Coffey; Daniel F. Sullivan; Philip Austin Fish; Michael Leo Kinsella; William A. Carey; William Joseph Keenan; Joseph Russo; Matthew F. Hanley; Michael Paul Feeney; Perlie Dyar Chase; Charles I. Taylor; Thomas L. McCormack; James C. Bayley Jr.; Thomas J. Hannon; Thomas G. J. Shannon; Joseph M. Scannell; Isadore H.Y. Muchnick; William F. Dwyer; William F. Hurley; John B. Kelly; Maurice H. Sullivan.", "1945: John E. Kerrigan, President; James S. Coffey; Daniel F. Sullivan; Philip Austin Fish; Michael Leo Kinsella; William A. Carey; William Joseph Keenan; Joseph Russo; Matthew F. Hanley; Michael Paul Feeney; Perlie Dyar Chase; Charles I. Taylor; Thomas L. McCormack; James C. Bayley Jr.; Thomas J. Hannon; Thomas G. J. Shannon; Joseph M. Scannell; Isadore H. Y. Muchnick; William F. Dwyer; William F. Hurley; John B. Kelly; Maurice H. Sullivan.", "1946: John B. Kelly, President; James F. Coffey; William F. Hurley; Philip Austin Fish; Michael Leo Kensella; Daniel F. Sullivan; William Joseph Keenan; Joseph Russo; William A. Carey; Michael H. Cantwell; Perlie Dyar Chase; William A. Moriarty; Thomas L. McCormack; James C. Bayley Jr.; Milton Cook; Walter D. Bryan; Joseph M. Scannell; Thomas J. Hannon; Edmund V. Lane; Thomas E. Linehan; Isadore H. Y. Muchnick; Edward C. Madden.", "1947: John B. Kelly, President; James S. Coffey; William F. Hurley; Philip Austin Fish; Michael Leo Kinsella; Daniel F. Sullivan; William Joseph Keenan; Joseph Russo; William A. Carey; Michael H. Cantwell; Perlie Dyar Chase; William A. Moriarty; Thomas L. McCormack; James C. Bayley Jr.; Milton Cook; Walter D. Bryan; Joseph M. Scannell; Thomas J. Hannon; Edmund V. Lane; Thomas E. Linehan; Isadore H. Y. Muchnick; Edward C. Madden.", "1948: Thomas J. Hannon, President; James S. Coffey; William F. Hurley; John J. Beades; Michael Leo Kinsella; Daniel F. Sullivan; William Joseph Keenan; George T. Lanigan; William A. Carey; Michael H. Cantwell; Perlie Dyar Chase; Philip A. Tracy; Thomas L. McCormack; John Yerxa; Milton Cook; Walter D. Bryan; John B. Wenzler; Julius Ansel; Edmund V. Lane; Thomas E. Linehan; Robert J. Ramsey; Vincent J. Shanley.", "1949: William F. Hurley, President; James S. Coffey; Daniel F. Sullivan; John J. Beades; Michael Leo Kinsella; William A. Carey; William Joseph Keenan; George T. Lanigan; Philip A. Tracy; Michael H. Cantwell; Perlie Dyar Chase; Milton Cook; Thomas L. McCormack; John E. Yerxa; Thomas J. Hannon; Walter D. Bryan; John B. Wenzler; Julius Ansel; Edmund Lane; Thomas E. Linehan; Robert J. Ramsey; Vincent J. Shanley.", "1950–1959", "1950: William F. Hurley, President; James S. Coffey; Daniel F. Sullivan; John J. Beades; Michael Leo Kinsella; Francis P. Tracey; Anthony J. Farin; George T. Lanigan; Philip A. Tracy; Michael H. Cantwell; Perlie Dyar Chase; Milton Cook; Thomas L. McCormack; John E. Yerxa; Thomas J. Hannon; Walter D. Bryan; John B. Wenzler; Julius Ansel; Edmund Lane; Thomas E. Linehan; Robert J. Ramsey; Vincent J. Shanley; John J. McColgan.", "1951: William F. Hurley, President; James S. Coffey; Laurence H. Banks; John J. Beades; Michael Leo Kinsella; Francis P. Tracey; Anthony J. Farin; George T. Lanigan; Philip A. Tracy; Michael H. Cantwell; Perlie Dyar Chase; Milton Cook; Thomas L. McCormack; John E. Yerxa; Thomas J. Hannon; Walter D. Bryan; John B. Wenzler; Julius Ansel; Edmund Lane; John J. McColgan; Robert J. Ramsey; Vincent J. Shanley; Daniel F. Sullivan.", "In November 1949, Boston voters approved changes to municipal elections, including replacing the 22-person City Council (elected by wards) with a 9-person City Council (all elected at-large). The first such election was held in November 1951, for terms starting in January 1952.", "1952: Gabriel F. Piemonte, President; Francis X. Ahearn; William F. Hurley; William J. Foley Jr.; Francis X. Joyce; Michael J. Ward; Frederick C. Hailer Jr.; John E. Kerrigan; Joseph C. White.\n 1953: Francis X. Ahearn, President; William F. Hurley; Gabriel F. Piemonte; Francis X. Joyce; Michael J. Ward; Michael H. Cantwell; William J. Foley Jr.; John E. Kerrigan; Joseph C. White; Frederick C. Hailer Jr.", "1954: Joseph C. White, President; Francis X. Ahearn; William F. Hurley; Edward F. McLaughlin Jr.; William J. Foley Jr.; John E. Kerrigan; Gabriel F. Piemonte; Frederick C. Hailer Jr.; Edward J. McCormack Jr.\n 1955: William F. Hurley, President; Francis X. Ahearn; Edward F. McLaughlin Jr.; William J. Foley Jr.; John E. Kerrigan; Gabriel F. Piemonte; Frederick C. Hailer Jr.; Edward J. McCormack Jr. Joseph C. White.", "1956: Edward J. McCormack Jr., President; Francis X. Ahearn; John E. Kerrigan; Edward F. McLaughlin Jr.; John F. Collins; Gabriel F. Piemonte; William J. Foley Jr.; Patrick F. McDonough; Joseph C. White.\n 1957: William J. Foley Jr., President; Francis X. Ahearn; John E. Kerrigan; Edward F. McLaughlin Jr.; John F. Collins; Edward J. McCormack Jr.; Gabriel F. Piemonte; Patrick F. McDonough; Joseph C. White; Frederick C. Hailer Jr.", "1958: Patrick F. McDonough, President; Christopher A. Iannella; Edward F. McLaughlin Jr.; William J. Foley Jr.; John E. Kerrigan; Gabriel F. Piemonte; Frederick C. Hailer Jr.; Edward J. McCormack Jr.; Joseph C. White; Peter F. Hines; James S. Coffey.\n 1959: Edward F. McLaughlin Jr., President; James S. Coffey; Christopher A. Iannella; William J. Foley Jr.; John E. Kerrigan; Gabriel F. Piemonte; Peter F. Hines; Patrick F. McDonough; Joseph C. White.", "1. In September 1950, John J. McColgan won a special election to succeed Thomas E. Linehan as Ward 7's council representative after Linehan was appointed as a special justice of the South Boston Municipal Court.\n2. In December 1953, Michael H. Cantwell served the final week of Michael J. Ward's term, when the latter retired.\n3. In February 1957, John F. Collins was appointed Suffolk County register of probate. He was replaced on the City Council by Frederick C. Hailer Jr.", "4. On April 21, 1958, Frederick C. Hailer Jr. resigned from the City Council. He was succeeded by James S. Coffey.\n5. Following Edward F. McLaughlin Jr.'s election as Massachusetts Attorney General, he was replaced on the City Council by Peter F. Hines in September 1958.", "1960–1969 \n 1960: Edward F. McLaughlin Jr., President; James S. Coffey; Peter F. Hines; Patrick F. McDonough; John Patrick Connolly; Christopher A. Iannella; William J. Foley Jr.; John E. Kerrigan; Joseph C. White.\n 1961: Patrick F. McDonough, President; James S. Coffey; Peter F. Hines; John Patrick Connolly; Christopher A. Iannella; Edward F. McLaughlin Jr.; William J. Foley Jr.; John E. Kerrigan; Joseph C. White; Thomas A. Sullivan; Frederick C. Langone", "1962: Christopher A. Iannella, President; James S. Coffey; Gabriel F. Piemonte; William J. Foley Jr.; John E. Kerrigan; Thomas A. Sullivan; Peter F. Hines; Patrick F. McDonough; John J. Tierney Jr.\n 1963: Peter F. Hines, President; James S. Coffey; Christopher A. Iannella; Gabriel F. Piemonte; William J. Foley Jr.; John E. Kerrigan; Thomas A. Sullivan; Patrick F. McDonough; John J. Tierney Jr.", "1964: John J. Tierney, President; Katherine Craven; Peter F. Hines; John E. Kerrigan; George F. Foley Jr.; Barry T. Hynes; Frederick C. Langone; William J. Foley Jr.; Christopher A. Iannella.\n 1965: John J. Tierney, President; Katherine Craven; Peter F. Hines; John E. Kerrigan; George F. Foley Jr.; Barry T. Hynes; Frederick C. Langone; William J. Foley Jr.; Christopher A. Iannella.", "1966: Frederick C. Langone, President; Katherine Craven; Barry T. Hynes; William J. Foley Jr.; Christopher A. Iannella; Patrick F. McDonough; Peter F. Hines; John E. Kerrigan; Gabriel F. Piemonte.\n 1967: Barry T. Hynes, President; Katherine Craven; Frederick C. Langone; William J. Foley Jr.; Christopher A. Iannella; Patrick F. McDonough; Peter F. Hines; John E. Kerrigan; Gabriel F. Piemonte.", "1968: William J. Foley Jr., President; Thomas I. Atkins; John E. Kerrigan; Gerald F. O'Leary Jr.; Garrett M. Byrne; Frederick C. Langone; John L. Saltonstall Jr.; Patrick F. McDonough; Joseph F. Timilty.\n 1969: Gerald F. O'Leary Jr., President; Thomas I. Atkins; John E. Kerrigan; Garret M. Byrne; Frederick C. Langone; John L. Saltonstall Jr.; William J. Foley Jr.; Patrick F. McDonough; Joseph F. Timilty.", "Following Edward F. McLaughlin Jr.'s election as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, he was replaced on the City Council by Thomas A. Sullivan in January 1961.\n In 1961, White resigned from the City Council due to ill health. He was succeeded by Frederick C. Langone on May 1, 1961.", "1970–1979 \n 1970: Gabriel F. Piemonte, President; Thomas I. Atkins; John E. Kerrigan; Louise Day Hicks; Frederick C. Langone; John L. Saltonstall Jr.; Christopher A. Iannella; Gerald F. O'Leary Jr.; Joseph F. Timilty.\n 1971: Gabriel F. Piemonte, President; Thomas I. Atkins; John E. Kerrigan; Louise Day Hicks; Frederick C. Langone; John L. Saltonstall Jr.; Christopher A. Iannella; Gerald F. O'Leary Jr.; Joseph F. Timilty; Albert Leo \"Dapper\" O'Neil.", "1972: Gabriel F. Piemonte, President; Lawrence DiCara; Patrick F. McDonough; Albert Leo O'Neil; Christopher A. Iannella; John Joseph Moakley; John E. Kerrigan; Gerald F. O'Leary Jr.; Joseph M. Tierney.\n 1973: Patrick F. McDonough, President; Lawrence S. DiCara; Albert Leo O'Neil; Christopher A. Iannella; Gabriel F. Piemonte; John E. Kerrigan; John Joseph Moakley; Joseph M. Tierney; Gerald F. O'Leary Jr.; Frederick C. Langone", "1974–1975: Gerald F. O'Leary Jr., President; James Michael Connolly; Christopher A. Iannella; Lawrence S. DiCara; Frederick C. Langone; Albert Leo O'Neil; Louise Day Hicks; Patrick F. McDonough; Joseph M. Tierney.\n 1976: Louise Day Hicks, President; James Michael Connolly; Christopher A. Iannella; Patrick F. McDonough; Lawrence S. DiCara; John J. Kerrigan; Albert Leo O'Neil; Frederick C. Langone; Joseph M. Tierney.", "1977: Joseph M. Tierney, President; James Michael Connolly; Christopher A. Iannella; Patrick F. McDonough; Lawrence S. DiCara; John J. Kerrigan; Albert Leo O'Neil; Louise Day Hicks; Frederick C. Langone.\n 1978: Lawrence DiCara, President; James Michael Connolly; Christopher A. Iannella; Albert Leo O'Neil; Frederick C. Langone; Rosemarie E. Sansone; Raymond Flynn; Patrick F. McDonough; Joseph M. Tierney.", "1979: Joseph M. Tierney, President; James Michael Connolly; Albert Leo O'Neil; Lawrence S. DiCara; Christopher A. Iannella; Rosemarie E. Sansone; Raymond L. Flynn; Frederick C. Langon; Patrick F. McDonough; Louise Day Hicks\n5. Following Louise Day Hicks's election to the United States House of Representatives, she was replaced on the City Council by Dapper O'Neil in January 1971.", "6. Following John Joseph Moakley's election to the United States House of Representatives, he was replaced on the City Council by Frederick C. Langone in January 1973.\n7. Following James Michael Connolly's election as Suffolk County register of probate, he was replaced on the City Council by Louise Day Hicks in January 1979.", "1980–1989", "1980: Christopher A. Iannella, President; Lawrence S. DiCara; Frederick C. Langone; Rosemarie E. Sansone; Raymond L. Flynn; Patrick F. McDonough; John W. Sears; Albert Leo \"Dapper\" O'Neil; Joseph M. Tierney.\n 1981: Patrick F. McDonough, President; Lawrence S. DiCara; Frederick C. Langone; Rosemarie E. Sansone; Raymond L. Flynn; John W. Sears; Christopher A. Iannella; Albert Leo O'Neil; Joseph M. Tierney.", "1982: Christopher A. Iannella, President; Bruce C. Bolling; Terence P. McDermott; Raymond L. Flynn; Frederick C. Langone; Albert Leo O'Neil; Maura A. Hennigan; Michael J. McCormack; Joseph M. Tierney.\n 1983: Joseph M. Tierney, President; Bruce C. Bolling; Christopher A. Iannella; Terence P. McDermott; Raymond L. Flynn; Frederick C. Langone; Albert Leo O'Neil; Maura A. Hennigan; Michael J. McCormack.", "Starting with the November 1983 election (for terms starting in January 1984) the City Council consists of four at-large members and nine district representatives.\n\n1990–1999 \n\n Following the death of Christopher A. Iannella in September 1992; Albert Leo \"Dapper\" O'Neil was selected as president, while Bruce Bolling served the remainder of Iannella's term, as Bolling had finished fifth in the general election for four at-large seats.", "Following the resignation of Richard P. Iannella, who had been elected Register of Probate of Suffolk County, Stephen J. Murphy joined the council in February 1997 and served the balance of Iannella's term, as Murphy had finished fifth in the general election for four at-large seats.\n\n2000–2009 \n\n Francis Roache, Brian Honan, and James M. Kelley did not complete their terms and were replaced by Felix D. Arroyo, Jerry P. McDermott, and Bill Linehan, respectively.\n\n2010–2019", "2010–2019 \n\n Both John M. Tobin Jr. and Chuck Turner did not complete their terms and were replaced by Matt O'Malley and Tito Jackson, respectively, through special elections.\n\n Following Ayanna Pressley's election to the United States House of Representatives, she was replaced on the City Council by Althea Garrison in January 2019.\n\n2020–2029 \n\n Following Mayor Marty Walsh's appointment as United States Secretary of Labor, Kim Janey became Acting Mayor and Matt O'Malley presided over the City Council.", "Following Lydia Edwards' election to the Massachusetts State Senate, Gabriela \"Gigi\" Coletta won the May 3, 2022, special election for the District 1 seat.\n\n Kenzie Bok resigned her seat effective April 28, 2023, in order to join the Boston Housing Authority—a special election to fill the District 8 seat was won by Sharon Durkan on July 25, 2023.", "See also\n Boston Board of Selectmen, 1630s–1822\n Boston City Hall, seat of municipal government 1969–present\n Old City Hall (Boston), seat of municipal government 1865–1969\n Suffolk County Courthouse, seat of municipal government –1865\n Old State House (Boston, Massachusetts), seat of municipal government –1841\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n City Council at boston.gov\n YouTube\n Google news archive", "Further reading\n\nExternal links\n City Council at boston.gov\n YouTube\n Google news archive\n\nGovernment of Boston\nGovernment Center, Boston\nHistory of Boston\n \nLists of Massachusetts politicians\nCity Council\nCity Council" ]

[ "The Rebel Heart Tour was the tenth concert tour by American singer Madonna, staged in support of her thirteenth studio album, Rebel Heart (2015). Comprising 82 shows, the tour visited North America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. It began on September 9, 2015, in Montreal, Canada, at the Bell Centre and concluded on March 20, 2016, in Sydney, Australia at Allphones Arena", ". The tour was officially announced on March 1, 2015, through Madonna's website and was led by Live Nation Entertainment's Global Touring Division, helmed by Arthur Fogel; this was the fifth collaboration between Madonna and Live Nation as well as her third tour to be promoted by the company. Additionally, the tour marked the singer's first visits to Taiwan, Thailand, Hong Kong, Macau, Philippines, Singapore, and New Zealand, and was her first to visit Australia since the Girlie Show (1993).", "Rehearsals for the tour commenced following its announcement and lasted 10–12 hours per day, with involvement from Madonna's team of creative directors, producers, designers and choreographers. It was inspired by shows like Cirque du Soleil and Chinese New Year, as well as the films 300 (2006) and Grease (1978). Madonna enlisted Jamie King as the creative director, and Megan Lawson and Jason Yong as choreographers", ". The tour featured costumes from Moschino, Prada, Miu Miu, Gucci and Swarovski jewelry, and an elevated stage with a cross-shaped runway ending in a heart-shaped B-stage. Multimedia was created by Moment Factory, while sound and light were produced by Clay Paky and DiGiCo, respectively. The central theme of the concert was love and romance and, like past tours by the singer, was divided into different thematic segments: Joan of Arc/Samurai, Rockabilly Meets Tokyo, Latin/Gypsy, and Party/Flapper", ". The set list had more than 20 songs picked from Madonna's career along with material from Rebel Heart.", "Despite a number of controversies, critics gave the tour generally positive reviews, with praise going to Madonna's stage presence, vocals and the imagery presented; it was also commercially successful, with all shows sold out, and an audience of over 1.05 million. Rebel Heart grossed $169.8 million, extending Madonna's record as the highest-grossing solo touring artist with total gross of $1.31 billion, beginning with 1990's Blond Ambition Tour", ".31 billion, beginning with 1990's Blond Ambition Tour. This ranked her in third place on the all-time top-grossing Billboard Boxscore list, only behind the Rolling Stones and U2. The shows of March 19–20, 2016, performed at the Allphones Arena, were filmed by Danny Tull and Nathan Rissman for the film Madonna: The Rebel Heart Tour. It premiered on December 9, 2016, on American cable channel Showtime while a live CD/DVD and Blu-ray was released on September 15, 2017.", "Background \n\nIn March 2015, Madonna released her 13th studio album, Rebel Heart; the release was plagued by internet hackers leaking its content previously. Numerous news outlets started reporting about the supporting concert tour for the album, which was formally announced on March 1, 2015, on Madonna's official website. Titled Rebel Heart Tour, it was initially scheduled to begin on August 29, 2015, from Miami and continue throughout Europe, and end on December 20, 2015, in Glasgow, Scotland.", "Rebel Heart was led by Live Nation Entertainment's Global Touring Division, helmed by Arthur Fogel. It was Madonna's fifth collaboration with Live Nation. Fogel commented that the leak had helped in bring more attention to Madonna's music and it was a positive scenario for the world tour. \"It's kind of strange how it all came about, but it certainly hasn't been a negative in terms of getting people engaged with the new music", ". Anything that helps put it out there is good, even if it happens in a weird way\", he concluded.", "On May 21, 2015, Madonna rescheduled the first five dates of the tour and moved them to January 2016. The singer confirmed that arrangement logistics was the cause of the postponement and announced that the first date was changed to September 9, 2015, at Bell Centre in Montreal, Canada. Billboard reported Rebel Heart as an all-arena tour, and would visit cities where Madonna had not performed before", ". The tour visited Australia and New Zealand in early 2016, and was the singer's first visit to Australia in more than 20 years, having last toured there with the Girlie Show in 1993, and her first time in New Zealand. Philippines was added to the tour itinerary, for two performances at SM Mall of Asia in February 2016.", "After the tour started, Madonna revealed another 16 dates in Asia and North America. They included first ever concerts in Taipei, Bangkok, Louisville, San Antonio, Tulsa and Nashville as well as her first concerts in Tokyo in a decade and additional dates in Mexico City and Houston. Singapore was added to the itinerary for February 28, 2016; the concert was rated as \"adults only\" by the Media Development Authority (MDA) of the country", ". Before arriving in Australia, Madonna announced an extra show on March 10, 2016, at Melbourne's Forum Theatre. The show was billed as an intimate gig, and was described by the singer as a fusion of music, art and comedy. Titled Madonna: Tears of a Clown, it was created specifically for Australian fans.", "Development\n\nConception and rehearsals", "While composing material for Rebel Heart, Madonna would get \"fleeting moments of ideas\" of what she would like to perform on the tour. After the promotional performances supporting the album, she had a concrete imagery about the themes she would like to incorporate. In March 2015 she clarified: \"I like to create personas and then the persona changes and grows into other things... I'm at the beginning of that process right now, in terms of thinking of my tour and stuff\"", "... I'm at the beginning of that process right now, in terms of thinking of my tour and stuff\". Rehearsals for the tour occurred for 10–12 hours per day. Madonna admitted liking the tour's rehearsals and creative process, noting her complete involvement in its development. Unlike the MDNA Tour (2012), Madonna confirmed that her son Rocco would not perform onstage, but would instead work behind the scenes of the tour.", "By July 2015, Madonna was working on the set list with her team of creative directors, producers, designers and choreographers. She described the tour as \"characteristically theatrical spectacle\" included songs from her whole career. Madonna saw a challenge in alternating between material from Rebel Heart and her previous works, since \"thematically the songs—the old and the new—they have to go together; sonically they have to go together\"", ". The concert was divided into four thematic segments, a custom for the singer: Joan of Arc/Samurai, Rockabilly Meets Tokyo, Latin/Gypsy and Party/Flapper. Its main theme was derived from the title Rebel Heart, and showcased the singer's personal statements and opinions, represented in the form of a journey. Love and romance were listed as the central themes of the show, with Madonna wanting the audience to feel inspired watching it", ". She juxtaposed opposite ideas of sexuality and religion, saying that \"I'm very immersed in [how they are] not supposed to go together, but in my world it goes together\". Inspirations for the Rebel Heart Tour came from shows like Cirque du Soleil and the Chinese New Year, as well as from films like 300 (2006) and Grease (1978). Jamie King was signed as the creative director for the show, while Megan Lawson and Jason Young choreographed the 20 dancers through intricate acrobatic dance steps", ". Since Madonna had started out as a dancer, she tried to find \"unique and original dancers to work with\" and create content and dance routines that would appeal to the audience.", "French choreographer Sébastian Ramirez was hired from the auditions to select backup dancers for the show, which saw over 5,000 applicants in Paris, New York and Los Angeles. Madonna admired Ramirez's work and enlisted him to choreograph two songs for the show. Ramirez was surprised by the fast pace in which Madonna and her team generated and swapped ideas for the tour", ". Taking charge of the whole show, Madonna would explain an emotion behind a song and then entrust Ramirez and the other choreographers to come up with a routine.", "Two short videos were released on the singer's Instagram account, showing the rehearsals taking place. As \"Devil Pray\" and \"Iconic\" from the album played, the videos showed flamenco-inspired choreography, nuns dancing on poles, and an elaborate set adorned with dancers carrying giant props. The singer continued releasing images and videos related to the tour, including dance rehearsal workshops", ". Madonna chose comedian Amy Schumer as the opening act for the New York shows, deviating from her usual hiring of a band or a disc jockey to open the shows. The singer thought of the idea since she believed Schumer was a role model for young women. Diplo, one of the producers of Rebel Heart, was hired as the opening act for the Montreal shows.", "Stage and venue setup", "For the stage setup, creative and logistical design group Stufish were hired. They started brainstorming with Madonna and King in January 2015, after a 25-song set list has been created. The central theme of Rebel Heart was reproduced in the runway resembling an arrow or a cross, with the heart at its tip. Stufish, who had previously developed the structures for The MDNA Tour, were enlisted for Rebel Heart", ". The perpendicular structures emanating from the middle of the runway allowed Madonna and her dancers to reach more audience. Joking that the stage looked like a penis, Stufish architect Ric Lipson recalled Madonna saying: \"hearts and penises are clearly very linked and this is God's way of setting [my] life in motion\".", "The large main stage was elevated and set up at the end of the arenas, with a long catwalk extending from its middle. The middle of the catwalk had a circular stage, while the pathway ended into a heart-shaped B-stage. In order to facilitate the entrance and exit of Madonna and her dancers, openings were created throughout the length of the stage, as well as causeways underneath it", ". Behind the main stage, three large video screens were placed, with the band and Madonna's two background vocalists in front of it. A number of barriers and encasing were supplied by Mojo Barriers to separate the stage from the audience and the production areas upfront. All barriers were supplied in black aluminium.", "A complex machine structure enabled the whole stage to become mobile and assume numerous shapes and sizes throughout the show. The structure had a video screen that could change into the main stage floor. The same screen converted into an elevated platform of varying degrees within half-a-minute, or an angular wall for Madonna's dancers to sway from. Specially crafted bungee points were attached to the top edge of the machine, allowing performers to \"flip, tumble, run and roll up and down the ramp\"", ". The screens showed the visuals created by Moment Factory and Veneno Inc. Another prop was a steel spiral staircase which was hidden from the audience initially. Lipson explained that it was created out of a single block of steel. Although it was not recommended to use the steel because of its heavy weight and enormity, Madonna wanted it since she had found the sturdiness useful during rehearsals", ". Simpler props designed by Stufish included a table used during the performance of \"Vogue\", which was long and had flickering tall candelabras at each end. A set of crosses for the dancing nuns were designed to support both Madonna and a dancer on it. They were finalized from 17 different prototypes, and were fastened with links, allowing the dancers to know which way they would swivel.", "Tom Banks from Design Week magazine visited the area underneath the stage which was about tall. There the dancers changed, props were handed out and performers reached the main stage often through numerous hydraulic lifts. Banks further described the space as a \"subterranean area, which is the footprint beneath the stage rather than back-stage. It's a maze of tunnels, wires and props interrupted only by platforms poised to send performers up into the light\"", ". Madonna sat on a trolley which transported her from one end to the other end of the stage. She had a temporary make-up room in the underneath area, for touch-ups in between performances. In total, the stage and the equipment required 27 semitrailers and 187 staff member to transport across Europe and North America. For the Oceania shows, three Boeing 747 airliners were hired", ". For the Oceania shows, three Boeing 747 airliners were hired. The singer flew to each location in her private jet, turning up at the venue in mid-afternoon for rehearsals, sound and safety checks. A leisure area was also enclosed backstage, with hospitality and catering areas. Madonna's dressing room consisted of furniture, pictures and gym equipment, along with several flowers", ". The singer explained to Nolan Feeney from Entertainment Weekly that every show felt like a battle to her since there was a lot of hustling backstage.", "Everyone has to be super organized and vigilant. There’s no room for error. There are 30 seconds to change. You’re passing people under the stage, there are lifts going up and down. There’s a lot of dangerous stuff happening, and you have to fight through all of that and fight your fatigue or whatever personal issues you might be having that evening and get out there. It’s showtime! No matter what’s going on, you have to push through it and be a warrior.", "Costume design", "Madonna had enlisted a Spanish tailoring company from Zaragoza for creating two bullfighter traje de luces costumes, along with a cape and matador-related costumes for her backing dancers. The tailoring company had to sign a confidentiality agreement about the costumes. They also made several adjustments to the traditional designs, such as replacing the imagery of Jesus or Mary with that of a capital 'M'. According to the company's manager Alfredo Roqueta, the suits were created in 12 days", ". According to the company's manager Alfredo Roqueta, the suits were created in 12 days. Madonna and her dancers did not go for trials and sent their measurements through e-mail. PETA representatives condemned the outfits, criticizing the singer for \"glorifying gore\"", ". PETA representatives condemned the outfits, criticizing the singer for \"glorifying gore\". In August 2015, Madonna revealed the name of the designers working on the costumes for the tour to Women's Wear Daily; these include Jeremy Scott for Moschino, Alessandro Michele for Gucci and Alexander Wang, along with Fausto Puglisi, Prada, Miu Miu, Swarovski, and Lebanese designer Nicolas Jebran. Together with her longtime costume designer Arianne Phillips, Madonna showed snippets of the costumes on her Instagram", ". Additional designers included Geoffrey Mac, Lynn Ban, and Majesty Black.", "During a show, Madonna changed into eight different looks. She was accompanied by 28 performers, and had ten costume changes for 20 dancers, six for the background singers and four for the band. Phillips had been working \"on-and-off\" on the tour since December 2014. She had first heard of Michele in February 2015 through British fashion critic Suzy Menkes", ". She had first heard of Michele in February 2015 through British fashion critic Suzy Menkes. Phillips contacted Gucci for designing costumes for the tour but it was not until April 2015 that the set list and the show's structure was finalized, which set off the creation of the costumes. Michele's designs consisted of a mix of chinoiserie style skirts with Spanish and Latin influences, portraying the singer as a \"diva of the 1920s\"", ". Other costumes were described by Menkes as \"an exotic, dancing Frida Kahlo with ruffles, color, and a different kind of aesthetic\". Michele met Madonna while she was rehearsing in Manhattan and tried on the initial designs. Michele incorporated the singer's review comments and worked in his office for crafting the final costumes.", "For the first section, inspired by the album cover art and Joan of Arc, Phillips created a series of costumes with liturgical fabrics. She further took inspiration from a contemporary exhibition of samurai armor at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Miuccia Prada created the costumes for the second section, based on rock-n-roll and taking influences from Japanese street fashion", ". During the Latin influenced third section, Puglisi and Jebran crafted the matador-inspired costumes portrayed in the music video of the album's first single, \"Living for Love\". They used black tulle netting on the pants and paired the dress with a transparent side-paneling, coupling it with a black and fuchsia-colored jacket embellished with the letter 'M' in Swarovski crystals. Another design by Michele had Madonna wearing a shawl, flamenco hat, lace, skirts and a jacquard bodysuit", ". Phillips was impressed with the dress, saying that she was \"completely blown away. I love [Michele's] hand. His clothes are lyrical and feminine and they tell stories.\" For the final section, Madonna worked with Scott and came up with a \"Harlem-flapper-meets-Paris-in-the-Twenties\" look. Scott created the final dress adorned with thousands of Swarovski crystals and long fringed gloves, for songs like \"Material Girl\".", "Two weeks prior to the opening night, the designing team moved to the rehearsal location at Nassau Coliseum in Long Island. Wang had to make alterations to the dresses due to last minute changes in production, adding that for Madonna \"the performance comes first. She has to be able to dance and move and feel comfortable in it\". A week later Michele had the final fittings for the Gucci costumes", ". A week later Michele had the final fittings for the Gucci costumes. Phillips explained that until the song performances and the choreography was fully finalized, Madonna did not give a final sign off on the costumes or the designs.", "Multimedia and videos", "Montreal-based multimedia company Moment Factory were enlisted, this being their third collaboration with Madonna, following the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show and The MDNA Tour. They worked closely with King and Madonna to develop new backdrops, designing and producing the videos for the show. The three large video screens were used for achieving the theatrical effect of the visuals on a large scale. The opening video was filmed with boxer Mike Tyson, who appears as a guest vocalist on album track \"Iconic\"", ". He felt that the video might be received negatively since the visuals showed him as a savage character, naked and held hostage in a cage. A clip of the video was previewed by the singer before the tour started, showing her pushing against the cage, embracing a shirtless man and a troupe of soldiers walking with insignia.", "British director Danny Tull was signed for the tour backdrops. Tull, who had collaborated with Madonna since her 2006 Confessions Tour, explained that the singer was a \"detail-oriented person\" and every scene in the backdrops had a creative meaning behind it. The first video showed themes including confinement, love, sex and violence among others, which changed in the backdrop for \"Bitch I'm Madonna\", where Tull wanted to create abstract imagery, superfluous color and dancing elements", ". The visual for \"Devil Pray\" showed drug intake, snakes, churches and crosses, interspersed with scenes of baptism and religious proceedings. In order to create the videos, Tull and his team discussed with Madonna at night since she was busy with rehearsals throughout the day. They aligned on the source of the images, any permission if required, usage of stock footage or creation of new graphics. The idea of using fan artwork during the performance of \"Rebel Heart\" emerged from this thought", ". The idea of using fan artwork during the performance of \"Rebel Heart\" emerged from this thought. Madonna's official website unveiled a contest where fans submitted their artwork related to the singer, with them displayed as a live digital gallery during the performance of \"Rebel Heart\". Several layering and rendering was done for most of the videos. Different multimedia software were used to create the clips, including Adobe Premiere Pro, After Effects, Avid, as well as Final Cut Pro", ". For Tull, the challenge was to adapt each software based on the different videos they would create, including last minute changes and tweaks.", "Light and sound", "Lighting designer Al Gurdon worked with Stufish and Tait Towers for the light setup, which was handled by PRG Group. The three main video screens were placed in an angular way, to facilitate a better vision for audiences sitting on the side areas. A Hippotizer V3 media server was used for content playback and was operated by PRG Nocturne's Will Stinson. They used their newly invented GroundControl followspot devices which were attached as a truss to the top of the screens, using Clay Paky Stormy Strobes", ". Fitted with high-definition cameras, they were operated from backstage, and the relevant personnel could simply use the cameras and direct the lights to illuminate specific areas. Console director Joshua Hutchings controlled their color, beams and shutters. Advantage of the followspot was to allow the lighting personnel to operate from a comfortable environment, rather than climb on heightened areas atop the stage. Hutchings explained the whole show was time-coded and inline with the choreography.", "For the audio engineering on the tour, DiGiCo SD7 consoles were used by sound mixing specialist Andy Meyer, and monitor engineers Matt Napier and Sean Spuehler. Since Madonna wanted her vocals to sound live, Spuehler mixed her singing with effects and then added it to the house consoles for transmitting to the loudspeakers. During the show, the singer ventured into the middle of the audience at the end of the catwalk, resulting in the spill of her microphone constantly changing", ". The sound crew employed time-codes like the lighting and the choreography, thus the sound feed also changed depending on where the singer was onstage. All the musicians accompanying Madonna wore in-ear monitors. Additional monitors were used for musical director and keyboardist Kevin Antunes, a thumper for drummer Brian Frasier-Moore and sidefills for the dancers. All the inputs from the different personnel, including Madonna, were fed into the SD7 console", ". All the inputs from the different personnel, including Madonna, were fed into the SD7 console. A Multichannel Audio Digital Interface (MADI) was used to record all the shows to a digital audio workstation in RAID drives. They were archived into 4TB hard disks.", "Concert synopsis", "The first segment, Joan of Arc/Samurai, began with a video showing Madonna in a gown, cavorting with bare-bodied males, and juxtaposed with Mike Tyson talking inside of a cage. Ten dancers dressed in samurai outfit of gold and black came out onto the catwalk carrying large gold pikes, as Madonna descended to the stage encased in a steel cage to sing \"Iconic\". The show continued with \"Bitch I'm Madonna\", which included four female dancers dressed as geishas and male dancers engaged in mock martial arts", ". Rapper Nicki Minaj appeared on the video screens. The singer then played \"Burning Up\" on a Gibson Flying V electric guitar, while moving to the center stage. During \"Holy Water\", the female dancers were dressed as nuns and danced on 20-feet cross-like poles; halfway through the performance, Madonna climbed onto one of the poles and sang a fragment of \"Vogue\". She then performed the rest of \"Holy Water\" with pictures of the Apostles on the video screens, followed by a reenactment of the Last Supper", ". \"Devil Pray\" saw Madonna appearing to subdue the male dancers before disappearing backstage.", "During the first video interlude, dancers appeared onstage waving large white cloths in front of fans. The album track \"Messiah\" played as scenes from the \"Ghosttown\" music video were shown on the screens. The next segment, Rockabilly Meets Tokyo, started with \"Body Shop\", where Madonna sang the song, alongside dancers dressed as mechanics, in front of a 1965 Ford Falcon", ". She then played the ukulele for an acoustic version of \"True Blue\" followed by a disco version of \"Deeper and Deeper\", which was sung at end of the catwalk. A spiral staircase descended from the ceiling for a mashup of \"HeartBreakCity\" and \"Love Don't Live Here Anymore\", where a male dancer followed Madonna up and down the stairs before she pushed him off from the top. She closed the section with a remix of \"Like a Virgin\", performed in front of fans placed around the catwalk.", "The second video interlude began with a mashup of \"S.E.X.\" and \"Justify My Love\", where eight dancers enacted sexual positions on four beds as an edited version of the \"Erotica\" music video played on the backdrops. The third section, Latin/Gypsy, began with \"Living for Love\", with Madonna dressed as a bullfighter, before moving into a flamenco version of \"La Isla Bonita\". After a quick costume change, Madonna returned to the stage accompanied by dancers in colorful Mexican outfits", ". A slow, cumbia and salsa-fueled medley of \"Dress You Up\", \"Into the Groove\" and \"Lucky Star\" was performed, with the pace slowing down for an acoustic version of \"Who's That Girl\". The album's title track closed the segment with Madonna playing the guitar and fan art submitted to the singer shown on the video screens.", "During the final interlude, \"Illuminati\", seven dancers climbed 20-feet poles and began swaying back and forth over the audience. The fourth segment, Party/Flapper, saw the singer and her dancers returning to the stage in 1920s-inspired costumes and performed a mashup of \"Music\", \"Give It 2 Me\", and \"Candy Shop\"", ". The performance of \"Material Girl\" found Madonna pushing her tuxedo clad dancers down an incline; the number ended with the singer walking down the catwalk in a bridal veil and carrying a white bouquet, which she eventually threw to the audience. She played the ukulele once again for \"La Vie en rose\" and ended the main set with \"Unapologetic Bitch\", where she invited someone from the audience, terming the person with the titular name, and gifting them with a banana", ". The show ended with \"Holiday\", where Madonna came out wrapped in the flag of the country she performed in, while dancing around the stage as confetti dropped from the ceiling. At the end of the performance, she was strapped into a harness and flew above the stage, before disappearing behind the video screens.", "Commercial reception", "Ticket sales", "Rebel Heart was Madonna's third and final tour under the ten year multi-rights deal with Live Nation, signed in 2007 for $120 million. General sales for the tour started from March 9, 2015, and the North American tickets purchased online were bundled with an exclusive digital download of Rebel Heart. Special access was granted to members of Madonna's fan club known as Icon, including first access to tickets and VIP passes", ". Citi was listed as the official bank for the tour, with cardholders having the ability to buy tickets early. Prices were almost identical as Madonna's last few tours, with the top price in the $300–$350 range, and the cheapest being at $35. However, tickets for her Manila performances were above the average price and ranged from $70 () to $1,300 ().", "According to Jesse Lawrence from Forbes, initial prices in the secondary markets indicated that the tour would become the most expensive concert tour of 2015. The average ticket for was valued at $452.33 in Madonna's secondary markets, a much higher total than Taylor Swift's 1989 World Tour, whose tickets were average priced at $305.21. Madonna surpassed Fleetwood Mac as the artist with the most expensive tour (51.5% more) in 2015", ".21. Madonna surpassed Fleetwood Mac as the artist with the most expensive tour (51.5% more) in 2015. The show of October 24 in Las Vegas became the most expensive date with an average price of $949.21, while the cheapest tickets were available for $164.30 at the Edmonton date, according to Viagogo. Lawrence also noted that the secondary market prices were much higher than those of The MDNA Tour, indicating a competitive scenario favorable towards Madonna.", "Tickets for the shows started selling out rapidly; cities like Edmonton, Paris and Turin sold out within minutes of being available, resulting in the addition of second shows there. Live Nation partnered with gay geosocial networking app Grindr, and posted advertisements there promoting the tour, which resulted in further ticket sales. For the Australian dates, the Telstra pre-sale resulted in all the cheaper tickets getting sold early, with only the VIP packages and the costlier ones left", ". Madonna's fan club members were given the first priority to buy the Australian tickets. It was followed by Citibank card holders, Telstra presale, Live Nation members, and ultimately general public tickets from July 6, 2015. Tickets for the singer's first ever concert in Taiwan sold out in 15 minutes, prompting a second date to be added", ". In Hong Kong, tickets sold out within ten minutes of being available, setting up a record for the fastest-selling concert there; second dates were added on February 18 at the same venue.", "Boxscore", "A news report in the New York Post claimed that the tour's sales would be inferior to those of the MDNA Tour, with venues including New York still having tickets available after the first day. Fogel dismissed the report, explaining that \"[a] tour with a budget like [Madonna's] counts on adding on second and third nights in markets... That's why it's scheduled with lots of empty dates in major markets", "... That's why it's scheduled with lots of empty dates in major markets.\" Writing for Forbes, Lawrence criticized such news, saying that \"Madonna is posting some of the most expensive ticket prices on the secondary market this year... And though media will continue to speculate that Madonna is nearing the end of her renowned career, her box office numbers have shown that she is still among the upper echelon of pop music's elite.\"", "In October 2015, Billboard announced the first boxscores for the tour, reporting the first ten dates. Total gross was $20 million with 132,769 tickets sold. The opening shows in Montreal were considered a highlight with a total gross of $3.4 million. The highest gross came from shows in New York, earning $5.2 million from a total audience of 28,371. The second set of boxscores were published in November 2015, and the tour grossed another $25.4 million", ".4 million. The first leg of the tour had an attendance of over 300,000 with $46 million in gross. Among the arenas where Madonna performed for a single date, the MGM Grand Garden in Las Vegas had the maximum gross of $3.5 million, earned on October 24. Brooklyn's Barclays Center had the highest audience of 14,258 among the single-show dates.", "With the European leg starting, Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet reported that the concert at Stockholm's Tele 2 Arena drew a total of 40,557 in audience, making it a new record for the venue. In December 2015, the fourth boxscore figures were reported with a total gross of $22.6 million from eight markets and a total of 194,827 tickets sold. Billboard also clarified the actual tickets sold in Sweden to be at 39,338. Another $7", ". Billboard also clarified the actual tickets sold in Sweden to be at 39,338. Another $7.5 million was reported from the shows in Zurich, Manchester, Birmingham and Glasgow. At the end of 2015, the tour was placed at number 11 on Pollstars \"2015 Year-End Top 100 Worldwide Tours\" list, grossing $88.4 million from 49 shows with a total attendance of 693,061.", "The North American boxscores for the 2016 shows were published in March 2016, with total tickets sold increasing to 819,792 and a gross of $107.3 million. After the tour ended, Billboard announced the final gross at $169.8 million with a total of 1,045,479 tickets sold. In Pollstars 2016 Mid Year Special Features, the tour was ranked at number four, grossing $85.5 million from 33 shows with a total attendance of 395,815", ".5 million from 33 shows with a total attendance of 395,815. Upon Rebel Heart's completion, Madonna extended her record as the highest-grossing solo touring artist, with over $1.31 billion in concert gross, starting from the Blond Ambition World Tour in 1990. Overall, Madonna is ranked third on the all-time top-grossing Billboard Boxscore list, behind the Rolling Stones ($1.84 billion) and U2 ($1.67 billion).", "Critical response\n\nNorth America", "Writing for the New York Daily News, Jim Farber noted that the most shocking aspect of the tour was not the provocative imagery and performances, but that Madonna appeared in a light mood and was smiling all throughout. This thought was echoed by Jordan Zivitz of Montreal Gazette who observed that after the first section, the tour's tone became more carefree since Madonna seemed to be \"enjoying herself\"", ". She complimented the performance of \"La Vie en rose\" and ended the review saying that \"the show shared a sense of self-confidence and a sense of play\". Chris Kelly from The Washington Post reviewed the show at Verizon Center, saying that Madonna remained \"as provocative as ever... The moment [her] show started... [questions like 'After three decades in the spotlight, does Madonna still have it?'] went out the window\".", "Alex Needham from The Guardian rated the Madison Square Garden concert as five out of five stars, complimenting the performance of the old songs and describing the concert as \"an affirmation that there is simply no other performer like her. Tonight, Madonna kills it\". In a positive review written in The Village Voice, Hillary Hughes called Madonna \"the pop's patron saint of revolution in action\"", ". Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone complimented Madonna's camaraderie during the show saying, \"She hasn't reached so far onstage, musically or emotionally, since her 2001 Drowned World extravaganza.\" Joe Gottlieb from The Boston Herald theorized that \"Madonna's visions have a smart, thought-out feel her imitators can't replicate\".", "Billboards Joe Lynch rated the concert four stars out of five, observing that \"Madonna's restless creative spirit is on full display on the Rebel Heart Tour\". He praised Schumer's opening act and the performances of \"Music\", the \"Dress You Up\" medley and \"Body Shop\". Jon Pareles wrote in The New York Times that \"[t]hrough the decades, Madonna's tours have delivered spectacles that push hot buttons galore\"", ". However, with Rebel Heart, Pareles observed Madonna doing what she felt like, rather than being controversial. The reviewer also complimented the remix of her past hits. Ashley Lee from The Hollywood Reporter gave a similar feedback, saying that the singer \"[showcased] her years of creative vision and onstage expertise to deliver an arena show packed with visual variety, thematic theatrics and inventive instrumentation to refresh even her earliest hits\"", ". Giving the concert a rating of B+, Melissa Maerz from Entertainment Weekly was surprised by Madonna's \"playful\" mood during the show, since she felt that the opening sequence was reminiscent of the darker intones during the MDNA Tour. In a review for New York magazine, Lindsay Zolatz commended the show, the dancers during \"Illuminati\", but criticized the excessive inclusion of Rebel Heart songs in the set list", ". The Odyssey's Rocco Papa named Rebel Heart Madonna's fifth greatest concert tour; he praised the sense of \"romance and intimacy\", as well as the \"warmth and closeness to her fans\".", "Europe, Asia and Oceania", "German newspaper Volksstimme reviewed the show in Cologne and described it as a \"Madonna-show in miniature\", noting that the \"classic\" hits got the greatest acclaim from the audience. Anders Nunstedt from Swedish newspaper Expressen attended the show in Stockholm and called it as superior to the MDNA Tour. Nunstedt complimented the show's interactive nature, and commended the singer's speech regarding the November 2015 Paris attacks and singing \"Like a Prayer\" as a tribute to the victims and survivors", ". Andrea Annaratone from Italian Vanity Fair reviewed the shows in Turin and gave a similar feedback like Nunstedt, but he criticized Madonna for starting the concert late. Peter Vantyghem from Belgium's De Standaard reviewed the show at Antwerp. He criticized the music assimilation during the Latin section, but was complimentary about the ending of the show and the messages of love and positivism", ". Hester Carvalho from the NRC Handelsblad rated the Amsterdam show four stars out of five, noting that the concert gradually became more streamlined but had less synchronized dance moves unlike the MDNA Tour. Carvalho was also impressed by the stage setting and the long catwalk.", "Will Hodgkinson from The Times reviewed the shows at London's The O2, and gave it a five star rating. He commented that \"Madonna goes in and out of fashion but one constant remains: her tenacity... [She] returned to the O2 for a concert that proved that there's nothing like a near-death experience to re-invigorate the Queen of Pop", ".\" Another five star rating came from Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph who noticed that the loudest cheer from the audience came when Madonna successfully unraveled herself from her cape during \"Living for Love\", referencing her falling down at the Brit Awards 2015", ". McCormick described the concert as \"a dazzling hi-tech, multimedia melange of light and sound, with eye and mind boggling set pieces featuring fantasy medieval executioners, martial art fighting geishas, pole dancing nuns, simulated sex shows.\" Peter Robinson from The Guardian rated it four out of five stars complimenting \"Iconic\" as the \"perfect opening number\". He observed that most \"signature hits appear in an updated style..", ". He observed that most \"signature hits appear in an updated style... but when Madonna delivers a refreshingly faithful version of 'Deeper and Deeper', it's the night's highlight\". Nick Levine from NME believed that \"too much\" of the songs from Rebel Heart \"could have felt try-hard from [Madonna]\", but \"on stage she still works harder and delivers more thrills than her younger [peers]\". Reviewing the show for BBC, Mark Savage noted that its strongest moments came when Madonna performed alone onstage.", "Lauren James from the South China Morning Post found the show as \"tightly choreographed\", adding that \"Hong Kong finally got to bask in Madonna's glow, but it was far too much fun to be a one-night stand\". Reviewing the concert in Bangkok, Manta Klangboonkrong from AsiaOne commented: \"Madonna gave us what was clearly one of the most sensational concerts that's ever graced Bangkok. She did a great job as a dancer, singer and all-round entertainer", ". She did a great job as a dancer, singer and all-round entertainer.\" Jojo Panaligan from the Manila Bulletin noted that Madonna's unapologetic attitude was on display at the show in Mall of Asia Arena, and observed that the crowd reacted positively. Reviewing the show at Sydney's Rod Laver Arena, Michael Lallo from The Sydney Morning Herald awarded the concert four-and-a-half out of five stars. He felt that from Blond Ambition to Rebel Heart, Madonna had \"re-asserted herself..", ". He felt that from Blond Ambition to Rebel Heart, Madonna had \"re-asserted herself... Everything was polished to within an inch of its life – which is what made it so magnificent\".", "Controversies", "Controversies surrounding the tour revolved around late show starts, unlawful uses of a country's flag and errors concerning tickets. Her appearance in Manchester attracted large criticism from fans, who booed at her for late arrival. Madonna responded to the audience during the show, stating that it was due to technical difficulties. During her first concert in Hong Kong and Taipei, Madonna was two-and-a-half hours late; the former delay caused a small protest outside the show", ". Another late incident happened for the shows in Brisbane.", "Madonna's Instagram post about her arrival in Taiwan caused controversy, when it was noted that the singer had used an old badge of the Taiwanese political party, the Kuomintang (associated with the White Terror incidents), instead of the actual national emblem. During the performance, Madonna wore the current flag of Taiwan before confessing her love for both Taiwan and China. In Philippines, Madonna wore the country's flag as part of the encore segment", ". In Philippines, Madonna wore the country's flag as part of the encore segment. As the use of the country's flag as a \"costume or uniform\" was banned in 1998 by federal law, Madonna faced threats from the government of the Philippines for \"disrespecting\" the flag, as well as a possible ban from the region.", "During Madonna's performances on March 5–6, 2016 in New Zealand, several attendees were refused entry to the shows because their tickets were rendered invalid. Approximately 20 people, who purchased their tickets through the Queen of Tickets website, were turned away from entering the venue, while others were required to generate a separate printed ticket at customer service booths. According to Stuff.co", ". According to Stuff.co.nz, Ticketmaster had changed the seating plan of the venues without contacting Queen of Tickets website; as a result they had to refund the people who had brought a ticket from them. At the end of Madonna's second show in Brisbane, the singer accidentally exposed the breast of a 17-year-old girl named Josephine Georgiou on stage by pulling down her top. The singer had jokingly reacted: \"Oh sorry, sexual harassment\"", ". The singer had jokingly reacted: \"Oh sorry, sexual harassment\". It caused controversy when the general public took to social media to label the incident as a sexual assault. Georgiou defended the singer by stating it was \"the best time of my life\".", "Recording and broadcast", "In March 2016, Madonna announced that the Sydney, Australia shows of March 19–20, 2016 would be filmed for a tour DVD. Danny Tull and Nathan Rissman, who had both worked on Madonna's previous tour videos, were enlisted to direct the concert film. In September 2016, Madonna announced on her Instagram that she had finished watching a \"rough assembly\" of the tour's film, and it would be out in the next two months. The concert premiered on December 9, 2016, on American cable channel Showtime", ". The concert premiered on December 9, 2016, on American cable channel Showtime. Titled Madonna: Rebel Heart Tour, it featured the main concert as well as behind-the-scenes footage from the show. The international rights for the film was acquired by Alfred Haber Distribution Inc. (AHDI). A live album of the tour was released on September 15, 2017, in DVD, Blu-ray, CD and digital download formats. It contained bonus content like the Madonna: Tears of a Clown show, as well as a 22-song live double CD.", "Set list \nThe following set list was obtained from the concert held on December 1, 2015, at the O2 Arena in London, England. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour. Samples taken from the notes and track listing of Rebel Heart Tour, and additional notes.", "Act 1: Joan of Arc/Samurai\n \"Revolution\" \n \"Iconic\"\n \"Bitch I'm Madonna\"\n \"Burning Up\"\n \"Holy Water\" / \"Vogue\"\n \"Devil Pray\"\n \"Messiah\" \nAct 2: Rockabilly Meets Tokyo\n \"Body Shop\"\n \"True Blue\"\n \"Deeper and Deeper\"\n \"HeartBreakCity\" / \"Love Don't Live Here Anymore\"\n \"Like a Virgin\" \n \"S.E.X.\" \nAct 3: Latin/Gypsy\n \"Living for Love\"\n \"La Isla Bonita\"\n Medley: \"Dress You Up\" / \"Into the Groove\" / \"Lucky Star\"\n \"Who's That Girl\"\n \"Rebel Heart\"\nAct 4: Party/Flapper\n \"Illuminati\" \n \"Music\" \n \"Candy Shop\"", "\"Who's That Girl\"\n \"Rebel Heart\"\nAct 4: Party/Flapper\n \"Illuminati\" \n \"Music\" \n \"Candy Shop\"\n \"Material Girl\"\n \"La Vie en rose\" \n \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" \n \"Unapologetic Bitch\"\nEncore\n \"Holiday\"", "Notes", "On select dates, Madonna sang acoustic versions of \"Like a Prayer\" and \"Ghosttown\".\n During the concerts in Montreal and Washington, the \"Dress You Up\" medley also included \"Everybody\".\n During the concerts in Detroit, San Jose, San Diego, and San Antonio; Madonna sang an acoustic version of \"Frozen\".\n During the concert in St. Paul, Madonna sang an a cappella version of \"Fever\". It was performed again during the first show in Macau and the second shows in Cologne and Melbourne.", "During the concert in Vancouver, Madonna performed an acoustic version of \"Secret\". It was performed again during the shows in Portland, Las Vegas, Inglewood, and Atlanta; the first show in Prague, Berlin, and Amsterdam; and the second show in Cologne and Turin.\n \"Don't Tell Me\" was sung during the concerts in Tulsa, Nashville, and Antwerp; and the first shows in Turin, Barcelona, Amsterdam, Saitama and Auckland.", "During the second concert in London, Madonna performed \"Drowned World/Substitute For Love\" as a tribute to her late friend David Collins.\n During the first concert in Paris, Madonna performed \"Redemption Song\" with her son David.", "During the concert in Manchester, Madonna performed the intro to \"Secret\", on guitar, but then forgot the rest of the chords. On a fan's request, she sang \"Open Your Heart\" instead. Prior to the concert, the video files for the show had become corrupted, resulting in a reboot of the whole system, which caused the show to begin late, resulting in several songs being cut from the set list. The concert ended after \"Material Girl\".", "During the first concert in Mexico City, Madonna dedicated \"Who's That Girl\" to Frida Kahlo. In the second night, the audience sang \"Cielito Lindo\" to Madonna.\n During the concert in Houston, Madonna performed David Bowie's \"Rebel Rebel\" as a tribute to him after his death.\n During the concert in Nashville, Madonna sang \"Beautiful Stranger\" and \"Ring of Fire\" a capella.\n During both concerts in Miami, Madonna performed \"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\".", "During both concerts in Miami, Madonna performed \"Don't Cry for Me Argentina\".\n \"Take a Bow\" was added to the set list during the first concert in Taipei.\n During the second concert in Manila, Madonna performed \"Crazy for You\", as tribute to the 30th anniversary of the 1986 People Power Revolution.\n During the concert in Singapore, \"Iconic\", \"Holy Water\" and \"Devil Pray\" were removed from the set list. Additionally, Madonna performed \"Crazy for You\".", "During the first concert in Brisbane, Madonna performed \"Can't Get You Out of My Head\" and \"Crazy for You\".\n On the tour's final concert in Sydney, Madonna sang \"Hanky Panky\".", "Shows\n\nNotes\n\nPersonnel \nAdapted from the Rebel Heart Tour program.\n\nShow \n\nMadonna – creator\nJamie King – show director\nTiffany Olson – assistant show director\nStufish Entertainment Architects – stage design\nMegan Lawson – lead choreographer and creative consultant\nAl Gordon – lighting designer", "Band \nMadonna – vocals, guitar, ukulele\nKevin Antunes – musical director, keyboards\nMonte Pittman – guitar, ukulele\nBrian Frasier-Moore – drums\nRic'key Pageot – keyboards\nNicki Richards – backing vocals\nKiley Dean – backing vocals\nSean Spuehler – vocal mix engineer", "Choreographers and performers \n Jason Young – co-supervising choreographer\n Valeree Young – co-supervising choreographer\n Matt Cady – additional choreographer\n Kevin Maher – additional choreographer\n Aya Sato – additional choreographer\n Mona Marie – additional choreographer\n Jillian Meyers – additional choreographer\n Chaz Buzan – additional choreographer\n Sebastian Ramirez – additional choreographer\n Mary Cebrian – additional choreographer\n Marvin Gofin – additional choreographer", "Mary Cebrian – additional choreographer\n Marvin Gofin – additional choreographer\n Emilie Chapel – additional choreographer\n Yaman Okur – additional choreographer\n Sonia Olla – additional choreographer\n Ismael Fernandez – additional choreographer\n Scott Maldment – additional choreographer\n the Strut n Fret Team – additional choreographer\n Rich and Tone Talauega – additional choreographer\n Kupono Aweau – dancer\n Allaune Blegbo – dancer\n Deurell Bullock – dancer\n Grichka Caruge – dancer", "Allaune Blegbo – dancer\n Deurell Bullock – dancer\n Grichka Caruge – dancer\n Justin De Vera – dancer\n Coral Dolphin – dancer\n Marvin Gofin – dancer\n Malik Le Nost – dancer\n Loic Mabanza – dancer\n Sasha Mallory – dancer\n Sheik Mondesia – dancer\n Bambi Nakayama – dancer\n Jo'Artis Ratti – dancer\n Lil' Buck Riley – dancer\n Aya Sato – dancer\n Ai Shimatsu – dancer\n Sohey Sugihara – dancer\n Maria Wada – dancer\n Ahlamalik Williams – dancer", "Costume department \nArianne Phillips – tour stylist\nLaura Morgan – stylist assistant\nTaryn Shumway – stylist assistant\nJessica Dell – stylist assistant\nMiu Miu – costume design\nPrada – costume design\nGucci – costume design\nFausto Puglisi – costume design\nMoschino – costume design\nNicolas Jebran – costume design\nAura Tout Vu – costume design\nSwarovski – costume design\nAlexander Wang – costume design\nLilly e Violetta – costume design", "Road and touring crew \nTony Villanueva – Madonna's dresser\nMel Dykes – wardrobe supervisor\nLisa Nishimura – wardrobe assistant to Madonna\nJanelle Corey – wardrobe dresser\nNoriko Kakihara – wardrobe dresser\nDanielle Martinez – wardrobe dresser\nLaura Spratt – wardrobe dresser\nMichael Velasquez – wardrobe tailor", "Tour staff \nTres Thomas – tour director\nRick Sobkówiak – tour accountant and operations manager\nSherine Sherman – production accountant\nStacey Saari – tour ticketing\nBrea Thomas – executive assistant\nNatasha Veinberg – VIP program coordinator\n Colleen Cozart – VIP program coordinator", "Madonna's staff \nAndy Lecompte – hair and make-up\n Aaron Henrikson – hair and make-up\nAaron Henrikson – make-up artist for Madonna\nGina Brooke – rehearsals make-up consultant\nMartin Conton – security\nCraig Evans – security\nGingi Levin – security\nErez Netzer – security\nShir Sheleg – security\nTravis Dorsey – artist chef\nJean-Michel Ete – nutritionist and esthetician\nMichelle Peck – nutritionist and esthetician\nCraig Smith – Madonna's trainers\nMarlyn Ortiz – Madonna's trainers", "Craig Smith – Madonna's trainers\nMarlyn Ortiz – Madonna's trainers\nGigi Fouquet – assistant to Madonna\nMae Heidenreich – assistant to Madonna\nMegan Duffy – production assistant\nRichard Coble – artist tour manager\nAbby Roberts – assistant tour manager\nMaria Guitterez – rehearsals assistant\nJanine Edwards – hotel advance", "Entourage party \nJill McCutchan – entourage tour manager\nJeremy Childs – assistant tour manager\nMark Parkhouse – physical therapist", "Management \nGuy Oseary – manager\nSara Zambreno – additional management\nDanielle Doll – additional management\nRachel Gordh – assistant to Guy Oseary\nLiz Rosenberg – publicity\nBrian Bumbery – publicity\nBarbara Charone – UK publicity\nJohann Delebarre\nAbe Burns – webster & digital media\nKarine Prot – archives\nRichard Feldstein – business management – webster & digital media\nRosy Simon – business management", "Video and production \nMoment Factory – design\nVeneno Inc. – design\nSakchin Bessette – creative directors\nCaroline Oliveira – creative directors\nThe Good Company – video production\nVfx by MPC – video production\nJohanna Marsal – video production\nAnotherproduction AB – video production\nSteven Klein – video directors\nTarik Mikou – video directors\nDanny Tull – video directors\nJonas Åkerlund – video directors\nFabien Baron – video directors\nTom Munro – video directors", "Jonas Åkerlund – video directors\nFabien Baron – video directors\nTom Munro – video directors\nTeam J.A.C.K. – video directors\nJohan Soderberg – video directors\nDanny Tull – video editing\nAlex Hammer – video editing\nRuss Senzatimore – video editing\nTom Watson – video editing\n Hamish Lyons – video editing", "Worldwide promoter and producer \nLive Nation Global Touring – tour promoter\nArthur Fogel – president and chief executive officer\nGerry Barad – chief operating officer\nTres Thomas – senior VP, global operations\nCraig Evans – senior VP, global operations\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nExternal links \n\n Madonna Kicks Off Rebel Heart Tour at Live Nation\n Exclusive Video: Synth Secrets of Madonna's Rebel Heart Tour at Keyboard", "2015 concert tours\n2016 concert tours\nMadonna concert tours\nObscenity controversies in music\nConcert tours of the United States\nConcert tours of Canada\nConcert tours of the United Kingdom\nConcert tours of Italy\nConcert tours of Denmark\nConcert tours of France\nConcert tours of the Netherlands\nConcert tours of Germany\nConcert tours of Switzerland\nConcert tours of Japan\nConcert tours of Australia\nConcert tours of New Zealand\nConcert tours of China\nConcert tours of the Czech Republic\nConcert tours of Taiwan", "Concert tours of China\nConcert tours of the Czech Republic\nConcert tours of Taiwan\nConcert tours of Sweden\nConcert tours of Belgium\nConcert tours of the Philippines\nConcert tours of Thailand\nConcert tours of Singapore\nConcert tours of Mexico\nConcert tours of Hong Kong" ]

[ "Cebu City, officially the City of Cebu (; ), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines. It is the capital of the Cebu Province, where it is geographically located but is one of three cities (together with Lapu-Lapu City and Mandaue City) that are administratively independent of the provincial government. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 964,169 people, making it the sixth-most populated city in the nation and the most populous in the Visayas.", "It also serves as the regional center of Central Visayas, and its metropolitan area exerts influence on commerce, trade, industry, education, culture, tourism, and healthcare beyond the region, over all of the Visayas and partly over Mindanao. It is the Philippines' main domestic shipping port and is home to about 80% of the country's domestic shipping companies.", "Cebu City is bounded on the north by the town of Balamban and the city of Danao, on the west by the city of Toledo, on the east by the cities of Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue and the towns of Liloan, Consolacion and Compostela and to the south by the city of Talisay", ". Located at the center of the eastern seaboard of Cebu Island, it is the core city of Metro Cebu, the second largest metropolitan area in the Philippines, which includes the cities of Carcar, Danao, Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue, Naga and Talisay and the municipalities (towns) of Compostela, Consolacion, Cordova, Liloan, Minglanilla and San Fernando", ". Metro Cebu had a total population of 3,165,799 as of the 2020 census, making it the third-most populous metropolitan area of the nation, after Metro Manila in Luzon and Metro Davao in Mindanao.", "The current political boundaries of the city are an incorporation of the former municipalities of Cebu, San Nicolas, El Pardo, Mabolo, Talamban and Banilad in the Commonwealth period.\n\nIn the Precolonial period, the area of what is today Cebu was occupied by the Rajahnate of Cebu which was known to the Ming dynasty as the nation of Sokbu (束務). The capital of which was Singhapala (சிங்கப்பூர்) which is Tamil-Sanskrit for \"Lion City\", the same rootwords with the modern city-state of Singapore.", "The city has experienced rapid economic growth since the 1990s, a phenomenon also known as \"Ceboom\". Owing to its economic importance and influence in modern times, Cebu City is also popularly referred to as the Queen City of the South.", "Etymology\nThe name \"Cebu\" came from the old Cebuano word sibu or sibo (\"trade\"), a shortened form of sinibuayng hingpit (\"the place for trading\"). It was originally applied to the harbors of the town of Sugbu, the ancient name for Cebu City. Sugbu or Sugbo, in turn, was derived from the Old Cebuano term for \"scorched earth\" or \"great fire\".\n\nHistory\n\nFounding", "Before the arrival of the Spaniards, Cebu City was part of the island-rajahnate and trade center of Pulua Kang Dayang or Kangdaya (literally \"[the islands] which belong to Baya\"), now better known as the Rajahnate of Cebu. It was founded by a prince of the Tamil Chola dynasty of Sumatra, the half-Malay and half-Tamil, Sri Lumay", ". The name Sugbo (shortened form of Kang Sri Lumaying Sugbo, literally \"that of Sri Lumay's great fire\") refers to Sri Lumay's scorched earth tactics against Muslim Pirates or Moro raiders (Magalos). The capital of the Cebu Rajahnate was called Singhapala (சிங்கப்பூர்) on what is now modern day northern Cebu City.", "Spanish period", "On April 7, 1521, Portuguese explorer at the service of the Spanish Crown and leader of the first expedition to circumnavigate the world, Ferdinand Magellan, landed in Cebu. He was welcomed by Rajah Humabon (also known as Sri Humabon or Rajah Humabara), the grandson of Sri Lumay, together with his wife and about 700 native islanders", ". Magellan, however, was killed in the Battle of Mactan, and the remaining members of his expedition left Cebu soon after several of them were poisoned by Humabon, who was fearful of foreign occupation. The last ruler of Sugbo, prior to Spanish colonization, was Rajah Humabon's nephew, Rajah Tupas (d. 1565).", "On February 13, 1565, Spanish and Novohispanic (Mexican) conquistadors led by Miguel López de Legazpi together with Augustinian friars whose prior was Andrés de Urdaneta, left New Spain (modern Mexico) and arrived in Samar, taking possession of the island thereafter. They Christianized some natives and Spanish remnants in Cebu", ". They Christianized some natives and Spanish remnants in Cebu. Afterwards, the expedition visited Leyte, Cabalian, Mazaua, Camiguin and Bohol where the famous Sandugo or blood compact was performed between López de Legazpi and Datu Sikatuna, the chieftain of Bohol on March 16, 1565. The Spanish arrived in Cebu on April 15, 1565. They then attempted to parley with the local ruler, Rajah Tupas, but found that he and the local population had abandoned the town", ". Rajah Tupas presented himself at their camp on May 8, feast of the Apparition of Saint Michael the Archangel, when the island was taken possession of on behalf of the Spanish King. The Treaty of Cebu was formalized on July 3, 1565. López de Legazpi's party named the new city \"Villa de San Miguel de Cebú\" (later renamed \"Ciudad del Santísimo Nombre de Jesús).\" In 1567 the Cebu garrison was reinforced with the arrival of 2,100 soldiers from New Spain (Mexico)", ". The growing colony was then fortified by Fort San Pedro. Asides from these Mexican soldiers, the city of Cebu was founded by 80 Spanish colonists from Spain.", "By 1569, the Spanish settlement in Cebu had become important as a safe port for ships from Mexico and as a jumping-off point for further exploration of the archipelago. Small expeditions led by Juan de Salcedo went to Mindoro and Luzon, where he and Martín de Goiti played a leading role in the subjugation of the Kingdoms of Tundun and Seludong in 1570. One year later, López de Legazpi departed Cebu to discuss a peace pact with the defeated Rajahs", ". One year later, López de Legazpi departed Cebu to discuss a peace pact with the defeated Rajahs. An agreement between the conquistadors and the Rajahs to form a city council paved the way for the establishment of a new settlement and the construction of the Christian walled city of Intramuros on the razed remains of Islamic Manila, then a vassal-state of the Sultanate of Brunei.", "In 1571, the Spanish carried over infantry from Mexico, to raise an army of Christian Visayan warriors from Cebu and Iloilo as well as mercenaries from the Tagalog region, and assaulted the Sultanate of Brunei in what is known as the Castilian War", ". The war also started the Spanish–Moro Wars waged between the Christian Visayans and Muslim Mindanao, wherein Moros burned towns and conducted slave raids in the Visayas islands and selling the slaves to the Sultanates of the Malay Archipelago and the Visayans fought back by establishing Christian fort-cities in Mindanao, cities such as Zamboanga City.", "On August 14, 1595, Pope Clement VIII created the diocese of Cebu as a suffragan to the Archdiocese of Manila. In 1608, Muslim Moros from Magindanao raided the nearby Visayan province of Carigara in Leyte. Cebu under Commander Salgado led an expedition of 70 Spanish and 60 Pampango marines that had intercepted and destroyed them", ". On January 6, 1635; under orders by Juan de Alcarazo the Alcalde-Mayor of Cebu, a force of 50 Spanish and 1,000 Visayan troops, battled rebels who had uprisings at and settled in Bohol. At April 5, 1635: Cebu sent a force of 300 Spanish and 1,000 Visayan troops to settle and colonize Zamboanga City under the command of Captain Juan de Chavez.", "On April 3, 1898, local revolutionaries led by the Negrense Leon Kilat rose up against the Spanish colonial authorities and took control of the urban center after three days of fighting. The uprising was only ended by the treacherous murder of Leon Kilat and the arrival of soldiers from Iloilo and Manila. On December 26, 1898, the Spanish Governor, General Montero, evacuated his troops to Zamboanga, turning over government property to Pablo Mejia", ". The next day, a provincial government was formed under Luis Flores as president, General Juan Climaco as military chief of staff, and Julio Llorente as mayor.", "American occupation and World War II", "The signing of the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Spanish–American War provided for the cession of Cebu along with the rest of the Philippine Islands to the United States until the formation of the Commonwealth Era (1935–46). On February 21, 1899, the USS Petrel (PG-2) deployed a landing party of 40 marines on the shores of Cebu. Cebu's transfer to the American government was signed by Luis Flores although others, most notably General Arcadio Maxilom and Juan Climaco, offered resistance until 1901", ". Governor W. H. Taft visited Cebu on April 17, 1901, and appointed Julio Llorento as the first provincial governor. Juan Climaco was elected to that office in January 1904.", "Cityhood", "With its city status granted by the King of Spain in 1594 invalidated by the change of colonial administration, in 1934 the neighboring municipalities of El Pardo, Mabolo, Talamban, Banilad, and San Nicolas were dissolved and merged to become the chartered City of Cebu on February 24, 1937. These former towns were broken up into several barangays, including their town centers which assumed their names (in contrast, Manila and Iloilo preserved their incorporated towns as geo-political districts)", ". Many other Philippine cities such as Dansalan (now Marawi), Iloilo City, and Bacolod were also incorporated at the same time (see Cities of the Philippines).", "Japanese occupation", "Along with the rest of the country, Cebu came under Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II. The Japanese encountered opposition from guerrillas and irregular forces led by Col. James Cushing and the Cebu Area Command. A Japanese businessman established Cebu's first \"comfort station\" during the war, where Japanese soldiers routinely gang-raped, humiliated, and murdered kidnapped girls and teenagers who they forced into sexual slavery under the brutal \"comfort women\" system", ". It was finally liberated with the Battle for Cebu City in March and April 1945. The military general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army and 8th Constabulary Regiment of the Philippine Constabulary, active from January 3, 1942, to June 30, 1946, was stationed in Cebu City during World War II.", "Post-war years", "The war virtually razed Cebu City to the ground. Reconstruction, however, was rapid. The city's central business district, which had been confined largely to the coast and the area around the port before the war, had expanded inland", ". Colon Street, the oldest national road in the Philippines, which was once a residential area in the pre-war years, became the center of a dense and compact area in downtown Cebu City, becoming home to many shopping and business activities, including the city's most fashionable shops, restaurants, and movie houses", ". In 1962, construction of the Cebu City North Reclamation Area commenced, finishing eventually in 1969, which expanded the port of Cebu and provided the city with more developable land close to the city center. During this time, Cebu also became a prominent educational center for the Visayas and Mindanao regions, and new schools were established in Cebu's uptown areas, such as the Talamban campus of the University of San Carlos.", "During the Marcos dictatorship\n\nCebu became a key center of resistance against the Marcos dictatorship, first becoming apparent when the hastily put-together lineup of Pusyon Bisaya defeated the entire slate of Marcos' Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) in Region VII.", "Among the Cebuanos immediately arrested by the Marcos dictatorship when Martial law was announced on September 23, 1972, were columnist and future National Artist Resil Mojares and human rights lawyer and Carcar Vice Mayor Democrito Barcenas, who were both detained at Camp Sergio Osmeña.", "One of the Marcos Martial Law desaparecidos from Cebu was Redemptorist priest Fr. Rudy Romano, a prominent Marcos critic and executive secretary of Cebu's Coalition against People's Persecution, who was accosted by armed men in Tisa, Labangon, Cebu City, on June 11, 1985, and never seen again. Levi Ybañez, Romano's colleague in the Coalition against People's Persecution, was abducted on the same day as Fr. Romano, and was also never heard from again.", "Later, Cebu would play a key role in the days leading up to the 1986 People Power revolution and the ouster of Marcos. It was from Fuente Osmeña circle in Cebu City that the opposition forces relaunched a civil disobedience campaign against the Marcos regime and its cronies on February 22, 1986", ". After that, the Carmelite Monastery in Barangay Mabolo, Cebu City, served as a refuge for opposition candidates Aquino and Laurel during the first day of the People Power revolution, because it was not yet safe to go back to Manila.", "Economic boom and contemporary history", "In 1990, Typhoon Ruping (international name Mike) hit Visayas and Cebu in particular, causing considerable damage to the infrastructure of the city and province. The typhoon cut off many of the city's communication lines, and was virtually cut from the outside, causing delays for aid from the national government in Manila. This forced local authorities to rethink governmental priorities, and enforced some radical measures, such as food, water, and fuel rations", ". However, the city quickly recovered, and by the end of the decade, it was experiencing rapid economic growth, dubbed Ceboom. The economic growth of the city also spread economic growth to its neighboring cities and municipalities, which spreads from Danao from the north all the way to Carcar to the south.", "Within the city, economic growth was observed in other areas as well, and much of the business activity shifted from the old and derelict downtown area to the more modern and more diverse business districts located in other areas of the city, including areas around Fuente Osmeña (colloquially known as \"Uptown Cebu\"), the Cebu Business Park, and the Cebu IT Park, among other areas", ". The opening of the aforementioned Ayala Mall and SM City Cebu had also shifted significant retail activities away from Colon, though it remained to serve as an important transit point for public utility jeepneys (PUJ) covering arterial routes within the city.", "In 2002, the South Road Properties (SRP) was completed, initially with the intention of being a hub for light industries but gradually shifted to be a hub for mixed-use developments. The Cebu South Coastal Road, which traverses through SRP, has helped alleviate the city's traffic by serving as an alternative to the Natalio Bacalso Avenue. SM Seaside City Cebu opened in 2015, and was one of the largest shopping malls in the Philippines upon opening", ". The opening of the Cebu–Cordova Link Expressway in 2022, which links the city to Cordova in Mactan, is poised to unlock the SRP's potential as the city's next economic hub. Other infrastructure projects, such as the Metro Cebu Expressway and the Cebu Bus Rapid Transit System, are also in place to help facilitate the city's future growth.", "Geography\n\nCebu City has a land area of . To the northeast of the city is Mandaue City and the town of Consolacion; to the west is Toledo City and the towns of Balamban and Asturias; to the south is Talisay City and the town of Minglanilla.\n\nAcross Mactan Strait to the east is Mactan island where Lapu-Lapu is located. Further east across the Cebu Strait is the island of Bohol.\n\nBarangays \n\nCebu City is politically subdivided into 80 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.", "These barangays are grouped into two congressional districts, with 46 barangays in the northern district and 34 in the southern district.\n\nAs of the 2020 census, 58 barangays are classified as urban barangays where 888,481 (92.15%) of Cebu City's population lives, while the remaining 22 rural barangays are home to 75,668 residents, representing 7.85% of the total population.", "The most populous barangays in the city, as of the 2020 census, are Guadalupe (70,039), Tisa (47,364), and Lahug (45,853), while Kalubihan is the least populous barangay with only 663 residents.", "Climate\nCebu City has a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification. The city has a lengthy wet season and a short dry season, with only the months of March and April falling into the latter season. Average temperatures show little variance during the year with average daily temps ranging from to . The city on averages experiences roughly of precipitation annually.\n\nDemographics", "Demographics\n\nThe city's population reached 799,762 people in 2007, and at the time of the 2010 census, the population had grown to 866,171 people, who formed at least 161,151 households.", "Languages", "The most recent census data on ethnicity and language (from the 2010 census) shows that the vast majority of the city's population speaks Cebuano Bisaya as the primary casual vernacular language. English is also used as the primary formal medium of instruction in schools, besides Filipino class which teaches Filipino (Tagalog) across schools in Cebu and is also understood by the populace through Filipino mass media", ". There are also a few speakers of Hiligaynon from nearby Hiligaynon-speaking provinces in Panay and in Soccsksargen region in Mindanao and other speakers of other Visayan languages from nearby regions. Minority speakers of other Philippine languages are also residents in the city, one of them are Ilocanos, a Luzon ethnic group whose native language is the eponymous Ilocano language", ". Chinese Filipinos also privately use Philippine Hokkien among fellow speakers of the language, while Mandarin (Standard Chinese) is also taught in Chinese class of Chinese Filipino schools and few other schools in Cebu.", "Religion\n\nThe city is considered the birthplace of Christianity in the Far East. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu is currently the largest archdiocese in the Philippines and in Asia.", "Christianity in the form of Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion in Cebu for about 95% of the population, making it the 2nd most Roman Catholic affiliated city among the already majority Roman Catholic nation", ". The remainder of the religious population includes various Protestant faiths (Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians), Non-denominational groups, the Philippine Independent Church, Iglesia Ni Cristo, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist and other Christian groups. Other religions include Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism.", "Within the city is the Cebu Taoist Temple, a Taoist temple located in the Beverly Hills subdivision of Lahug.\n\nEconomy\n\nThe term Ceboom, a portmanteau of \"Cebu\" and \"boom\", has been used to refer to the rapid economic development of both Cebu City and Cebu Province from the early 1990s to the early 2000s.", "With Cebu City's proximity to many islands, beaches, hotel and resorts, diving locations, and heritage sites, high domestic and foreign tourist arrivals have fueled the city's tourism industry. Due to its geographic location in the middle of the country, accessibility by air, land and sea transportation, Cebu City has become the tourist gateway to central and southern Philippines. Its port, Port of Cebu, is the country's second largest seaport.", "The city is a major hub for the business process outsourcing industry of the Philippines. In 2013, Cebu ranked 8th worldwide in the \"Top 100 BPO Destinations Report\" by global advisory firm Tholons. In 2012, the growth in IT-BPO revenues in Cebu grew 26.9 percent at $484 million, while nationally, the industry grew 18.2 percent at $13 billion.", "Aboitiz Equity Ventures, formerly known as Cebu Pan Asian Holdings, is the first holding company from Cebu City publicly listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange. Ayala Corporation, through its subsidiary Cebu Holdings, Inc. and Cebu Property, both publicly in the PSE Index, developed the Cebu Park District where the mixed-used development zones of the Cebu Business Park and Cebu IT Park are located", ". Both master planned areas are host to regional headquarters for various companies in the banking, finance, IT and tourism sectors among others.", "Shipbuilding companies in Cebu have manufactured bulk carriers of up to 70,000 metric tons deadweight (DWT) and double-hulled fast craft as well. This industry made the Philippines the 4th largest shipbuilding country in the world.\n\nWith a revenue growth rate of 18.8 percent in 2012, the real estate industry is the fastest growing sector in Cebu. With the strong economic indicators and high investors' confidence level, more condominium projects and hypermarkets are being developed in the locality.", "The South Road Properties (SRP) is a prime property development project on a reclaimed land located a few metres off the coast of Cebu's central business district. It is a mixed-use development that will feature entertainment, leisure, residential and business-processing industries. It is registered with the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) and is funded by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation(JBIC)", ". Traversing the property is a , four-lane highway known as the Cebu Coastal Road that provides the motorists with a good view of Cebu's south coast and the nearby island of Bohol.", "Colon Street, the oldest national road in the Philippines, as well as its neighboring streets and surrounding areas, collectively known as Downtown Cebu, is an important center of commerce for the city. It is home to many malls, stores, and stalls selling various goods and services. Carbon Market is the city's oldest and largest farmer's market, and is set to be redeveloped to include other lifestyle and mixed-use developments. The redevelopment is scheduled to be finished by 2025", ". The redevelopment is scheduled to be finished by 2025. The Pasil Fish Market, located in Barangays Pasil and Suba, is a major fish wholesale market, sourcing fresh catch from different parts of the Visayas.", "Cebu City, and Metro Cebu as a whole, is one of the Philippines' major shopping destinations. The Gaisano family, which operates Gaisano Capital, Gaisano Grand Malls, Gaisano Malls, and the Metro Retail Stores Group, traces its roots to the city. There are four major super-regional malls in the city. SM City Cebu, located in the North Reclamation Area, opened in 1993, and is the first SM Supermall in the Philippines located outside Metro Manila", ". Ayala Center Cebu, opened in 1994, is a shopping mall at the Cebu Business Park. More than 85,000 people visit the mall every day, with the figure increasing to 135,000 daily on weekends. SM Seaside, opened in November 2015, is located in the South Road Properties and is one of the largest shopping malls in the Philippines. Robinsons Galleria Cebu opened in December 2015 and is in close proximity to the Port of Cebu", ". Robinsons Galleria Cebu opened in December 2015 and is in close proximity to the Port of Cebu. Other notable retail establishments include Ayala Malls Central Bloc in Cebu IT Park, Il Corso, Gaisano Mall of Cebu, and Gaisano Country Mall, among others.", "Government\n\nright|100px|thumb|Mike Rama at Marikina Sports Center", "Being a highly urbanized city, Cebu City (along with neighboring Mandaue and Lapu-Lapu) is independent from Cebu province. Its electorate do not vote for provincial officials. There were proposals during the time of Governor Emilio Mario Osmeña to establish an \"administrative district\" that would be independent from Cebu City. This would mean carving out Cebu City's Capitol Site barangay, where the provincial capitol and other provincial offices are located", ". The plan, however, did not go through and was even followed by other proposals like the transfer of the capital to Balamban.", "Cebu City is governed by a mayor, vice mayor and sixteen councilors (eight representing the north and eight representing the south districts). Each official is popularly elected to serve for a three-year term. The chief of the Association of Barangay Captains and the president of the Sangguniang Kabataan Federation also serve in the city council. The day-to-day administration of the city is handled by a city administrator.", "Current city officials (2022–2025)\n Mayor: Michael L. Rama (BARUG)\n Vice Mayor: Raymond Alvin N. Garcia (BARUG)\n\n 19th Congress\n House of Representatives\n 1st District (North): Rachel B. del Mar (NPC)\n 2nd District (South): Eduardo R. Rama Jr. (PDPLBN)\n\nCulture", "Cebu City is a significant cultural center in the Philippines. The imprint of Spanish and Roman Catholic culture is evident. The city's most famous landmark is Magellan's Cross. This cross, now housed in a chapel, is reputed to have been erected by Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão Magalhães) when he arrived in the Philippines in 1521. It was encased in hollow tindalo wood in 1835 upon the order of the Augustinian Bishop Santos Gómez Marañon to prevent devotees from taking it home chip by chip", ". The same bishop restored the present template or kiosk, located at Magallanes Street between the City Hall and Colegio del Santo Niño. Revered by Filipinos, the Magellan's Cross is a symbol of Christianity in the Philippines.", "A few steps away from Magellan's Cross is the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño (Church of the Holy Child). This is an Augustinian church elevated to the rank of basilica in 1965 during the 400th anniversary celebrations of Christianity in the Philippines, held in Cebu. The church, which was the first to be established in the islands, is built of hewn stone and features the country's oldest relic, the figure of the Santo Niño de Cebú (Holy Child of Cebu), who is Jesus Christ as a Child.", "This religious and cultural event is celebrated during the island's cultural festivities known as the Sinulog festival. Held every third Sunday of January, it celebrates the festival of the Santo Niño, who was formerly considered to be the patron saint of Cebu. (This patronage was later changed to that of Our Lady of Guadalupe after it was realized that the Santo Niño could not be a patron saint because he was an image of Christ and not a saint", ".) The Sinulog is a dance prayer ritual of pre-Hispanic indigenous origin. The dancer moves two steps forward and one step backward to the rhythmic sound of drums. This movement resembles somewhat the current (sulog) of the river. Thus, the Cebuanos called it Sinulog.", "When the Spaniards arrived in Cebu, the Italian chronicler Antonio Pigafetta, sailing under convoy with the Magellan expedition, offered a baptismal gift to Hara Amihan, wife of Rajah Humabon. She was later named Juana, the figure of the Santo Niño. The natives also honored the Santo Niño de Cebú in their indigenous sinulog ritual. This ritual was preserved but limited to honoring the Santo Niño", ". This ritual was preserved but limited to honoring the Santo Niño. Once the Santo Niño church was built in the 16th century, the Christianized-Austronesian natives started performing the sinulog ritual in front of the church, the devotees offering candles and indigenous dancers shouting \"Viva Pit Señor!\"", "In the 1980s and 2000s, the city authorities of Cebu added the religious feast of Santo Niño de Cebú during the Sinulog Festival to its cultural event.\n\nThe city joined UNESCO's Network of Creative Cities as a Design City on October 31, 2019, on the occasion of World Cities' Day. Cebu City was also recognized by the British Council as the Creative Capital of the Philippines. In 2019, it joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a City of Design.", "Music\nCebu City is regarded as the birthplace of BisRock, a term coined by Cebuano writer Januar E. Yap in 2002. Notable BisRock bands include Missing Filemon, Junior Kilat, Phylum, Rundown Genova, and Scrambled Eggs, among others. Popular Filipino bands Urbandub and Cueshé also hail from Cebu, but mostly sing their songs in English, and in the latter's case, also in Tagalog.", "The Cebu Reggae Festival is a popular Filipino Reggae and Roots music festival, it now has become one of the Philippines' largest annual Reggae Festivals.\n\nLifedance and Sinulog Invasion are rave music festivals held in the city in the days before the Sinulog Festival. These music festivals are regarded as among the biggest music festivals in the country.", "The Cebu Pop Music Festival is an annual music festival, founded in 1980, showcasing Cebuano-language pop songs. Like Lifedance and Sinulog Invasion, the music festival is also held in the days before the Sinulog Festival.", "On Cebuano musical heritage, the Jose R. Gullas Halad Museum in V. Gullas St. (former Manalili) corner D. Jakosalem St. in Cebu City, holds musical memorabilia of Cebuano composers in the early 20th century, the likes of Ben Zubiri (composer of Matud Nila), Inting Rubi (Kasadya Ning Taknaa) and Minggoy Lopez (Rosas Pandan).", "Since 2013, Cebu has hosted the Visayan Pop Songwriting Campaign, an annual songwriting competition that aimed to showcase songs written in the Cebuano language. Founded by multi-awarded artist Jude Gitamondoc, Ian Zafra, Cattski Espina, and Missing Filemon's front-man Lorenzo Niñal through the Artists and Musicians Marketing Cooperative (ArtistKo) with the support of the Filipino Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers", ". Vispop, or sometimes Visayan pop, later on evolved from being associated with the music festival to a genre of the new wave of Visayan pop songs that gained nationwide popularity, even those songs that were not exclusively produced for or presented in the contest.", "Sports\n\nThe Cebu Schools Athletic Foundation, Inc. is based in the city. Its member schools are located within the Metro Cebu area. It is often considered one of the Philippines' strongest college sports league.\n\nThe city has an active boxing scene. ALA Gym, one of the most famous boxing gyms in the Philippines, is based in the city, at the Banilad district. In addition, ALA Gym's promotion arm, the ALA Promotions, organizes the Pinoy Pride boxing series.", "The Aboitiz Football Cup is the longest-running association football competition in Cebu. The cup has been considered to be one of the most prestigious association football tournaments in the Philippines. The tournament is organized and supported by the Aboitiz family, one of the Philippines' richest families, and owners of one of the Philippines' largest conglomerates, the Aboitiz Equity Ventures.", "The Cebu F.C. is the only professional sports club based in the city. It has played in the Philippines Football League (PFL) in 2021. The club is the second professional football club to be based in Cebu, after Global F.C., which also played in the PFL. The club plays its home games at the Dynamic Herb Sports Complex in nearby Talisay.", "Former professional sports teams include the following:\n Global Cebu F.C., which played in the now-defunct Philippines Football League (PFL). They played their home games at the Cebu City Sports Complex. They have since moved to Makati, changing their name correspondingly into Global Makati F.C.\n Cebu City Chiefs, a rugby league team that participated in the Philippines National Rugby League\n Cebu Dragons, a rugby union team in the Philippine Rugby Football Union", "Cebu Dragons, a rugby union team in the Philippine Rugby Football Union\n Cebu Gems, a basketball team that played in the now-defunct Metropolitan Basketball Association (MBA). The Gems played their home games at the Cebu Coliseum.", "Cebu City Sharks, a basketball team that used to play in the South Division of the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League (MPBL). The team has taken a leave of absence from the MPBL since 2021. The team played its home games at the Hoops Dome in nearby Lapu-Lapu City, Aznar Coliseum in Barangay Sambag I, and at the USJ-R Coliseum, located in Barangay Basak Pardo.", "Tourism\n\nTourism is a thriving industry in Cebu. It hosted the 1998 ASEAN Tourism Forum. The city also hosted the East Asian Tourism Forum in August 2002, in which the province of Cebu is a member and signatory.\n\nViews of Cebu City and its skyline can be seen from villages and numerous gated communities located on its mountainsides.", "There is a significant number of Filipino-Spanish heritage buildings in Cebu City such as Fort San Pedro, Basilica del Santo Niño, Magellan's Cross, and the Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral. The city hosts the Museo Sugbo and Casa Gorordo Museum. The Cebu Taoist Temple is also situated within the city.\n\nInfrastructure\n\nTransportation", "Transportation\n\nMactan–Cebu International Airport, located in Lapu-Lapu, is the country's second-busiest airport and serves direct international flights to Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, China, Taiwan, Dubai and South Korea, with charter flights to Russia and domestic destinations. Many international and cargo airlines fly to Cebu. There are also direct transfer flights via the capital's Ninoy Aquino International Airport that readily connect the city to other destinations in the world.", "The city is served by a domestic and international port which are handled by the Cebu Port Authority. Much of the city's waterfront is actually occupied by the port with around of berthing space. The city is home to more than 80% of the country's island vessels traveling on domestic routes mostly in the Visayas and Mindanao.", "Transportation throughout the city and the metropolitan itself is provided by jeepneys, buses and taxis. The Cebu City Government conducted a 2012 feasibility study on implementing a bus rapid transit (BRT) system that will ease the transportation of the residents in the city and throughout the entire Metro Cebu area", ". Aimed to serve an estimated 330,000 passengers per day, the project would have a capacity of 176 buses running through 33 stations along Bulacao until Talamban with a link to South Road Properties. The project is currently branded as TransCebu and is expected to be fully operational by 2017. it was two years late, and the price had increased to ₱9.04B (US$180M).", "In March 2019, the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board announced the opening of a new Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service in Cebu City with three express bus routes to Lapu-Lapu, Danao and Sibonga.\n\nA new light railway is expected to start its construction in 2022.\n\nUtilities", "Utilities\n\nThe city mostly gets its power from an interconnection grid with the Leyte Geothermal Power Plant, which also powers the majority of the Visayas. Cebu is also powered by a coal-fired thermal plant with two units each generating 52.5-MW and 56.8-MW, a 43.8-MW diesel power plant and 55-MW land-based gas turbine plants located at the Naga power complex which is planned to be rehabilitated and replaced with 150-MW coal units by 2016 and to be completed by 2019.", "Telecommunication facilities, broadband and wireless internet connections are available and are provided by some of the country's largest telecommunication companies.", "In 1998, the Inayawan Sanitary Landfill was constructed to ease garbage disposal within the city. After 15 years, the landfill reached its lifespan and the Talisay city government recently allowed Cebu to temporarily dump its garbage in its own landfill. In 2015, Cebu appropriated a total of ₱2.5M to close and rehabilitate the landfill at Inayawan.\n\nEducation", "Education\n\nCebu City, and Metro Cebu as a whole, is an important educational hub in Southern Philippines. Cebu City itself is currently home to ten large universities each with a number of campuses throughout Cebu province and more than a dozen other schools specializing in various courses.", "Among these schools is the University of San Carlos, one of the most highly regarded educational institutions in the Philippines. It claims to trace its roots to Colegio de San Ildefonso, which was founded in 1595. It has five campuses around Cebu City, including the Downtown Campus (formerly Main Campus) and the Talamban Campus (TC), both of which are home to the school's college programs. It is currently headed by the Society of the Divine Word.", "The University of the Philippines Cebu, located at Barangay Camputhaw in the district near Lahug currently has eight courses and has plans of expansion and development. The U.P. Board of Regents elevated the status of U.P. Cebu as a constituent university of the University of the Philippines System on October 27, 2016.", "Another Catholic university in Cebu City is the University of San Jose–Recoletos which was established in 1947. It is currently headed by the Augustinian Recollects and has two different campuses within the city, excluding a new campus outside the city located in the municipality of Balamban.", "Cebu Normal University (CNU) was established in 1902 as a provincial normal school, a branch of the Philippine Normal School. It became an independent institution in 1924, a chartered college in 1976, and a university in 1998. CNU offers academic programs at the nursery, kindergarten, elementary, junior high, undergraduate, and graduate levels. CNU is designated by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) as Center of Excellence (COE) in both Nursing Education and Teacher Education.", "The Cebu Doctors' University (formerly Cebu Doctors' College) was granted university status in November 2004. It is the only private school in the Philippines to achieve university status without a designated basic education (pre-school – high school) curriculum; it caters mainly to courses related to the health services field. It was relocated to a nine-story building in 2007 at the Cebu Boardwalk (now Dr. P.V. Larrazabal Jr", ". P.V. Larrazabal Jr. Avenue) in neighboring city of Mandaue, thus closing its old campus near the then Cebu Doctors' Hospital (now Cebu Doctors' University Hospital). , the university now offers senior high school (grades 11 and 12)", "The University of Cebu (UC) has four campuses located within the city: Its main campus, located in Sanciangko Street, offers degree programs such as a Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT), HRM, Computer Engineering, BSED and others. The Maritime Education & Training Center (METC), located in Barangay Mambaling, which hosts the university's maritime programs, was opened in 1991. Its third campus, in Barangay Banilad, was opened in June 2002", ". Its third campus, in Barangay Banilad, was opened in June 2002. A fourth campus, the Pardo–Talisay campus, located in Barangay Bulacao Pardo, near the boundary between Cebu City and Talisay, was added to the UC network in 2021 after the university's acquisition of St. Paul College Foundation, Inc.", "Also located in the city is the University of the Visayas, established in 1919, and is considered to be the first educational institution in Cebu which was granted with a university status", ". It was granted an autonomous status by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) in 2010 and currently offers basic education and a number of courses in the tertiary level including medical courses (Medicine, Nursing, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Midwifery, and Health Care Services) which are housed in its campus in Banilad area. Aside from its campuses within Cebu City, it also has numerous campuses located around the province of Cebu.", "Other noteworthy institutions in the city include the Cebu Institute of Technology – University (formerly Cebu Institute of Technology), the main campus of Cebu Technological University (formerly the Cebu State College of Science and Technology), Southwestern University, University of Southern Philippines Foundation in Lahug and Mabini, Asian College of Technology (formerly Asian Computer Institute), Benedicto College, Cebu Eastern College, Cebu International School, Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion", ", Cebu Eastern College, Cebu International School, Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion, College of Technological Sciences - Cebu, Don Bosco Technical College–Cebu (DBTC), Saint Theresa's College of Cebu, Sacred Heart School - Ateneo de Cebu, Salazar Colleges of Science and Institute of Technology, and Velez College (together with its independently administered medical school arm Cebu Institute of Medicine), among others", ".", "Cebu City has 68 public elementary schools, 23 national high schools and 28 night high schools. These night high schools are operated by the city government.\n\nThe Cebu City Public Library and Information Center is the only public library in Cebu.\n\nSister cities\n\nInternational\n\nLocal\n\nSee also\n\nList of parishes in Cebu\nList of people from Cebu\nRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu\nMetro Cebu", "List of parishes in Cebu\nList of people from Cebu\nRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu\nMetro Cebu\n\nOwing to its economic importance and influence in modern times, Cebu City is popularly called Queen City of the South—a sobriquet adopted from Iloilo City after its economic decline in the mid-1900s.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n [ Philippine Standard Geographic Code]\n Cebu City on SharePhilippines.com \n Historic photographs of Cebu city", "1565 establishments in the Philippines\nCities in Cebu\nFormer national capitals\nHighly urbanized cities in the Philippines\nPopulated coastal places in the Philippines\nPopulated places established in 1565\nPort cities and towns in the Philippines\nProvincial capitals of the Philippines" ]

[ "The University of Bristol is a red brick Russell Group research university in Bristol, England. It received its royal charter in 1909, although it can trace its roots to a Merchant Venturers' school founded in 1595 and University College, Bristol, which had been in existence since 1876.", "Bristol is organised into six academic faculties composed of multiple schools and departments running over 200 undergraduate courses, largely in the Tyndalls Park area of the city. The university had a total income of £833.1 million in 2021–22, of which £186.4 million was from research grants and contracts. It is the largest independent employer in Bristol", ".4 million was from research grants and contracts. It is the largest independent employer in Bristol. Current academics include 23 fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences, 13 fellows of the British Academy, 43 fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences, 13 fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 48 fellows of the Royal Society. The University of Bristol's alumni and faculty include 13 Nobel laureates.", "Bristol is a member of the Russell Group of research-intensive British universities, the European-wide Coimbra Group and the Worldwide Universities Network, of which the university's previous vice-chancellor, Eric Thomas, was chairman from 2005 to 2007. In addition, the university holds an Erasmus Charter, sending more than 500 students per year to partner institutions in Europe. It has an average of 6.4 (Sciences faculty) to 13.1 (Medicine & Dentistry Faculty) applicants for each undergraduate place.", "History", "Foundation", "The earliest antecedent of the university was the engineering department of the Merchant Venturers' Technical College (founded as a school as early as 1595) which became the engineering faculty of Bristol University. The university was also preceded by Bristol Medical School (1833) and University College, Bristol, founded in 1876, where its first lecture was attended by only 99 students", ". The university was able to apply for a royal charter due to the financial support of the Wills, Fry and Colston families, who made their fortunes in tobacco plantations, chocolate, and (via Edward Colston) the transatlantic slave trade, respectively. A 2018 study commissioned by the university estimated 85% of the philanthropic funds used for the institution's foundation was directly connected with the transatlantic slave trade.", "The royal charter was gained in May 1909, with 288 undergraduates and 400 other students entering the university in October 1909. Henry Overton Wills III became its first chancellor. The University College was the first such institution in the country to admit women on the same basis as men. However, women were forbidden to take examinations in medicine until 1906.\n\nHistorical development", "Historical development \n\nSince the founding of the university itself in 1909, it has grown considerably and is now one of the largest employers in the local area, although it is smaller by student numbers than the nearby University of the West of England. It is a member of the Russell Group of research-led UK universities, the Coimbra Group of leading European universities and the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN).\n\nEarly years", "After the founding of the university college in 1876, government support began in 1889. Funding from mergers with the Bristol Medical School in 1893 and the Merchant Venturers' Technical College in 1909, allowed the opening of a new medical school and an engineering school — two subjects that remain among the university's greatest strengths", ". In 1908, gifts from the Fry and Wills families, particularly £100,000 from Henry Overton Wills III (£6m in today's money), were provided to endow a University for Bristol and the West of England, provided that a royal charter could be obtained within two years. In December 1909, the king granted such a charter and erected the University of Bristol. Henry Wills became its first chancellor and Conwy Lloyd Morgan the first vice-chancellor", ". Henry Wills became its first chancellor and Conwy Lloyd Morgan the first vice-chancellor. Wills died in 1911 and in tribute his sons George and Harry built the Wills Memorial Building, starting in 1913 and finally finishing in 1925. Today, it houses parts of the academic provision for earth sciences and law, and graduation ceremonies are held in its Great Hall. The Wills Memorial Building is a Grade II* listed building.", "In 1920, George Wills bought the Victoria Rooms and endowed them to the university as a students' union.\nThe building now houses the Department of Music and is a Grade II* listed building.", "At the point of foundation, the university was required to provide for the local community. This mission was behind the creation of the Department of Extra-Mural Adult Education in 1924 to provide courses to the local community. This mission continues today; a new admissions policy specifically caters to the 'BS' postcode area of Bristol.", "Among the famous names associated with Bristol in this early period is Paul Dirac, who graduated in 1921 with a degree in engineering, before obtaining a second degree in mathematics in 1923 from Cambridge. For his subsequent pioneering work on quantum mechanics, he was awarded the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics. Later in the 1920s, the H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory was opened by Ernest Rutherford", ". Later in the 1920s, the H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory was opened by Ernest Rutherford. It has since housed several Nobel Prize winners: Cecil Frank Powell (1950); Hans Albrecht Bethe (1967); and Sir Nevill Francis Mott (1977). The laboratory stands on the same site today, close to the Bristol Grammar School and the city museum.", "Sir Winston Churchill became the university's third chancellor in 1929, serving the university in that capacity until 1965. He succeeded Richard Haldane who had held the office from 1912 following the death of Henry Wills.\n\nDuring World War II, the Wills Memorial was bombed, destroying the Great Hall and the organ it housed, along with 7,000 books removed from King's College London for safe keeping. It has since been restored, complete with oak panelled walls and a new organ.\n\nPost-war development", "In 1946, the university established the first drama department in the country. In the same year, Bristol began offering special entrance exams and grants to aid the resettlement of servicemen returning home. Student numbers continued to increase, and the Faculty of Engineering eventually needed the new premises that were to become Queen's Building in 1955", ". This substantial building housed all of the university's engineers until 1996, when the electrical engineering and computer science departments moved over the road into the new Merchant Venturers' Building to make space for these rapidly expanding fields. Today, Queen's Building caters for most of the teaching needs of the faculty and provides academic space for the \"heavy\" engineering subjects (civil, mechanical, and aerospace).", "With unprecedented growth in the 1960s, particularly in undergraduate numbers, the Students' Union eventually acquired larger premises in a new building in the Clifton area of the city, in 1965. This building was more spacious than the Victoria Rooms, which were now given over to the Department of Music. The University of Bristol Union provides many practice and performance rooms, some specialist rooms, as well as three bars: Bar 100, the Mandela (also known as AR2) and the Avon Gorge", ". Whilst spacious, the Union building is thought by many to be ugly and out of character compared to the architecture of the rest of the Clifton area, having been mentioned in a BBC poll to find the worst architectural eyesores in Britain. The university has proposed relocating the Union to a more central location as part of its development 'masterplan'. More recently, plans for redevelopment of the current building have been proposed.", "The 1960s were a time of considerable student activism in the United Kingdom, and Bristol was no exception. In 1968, many students marched in support of the Anderson Report, which called for higher student grants. This discontent culminated in an 11-day sit-in at the Senate House (the administrative headquarters of the university)", ". A series of chancellors and vice-chancellors led the university through these decades, with Henry Somerset, 10th Duke of Beaufort taking over from Churchill as chancellor in 1965 before being succeeded by Dorothy Hodgkin in 1970 who spent the next 18 years in the office.", "As the age of mass higher education dawned, Bristol continued to build its student numbers. The various undergraduate residences were repeatedly expanded and, more recently, some postgraduate residences have been constructed. These more recent ventures have been funded (and are run) by external companies in agreement with the university.", "One of the few centres for deaf studies in the United Kingdom was established in Bristol in 1981, followed in 1988 by the Norah Fry Centre for research into learning difficulties. Also in 1988, and again in 2004, the Students' Union AGM voted to disaffiliate from the National Union of Students (NUS). On both occasions, however, the subsequent referendum of all students reversed that decision and Bristol remains affiliated to the NUS.", "In 1988, Sir Jeremy Morse, then chairman of Lloyds Bank, became chancellor.\n\n21st century", "As the number of postgraduate students has grown (particularly the numbers pursuing taught master's degrees), there eventually became a need for separate representation on university bodies and the Postgraduate Union (PGU) was established in 2000.", "Universities are increasingly expected to exploit the intellectual property generated by their research activities and, in 2000, Bristol established the Research and Enterprise Division (RED) to further this cause (particularly for technology-based businesses). In 2001, the university signed a 25-year research funding deal with IP2IPO, an intellectual property commercialisation company", ". In 2007, research activities were expanded further with the opening of the Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science (ACCIS) and The Bristol Institute for Public Affairs (BIPA).", "In 2002, the university was involved in an argument over press intrusion after details of then-prime minister Tony Blair's son's application to university were published in national newspapers. In the same year, the university opened the new Centre for Sports, Exercise and Health in the heart of the university precinct. At a cost, local residents are also able to use the facilities.", "Brenda Hale, the first female Law Lord, became chancellor of the university in 2003. Sir Paul Nurse succeeded Lady Hale as chancellor on 1 January 2017.", "Expansion of teaching and research activities continues. In 2004, the Faculty of Engineering completed work on the Bristol Laboratory for Advanced Dynamics Engineering (BLADE). This £18.5m project is intended to further the study of dynamics and is the most advanced such facility in Europe. It was built as an extension to the Queen's Building and was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in March 2005.", "In January 2005, the School of Chemistry was awarded £4.5m by the Higher Education Funding Council for England to create Bristol ChemLabS: a Centre for Excellence in Teaching & Learning (CETL), with an additional £350k announced for the capital part of the project in February 2006. Bristol ChemLabS stands for Bristol Chemical Laboratory Sciences; it is the only chemistry CETL in the UK.", "September 2009 saw the opening of the university's Centre for Nanoscience and Quantum Information. This £11 million building is known as the quietest building in the world and has other technologically sophisticated features such as self-cleaning glass. Advanced research into quantum computing, nanotechnology, materials and other disciplines are being undertaken in the building.", "There is also a plan to significantly redevelop the centre of the University Precinct in the coming years. The first step began in September 2011, with the start of construction of a state-of-the-art Life Sciences building.\n\nIn 2018 while building work was underway in the Fry Building, the building caught fire.", "In 2018 the University of Bristol Students' Union (Bristol SU) adopted a motion that banned trans-exclusionary radical feminists (TERFs) from appearing as speakers at Bristol SU events and that called upon the university to adopt the same policy. The motion said the TERF ban was necessary because TERF activity on the university campus \"put[s] trans students' safety at risk ... in direct violation of the aims outlined in the Code of Conduct\".", "In February 2021, University of Bristol professor David Miller called for the \"end of Zionism\", said that Israel is \"trying to exert its will all over the world\" and called members of the University of Bristol Jewish Society \"political pawns by a violent, racist foreign regime\", comments that the All-Party Parliamentary Group Against Anti-Semitism deemed to \"incit[e] hatred against Jewish students\"", ". On 17 March, the university announced that it had begun an investigation of Miller, and observed that it did not endorse his remarks. The Avon and Somerset Police announced about a week later that they had opened a hate crime investigation. Miller's employment at the university was terminated \"with immediate effect\" at the beginning of October 2021. Miller is pursuing an employment tribunal claim against the university, which is due to be heard in October 2023.", "In 2021, Raquel Rosario-Sánchez, a Dominican graduate student at Bristol who had attended meetings of feminist groups that opposed allowing trans women into female-only spaces, filed a civil action against Bristol University; Rosario-Sánchez alleges that she was the victim of a campaign of bullying and abuse against her by other members of the university, and that the university failed to protect her because it was afraid of upsetting trans-rights activists. The case went to trial in February 2022", ". The case went to trial in February 2022. The judgment was delivered in April 2022. The judge acknowledged that she had been subject to threats of violence, but dismissed all her claims, saying that there had been no actionable breach of duty by the university. He said that his ruling focused on how the university managed her complaints rather than any judgment about gender rights", ". In February 2023, following its previous disciplinary action against Rosario-Sánchez and the Women Talk Back group, it emerged that the Bristol Students Union has agreed out-of-court that \"affiliated clubs and societies may lawfully offer single-sex services and be constituted as single-sex associations\".", "Campus\n\nBuildings and sites \n\nThe university does not have a main campus but is spread over a considerable geographic area. Most of its activities, however, are concentrated in the area of the city centre, referred to as the \"University Precinct\".", "Some of the University of Bristol's buildings date to its pre-charter days when it was University College Bristol. These buildings were designed by Charles Hansom, and suffered being built in stages due to financial pressure. The first large scale building project the University of Bristol undertook on gaining a charter was the Wills Memorial Building", ". The armorials on the Founder's Window represent all of the interests present at the founding of the University of Bristol including the Wills and Fry families. Other notable buildings and sites include Royal Fort House, the University of Bristol Botanic Garden, many large Victorian houses which were converted for teaching in the Faculty of Arts, and the Victoria Rooms which house the Music Department and were designed by Charles Dyer", ". The tympanum of the building depicts a scene from The Advent of Morning designed by Jabez Tyley.", "Goldney gardens entered the property of the University of Bristol through George Wills who had hoped to build an all-male hall of residence there. This was prevented due to the moral objection of the then warden of Clifton Hill House who objected to the idea of male and female residences being in such close proximity. University records show that Miss Starvey was prepared to resign over the issue and that she had the support of the then Chancellor Conwy Lloyd Morgan", ". Eventually land was purchased in Stoke Bishop, allowing the building of what has been described as a \"quasi-Oxbridge\" hall, Wills Hall, to which was added the Dame Monica Wills Chapel by George Wills' widow after his death. When Goldney did become student accommodation in 1956, the flats were designed by Michael Grice who received an award from the Civic Trust for their design.", "Burwalls, a mansion house on the other side of the Avon Gorge, was used as a halls of residence in the past and was a home of Sir George Oatley. The building is now used to house the Centre for Continuing Education.", "Many of the more modern buildings, including Senate House and the newer parts of the HH Wills Physics Laboratory, were designed by Ralph Brentnall using funds from the University Grants Committee. He is also responsible for the extension to the Wills Memorial Building library which was completed to such standard that few now realise that is an extension to the original building.", "In May 2022, the university announced the opening of the Gambling Harms and Research Centre (GHRC). The centre worth £4 million aims to increase awareness and understanding of the dangers of gambling. The project was funded by the GambleAware charity, which chose the university for its history in researching gambling issues, and will integrate research from six facilities.\n\nPlanned expansion", "In November 2016, the university announced that it plans to build a £300 million Temple Quarter Campus for c. 5,000 students, next to Bristol Temple Meads railway station within Bristol Temple Quarter Enterprise Zone. The new campus, which will include a business school, digital research facilities and a student village, is expected to open in 2021. For the existing campus, there are plans to remodel Tyndall Avenue, pedestrianise the surrounding area and build a new library and resource hub.", "Organisation and governance", "In common with most UK universities, Bristol is headed formally by the chancellor, currently Sir Paul Nurse and led on a day-to-day basis by the vice-chancellor, currently Professor Evelyn Welch, who is the academic leader and chief executive. There are four pro vice-chancellors and three ceremonial pro-chancellors", ". There are four pro vice-chancellors and three ceremonial pro-chancellors. The chancellor may hold office for up to ten years and the pro-chancellors for up to three, unless the University Court determines otherwise, but the vice-chancellor and pro-vice-chancellors have no term limits. The vice-chancellor is supported by a deputy vice-chancellor.", "Responsibility for running the university is held at an executive level by the vice-chancellor, but the council is the only body that can recommend changes to the university's statutes and charter, with the exception of academic ordinances. These can only be made with the consent of the senate, the chief academic body in the university which also holds responsibility for teaching and learning, examinations and research and enterprise", ". The chancellor and pro chancellors are nominated by council and appointed formally by court, whose additional powers are now limited to these appointments and a few others, including some lay members of council. Finally, Convocation, the body of all staff, ceremonial officers and graduates of the university, returns 100 members to court and one member to council, but is otherwise principally a forum for discussion and to ensure graduates stay in touch with the university.", "The university is made up of a number of schools and departments organised into six faculties:", "Faculty of Arts \n School of Arts\n Anthropology and Archaeology\n Film and Television\n Music\n Philosophy\n Theatre (see also the University of Bristol Theatre Collection)\n School of Humanities\n Classics and Ancient History\n English\n History \n History of Art \n Religion and Theology\n School of Modern Languages\n French\n German\n Hispanic, Portuguese and Latin American Studies\n Italian\n Russian\n Centre for English Language and Foundation Studies\n Centre for Innovation", "Faculty of Engineering \n School of Computer Science, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and Engineering Mathematics\n Computer Science\n Electrical & Electronic Engineering\n Engineering Mathematics\n School of Civil, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering\n Aerospace Engineering\n Civil Engineering\n Mechanical Engineering\n Engineering Design\n Engineering with Management", "Faculty of Life Sciences \n School of Biological Sciences\n School of Biochemistry\n School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine\n School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience\n School of Psychological Science\n\nFaculty of Science \n School of Chemistry\n School of Earth Sciences\n School of Geographical Sciences\n School of Mathematics\n School of Physics\n Centre for Device Thermography and Reliability\n Centre for Nanoscience & Quantum Information\n Interface Analysis Centre", "Faculty of Health Sciences \n Bristol Dental School\n Bristol Medical School\n Population Health Sciences\n Translational Health Sciences\n Bristol Veterinary School\n Centre for Health Sciences Education\n Centre for Applied Anatomy\n Master's in Teaching and Learning for Health Professionals", "Faculty of Social Sciences and Law \n School of Education\n School for Policy Studies\n School of Economics\nCentre for Market and Public Organisation\n School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies\n University of Bristol Business School\n University of Bristol Law School\n\nAcademic dress", "Academic dress \n\nThe university specifies a mix of Cambridge and Oxford academic dress. For the most part, it uses Oxford-style gowns and Cambridge-style hoods, which are required to be 'university red' (see the logo at the top of the page).\n\nLogo and arms", "Logo and arms \n\nIn 2004, the university unveiled its new logo. The icons in the logo are the sun for the Wills family, the dolphin for Colston, the horse for Fry and the ship-and-castle from the medieval seal of the City of Bristol, as also used in the coat of arms. The shape of the whole logo represents the open book of learning. This logo has replaced the university arms shown, but the arms continue to be used where there is a specific historical or ceremonial requirement. The arms comprise:", "The inscription on the book is the Latin opening of the 124th Psalm, \"If the Lord Himself had not (been on our side...)\". The latin motto granted with the Arms below the shields is Vim promovet insitam, from the fourth Ode of Horace's fourth book meaning '[Learning] promotes one's innate power'.\n\nAcademics\n\nAdmissions", "Admissions\n\nBristol had the 8th highest average entry qualification for undergraduates of any UK university in 2015, with new students averaging 485 UCAS points, equivalent to just above AAAaa in A-level grades. Competition for places is high with an average 7.7 applications per place according to the 2014 Sunday Times League Tables, making it the joint 11th most competitive university in the UK. The university gives offers of admission to 67.3% of its applicants, the 8th lowest amongst the Russell Group.", "According to the 2017 Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, approximately 40% of Bristol's undergraduates come from independent schools. In the 2016–17 academic year, the university had a domicile breakdown of 78:5:17 of UK:EU:non-EU students respectively with a female to male ratio of 55:45.\n\nRankings and reputation", "The University of Bristol ranks number 5 in the UK for research quality according to the most recent Research Excellence Framework assessment. Chemistry (1st), Physics (5th), Engineering (6th), Mathematical sciences (4th), Computer science and informatics (7th), Earth systems and environmental sciences (2nd), Biological sciences (8th), Geography and environmental studies (1st), Law (3rd), Economics and econometrics (7th), and Modern languages and linguistics (4th) are among the highly rated subjects", ". The Complete University Guide 2024 ranks Bristol 4th for the quality of its research. Bristol also ranks 5th for number of spin outs created and has the best business incubator in the world according to UBI Global.", "The University of Bristol was the fourth most targeted university by the UK's top 100 employers, according to the Graduate Market in 2023 report produced by High Fliers. It was ranked joint 7th in the U.K. for graduate employability.", "Internationally, the 2024 QS World University Rankings placed Bristol at 55th overall in the world and 9th in the UK.The Times Higher Education World University Ranking placed Bristol at 76th globally and 9th in the U.K. in 2023. Another international ranking, the Shanghai Jiao Tong University Academic Ranking of World Universities, placed Bristol 88th globally and 8th in the UK in 2023.", "Degrees \nBristol awards a range of academic degrees spanning bachelor's and master's degrees as well as junior doctorates and higher doctorates. The postnominals awarded are the degree abbreviations used commonly among British universities. The university is part of the Engineering Doctorate scheme, and awards the Eng. D. in systems engineering, engineering management, aerospace engineering and non-destructive evaluation.", "Bristol notably does not award by title any bachelor's degrees in music, which is available for study but awarded BA (although it does award MMus and DMus), nor any degree in divinity, since divinity is not available for study (students of theology are awarded a BA). Similarly, the university does not award BLitt (Bachelor of Letters), although it does award both MLitt and DLitt", ". In regulations, the university does not name MD or DDS as higher doctorates, although they are in many universities as these degrees are normally accredited professional doctorates.", "The degrees of DLitt, DSc, DEng, LLD and DMus, whilst having regulations specifying the grounds for award, are most often conferred as honorary degrees (in honoris causa). Those used most commonly are the DLitt, DSc and LLD, with the MA (and occasionally the MLitt) also sometimes conferred honorarily for distinction in the local area or within the university.", "Publishing and commercial activities \nUniversity of Bristol has various activities including publication, joint ventures, and catering and accommodation services.", "Bristol University Press \nBristol University Press is scholarly press based at University of Bristol. In 1996, the University of Bristol established Policy Press, an academic publisher based in the Faculty of Social Sciences and Law at the University of Bristol and specialising in the social sciences. In October 2016, Policy Press became an imprint of newly founded Bristol University Press.", "It is not-for-profit university press which publishes 15 journals and 200 books a year in subjects including: Ageing and Gerontology, Business and Management, Criminology, Economics and Society, Environment and Sustainability, International Development, Law, Politics and International Relations, Science, Technology and Society, and Sociology. It achieved journal citation metrics with gains in Journal Impact Factors and improved results in Journal Citation Indicator, Scopus CiteScore and SJR.", "Bristol is Open", "Bristol is Open, abbreviated as BiO, is a joint venture project between Bristol City Council and University of Bristol. It is for delivering research contributing to the development of a Smart City and deploying a city-scale open and programmable testbed for experimentation and digital innovation. The collaboration of two organisations started in April 2015 and ended in December 2019 with Bristol City Council taking full control of BiO's operations", ". It has completed many technical trials and experiments including open access to Wi-Fi as a reduction of the digital divide and development for Smart City technology.", "Student life\n\nStudents' Union", "The University of Bristol Students' Union (Bristol SU) located on Queen's Road in the Richmond Building is a founding member of the National Union of Students and is amongst the oldest students' unions in England. The union oversees three media outlets: UBTV, the Bristol University Radio Station (BURST) and the student newspaper Epigram. There is also a local branch of The Tab", ". There is also a local branch of The Tab. The Union is responsible for representing students' academic interests through elections of student representatives and democratic events. The Union is also responsible for the organisation of the annual Welcome Fair, the co-ordination of Bristol Student Community Action, which organises volunteering projects in the local community, and the organisation of entertainment events and over 400 student groups, societies and clubs", ". Previous presidents have included Sue Lawley and former Liberal Democrat MP Lembit Öpik. There is a separate union for postgraduate students, as well as an athletic union, which is a member of the British Universities & Colleges Sport. In distinction to the \"blues\" awarded for sporting excellence at Oxford and Cambridge, Bristol's most successful athletes are awarded \"reds\".", "Halls of residence \n\nAccommodation for students is primarily in the central precinct of the university and two areas of Bristol: Clifton and Stoke Bishop, known respectively as the West and North Villages.", "In Stoke Bishop, Wills Hall on the edge of the Clifton Downs was the first to be opened, in 1929, by the then chancellor, Winston Churchill. Its original quadrangle layout has been expanded twice, in 1962 and 1990. Churchill Hall, named for the chancellor, followed in 1956, then Badock Hall in 1964. At the time of Badock Hall's establishment, some of the buildings were called Hiatt Baker Hall, but two years later, Hiatt Baker moved to its own site and is now the largest hall in the university", ". The first self-catering hall in Stoke Bishop was University Hall, established in 1971 with expansion in 1992.", "In Clifton, Goldney Hall was built first in the early 18th century by the wealthy merchant Goldney family and eventually became part of the university in 1956. It is a popular location for filming, with The Chronicles of Narnia, The House of Eliott and Truly, Madly, Deeply, as well as episodes of Only Fools and Horses and Casualty, being filmed there. The Grotto in the grounds is a Grade I listed building. Clifton Hill House is another Grade I listed building now used as student accommodation in Clifton", ". Clifton Hill House is another Grade I listed building now used as student accommodation in Clifton. The original building was constructed between 1745 and 1750 by Isaac Ware, and has been used by the university since its earliest days in 1909. Manor Hall comprises five separate buildings, the principal of which was erected from 1927 to 1932 to the design of George Oatley following a donation from Henry Herbert Wills", ". Manor Hall houses the largest and most dated rooms, some dating back to the early 20th century. One of its annexes, Manor House, has recently been refurbished and officially 'reopened' in 1999.", "On the central precinct sits The Hawthorns, a student house accommodating 115 undergraduate students. The house started life as a collection of villas built somewhere between 1888 and 1924 that were later converted, bit by bit, into a hotel by John Dingle. The Hawthorns also houses conferencing facilities, the staff refectory and bar, the Accommodation Office and the Student Houses Office. 33 Colston Street was opened in the city centre in October 2011 after the university acquired the property in 2009", ". Several of the residences in the central precinct are more recent and have been built and are managed by third-party organisations under exclusivity arrangements with the university", ". These include New Bridewell House, opened in 2016, which is in the former police HQ, it includes en-suite bedrooms and studios and is operated by Fresh Student Housing, Unite House and Chantry Court, opened in 2000 and 2003 respectively by the UNITE Group, as well as Dean's Court (2001, postgraduates only) and Woodland Court (2005), both run by the Dominion Housing Group.", "All of the main halls elect groups of students to the Junior Common Room to organise the halls social calendar for the next year. Residents of student houses, private accommodation and students living at home become members of Orbital – a society organising social events for students throughout the year.\n\nSport", "Sport\n\nSports membership at Bristol University totals up to 4,000 students across a wide range of unique team and individual pursuits. Its network of over 70 sports clubs and four sites are run by the university's Student Union and its Sport,Exercise and Health Department. Competing with other universities in the British Universities and Colleges Sport league (BUCS), Bristol university is placed 8th in the country.", "The university caters to its students with sporting facilities split across four primary complexes:\n\nBristol University Indoor Sports Centre- The Indoor Sports Centre is located at the heart of the university campus and is home to a fully equipped two-storey gym, fitness studios, sports hall and Sports Medicine Clinic.", "Coombe Dingle Sports Complex- This 38-acre site in the heart of Stoke Bishop, features the only indoor tennis centre in Bristol and is where the university's more traditional outdoor sports reside. Coombe Dingle is typically used for training and competition. Throughout the year Coombe Dingle hosts a variety of competitive fixtures, including inter-university BUCS matches, plus local and national league matches.:", "Facilities available at Coombe Dingle Sports Complex:\n•\t3G pitch\n•\tArtificial pitches (sand dressed and floodlit)\n•\tGrass pitches (football and rugby)\n•\tCricket squares and nets (including grass)\n•\tTennis courts, indoor and outdoor (floodlit)\n•\tLacrosse pitch\n•\tNetball courts (outdoor)\n•\tOlympic weight lifting gym\n•\tSoftball and rounders facilities\n•\tPavilion, lounge bar and meeting rooms\n•\tSports Medicine Clinic", "Richmond Building- The university swimming pool is located inside the student union (Richmond Building). This six-lane swimming pool has a moveable bulkhead, creating a competition-length main pool, alongside a comfortable teaching pool for lessons. The pool is available to students, staff and the community for lane and casual swimming, or lessons, on a membership or pay-as-you-go basis.", "Saltford Boathouse- The University Boathouse is based at Saltford, halfway to Bath on the River Avon. \nUsed for term-time training/competition and out-of-term recreational water sport, the Boathouse moors up the universities rowing and sailing boats.\n\nControversy\n\n2003 admissions controversy", "The university has been regarded as being elitist by some commentators, taking 41% of its undergraduate students from non-state schools, according to the most recent 2009/2010 figures, despite the fact that such pupils make up just 7% of the population and 18% of 16+ year old pupils across the UK. The intake of state school pupils at Bristol is lower than many Oxbridge colleges. The high ratio of undergraduates from non-state school has led to some tension at the university", ". The high ratio of undergraduates from non-state school has led to some tension at the university. In late February and early March 2003, Bristol became embroiled in a row about admissions policies, with some private schools threatening a boycott based on their claims that, in an effort to improve equality of access, the university was discriminating against their students. These claims were hotly denied by the university.", "In August 2005, following a large-scale survey, the Independent Schools Council publicly acknowledged that there was no evidence of bias against applicants from the schools it represented. In 2016, the 93% Club was established at Bristol University after students from a working-class state-school were criticised for their background and upbringing.", "The university has a new admissions policy, which lays out in considerable detail the basis on which any greater or lesser weight may be given to particular parts of an applicant's backgrounds – in particular, what account may be taken of which school the applicant hails from. This new policy also encourages greater participation from locally resident applicants.\n\nSimon Hall and Bristol Innocence Project", "In the late 2000s, Bristol law students in the University of Bristol Innocence Project (UoBIP) wrongly campaigned for a convicted murderer, who later went on to formally confess to the murder he was convicted of and prove he was rightly convicted. The students helped produce a Rough Justice programme promoting his false claims of innocence, and continued to assert he had been wrongly convicted even after his appeal was rejected in 2011", ". In 2013, Hall confessed to the crime to police and dropped his appeals, and one year later was found dead in an act of suicide. His case was described as an embarrassment for such 'miscarriage of justice' activists and greatly undermined the claims of many prisoners who claim their innocence.", "Student mental health crisis", "In November 2016, three first-year students died within a few weeks of joining the university. All three deaths were suspected suicides. The Guardian attributed the deaths to a mental health crisis caused by academic and social pressure. Between October 2016 and January 2018, seven students died by suicide. In May 2018, three students died suddenly during exam season. The university has received increasing criticism for its handling of these deaths and confirmed suicides", ". In March 2017, it was reported that five students committed suicide in the 2016/2017 academic year. Between August 2017 to 2019, a reported 11 university students committed suicide. A further student suicide was reported in August 2019.", "In September 2017, the university spent £1 million on well-being advisers following a string of students suicides.", "In April 2018, a suicidal student, Natasha Abrahart, also died by suicide after not having her anti-depressants for a month. The student in question was found dead on the day she was due to take a \"terrifying\" oral exam. The coroner criticised the Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust whilst her parents blamed the university for lack of measures for her during the six-month period she was struggling. In 2019, her parents were due to sue the university after the suicide", ". In 2019, her parents were due to sue the university after the suicide. The case was heard at Bristol County Court in March 2022. Judgment was given in May 2022. The judge found that the university had breached its duties under the Equality Act to make reasonable adjustments for disability in the way it had assessed Natasha Abrahart, and had treated her unfavourably. He awarded her parents £50,000 in damages.", "Another death by suicide, James Murray, occurred in May 2018. He had been dismissed from his course in February 2018 due to lack of attendance.", "Around late 2018, the university launched a new opt-in emergency contact system for students' parents, friends and guardians. The system, which was pressurised by the parents of Murray, alerts those concerned if the student if there were severe concerns about their wellbeing. The system, in which 94% of students opted in, was used 36 times in its first year", ". The system, in which 94% of students opted in, was used 36 times in its first year. The former vice-chancellor Hugh Brady, in February 2018, blamed social media and \"the cult of perfectionism\" for the mental health crisis among young people following a string of student suicides.", "In 2019, students who attended a course based around the \"science of happiness\" by the university was found to have \"significantly higher mental wellbeing than a control group\". The course has both academic and practical elements and give academic credits with no exams. However, those who took the course online during the COVID-19 pandemic did not feel happier but were more resilient than a control group. In addition there were certain caveats as most participants were white women.", "The Forced Swim Test", "The University of Bristol has been subject to criticism for its use of the controversial 'forced swim test', an experiment popularised in the 1970s which has involved scientists at the University placing rodents in inescapable containers of cold water for 15 minutes to observe their responses to what the scientists call a \"life-threatening situation\". Once they are removed from the water they are killed via decapitation", ". Once they are removed from the water they are killed via decapitation. The research can be dated as far back as 1998 by scientists from the University of Bristol and they have released at least 11 research papers using the test have been released in this time.", "The University of Bristol was one of only two universities known to have used the forced swim test in 2022, the other being University College London. In October 2022 the University of Bristol renewed its license to carry out this experiment until 2027", ". More than half of the UK's Russell Group universities have shunned the test with Newcastle University's animal welfare ethics review body describing the test as \"outdated and ethically unacceptable\" adding that it \"cannot foresee any research where this test would be proposed or could be scientifically or ethically justified\".", "The University faced particular opposition from animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. The campaign of opposition has seen several University events disrupted by activists, including the Vice Chancellor, Evelyn Welch being confronted on two occasions, once on 16 May 2023 at an alumni event in New York and again on 13th July at a panel event which included Labour MP Matt Western, and University of Birmingham Vice Chancellor Adam Tickell.\n\nNotable people", "Academics", "Current academics at the University of Bristol include 23 fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences, 13 fellows of the British Academy, 13 fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering, 43 fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences and 48 fellows of the Royal Society", ". These include, Sir Michael Berry, one of the discoverers of quantum mechanics' \"geometric phase\", John Rarity international expert on quantum optics, quantum cryptography and quantum communication, David May, computer scientist and lead architect for the transputer, Mark Horton, a British maritime and historical archaeologist and Bruce Hood, a world-leading experimental psychologist.", "Academics in computer science include, David Cliff, inventor of the seminal \"ZIP\" trading algorithm, Peter Flach, Mike Fraser, professor of human-computer interaction, Julian Gough and Nigel Smart. Academics in engineering include the materials scientist Stephen Eichhorn.", "Past academics of the university include, Patricia Broadfoot, vice-chancellor of the University of Gloucestershire, Nigel Thrift, vice-chancellor of the University of Warwick, and Wendy Larner, provost of Victoria University of Wellington", ". Anthony Epstein, co-discoverer of the Epstein-Barr virus, was Professor of Pathology at the university from 1968 to 1982, Sir John Lennard-Jones, discoverer of the Lennard-Jones potential in physics and Alfred Marshall, one of the University College's principals and influential economist in the latter part of the 19th century", ". Mathematicians and philosophers Rohit Parikh and Brian Rotman lectured in the mathematics department, and philosophers of science Paul Feyerabend and Alexander Bird taught in the department of philosophy. Another notable current academic in the department of philosophy includes Havi Carel", ". Another notable current academic in the department of philosophy includes Havi Carel. Notable mathematicians who have worked in the department of mathematics include Hannes Leitgeb, Philip Welch, Ben Green, Andrew Booker, Julia Wolf, Jens Marklof, John McNamara, Howell Peregrine, Christopher Budd John Hogan, Jeremy Rickard, Richard Jozsa, Corinna Ulcigrai, David Evans and the statistician Harvey Goldstein.", "The University of Bristol is associated with three Ig Nobel Prizes, an award for unusual or trivial achievements in scientific research. Sir Michael Berry shared the award (with Andre Geim, a Nobel Laureate) for using magnets to levitate a frog. Gareth Jones also shared an Ig Nobel prize for scientifically documenting fellatio in fruit bats. Dr. Len Fisher was awarded the 1999 prize for physics for calculating the optimal way to dunk a biscuit.\n\nAlumni", "Alumni \n\nBristol alumnus Paul Dirac went on to win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933 for his contribution to the formulation of quantum mechanics and is considered one of the most significant physicists of the 20th century. Other notable scientists include Dani Rabaiotti, an environmental scientist and science communicator, and Eliahu Nissim, a professor of aeronautical engineering, and the president of the Open University of Israel.", "Writers to have studied at Bristol include Dick King-Smith; Sarah Kane; Angela Carter; Dorothy Simpson; David Gibbins; Julia Donaldson; Olivier award-winning playwright Laura Wade; Maddie Mortimer; and David Nicholls, author of the novel Starter for Ten, turned into a screenplay set in the University of Bristol.", "In government and politics, notable alumni include Albert II, Prince of Monaco; Prime Minister Hun Manet of Cambodia; former Liberal Democrat MP Lembit Öpik, who was president of Bristol University Students' Union; Sir Jonathan Evans, former head of MI5; Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, Chairperson of the African Union Commission from October 2012 to January 2017; and Paul Boateng, the UK's first Black Cabinet Minister.", "In current affairs, former students include journalist and McMafia author Misha Glenny; BBC News Chief Political Correspondent James Landale (who founded the university independent newspaper Epigram); author and journalist Julie Myerson; editor-in-chief of the Telegraph Media Group William Lewis; editor-in-chief of The Observer Will Hutton; Radio 4 presenter Sue Lawley; newsreader Alastair Stewart; and Sky News US Correspondent Dominic Waghorn", ". BBC Breakfast and Good Morning Britain anchor Susanna Reid was an editor of Epigram.", "In entertainment, former students include rapper Shygirl; singer James Blunt; illusionist Derren Brown; comedians Jon Richardson, Marcus Brigstocke (who did not graduate), Matt Lucas and David Walliams; actors Simon Pegg, Chris Langham and Pearl Mackie; anime YouTuber Gigguk; Brass Eye creator Chris Morris; and Stath Lets Flats creator Jamie Demetriou.", "Notable alumni from the Film and Television Production department include film directors Mick Jackson; Michael Winterbottom; Marc Evans; Christopher Smith; Alex Cox; Peter Webber; and Maddie Moate.\n\nOther alumni include Anne McClain, member of the 2013 NASA Astronaut Class; mathematician Iain Gordon; long jumper Jazmin Sawyers; Luke Bond, an organist at Windsor Castle; and baker Kim-Joy Hewlett.\n\nGallery", "Gallery\n\nSee also \n Armorial of UK universities\n CHOMBEC\n Education in Bristol\n List of modern universities in Europe (1801–1945)\n List of universities in the United Kingdom\n University of Bristol Theatre Collection\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links \n\n \n of the University Students' Union\n\n \nUniversities and colleges established in 1909\nRussell Group\n1909 establishments in England\nUniversities UK" ]

[ "Over time, the approach to cerebral palsy management has shifted away from narrow attempts to fix individual physical problems such as spasticity in a particular limb to making such treatments part of a larger goal of maximizing the person's independence and community engagement. Much of childhood therapy is aimed at improving gait and walking. Approximately 60% of people with CP are able to walk independently or with aids at adulthood", ". Approximately 60% of people with CP are able to walk independently or with aids at adulthood. However, the evidence base for the effectiveness of intervention programs reflecting the philosophy of independence has not yet caught up: effective interventions for body structures and functions have a strong evidence base, but evidence is lacking for effective interventions targeted toward participation, environment, or personal factors", ". There is also no good evidence to show that an intervention that is effective at the body-specific level will result in an improvement at the activity level, or vice versa. Although such cross-over benefit might happen, not enough high-quality studies have been done to demonstrate it.", "Because cerebral palsy has \"varying severity and complexity\" across the lifespan, it can be considered a collection of conditions for management purposes. A multidisciplinary approach for cerebral palsy management is recommended, focusing on \"maximising individual function, choice and independence\" in line with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health's goals", ". The team may include a paediatrician, a health visitor, a social worker, a physiotherapist, an orthotist, a speech and language therapist, an occupational therapist, a teacher specialising in helping children with visual impairment, an educational psychologist, an orthopaedic surgeon, a neurologist and a neurosurgeon.", "Various forms of therapy are available to people living with cerebral palsy as well as caregivers and parents. Treatment may include one or more of the following: physical therapy; occupational therapy; speech therapy; water therapy; drugs to control seizures, alleviate pain, or relax muscle spasms (e.g", ".g. benzodiazepines); surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities or release tight muscles; braces and other orthotic devices; rolling walkers; and communication aids such as computers with attached voice synthesisers. A Cochrane review published in 2004 found a trend toward benefit of speech and language therapy for children with cerebral palsy, but noted the need for high quality research", ". A 2013 systematic review found that many of the therapies used to treat CP have no good evidence base; the treatments with the best evidence are medications (anticonvulsants, botulinum toxin, bisphosphonates, diazepam), therapy (bimanual training, casting, constraint-induced movement therapy, context-focused therapy, fitness training, goal-directed training, hip surveillance, home programmes, occupational therapy after botulinum toxin, pressure care) and surgery (selective dorsal rhizotomy).", "Lifestyle", "Physical activity is recommended for people with cerebral palsy, particularly in terms of cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strengthening and reduction of sedentary behaviour. Participating in physical activity can supplement or replace some forms of therapy. It has been argued that people with cerebral palsy need to maintain a higher level of fitness than the general population to offset loss of functionality as they age", ". Access to exercise can often depend on the caregivers' perception of whether it will benefit the person with CP. There has been increasing interest in maintaining muscle strength through the lifespan of a person with CP. Aerobic capacity is not routinely assessed in people with cerebral palsy in a rehabilitation context, but Wingate tests have been advocated for use", ". Behavioural change methods have been used to promote physical activity among young people with cerebral palsy, but there is no significant evidence for these working. It is difficult to sustain behavioural change in terms of increasing physical activity of children with CP. Even though exercise is commonly recommended, there is only a small amount of evidence saying that aerobic exercise is good for gross motor function in children. Exercise can increase wellness in those with cerebral palsy", ". Exercise can increase wellness in those with cerebral palsy. With regards to sports, the amount of exercise advised should be unique to the demands of the sport in question, the effect of the individual's condition on performance, and the potential to cause worsening of the condition. It is recommended, to encourage integrating moderate to vigorous exercise, including the use of a motor-assisted elliptical trainer. This is thought to improve fitness and the functioning.", "Function gait training in children and young adults with cerebral palsy improves their ability to walk. There is evidence that antigravity treadmill training may improve the gait and balance of those children with diplegic cerebral palsy, it may also reduce risk of falls in these children.", "Hippo therapy, or therapeutic horseback riding, is a physical therapy treatment strategy that uses equine movement. Evidence suggests that those with CP can benefit from symmetry of trunk movement. It is common for horses to sway, so those on them constantly have to adjust their posture. The symmetric, rhythmic, and consistent input that horseback riding provides helps with postural improvement. During horseback riding, a locomotor impulse is sent up the back of the horse", ". During horseback riding, a locomotor impulse is sent up the back of the horse. This impulse is then interpreted by the riders body, and it allows for regulation of mediolateral and anteroposterior postural sway, adaptation to new environments, anticipatory and feedback postural control and better use of multi sensory posture and movement related inputs (Keon et al., 2011).", "A normal vaccination schedule should be adhered to, as preventable diseases may take away energy that a person with CP would normally use in day-to-day life.", "Therapy", "Physiotherapy (also known as physical therapy) programs are designed to encourage the patient to build a strength base for improved gait and volitional movement, together with stretching programs to limit contractures. Physiotherapists can teach parents how to position and handle their child for activities of daily living. The need for lifelong physiotherapy for muscle tone, bone structure and preventing joint dislocation has been debated in terms of the costs and benefits of such therapy", ". Children may find long-term physical therapy boring. Physiotherapy exercises are designed to improve balance, postural control, gait, and assist with mobility and transferring the person with CP, for example from a wheelchair to a bed.", "Speech therapy helps control the muscles of the mouth and jaw, and helps improve communication. Just as CP can affect the way a person moves their arms and legs, it can also affect the way they move their mouth, face and head. This can make it hard for the person to breathe; talk clearly; and bite, chew and swallow food. Speech therapy often starts before a child begins school and continues throughout the school years.", "Biofeedback is a therapy in which people learn how to control their affected muscles. Biofeedback therapy has been found to significantly improve gait in children with cerebral palsy. Mirror therapy has been used to improve hand function and was found to be \"generally effective in enhancing muscle strength, motor speed, muscle activity, and the accuracy of both hands\"", ". Second-generation mirror therapy, which includes the use of robotics or virtual reality, has been developed since the 2000s, however the evidence supporting this is of low quality.", "Massage therapy is designed to help relax tense muscles, strengthen muscles, and keep joints flexible.\n\nGait analysis is often used to describe gait abnormalities in children. Gait training has been shown to improve walking speed in children and young adults with cerebral palsy.", "Occupational therapy helps adults and children maximise their function, adapt to their limitations and live as independently as possible. A family-centred philosophy is used with children who have CP. Occupational therapists work closely with families in order to address their concerns and priorities for their child. Family centered care is a paradigm that is often used with families with a child with CP", ". Family centered care is a paradigm that is often used with families with a child with CP. A review of how parents facilitate their child's participation found that parents typically \"enable and support performance of meaningful activities\" and \"enable, change and use the environment\", but that there is little written on parents' needs.", "CP commonly causes hemiplegia. Those with hemiplegia have limited use of the limbs on one side of the body, and have normal use of the limbs on the other side. People with hemiplegia often adapt by ignoring the limited limbs, and performing nearly all activities with the unaffected limbs, which can lead to increased problems with muscle tone, motor control and range of motion. An emerging technique called constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is designed to address this", ". In CIMT, the unaffected limbs are constrained, forcing the individual to learn to use the affected limbs. CIMT promotes increased motor function due to structural plasticity in the brain. there was limited, preliminary evidence that CIMT is effective, but more study is needed before it can be recommended with confidence. CIMT, modified CIMT, and forced use are three movement therapies that have been examined. CIMT is defined as \"restraint of the unaffected upper limb ..", ". CIMT is defined as \"restraint of the unaffected upper limb ..., with more than three hours of therapy per day ... and is provided for at least two consecutive weeks\". Children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy often have sensory impairments as well as motor deficits. CIMT has been shown to be an effective OT intervention to improve proprioception and sensory processing. CIMT has also been found to improve postural symmetry during functional tasks in individuals with CP.", "Modified CIMT (mCIMT) is defined as \"restraint of the unaffected upper limb and less than three hours per day of therapy provided to the affected limb\". Forced use is when \"restraint of the unaffected upper limb is applied but no additional treatment of the affected upper limb is provided\". A review concluded that there is a positive trend favoring all three aforementioned therapies.", "A comparison of bimanual training (BIT) and CIMT found that there was no significant difference between the two in terms of effects. However, bimanual training may be more able to be integrated into a child's daily life, because the goals in bimanual training are more functional. CIMT has some advantages, such as therapists being able to solely focus on the affected arm, and the child having no choice but to use the affected arm in their activities of daily life as their unaffected arm is constrained", ". In bimanual training, the child may continue to use the unaffected arm to compensate if their therapist or parent does not remind them to use both hands.", "However, there is only some benefit from therapy. Treatment is usually symptomatic and focuses on helping the person to develop as many motor skills as possible or to learn how to compensate for the lack of them. Nonspeaking people with CP are often successful availing themselves of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC).", "Therapeutic tests for assessing balance do not appear to have good evidence for their reliability and responsiveness. The tests with the strongest evidence are the Trunk Control Measurement Scale and the Level of Sitting Scale (when measuring the ability to maintain balance), Timed Up and Go test (when measuring the ability to achieve balance), and the Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control (when restoring balance).", "Certain countries practice intensive physical therapy, but obtaining reliable data on its medium and long-term effectiveness is challenging.", "Assistive technology", "Assistive technology is commonly used to promote the independence of people with disabilities. Commonly used technologies for people with cerebral palsy can include patient lifts, electric wheelchairs, orthotics, seating systems, mealtime aids (such as large-handled cutlery and slip-resistant mats), mobility aids, standing frames, non-motorised wheelchairs, augmentative and alternative communication and speech-generating devices", ". Scope has identified 3D printing as an area of promise in being able to print customised orthotics on-demand.", "Orthotic devices such as ankle-foot orthoses (AFOs) are often prescribed to achieve the following objectives: correct and/or prevent deformity, provide a base of support, facilitate training in skills, and improve the efficiency of gait. The available evidence suggests that orthoses can have positive effects on all temporal and spatial parameters of gait, i.e. velocity, cadence, step length, stride length, single and double support. AFOs have also been found to reduce energy expenditure", ". AFOs have also been found to reduce energy expenditure. Often children with CP require orthoses, such as casts and splints, to correct or prevent joint abnormalities, stabilize joints, prevent unwanted movement, allow desired movement, and prevent permanent muscle shortening. Orthoses may also make it easier to dress or to maintain hygiene. Lower limb splinting is specifically beneficial in providing a base of support and facilitating walking", ". It is equally important that the child be able to carry out daily activities and prevent joint deformities.", "Children with CP have difficulties with mobility and posture. Occupational therapists often assess and prescribe seating equipment and wheelchairs. An appropriate wheelchair will stabilize the body so the child can use their arms for other activities. Wheelchairs therefore enhance independence.\n\nAccessible housing may assist some people with cerebral palsy, particularly wheelchair users.", "Accessible housing may assist some people with cerebral palsy, particularly wheelchair users.\n\nAssistive technologies used during sleep to position the body to prevent painful hip migration are called 'sleep positioning systems'. Studies on their effectiveness are of poor quality.", "Medication\nVarious oral and injectable medication have been used to treat cerebral palsy and its associated comorbid conditions. They include botulinum toxin, benzodiazepines, baclofen, dantrolene, tizanidine, cyclobenzaprine, and phenol.", "Botulinum toxin injections are given into muscles that are spastic or sometimes dystonic, the aim being to reduce the muscle hypertonus that can be painful. A reduction in muscle tone can also facilitate bracing and the use of orthotics. Both lower extremity and upper extremity muscles are injected. Botulinum toxin is focal treatment, meaning that a limited number of muscles can be injected at the same time. The effect of the toxin is reversible and a reinjection may be needed every 4–6 months", ". The effect of the toxin is reversible and a reinjection may be needed every 4–6 months. In children it decreases spasticity and improve range of motion and thus has become commonly used. Botulin toxin has been used in CP treatment for around two decades and can be recommended for children above the age of two", ". Two systematic reviews published in 2010 and 2020 found that there is high level evidence in the use of botulinum toxin as an add on therapy to occupational therapy among other physical therapies modalities in order to manage spasticity in the arms of children with cerebral palsy. However, there is no strong research associated with the use of botulinum toxin in the management of spasticity in the legs or improving gait compared to casting", ". More evidence related to the frequency and dosage of injections as it relates to long-term outcomes is needed in order to support or refute the use of botulinum toxin in the management of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Dosages of botulinum toxin have been based on expert opinion rather than evidence-based practices. The dosages recommended have recently been reduced to reduce severe side-effects including becoming sensitive to the botulin toxin and developing an allergic response", ". Higher risks have been noted with children who are at level IV and V on the GMFCS.", "Drooling is often treated with botulinum toxin A, benztropine or anticholinergics (e.g. glycopyrrolate). A review on the treatment of sialorrhea in children with cerebral palsy found that it was not possible to tell whether these interventions worked or were safe. Anticholinergics may contribute to constipation.", "Bisphosphonates are used to treat osteoporosis in adults. Osteoporosis is common in children with cerebral palsy, and non-oral bisphosphonates have been used to treat children with a very low bone mass density and a medical history of fragility fracture.", "Oral baclofen or diazepam is used to reduce spasticity which results in pain, muscle spasms or functional disability. Baclofen is used for a long-term effect and works at the spinal level. Diazepam is fast-acting. Baclofen may also be administerd intrathecally.\n\nTrihexyphenidyl is often prescribed for dystonia. However, a 2018 Cochrane review (one study met inclusion criteria) on the use of trihexyphenidyl for dystonia found insufficient evidence of its effectiveness.", "Sometimes, medication used to manage physical aspects of CP can have effects on the person's mental health, or medications used to manage mental health can affect motor function.", "Orthopaedic surgery", "Deformities in cerebral palsy children are inherently known for being Multiplane i.e. occurring in more than one plane such as transverse plane through which rotation occurs and sagittal plane through which flexion/extension of joint occurs. Furthermore, deformities in cerebral palsy children are characteristically multilevel i.e. occurring at simultaneously at more than one joint. This adds to the complexity of orthopedic management of cerebral palsy children", ". This adds to the complexity of orthopedic management of cerebral palsy children. Thus, multilevel orthopedic surgery is the mainstay of orthopedic management. Multilevel orthopedic surgery may include soft tissue as tendon lengthening or transfer and/or bony surgery as corrective bone osteotomies. Multilevel orthopedic surgery is usually performed in one anesthetic sitting. This allows for the institution of one postoperative rehabilitation protocol and reduces hospital admission rates.", "Orthopaedic surgery is widely used to correct fixed deformities and improve the functional capacity and gait pattern of children with CP. Dynamic deformities such as ankle equinus and hip adduction deformity leading to subluxation are usually managed conservatively with exercises; serial casting and botulinum toxin type A injections. This main goal of these conservative measures is to impede or prevent the happening of fixed or static joint deformities", ". Once joint contractures- fixed deformities - develop or joint subluxation or dislocation occurs, surgical treatment could become mandatory. It is of paramount importance to delay the age at which orthopaedic surgical intervention becomes necessary as surgery early in life carries a greater risk of deformity recurrence especially in cases of ankle equines", ". Additionally, unjustified lengthening of the tendon Achilles is fraught with risk of over lengthening and subsequent gait deterioration namely crouch gait.", "In general, orthopaedic surgery for children with CP consists of tendon releases, lengthening, transposition and corrective osteotomies. For example, fixed/static ankle equinus is usually managed by gastrocnemius-soleus aponeurotic lengthening or tendon Achilles lengthening. Hip subluxation/dislocation is usually managed by adductor musculature release with or without a psoas tendon release together with femoral and pelvic osteotomies. This aims at hip joint containment and preservation", ". This aims at hip joint containment and preservation. In the event that hip joint dislocation becomes longstanding and painful in elder children or adolescence, hip salvage surgery may be an option to reduce pain help nursing and improve sitting balance. A variety of surgical procedures are included under hip salvage namely valgization osteotomy and femoral head resection. Total hip arthroplasty is recommended for those with a mature skeleton, who are also likely less severely impaired", ". Because CP is widely heterogeneous in its presentation, surgery should be considered on a case-by-case basis.", "Orthopaedic surgery usually involves one or a combination of:", "Orthopaedic surgery as mentioned above involves releasing tight muscles and fixed joint contractures, and corrective osteotomies conducted basically to restore sagittal and rotational malalignment of bones. Orthopedic surgery is most often performed on the hips, knees, hamstrings, and ankles. For example, hip adductor release, musculotendinous lengthening for equinus gait, femoral derotational osteotomy, and knee extension osteotomy are commonly practiced", ". Less commonly, this surgery may be used for people with stiffness of their elbows, wrists, hands, and fingers.", "Other surgeries", "The insertion of a baclofen pump usually during the stages while a person is a young adult. This is usually placed in the left abdomen. It is a pump that is connected to the spinal cord, whereby it releases doses of baclofen to alleviate continuous muscle flexion. Baclofen is a muscle relaxant and is often given by mouth to people to help counter the effects of spasticity, although this has the side effect of sedating the individual", ". The pump can be adjusted if muscle tone is worse at certain times of the day or night. The baclofen pump is most appropriate for individuals with chronic, severe stiffness or uncontrolled muscle movement throughout the body. There is a small amount of evidence that baclofen pumps are effective in the short term.", "Cutting nerves on the limbs most affected by movements and spasms. This procedure, called a rhizotomy (\"rhizo\" meaning root and \"tomy\" meaning \"a cutting of\" from the Greek suffix tomia), reduces spasms and allows more flexibility and control of the affected limbs and joints.\n Tracheotomy\n Dental surgery\n Diagnostic endoscopy\n Nissen fundoplication", "Other surgical procedures are available to try to help with other problems. Those who have serious difficulties with eating may undergo a procedure called a gastrostomy: a hole is cut through the belly skin and into the stomach to allow for a feeding tube. There is no good evidence about the effectiveness or safety of gastrostomy. Gastrostomies are associated with a lower life expectancy, this is probably due to underlying problems with swallowing rather than the procedure itself.", "Others\nWhole-body vibration might improve speed, gross motor function and femur bone density in children with cerebral palsy.", "Aquatic therapy or hydrotherapy are commonly used therapies for children with CP, but evidence for their effectiveness is mixed. Potential benefits of aquatic therapy is that children might find it more interesting than exercising on land, and they can try different kinds of movement such as jumping or skipping with less impact on their joints. While aquatic exercise is feasible and has low risk of adverse effects, the dose required to make a difference to gross motor skills is unclear.", "Hip surveillance is the term for monitoring a child with CP who is at risk of hip dislocation to try to prevent dislocation from happening. The modern definition of cerebral palsy includes secondary skeletal effects on the child", ". The modern definition of cerebral palsy includes secondary skeletal effects on the child. The Gross Motor Function Classification System is a good indicator of hip issues, and more commonly occurs in children with spastic tetraplegia or spastic quadriplegia, but it is difficult to tell what type of CP a child has at the age where hip displacement might first become an issue (sometimes at 2 years old, but more commonly between 3 and 4 years old)", ". Children are assessed for the risk of hip displacement using radiography.", "Music therapy has been used in CP to motivate or relax children, or used as auditory feedback. Playing percussion instruments has been used as part of groupwork in therapy. Piano lessons may be beneficial in CP rehabilitation, however more research is needed.", "While there is great interest in using video game rehabilitation with children with cerebral palsy, it is difficult to compare outcomes between studies, and therefore to reach evidence-based conclusions on its effectiveness. Because video gaming is popular, it may help children's motivation to continue with the therapy. There is moderate evidence for improvements with balance and motor skills in children and teens, but it is not recommended as an effective therapy.", "Service dogs may be used to assist people who have seizures as part of their CP.\n\nYoga has been used by carers as part of the physical therapies for children to assist in developing basic motor skills.\n\nThere is evidence around using multi-modal and physical interventions to improve general cognitive functioning in people with CP.", "Alternative therapy", "There has not been much research into the use of alternative medicine to treat cerebral palsy. Acupuncture has been used as a treatment for cerebral palsy since at least the 1980s, but as of 2009, there have been no Cochrane reviews of the effectiveness of acupuncture in the management of cerebral palsy. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, cerebral palsy is often covered in the traditional diagnosis of \"5 delayed syndrome\"", ". Dolphin-assisted therapy, Adeli suits, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy have been criticised as being alternative medicine and contrary to the practice of evidence-based medicine.", "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), in which pressurised oxygen is inhaled inside a hyperbaric chamber, has been studied under the theory that improving oxygen availability to damaged brain cells can reactivate some of them to function normally. HBOT results in no significant difference from that of pressurised room air, however, and some children undergoing HBOT may experience adverse events such as seizures and the need for ear pressure equalisation tubes.", "Patterning is a controversial form of alternative therapy for people with CP. The method is promoted by The Institutes for the Achievement of Human Potential (IAHP), a Philadelphia nonprofit organisation, but has been criticised by the American Academy of Pediatrics.", "Conductive education (CE) was developed in Hungary from 1945 based on the work of András Pető. It is a unified system of rehabilitation for people with neurological disorders including cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis, amongst other conditions. It is theorised to improve mobility, self-esteem, stamina and independence as well as daily living skills and social skills. The conductor is the professional who delivers CE in partnership with parents and children", ". The conductor is the professional who delivers CE in partnership with parents and children. Skills learned during CE should be applied to everyday life and can help to develop age-appropriate cognitive, social and emotional skills. It is available at specialised centres.", "Reviews disagree on the usefulness of therapy with horses – one found there was a positive effect on large scale motor function and another found that there was no evidence of improvements.", "Occupational therapists may use neuro-developmental techniques to promote normal movement and posture and to inhibit abnormal movement and posture. Specific techniques include joint compression and stretching to provide sensory-motor input and to guide motor output. Neurodevelopmental treatment, despite being commonly used as a therapy for children with CP, has not been found to have strong evidence for its use", ". It has been suggested that rhythmic auditory stimulation may be more effective in improving gait than NDT techniques.", "Occupational therapy", "Occupational Therapy (OT) enables individuals with cerebral palsy to participate in activities of daily living that are meaningful to them. A family-centred philosophy is used with children who have CP. Occupational therapists work closely with families in order to address their concerns and priorities for their child. Occupational therapists may address issues relating to sensory, cognitive, or motor impairments resulting from CP that affect the child's participation in self-care, productivity, or leisure", ". Parent counselling is also an important aspect of occupational therapy treatment with regard to optimizing the parent's skills in caring for and playing with their child to support improvement of their child's abilities to do things. The occupational therapist typically assesses the child to identify abilities and difficulties, and environmental conditions, such as physical and cultural influences, that affect participation in daily activities", ". Occupational therapists may also recommend changes to the play space, changes to the structure of the room or building, and seating and positioning techniques to allow the child to play and learn effectively.", "Effect of sensory and perceptual impairments", "Children with CP may experience decreased sensation or a limited understanding of how the brain interprets what it sees. Occupational therapists may plan and implement sensory-perceptual-motor (SPM) training for children with CP who have sensory impairments so that they learn to take in, understand, plan and produce organized behaviour. The SPM training improves the daily, functional abilities of people with CP", ". The SPM training improves the daily, functional abilities of people with CP. Occupational therapists may also use verbal instructions and supplementary visual input, such as visual cues, to help children with CP learn and carry out activities.", "For children with CP with limited movement and sensation, the risk of pressure sores increases. Pressure sores often occur on bony parts of the body. For example, pressure sores may occur when a child has limited feeling and movement of their lower body and uses a wheelchair; the tailbone bears weight when seated and can become vulnerable to pressure sores", ". The occupational therapist can educate the child, family, and caregivers about how to prevent pressure sores by monitoring the skin for areas of irritation, changing positions frequently, or using a tilt-in-space wheelchair.", "Effect of cognitive and perceptual impairments", "OT can address cognitive and perceptual disabilities, especially of the visual-motor area. For children with CP who have difficulty remembering the order and organization of self-care tasks in the morning, an occupational therapist can construct a morning routine schedule with reminders. An occupational therapist may analyze the steps involved in a task to break down an activity into simpler tasks. For example, dressing can be broken down into smaller, manageable steps", ". For example, dressing can be broken down into smaller, manageable steps. This can be done by having a caregiver lay out the clothing in order so the child knows what needs to be put on first.", "Effect of motor impairments", "The effect of motor impairments is significant for children with CP because it affects the ability to walk, propel a wheelchair, maintain hygiene, access the community and interact with other people. Occupational therapists address motor impairments in a variety of ways and makes use of various techniques, depending on the child's needs and goals. The occupational therapist may help the child with gross motor rehabilitation, or whole body and limb movements, through repetitive activities", ". If the child has muscle weakness, progressive resistance exercises can improve muscular strength and endurance. Fine motor rehabilitation, or small, specific movements, such as threading the eye of a needle, can be implemented to improve finger movement and control.", "For children with difficulties speaking, an occupational therapist may liaise with a speech therapist, carry out assessments, provide education and prescribe adaptive equipment. Adaptive equipment may include picture boards to help with communication and computers that respond to voice.", "Occupational therapists can help the child promote use of a neglected arm through techniques such as constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), which forces use of the unused arm by placing the other arm in a sling, cast or oversized mitt.\n\nAnother OT technique that may be used is neuromuscular facilitation techniques, which involves physically moving and stretching the muscles to improve function so that the child can participate in activities.", "Spasticity is a common problem experienced by people with cerebral palsy. It can cause pain and loss of sleep, impair function in activities of daily living, and cause unnecessary complications. Spasticity is measured with the Ashworth scale. Occupational therapy targeting spasticity aims to lengthen the overactive muscles. Some people with cerebral palsy use spasticity to compensate for muscle weakness, and so reducing spasticity can reduce function.\n\nOT role with factors influencing participation", "Barriers to participation for children with CP include difficulty accessing the community. This includes difficulty accessing buildings and using transportation. Occupational therapists may work with developers to ensure new homes are accessible to all people. Also, occupational therapists often help people apply for government and non-profit funding to provide assistive devices, such as special computer programs or wheelchairs, to children with CP", ". Availability of transportation services can be limited for children with CP because of many factors, such as difficulties fitting wheelchairs into vehicles and dependency on public transit schedules. Therefore, the occupational therapists may also be involved in education and referral regarding accessible vehicles and funding.", "Occupational therapists address the community and environmental factors that affect participation in leisure activities by educating children with CP, their families, and others on available options and adaptive ways to engage in leisure activities of interest. Prejudice of others toward disability can also be a barrier to participation for children with CP with respect to leisure activities", ". One way occupational therapists can address this barrier is to teach the child to educate others on CP – thus reducing stigma and enhancing participation. Finally, occupational therapists take children's preferences into consideration in terms of cosmetic appearance when prescribing or fabricating adaptive equipment and splints. This is important as appearance may affect the child's compliance with assistive devices, as well as their self-confidence, which may impact participation", ". In addition to providing dedicated occupational therapy to such children, some non-profit organizations viz. Spastic Society of Gurgaon are providing comprehensive assistance which includes designing of child specific assisting devices to such children for making their lives more meaningful by enabling them to be self-reliant to the best possible extent.", "Research", "Most research into cerebral palsy covers children and adolescents. Stem cell therapy, and other cell-based therapies are being studied as a treatment. A potential treatment for some forms of cerebral palsy may be deep brain stimulation. it is thought that research in genetics and genomics, teratology, and developmental neuroscience is going to yield greater understanding of cerebral palsy", ". Genetic testing may help find the etiology or comorbidities for types of cerebral palsy which could help in clarifying the classification systems for cerebral palsy. In addition, experimenting with combinations of therapies may result in additional benefits. A review which looked at research gaps in cerebral palsy identified neuroplasticity as an \"underresearched opportunity for treating CP\".", "Defining functional independence\nDespite the transition in philosophy from treating individual body problems to treating the person with CP holistically, it has remained difficult to define what functional independence is. The Functional Independence Measure is sometimes used to describe people with CP.\n\nSee also \n Autism therapies\n Disease management (health)\n Management of depression\n Neuropsychiatry\n Neurorehabilitation\n Salutogenesis\n Quality of life (healthcare)\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading", "References\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\nCerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes" ]

[ "The CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder (), or FC-1 Xiaolong (), is a lightweight, single-engine, multi-role combat aircraft developed jointly by the Chengdu Aircraft Corporation (CAC) of China and the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC). It was designed to replace the A-5C, F-7P/PG, Mirage III, and Mirage V combat aircraft in the Pakistan Air Force (PAF). The JF-17 can be used for multiple roles, including interception, ground attack, anti-ship, and aerial reconnaissance", ". The Pakistani designation \"JF-17\" stands for \"Joint Fighter-17\", with the \"-17\" denoting that, in the PAF's vision, it is the successor to the F-16. The Chinese designation \"FC-1\" stands for \"Fighter China-1\".", "The JF-17 can deploy diverse ordnance, including air-to-air, air-to-surface, and anti-ship missiles, guided and unguided bombs, and a 23 mm GSh-23-2 twin-barrel autocannon. Powered by a Guizhou WS-13 or Klimov RD-93 afterburning turbofan, it has a top speed of Mach 1.6. The JF-17 is the backbone and workhorse of the PAF, complementing the Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon at approximately half the cost, with the Block II variant costing $25 million. The JF-17 was inducted in the PAF in February 2010.", "Fifty-eight per cent of the JF-17 airframe, including its front fuselage, wings, and vertical stabilizer, is produced in Pakistan, whereas forty-two percent is produced in China, with the final assembly and serial production taking place in Pakistan. In 2015, Pakistan produced 16 JF-17s. , PAC has the capacity to produce 20 JF-17s annually. By April 2017, PAC had manufactured 70 Block 1 aircraft and 33 Block 2 aircraft for the PAF. By 2016, PAF JF-17s had accumulated over 19,000 hours of operational flight", ". By 2016, PAF JF-17s had accumulated over 19,000 hours of operational flight. In 2017, PAC/CAC began developing a dual-seat variant known as the JF-17B for enhanced operational capability, conversion training, and lead-in fighter training. The JF-17B Block 2 variant went into serial production at PAC in 2018 and 26 aircraft were delivered to the PAF by December 2020", ". In December 2020, PAC began serial production of a more advanced Block 3 version of the aircraft with an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, a more powerful Russian Klimov RD-93MA engine, a larger and more advanced wide-angle Head-Up Display (HUD), electronic countermeasures, an additional hardpoint, and enhanced weapons capability.", "PAF JF-17s have seen military action, both air-to-air and air-to-ground, including bombing terrorist positions in North Waziristan near the Pakistan-Afghanistan border during anti-terror operations in 2014 and 2017 using both guided and unguided munitions, shooting down an intruding Iranian military drone near the Pakistan-Iran Border in Balochistan in 2017, and in Operation Swift Retort during the 2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes and aerial skirmish between India and Pakistan", ". Nigerian Air Force (NAF) JF-17s have seen military action in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations in Nigeria.", "Development", "Background", "The JF-17 was designed and developed primarily to meet the PAF requirement for an affordable, unsanctionable, fourth-generation, lightweight, multi-role combat aircraft as a replacement for its large fleet of Nanchang A-5C bombers, Chengdu F-7P/PG interceptors, and Dassault Mirage III/5 fighters, with a cost of , divided equally between Pakistan and China. The aircraft was also intended to have export potential as a cost-effective and competitive alternative to more expensive Western fighters", ". The development of this aircraft was headed by Yang Wei, who is considered China's \"ace designer\", who also designed the Chengdu J-20.", "By 1989, because of economic sanctions by the US, Pakistan had abandoned Project Sabre II, a design study involving US aircraft manufacturer Grumman and China, and had decided to redesign and upgrade the Chengdu F-7. In the same year, China and Grumman started a new design study to develop the Super 7, another redesigned Chengdu F-7. Grumman left the project when sanctions were placed on China following the political fallout from the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests", ". After Grumman left the Chengdu Super 7 project, the Fighter China project was launched in 1991. In 1995, Pakistan and China signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for joint design and development of a new fighter, and over the next few years worked out the project details. In June 1995, Mikoyan had joined the project to provide \"design support\", this also involved the secondment of several engineers by CAC.", "Launch of FC-1 project", "In October 1995, Pakistan was reportedly to select a Western company by the end of the year to provide and integrate the FC-1's avionics, which was expected to go into production by 1999. The avionics were said to include radar, Inertial navigation system, Head-up display, and Multi-function displays", ". Competing bids came from Thomson-CSF with a variant of the Radar Doppler Multitarget (RDY), SAGEM with a similar avionics package to those used in the ROSE upgrade project, and Marconi Electronic Systems with its Blue Hawk radar. FIAR's (now SELEX Galileo) Grifo S7 radar was expected to be selected due to the company's ties with the PAF. In February 1998, Pakistan and China signed a letter of intent covering airframe development", ". In February 1998, Pakistan and China signed a letter of intent covering airframe development. Russia's Klimov offered a variant of the RD-33 turbofan engine to power the fighter. In April 1999, South Africa's Denel offered to arm the Super 7 with the T-darter beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile (AAM), rather than the previously reported R-Darter", ". Previously in 1987, Pratt & Whitney offered the Super-7 project three engine options; PW1212, F404, and PW1216, with local manufacturing in either China or Pakistan. Rolls-Royce offered its RB199-127/128 turbofan engine; this plan was scrapped in 1989.", "In June 1999, the contract to jointly develop and produce the Chengdu FC-1/Super 7 was signed. After GEC-Marconi had abandoned the bidding to supply an integrated avionics suite, FIAR and Thomson-CSF proposed a number of avionics suites based on the Grifo S7 and RC400 radars respectively, despite previously hoping to use the PAF's Super 7 to launch its new Blue Hawk radar", ". Because of sanctions placed on Pakistan after the country's 1998 nuclear weapons tests, design work progressed very slowly over the next 18 months, preventing delivery of the Western avionics to the PAF. In early 2001, the PAF decided to decouple the airframe from the avionics, enabling design work on the aircraft to continue. As the airframe was developed, any new avionics requirements by the PAF could be more easily integrated into the airframe.", "Prototype production began in September 2002; a full-size mock-up of the FC-1/Super 7 was displayed at Airshow China in November 2002. The first batch of Klimov RD-93 turbofan engines that would power the prototypes was also delivered in 2002. According to a China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation (CATIC) official, the JF-17's low cost is due to some of the on-board systems having been adapted from those of the Chengdu J-10", ". The official said, \"This transfer of technologytransposing the aircraft systems from the J-10 to the JF-17is what makes the JF-17 so cost-effective\". The use of computer-aided design software shortened the design phase of the JF-17.", "Flight testing and redesigning", "The first prototype, PT-01, was rolled out on 31 May 2003 and transferred to the Chengdu Flight Test Centre to be prepared for its maiden flight. This was initially planned to take place in June, but was delayed due to concerns about the SARS outbreak. The designation Super-7 was replaced by \"JF-17\" (Joint Fighter-17) around this point. Low speed taxiing trials began at Wenjiang Airport, Chengdu, on 27 June 2003", ". Low speed taxiing trials began at Wenjiang Airport, Chengdu, on 27 June 2003. The maiden flight was made in late August 2003; an official maiden flight of the prototype took place in early September. The prototype was marked with the new PAF designation JF-17. By March 2004, CAC had made around 20 test flights of the first prototype. On 7 April 2004, PAF test pilots Rashid Habib and Mohammad Ehsan ul-Haq flew PT-01 for the first time", ". The maiden flight of the third prototype, PT-03, took place on 9 April 2004. In March 2004, Pakistan was planning to induct around 200 aircraft.", "Following the third prototype, several design improvements were developed and incorporated into further aircraft. Because of excessive smoke emissions by the RD-93 engine, the air intakes were widened. Reported control problems found in testing resulted in alterations to the wing leading edge root extensions (LERX). The vertical tail fin was enlarged to house an expanded electronic warfare equipment bay in the tip", ". The redesigned aircraft had a slightly increased maximum take-off weight and incorporated an increased quantity of Chinese-sourced avionics; however PAF had selected Western avionics for their aircraft, postponing PAF deliveries from late 2005 until 2007. Pakistan evaluated British, French, and Italian avionics suites, the winner of which was expected to be finalised in 2006", ". PT-04, the fourth prototype and the first to incorporate the design changes, was rolled out in April 2006 and made its first flight on 28 April 2006.", "The modified air intakes replaced conventional intake rampswhose function is to divert turbulent boundary layer airflow away from the inlet and prevent it entering the enginewith a diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) design. The DSI uses a combination of forward-swept inlet cowls and a three-dimensional compression surface to divert the boundary layer airflow at high sub-sonic and supersonic speeds", ". According to Lockheed Martin, the DSI design prevents most of the boundary layer air from entering the engine at speeds up to two times the speed of sound, reduces weight by removing the need for complex mechanical intake mechanisms, and is stealthier than a conventional intake. In 1999, developmental work on the DSI with the aim of improving aircraft performance commenced. The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001", ". The JF-17 design was finalised in 2001. Multiple models underwent wind tunnel tests; it was found that the DSI reduced weight, cost, and complexity while improving performance.", "For the avionics and weapons qualification phase of the flight testing, PT-04 was fitted with a fourth-generation avionics suite that incorporates sensor fusion, an electronic warfare suite, enhanced man-machine interface, Digital Electronic Engine Control (DEEC) for the RD-93 turbofan engine, FBW flight controls, day/night precision surface attack capability, and multi-mode, pulse-Doppler radar for BVR air-to-air attack capability. The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006", ". The sixth prototype, PT-06, made its maiden flight on 10 September 2006. Following a competition in 2008, Martin-Baker was selected over a Chinese firm for the supply of fifty PK16LE ejection seats.", "Production", "On 2 March 2007, the first consignment of two small-batch-production (SBP) aircraft arrived in a dismantled state in Pakistan. They flew for the first time on 10 March 2007 and took part in a public aerial demonstration during a Pakistan Day parade on 23 March 2007. The PAF intended to induct 200 JF-17 by 2015 to replace all its Chengdu F-7, Nanchang A-5, and Dassault Mirage III/5 aircraft", ". In preparation for the in-flight refuelling of JF-17s, the PAF has upgraded several Mirage IIIs with IFR probes for training purposes. A dual-seat, combat-capable trainer was originally scheduled to begin flight testing in 2006; in 2009 Pakistan reportedly decided to develop the training model into a specialised attack variant.", "In November 2007, the PAF and PAC conducted flight evaluations of aircraft fitted with a variant of the NRIET KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute for Electronic Technology (NRIET), and the LETRI SD-10 active radar homing AAM. In 2005, PAC began manufacturing JF-17 components; production of sub-assemblies commenced on 22 January 2008. The PAF was to receive a further six pre-production aircraft in 2005, for a total of 8 out of an initial production run of 16 aircraft", ". Initial operating capability was to be achieved by the end of 2008. Final assembly of the JF-17 in Pakistan began on 30 June 2009; PAC expected to complete production of four to six aircraft that year. They planned to produce twelve aircraft in 2010 and fifteen to sixteen aircraft per year from 2011; this could increase to twenty-five aircraft per year", ". On 29 December 2015, PAC announced the rollout of the 16th JF-17 Thunder fighter manufactured in the calendar year 2015, taking total number of manufactured aircraft to more than 66. Later, a PAF spokesperson said that in light of the interest shown by various countries, it has been decided that production capacity of JF-17 Thunder at PAC Kamra will be expanded.", "Russia signed an agreement in August 2007 for re-export of 150 RD-93 engines from China to Pakistan for the JF-17. In 2008, the PAF reported it was not fully satisfied with the RD-93 engine and that it would only power the first 50 aircraft; it was alleged that arrangements for a new engine, reportedly the Snecma M53-P2, may have been made", ". Mikhail Pogosyan, head of the MiG and Sukhoi design bureaus, recommended the Russian defence export agency Rosoboronexport block RD-93 engine sales to China to prevent export competition from the JF-17 against the MiG-29. At the 2010 Farnborough Airshow, the JF-17 was displayed internationally for the first time; aerial displays at the show were intended but were cancelled due to a late attendance decision as well as license and insurance costs", ". According to a Rosoboronexport official at the Airshow China 2010, held on 16–21 November 2005 in Zhuhai, China, Russia and China had signed a contract worth $238 million for 100 RD-93 engines with options for another 400 engines developed for the FC-1.", "According to media reports, Pakistan planned to increase production of JF-17s by 25% in 2016.\n\nFurther development", "Pakistan negotiated with British and Italian defence firms regarding avionics and radars for the JF-17 development. Radar options include the Italian Galileo Avionica's Grifo S7, the French Thomson-CSF's RC400 (a variant of the RDY-2), and the British company SELEX Galileo's Vixen 500E AESA radar. In 2010, the PAF had reportedly selected ATE Aerospace Group to integrate French-built avionics and weapons systems over rival bids from Astrac, Finmeccanica and a Thales-Sagem joint venture", ". Fifty JF-17s were to be upgraded and an optional fifty from 2013 onwards, at a cost of up to . The RC-400 radar, MICA AAMs, and several air-to-surface weapons are believed to be in the contract. The PAF also held talks with South Africa for the supply of Denel A-darter AAMs.", "In April 2010, after eighteen months of negotiations, the deal was reportedly suspended; reports cited French concerns about Pakistan's financial situation, the protection of sensitive French technology, and by Indian lobbying, which operates many French-built aircraft. France wanted the PAF to purchase several Mirage 2000-9 fighters from the United Arab Emirates Air Force, which would overlap with the upgraded JF-17", ". In July 2010, the PAF's Chief of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Rao Qamar Suleman, said such reports were false, stating: \"I have had discussions with French Government officials who have assured me that this is not the position of their government...someone was trying to cause mischiefto put pressure on France not to supply the avionics we want\".", "On 18 December 2013, production of Block 2 JF-17s began at PAC's Kamra facility. These have an air-to-air refuelling capability, improved avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities. Block 2 construction is planned to run until 2016, after which the manufacturing of further developed Block III aircraft is planned. In December 2015, it was announced that the 16th Block II aircraft had been handed over resulting in standing up of the 4th squadron.", "On 17 June 2015, Jane's Defence Weekly confirmed that JF-17 Block III will have an AESA radar, a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and possibly an internal infrared search and tracking (IRST) system. A two-seat version was also reportedly be produced in Block III. Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system", ". Unconfirmed reports claim that Block III will also have a better flight management system. Selex ES has promoted its next-generation cockpit as a possible upgrade of JF-17 Block III; this cockpit includes a new mission computer, an enhanced head-up display and contemporary multi-function displays, plus the capability for the pilot to use a single, large-area display instead.", "In July 2020, despite Indian protest Russian state-owned United Engine Corporation developed a new engine RD-93MA for JF-17 fighter being built by Pakistan.\n\nDesign", "Airframe", "The airframe is of semi-monocoque structure constructed primarily of aluminum alloys. High-strength steel and titanium alloys are partially adopted in some critical areas. The airframe is designed for a service life of 4,000 flight hours or 25 years, the first overhaul being due at 1,200 flight hours. Block 2 JF-17s incorporate greater use of composite materials in the airframe to reduce weight", ". Block 2 JF-17s incorporate greater use of composite materials in the airframe to reduce weight. The retractable undercarriage has a tricycle arrangement with a single steerable nose-wheel and two main undercarriages. The hydraulic brakes have an automatic anti-skid system. The position and shape of the inlets is designed to give the required airflow to the jet engine during manuvers involving high angles of attack.", "The mid-mounted wings are of cropped-delta configuration. Near the wing root are the LERX, which generate a vortex that provides extra lift to the wing at high angles of attack encountered during combat maneuvers. A conventional tri-plane empennage arrangement is incorporated, with all-moving stabilators, single vertical stabiliser, rudder, and twin ventral fins", ". The flight control system (FCS) comprises conventional controls with stability augmentation in the yaw and roll axis and a digital fly-by-wire (FBW) system in the pitch axis. The leading-edge slats/flaps and Trailing edge flaps are automatically adjusted during manoeuvring to increase turning performance. The FCS of serial production aircraft reportedly have a digital quadruplex (quad-redundant) FBW system in the pitch axis and a duplex (dual-redundant) FBW system in the roll and yaw axis.", "Up to of ordnance, equipment, and fuel can be mounted under the hardpoints, two of which are on the wing-tips, four are under the wings and one is under the fuselage.", "Cockpit", "It has three large Multifunction Colour Displays (MFD) and smart Heads-Up Display (HUD) with built-in symbol generation capability. A centre stick is used for pitch and roll control while rudder pedals control yaw. A throttle is located to the left of the pilot. The cockpit incorporates hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) controls. The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE zero-zero ejection seat", ". The pilot sits on a Martin-Baker Mk-16LE zero-zero ejection seat. The cockpit incorporates an electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) and a wide-angle, holographic head-up display (HUD), which has a minimum total field of view of 25 degrees. The EFIS comprises three colour multi-function displays, providing basic flight information, tactical information, and information on the engine, fuel, electrical, hydraulics, flight control, and environment control systems", ". The HUD and MFD can be configured to show any available information. Each MFD is wide and tall and is arranged side by side in portrait orientation. The central MFD is placed lowest to accommodate a control panel between it and the HUD.", "Avionics\nThe avionics software incorporates the concept of open architecture. Instead of the military-optimised Ada programming language, the software is written using the popular C++ programming language, enabling the use of the numerous civilian programmers available. The aircraft also includes a health and usage monitoring system, and automatic test equipment.", "The JF-17 has a defensive aids system (DAS) composed of various integrated sub-systems. A radar warning receiver (RWR) provides data such as direction and proximity of enemy radars, and an electronic warfare (EW) suite housed in a fairing at the tip of the tail fin interferes with enemy radars. The EW suite is also linked to a Missile Approach Warning (MAW) system to defend against radar-guided missiles", ". The MAW system uses several optical sensors across the airframe to detect the rocket motors of missiles across a 360-degree coverage. Data from the MAW system, such as direction of inbound missiles and the time to impact, is shown on cockpit displays and the HUD. A countermeasures dispensing system releases decoy flares and chaff to help evade hostile radar and missiles", ". The DAS systems will also be enhanced by integration of a self-protection radar-jamming pod that will be carried externally on a hardpoint.", "The first forty-two PAF production aircraft are equipped with the NRIET KLJ-7 radar, a variant of the KLJ-10 radar developed by China's Nanjing Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NRIET) and also used on the Chengdu J-10. Multiple modes can manage the surveillance and engagement of up to forty air, ground, and sea targets; the track-while-scan mode can track up to ten targets at BVR and can engage two simultaneously with radar-homing AAMs", ". The operation range for targets with a radar cross-section (RCS) of is stated to be ≥ in look-up mode and ≥ in look-down mode. A forward looking infrared (FLIR) pod for low-level navigation and infra-red search and track (IRST) system for passive targeting can also be integrated; the JF-17 Block 2 is believed to incorporate an IRST", ". In April 2016, Air Marshal Muhammad Ashfaque Arain said that, \"JF-17 needs a targeting pod, as the jets' usefulness in current operations was limited due to lack of precision targeting. To fulfill this gap the Air Force was interested in buying the Thales-made Damocles, a third-generation targeting pod; which was a priority.\" In 2017, Aselsans ASELPOD was tested and successfully integrated with the JF-17 and Pakistan has subsequently purchased at least eight targeting pods from Aselsan", ". This integration has significantly enhanced the JF-17 platform's ability to launch precision strikes.", "A helmet-mounted sight (HMS) developed by Luoyang Electro-Optics Technology Development Centre of AVIC was developed in parallel with the JF-17; it was first tested on Prototype 04 in 2006. It was dubbed as EO HMS, (Electro-Optical Helmet Mounted Sight) and was first revealed to the public in 2008 at the 7th Zhuhai Airshow, where a partial mock-up was on display. The HMS tracks the pilot's head and eye movements to guide missiles towards the pilot's visual target", ". An externally carried day/night laser designator targeting pod may be integrated with the avionics to guide laser-guided bombs (LGBs). An extra hardpoint may be added under the starboard air intake, opposite the cannon, for such pods. To reduce the numbers of targeting pods required, the aircraft's tactical data link can transmit target data to other aircraft not equipped with targeting pods", ". The communication systems comprise two VHF/UHF radios; the VHF radio has the capacity for data linking for communication with ground control centers, airborne early warning and control aircraft and combat aircraft with compatible data links for network-centric warfare, and improved situation awareness. The aircraft uses RLGs along with GPS for navigation. The aircraft is equipped with an IFF Transponder which allows it to differentiate between friendly aircraft and enemy aircraft", ". The ACMI aids in aerial combat for maneuvering.", "Engine", "The first two blocks of JF-17 is powered by a single Russian RD-93 turbofan engine, which is a variant of the Klimov RD-33 engine used on the MiG-29 fighter. The engine gives more thrust and significantly lower specific fuel consumption than turbojet engines fitted to older combat aircraft being replaced by the JF-17. The advantages of using a single engine are a reduction in maintenance time and cost when compared to twin-engined fighters. A thrust-to-weight ratio of 0", ". A thrust-to-weight ratio of 0.99 can be achieved with full internal fuel tanks and no external payload. The engine's air supply is provided by two bifurcated air inlets (see airframe section).", "The RD-93 is known to produce smoke trails. The Guizhou Aero Engine Group has been developing a new turbofan engine, the WS-13 Taishan, since 2000 to replace the RD-93. It is based on the RD-33 and incorporates new technologies to boost performance and reliability. A thrust output of , a lifespan of 2,200 hours, and a thrust-to-weight ratio of 8.7 are expected. An improved version of the WS-13, developing a thrust of around (22,450 lb), is also reportedly under development", ". During the 2015 Paris Air Show, it was announced that flight testing of a JF-17 equipped with the WS-13 engine had begun. In 2015, a representative of PAC said that Pakistan would continue to use the RD-93 engine on their fighters. Local media reports in January 2016 said that Russia was planning to sell engines for JF-17 directly to Pakistan. According to a PAC representative, Pakistan is looking to collaborate with Russia in developing and repairing engines.", "Fuel system", "The fuel system comprises internal fuel tanks located in the wings and fuselage with a capacity of ; they are refuelled through a single point pressure refuelling system (see turbine fuel systems). Internal fuel storage can be supplemented by external fuel tanks. One drop tank can be mounted on the aircraft's centerline hard point under the fuselage and two 800-litre or drop tanks can be mounted on the two inboard under-wing hardpoints", ". The fuel system is compatible with in-flight refueling (IFR), allowing tanker aircraft to refuel inflight, and increasing its range and loitering time significantly. All production aircraft for the PAF are to be fitted with IFR probes. In June 2013, PAF Air Chief Marshal Tahir Rafique Butt said ground tests on the JF-17's refueling probes had been successfully completed and the first mid-air refuelling operations would commence that summer.", "Armaments", "The JF-17 can be armed with up to of air-to-air and air-to-ground weaponry, and other equipment mounted externally on the aircraft's seven hardpoints. One hardpoint is located under the fuselage between the main landing gear, two are underneath each wing, and one is at each wing-tip. All seven hardpoints communicate via a MIL-STD-1760 data-bus architecture with the Stores Management System, which is stated to be capable of integration with weaponry of any origin", ". Internal armament comprises one GSh-23-2 twin-barrel cannon mounted under the port side air intake, which can be replaced with a GSh-30-2 twin-barrel cannon.", "The wing-tip hard-points are typically occupied by short range infra-red homing AAMs. Many combinations of ordnance and equipment such as targeting pods can be carried on the under-wing and under-fuselage hard-points. Underwing hard-points can be fitted with multiple ejector racks, allowing each hard-point to carry two unguided bombs or LGBsMk.82 or GBU-12. It is unknown whether multiple ejector racks can be used for ordnance such as beyond visual range (BVR) AAMs", ". Active radar homing BVR AAMs can be integrated with the radar and data-link for mid-course updates. The Chinese PL-12/SD-10 is expected to be the aircraft's primary BVR air-to-air weapon, although this may change if radars of other origin are fitted. Short range, infra-red homing missiles include the Chinese PL-5E and PL-9C. The PAF is also seeking to arm the JF-17 with a fifth generation close-combat missile such as the PL10E IRIS-T or A-Darter", ". These will be integrated with the HMS/D and the radar for targeting.", "Unguided air-to-ground weaponry includes rocket pods, gravity bombs and Matra Durandal anti-runway munitions. Precision-guided munitions such as LGBs and satellite-guided bombs are also compatible with the JF-17, as are other guided weapons such as anti-ship missiles and anti-radiation missiles. Pakistan planned to bring the Brazilian MAR-1 anti-radiation missile into service on its JF-17 fleet in 2014.\n\nOperational history\n\nPakistan", "Small batch production of the single-seat, single-engine JF-17s began in China in June 2006. The first two small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered on 2 March 2007 and first flew in Pakistan on 10 March. They took part in an aerial display on 23 March 2007 as part of the Pakistan Day Joint Services Parade in Islamabad. Another six small-batch-produced aircraft were delivered by March 2008. These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF", ". These were extensively flight-tested and evaluated by the PAF. Two serial production aircraft were delivered from China in 2009 and the first Pakistani-manufactured aircraft was delivered to the PAF in a ceremony on 23 November 2009.", "On 18 February 2010, the first JF-17 squadron, No. 26 Black Spiders, was officially inducted into the PAF with an initial strength of 14 fighter planes. These aircraft first saw service in the anti-terrorist operation in South Waziristan, during which various types of weapons were evaluated. They took part in the PAF's High Mark 2010 exercise from 29 April, where they were used by the Blue Force to attack Red Land surface targets with precision air-to-surface weapons.", "On 11 April 2011, a re-equipment ceremony for No. 26 Black Spiders Squadron took place, during which it was stated that the JF-17 had \"revolutionized the PAF's operational concepts\". Then Air Chief Marshal Rao Qamar Suleman reported the re-equipping of No. 26 squadron and the addition of the JF-17 Thunder to the No. 16 Squadron. He also thanked the contribution and support of the Chinese in helping to acquire a technological breakthrough in the shape of the aircraft.", "As of September 2015, the No. 2 Squadron currently tasked with sea strikes was reequipped with JF-17s replacing the F7s. The No. 16 Squadron \"Black Panthers\" has also been equipped with the JF-17. The next squadron is supposed to be No. 7 Squadron.\n\nOn 19 June 2017, it was reported that a JF-17 shot down an Iranian UAV operating in Pakistan's Pangjur District.", "In February 2019, PAF JF-17s took part in Pakistan's retaliatory airstrikes during which two Thunders of the No. 16 Squadron struck Indian ground targets with Mk. 83 REKs. According to reports, an IAF MiG-21 was also shot down by a JF-17.\n\nAs of March 2021, JF-17s are operational in seven fighter squadrons based at five airbases.", "JF-17 has performed at airshows since 2010. PAF JF-17s have taken part in joint exercises with the Chinese air force since at least 2014. In 2021, PAF JF-17s exercised in Anatolian Eagle (alongside Azerbaijani MiG-29s and Su-25s, Qatari Rafales, and Turkish F-16s). In 2022, PAF JF-17s exercised at \"Spears of Victory\" at King Abdulaziz Air Base, Saudi Arabia (alongside Saudi Tornados, Typhoons and F-15s, and USAF F-16s).", "In March 2023, the first batch of JF-17C Block 3 aircraft was inducted in the Pakistan Air Force.\n\nMyanmar", "In July 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 Block 2 JF-17s from Pakistan and China for approximately $560 million. In late 2015, Myanmar ordered 16 RD-93 spare engines from Russia, which were received in 2018 and 2019. On 17 December 2018, Jane's disclosed that the Myanmar Air Force had received the first batch of JF-17Ms. An official Myanmar Air Force video released on Air Force day showcased a number of JF-17s, both on static display and in the air", ". Till date, the Myanmar Air Force has taken delivery of 7 JF-17M Block 2s, including 5 JF-17As and 2 JF-17Bs.", "In May 2022, a Pakistan Air Force cargo plane supplied spare parts for the JF-17s of the Myanmar Air Force. In June 2022, it was reported that a team of 15 Pakistan Air Force personnel were scheduled to visit Meiktila Air Force Base in Myanmar to provide technical support for the Myanmar Air Force JF-17s, including setting up of a JF-17 simulator at Meiktila Air Base to train pilots of the Myanmar Air Force and to address technical issues relating to JF-17s that Myanmar Air Force was facing", ". It was also reported that Myanmar was in talks with Pakistan for the supply of air-to-ground missiles for its JF-17s.", "In November 2022, it was reported that most of the newly acquired aircraft had been grounded due to structural cracks and other technical issues.", "Nigeria", "In December 2014, during the International Defence Exhibition and Seminar in Karachi, Nigeria was reportedly buying between 25 and 40 JF-17s from Pakistan. Nigerian Air Force (NAF) chief Air Marshal Adesola Nunayon Amosu had visited Pakistan earlier in October 2014. Nigeria became the second customer in 2016 by placing an order for three planes. However, as the news reports value the deal at US$25 million, it is not clear if the item is misreported", ". A June 2016 article in Jane's re-affirmed NAF budget for 3 JF-17, 10 Super Mushshak, and 2 Mi-35M aircraft in 2016. According to Indian media, a deal to buy JF-17s might be signed in November with a MoU already signed.", "The Nigerian Air Force has confirmed it is expecting delivery of JF-17 for use in military operations against Jihadi militants in Northern Nigeria.\n\nIn October 2018 Pakistan approved of the sale and local Nigerian production of three JF-17s for US$184.3 million. The aircraft are rumored to be of a later version than the initially agreed sale, providing more advanced systems.", "On 30 December 2020, the PAC rolled out three JF-17A Block 2s for NAF, which were delivered to Makurdi Air Base in Nigeria in March 2021 aboard PAF Illyushin Il-78MP freighters. Nigeria formally inducted the three JF-17s into its air force on 21 May 2021.\n\nNAF may order 35-40 more JF-17s if the aircraft meets its requirements.", "NAF may order 35-40 more JF-17s if the aircraft meets its requirements.\n\nIn January 2023, the NAF Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal Isiaka Oladayo Amao, confirmed that NAF JF-17s have seen military action in anti-terrorism and anti-insurgency operations in Nigeria.\n\nPotential operators", "Argentina At the 2013 Paris Air Show, officials from Argentine aerospace conglomerate Fábrica Argentina de Aviones (FAdeA) revealed that the firm had held multiple discussions with Chinese officials over a potential co-production of the FC-1/JF-17, for the Argentine Air Force (FAA); this was regarded as the first formal effort by Argentina to possibly procure, or co-produce the aircraft", ". FAdeA officials said that the co-produced FC-1 could be classified as the \"Pulqui-III\", with regard to FAdeA's Pulqui-II fighter.", "In 2015, following a three-day visit by Argentine president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner to China, Argentina announced that it may purchase around 20 JF-17's from CAIG; however Argentina did not purchase the fighter that year.", "The JF-17 has reportedly appeared to be highly appealing to Argentina, given the aircraft's high-affordability and fewer parts of British-origin; the UK has barred any sale of military-equipment consisting of UK-manufactured parts to Argentina, ever since the British-Argentine 1982 Falklands War", ". Argentina's earlier efforts to procure other aircraft, including the Mirage F1M, the IAI Kfir, the JAS 39 Gripen and the KAI FA-50 were scuttled due to UK-diplomatic pressure, since the aforementioned aircraft were found to contain UK-origin parts", ". However, the JF-17 may still be subject to UK-scrutiny, since it utilizes the British-origin Martin-Baker PK16LE ejection seat; however, China has reportedly offered the Chinese-origin HTY-5D ejection seat (used on the Chengdu J-10), as a possible diplomatic alternative to the PK16LE.", "In September 2021, the Argentine government presented a draft budget for the fiscal year of 2022, which contained a request of USD $664 million for the acquisition of future fighter aircraft for the FAA. However, multiple media outlets misinterpreted this action, erroneously reporting that the request for funds were for acquiring the JF-17 Block-III; this misinterpreted news would later become viral on social media", ". Argentina's Ministry of Defense (Ministerio de Defensa) later clarified that the JF-17 had not been selected, asserting that the FAA was still evaluating five other aircraft as possible options.", "In December 2021, the Pakistani embassy in Argentina released a cryptic post on Instagram, claiming that Pakistan \"may lose out\" on selling JF-17's to Argentina; the embassy later asserted that its Instagram account had been hacked and that the cryptic message was not an official release. The message has since then been deleted.\nIn May 2022, a delegation of the Argentine Air Force evaluated the JF-17 Thunder in China.", "Azerbaijan In January 2008, Azerbaijan engaged in talks with Pakistan over JF-17's possible sale to Azerbaijan. In 2015, the Azerbaijani Air Forces negotiated with China for several dozen JF-17s worth approximately each. In 2018, Pakistani Armed Forces actively discussed military and defence cooperation with Azerbaijan, culminating in the latter expressing an interest in purchasing the JF-17 Thunder fighter jet", ". In December 2018, Turan, an independent Azerbaijani news agency, reported that the negotiations between Azerbaijan and Pakistan on the purchase of JF-17 Block II combat aircraft was coming to the end. In December 2019, Azerbaijan, eyeing military cooperation with Pakistan, expressed its interest in purchasing JF-17 Thunder fighter bomber aircraft.", "Bolivia The JF-17 is a candidate for the replacement of retired Lockheed T-33 aircraft of the Bolivian Air Force.\n\nCongo In March 2023, it was reported that China was pitching the JF-17 to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "Morocco Morocco has shown interest in the JF-17, having invited a sales team to showcase it in the Marrakech Air Show 2016. According to a local analyst, a potential acquisition by Morocco may be complicated by incompatible technologies; the JF-17 Block I and Block II have broadly different electronics suites and air-to-air & air-to-surface munitions than its current Western-sourced aircraft, such as the Mirage F-1 (MF2000), F-5E/F Tiger II and Alpha Jet.", "Sudan The Sudanese Air Force was reportedly negotiating to buy twelve aircraft.\n\nZimbabwe The Air Force of Zimbabwe reportedly planned to purchase twelve JF-17s in 2004, as part of a $240 million deal with China. No such sales have materialized. In 2010, China was reportedly in talks about the JF-17 with five or six countries, some of which had sent pilots to China to undergo test flights.", "Other countries Other countries including Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Peru, South Africa, Uruguay, and Venezuela have shown interest in the JF-17.\n\nFailed bids", "Iraq In September 2021, Pakistani media reported that Iraq has placed an order for 12 JF-17s, In a television interview aired by Al-Arabiya on 30 January 2022, Iraq's Defence Minister, Juma Inad, hinted at the acquisition of an unspecified military aircraft from Pakistan. He did not specify the type or quantity of aircraft to be purchased. However, in July 2023, it was reported that the aircraft being acquired was not the JF-17", ". However, in July 2023, it was reported that the aircraft being acquired was not the JF-17. An analysis of the Iraqi Air Force's inventory seems to indicate that the aircraft ordered are MFI-17 trainers.", "Malaysia Malaysia had periodically indicated that it may be interested in purchasing the JF-17 for the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF), as part of its efforts to replace its MIG-29 fleet; reports of Malaysian interest in the JF-17 emerged in 2015, although this was later denied.", "In March 2019, then-visiting Malaysian PM Mahathir bin Mohammad was accorded an aerial-display of the JF-17's at the 2019 Pakistan Day Parade; he was also briefed about the fighter by the Pakistan Air Force (PAF). Concurrently, multiple reports of Malaysia possibly procuring two JF-17 fighters for testing and combat-evaluation also emerged, though these reports have ever since remained unconfirmed.", "In June 2021, the RMAF formally released a tender for the supply of 18 light combat-aircraft — dubbed as the \"Fighter Lead In Trainer-Light Combat Aircraft\" (FLIT/LCA), in an effort to supplant its ageing BAE Hawk 108/208 light-combat aircraft and its MB-339CM trainer-aircraft. The RMAF later issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) to nine different aircraft-manufacturing conglomerates in July, with a submission-deadline of September 2021 (this would later be extended to October 2021)", ". The JF-17 was widely regarded to be a leading contender in the FLIT/LCA procurement initiative, along with the HAL Tejas and the KAI FA-50.", "However, in October 2021, the JF-17 was revealed to have abstained from participating in the FLIT/LCA tender; later reports confirmed that only six companies had responded to the RFP issued by the RMAF - the KAI FA-50 (Korea Aerospace Industries), the HAL Tejas (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited), the HAIC L-15 (China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation), the Aermacchi M-346 (Leonardo S.p.A.), the TAI Hürjet (Turkish Aerospace Industries) and the Mikoyan MiG-35 (Rosoboronexport)", ".p.A.), the TAI Hürjet (Turkish Aerospace Industries) and the Mikoyan MiG-35 (Rosoboronexport). The JF-17's unprecedented absence from the FLIT/LCA essentially ended all speculations regarding its participation in Malaysia.", "In December 2021, the JF-17 was reportedly re-offered to the RMAF, with an estimated price-discount of about 30%; however, these reports remain unconfirmed. The RMAF eventually declined to purchase the JF-17 and proceeded instead to order 18 FA-50 Block 20 jets in March 2023.", "Qatar Qatar has shown interest in the JF-17 since 2016. In December 2019, at Qatar's invitation, PAF JF-17s participated in Qatar's National Day Flypast in Doha alongside Qatar Air Force Rafales and Mirage 2000-5s. However, the offer seems to have fallen through, with Qatar ordering a mix of Eurofighter Typhoons and F15Es.", "Saudi Arabia In January 2014, the Royal Saudi Air Force was reportedly examining potential technology transfer and co-production opportunities for the JF-17. Saudi Deputy Minister of Defence Prince Salman bin Sultan toured the JF-17 project during a visit to Pakistan. However, by 2023, this interest seems to have fallen through, with Saudi Arabia now interested in joining the Anglo-Italian-Japanese Global Combat Air Programme.", "Sri Lanka In June 2015, Pakistani media suggested that an export order had been confirmed with the Sri Lanka Air Force; claims were made that the JF-17's first sales contract had been signed with the Sri Lanka Air Force at the 51st Paris Air Show. Other sources claimed that Myanmar is the first buyer of Pakistani JF-17s. Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017", ". Reportedly, the order would cover around 18–24 aircraft and deliveries set to begin in 2017. During a state visit by Nawaz Sharif in January 2016, Sri Lanka reportedly signed an agreement to buy eight JF-17s from Pakistan; however, the Sri Lankan government has issued denials. The alleged deal was said to involve 10–12 aircraft, each valued at US$35 million, for a total of US$400 million Reportedly, any such sale was scuppered by Indian diplomatic pressure", ". However, in 2021, the Sri Lankan government decided to overhaul their Kfirs instead rather than buying new aircraft, which would cost around $40 million per unit compared to $49 million in total for overhauling all five Kfirs.", "Variants\n\nPrototypes", "PT-01 First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. Rolled out on 31 May 2003. First flight on 25 August 2003.\nPT-02 First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes.\nPT-03 First airframe configuration prototype with splitter plates on intakes. First flight in April 2004.", "PT-04 Second airframe configuration prototype with Diverterless Supersonic Inlets (DSI) and modified vertical stabilizer. First flight on 10 May 2006. PT-04 incorporated modifications such as DSI, wider LERX, extended ventral fins, and a taller, less swept vertical stabilizer with a rectangular fairing at the tip containing electronic warfare equipment and small blister fairings at the base containing Missile Approach Warning sensors", ". The PT-04 prototype was primarily used for avionics and weapon qualification tests.", "PT-05 Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabilizer. \nPT-06 Second airframe configuration prototype with DSI and modified vertical stabilizer.", "Production variants\nIn chronological production order:", "JF-17A Block 1 Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Block 1. Production in China began in June 2006 and in Pakistan in 2007. The first three Chinese weapons to be integrated are the PL-5E II AAM, the SD-10 AAM, and the C-802AK anti-ship missile. Block 1 aircraft had performed \"better than expected\" according to PAF Air Commodore Junaid. Production of Block 1 was completed on 18 December when the fiftieth aircraft58% of which was produced in Pakistanwas delivered", ". A Block 1 JF-17 costs approximately US$15 million per unit.", "JF-17A Block 2 Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Block 2. Production began on 18 December 2013 and initial testing began on 9 February 2015. Block 2 aircraft make use of composites in the airframe for reduced weight, air-to-air refuelling capability, improved radar and avionics, enhanced load carrying capacity, data link, and electronic warfare capabilities", ". Chairman of PAC, Air Marshal Javaid Ahmed said: \"We will hand over 16 Block-II JF-17s to the PAF every year\", and that the manufacturing plant has the capacity to produce 25 units in a year. According to local media, PAC rolled out the 16th Block 2 aircraft in December 2015 enabling the JF-17's 4th squadron formation. A Block 2 JF-17 costs approximately US$25 million per unit.", "JF-17B Block 2 Dual-seat variant of the JF-17 Block 2. First flight in Chengdu, China on 27 April 2017. Serial production in China and Pakistan from 2018 to 2020. A total of 26 aircraft built - first four at Chengdu and remaining 22 at Kamra. Its multi-roles include use as a (i) JF-17 conversion trainer; (ii) Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT); (iii) ground-attack aircraft; and (iv) reconnaissance aircraft", ". Apart from the dual-seat, larger dorsal spine, and a more swept-back tail, another difference between the JF-17B and the JF-17A is that the JF-17B carries fuel in its vertical stabilizer, which the JF-17A does not. The JF-17B houses integral fuel tanks like the F-16. Each wing houses 550 Ib while the vertical tail houses 210 lb, which, together with the internal fuel load, totals 4,910 Ib of fuel. Together with the three external fuel drop-tanks, the aircraft can carry a total 10,000 Ib fuel load", ". The JF-17B Block 2s will be retrofitted with the NRIET/CETC KLJ-7A Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra).", "JF-17C Block 3 Single-seat variant of the JF-17 Block 3. First flight in Chengdu, China on 15 December 2019. Two prototypes underwent flight tests as of December 2020, one in China and the other in Pakistan. Went into serial production at PAC Kamra on 30 December 2020", ". Projected to feature further advancements such as a NRIET/CETC KLJ-7A Air-cooled Airborne Fire-Control Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar (license-manufactured at the Avionics Production Factory (APF) at PAC, Kamra), a three-axis digital fly-by-wire flight control system, an infrared search and track (IRST) system, a helmet-mounted display and sight (HMD/S) system produced jointly by Pakistan and China, a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese J-10C", ", a missile approach warning system (MAWS) similar to the one used on the Chinese J-10C, J-16, and J-20, a new, larger, and thinner holographic wide-angle head-up display (HUD) similar to the one used on the J-10C and J-20, an enhanced electronic warfare management system, a chin-mounted hardpoint, use of more composites for further weight reduction, Klimov RD-93MA afterburning turbofan will be eventually replaced by Guizhou WS-13 with an increased thrust, and a better thrust-to-weight ratio", ". The KLJ-7A can simultaneously track 15 targets and engage 4 targets. PAF officials have described the JF-17 Block 3 as a \"fourth generation plus\" fighter jet. The first PAC-produced JF-17 Block 3 aircraft are expected to roll out of the production line in late 2021. The PAF has placed an order for 50 JF-17 Block 3 aircraft, deliveries of which are expected to start from early 2022. 10 JF-17 Block 3 production aircraft were photographed after their rollout at PAC Kamra in early January 2022", ". The first batch of JF-17C Block 3 aircraft was inducted into the Pakistan Air Force in March 2023.", "Operators\n\n Myanmar Air Force: 7 delivered, 9 on order\n Meiktila Air Base\n\n Nigerian Air Force: 3 delivered\n NAF Base Makurdi", "Pakistan Air Force: 150 delivered, 38 on order\nPAF Base Masroor (Karachi)\n No. 2 Squadron Minhasians (2015)\n PAF Base Minhas (Kamra)\n JF-17 TEF (Test & Evaluation Flight) (2007–2010)\n No.14 Squadron Tail Choppers (2017)\n No. 16 Squadron Black Panthers (2011)\n No. 18 Squadron Sharp Shooters (JF-17 OCU) (2020)\nPAF Base Mushaf (Sargodha)\n CCS JF-17 Squadron Fierce Dragons (2015)\n PAF Base Peshawar\n No. 26 Squadron Black Spiders (2010)\nPAF Base Samungli (Quetta)\n No. 28 Squadron Phoenix (2018)", "Accidents \nSince its introduction in 2007, four JF-17s have crashed in accidents:", "14 November 2011: A PAF JF-17A crashed during a routine training flight in the mountainous Mullan Mansoor region of Attock District while flying from PAF Base Minhas. According to the official PAF report, the crash was caused by a technical malfunction. Pakistani news reported that the pilot, Squadron Leader Muhammad Hussain, ejected but was killed after his parachute failed to open, and that there were no civilian casualties reported on the ground", ". The pilot's body was discovered two kilometers from the crash site. This was the first known crash of a JF-17.", "27 September 2016: A PAF JF-17A crashed during Exercise High Mark in the Arabian Sea. The pilot ejected successfully and was rescued from the sea. Martin-Baker, the manufacturer of the JF-17's ejection seats, later tweeted that the 15 September 2020 crash was the first ejection from a JF-17.", "15 September 2020: A PAF JF-17A crashed during a routine training flight near Pindigheb, Attock District. The pilot ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground", ". While the PAF did not identify the aircraft, ejection seat manufacturer Martin-Baker, whose seats are installed in the JF-17, said in a Twitter post, \"a Pakistan Air Force JF-17 aircraft crashed earlier today during a routine training mission, the pilot ejected successfully,\" adding that this marked the first instance of an ejection from a JF-17 aircraft, which uses its Martin-Baker PK16LE ejection seats, contradicting Pakistani reports of prior ejections.", "6 August 2021: A PAF JF-17B crashed during a routine training flight in Attock District. Both pilots ejected successfully and no loss of life was reported on the ground.", "Specifications (JF-17 Block 3)\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\n Archived Factsheet FC-1 on Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation (CAC) website\n Factsheet JF-17 on Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) website\n\nMilitary equipment of Pakistan\nJF-017\nJF-017\n2000s international fighter aircraft\nSingle-engined jet aircraft\nChina–Pakistan military relations\nMid-wing aircraft\nAircraft first flown in 2003\nSupersonic aircraft\nFourth-generation jet fighter" ]

[ "Jeremy Bernard Corbyn (; born 26 May 1949) is a British politician who served as Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labour Party from 2015 to 2020. On the political left of the Labour Party, Corbyn describes himself as a socialist. He has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North since 1983. Corbyn sits in the House of Commons as an independent, having had the whip suspended in October 2020.", "Born in Chippenham, Wiltshire, and raised in Wiltshire and Shropshire, Corbyn joined the Labour Party as a teenager. Moving to London, he became a trade union representative. In 1974, he was elected to Haringey Council and became Secretary of Hornsey Constituency Labour Party until being elected as the MP for Islington North in 1983; he has been reelected to the office nine times", ". His activism has included roles in Anti-Fascist Action, the Anti-Apartheid Movement, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and advocating for a united Ireland and Palestinian statehood. As a backbench MP, Corbyn routinely voted against the Labour whip, including New Labour governments under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown", ". A vocal opponent of the Iraq War, he chaired the Stop the War Coalition from 2011 to 2015, a period when he received the Gandhi International Peace Award; he also won the Seán MacBride Peace Prize in 2017. Analyses of domestic media coverage of Corbyn have found it to be critical or antagonistic.", "Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party in 2015. The party's membership increased sharply, both during the leadership campaign and following his election. Taking the party to the left, he advocated renationalising public utilities and railways, a less interventionist military policy, and reversals of austerity cuts to welfare and public services. Although critical of the European Union, he supported continued membership in the 2016 referendum", ". Although critical of the European Union, he supported continued membership in the 2016 referendum. After Labour MPs sought to remove him in 2016 through a formal leadership challenge, he won a second leadership contest. In the 2017 general election, Labour increased its share of the vote to 40%, with its 9.6% vote rise their largest improvement since the 1945 general election", ".6% vote rise their largest improvement since the 1945 general election. This resulted in a net gain of 30 seats and a hung parliament; but the Conservative Prime Minister, Theresa May, formed a minority government and Labour remained in Opposition. In 2019, after deadlock in Parliament over Brexit, Corbyn endorsed holding a referendum on the withdrawal agreement, with a personal stance of neutrality", ". In the 2019 general election, Labour's vote share fell to 32%, leading to a net loss of 60 seats and leaving it with 202, its fewest since 1935. Corbyn said he would not lead Labour into the next election, triggering a leadership election in 2020 that was won by Keir Starmer, his Shadow Brexit Secretary.", "During his tenure as leader, Corbyn came under criticism in relation to antisemitism within the Labour Party. Corbyn has condemned antisemitism and apologised for its presence within the party, while his leadership oversaw changes to strengthen party disciplinary procedures regarding hate speech and racism as recommended by the 2016 Chakrabarti Inquiry", ". An internal 2020 report and the subsequent 2022 Forde Report noted that Corbyn's team inherited a dysfunctional disciplinary system which eventually improved under General Secretary Jennie Formby, and stated that antisemitism was used as a factional weapon by both opponents and supporters of Corbyn within the party. A 2020 Equality and Human Rights Commission inquiry into the matter found the party under his leadership was responsible for unlawful acts of discrimination and harassment", ". After asserting that the scale of antisemitism within the party had been overstated for political reasons, Corbyn was suspended from Labour Party membership in October 2020. The membership suspension was lifted a month later after a formal disciplinary warning, but the Labour leadership declined to restore the whip, denying readmission to the parliamentary party. In March 2023, Labour's national executive committee resolved not to endorse Corbyn standing as a candidate in the next general election.", "Early life", "Corbyn was born on 26 May 1949 in Chippenham, Wiltshire, and lived until the age of seven in the nearby village of Kington St Michael. He is the youngest of the four sons of Naomi Loveday (née Josling; 1915–1987), a maths teacher, and David Benjamin Corbyn (1915–1986), an electrical engineer and expert in power rectifiers. His brother Piers Corbyn is a physicist, meteorologist, weather forecaster and climate change denier", ". His parents were Labour Party members and peace campaigners who met in the 1930s at a committee meeting in support of the Spanish Republic at Conway Hall during the Spanish Civil War.", "When Corbyn was seven, the family moved to Pave Lane in Shropshire, where his father bought Yew Tree Manor, a 17th-century farmhouse which was once part of the Duke of Sutherland's Lilleshall estate. Corbyn attended Castle House School, an independent preparatory school near Newport, Shropshire, before, at the age of 11, becoming a day student at the Adams Grammar School in the town.", "While still at school, Corbyn became active in The Wrekin constituency Young Socialists, his local Labour Party, and the League Against Cruel Sports. He joined the Labour Party at the age of 16 and achieved two A-Levels, at grade E, the lowest-possible passing grade, before leaving school at 18. Corbyn joined the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) in 1966 while at school and later became one of its three vice-chairs and subsequently vice-president", ". Around this time, he also campaigned against the Vietnam War.", "After school, Corbyn worked briefly as a reporter for a local newspaper, the Newport and Market Drayton Advertiser. At around the age of 19, he spent two years doing Voluntary Service Overseas in Jamaica as a youth worker and geography teacher. He subsequently travelled through Latin America in 1969 and 1970, visiting Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Chile. While in Brazil he participated in a student demonstration in São Paulo against the Brazilian military government", ". He also attended a May Day march in Santiago, where the atmosphere around Salvador Allende's Popular Unity alliance which swept to power in the Chilean elections of 1970 made an impression on him: \"[I] noticed something very different from anything I had experienced... What Popular Unity and Allende had done was weld together the folk tradition, the song tradition, the artistic tradition and the intellectual tradition\".", "Early career and political activities", "Returning to the UK in 1971, he worked as an official for the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers. Corbyn began a course in Trade Union Studies at North London Polytechnic but left after a year without a degree after a series of arguments with his tutors over the curriculum. He worked as a trade union organiser for the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE) and Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union, where his union was approached by Tony Benn and \"encouraged ..", "... to produce a blueprint for workers' control of British Leyland\"; the plans did not proceed after Benn was moved to a different Department.", "He was appointed a member of a district health authority and in early 1974, at the age of 24, he was elected to Haringey Council in South Hornsey ward. After boundary changes in 1978 he was re-elected in Harringay ward as councillor, remaining so until 1983. As a delegate from Hornsey to the Labour Party Conference in 1978, Corbyn successfully moved a motion calling for dentists to be employed by the NHS rather than as private contractors", ". He also spoke in another debate, describing a motion calling for greater support for law and order as \"more appropriate to the National Front than to the Labour Party\".", "Corbyn became the local Labour Party's agent and organiser, and had responsibility for the 1979 general election campaign in Hornsey.", "Around this time, he became involved with the London Labour Briefing, where he was a contributor. Described by The Times in 1981 as \"Briefings founder\", The Economist in a 1982 article named Corbyn as \"Briefings general secretary figure\", as did a profile on Corbyn compiled by parliamentary biographer Andrew Roth in 2004, which states that he joined the editorial board as General Secretary in 1979", ". Michael Crick in his 2016 edition of Militant says Corbyn was \"a member of the editorial board\", as does Lansley, Goss and Wolmar's 1989 work, The Rise and Fall of the Municipal Left. Corbyn said these reports were inaccurate in 2017, telling Sophy Ridge \"I read the magazine. I wrote for the magazine. I was not a member of the editorial board. I didn't agree with it.\"", "He worked on Tony Benn's unsuccessful deputy leadership campaign in 1981. He was keen to allow former International Marxist Group member Tariq Ali to join the party, despite Labour's National Executive having declared him unacceptable, and declared that \"so far as we are concerned ... he's a member of the party and he'll be issued with a card", "... he's a member of the party and he'll be issued with a card.\" In May 1982, when Corbyn was chairman of the Constituency Labour Party, Ali was given a party card signed by Corbyn; in November the local party voted by 17 to 14 to insist on Ali's membership \"up to and including the point of disbandment of the party\".", "In the July 1982 edition of Briefing, Corbyn opposed expulsions of the Trotskyist and entryist group Militant, saying that \"If expulsions are in order for Militant, they should apply to us too.\" In the same year, he was the \"provisional convener\" of \"Defeat the Witch-Hunt Campaign\", based at Corbyn's then address. The Metropolitan Police's Special Branch monitored Corbyn for two decades, until the early 2000s, as he was \"deemed to be a subversive\"", ". According to the Labour Party, \"The Security Services kept files on many peace and Labour movement campaigners at the time, including anti-Apartheid activists and trade unionists\".", "Parliamentary backbencher (1983–2015)", "Labour in opposition (1982–1997)", "Corbyn was selected as the Labour Party candidate for the constituency of Islington North, in February 1982, winning the final ballot for selection by 39 votes against 35 for GLC councillor Paul Boateng, who in 1987 became one of the first three Black British Members of Parliament (MP). At the 1983 general election he was elected MP for the constituency, defeating the Independent Labour incumbent Michael O'Halloran, and immediately joined the socialist Campaign Group, later becoming secretary of the group.", "Shortly after being elected to Parliament, he began writing a weekly column for the left-wing Morning Star newspaper. In May 2015, he said that \"the Star is the most precious and only voice we have in the daily media\". In February 2017, the Morning Star said of Corbyn: \"He has been bullied, betrayed and ridiculed, and yet he carries on with the same grace and care he always shows to others – however objectionable their behaviour and treatment of him might be.\"", "In 1983, Corbyn spoke on a \"no socialism without gay liberation\" platform and continued to campaign for LGBT rights.", "He was a campaigner against apartheid in South Africa, serving on the National Executive of the Anti-Apartheid Movement, and was arrested in 1984 while demonstrating outside South Africa House, leading, decades later, to a viral image of Corbyn being arrested circulated by supporters on social media. This was as a member of the City of London Anti-Apartheid Group (CLAAG) who carried out a \"non-stop picket\" for 1,408 days to campaign for Nelson Mandela's release from prison", ". The Anti-Apartheid Movement did not support this protest, as they had agreed not to demonstrate within 30 feet of the embassy, and the picket failed to gain support from the London ANC; Mandela's failure to respond to CLAAG following his release from prison in 1990 is frequently described as a 'snub'.", "He supported the 1984–85 miners' strike. In 1985, he invited striking miners into the gallery of the House of Commons; they were expelled for shouting: \"Coal not dole\". At the end of the strike Corbyn was given a medallion by the miners in recognition of his help.\n\nIn 1985, he was appointed national secretary of the newly launched Anti-Fascist Action.", "During the BBC's Newsnight in 1984, Conservative MP Terry Dicks said that so-called Labour \"scruffs\" (such as Corbyn, who at this time was known for wearing an old polo-necked sweater to the Commons) should be banned from addressing the House of Commons unless they maintained higher standards. Corbyn responded, saying that: \"It's not a fashion parade, it's not a gentleman's club, it's not a bankers' institute, it's a place where the people are represented.\"", "In 1990, Corbyn opposed the poll tax (formally known as the Community Charge) and nearly went to jail for not paying the tax. He appeared in court the following year as a result.", "Corbyn supported the campaign to overturn the convictions of Jawad Botmeh and Samar Alami for the 1994 bombing of the Israeli Embassy in London which argued that there was insufficient evidence to tie them to the act, along with Amnesty International, Unison and a number of journalists and other MPs. Botmeh and Alami had admitted possessing explosives and guns but denied they were for use in Britain", ". The convictions were upheld by the High Court of Justice in 2001 and by the European Court of Human Rights in 2007.", "Corbyn sat on the Social Security Select Committee from 1992 to 1997.\n\nIrish politics\nA longstanding supporter of a united Ireland, in the 1980s Corbyn met Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams a number of times. Corbyn consistently stated that he maintained links with Sinn Fein in order to work for a resolution to the armed conflict. According to The Sunday Times, Corbyn was involved in over 72 events connected with Sinn Féin or other pro-republican groups during the period of the IRA's paramilitary campaign.", "Corbyn met Adams at the 1983 and 1989 Labour conferences (facilitated by pro-IRA Red Action) and in 1983 at Westminster, along with a number of other Labour MPs. In 1984, Corbyn and Ken Livingstone invited Adams, two convicted IRA volunteers and other members of Sinn Féin to Westminster.", "During the 1980s, he campaigned on behalf of the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, who were wrongly convicted of responsibility for IRA bombings in England in the mid-70s. In 1986, Corbyn was arrested with 15 demonstrators protesting against what they saw as weak evidence and poor treatment during the trial of a group of IRA members including Patrick Magee, who was convicted of the Brighton hotel bombing and other attacks", ". After refusing police requests to move from outside the court, Corbyn and the other protesters were arrested for obstruction and held for five hours before being released on bail, but were not charged.", "In 1987, Corbyn attended a commemoration by the Wolfe Tone Society in London for eight IRA members who were killed by Special Air Service soldiers while attacking a Royal Ulster Constabulary police station in Loughgall, County Armagh. At the commemoration, he told his fellow attendees that \"I'm happy to commemorate all those who died fighting for an independent Ireland\" and attacked the British government's policies in Northern Ireland, calling for all British troops to be withdrawn from the region", ". Corbyn subsequently said that he had attended the event, which included a minute of silence for the eight IRA members, to \"call for a peace and dialogue process\".", "He voted against the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement, saying \"We believe that the agreement strengthens rather than weakens the border between the six and the 26 counties, and those of us who wish to see a United Ireland oppose the agreement for that reason.\"\n\nIn the early 1990s, MI5 opened a file on Corbyn to monitor his links to the IRA.\n\nIn 1994, Corbyn signed a Commons motion condemning the 1974 Birmingham pub bombings, which killed 21 people.", "The meeting took place three weeks after the IRA's bombing of the Conservative Party leadership that killed five people. A short time after IRA plans to bomb London were foiled in 1996, Corbyn invited Adams to the House of Commons for a press conference to promote Adams' autobiography, Before the Dawn. Shadow Northern Ireland Secretary Mo Mowlam and Labour leader Tony Blair condemned the invitation, with Mowlam arguing that it was detrimental to the peace process, and Blair threatening disciplinary action", ". Adams cancelled the event, to save further embarrassment to Corbyn and to avoid negative publicity.", "In 1998, he voted for the Good Friday Agreement, saying he looked forward to \"peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future.\"\n\nIn 2017, Corbyn said that he had \"never met the IRA\", although Shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott later clarified that although he had met members of the IRA, \"he met with them in their capacity as activists in Sinn Fein\".\n\nLabour in government (1997–2010)", "Between 1997 and 2010, during the most recent Labour Government, Corbyn was the Labour MP who voted most often against the party whip, including three-line whip votes. In 2005 he was identified as the second most rebellious Labour MP of all time when the party was in government. He was the most rebellious Labour MP in the 1997–2001 Parliament, the 2001–2005 Parliament and the 2005–2010 Parliament, defying the whip 428 times while Labour was in power", ". Jacobin described him as \"a figure who for decades challenged them [Labour Party elites] from the backbench as one of the most rebellious left-wing members of parliament.\"", "Corbyn sat on the London Regional Select Committee from 2009 to 2010.\n\nStop the War Coalition and anti-war activism", "In October 2001, Corbyn was elected to the steering committee of the Stop the War Coalition, which was formed to oppose the War in Afghanistan which started later that year. In 2002, Corbyn reported unrest : \"there is disquiet...about issues of foreign policy\" among some members of the Labour party. He cited \"the deployment of troops to Afghanistan and the threat of bombing Iraq\" as examples. He was vehemently opposed to the Iraq War in 2003, and spoke at dozens of anti-war rallies in Britain and overseas", ". He spoke at the February anti-Iraq War protest which was said to be the largest such protest in British political history. In 2006, Corbyn was one of 12 Labour MPs to support Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party's call for a parliamentary inquiry into the Iraq War. He was elected chair of the coalition in succession to Andrew Murray in September 2011, but resigned once he became Leader of the Labour Party in September 2015.", "Parliamentary groups and activism", "Corbyn is a member of a number of Parliamentary Trade Union Groups: he is sponsored by several trade unions, including UNISON, Unite and the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers. He is a supporter of the Unite Against Fascism pressure group. Corbyn was chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on the Chagos Islands, chair of the APPG on Mexico, Vice-Chair of the APPG on Latin America and vice-chair of the APPG on Human Rights", ". He has advocated for the rights of the forcibly removed Chagossians to return to the British Indian Ocean Territory.", "Corbyn appeared on a call-in show on Press TV, an Iranian government television channel, several times between 2009 and 2012. He was criticised for appearing on the channel in light of Iran executing and imprisoning homosexuals, as well as Corbyn not questioning contributors who called the BBC \"Zionist liars\" and described Israel as a \"disease\"", ". Corbyn said in response that he used the programme to address \"human rights issues\" and that his appearance fee was \"not an enormous amount\" and was used to help meet constituency office costs. Corbyn's final appearance was six months after the network was fined by Ofcom for its part in filming an interview with Maziar Bahari, an Iranian journalist, saying the interview had been held under duress and after torture.", "Labour in opposition (2010–2015)\nIn the 2010 Labour Party leadership election, Corbyn supported Diane Abbott in the first round in which she was eliminated; thereafter, he supported Ed Miliband.\n\nCorbyn was one of 16 signatories to an open letter to Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling for Labour to make a commitment to opposing further austerity, to take rail franchises back into public ownership, and to strengthen collective bargaining arrangements.", "Corbyn sat on the Justice Select Committee from 2010 to 2015. Before becoming party leader Corbyn had been returned as member of Parliament for Islington North seven times, gaining 60.24% of the vote and a majority of 21,194 in the 2015 general election.\n\nLeadership of the Labour Party (2015–2020)\n\nLeadership election", "Following the Labour Party's defeat at the general election on 7 May 2015, Ed Miliband resigned as its party leader, triggering a leadership election. Corbyn decided to stand as a candidate, having been disillusioned by the lack of a left-wing voice, and said to his local newspaper, The Islington Tribune, that he would have a \"clear anti-austerity platform\". He also said he would vote to scrap the Trident nuclear weapons system and would \"seek to withdraw from Nato\"", ". He suggested that Britain should establish a national investment bank to boost house-building and improve economic growth and lift wages in areas that had less investment in infrastructure. He would also aim to eliminate the current budget deficit over time and restore the 50p top rate of income tax. He added: \"This decision is in response to an overwhelming call by Labour Party members who want to see a broader range of candidates and a thorough debate about the future of the party", ". I am standing to give Labour Party members a voice in this debate\". He indicated that, if he were elected, policies that he put forward would need to be approved by party members before being adopted and that he wanted to \"implement the democratic will of our party\". The other candidates were Shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper, Shadow Health Secretary Andy Burnham and Shadow Care Minister Liz Kendall", ". Several who nominated Corbyn later said they had ensured he had enough votes to stand, more to widen the political debate within the party than because of a desire or expectation that he would win.", "At the Second Reading of the Welfare Reform and Work Bill in July 2015, Corbyn joined 47 Labour MPs to oppose the Bill, describing it as \"rotten and indefensible\", whilst the other three leadership candidates abstained under direction from interim leader Harriet Harman", ". In August 2015, he called on Iain Duncan Smith to resign as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions after it was reported that thousands of disabled people had died after being found fit to work by Work Capability Assessments (instituted in 2008) between 2011 and 2014, although this was challenged by the government and by FullFact who said that the figure included those who had died and therefore their claim had ended, rather than being found fit for work.", "Corbyn rapidly became the frontrunner among the candidates and was perceived to benefit from a large influx of new members. Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the hustings across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed \"Corbynmania\" by the press.", "Membership numbers continued to climb after the start of his leadership. In addition, following a rule change under Miliband, members of the public who supported Labour's aims and values could join the party as \"registered supporters\" for £3 and be entitled to vote in the election. There was speculation that the rule change would lead to Corbyn being elected by registered supporters without majority support from ordinary members", ". He was elected party leader in a landslide victory on 12 September 2015 with 59.5% of first-preference votes in the first round of voting. He would have won in the first round with 51% of votes, even without \"£3 registered supporters\", having gained the support of 49.6% of full members and 57.6% of affiliated supporters. His 40.5% majority was a larger proportional majority than that attained by Tony Blair in 1994. His margin of victory was said to be \"the largest mandate ever won by a party leader\".", "An internal Labour Party report, entitled The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019, which was leaked to the media in April 2020, stated that, during the 2015 and 2016 leadership contests staff members at Labour party headquarters looked for ways to exclude from voting members who they believed would vote for Corbyn. The staff members referred to this activity as \"trot busting\", \"bashing trots\" and \"trot spotting\".\n\nCorbynmania", "Corbynmania was the enthusiastic support for Jeremy Corbyn. Initially viewed as a token candidate for the left wing of the party and not expected to win, many new young members, who had joined after the membership fee had been reduced to £3, were attracted by what they saw as Corbyn's authentic, informal style and radical policies. Hundreds of supporters turned out to hear him speak at the hustings across the nation and their enthusiastic reception and support for him was dubbed \"Corbynmania\" by the press.", "Jonathan Dean characterised Corbynmania as a political fandom, comparable with the enthusiastic followings of popular media stars and other modern politicians such as Bernie Sanders and Justin Trudeau. Specific features included use of the #jezwecan hashtag, attendance at rallies and the posting of pictures such as selfies on social media. Artistic, merchandising and other activity consolidated and spread this fannish enthusiasm", ". Artistic, merchandising and other activity consolidated and spread this fannish enthusiasm. This included a \"Jeremy Corbyn for Prime Minister\" (JC4PM) tour by celebrities such as Charlotte Church, Jeremy Hardy, and Maxine Peake; a Corbyn superhero comic book; mash-ups and videos. Many of Corbyn's supporters felt he possessed personal qualities such as earnestness and modesty leading them to develop a sense of emotional attachment to him as individual", ". These were seen as cultish by critics such as Margaret Beckett who said in 2016 that the Labour Party had been turned into the \"Jeremy Corbyn Fan Club\".", "A chant of \"Oh, Jeremy Corbyn\" was adopted as an anthem or chorus by his supporters. Sung in the style of a football chant to the tune of a riff from \"Seven Nation Army\" by The White Stripes\n, it attracted special attention at the Glastonbury Festival of 2017, where Corbyn appeared and spoke to the crowds.\n\nLabour's weaker than expected performance in the 2018 United Kingdom local elections led to suggestions that Corbynmania had peaked.\n\nFirst term as Leader of the Opposition (2015–2017)", "After being elected leader, Corbyn became Leader of the Official Opposition and shortly thereafter his appointment to the Privy Council was announced. In Corbyn's first Prime Minister's Questions session as leader, he broke with the traditional format by asking the Prime Minister six questions he had received from members of the public, the result of his invitation to Labour Party members to send suggestions, for which he received around 40,000 emails", ". Corbyn stressed his desire to reduce the \"theatrical\" nature of the House of Commons, and his début was described in a Guardian editorial as \"a good start\" and a \"long overdue\" change to the tone of PMQs. He delivered his first Labour Party Conference address as leader on 29 September 2015. Party membership nearly doubled between the May 2015 election and October 2015, attributed largely to the election as leader of Corbyn.", "In September 2015 an unnamed senior serving general in the British Army stated that a mutiny by the Army could occur if a future Corbyn government moved to scrap Trident, pull out of Nato or reduce the size of the armed forces. The general said \"the Army just wouldn't stand for it. The general staff would not allow a prime minister to jeopardise the security of this country and I think people would use whatever means possible, fair or foul to prevent that", ". You can't put a maverick in charge of a country's security\".", "In July 2016, a study and analysis by academics from the London School of Economics of months of eight national newspaper articles about Corbyn in the first months of his leadership of Labour showed that 75% of them either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects.\n\nFirst Shadow Cabinet and other appointments", "On 13 September 2015, Corbyn unveiled his Shadow Cabinet. He appointed his leadership campaign manager and long-standing political ally John McDonnell as Shadow Chancellor, leadership opponent Andy Burnham as Shadow Home Secretary, and Angela Eagle as Shadow First Secretary of State to deputise for him in the House of Commons", ". Corbyn promoted a number of female backbench MPs to Shadow Cabinet roles, including Diane Abbott, Heidi Alexander and Lisa Nandy, making his the first Shadow Cabinet with more women than men, although the most senior roles went to men. In October 2015, Corbyn appointed The Guardian journalist Seumas Milne as the Labour Party's Executive Director of Strategy and Communications.", "Military intervention in Syria", "After members of Islamic State carried out terrorist attacks in Paris in November 2015, Corbyn agreed with David Cameron that a political settlement between the Syrian Government and the rebels should be aimed at resolving the Syrian civil war. Prime Minister David Cameron sought to build political consensus for UK military intervention against IS targets in Syria in the days after the attacks", ". Corbyn warned against \"external intervention\" in Syria but told delegates that Labour would \"consider the proposals the Government brings forward\".", "After Cameron set out his case for military intervention to Parliament, Corbyn held a Shadow Cabinet meeting, in which he said he would continue with efforts \"to reach a common view\" on Syria, while Shadow Foreign Secretary Hilary Benn suggested the case for air strikes was \"compelling\". Corbyn sent a letter to Labour MPs saying that he could not support military action against Islamic State: \"The issue [is] whether what the Prime Minister is proposing strengthens, or undermines, our national security..", "...I do not believe the current proposal for air strikes in Syria will protect our security and therefore cannot support it.\" Amid widespread reports of division in the Parliamentary Labour Party, Corbyn insisted that the final decision on whether the Labour Party would oppose air strikes rested with him. Corbyn eventually agreed that Labour MPs would be given a free vote on air strikes when the issue was voted on", ". 66 Labour MPs voted for the Syrian air strikes, including Hilary Benn and Deputy Labour Leader Tom Watson, while Corbyn and the majority of Labour MPs voted against.", "January 2016 Shadow Cabinet reshuffle\nThere was widespread speculation following the vote that Corbyn would reshuffle his Shadow Cabinet to remove Hilary Benn, but Corbyn's January reshuffle retained Benn in the same position. The reshuffle prompted the resignations of three junior shadow ministers who were unhappy that Corbyn had sacked or moved shadow ministers who disagreed with his position on Syria and Trident.", "On 6 January 2016, Corbyn replaced Shadow Culture Secretary Michael Dugher with Shadow Defence Secretary Maria Eagle (who was in turn replaced by Shadow Employment Minister Emily Thornberry). Thornberry, unlike Maria Eagle, is an opponent of nuclear weapons and British involvement in Syria. Corbyn also replaced Shadow Europe Minister (not attending Shadow Cabinet) Pat McFadden with Pat Glass", ". On 11 January 2016, Shadow Attorney General Catherine McKinnell resigned, citing party infighting, family reasons and the ability to speak in Parliament beyond her legal portfolio. She was replaced by Karl Turner.", "May 2016 local elections", "In the 2016 local elections, Labour had a net loss of 18 local council seats and controlled as many councils as before (gaining control of Bristol but losing Dudley). There were also Westminster by-elections in two Labour safe seats, which Labour retained: Ogmore and Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough. The BBC's Projected National Vote Share was 31% for Labour, 30% for the Conservatives, 15% for the Liberal Democrats and 12% for UKIP", ". Labour candidate Sadiq Khan won the London mayorship from the Conservatives. Labour's misfortunes in Scotland continued, where they fell into third place behind the Conservatives. They retained government in Wales whilst suffering some small losses.", "EU referendum", "Following the 2016 United Kingdom European Union (EU) membership referendum, Corbyn was accused of \"lukewarm\" campaigning for Britain to remain and showing a \"lack of leadership\" on the issue by several party figures. Alan Johnson, who headed up the Labour In for Britain campaign said \"at times\" it felt as if Corbyn's office was \"working against the rest of the party and had conflicting objectives\"", ". Corbyn's decision to go on holiday during the campaign was also criticised by Phil Wilson, the chair of Labour in for Britain. In September 2016, Corbyn's spokesman said Corbyn wanted access to the European Single Market, but there were \"aspects\" of EU membership related to privatisation \"which Jeremy campaigned against in the referendum campaign.\" Diane Abbott, one of Corbyn's key allies, later said \"Jeremy in his heart of hearts is a Brexiter\". She said", "Corbyn was hostile to the European Union, which he considered it \"a conspiracy of business people\".", "Shadow Cabinet resignations and vote of no confidence", "Three days after the EU referendum, on 26 June, Hilary Benn was sacked after it was disclosed that he had been organising a mass resignation of Shadow Cabinet members to force Corbyn to stand down. Several other Shadow Cabinet members resigned in solidarity with Benn and by the following day, 23 of the 31 Shadow Cabinet members had resigned their roles, as did seven parliamentary private secretaries", ". On the same day, 27 June, Corbyn announced changes to his Shadow Cabinet, moving Emily Thornberry (to Shadow Foreign Secretary), Diane Abbott (to Shadow Health Secretary), and appointing Pat Glass, Andy McDonald, Clive Lewis, Rebecca Long-Bailey, Kate Osamor, Rachael Maskell, Cat Smith and Dave Anderson to his Shadow Cabinet. Just two days later one of the newly appointed members, Pat Glass, resigned, saying \"the situation is untenable\".", "A motion of no confidence in Corbyn as Labour leader was tabled by MPs Margaret Hodge and Ann Coffey on 24 June 2016. Hodge said: \"This has been a tumultuous referendum which has been a test of leadership ... Jeremy has failed that test\". Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell and union leaders including Len McCluskey condemned the motion.", "On 28 June, he lost the vote of confidence by Labour Party MPs by 172–40. He responded with a statement that the motion had no \"constitutional legitimacy\" and that he intended to continue as the elected leader. The vote did not require the party to call a leadership election, but was expected to lead to a leadership challenge. Corbyn was encouraged to resign by Tom Watson and senior Labour politicians including his predecessor, Ed Miliband", ". Several union leaders (from GMB, UCATT, the CWU, the TSSA, ASLEF, the FBU, the BFWAU and the NUM) issued a joint statement saying that Corbyn was \"the democratically-elected leader of Labour and his position should not be challenged except through the proper democratic procedures provided for in the party's constitution\" and that a leadership election would be an \"unnecessary distraction\".", "2016 leadership challenge and election", "The division between Corbyn and the Labour parliamentary party continued. On 11 July 2016, Angela Eagle, who had recently resigned from his Shadow Cabinet, formally launched her leadership campaign.\nAfter news reports that Eagle's office had been vandalised, and threats and abuse to other MPs, including death threats to himself, Corbyn said: \"It is extremely concerning that Angela Eagle has been the victim of a threatening act\" and called for \"respect and dignity, even where there is disagreement.\"", "On 12 July 2016, following a dispute as to whether the elected leader would need nominations in an election as a \"challenger\" to their own leadership, Labour's National Executive Committee (NEC) resolved that Corbyn, as the incumbent leader, had an automatic right to be on the ballot, and also decided that members needed to have been a member for more than six months to be eligible to vote, meaning that many members who had joined recently would not be able to vote", ". The NEC's decision was that \"registered supporters\" would be entitled to vote if they paid a one off fee of £25. 184,541 people subsequently paid the one-off fee to become \"registered supporters\" of the party during the two-day window in July, meaning that over 700,000 people had a vote in the leadership election.", "The decision to retain Corbyn on the ballot was contested unsuccessfully in a High Court action brought by Labour donor Michael Foster.", "On 13 July, Owen Smith entered the Labour Party leadership race. Subsequently, on 19 July, Angela Eagle withdrew and offered her endorsement to Smith.", "A survey of the public on 14 July found that 66% of those surveyed believed that the Labour Party needed a new leader before the 2020 elections and only 23 per cent believed that Corbyn would make a good Prime Minister while Theresa May had an approval rating of 55 per cent. A later poll on 23 July found that among those who said they backed Labour, 54% supported Corbyn against just 22% who would prefer Smith", ". When voters were asked who they thought would be the best prime minister – Corbyn or Theresa May – among Labour supporters 48% said Corbyn and 22% May, among all UK voters 52% chose May and just 16% were for Corbyn.", "More than 40 female Labour MPs, in an open letter during the campaign in July 2016, called on Corbyn to deal with issues relating to online abuse, and criticised him for his allegedly unsatisfactory responses and inaction. Speaking at the launch of policies intending to democratise the internet in late August, Corbyn described such abuse as \"appalling\". He continued: \"I have set up a code of conduct on this. The Labour party has a code of conduct on this, and it does have to be dealt with\".", "On 16 August 2016, Corbyn released a video of himself sitting on the floor of a Virgin Trains East Coast train while travelling to a leadership hustings in Gateshead. Corbyn said the train was \"ram-packed\" and used this to support his policy to reverse the 1990s privatisation of the railways of Great Britain", ". A dispute, nicknamed Traingate in the media, developed a week later when Virgin released CCTV images appearing to show that Corbyn had walked past some available seats on the train before recording his video. Corbyn subsequently said that there had not been room for all his team to sit together, but that a train manager later found seats for him and his team, including his wife, by upgrading other passengers.", "The psephologist John Curtice wrote just before Corbyn's second leadership win: \"There is evidently a section of the British public, to be found particularly among younger voters, for whom the Labour leader does have an appeal; it just does not look like a section that is big enough, on its own at least, to enable Labour to win a general election\"", ". Meanwhile, on 23 September, a poll for The Independent by BMG Research suggested that working class voters were more likely to consider Corbyn \"incompetent\" than those from the middle class, and a higher proportion thought he was also \"out of touch\". Martin Kettle of The Guardian wrote that \"many Labour MPs, even some who face defeat, want an early election\" to prove decisively that Corbyn's Labour is unelectable as a government, stating that \"If there is hope for Labour it lies with the voters", ". Only they can change the party\".", "Corbyn was re-elected as Labour leader on 24 September, with 313,209 votes (61.8%) compared to 193,229 (38.2%) for Owen Smith – a slightly increased share of the vote compared to his election in 2015, when he won 59%. On a turnout of 77.6%, Corbyn won the support of 59% of party members, 70% of registered supporters and 60% of affiliated supporters", ". In his acceptance speech, Corbyn called on the \"Labour family\" to end their divisions and to \"wipe that slate clean from today and get on with the work we've got to do as a party\". He continued: \"Together, arguing for the real change this country needs, I have no doubt this party can win the next election whenever the Prime Minister decides to call it and form the next government.\"", "Article 50\nIn January 2017, Corbyn announced that he would impose a three-line whip to force Labour MPs to vote in favour of triggering Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union to initiate the withdrawal of the UK from the EU. In response, two Labour whips said they would vote against the bill. Tulip Siddiq, the shadow minister for early years, and Jo Stevens, the Shadow Welsh Secretary resigned in protest. On 1 February, forty seven Labour MPs defied Corbyn's whip on the second reading of the bill.", "May 2017 local elections\nAt the 2017 local elections, Labour lost nearly 400 councillors and control of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire county councils. The BBC's Projected National Vote Share was 38% for the Conservatives, 27% for Labour, 18% for the Liberal Democrats and 5% for UKIP, with others on around 12%.\n\n2017 general election", "2017 general election\n\nCorbyn said he welcomed Prime Minister Theresa May's proposal to seek an early general election in 2017. He said his party should support the government's move in the parliamentary vote. The Labour campaign focused on social issues like health care, education and ending austerity.", "Earlier in the year, Corbyn had become the first opposition party leader since 1982 to lose a by-election to an incumbent government, and at the time May called the election Labour trailed the Conservative Party by up to 25 points in some opinion polls. A large Conservative majority was widely predicted", ". A large Conservative majority was widely predicted. Following the short campaign, Labour again finished as the second largest party in parliament but surprised many pundits by increasing their share of the popular vote to 40%, resulting in a net gain of 30 seats and a hung parliament. Although Labour started the campaign as far as 20 points behind, it defied expectations by gaining 40% of the vote, its greatest share since 2001", ". It was the first time Labour had made a net gain of seats since 1997, and the party's 9.6% increase in vote share was its largest in a single general election since 1945. This has partly been attributed to the popularity of its 2017 Manifesto that promised to scrap tuition fees, address public sector pay, make housing more affordable, end austerity, nationalise the railways and provide school students with free lunches.", "Corbyn's election campaign was run under the slogan \"For the Many, Not the Few\" and featured rallies with a large audience and connected with a grassroots following for the party, including appearing on stage in front of a crowd of 20,000 at the Wirral Live Festival in Prenton Park. He chose to take part in television debates and dressed more professionally than usual, wearing a business suit and tie", ". He said the result was a public call for the end of \"austerity politics\" and suggested May should step down as Prime Minister. Corbyn said that he had received the largest vote for a winning candidate in the history of his borough.", "Leaked Labour Party report on antisemitism", "In April 2020, an internal Labour Party report, entitled The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019, was leaked to the media. The report was completed in the last months of Corbyn's leadership and was meant to form part of the Labour Party's submission to the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) inquiry into Labour's approach to dealing with antisemitism", ". It included 10,000 emails and thousands of private WhatsApp communications between former senior party officials. The Labour Party had, after the intervention of party lawyers, decided not to submit the report to the EHRC.", "According to the report there was \"an abnormal intensity of factional opposition\" to Corbyn which had \"inhibited the proper functioning of the Labour Party bureaucracy\". The report included what it alleges were examples of how senior Labour Party officials including former party general secretary Iain McNicol worked to undermine Labour's campaign in the 2017 general election in order to force a change of leader", ". The report revealed that senior party officials sent insulting WhatsApp messages about leftwing MPs, including Diane Abbott, and officials in Corbyn's office. Prior to the 2017 election, officials discussed using party resources to assist candidates critical of Corbyn, such as deputy leader Tom Watson. The report stated that officials operated a \"secret key seats team from where a parallel general election campaign was run to support MPs associated with the right wing of the party\"", ". The officials expressed dismay over the party's unexpectedly strong results in the 2017 general election. In response to the report, Labour MP Kate Osamor called for the expulsion of those involved. Stephen Bush wrote in the New Statesman that the \"report's summary writes a cheque that its findings cannot cash\".", "In May 2020, the Labour Party National Executive Committee (NEC) appointed barrister Martin Forde to chair an investigation into the leaked report on antisemitism. The inquiry was set up to examine the contents of the report as well as how it was authored and leaked. It was expected to release its findings in 2021, but was delayed indefinitely over concerns it could prejudice an investigation by the information commissioner into the leak, eventually being published in July 2022", ". In Corbyn's submission to the Forde inquiry, submitted jointly with eight other colleagues, he was reported to have accused officials of sabotage and said their diversion of funds could constitute fraud. The diverted funds refer to the \"Bespoke Materials Service\" (sometimes referred to as the 'Ergon House Project'), which represented 1.2 per cent of Labour's total election spend and was focused towards certain Labour-held seats rather than offensive targets", ". BMS was apparently not disclosed to Corbyn's office. Officials said their targeting was due to fears Labour would lose seats, based on its poor polling position at the start of the campaign, and that three of the seats supported by BMS were less than 500 votes away from being lost to the Conservatives", ". The 2017 campaigns chief, Patrick Heneghan also stated that Corbyn's office had demanded he divert funds towards a list of Labour-held seats, some with majorities of over 10,000, to help MPs were considered allies of Corbyn, including Ian Lavery and Jon Trickett", ". Heneghan said the use of funds in BMS was legal, as it had been authorised by the General Secretary, and stated it had been kept from Corbyn's office because staffers believed they were \"in a bind\" and \"felt it was pointless to try and discuss this sensibly with Jeremy's staff\".", "The Guardian reported that \"[w]hile the leaked report does show hostility to Corbyn during the 2017 election, and even dismay among some officials when he did better than expected, there is seemingly no proof of active obstruction\" by Labour officials and that there was \"an argument that any evidence of election-scuppering is circumstantial rather than a smoking gun\"", ". In July 2022, the Forde Report concluded that while the leader's office and party staff \"were trying to win in different ways\", it was \"highly unlikely\" this cost Labour the 2017 election (see Publication of Forde Report).", "Opinion polling\n\nOpinion polls during the first few months of his leadership gave Corbyn lower personal approval ratings than any previous Labour leader in the early stages of their leadership amongst the general public. His approval amongst party members was initially strong reaching a net approval of +45 in May 2016, though this fell back sharply to just +3 by the end of the next month following criticism of Corbyn's handling of the EU referendum and a string of Shadow Cabinet resignations.", "A poll by Election Data in February 2017 found that 50% of Labour voters wanted Corbyn to stand down by the next election, while 44% wanted him to stay. In the same month, YouGov found party members' net approval rating of Corbyn was 17%, whereas a year earlier the result found by the same pollsters had been 55%. Also during February 2017, Ipsos MORI found Corbyn's satisfaction rating among the electorate as a whole was minus 38%; among Labour voters it was minus 9%.", "Polling by the end of the first week of campaigning during the 2017 general election was suggesting a defeat for Labour with the parliamentary party much reduced and a landslide victory for the Conservatives with a majority of perhaps 150 MPs. An ITV Wales/YouGov poll at this time placed the Conservatives on 40% in Wales against Labour's 30%; Labour MPs have formed a majority in Wales since the 1922 election", ". An opinion poll published on 22 May suggested that the position had been reversed, with Labour now polling 44% in Wales and the Conservatives 34%. Polls following the publication of the Labour and Conservative manifestos suggested that nationally, Labour was narrowing the Conservative lead to nine points, with YouGov putting the party on 35% of the vote. The final election polls predicted an increased majority for the Tories.", "Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2017–2019)\n\nJune 2017 Shadow Cabinet dismissals\nCorbyn sacked three Shadow Cabinet members and a fourth resigned after they rebelled against party orders to abstain on a motion aimed at keeping the UK in the EU single market, which was put forward by Labour MP Chuka Umunna.", "Salisbury poisoning response", "On 15 March 2018, Corbyn wrote in The Guardian that \"to rush way ahead of the evidence\" about Russia's involvement in the Salisbury poisoning \"serves neither justice nor our national security\" and that responsibility for the attack \"is a matter for police and security professionals to determine\". However, he also said that Theresa May was right \"to identify two possibilities for the source of the attack in Salisbury [..", "...] Either this was a crime authored by the Russian state; or that state has allowed these deadly toxins to slip out of the control it has an obligation to exercise", ".\" This sparked a row within the Labour Party, with more than 30 backbenchers signing an Early Day Motion \"unequivocally\" blaming Russia for the attack and several frontbenchers, including shadow foreign secretary Emily Thornberry, shadow defence secretary Nia Griffith and shadow Brexit secretary Sir Keir Starmer, stating that Russia was to blame", ". A poll on 17 March found only 16% of voters believed Corbyn would be the best person to deal with the UK's relations with Russia, compared to 39% saying Theresa May.", "On 20 March, Corbyn called for the British authorities to send a sample of the nerve agent involved in the poisoning to Russia, so they could \"say categorically one way or the other\" where it came from. A few days later, Corbyn was satisfied that the evidence pointed to Russia. Polling between 10–13 April found only 23% of voters believed Corbyn had handled the situation well, with 44% (including 28% of 2017 Labour voters) believing he had handled it badly.", "Corbyn advisor Andrew Murray later said that the Salisbury attack was \"something we got wrong\", saying \"evidence that's emerged since is overwhelming\". Murray said that at the time Corbyn and his team \"just didn't think the Russian state would be so stupid and brazen as to [...] carry out a poisoning attack on British soil\", although he admitted \"given the Litvinenko precedent perhaps we should have done\"", ". Murray also suggested the response was the turning point for Corbyn's leadership, as it \"started bringing all the doubts about Jeremy and the leader's office to the surface again\".", "Developments of the Labour Party's Brexit policies", "Following the 2017 general election, the party faced internal pressure to shift its Brexit policy away from a soft Brexit and towards a second referendum, a position widely supported among the party membership. In response, Corbyn said at the 2018 Labour Party conference that he did not support a second referendum but would abide by the decision of members at the conference", ". The party conference decided to support a Brexit deal either negotiated by the Conservatives and meeting certain conditions or negotiated by Labour in government. The conference agreed to use all means to stop an unacceptable Brexit deal, including another referendum including an option to remain in the EU, as a last resort", ". A week after seven Labour MPs left the party in February 2019 to form The Independent Group, partly in protest over Labour's Brexit position, the Labour leadership said it would support another referendum \"as a final resort in order to stop a damaging Tory Brexit being forced on the country\"", ". Following an exodus of Remain voters from Labour at the 2019 European Parliament elections, Corbyn said he was \"listening very carefully\" after key members of his Shadow Cabinet including John McDonnell said publicly Labour should back a second referendum under any circumstances", ". In July 2019, Corbyn announced Labour's policy was now that there must be a referendum on any Brexit deal, including the deal Labour would attempt to negotiate if it entered government, and that the party would campaign for Remain against any Tory Brexit. During the 2019 election Corbyn would promise to take a \"neutral stance\" during the referendum on any Brexit deal his government would negotiate.", "Breakaway group of Labour MPs", "In February 2019, seven MPs – Chuka Umunna, Luciana Berger, Chris Leslie, Angela Smith, Mike Gapes, Gavin Shuker and Ann Coffey – resigned from the Labour Party to form The Independent Group, citing Corbyn's handling of Brexit and of allegations of antisemitism. They were soon joined by Joan Ryan while Ian Austin resigned to sit as an independent", ". They were soon joined by Joan Ryan while Ian Austin resigned to sit as an independent. TIG later rebranded as Change UK, and all of the defecting MPs left Parliament at the 2019 general election, with some losing their seats, others not seeking re-election, and some standing and losing in different constituencies from the ones that they had previously held.", "Other events\nIn 2018, Conservative MP Ben Bradley posted a tweet saying that Jeremy Corbyn had passed British secrets to a spy from communist Czechoslovakia. Corbyn threatened legal action against Bradley, which resulted in Bradley deleting the tweet, apologising for his comments which he accepted were \"untrue and false\", and agreeing to pay Corbyn's legal costs and to donate to a charity of Corbyn's choice.", "In March 2019, Corbyn was assaulted by a Brexit supporter outside a mosque in Finsbury Park, North London. His attacker was sentenced to 28 days in jail.", "A video of soldiers from the 3rd Battalion, Parachute Regiment, stationed in Afghanistan using an image of Corbyn for target practice was posted on social media in April 2019. Momentum said the video was a consequence of the \"radicalising effect the rightwing press\". The Independent expressed the view that Corbyn was \"unpopular in parts of the military because of his past policies on Northern Ireland, Trident and opposition to the Iraq War and other foreign interventions\"", ". In July 2019, the soldiers involved received reprimands, with two being demoted.", "In 2019, Corbyn refused an invitation to attend a state banquet for Donald Trump, hosted by Queen Elizabeth II during the president's June visit to the UK. Corbyn then attended a London protest outside Trump and May's joint press conference and requested a meeting with Trump to discuss issues such as the \"climate emergency, threats to peace and the refugee crisis\". Trump rejected the request, saying that Corbyn was a \"negative force\".\n\n2019 general election and resignation", "2019 general election and resignation\n\nIn May 2019, Theresa May announced her resignation and stood down as Prime Minister in July, following the election of her replacement, former Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson. Corbyn said that Labour was ready to fight an election against Johnson.", "The 2019 Labour Party Manifesto included policies to increase funding for health, negotiate a Brexit deal and hold a referendum giving a choice between the deal and remain, raise the minimum wage, stop the age pension age increase, nationalise key industries, and replace universal credit", ". Due to the plans to nationalise the \"big six\" energy firms, the National Grid, the water industry, Royal Mail, the railways and the broadband arm of BT, the 2019 manifesto was widely considered as the most radical in several decades, more closely resembling Labour's politics of the 1970s than subsequent decades.", "The 2019 general election was the worst defeat in seats for Labour since 1935, with Labour winning just 202 out of 650 seats, their fourth successive election defeat. At 32.2%, Labour's share of the vote was down around eight points on the 2017 general election and is lower than that achieved by Neil Kinnock in 1992, although it was higher than in 2010 and 2015. In the aftermath, opinions differed to why the Labour Party was defeated to the extent it was", ". In the aftermath, opinions differed to why the Labour Party was defeated to the extent it was. The Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell largely blamed Brexit and the media representation of the party. Tony Blair argued that the party's unclear position on Brexit and the economic policy pursued by the Corbyn leadership were to blame.", "Following the Labour Party's unsuccessful performance in the 2019 general election, Corbyn conceded defeat and stated that he intended to step down as leader following the election of a successor and that he would not lead the party into the next election. Corbyn himself was re-elected for Islington North with 64.3% of the vote share and a majority of 26,188 votes over the runner-up candidate representing the Liberal Democrats, with Labour's share of the vote falling by 8.7%", ".7%. The Guardian described the results as a \"realignment\" of UK politics as the Conservative landslide took many traditionally Labour seats in England and Wales. Corbyn insisted that he had \"pride in the manifesto\" that Labour put forward and blamed the defeat on Brexit. According to polling by Lord Ashcroft, Corbyn was himself a major contribution to the party's defeat.", "On 4 April 2020, the results of the 2020 Labour Party leadership election were announced, with Sir Keir Starmer winning the election and succeeding Corbyn as the leader of the Labour Party.", "Opinion polling \nIn the months following the 2017 election, Labour consistently had a small lead in opinion polling. After Boris Johnson became Prime Minister in July 2019, he gained double-digit leads over Corbyn on the \"Best PM\" question, although Corbyn was seen to be \"more in touch\" with ordinary people than Johnson. Labour fell behind the Tories, partly because it lost some of its pro-Remain support to the Liberal Democrats.\n\nPost-leadership", "EHRC report and suspension", "On 29 October 2020, a report by the Equalities and Human Rights Commission into anti-Semitism in the Labour party was published, finding that the party was responsible for unlawful acts of harassment and discrimination", ". In response to the report, Corbyn said that while antisemitism was \"absolutely abhorrent\" and that \"one anti-Semite [in the Labour Party] is one too many\", he alleged that \"the scale of the problem was also dramatically overstated for political reasons by our opponents inside and outside the party, as well as by much of the media\"", ". He further claimed that \"the public perception in an opinion poll last year was that one third of all Labour party members were somehow or other under suspicion of antisemitism. The reality is, it was 0.3 per cent of party members had a case against them which had to be put through the process.\" A fact check by Channel 4 News noted that Corbyn's \"0", ".\" A fact check by Channel 4 News noted that Corbyn's \"0.3 per cent\" claim was likely based on an estimate provided by Labour General Secretary Jennie Formby during her investigation and first published in a 2019 study co-authored by media scholar Greg Philo", ". Corbyn's claim that \"one-third\" of party members were believed to be involved in antisemitism complaints by the public likely originated in a Survation poll of 1,009 people conducted in 2019, in which the average perception of respondents familiar with the issue was that 34% of party members were involved in antisemitism complaints; this number is over 300 times the estimate arrived at by Formby's actual investigation.", "In his press conference around half an hour after Corbyn's statement, Starmer said that anyone who thought the problems were \"exaggerated\" or were a \"factional attack\" were \"part of the problem and... should be nowhere near the Labour Party\". Corbyn defended his comments in a TV interview later that day; shortly after it aired, the Labour Party announced that it had suspended Corbyn pending an investigation", ". Corbyn's suspension was welcomed by Labour figures including Margaret Hodge, and Harriet Harman, as well as by the Board of Deputies of British Jews. Corbyn stated he would \"strongly contest\" his suspension. John McDonnell, Unite leader Len McCluskey, and Momentum expressed opposition to Corbyn's suspension.", "On 17 November 2020, a panel drawn from the party's national executive committee decided to readmit Corbyn to the Labour Party. However, Starmer did not restore the Labour whip to Corbyn, effectively denying him readmission to the parliamentary party, saying that he would \"keep this situation under review\". On 23 November 2020, the Labour chief whip Nick Brown wrote to Corbyn asking him to \"unequivocally, unambiguously and without reservation apologise for your comments\"", ". In November 2021, Starmer said Corbyn \"knows what he must do in order to move this forward\" and that it was \"his choice\". He also stated that Corbyn might not be allowed to stand as a Labour candidate in Islington North unless the whip was restored. Corbyn believes his dismissal was unfair and has threatened legal action.", "In March 2023, Labour's national executive committee resolved not to endorse Corbyn in the next general election, preventing him from seeking re-election as a Labour candidate. A YouGov opinion poll that month found that 41% of Labour voters thought this was the wrong decision compared to 36% who thought this was the right decision, though amongst all voters 48% agreed with the decision compared to 27% who disagreed.\n\nPeace and Justice Project", "Peace and Justice Project\n\nOn 13 December 2020, Corbyn announced the Project for Peace and Justice. Corbyn launched the project on 17 January 2021, and its affiliates include Christine Blower, Len McCluskey and Zarah Sultana. Rafael Correa said that he \"welcome[d] the creation\" of the project.\n\nStop the War Coalition statement on Ukraine crisis", "On 18 February 2022, in the week before the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Corbyn alongside 11 Labour MPs cosigned a statement from the Stop the War Coalition opposing any war in Ukraine", ". The statement said that \"the crisis should be settled on a basis which recognises the right of the Ukrainian people to self-determination and addresses Russia's security concerns\", that NATO \"should call a halt to its eastward expansion\", and that the British government's sending of arms to Ukraine and troops to eastern Europe served \"no purpose other than inflaming tensions and indicating disdain for Russian concerns\"", ". The statement's authors also said that they \"refute [sic] the idea that NATO is a defensive alliance\".", "On the evening of 24 February, the first day of the invasion, Labour chief whip Alan Campbell wrote to all 11 Labour MPs who had signed the statement, requesting that they withdraw their signatures. All 11 agreed to do so the same evening. Corbyn and fellow former Labour independent MP Claudia Webbe did not withdraw their signatures from the statement, though Labour shadow foreign secretary David Lammy urged Corbyn to do so.", "Publication of the Forde Report", "The Forde Report, written by lawyer Martin Forde in response to the dossier that was leaked in April 2020 (The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019), was released on 19 July 2022, stating that: \"[R]ather than confront the paramount need to deal with the profoundly serious issue of anti-Semitism in the party, both factions treated it as a factional weapon", ".\" It also described senior Labour staff as having displayed \"deplorably factional and insensitive, and at times discriminatory, attitudes\" towards Corbyn and his supporters, and detailed concerns by some staff about a \"hierarchy of racism\" in the party which ignored Black people. The report also expressed regret that Corbyn himself did not engage with the authors' request to interview him.", "Responding to this, Corbyn's former advisor Andrew Fisher wrote: \"Forde confirms that reflection is necessary. Cultural change requires painstaking work, not glib assertions of change.\" Corbyn himself stated that report \"calls into question the behaviour of senior officials in the party, in particular during the 2017 election\" and that \"wrongs must be righted.\"\n\nPolicies and views\n\nIn 1997 the political scientists David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh described Corbyn's political stance as \"far-left\".", "When asked in an interview in 2015 what politicised him Corbyn said, \"Peace issues. Vietnam. Environmental issues\". When asked if he regarded himself as a Marxist, Corbyn responded by saying: \"That is a very interesting question actually. I haven't thought about that for a long time. I haven't really read as much of Marx as we should have done. I have read quite a bit but not that much", ". I have read quite a bit but not that much.\" Supporting John McDonnell's statement that there is \"a lot to learn\" from Karl Marx's book Das Kapital, Corbyn described Marx as a \"great economist\". Corbyn has said he has read some of the works of Adam Smith, Karl Marx and David Ricardo and has \"looked at many, many others\".", "Economy and taxation", "Corbyn has campaigned against private finance initiative schemes, supported a higher rate of income tax for the wealthiest in society, and his shadow chancellor proposed the introduction of a £10 per hour living wage. He advocates recouping losses from tax avoidance and evasion by investing £1 billion in HM Revenue and Customs. Corbyn sought to reduce an estimated £93 billion that companies receive in tax relief", ". Corbyn sought to reduce an estimated £93 billion that companies receive in tax relief. The amount is made up of several reliefs, including railway and energy subsidies, regional development grants, relief on investment and government procurement from the private sector.", "Corbyn opposes austerity, and has advocated an economic strategy based on investing-to-grow as opposed to making spending cuts. During his first Labour leadership election campaign, Corbyn proposed that the Bank of England should be able to issue money for capital spending, especially housebuilding, instead of quantitative easing, which attempts to stimulate the economy by buying assets from commercial banks. He describes it as \"People's Quantitative Easing\"", ". He describes it as \"People's Quantitative Easing\". A number of economists, including Steve Keen, said that Corbyn's candidature for leadership of the Labour party \"recognis[ed] the inspiring possibilities for a fairer and more equal society offered by an information economy in an interdependent world\". Robert Skidelsky offered a qualified endorsement of Corbyn's proposals to carry out QE through a National Investment Bank", ". As the policy would change the central bank's focus on stabilising prices it has been argued it could increase the perceived risk of investing in the UK and raise the prospect of increased inflation. His second leadership campaign saw him promise £500 billion in additional public spending, though he did not detail how he would fund it.", "Corbyn has been a consistent supporter of renationalising public utilities, such as the now-privatised British Rail and energy companies, back into public ownership. Initially, Corbyn suggested completely renationalising the entire railway network, but would now bring them under public control \"line by line\" as franchises expire.", "National and constitutional issues", "Corbyn is a longstanding supporter of a united Ireland and reportedly described himself as campaigner against imperialism in Ireland in 1984. In 1985, Corbyn voted against the Anglo-Irish Agreement, saying that it strengthened the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and he opposed it as he wished to see a united Ireland", ". In July 1998, Corbyn endorsed the Good Friday Agreement by voting for the Northern Ireland Bill saying: \"We look forward to peace, hope and reconciliation in Ireland in the future.\"", "Corbyn would prefer Britain to become a republic, but has said that, given the Royal Family's popularity, \"it's not a battle that I am fighting\".", "On the issue of Scottish independence, when asked if he would consider himself a unionist, Corbyn said: \"No, I would describe myself as a Socialist. I would prefer the UK to stay together, yes, but I recognise the right of people to take the decision on their own autonomy and independence.\" Corbyn said that he did not favour holding a second Scottish independence referendum, but that it would be wrong for the UK Parliament to block such a referendum if the Scottish Parliament desired to have one.", "As Leader of the Opposition, Corbyn was one of the sponsors for the Constitutional Convention Bill, which was an attempt at codifying the UK's constitution, which has not been compiled into a single document. He appointed a Shadow Minister for the Constitutional Convention into his Shadow Cabinet and Teresa Pearce stepped down after the May 2017 local elections and this position has since remained vacant.", "In October 2017, Corbyn was one of 113 MPs to sign a cross-party petition to Home Secretary Amber Rudd, which requested making it a criminal offence for opponents of abortion to hold protests outside of abortion clinics. The letter called for buffer zones to be established around clinics, arguing women \"face daily abuse when undergoing terminations\", with protesters instead given space in town centres or Speakers' corner. He also promised to allow abortion in Northern Ireland as well as same-sex marriage.", "Education", "During the 2015 Labour leadership contest, Corbyn put forward a policy to scrap all tuition fees and restore student maintenance grants. The cost of the policy was estimated at £10 billion which would be funded by \"a 7% rise in national insurance for those earning over £50,000 a year and a 2.5% higher corporation tax, or by slowing the pace at which the deficit is reduced\"", ".5% higher corporation tax, or by slowing the pace at which the deficit is reduced\". Corbyn apologised for the actions of previous Labour governments in imposing \"fees, top-up fees and the replacement of grants with loans\". He said \"I opposed those changes at the time – as did many others – and now we have an opportunity to change course\".", "During the 2017 election, Corbyn had a policy of scrapping university tuition fees from 2018 restoring the maintenance grants abolished by the Conservatives in 2016 and funding a free national education service. He also pledged to investigate cancelling student loan debts incurred by recent graduates. The policy said that the British average student starts their working life with debts of £44,000 due to tuition costs and that university tuition is free in many northern European countries", ". The education changes were costed at £9.5 billion and would be funded by increasing taxes on the top 5 per cent of earners and increasing corporations tax.", "European Union\nCorbyn has previously been a left-wing Eurosceptic. In the 1975 European Communities referendum, Corbyn opposed Britain's membership of the European Communities, the precursor of the EU. Corbyn also opposed the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, opposed the Lisbon Treaty in 2008, and backed a proposed referendum on British withdrawal from the EU in 2011. He accused the EU of acting \"brutally\" in the 2015 Greek crisis by allowing financiers to destroy its economy.", "During his leadership campaign, Corbyn said there might be circumstances in which he would favour withdrawal from the EU. In September 2015, Corbyn said that Labour would campaign for Britain to stay in the EU regardless of the result of Cameron's negotiations, and instead \"pledge to reverse any changes\" if Cameron reduced the rights of workers or citizens", ". He also believed that Britain should play a crucial role in Europe by making demands about working arrangements across the continent, the levels of corporation taxation and in forming an agreement on environmental regulation.", "In June 2016, in the run-up to the EU referendum, Corbyn said that there was an \"overwhelming case\" for staying in the EU. In a speech in London, Corbyn said: \"We, the Labour Party, are overwhelmingly for staying in, because we believe the European Union has brought investment, jobs and protection for workers, consumers and the environment.\" Corbyn also criticised media coverage and warnings from both sides, saying that the debate had been dominated too much by \"myth-making and prophecies of doom\"", ". He said he was \"seven, or seven and a half\" out of 10 for staying in the EU.", "In July 2017, Corbyn said that Britain could not remain in the European Single Market after leaving the EU, saying that membership of the single market was \"dependent on membership of the EU\", although it includes some non-EU countries. Shadow Minister Barry Gardiner later suggested that Corbyn meant that Labour interpreted the referendum result as wanting to leave the single market. Corbyn said that Labour would campaign for an alternative arrangement involving \"tariff free access\"", ". In October 2017, Corbyn said that he would vote remain if there were another referendum.", "In January 2018, Corbyn reiterated that Labour would not seek to keep the UK in the single market after Brexit and in June 2018 he called for a \"new single market\" deal for the UK after Brexit maintaining \"full access\" to the EU internal market, as opposed to the \"Norway model\" which pro-Remainers in the party wish to see.", "In 2018, Corbyn said his main reason for not committing to remaining in the single market was freedom from EU rules on state aid to industry. He said the UK government should not be \"held back, inside or outside the EU, from taking the steps we need to support cutting edge industries and local business\". This prompted backlash from senior EU figures, who said that state subsidisation would be a \"red line\" in negotiations, as it would lead to a possible trade war between the UK and EU", ". One senior figure told The Times: \"We have to protect ourselves and the single market ... If a Corbyn government implements his declared policies the level playing field mechanism will lead to increased costs for Britain to access the single market because of distortions caused by state aid.\"", "Also in 2018, Corbyn said he would seek a new type of customs union with the European Union, but will seek exemptions of some EU regulations for the UK, such as those regarding state aid and government subsidies.", "In January 2019, Labour lost a vote of no confidence in the government. The Conservative government sought to open cross-party talks while Corbyn initially said Labour would refuse to attend talks unless the government ruled out a \"no deal Brexit\". In March 2019, Corbyn said that he could vote leave in a second referendum, depending on the Brexit deal on offer.", "Following the 2019 European Parliament election, Corbyn endorsed holding a referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement regardless of who negotiates it.\n\nForeign affairs\n\nWar and peace", "During the 1982 Falklands War, in a meeting of Haringey Council, Corbyn opposed a motion offering support to British troops sent to retake the islands, instead declaring the war to be a \"Tory plot\" and submitted an alternative motion that condemned the war as a \"nauseating waste of lives and money\"", ". Corbyn has said that he would like Britain to achieve \"some reasonable accommodation\" with Argentina over their Falkland Islands dispute, with a \"degree of joint administration\" between the two countries over the islands.", "Corbyn does not consider himself an absolute pacifist and has named the Spanish Civil War, the British naval blockade to stop the slave trade in the nineteenth century and the role of UN peacekeepers in the 1999 crisis in East Timor as justified conflicts. Opposing violence and war has been \"the whole purpose of his life\"", ". Opposing violence and war has been \"the whole purpose of his life\". He prominently opposed the invasion of Iraq and War in Afghanistan, NATO-led military intervention in Libya, military strikes against Assad's Syria, and military action against ISIS, and served as the chair of the Stop the War Coalition. When challenged on whether there were any circumstances in which he would deploy military forces overseas he said \"I'm sure there are some but I can't think of them at the moment.\"", "Corbyn has called for Tony Blair to be investigated for alleged war crimes during the Iraq War. In July 2016, the Chilcot Report of the Iraq Inquiry was issued, criticising Blair for joining the United States in the war against Iraq", ". Subsequently, Corbyn – who had voted against military action against Iraq – gave a speech in Westminster commenting: \"I now apologise sincerely on behalf of my party for the disastrous decision to go to war in Iraq in March 2003\" which he called an \"act of military aggression launched on a false pretext\" something that has \"long been regarded as illegal by the overwhelming weight of international opinion\"", ". Corbyn specifically apologised to \"the people of Iraq\"; to the families of British soldiers who died in Iraq or returned injured; and to \"the millions of British citizens who feel our democracy was traduced and undermined by the way in which the decision to go to war was taken on.\"", "Corbyn has said he would prefer to use diplomacy rather than armed force in international conflict. He would avoid military conflict by \"building up the diplomatic relationships and also trying to not isolate any country in Europe\". His aim is to \"achieve a world where we don't need to go to war, where there is no need for it\".", "NATO", "Corbyn favours the United Kingdom leaving NATO, and for NATO to be disbanded. In May 2012, Corbyn authored a piece in the Morning Star titled \"High time for an end to NATO\" where he described the organisation as an \"instrument of cold war manipulation\", saying that \"The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, with the ending of the Warsaw Pact mutual defence strategy, was the obvious time for NATO to have been disbanded", ".\" and also said in a 2014 speech that the organisation was an \"engine for the delivery of oil to the oil companies\" and called for it to \"give up, go home and go away\".", "For these comments and a refusal to answer whether he would defend a NATO ally in the case of attack he was criticised by Anders Fogh Rasmussen, the former Prime Minister of Denmark and NATO Secretary General, who said Corbyn's opinions were \"tempting President Putin to aggression\" and made comparisons between his views and those of the American president Donald Trump", ". He was also criticised by George Robertson, former Labour Party defence secretary, who said \"It beggars belief that the leader of the party most responsible for the collective security pact of NATO should be so reckless as to undermine it by refusing to say he would come to the aid of an ally\".", "He has since acknowledged that the British public do not agree with his beliefs that the UK should leave NATO, and instead intends to push for the organisation to \"restrict its role\". He believes there should be a debate about the extent of NATO's powers including its \"democratic accountability\" and why it has taken on a global role. In April 2014, Corbyn wrote an article for the Morning Star attributing the crisis in Ukraine to NATO", ". He said the \"root of the crisis\" lay in \"the US drive to expand eastwards\" and described Russia's actions as \"not unprovoked\". He has said it \"probably was\" a mistake to allow former Warsaw Pact countries to join NATO as it has increased tensions with Russia and made the \"world infinitely more dangerous\". Subsequently, he criticised the British government and other Western countries for supplying arms to Ukraine.", "During the 2017 election, when questioned about Corbyn's anti-NATO statements, Labour Shadow Foreign Secretary Emily Thornberry said, \"Jeremy has been on a journey, to coin a phrase. There have been a number of discussions. It is quite clear that the predominance of opinion within the Labour is that we are committed to NATO.\"", "Nuclear weapons", "Corbyn is a longstanding supporter of unilateral nuclear disarmament, although he has suggested a compromise of having submarines without nuclear weapons. He has campaigned for many years against nuclear weapons and the replacement of Trident and has said he would not authorise the use of nuclear weapons if he were prime minister. In June 2016, he agreed to allow Labour MPs a free vote on the replacement of Trident", ". In June 2016, he agreed to allow Labour MPs a free vote on the replacement of Trident. In the subsequent vote 140 Labour MPs voted with the government in favour of the new submarines, in line with party policy, and 47 joined Corbyn to vote against. During the debate Corbyn said \"I do not believe the threat of mass murder is a legitimate way to deal with international relations\".", "United States\n\nFollowing the election of Donald Trump in the 2016 US presidential elections, Corbyn said that he believes that President Trump is not offering solutions to problems, but simply being divisive. Corbyn also called for a proposed Trump state visit to the UK to be cancelled following his executive order banning visitors from certain majority-Muslim countries from entering the US.", "Corbyn criticised Trump's involvement in British politics after Trump said Boris Johnson should become PM and Nigel Farage should be part of the Brexit negotiating team, saying that it was \"not [Trump's] business who the British prime minister is\" following Trump's endorsement of Boris Johnson as a possible future leader. Corbyn criticised Trump's attacks on Sadiq Khan as \"unacceptable\".\n\nIsrael and Palestine", "Corbyn is a member of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, campaigning, for example, against the killing of Palestinian civilians during conflict in Gaza. In 2012 and again in 2017, Corbyn called for an investigation into Israeli influence in British politics. In August 2016, Corbyn said: \"I am not in favour of the academic or cultural boycott of Israel, and I am not in favour of a blanket boycott of Israeli goods", ". I do support targeted boycotts aimed at undermining the existence of illegal settlements in the West Bank.\"", "At a meeting hosted by Stop the War Coalition in 2009, Corbyn said he invited \"friends\" from Hamas and Hezbollah to an event in parliament, referred to Hamas as \"an organisation dedicated towards the good of the Palestinian people,\" and said that the British government's labelling of Hamas as a terrorist organisation is \"a big, big historical mistake", ".\" Asked on Channel 4 News in July 2015 why he had called representatives from Hamas and Hezbollah \"friends\", Corbyn explained, \"I use it in a collective way, saying our friends are prepared to talk,\" and that the specific occasion he used it was to introduce speakers from Hezbollah at a Parliamentary meeting about the Middle East. He said that he does not condone the actions of either organisation: \"Does it mean I agree with Hamas and what it does? No", ". Does it mean I agree with Hezbollah and what they do? No. What it means is that I think to bring about a peace process, you have to talk to people with whom you may profoundly disagree … There is not going to be a peace process unless there is talks involving Israel, Hezbollah and Hamas and I think everyone knows that\", he argued.", "In January 2017, Corbyn expressed concern about Israeli involvement in British politics, after the broadcasting of The Lobby. He described the actions of the Israeli official, Shai Masot, as \"improper interference in this country's democratic process\" and was concerned on national security grounds that Boris Johnson had said the matter was closed.", "In his keynote speech at the 2018 annual Labour Party conference, Corbyn said that, if elected, his government would immediately recognise the Palestinian State as a way of supporting a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. He declared that the Labour Party condemned the \"shooting of hundreds of unarmed demonstrators in Gaza by Israeli forces and the passing of Israel's discriminatory nation-state law\".", "In May 2019, Corbyn sent a message of support to the National Demonstration for Palestine in London in which Ahed Tamimi participated. He said the Labour Party condemned the \"ongoing human rights abuses by Israeli forces, including the shooting by Israeli forces of hundreds of unarmed Palestinian demonstrators in Gaza – most of them refugees or families of refugees – demanding their rights\".\n\nTunisian wreath-laying controversy", "In October 2014, Corbyn visited Tunisia to attend the \"International Conference on Monitoring the Palestinian Political and Legal Situation in the Light of Israeli Aggression\", organised by the Centre for Strategic Studies for North Africa. While there, Corbyn and other British parliamentarians attended a commemoration for victims of the 1985 Israeli air strikes on the PLO headquarters in Tunis", ". The bombardment had been condemned by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and US President Ronald Reagan, as well as the UN Security Council.", "In August 2018, the Daily Mail reported, with pictorial evidence, that during the event, Corbyn had also been present at a wreath-laying at the graves of Salah Khalaf and Atef Bseiso, both of whom are thought to have been key members of the Black September Organization, which was behind the 1972 Munich massacre. The Jerusalem Post commented: \"In another photo, Corbyn is seen close to the grave of terrorist Atef Bseiso, intelligence chief of the Palestine Liberation Organization", ". Bseiso is also linked to the massacre.\" There was condemnation from some of the British press, as well as from some members of the Labour Party and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. A Labour spokesperson said that \"a wreath was laid on behalf of those at the conference to all those who lost their lives, including families and children\".", "On 1 August, BBC News showed in a report from inside the cemetery that for the memorial for the 1985 victims, Corbyn would have stood in a designated confined covered area where all dignitaries typically stand during annual ceremonies, which also covers the graves of Bseiso and Khalaf. Corbyn said that he had been present during commemorations where a wreath was laid for Palestinian leaders linked to Black September, but did not think that he had actually been involved", ". A Labour spokesperson stated that Corbyn \"did not lay any wreath at the graves of those alleged to have been linked to the Black September Organisation or the 1972 Munich killings. He of course condemns that terrible attack, as he does the 1985 bombing.\" The Labour Party initially made a complaint to the press watchdog Independent Press Standards Organisation against several newspapers' alleged misreporting of the event, although this was later dropped.", "Kosovo", "Unlike most Labour MPs at the time, Corbyn and a few other backbenchers opposed NATO intervention during the Kosovo War. In 2004, Corbyn and 24 other backbenchers signed a parliamentary motion praising an article by journalist John Pilger for \"reminding readers of the devastating human cost of the so-termed ‘humanitarian' invasion of Kosovo, led by NATO and the United States in the Spring of 1999, without any sanction of the United Nations Security Council\"", ". The motion also congratulated Pilger \"on his expose of the fraudulent justifications for intervening in a ‘genocide' that never really existed in Kosovo\". The motion said that initial estimates of casualties by the US Ambassador for War Crimes Issues were much higher than the later body count by the International War Crimes Tribunal", ". Balkan Insight wrote that, during the 2015 campaign for the Labour leadership, Corbyn was criticised by bloggers and journalists for \"having once apparently dismissed Serbian war crimes in Kosovo as a fabrication\".", "Sri Lanka and the Tamil Tigers", "In 2006, Corbyn signed a petition calling for the lifting of the ban on the Tamil Tigers, which it referred to as the \"supposedly terrorist Tamil Tigers\", stating that \"the Sri Lanka government is carrying out an undeclared war against the Tamil people who have been struggling for more than two decades for the legitimate right to self-rule\" and calling for an end to aerial bombardment by the Sri Lankan government", ". In 2009, Corbyn called for a total economic boycott of Sri Lanka, stating \"the tourism must stop, the arms must stop, the trade must stop\", he later stated the Sri Lankan cricket team should also be boycotted. He expressed outrage particularly at the reports of the depopulation of Tamil areas of Eastern Sri Lanka and the relocation of Tamils, stating that denying Tamils the right to return home was in contravention of international law, as well as reports of systematic sexual violence.", "In 2016, after Corbyn released a video stating his \"solidarity to stand with the Tamil community in the search for truth, justice, accountability and reconciliation\", while the Labour Party reiterated its \" full implementation of the UN Human Rights Councils resolution on Sri Lanka\", some Tamil activists interpreted the video to be a signal of Jeremy Corbyn's \"support for Tamil self-determination\". In 2017, John McDonnell stated that a Corbyn led Labour government would end arms sales to Sri Lanka.", "Iran\nCorbyn has called for the lifting of the sanctions on Iran as part of a negotiated full settlement of issues concerning the Iranian nuclear programme, and the starting of a political process to decommission Israel's nuclear arsenal.", "Saudi Arabia", "Corbyn has criticised Britain's close ties with Saudi Arabia and British involvement in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. In January 2016, after a United Nations panel ruled Saudi-led bombing campaign of Yemen contravened international humanitarian law, Corbyn called for an independent inquiry into the UK's arms exports policy to Saudi Arabia. Corbyn and Hilary Benn wrote to David Cameron asking him to \"set out the exact nature of the involvement of UK personnel working with the Saudi military\"", ". Corbyn has constantly called for the British Government to stop selling arms to Saudi Arabia to show that Britain wants a peace process in Yemen, \"not an invasion by Saudi Arabia\". In March 2018, Corbyn accused Theresa May's government of \"colluding\" in war crimes committed by Saudi forces in Yemen. He said that a \"humanitarian disaster is now taking place in Yemen. Millions face starvation...because of the Saudi led bombing campaign and the blockade.\"", "Corbyn called for the suspension of arms sales to Saudi Arabia after dissident Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi was murdered inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul. Corbyn also called for an international investigation into the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi and Saudi's war crimes in Yemen.", "Chagos Islands sovereignty dispute", "The sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago in the Indian Ocean is disputed between the United Kingdom and Mauritius. Corbyn said he would respect a UN vote calling on the UK to decolonise the Chagos Archipelago and return Chagos to Mauritius. He said that \"What happened to the Chagos islanders was utterly disgraceful. [They were] forcibly removed from their own islands, unfortunately, by this country", ". [They were] forcibly removed from their own islands, unfortunately, by this country. The right of return to those islands is absolutely important as a symbol of the way in which we wish to behave in international law.\"", "Cuba", "Corbyn is a longtime supporter of the Cuba Solidarity Campaign, which campaigns against the US embargo against Cuba and supports the Cuban Revolution. In November 2016, following the death of former communist President of Cuba Fidel Castro, While saying that Castro had \"flaws\" and was a \"huge figure of modern history, national independence and 20th Century socialism...Castro's achievements were many\", Corbyn also praised his revolutionary \"heroism\"", "...Castro's achievements were many\", Corbyn also praised his revolutionary \"heroism\". Internal Labour party critics of Corbyn accused him of glossing over Castro's human rights abuses.", "Venezuela", "When Hugo Chávez, the United Socialist Party President of Venezuela died in 2013, Corbyn tweeted that \"Hugo Chavez showed that the poor matter and wealth can be shared. He made massive contributions to Venezuela & a very wide world\". In 2014, Corbyn congratulated Chávez's successor, President Nicolás Maduro on his election to the presidency", ". In February 2019, he said that \"intervention in Venezuela and sanctions against the government of Nicolás Maduro were wrong\" and that \"only Venezuelans have the right to decide their own destiny\". He was against outside interference in Venezuela, \"whether from the US or anywhere else\". He said there \"needed to be dialogue and a negotiated settlement to overcome the crisis\".", "Kurdistan and Kurds \nIn 1988, Jeremy Corbyn was one of the first MPs to raise the issue of Saddam Hussein's Halabja chemical attack against the Kurdish people, at a time when Hussein was still an ally of the west. In the aftermath, he called upon the Tory government to institute sanctions against Iraq and Iran to end the Iran–Iraq War, and to end the use of chemical weapons against the Kurds.", "In 2016, Corbyn said that \"if peace is wanted in the region, the Kurdish people's right to self-determination must be accepted.\" Referring to the Kurdish nationalist leader Abdullah Öcalan, he remarked \"if there will be a peace process and solution, Öcalan must be free and at the table.\"", "At Chatham House in 2017 he was asked if he would \"condemn the genocide which is going on against the Kurds in Syria and in Turkey,\" Corbyn responded with \"I would be very strong with the Turkish government on its treatment of Kurdish people and minorities and the way in which it's denied them their decency and human rights", ".\" On warfare by Turkey against the Kurds, Corbyn stated, \"If arms are being used to oppress people internally in violation of international law then they simply should not be supplied to them.\"", "Allegations of antisemitism", "Controversies", "Corbyn's critics, including British Orthodox rabbi Jonathan Sacks, former Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth, have accused him of antisemitism in relation to past associations and comments as well as his handling of allegations within the party while defenders have cited his support for Jews against racism", ". These associations included hosting a meeting where Holocaust survivor and anti-Zionist political activist Hajo Meyer compared Israeli actions in Gaza to elements of the Holocaust; Corbyn stated of this event, \"In the past, in pursuit of justice for the Palestinian people and peace in Israel/Palestine, I have on occasion appeared on platforms with people whose views I completely reject. I apologise for the concerns and anxiety that this has caused", ". I apologise for the concerns and anxiety that this has caused.\" Corbyn attended \"two or three\" of the annual Deir Yassin Remembered commemorations in London, with Jewish fellow Labour MP Gerald Kaufman, organised by a group founded by Paul Eisen, who has denied the Holocaust, but it is not known whether Eisen attended the commemorations", ". Corbyn stated that he was unaware of the views expressed by Eisen, and had associated with Mayer and others with whom he disagreed in pursuit of progress in the Middle East.", "Corbyn has been criticised for his defence of Palestinian-Israeli cleric and activist Raed Salah, who was arrested in 2011 due to a deportation order one day before he was due to attend a meeting with MPs including Corbyn. Salah was accused of spreading the \"blood libel\" (the myth that Jews in Europe had used children's blood in making holy bread), a claim which he strongly denied", ". He had also written an article suggesting that 4,000 \"Jewish clerks\" had been absent on the day of the 9/11 attacks attacks, alluding to the conspiracy theory that the Israeli secret service Mossad was involved in the attack. In a statement, Salah condemned antisemitism and denied the accusation of blood libel, of which he was later convicted and sentenced to eight months in prison before he successfully appealed his deportation", ". Corbyn said that Salah was \"a voice of the Palestinian people that needs to be heard\" and accused then-Home Secretary Theresa May of giving \"an executive detention order against him\". Following Salah's successful appeal against deportation, Corbyn said he was looking forward to inviting the cleric to \"tea on the House of Commons terrace, because you deserve it\"", ". A Labour source also stated in response, \"Jeremy Corbyn is a determined supporter of justice for the Palestinian people and opponent of anti-Semitism. He condemns support for Palestinians being used as a mask for anti-Semitism and attempts to silence legitimate criticism of Israel by wrongly conflating it with anti-Semitism. There was widespread criticism of the attempt to deport Raed Salah, including from Jews for Justice for Palestinians, and his appeal against deportation succeeded on all grounds.\"", "In 2018, Corbyn was criticised by Jewish leaders for not recognising an antisemitic canard after Mear One publicised on social media in 2012 that his mural about exploitative bankers and industrialists was being censored and Corbyn responded at the time by questioning its removal. In response to the criticism, Corbyn said he regretted that he \"did not look more closely at the image\", agreed it was antisemitic and endorsed the decision to remove it", ". In 2020, the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) revealed that an antisemitism complaint had been made against Corbyn in April 2018 over his defence of the mural, and members of Corbyn's office \"directly interfered in the decision not to investigate the case,\" an example of political interference the EHRC concluded was \"unlawful\"", ". Corbyn was criticised for a 2013 speech in which he spoke of certain Zionists who had \"berated\" the Palestinian speaker at a meeting, \"they don't want to study history and secondly having lived in this country for a very long time, probably all their lives, they don't understand English irony either\" (used by the speaker). The remarks were criticised for appearing to perpetuate the antisemitic canard that Jews fail or refuse to integrate into wider society", ". Corbyn responded that he was using Zionist \"in the accurate political sense and not as a euphemism for Jewish people\". Jonathan Sacks, a former Chief Rabbi, described the remark as \"the most offensive statement made by a senior British politician since Enoch Powell's 1968 'rivers of blood' speech.\"", "Following coverage of alleged antisemitic statements by party members, Corbyn commissioned the Chakrabarti Inquiry and supported changes to the party's rules and procedures to make hate speech and expressions of racism a disciplinary offence. In July 2018, Labour, with Corbyn's support, agreed a code of conduct which excluded or amended some of the examples from the IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism relating to criticism of Israel", ". Britain's three main Jewish newspapers jointly called a Corbyn-led government an \"existential threat to Jewish life\" in Britain. Corbyn was accosted by Labour MP Margaret Hodge in the Commons; she then told him she believed he was \"an antisemitic racist\" because of his perceived reluctance to adopt the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance's definition of antisemitism in full", ". In an opinion piece for The Guardian, Hodge explained that, for her, as the daughter of Holocaust survivors, the issue of racism was personal. The party began disciplinary action against Hodge but dropped the charges in August, claiming she had \"expressed regret for the manner in which she raised her views\", but Hodge denied this was the case.", "In 2019, Corbyn was criticised for a foreword he wrote in 2011 for a republication of the 1902 book Imperialism: A Study by John A. Hobson, as the book contains the antisemitic assertion that finance was controlled \"by men of a single and peculiar race, who have behind them many centuries of financial experience\" who \"are in a unique position to control the policy of nations\". In his foreword, he called the book a \"great tome\" and \"brilliant, and very controversial at the time\"", ". Corbyn responded that the language used to describe minorities in Hobson's work is \"absolutely deplorable\", but he stated that his foreword analysed \"the process which led to the first world war\" which he saw as the subject of the book and not Hobson's language.", "In 2020, former Corbyn advisor Andrew Murray suggested Corbyn may have struggled to empathise with the Jewish community during his leadership, stating: \"He is very empathetic, Jeremy, but he's empathetic with the poor, the disadvantaged, the migrant, the marginalised. [...] Happily, that is not the Jewish community in Britain today.\" Corbyn raised the question in internal debates of whether there was a risk of giving the Jewish community 'special treatment'", ". In 2021 Corbyn was a guest at the Cambridge Union. He was asked by the society's President, Joel Rosen, what he had done to stop Luciana Berger, a Jewish MP for Liverpool Wavertree, from being \"hounded out\" of the Labour party. Corbyn replied that Berger \"was not hounded out of the party. She unfortunately decided to resign from the party.\"", "A September 2018 poll carried out by polling firm Survation, on behalf of the Jewish Chronicle, found that 86% of British Jews and 39% of the British public believed Corbyn to be anti-Semitic. A poll conducted in 2021 by YouGov, again on behalf of the Jewish Chronicle, found that 70% of Labour members dismissed the idea that the party had a problem with anti-Semitism, and 72% believe Corbyn should not have been expelled from the party.", "In November 2019, a number of British public figures urged voters in a letter published in The Guardian to reject Corbyn in the impending general election, alleging an \"association with antisemitism\". The Labour Party responded by noting their robust actions in dealing with it and that several of the signatories had themselves been accused of antisemitism, Islamophobia and misogyny and/or were Conservatives and Liberal Democrats.", "Defences", "Corbyn has condemned antisemitism, calling it \"vile and wrong,\" and has apologised for the presence of antisemitism within the Labour Party on numerous occasions, including at a meeting with Jewish community leaders in 2018", ". While stating that \"one anti-Semite [in the Labour Party] is one too many,\" he also argued that UK media coverage misrepresented the scale of antisemitism cases in the Labour Party for political reasons, stating that \"the public perception in an opinion poll last year was that one third of all Labour party members were somehow or other under suspicion of antisemitism. The reality is, it was 0.3 per cent of party members had a case against them which had to be put through the process", ".3 per cent of party members had a case against them which had to be put through the process.\" An internal Labour Party report entitled The work of the Labour Party's Governance and Legal Unit in relation to antisemitism, 2014–2019 was leaked to the media in April 2020 and stated that Corbyn's team inherited a lack of \"robust processes, systems, training, education and effective line management\" as well as factional hostility towards Corbyn amongst former senior officials", ". This contributed to \"a litany of mistakes\" which \"affected the expeditious and resolute handling of disciplinary complaints\". The investigation, which was completed in March 2020, concluded there was \"no evidence\" of antisemitism complaints being treated differently to other forms of complaint, or of current or former staff being \"motivated by antisemitic intent\"", ". The report also stated that Corbyn's office was not made aware of the scale of the antisemitism problem in the party because former General Secretary Iain McNicol, and other senior figures provided \"false and misleading information\" to his office", ". It found that McNicol and staff in the Governance and Legal Unit \"provided timetables for the resolution of cases that were never met; falsely claimed to have processed all antisemitism complaints; falsely claimed that most complaints received were not about Labour members and provided highly inaccurate statistics of antisemitism complaints\"", ". The report also stated Sam Matthews, who was Head of Disputes and acting Head of the Governance and Legal Unit, \"rarely replied or took any action\" in relation to antisemitism complaints. It said the process for tackling antisemitism complaints improved when Jennie Formby became general secretary in 2018.", "UK academics have criticised the media for bias against Corbyn in its coverage of the anti-Semitism debate, which they said had been \"weaponised\" against Corbyn ahead of important elections. Corbyn's defenders, including Jewish Voice for Labour, have cited Corbyn's record of opposing and campaigning against racism and antisemitism, and supporting Jewish communal initiatives", ". He organised a demonstration against a 1970s National Front march through Wood Green; spoke on the 80th anniversary of the Battle of Cable Street, noting that his mother was a protester; signed numerous early day motions condemning antisemitism; in 1987, campaigned to reverse Islington Council's decision to grant the planning application to destroy a Jewish cemetery; and in 2010, called on the UK government to facilitate the settlement of Yemeni Jews in Britain", ". He also took part in a ceremony in his Islington constituency to commemorate the original site of the North London Synagogue and visited the Theresienstadt Ghetto, calling it a reminder of the dangers of far-right politics, antisemitism and racism.", "A 2019 letter, supportive of Corbyn and published in the NME, was signed by thirty high profile figures, including Noam Chomsky, Naomi Klein, Yanis Varoufakis, Steve Coogan, Brian Eno, Lowkey, Thurston Moore, Massive Attack, Maxine Peake, Mark Ruffalo, Mark Rylance, Alexei Sayle, Roger Waters, and Vivienne Westwood", ". The letter describes Corbyn as a \"life-long committed anti-racist\" and says that \"no political party or political leader has done more to address [the issue] than Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party.\" A further letter in support of Corbyn, from a number of British Jews, mainly eminent academics, was published in The Guardian a few days later", ". Also in 2019, John Bercow, the Jewish former Speaker of the House of Commons and Conservative MP, said that he had known Corbyn for 22 years, did not believe he was antisemitic and had never experienced antisemitism from a Labour Party member. In May 2021, Jewish Voice for Labour published a report entitled How the EHRC Got It So Wrong: Antisemitism and the Labour Party. The report, which contained an introduction by Geoffrey Bindman, was critical of the EHRC investigation.", "In July 2020, Corbyn said he was disappointed at the Labour Party's decision to apologise and financially settle defamation cases arising from its response to the July 2019 BBC Panorama programme Is Labour Anti-Semitic? The Labour Party (led by Corbyn at the time) had accused the show's presenter John Ware of having \"invented quotes\", which in the settlement they admitted had been untrue", ". Corbyn said that the Labour Party risked \"giving credibility to misleading and inaccurate allegations about action taken to tackle anti-Semitism in the Labour Party in recent years\" and that the settlements were a \"political decision, not a legal one\". A fundraising campaign, set up with an initial target of £20,000 to help Corbyn with legal fees related to Ware's action, surpassed £270,000 within a few days, eventually reaching over £370,000.", "Suspension from the Labour Party \nIn October 2020, the EHRC announced that its investigation had found that the Labour Party had breached the Equality Act 2010 in three ways:\n Unlawful harassment by agents of the party; namely a councillor, Pam Bromley, and Ken Livingstone in his defence of Naz Shah,\n failure to provide appropriate training to those handling the complaints, and", "failure to provide appropriate training to those handling the complaints, and\n 23 instances of \"inappropriate involvement\" by Corbyn's staff in antisemitism complaints. One of the complaints had been against Corbyn personally, regarding his response to the removal of the mural.", "In response, Corbyn said his team's involvement in complaints was \"to speed up, not hinder the process\", that he did not accept all of the EHRC's findings, and that while \"[o]ne antisemite is one too many\", the scale of antisemitism within Labour had been \"dramatically overstated for political reasons by our opponents inside and outside the party, as well as by much of the media\"", ". Corbyn was suspended from the Labour Party pending investigation by General Secretary David Evans when he failed to retract his remarks; he has said he will \"strongly contest the political intervention to suspend [him]\".", "Trade union officials such as Len McCluskey and Dave Ward, wrestler Sami Zayn as well as politicians Claudia Webbe, Laura Pidcock, Ken Livingstone, Pablo Iglesias Turrión, Rafael Correa, Jill Stein, Diane Abbott, John McDonnell, Salma Yaqoob, Kate Osborne, Mercedes Villalba, Mary Foy, Nadia Whittome, Apsana Begum, Liam Byrne, Zarah Sultana and Richard Burgon called for the suspension to be revoked", ". Campaign group Momentum held a virtual rally entitled 'Stand with Corbyn' where they described Corbyn's suspension as \"a naked attack on the left\". On 31 October, the general secretaries of seven of Labour's affiliated trade unions (CWU, FBU, NUM, Unite, BFAWU, ASLEF and TSSA) published a joint statement calling the suspension \"ill-advised and unjust\"", ". A YouGov poll found that 58% of respondents, including 41% of those who had voted Labour in 2019 under Corbyn's leadership, thought it was right to suspend him, with 13% (and 26% of Labour voters) disagreeing while 29% did not know.", "On 17 November, Corbyn was given a formal warning and reinstated to the Labour Party. Starmer has not yet re-instated the whip to Corbyn. Corbyn received support from a number of Constituency Labour Parties (CLPs) around the country in response to Starmer's decision to remove the whip. The whip was suspended – initially for three months to allow an investigation to be conducted – however this suspension was still in place as of July 2021", ". On 26 November, Corbyn's lawyers lodged a pre-action disclosure application to the High Court as a prelude to taking legal action against the Labour Party for suspending the whip. The basis of Corbyn's claim is that he and Starmer had agreed to a deal to readmit him to the party. On 27 January 2021, the application for a pre-action disclosure was dismissed.", "In September 2021, McCluskey wrote that Starmer had reneged on a deal to reinstate the whip to Corbyn in return for Corbyn agreeing to a statement that was co-written by senior Labour staff. McCluskey said he had provided a statement for Corbyn's legal challenge and would appear in court if required.", "Media coverage", "Analyses of domestic media coverage of Corbyn have found it to be critical or antagonistic. In July 2016, academics from the London School of Economics published a study of 812 articles about Corbyn taken from eight national newspapers around the time of his Labour leadership election. The study found that 75 percent of the articles either distorted or failed to represent his actual views on subjects", ". The study's director commented that \"Our analysis shows that Corbyn was thoroughly delegitimised as a political actor from the moment he became a prominent candidate and even more so after he was elected as party leader\".", "Another report by the Media Reform Coalition and Birkbeck College in July 2016, based on 10 days of coverage around the time of multiple shadow cabinet resignations, found \"marked and persistent imbalance\" in favour of sources critical to him; the International Business Times was the only outlet that gave him more favourable than critical coverage.", "In August 2016, a YouGov survey found that 97% of Corbyn supporters agreed that the \"mainstream media as a whole has been deliberately biasing coverage to portray Jeremy Corbyn in a negative manner\", as did 51% of the general \"Labour selectorate\" sample.", "In May 2017, Loughborough University's Centre for Research in Communication and Culture concluded that the media was attacking Jeremy Corbyn far more than Theresa May during nine election campaign weekdays examined. The Daily Mail and Daily Express praised Theresa May for election pledges that were condemned when proposed by Labour in previous elections.", "In February 2018, Momentum reported that attacks on Corbyn in the press were associated with increases in their membership applications. In September 2019, Labour leaders argued that traditional mainstream media outlets showed bias.\n\nIn December 2019, a study by Loughborough University found that British press coverage was twice as hostile to Labour and half as critical of the Conservatives during the 2019 general election campaign as it had been during the 2017 campaign.", "In an interview with Middle East Eye in June 2020, Corbyn described the media's treatment of himself while he was Labour leader as obsessive and \"at one level laughable, but all designed to be undermining\". He said that the media coverage had diverted his media team from helping him pursue \"a political agenda on homelessness, on poverty in Britain, on housing, on international issues\" to \"rebutting these crazy stories, abusive stories, about me the whole time\"", ". He said he considered suing as a result of media treatment but was guided by advice from Tony Benn, who told him, \"Libel is a rich man's game, and you're not a rich man [...] Go to a libel case – even if you win the case, you'll be destroyed financially in doing so\".", "Personal life\nCorbyn lives in the Finsbury Park area of London. He has been married three times and divorced twice, and has three sons with his second wife. In 1974, he married his first wife, Jane Chapman, a fellow Labour Councillor for Haringey and now a professor at the University of Lincoln. They divorced in 1979. In the late 1970s, Corbyn had a brief relationship with Labour MP Diane Abbott.", "In 1987, Corbyn married Chilean exile Claudia Bracchitta, granddaughter of Ricardo Bracchitta (Consul-General of Spain in Santiago), with whom he has three sons. He missed his youngest son's birth as he was lecturing National Union of Public Employees members at the same hospital", ". Following a difference of opinion about sending their son to a grammar school (Corbyn opposes selective education) they divorced in 1999 after two years of separation, although Corbyn said in June 2015 that he continues to \"get on very well\" with her. His son subsequently attended Queen Elizabeth's School, which had been his wife's first choice. Their second son, Sebastian, worked on his leadership campaign and was later employed as John McDonnell's Chief of Staff.", "Corbyn's second oldest brother, Andrew, who was a geologist, died of a brain haemorrhage while in Papua New Guinea in 2001. Corbyn escorted the body from Papua New Guinea to Australia, where his brother's widow and children lived.", "In 2012, Corbyn went to Mexico to marry his Mexican partner Laura Álvarez, who runs a fair trade coffee import business which has been the subject of some controversy. A former human rights lawyer in Mexico, she first met Corbyn shortly after his divorce from Bracchitta, having come to London to support her sister Marcela following the abduction of her niece to America by her sister's estranged husband", ". They contacted fellow Labour MP Tony Benn for assistance, who introduced them to Corbyn, who met with the police on their behalf and spoke at fundraisers until the girl was located in 2003. Álvarez then returned to Mexico, with the couple maintaining a long-distance relationship until she moved to London in 2011. Álvarez has described Corbyn as \"not very good at house work but he is a good politician\"", ". Álvarez has described Corbyn as \"not very good at house work but he is a good politician\". They have a cat called El Gato (\"The Cat\" in Spanish), while Corbyn had previously owned a dog called Mango, described by The Observer in 1984 as his \"only constant companion\" at the time.", "Corbyn named John Smith as the former Labour leader whom he most admired, describing him as \"a decent, nice, inclusive leader\". He also said he was \"very close and very good friends\" with Michael Foot.", "Personal beliefs and interests", "When interviewed by The Huffington Post in December 2015, Corbyn refused to reveal his religious beliefs and called them a \"private thing\", but denied that he was an atheist. He has said that he is \"sceptical\" of having a god in his life. He compared his concerns about the environment to a sort of \"spiritualism\". Corbyn has described himself as frugal, telling Simon Hattenstone of The Guardian, \"I don't spend a lot of money, I lead a very normal life, I ride a bicycle and I don't have a car", ".\" He has been a vegetarian for nearly 50 years, after having volunteered on a pig farm in Jamaica when he was 19, and stated in April 2018 that he was considering becoming a vegan. Although he has been described in the media as teetotal, he said in an interview with the Daily Mirror that he does drink alcohol but \"very, very little\".", "Corbyn is a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Cycling. He enjoys reading and writing, and speaks fluent Spanish. He supports Arsenal FC, which is based in his constituency, and has signed parliamentary motions praising the successes of its men's and women's teams. He named Jens Lehmann, Ian Wright, and Dennis Bergkamp as his favourite Arsenal players, and has campaigned for the club to pay its staff a living wage", ". Corbyn is an avid \"drain spotter\" and has photographed decorative drain and manhole covers throughout the country.", "Awards and recognition", "In 2013, Corbyn was awarded the Gandhi International Peace Award for his \"consistent efforts over a 30-year parliamentary career to uphold the Gandhian values of social justice and non‐violence\". In the same year, he was honoured by the Grassroot Diplomat Initiative for his \"ongoing support for a number of non-government organisations and civil causes\"", ". Corbyn has won the Parliamentary \"Beard of the Year Award\" a record six times, as well as being named as the Beard Liberation Front's Beard of the Year, having previously described his beard as \"a form of dissent\" against New Labour.", "In 2016, Corbyn was the subject of a musical entitled Corbyn the Musical: The Motorcycle Diaries, written by journalists Rupert Myers and Bobby Friedman.", "In 2017 the American magazine Foreign Policy named Corbyn in its Top 100 Global Thinkers list for that year \"for inspiring a new generation to re-engage in politics\". In December 2017 he was one of three recipients awarded the Seán MacBride Peace Prize \"for his sustained and powerful political work for disarmament and peace\". The award was announced the previous September.\n\nIn July 2023, a YouGov opinion poll found that Corbyn was the politician with the highest popularity (30%) in Britain.", "See also\n List of peace activists\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading", "Allen, Peter. \"Political science, punditry, and the Corbyn problem\". British Politics 15.1 (2020): 69–87 online.\n Bolton, Matthew. \"Conceptual Vandalism, Historical Distortion: The Labour Antisemitism Crisis and the Limits of Class Instrumentalism\". Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism 3.2 (2020) online .\n Bolton, Matt, and Frederick Harry Pitts, eds. Corbynism: A Critical Approach (Bingley: Emerald, 2018). \n Bower, Tom. Dangerous Hero: Corbyn's Ruthless Plot for Power (2019)", "Bower, Tom. Dangerous Hero: Corbyn's Ruthless Plot for Power (2019) \n Cammaerts, Bart, Brooks DeCillia, and João Carlos Magalhães. \"Journalistic transgressions in the representation of Jeremy Corbyn: From watchdog to attackdog\". Journalism 21.2 (2020): 191–208 online.\n Cawthorne, Nigel. Jeremy Corbyn: Leading from the Left. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2015 \n \n Gilbert, W. Stephen. Jeremy Corbyn: Accidental Hero. London: Eyeware Publishing Ltd (Squint Books series), 2015. .", "Hedges, Paul, and Luca Farrow. \"UK Elections: Jeremy Corbyn, Anti-Semitism, and Islamophobia\". RSIS Commentaries (2 January 2020) online.", "Manwaring, Rob, and Evan Smith. \"Corbyn, British labour and policy change\". British Politics 15.1 (2020): 25–47 online.\n Mueller, Frank, Andrea Whittle, and Gyuzel Gadelshina. \"The discursive construction of authenticity: The case of Jeremy Corbyn\". Discourse, Context & Media 31 (2019): 100324 online.\n Prince, Rosa. Comrade Corbyn: A Very Unlikely Coup: How Jeremy Corbyn Stormed to the Labour Leadership (Biteback Publishing, 2016)", "Seymour, Richard. Corbyn: The Strange Rebirth of Radical Politics. Verso Books, 2016. \n Sinha, Paresha, Owain Smolović Jones, and Brigid Carroll. \"Theorizing dramaturgical resistance leadership from the leadership campaigns of Jeremy Corbyn\". Human Relations (2019): 0018726719887310. online\n Watts, Jake, and Tim Bale. \"Populism as an intra-party phenomenon: The British Labour party under Jeremy Corbyn\". British Journal of Politics and International Relations 21.1 (2019): 99–115 online", "Whiteley, Paul and others. \"Oh Jeremy Corbyn! Why did Labour Party membership soar after the 2015 general election?\". British Journal of Politics and International Relations 21.1 (2019): 80–98. online", "External links", "1949 births\nLiving people\nAlumni of the University of North London\nAmnesty International people\nBritish anti-poverty advocates\nBritish anti-racism activists\nEnglish anti–nuclear weapons activists\nEnglish environmentalists\nEnglish feminists\nEnglish human rights activists\nEnglish republicans\nEnglish socialists\nEnglish trade unionists\nCouncillors in the London Borough of Haringey\nEcosocialists\nEnglish anti-war activists\nEuropean democratic socialists\nGandhi International Peace Award recipients", "European democratic socialists\nGandhi International Peace Award recipients\nBritish housing rights activists\nIndependent members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom\nLabour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies\nLeaders of the Labour Party (UK)\nLeaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)\nLeft-wing politics in the United Kingdom\nMale feminists\nMembers of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom\nPeople educated at Adams' Grammar School\nPeople educated at Castle House School\nPeople from Chippenham", "People educated at Castle House School\nPeople from Chippenham\nPeople from Finsbury Park\nPeople from Harringay\nPoliticians affected by a party expulsion process\nPolitics of the London Borough of Islington\nUK MPs 1983–1987\nUK MPs 1987–1992\nUK MPs 1992–1997\nUK MPs 1997–2001\nUK MPs 2001–2005\nUK MPs 2005–2010\nUK MPs 2010–2015\nUK MPs 2015–2017\nUK MPs 2017–2019\nUK MPs 2019–present\nPalestinian solidarity activists" ]

[ "Watch the Throne is a collaborative studio album by American rappers Jay-Z and Kanye West, collectively known as The Throne. It was released on August 8, 2011, through Roc-A-Fella Records, Roc Nation, and Def Jam Recordings. Prior to the release, Jay-Z and West had collaborated on various singles, and with the latter as a producer on the former's work. They originally sought to record a five-song EP together, but the project eventually evolved into a full-length album", ". The album features guest appearances from Frank Ocean, The-Dream, Beyoncé and Mr Hudson. It also features vocal contributions from Kid Cudi, Seal, Justin Vernon, Elly Jackson, Connie Mitchell, Charlie Wilson and Pete Rock, among others, and samples of vocals by soul musicians Otis Redding and Curtis Mayfield.", "Recording sessions took place at various locations and began in November 2010, with production led by West and a variety of high-profile producers, including Mike Dean, Swizz Beatz, Pete Rock, RZA, Jeff Bhasker, The Neptunes, and Q-Tip. Expanding on the dense production style of West's fifth studio album, My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010), Watch the Throne incorporates orchestral and progressive rock influences, unconventional samples, and dramatic melodies in its sound", ". The braggadocious lyrics exhibit themes of excellence, opulence, decadence, fame, materialism, power, and the burdens of success, as well as political and socioeconomic critique. The album also expresses other topics, such as Jay-Z's thoughts on fatherhood, West's reflection on being deemed a social villain, and their success as performers. Many writers interpreted the subject matter to concern the plight of African Americans struggling with financial success in America.", "Seven singles were released for Watch the Throne, including \"H•A•M\", \"Otis\", \"Lift Off\", \"No Church in the Wild\", and the Billboard Hot 100 top five hit \"Niggas in Paris\", with 3 of the singles receiving music videos. Jay-Z and West embarked on the Watch the Throne Tour for promotion that spanned from October 2011 to June 2012 and became the highest-grossing hip hop concert tour in history", ". The album received highly positive reviews from music critics, who mostly praised the rappers' performances and the production. However, some reviewers found the lyrical content uninspiring.", "Many critics and publications named Watch the Throne to their year-end best-of lists, including Rolling Stone and The Washington Post. The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, selling 436,000 copies in the first week, and broke the iTunes first week sales record at the time. It reached the top ten in 11 other countries, including Canada and the United Kingdom", ". It reached the top ten in 11 other countries, including Canada and the United Kingdom. It was also certified quintuple platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in November 2020.", "Background", "Jay-Z and Kanye West first worked together on the song \"This Can't Be Life\", from Jay-Z's 2000 album The Dynasty: Roc La Familia, produced by West, then on Jay-Z's 2001 album The Blueprint, which showcased West's distinctive style of hip hop production at the time. West's early production work on Jay-Z's music helped raise his profile in the music industry", ". West's early production work on Jay-Z's music helped raise his profile in the music industry. While originally only viewed as a producer, West eventually was seen as both a viable rapper and producer thanks to the success of his debut album The College Dropout and its singles. West continued to be one of Jay-Z's main producers on subsequent albums such as The Black Album and Kingdom Come. Jay-Z appeared on Kanye's first two albums as well, and the two frequently collaborated", ". Jay-Z appeared on Kanye's first two albums as well, and the two frequently collaborated. Further collaborative work by the two included singles such as \"Swagga Like Us\" from rapper T.I.'s Paper Trail,", "\"Run This Town\" from Jay-Z's The Blueprint 3, and both \"Monster\" and “So Appalled” from West's My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy.", "During the promotional stages of West's My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, a remix of the song \"Power\" surfaced featuring Jay-Z. Following this, Kanye West announced on Twitter his intention to drop a five-track EP with Jay-Z, titled Watch the Throne. Also according to the rapper, the track \"Monster\" was intended for the EP, though that failed to surface. It was later revealed by West that the project had been expanded into a full-length album in an October 2010 interview for MTV", ". He said in the interview that they planned to record in the south of France.", "In an August 2011 radio interview with WEDR Jay-Z shared the meaning behind the album's title;", "\"It's just protecting the music and the culture. It's people that's in the forefront of the music. Watch the Throne, like protect it. You just watch how popular music shift, and how hip-hop basically replaced rock & roll as the youth music. The same thing can happen to hip-hop. It can be replaced by other forms of music", ". The same thing can happen to hip-hop. It can be replaced by other forms of music. So it's making sure that we put the effort into making the best product so we can contend with all this other music, with dance music that's dominating the charts right now and indie music that's dominating the festivals.\"", "Recording", "Recording sessions for the album took place at Avex Recording Studio in Honolulu, Hawaii; Barford Estate in Sydney, Australia; Electric Lady Studios; The Mercer Hotel; MSR Studios; and Tribeca Grand Hotel in New York City; Le Meurice in Paris, France; and Real World Studios in Wiltshire, England. The songs \"That's My Bitch\" and \"The Joy\" were previously recorded for My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy as early as July 2010", ". Production began in November 2010 in England and continued during available times in Jay-Z's and West's schedules at locations in Australia, Paris, Abu Dhabi, New York City, and Los Angeles. In an interview for Billboard, Jay-Z said that they often recorded in hotel rooms and that the album went through three iterations, as he and West had scaled back from their original musical direction. He noted difficulties in the recording process, including arguments with West regarding their direction", ". Following the release of lead single, \"H•A•M\" in January 2011, Jay-Z stated that the less-than-stellar reception caused a change in the production of the album. Jay-Z announced that it was unlikely that the track would ultimately make the album. The issues at the beginning of production had caused a delay in the release", ". The issues at the beginning of production had caused a delay in the release. In an interview for Rolling Stone, Jay-Z discussed their insistence on recording in person and attributed it to the delay in releasing the album, stating \"If we were gonna do it, we were gonna do it together. No mailing it in\".", "The album's earlier sessions produced a little material that has made the final cut. West had brought a majority of his usual production crew onto the project, the same crew that had assisted in the creation of My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy. One of the main exceptions was producer No I.D., who felt that the two artists weren't pushing forward enough with the music. In an interview with Complex, No I.D. commented about the project that \"you're going to sell, because you're already big", ".D. commented about the project that \"you're going to sell, because you're already big. But you guys are important to push this forward. Push intelligence and decadence and all of the above forward in a creative manner.\" While his advice was acknowledged to a degree, he ultimately had very little part in the finished project. In January 2011, they regrouped and rented a block of rooms at the Mercer Hotel in New York City and invited a select group of producers and recording artists", ". Chauncey \"Hit-Boy\" Hollis, who produced the track \"Niggas in Paris\", said of recording at the hotel, \"There was music going on in every room. I had a room where I was cranking out beats, and then I'd go into the main room with Jay and [Kanye] and play beats for them. Kanye is really hands-on. I would come in with a beat and he'd be like, 'Take this out, slow it down.' It would make it sound 100 times better. Jay would then mumble different flows to the beat\".", "Parts of the album were recorded in New York City's Tribeca Grand Hotel. Recording artist and producer Ryan Leslie also confirmed his involvement in the recording of Watch the Throne. Producer 88-Keys reportedly played 20 of his beats to West and Jay, who only eventually used one on the finished album. The Wu-Tang Clan's RZA, who had worked on West's previous album, is credited as a producer on the track \"New Day\". Watch the Throne was mastered by producer and engineer Mike Dean at the Mercer Hotel.", "Jay-Z and West worked with several guest recording artists, including Beyoncé, Frank Ocean, and Mr Hudson. \"No Church in the Wild\", the last song recorded for the album, was conceived by Jay-Z, West, and the song's producer 88-Keys throughout most of June. Producer and recording artist The-Dream sings a verse on the track using AutoTune. The song features R&B singer Frank Ocean, who released his debut mixtape nostalgia,ULTRA in early 2011 to critical acclaim", ". The release of the mixtape interested Jay-Z and West. Jay-Z's wife Beyoncé recommended the involvement of the singer in particular, who appears on both \"No Church in the Wild\" and \"Made in America.\" Ocean admitted that Jay-Z has intentionally intimidated him during recording sessions but declared his enjoyment of working with the two. Ocean mused about the project:", "\"I rarely do collabs, so that's just one of the ones you absolutely do. It's like a no-brainer. I didn't really think about any of it. The last thing on my mind was working with artists who I've held in high esteem for years. [...] I worked with Jay on his solo album before I did the Watch the Throne sessions. The second time I went it was Barry Weiss, Jay, Beyoncé, Kanye, couple other people, it was a pretty heavy room.\"", "\"Lift Off\" was recorded in Sydney, Australia. In early May 2011, rumors arose that \"Lift Off\" was to feature Bruno Mars who had recorded vocals. It was reported that the song would be released as the lead single from the album. However, Mars never appeared on the song and Beyoncé sang several lines during the chorus instead. Additional vocalists Elly Jackson, Connie Mitchell, and Justin Vernon provide the hook on \"That's My Bitch\"", ". Vernon had previously appeared on West's album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, when West sampled Vernon's band Bon Iver's song \"Woods\". Vernon also provided additional vocals on songs such as \"Dark Fantasy\" and \"Monster\". Swizz Beatz, who produced \"Welcome to the Jungle\", also provided background vocals to the track, and Kid Cudi contributed additional vocals to \"The Joy\" and \"Illest Motherfucker Alive,\" bonus tracks on the album's deluxe edition", ". One of the tracks that was recorded but didn't make the cut for the album was \"Living So Italian.\" It apparently sampled Andrea Bocelli's \"Con te partirò\" and was described as catchy but for unknown reasons, the song never made it onto the album.", "In 2013, Jay-Z released his twelfth studio album Magna Carta..", "... Holy Grail, in an interview he revealed that two songs on the album were initially recorded for Watch the Throne, the song \"Oceans\" which features Frank Ocean and the song \"Holy Grail\" which went on to feature Justin Timberlake (Although Timberlake's contribution to the track was not anticipated at the time, until the duo collaborated on Timberlake's 2013 comeback single \"Suit & Tie\" and \"Murder\" from The 20/20 Experience and The 20/20 Experience – 2 of 2 respectively)", ". West and Jay-Z argued for four days about having them included on the Watch the Throne, however West eventually relented and the duo recorded \"No Church in the Wild\" and \"Made in America\". In an interview with Zane Lowe, Jay-Z said: \"[There were] no lyrics on 'Holy Grail' and I recorded 'Oceans' and I played those records for Kanye,\" Jay explained", ". \"And he was like, 'No those have to go on Watch the Throne,' so we spent four days arguing about those records and I was explaining to him why it wasn't right for this project and I had a whole idea for making this album called Magna Carta... Holy Grail, the \"Holy Grail\" part of the name came after.\"", "Music and lyrics", "Julian Benbow of The Boston Globe writes that the album's music is as \"massive, dour, and relentlessly unconventional\" as that of West's previous 2010 album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy. Music writer Robert Christgau describes West's production as \"a funkier and less ornate variant of the prog-rap of 2010's acclaimed My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy\"", ". Music journalist Jody Rosen characterizes the music as \"vast, dark and booming,\" commenting that West \"continues in the sonic vein he introduced in My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, lacing the songs with rock dynamics, layering his beats with eerie vocal chorales, piling on proggy flourishes.\" Conversely, Matthew Cole of Slant Magazine finds West's \"knack for dramatic, melodically sophisticated tracks [..", "...] channeled away from the Olympian scale\" of his previous album \"and toward the more commercial vein of Jay-Z's recent work,\" which he attributes to West splitting production work with several other producers. On the songs' structure, Cole states, \"every track eschews the standard verse-hook-repeat format in favor of more dynamic material.\"", "Music journalist Alexis Petridis comments that the album incorporates \"unlikely samples.\" Jon Caramanica of The New York Times writes that its production \"can be roughly segmented into three categories,\" noting \"Southern-inflected tracks\" such as \"Niggas in Paris\" and \"H•A•M\", \"moody and harsh numbers\" like \"Who Gon Stop Me\" and \"Why I Love You\", and \"the nostalgia that creeps over much of this album, giving it a sonic through-line and mission statement", ".\" Pitchfork's Tom Breihan perceives \"pure orchestral excess\" on some of its songs and describes the album's musical scope as \"a tribute to [West's] distinctive taste and sense of style.\"", "The album features themes of opulence, fame, materialism, power, and the burdens of success. Jay-Z's and West's lyrics include boasts of obscene wealth, grandiosity, and social commentary. Sputnikmusic's Tyler Fisher describes Watch the Throne as \"an album centered around larger-than-life egos.\" Robert Christgau notes \"regal grandiosity\" and \"glory\" as primary themes on the album", ".\" Robert Christgau notes \"regal grandiosity\" and \"glory\" as primary themes on the album. Andy Kellman of Allmusic characterizes much of the album's lyrical content as \"ruthless flaunting of material wealth and carte blanche industry resources.\" Rob Harvilla of Spin views that their lyrics express elitism, narcissism, \"relentless capitalism,\" and \"smug yet undeniable greatness.\"", "Music critic Greg Kot views that the album is about \"mutual admiration\" and writes of the rappers' respective personas, \"Jay-Z is about imperious flow, bridging his gritty past life on the streets with his current status as a cultural tastemaker and business mogul. [...] West is more desperate, transparent, awkward, vulnerable", ". [...] West is more desperate, transparent, awkward, vulnerable.\" Music critic Nathan Rabin states that Jay-Z and West \"are a study in contrasts: the businessman and the bohemian, the faithful husband and the drugged-up playboy, the walking press release and the loose cannon. Jay-Z is tidy. Kanye is nothing but rough edges.\" Jon Caramanica writes similarly, \"breaking [...] old barriers is a means to acceptance and stability\" for Jay-Z, while \"West sounds lonely\" with his fame, adding that \"For Mr", ". West every flash of Dionysian extreme is tempered by the realization of its hollowness.\" In his article \"Brag Like That\" for Barnes & Noble, Robert Christgau comments that \"Jay-Z is a grown man and Kanye is not\" on the album and elaborates on their lyrics, stating:", "Their lyrics also exhibit political and socioeconomic context, which Jody Rosen denotes as \"serious, sober, weighty.\" Nitsuh Abebe of New York views that the album is \"about the relationship of black American men to wealth, power, and success. [...] a portrait of two black men thinking through the idea of success in America.\" He compares it to Yinka Shonibare's 1998 piece Diary of a Victorian Dandy, \"in which the artist luxuriates in all the genteel pleasures of the time", ".\" Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times notes \"musings on the spoils of riches and the chaos that accompanies it,\" adding that \"[the] tension between worshiping the spirit and celebrating the bounty drives Watch the Throne [...] The record questions faith while clinging to heritage and family, places this moment in an historical context, wonders on the mystery, power and confusion of the gilded life — while rolling around in amulets.\" Writer Kitty Empire interprets it to be about \"black power [..", ".\" Writer Kitty Empire interprets it to be about \"black power [...] conceived as a swaggering taunt of achievement, in line with both men's previous works, which routinely double as shopping guides. [...] [T]hey need to humanise all the conspicuous consumption.\" Claire Suddath of Time views the rappers' \"bacchanal celebration of the finer things in life\" as secondary to the theme of \"two men grappling with what it means to be successful and black in a nation that still thinks of them as second class.\"", "Songs", "The opening track \"No Church in the Wild\" features a cinematic production style. Singers Frank Ocean and The-Dream lend their voices to the album's grim opener, which sets the mood with a gnarled guitar sample. Over the rock-centric, rolling production, both rappers muse over familiar themes of loyalty, sexuality and maternal solidarity. On the album, the song closes with a segment of Italian avant-prog band Orchestra Njervudarov's 1979 piece \"Tristessa\", which reappears at the end of several other songs", ". The pop-oriented \"Lift Off\" features baroque strings and a chorus sung by Beyoncé Knowles, accompanied with synthesizers. The song contains horns and martial drums as Knowles sings, \"We gon' take it to the moon/ Take it to the stars.\" \"Niggas in Paris\" incorporates staccato orchestration and fizzing industrial noise, topping it all off with a menacing beat and icy synthesizer notes", ". The track features an unusual sampling of dialogue from the 2007 film Blades of Glory, notably the \"we're gonna skate to one song and one song only\" line. West and Jay-Z's lyrics frame their rags to riches story on the song.", "\"Otis\" samples Otis Redding's 1966 song \"Try a Little Tenderness\", manipulating it into a rhythm track with Otis Redding's vocals and grunts. The sample is used in a way that is reminiscent to past Kanye productions, like the tracks found on his album The College Dropout. Redding's vocals are chopped up so thoroughly that his voice serves as a mere melodic riff on the track, with both rappers promptly rapping over it in a braggadocious fashion", ". \"Gotta Have It\", produced by The Neptunes, incorporates chopped-up James Brown vocal samples and Eastern flute melodies. The song contains haunting backing vocals and an accompanying tambourine with the two rappers trading verses with the vocal riff playing over them. Much like \"Otis\", the track features sliced-up vocal snippets and an aggressive bass backing, with the two rappers trading lines and making references to the Yung Chris song \"Racks\" and other contemporary rap trends.", "On \"New Day\", they address future sons about fame. It references the line \"me and the RZA connect\" from Raekwon's 1995 song \"Incarcerated Scarfaces\", which was also produced by RZA. The track incorporates a sample of Nina Simone's 1965 song \"Feeling Good\" through an Auto-Tune voice processor. Both rappers discuss their futures as fathers on the track, flowing smoothly over mellow, lightly psychedelic synthesizer tones", ". Both Justin Vernon and La Roux appear on \"That's My Bitch\", spitting off hooks over a quick, melodic beat, with West at his most abrasive lyrically. On \"Welcome to the Jungle\", Jay-Z laments personal losses and overcoming struggles. Sharing the name with a Guns N' Roses track, Jay describes himself as the \"black Axl Rose\" over a jittery, treble-heavy Swizz Beatz production.", "\"Who Gon Stop Me\" features bombastic production and samples Flux Pavilion's 2011 song \"I Can't Stop\", reinforced with heavy synthesizer and tone shifts. The song utilizes an often experimental, bass-driven and dub-step influenced style of composition, with West forcefully rapping lines like \"this is something like the Holocaust\". \"Murder to Excellence\" addresses black-on-black crime and limited social mobility for African Americans", ". Midway through the song the beat switches up, with Kanye musing over the horrors of black-on-black violence in the first half, and Jay-Z delivering equally meditated comments on black excellence on the more choir-heavy second half. A sample from Indiggo's \"LA LA LA\" can be heard on the song. At 5 minutes in length, \"Murder to Excellence\" is the longest track on the album.", "\"Made in America\" has themes of family life and the American Dream, with Jay-Z and West discussing their respective rises to fame, while acknowledging those who helped and inspired them. The song has been described as an understated soft-pop track with influence from Michael Jackson and his 1985 charity single \"We Are the World\". Ocean's hook pays tribute to Martin Luther King Jr., Coretta Scott King, Malcolm X, Betty Shabazz and Jesus on one of the album's more serene tracks", "., Coretta Scott King, Malcolm X, Betty Shabazz and Jesus on one of the album's more serene tracks. Jay-Z muses on his drug-dealing past with lines like \"our apple pie was supplied by Arm & Hammer\", with West's verse describing his conflict with fame. \"Why I Love You\" has Jay-Z lamenting betrayal and how his past protégés failed to maintain without him. The track contains a \"sledgehammer beat\" which is built around French house duo Cassius' 2010 single \"I <3 U So\"", ". West's production continues in the sonic vein he introduced in My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, lacing the song with rock dynamics, layering the beat with eerie vocal chorales in the style of progressive rock songs.", "Release and promotion", "Watch the Throne was released by Roc-A-Fella Records, Roc Nation, and Def Jam Recordings, Jay-Z's and West's respective record labels. On July 4, 2011, it was made available to pre-order on Life + Times, Jay-Z's lifestyle webzine, which redirected to Island Def Jam's website that featured the deluxe version available for $16.99, standard CD for $13.99, a deluxe digital version for $14.99, and standard digital album for $11.99. On July 22, its pre-order was made available on the iTunes Store", ".99. On July 22, its pre-order was made available on the iTunes Store. Internationally the album was released digitally on August 8 exclusively through iTunes, while its physical release was made available on August 12. Its deluxe CD edition was sold exclusively by Best Buy through August 23, when it became available at other retailers. The sales strategy received criticism from other retailers, who accused the labels of giving preferential treatment to iTunes and Best Buy", ". One of the most anticipated releases in 2011, Watch the Throne became one of the few major label albums in the Internet age to avoid a leak.", "On July 7, 2011, Jay-Z hosted a private listening session at the Mercer Hotel in New York City, previewing the album's songs from his MacBook Pro for a select group of reporters and music journalists. It was also exclusive to two teenage fans who had won access to the session for being the first people to pre-order the album through Jay-Z's Life + Times website. The album's cover and artwork, both designed by Italian designer Riccardo Tisci, were also premiered at the session", ". Benjamin Meadows-Ingrim of Billboard, who attended the session, said of the previewed material, \"The songs were dramatic and boastful, with Jay-Z often taking the lead lyrically, and the collection showcased the differences between the two artists – Jay-Z, the technical marksman, and Kanye, the emotive chest beater.\" On August 1, Jay-Z and West held a listening session for the album at the Rose Center for Earth and Space in New York City's American Museum of Natural History", ". The session premiered the album in its entirety and featured attendance from journalists, models, industry types, and recording artists such as Busta Rhymes, 88-Keys, and Beyoncé Knowles. On August 28, Jay-Z and West performed \"Otis\" at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards.", "Jay-Z and West promoted Watch the Throne with a 34-date, North American concert tour produced by Live Nation, which began on October 28 and concluded on June 22, 2012. By the end of 2011 the tour had grossed $48.3 million making it the then highest grossing hip-hop tour (until being surpassed by Summer Sixteen Tour) and the eighth highest-grossing tour of 2011.\n\nSingles", "Watch the Throne spawned seven official singles, with varying degrees of success. Following West's announcement via his Twitter account, \"H•A•M\" was officially released as a digital download in January 2011 as the lead single. It charted at number 23 on the US Billboard Hot 100. In July 2011, \"Otis\" became the second single when it was premiered on Funkmaster Flex's Hot 97 radio show and subsequently leaked to the Internet. It was sent to rhythmic contemporary and urban contemporary radio on August 9", ". It was sent to rhythmic contemporary and urban contemporary radio on August 9. Its cover art was created by Riccardo Tisci. \"Otis\" reached number 12 on the Hot 100. A music video for the song was filmed by director Spike Jonze in Los Angeles. Third single \"Lift Off\" was sent to US urban radio on August 23 of the same year. The track peaked on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles at position 6.", "The album's fourth and fifth singles were released simultaneously; in September 2011, \"Why I Love You\" was sent to US rhythmic radio, and \"Niggas in Paris\" was sent to both rhythmic and urban radio. \"Why I Love You\" served as a European-centric single while \"Niggas in Paris\" was promoted as a domestic single. \"Niggas in Paris\" peaked at number five on the Hot 100. \"Niggas in Paris\" was sent to Top 40/Mainstream radio on November 8", ". \"Niggas in Paris\" was sent to Top 40/Mainstream radio on November 8. By February 2012, it had reached digital sales of ten million in the United States. The song was promoted with a music video directed by West himself, featuring concert footage.", "The sixth single was \"Gotta Have It\", which impacted Urban radio on December 6, 2011, and Rhythmic radio on January 31, 2012. Seventh and final single \"No Church in the Wild\" impacted Urban radio on March 20, 2012. Romain Gavras directed a music video for \"No Church\" though it featured none of the featured performers. \"Gotta Have It\" peaked at position 69 on the Hot 100, with \"No Church in the Wild\" peaking at 72. Though not released as a single, \"Who Gon Stop Me\" peaked at 44 on the chart.", "Critical reception", "Watch the Throne received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 76, based on 42 reviews. Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club wrote that \"exhilarating messiness and go-for-broke spontaneity infect Jay-Z and push him outside his comfort zone and into a realm of intense emotional reflection", ".\" Pitchforks Tom Breihan felt that it \"works best when Jay and Kanye are just talking about how great they are,\" adding that \"Kanye is this album's obvious guiding force ... He displays levels of unequaled audacity.\" Claire Suddath of Time called it \"a beautifully decadent album by two of hip-hop's finest artists—men with a lot of things to say and a lot of money to spend.\" Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph praised West's \"attention to detail\" and found their \"wit and absurdity [..", "...] entirely suited to the epic scale of productions.\" Kitty Empire of The Observer stated, \"Some find this sort of branded gloating distasteful, but at their best both rappers can still make you laugh.\" Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times deemed it \"a cocksure, fiery, smart, if problematic, collaboration that showcases the pair's distinct lyrical skills.\" Julian Benbow of The Boston Globe observed \"an undeniable synergy that they embraced for this project", ".\" AllMusic editor Andy Kellman called it \"an audacious spectacle of vacuous pomposity as well as one of tremendous lyrical depth.\"", "Slant Magazines Matthew Cole was less impressed, believing West had contributed a \"powerhouse production\" but that the album \"requires you to tolerate the artists' self-mythologizing and put up with their sometimes awkward attempts at experimentation.\" Andy Gill of The Independent was more critical and found their rapping \"pretty mediocre\", partly because \"too often here their complacent, back-slapping laxity leaves tracks floundering", ".\" In the Chicago Tribune, Greg Kot found the record plagued by Jay-Z and West's \"self-regard\", writing that \"they urge listeners to 'watch the throne,' and gaze in awe on their good fortune.\" Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone felt that \"on a record this ambitious, this sonically bold, it's a shame two of music's greatest storytellers don't extend their gaze beyond their own luxe lives", ".\" Sasha Frere-Jones of The New Yorker stated, \"Weed the album down to a healthy ten, and [it] doesn't become either classic or coherent, but it does work as an entertaining document of two wildly creative, not particularly wound-up friends.\"", "Accolades\n\nCritics' rankings", "Watch the Throne was one of the top-ranked albums in year-end lists by music critics and publications. Q ranked the album number six in its list of the Top 50 Albums of 2011. Rolling Stone named it the second-best album in its year-end list, commenting that \"What could have been a crash-and-burn anticlimax turned out to be as fun as any record in a dog's age", ". From the cinematic 'No Church in the Wild' to the Stax-soul update 'Otis,' Throne testifies to Kanye West's talent for beats both iconoclastic and pop-savvy.\" Claire Suddath of Time ranked it number three on her top-10 albums list and called it \"a beautifully decadent album\"", ". Chris Richards of The Washington Post ranked it number two on his list and stated, \"Instead of blushing over their embarrassment of riches, pop's most intriguing partnership delivered a self-congratulatory opus that was adventurous enough to remind us that they're rap visionaries first, 1 percent bazillionaires second. The A.V", ". The A.V. Club ranked it number nine on its year-end list, commenting that \"Watch The Throne thrives on the bristling tension between Kanye's live-wire energy and rule-breaking abandon, and Jay-Z's innate cautiousness. It's an album of the moment—a point underlined by the presence of Frank Ocean on two tracks—yet it has the substance to endure.\" Stereogum placed Watch the Throne at number 10 on its list of the \"Top 50 albums of 2011\" while Pitchfork placed the album at number 21 on its list.", "In 2012, Complex named the album one of the classic albums of the last decade. In January 2015, the album was placed at number 8 on Billboards list of \"The 20 Best Albums of the 2010s (So Far)\". In 2018, Revolt listed the album at number one on their list of the 10 rap collaboration albums", ". In 2018, Revolt listed the album at number one on their list of the 10 rap collaboration albums. In 2019, Billboard named Watch the Throne the biggest collaborative album of all time, asserting, \"From the iconic album artwork to the brash, decadent lyrical themes, esteemed guest list, and recording around the globe, the Throne would set the standard for what a pristine rap album should embody at the highest of levels.\"", "Industry awards \nWatch the Throne received nominations for Best Rap Album and Best Recording Package at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards in 2012. It lost the former to West's My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy. \"Otis\" was nominated for Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song, winning the former. At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards in 2013, \"Niggas in Paris\" won Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song, and \"No Church in the Wild\" won Best Rap/Sung Collaboration.", "Commercial performance", "Watch the Throne debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 436,000 copies in its first week. This became Jay-Z's 12th number-one album and West's fifth number-one album in the US. This also became the second highest debut week of 2011, while its first week digital sales of 321,000 downloads served as the second highest one-week sales tally at the time. Watch the Throne broke the US iTunes Store's one-week sales record at the time when it sold nearly 290,000 downloads", ". The album also reached number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and the US Top Rap Albums charts. In its second week, the album remained at number one on the chart, selling an additional 177,000 copies. In its third week, the album dropped to number two on the chart, selling 94,000 more copies. In its fourth week, the album dropped to number four on the chart, selling 80,000 copies", ". In its fourth week, the album dropped to number four on the chart, selling 80,000 copies. In 2011, Watch the Throne was the ninth best-selling album in the US, and the first collaborative album to make the year-end top ten in Nielsen SoundScan history. It was also the fourth top selling album on iTunes in 2011. As of July 2013, the album has sold 1,573,000 copies in the US, according to Nielsen SoundScan", ". As of July 2013, the album has sold 1,573,000 copies in the US, according to Nielsen SoundScan. On November 23, 2020, the album was certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over five million units in the United States.", "Watch the Throne was also a success outside the US. In Canada, the album debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 25,000 copies in its first week. In its second week, the album remained at number one on the chart, selling 15,900 more copies. In Australia, the album peaked at number two on the Australian Albums Chart and number one on the Australian Urban Albums Chart. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number three on the UK Albums Chart and number one on the UK R&B Albums Chart", ". The album topped the UK R&B Albums Chart for six non-consecutive weeks between 2011-12. In addition, Watch the Throne peaked at number one on the Norwegian Albums Chart and the Swiss Albums Chart. The album peaked at number two on the German Albums Chart the Danish Albums Chart, and at number three on the Scottish Albums Chart", ". It also debuted within the top ten on the Belgian Albums Chart, the Dutch Albums Chart, the French Albums Chart, the Irish Albums Chart, the Russian Albums Chart and the New Zealand Albums Chart.", "Track listing", "Notes\n signifies a co-producer\n signifies an additional producer\n signifies an additional vocal producer\n\"Lift Off\" features additional vocals by Seal, Mr Hudson, Don Jazzy, Bankulli and Ricardo Lewis.\n\"Gotta Have It\" features additional vocals by Kid Cudi.\n\"That's My Bitch\" features additional vocals by La Roux, Connie Mitchell and Bon Iver.\n\"Welcome to the Jungle\" features additional vocals by Swizz Beatz and Acapella Soul.", "\"Welcome to the Jungle\" features additional vocals by Swizz Beatz and Acapella Soul.\n\"Who Gon Stop Me\" features additional vocals by Mr Hudson, Swizz Beatz, and Verse Simmonds.\n\"Murder to Excellence\" features additional vocals by Kid Cudi.\n\"Illest Motherfucker Alive\" features additional vocals by Kid Cudi, Bankulli, and Aude Cardona.\n\"H•A•M\" features additional vocals by Aude Cardona and Jacob Lewis Smith.\n\"The Joy\" features additional vocals by Pete Rock, Kid Cudi, and Charlie Wilson.", "Sample credits\n \"No Church in the Wild\" contains samples from \"K-Scope\", written and performed by Phil Manzanera; samples of \"Sunshine Help Me\", written and performed by Spooky Tooth; and samples of \"Don't Tell a Lie About Me (and I Won't Tell the Truth About You)\", written and performed by James Brown.\n \"Lift Off\" contains samples of dialogue from the Apollo 11 launch as spoken by Jack King", "\"Lift Off\" contains samples of dialogue from the Apollo 11 launch as spoken by Jack King\n \"Niggas in Paris\" contains samples of the Reverend W. A. Donaldson recording \"Baptizing Scene\"; and dialogue between Will Ferrell and Jon Heder from the 2007 comedy film Blades of Glory.", "\"Otis\" contains samples of \"Try a Little Tenderness\", written by [Jimmy Campbell and Reg Connelly, Harry M. Woods] and performed by Otis Redding; samples of \"Don't Tell a Lie About Me (and I Won't Tell the Truth About You)\", written and performed by James Brown; and elements of \"Top Billin'\", written and performed by Audio Two.", "\"Gotta Have It\" contains elements of \"Don't Tell a Lie About Me (and I Won't Tell the Truth About You)\"; samples of \"People Get Up and Drive Your Funky Soul\"; and elements of \"My Thang\", written and performed by James Brown.\n \"New Day\" contains samples of \"Feeling Good\", written and performed by Nina Simone.\n \"That's My Bitch\" contains samples of \"Get Up, Get Into It, Get Involved\", written and performed by James Brown; and samples of \"Apache\", written and performed by Incredible Bongo Band.", "\"Who Gon Stop Me\" contains samples of \"I Can't Stop\", written and performed by Flux Pavilion.\n \"Murder to Excellence\" contains samples of \"LA LA LA\", written and performed by The Indiggo Twins; and samples of \"Celie Shaves Mr./Scarification\" from the 1985 drama film The Color Purple, written and performed by Quincy Jones.\n \"Why I Love You\" contains samples of \"I Love You So\", written and performed by Cassius.\n \"Primetime\" contains samples of \"Action\", written and performed by Orange Krush.", "\"Primetime\" contains samples of \"Action\", written and performed by Orange Krush.\n \"The Joy\" contains samples of \"The Makings of You (Live)\", written and performed by Curtis Mayfield; and elements of \"Different Strokes\", written and performed by Syl Johnson.", "Personnel \nCredits for Watch the Throne adapted from liner notes.", "88-Keys – producer\n Virgil Abloh – art direction\n Acapella Soul – vocals\n Mat Arnold – assistant\n Bankulli – vocals\n Beyoncé – featured artist\n Jeff Bhasker – producer\n Vincent Biessy – creative input\n Chris \"Hitchcock\" Chorney – cello\n Carol Corless – package production\n Don Crawley – A&R\n Andrew Dawson – engineer\n Mike Dean – additional production, cello arrangement, engineer, keyboards, mastering, mixing, musician, producer\n Don Jazzy – vocals\n The-Dream – vocals\n Laura Escudé – violin", "Don Jazzy – vocals\n The-Dream – vocals\n Laura Escudé – violin\n Noah Goldstein – engineer, mixing, producer\n Alex Haldi – art producer\n Hit-Boy – producer, programming\n Gaylord Holomalia – assistant\n Elly Jackson – vocals\n Jay-Z – executive producer, primary artist, writer\n Sham \"Sak Pase\" Joseph – producer\n Kyambo \"Hip Hop\" Joshua – executive producer\n Kid Cudi – vocals\n Anthony Kilhoffer – additional production, engineer, mixing, producer, programming", "Brent Kolatalo – engineer\n Ken Lewis – additional production, engineer, musician\n Ricardo Lewis – vocals\n LMFAO – mixing, programming\n Mr Hudson – featured artist, vocals\n Connie Mitchell – vocals\n Christian Mochizuki – assistant\n The Neptunes – producer\n Frank Ocean – writer, featured artist\n Q-Tip – additional production, mixing\n Otis Redding – featured artist\n Gee Roberson – executive producer\n Todd Russell – art producer\n S1 – producer\n Lenny S. – A&R\n Seal – vocals\n Pawel Sek – engineer", "Todd Russell – art producer\n S1 – producer\n Lenny S. – A&R\n Seal – vocals\n Pawel Sek – engineer\n Chris Soper – assistant engineer\n Swizz Beatz – producer, vocals\n Bu Thiam – A&R\n Pat Thrall – engineer\n Riccardo Tisci – artwork, creative director\n Scott Townsend – art producer\n Justin Vernon – vocals\n Blair Wells – mixing\n Kanye West – executive producer, primary artist, producer, writer\n Kristen Yiengst – art producer", "Charts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nDecade-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nRelease history\n\nSee also\nList of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2011\nKanye West albums discography\nJay-Z albums discography\nWatch the Throne Tour\nWatch the Stove\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n \n Watch the Throne at Metacritic", "2011 collaborative albums\nJay-Z albums\nKanye West albums\nDef Jam Recordings albums\nProgressive rap albums\nRoc-A-Fella Records albums\nRoc Nation albums\nAlbums produced by 88-Keys\nAlbums produced by Hit-Boy\nAlbums produced by Jeff Bhasker\nAlbums produced by Kanye West\nAlbums produced by Lex Luger\nAlbums produced by Mike Dean (record producer)\nAlbums produced by the Neptunes\nAlbums produced by Q-Tip (musician)\nAlbums produced by RZA\nAlbums produced by Southside (record producer)", "Albums produced by RZA\nAlbums produced by Southside (record producer)\nAlbums produced by Swizz Beatz\nAlbums produced by Symbolyc One\nAlbums recorded at Electric Lady Studios" ]

[ "The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 2022. Events listed include: television show debuts, finales and cancellations; channel and streaming launches, closures and rebrandings; as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.\n\nEvents", "January\n January 1\n Colours and One Screen have ceased its operations by Cignal TV due to the review of the management's decision through changes in business direction.\n BEAM TV migrated its broadcast signal reception to digital terrestrial transmission from switching off its analog frequency in nationwide areas after 10 years.", "In colliding with the 35th anniversary, ABS-CBN's flagship newscast TV Patrol silently resumed its free-to-air broadcast through A2Z after almost two years of limited accessibility on pay television airing and digital online streaming resulted to the lapsed of its broadcast franchise in 2020", ". Alongside with its terrestrial return, the newscast updated its new logo, on-air graphics and opening billboard on January 3, as well as some changes on its anchors and segments which introduced in October 2021, while retaining its theme music arrangement song that was used since 2010 and the opening line.", "Professional volleyball player Alyssa Valdez and singer Anji Salvacion were named as the Top 2 Finalist on the Celebrity Edition of Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10.\n GMA Artist Center rebranded to Sparkle or simply \"Sparkle GMA Artist Center\", which added the Sparkle word to its former name.\n January 5", "Advanced Media Broadcasting System, a broadcast media firm of Prime Asset Ventures, Inc", ". through Streamtech's Planet Cable owned by a billionaire business magnate and former politician Manny Villar", ", took over about two broadcasting channels and frequencies previously assigned by ABS-CBN Corporation including VHF Channel 2 (where it given an 18-month temporary permit effective January 6 to operate in test broadcast for the usage of analog TV frequency through Metro Manila until the scheduled shut off in 2023) and UHF Channel 16 (where it issued an 18-month provisional authority to operate in use for digital TV frequency through Mega Manila) as announced in a press statement order release on January 25", "TV frequency through Mega Manila) as announced in a press statement order release on January 25 that had been reviewed by the Department of Justice", ", the Department of Information and Communications Technology and the Office of the Executive Secretary for no objection on the assignment of vacated and available frequencies in its legal qualifications, after the National Telecommunications Commission recalled all radio frequencies and channels of ABS-CBN following the lapsed of its congressional franchise in 2020", ".", "Aliw Broadcasting Corporation (a broadcast organization of ALC Group of Companies that operates a number of Home Radio & DWIZ branded radio stations) took over UHF Channel 23 and Swara Sug Media Corporation (a broadcast arm of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ that operates Sonshine Media Network International led by their church leader and televangelist Pastor Apollo C", ". Quiboloy) took over UHF Channel 43, all previously assigned by AMCARA Broadcasting Network (a former affiliate of ABS-CBN Corporation that was used for blocktime purposes in 1996) where it ordered a provisional authority to operate in use for digital TV frequency through Manila as announced in a press statement order release on January 26 that had been reviewed by the Department of Justice", ", the Department of Information and Communications Technology and the Office of the Executive Secretary for no objection on the assignment of vacated and available frequencies in its legal qualifications, after the National Telecommunications Commission recalled all radio frequencies and channels of ABS-CBN following the lapsed of its congressional franchise in 2020", ".", "January 6 - Sky Cable terminated beIN Sports 2 on its line-up due to the revamping of the network's programming and is set for transferring to a different channel assignment. Meanwhile, the network continued to air via Cignal and G Sat. In addition, beIN Media Group revived beIN Sports 3 as its 2nd incarnation of the said channel after two years and five months of inactivity transmission.", "January 9 - Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation temporary stopped its broadcast due to the disinfection of their premises in Quezon City.\n January 10\n Premier Tennis rebranded to Premier Sports 2, as a counterpart channel to Premier Sports.\n CNN Philippines temporary stopped its broadcast and limited its programming through online due to the limitations caused by the implementation of health protocols in their broadcast center in Mandaluyong.", "Sky Cable returned beIN Sports 2 on their line-up with a new channel assignment after 4 days of halt broadcast on its provider.\n January 15 - ABS-CBN Entertainment and Viu sealed a content partnership to bring top-quality contents to Filipino viewers on the said streaming platform by kicking off on January 22.", "January 19 - SatLite terminated six channels: Al Jazeera, Central Luzon Television, eGG Network, Lifetime, Pinoy Xtreme and Telenovela Channel, on its line-up due to the review of the provider's decision. The following day, SatLite launched eight channels on their line-up: Asian Food Network, Cinemax, DreamWorks Channel (both in separate Tagalog-dubbed and main English-dubbed feeds), HBO Hits, Lotus Macau, Moonbug Kids, Rock Extreme and TAP Edge.", "January 26 - Sky Cable celebrated its 30th anniversary of service provider formation.\n January 29 - IBilib celebrated its tenth anniversary on Philippine television.", "February", "February 4 - The Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas organized their presidential forum, \"Panata sa Bayan: The KBP Presidential Candidates Forum\" which syndicating aired in over 300 stations nationwide through multiple organization-chapter members on all radio networks and TV channels, as well as other providers, platforms and online streaming worldwide (including via A2Z, Bombo Radyo Philippines, CNN Philippines, Far East Broadcasting Company, Manila Broadcasting Company, Radio Mindanao Network", ", Far East Broadcasting Company, Manila Broadcasting Company, Radio Mindanao Network, Radyo Pilipino and TV5/Cignal)", ".", "February 4–20 - The 2022 Winter Olympics was held in Beijing, China. MediaQuest Holdings (Cignal TV) awarded the local rights to the annual games as part of a deal with the Philippine Olympic Committee which aired on One Sports, One Sports+ and Cignal Play. It also marked both the sixth overall consecutive games of Cignal and the third consecutive winter games of MediaQuest (which introduced for the 2014 Winter Olympic Games).", "February 7 - ABS-CBN Entertainment and YouTube extended its partnership to co-produced locally exclusive originals on the said online platform.\n February 15 - Sonshine Media Network International and The Manila Times organized their first presidential debates, \"SMNI Presidential Debate 2022\" that held at the Okada Manila in Parañaque.\n February 19 - Rock Entertainment Holdings launched Global Trekker in the Philippines.", "February 19 - Rock Entertainment Holdings launched Global Trekker in the Philippines.\n February 26–27 - CNN Philippines and BusinessMirror organized their vice presidential (on February 26) and presidential (on February 27) debates, \"The Filipino Votes: Presidential and Vice Presidential Debates 2022\" that held at the Quadricentennial Pavilion of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila.", "March\n March 2 - TV Patrol celebrated its 35th anniversary on Philippine television.\n March 2–3 - Sonshine Media Network International and The Manila Times organized their two-day senatorial debates, \"SMNI Senatorial Debate\" that took place at the Okada Manila in Parañaque.\n March 5 - Singer-actor Patrick Quiroz was proclaimed the Ultimate Bida-Oke Sing-lebrity grand winner of the first season of Sing Galing: Sing-lebrity Edition.", "March 10 - SPOTV Now, a streaming service owned by Eclat Media Group, was launched and became available in the Philippines, alongside Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore.\n March 12\n Isabel Laohoo of Leyte and Nathan Juane of Las Piñas were named as the Top 2 Finalist on the Adult Edition of Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10.\n Mari Mar Tua of Pampanga was hailed as the Ultimate Bida-Oke Star grand winner of the first season of Sing Galing!.", "March 16 – TV5 Network forged a partnership with Star Cinema, Viva Films and Regal Entertainment for the broadcast rights of their respective films in TV5's free-to-air channels", "March 19–20 - The Commission on Elections and Vote Pilipinas (a group made by Impact Hub Manila) organized their PiliPinas Debates 2022: The Turning Point with presidential (for first on March 19) and vice presidential (for first and only on March 20) debates were held at Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila in Pasay, which simultaneously broadcast on different platforms and providers through TV channels and networks, radio stations, and digital online livestreaming (airing via ABS-CBN News Channel", ", radio stations, and digital online livestreaming (airing via ABS-CBN News Channel, CNN Philippines, DepEd TV on GMA's digital channel, One News, One PH, People's Television Network, TeleRadyo, TV5 for presidential debates only and UNTV as well as delayed telecast via A2Z and Light TV)", ".", "March 26 - Sonshine Media Network International and The Manila Times organized their second and last presidential debates, \"The Deep Probe: The SMNI Presidential Candidates Interview\" that took place at the Okada Manila in Parañaque.", "March 28 - G Sat terminated Myx and Telenovela Channel on its line-up due to the revamping of the provider's channel space assignments. Myx continued to air via Cignal, SatLite and Sky Cable, while Telenovela Channel continued to air via Cignal and Sky Cable. In addition, G Sat launched TAP Action Flix and TAP Movies on their line-up.", "March 29 - Nation Broadcasting Corporation, a subsidiary of MediaQuest Holdings under PLDT Beneficial Trust Fund that carries One Sports and Radyo5, granted an amendment of its congressional franchise under Republic Act No. 11667 (which previously Republic Act No. 8623), allowing NBC to operate radio and television stations nationwide.", "April\n April 1\n After eleven months and twenty-six days of broadcasting in the Philippines, WakuWaku Japan has ceased its operations by SKY Perfect JSAT across Asia due to the review of the management's decision through changes in business direction.\n Sky Cable terminated HITS on its line-up due to being unable to agree on both sides for the renewal terms on its channel carriage. Meanwhile, the network continued to air via Cignal, G Sat, SatLite and Cablelink.", "Rock Entertainment Holdings launched Love Nature airing in native 4K resolution, making the first channel broadcast in the Philippines.", "April 3 - The Commission on Elections and Vote Pilipinas (a group made by Impact Hub Manila) organized their PiliPinas Debates 2022: The Turning Point with second and last presidential debates were held at Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila in Pasay, which simultaneously broadcast on different platforms and providers through TV channels and networks, radio stations, and digital online livestreaming (airing via ABS-CBN News Channel, CNN Philippines, DepEd TV on GMA's digital channel", ", CNN Philippines, DepEd TV on GMA's digital channel, Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation, One News, One PH, People's Television Network, TeleRadyo and UNTV)", ".", "April 5 - ABS-CBN Corporation and GMA Network, Inc. sealed a content partnership to license some of the most popular and well-loved movies from Star Cinema airing on GMA's owned local channels.\n April 6 - Globe Telecom through 917Ventures Retirement Fund launched a multi-platform innovative tradigital (traditional and digital) entertainment company, Kroma Entertainment.", "April 7 - Net 25 resumed its free-to-air broadcast through Channel 25's analog channel after almost three years of its mitigation to digital frequency while being on test broadcast in 2018.\n April 12 - TeleRadyo celebrated its 15th anniversary of broadcasting.\n April 19 - ABS-CBN Entertainment and Netflix extended its content partnership to stream ABS-CBN's produced programs through early simultaneous release ahead with the ABS-CBN platforms on the said streaming service beginning on May 13.", "May", "May 3–6 - The Commission on Elections and the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas organized their single candidate and team-panel interview format forum, \"COMELEC–KBP PiliPinas Forum 2022\" with live and pre-recorded schedule tapings that held at various locations on May 2–6, which syndicating aired in over 300 stations nationwide through multiple organization-chapter members on all radio networks and TV channels, as well as other providers", ", as well as other providers, platforms and online streaming worldwide (including via ABS-CBN Corporation, Bombo Radyo Philippines, CNN Philippines, Far East Broadcasting Company, Manila Broadcasting Company, Primax Broadcasting Network, Radio Mindanao Network, Radyo Pilipino, TV5 Network, Inc", ". and Vanguard Radio Network). Originally intended to be PiliPinas Debates 2022: The Turning Point on April 23–24 with vice presidential (for second and last on April 23) and presidential (for third and last on April 24) town hall debates but later postponed to April 30–May 1 with vice presidential (for second and last on April 30) and presidential (for third and last on May 1) in the same format", ". However, it was cancelled on April 25 due to the financial payment debt issues between Vote Pilipinas (a group made by Impact Hub Manila, the debate's organizer and production) and Philippine Plaza Holdings (owner of Sofitel Philippine Plaza Manila, the debate's official venue), as well as the inevitable scheduling conflicts of the candidates.", "May 4 - UAAP Varsity Channel expanded its broadcast through online streaming via iWantTFC for international viewers only, with One Sports remained as the official broadcasting rights to the league. Thus marked the return of University Athletic Association of the Philippines on ABS-CBN Corporation after two years following the lapsed of its broadcast franchise that led the dissolution of ABS-CBN Sports in 2020.", "May 5 - iWantTFC and Red Bull GmbH signed a partnership to stream curated international premium contents from Red Bull featuring sporting matches and lifestyle events on the streaming service in the Philippines beginning on May 8.\n May 9 - Aliw Broadcasting Corporation launched its own broadcasting network, IZTV.\n May 9–10 - All Philippine TV networks had its special coverage of the 2022 elections.\n May 12 - Star Magic celebrated its 30th anniversary of talent agency formation.", "May 12 - Star Magic celebrated its 30th anniversary of talent agency formation.\n May 12–23 - The 2021 Southeast Asian Games was held in Hanoi, Vietnam after six months of postponement due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam. MediaQuest Holdings (Cignal TV) and its sister company Smart Communications awarded the local rights to the annual games which aired on One Sports, One Sports+, Cignal Play and Smart Gigafest.", "May 14 - Gabb Skribikin of Pasig and Rob Blackburn of Laguna were named as the Top 2 Finalist on the Teen Edition of Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10.", "May 23 - ABS-CBN, Kroma Entertainment and 917Ventures, in partnership with Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media, launched a real-time multi-format, multi-platform and multi-screen tradigital interactive entertainment channel airing via BEAM TV's digital subchannel, cable and satellite, and online through YouTube, official website and GLife on GCash for May 28, Pinoy Interactive Entertainment (PIE) Channel.", "May 29 - Singer Anji Salvacion from the Celebrity Edition was proclaimed as the winner of Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10.", "June\n June 1\n TeleRadyo resumed its free-to-air broadcast through ZOE TV's digital subchannel after nearly two years of halt broadcast due to the lapsed of its broadcast franchise in 2020. Alongside with its terrestrial return, the channel modified its on-air bug logo on May 16 with an incorporated ABS-CBN mark to reflected its branding identity.", "Knowledge Channel has transferred its digital subchannel assignment to Channel 31, where PIE Channel is among in the said broadcast frequency, from Channel 50 with BEAM TV remained as part of its digital frequency due the former frequency's poor signal reception", ". Meanwhile, four other BEAM TV's digital subchannels assigned on Channel 50 including BEAM TV (a standalone broadcasting network with DepEd TV as its main sole programming), Life TV, TV Shop Philippines, and a timeshare programming subchannel of Oras ng Himala Channel and Pilipinas HD, were remained with the same frequency until June 30 (excluding a sole programming subchannel of DepEd TV).", "June 4 - A&Q Entertainment, Prime Stream, Inc. and Sun Mobile Commerce launched a joint Filipino-Korean partner-owned hybrid streaming company with AQ Prime Entertainment as one of its offerings, AQ Prime Stream.\n June 10 - Lionsgate Play, a streaming service owned by Lionsgate India through its partner PLDT (under the brand PLDT Home), was launched and became available in the Philippines.", "June 11 - Mars Pa More (formerly known as Mars since 2019) celebrated its tenth anniversary on Philippine television.\n June 16 - Cignal launched four channels on their line-up: Deutsche Welle, Kapamilya Channel (in HD feed), SPOTV and SPOTV2, as well as the returned channel, Fox News Channel.\n June 18 - Singer-songwriter Kris Lawrence (portrayed as \"Panda\") was proclaimed the grand winner of the second season of Masked Singer Pilipinas.\n June 20", "June 20\n G Sat terminated ETC on its line-up due to the network's rebranding on July 11. Meanwhile, the network continued to air via Channel 21 in Metro Manila, Cignal, SatLite, Sky Cable and Cablelink (until June 22 only) until the said rebrand date. In addition, G Sat launched SMNI on their line-up.\n GMA Network, Inc. launched a livestreaming exclusive episodes for new and current shows of GMA on their digital and online platforms such as Facebook, TikTok and YouTube, Kapuso Stream.", "June 29 - Wish Ko Lang! celebrated its 20th anniversary on Philippine television.\n June 30 - After one year and eight months, DepEd TV has ceased its service operations on various channel listings via free-to-air and pay TV providers in preparation for the return of face-to-face classes. Meanwhile, DepEd TV NCR Prime, DepEd TV NCR Smart and DepEd TV ALS continued to air on digital free-to-air subchannels and pay TV providers.", "July\n July 8 - Jungo TV, through its release partner Dito Telecommunity, launched a Filipino-dedicated streaming service for its owned and acquired content offerings, Jungo Pinoy.\n July 11", "Solar Entertainment Corporation rebranded ETC into two channels: Scream Flix (through its partnership with Jungo TV, which is the Philippine version of a global TV network of the same name and used as a programming block of Hallypop since 2021, a horror-dedicated movie channel featuring its sub-genre films) and Solar Flix (through its subsidiary Southern Broadcasting Network, a Tagalog movie channel showcasing classic Filipino and indie films, shorts, and documentaries from local festivals", ", shorts, and documentaries from local festivals, as well as general entertainment from ETC's current and existing programming), after nearly 19 years of broadcasting due to programming redundancies, lack of advertising support and cross-cutting measures", ".", "ABS-CBN Entertainment, Brightlight Productions, TV5 Network, Inc. and ZOE Broadcasting Network extended their collaboration to aired ABS-CBN and Brightlight produced noontime variety programs via A2Z, Kapamilya Channel and TV5 beginning on July 16.\n July 16", "July 16 \n In colliding with its debut on TV5, ABS-CBN's noontime variety program It's Showtime resumed their live studio audience after almost two years on behind closed door productions resulted to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Alongside with its audience return, the program updated its new logo and opening theme, as well as refurbished studio on July 25.\n Medrix Cunag (\"Maja-kit-akit\") of Pulilan, Bulacan, was hailed as the first grand winner of Eat Bulaga!'s Dancing Kween.", "July 18 - Sky Cable terminated Loveworld Asia on its line-up due to the network's pull-out from the satellite broadcast dish provider's line-up. Meanwhile, the network migrated and continued to air through online.\n July 23 - Sam Coloso of Parañaque was hailed as first Showtime Sexy Babe grand winner on It's Showtime.\n July 26 - iWantTFC launched FashionTV on their live channel streaming line-up.", "August\n August 8\n AQ Prime Entertainment launched an over-the-top streaming media service platform, AQ Prime.\n GMA Network, Inc. launched a recapping exclusive episodes for old and well-loved shows of GMA on their YouTube channel, Stream Together.\n August 12 - After nearly seven years of its broadcast programming run, FPJ's Ang Probinsyano aired its series finale with a total of 1,696 episodes, making the longest-running primetime series on Philippine television.", "August 19 - ABS-CBN's Knowledge Channel launched \"School Anywhere\", a campaign program complementing the Department of Education's requirement of a hybrid learning curriculum on basic education which targeted teachers and students in supplementing both classroom and distance learning.", "September\n September 1 - MTV Asia rebranded to MTV 90s across Southeast Asia due to the planned restructuring content of Paramount Networks EMEAA (a unit of Paramount International Networks owned by Paramount Global) as part of the upcoming launch of their own streaming service in the region.\n September 5 - iWantTFC launched four Jungo TV channels on their live channel streaming line-up: A8 ESports, Black Belt TV, Scream Flix and Toro TV.", "September 6 - A minor fire broke out at the ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center in Quezon City, causing the temporary suspension of its operations inside the building, resulted to the halt broadcast interruptions of ABS-CBN News Channel and TeleRadyo, which immediately resumed afterwards.", "September 7 - Nine Media Corporation (CNN Philippines) and Villar Group's Prime Asset Ventures, Inc. (Streamtech through Planet Cable's Advanced Media Broadcasting System) entered a content license partnership to simultaneously aired the former's primetime newscast on AMBS' upcoming broadcast network beginning on September 13.", "September 13 - Advanced Media Broadcasting System initially or softly launched its own broadcasting network, All TV. Alongside with its launch, Villar Group's Prime Asset Ventures, Inc. (Streamtech through Planet Cable's Advanced Media Broadcasting System) and Globe Telecom's Group Retirement Fund (Bethlehem Holdings, Inc", ". through Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media) signed an agreement to broadcast the said channel through BEAM TV's digital subchannel assignment as part of their nationwide expansion.", "September 18 - Khimo Gumatay of Makati was hailed as the grand winner of the second season of Idol Philippines.", "October\n October 1\n After almost eight years of broadcasting in the Philippines, H2 has ceased its operations by A&E Networks across Southeast Asia due to the review of the management's decision through changes in business direction.\n Cablelink terminated Travelxp on its line-up due to the review of the network's subscription performance.\n Tap Go made its official relaunch with the addition of new, FAST channels such as Laff, Crime TV, Comic U, and Game Show Central.", "October 6 - ABS-CBN Corporation and Warner Bros. Discovery (through its Asia-Pacific division) inked a content distribution deal to air Metro Channel's lifestyle programs in Central and Southeast Asia on international cable channels via Asian Food Network and Discovery Asia, as well as Discovery+ for on-demand.\n October 7 - Tadhana celebrated its 5th anniversary on Philippine television.", "October 7 - Tadhana celebrated its 5th anniversary on Philippine television.\n October 11 - Cignal TV, in partnership with University of the Philippines, launched a university-dedicated educational channel, TVUP.\n October 12 - Precious Paula Nicole of Camarines Norte was hailed as the grand winner of the first season of Drag Race Philippines.", "October 14 - Sky Cable terminated RT on its line-up due to the network's unavailability on the said provider and amid the Russian invasion of Ukraine since March. Meanwhile, the network continued to air via Cablelink and other pay television providers.\n October 22\n Jeepney TV celebrated its tenth anniversary of broadcasting.\n Anne Patricia Lorenzo of Manila was hailed as third Ms. Q and A: Kweens of the Multibeks 2022 grand winner on It's Showtime.", "October 24 - Wil TV Network (owned by celebrity businessman Willie Revillame) launched its own digital community service platform, Flex TV.\n October 26 - After a year and a month, Philippine Collective Media Corporation and ZOE Broadcasting Network announced a termination of its affiliation agreement for broadcasting A2Z on PRTV's owned Channel 12.", "November", "November 1 - ZOE Broadcasting Network terminated TeleRadyo on ZOE TV's digital subchannel line-up via Channel 20 due to the expiration of its licensing agreement with the network. Meanwhile, the network continued to air via Sky Cable and other cable providers, as well as through online via ABS-CBN News' social media platforms, official website and mobile application (including iWantTFC)", ". In addition, ZOE Broadcasting Network launched Light TV on the same digital assignment frequency slot in Metro Manila (whereas the aforementioned network is currently broadcast in other regional areas since January), with Channel 33 carrying the same channel remained on-air.", "November 3 - Setanta Sports, a global sports broadcasting brand, was launched both as a linear channel and as an OTT service in the Philippines. This comes after a joint partnership between Setanta founders and owner Adjara Group bought the exclusive broadcasting rights of the Premier League for the said country, after its previous broadcast partner TAP DMV's contract with the said league was expired.", "November 15 - GMA News and Public Affairs rebranded to GMA Integrated News and Public Affairs or simply \"GMA Integrated News\", which added the Integrated word to its former name, synergized into an integrated news division joint with GMA Regional TV and GMA News Online.", "November 17 - Disney+, a streaming service owned by Disney Streaming under Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution (a division of The Walt Disney Company) through its telecommunications partner Globe Telecom (including a joint-ventured with Alipay for GCash via Alipay+), was launched and became available in the Philippines.", "November 18 - Sky Cable launched IZTV on their line-up, as well as the returned channel, Golden Nation Network (formerly Global News Network at the time of the channel's termination on the said provider).\n November 19 – Team Jhong and Ryan hailed as the thirteenth anniversary grand champion (TRESElebrate) on It's Showtime.", "November 20–December 19 - The 2022 FIFA World Cup was recently held in Qatar. TAP Digital Media Ventures Corporation thru its World Cup TV pay-per-view service awarded the local rights to the annual games which aired on TAP Sports, Premier Sports, Premier Football and TAP Go TV, as well as separate pay-per-view via Cignal, G Sat, Sky Cable, Cablelink, various provincial providers (Air Cable, Asian Vision, Planet Cable and Parasat), and selected commercial establishments.", "November 28 - Born to Be Wild celebrated its 15th anniversary on Philippine television.\n November 30 - WWE Network, a subscription network of WWE, ceased its operations as a standalone service for the Philippines, as the latter and its content (including archives and \"Premium Live Events\") were transferred to Disney+ Philippines (13 days prior to the WWE Network closure).", "December\n December 2 - Magpakailanman celebrated its 20th anniversary on Philippine television.\n December 3 - Emil Malaborbor was hailed as the first Ultimate Bida-O-Kid Star grand winner of Sing Galing Kids.\n December 10\n Carmela Lorzano of Batangas was hailed as the Ultimate Bida-Oke Star grand winner of the second season of Sing Galing!.", "After 31 years and seven months of its broadcast programming run, Maalaala Mo Kaya aired its final episode with a total of 30 seasons, making the longest-running drama anthology on Philippine television.\n Brgy. Guadalupe, Cebu City (Don Juan) was hailed as Eat Bulaga!'s Sayaw Barangay 2022 grand winner.", "December 11 - Dr. Love Radio Show, the country's longest-running radio program that offering advice on love and spiritual matters to the public, which premiered on September 16, 1997 and its also broadcast on television via TeleRadyo since 2007, aired its final episode after 25 years on air. However, the show resumed and moved to Radyo5 on December 26 of the same year.\n December 12 - Rock Entertainment Holdings replaced Rock Extreme with Rock Action.", "December 12 - Rock Entertainment Holdings replaced Rock Extreme with Rock Action.\n December 15 - KBS Korea, an overseas pay channel service owned by Korean Broadcasting System was launched in the Philippines through Sky Cable.", "Cancelled\n April 30 - GMA Network originally slated to organize their presidential debates, \"Debate 2022: The GMA Presidential Face-off\" but silently cancelled due to unknown reasons.", "August 10 - Lopez Holdings Corporation (ABS-CBN Corporation) and PLDT's Beneficial Trust Fund (MediaQuest Holdings) originally signed a joint venture convertible note partnership wherein a press release announcement on August 11 for the reach landmark deal with a controlling shares in percentage stake of ABS-CBN's investment agreement by 34.99% acquisition to TV5 Network, Inc. as well as Cignal TV's sale and purchase agreement by 38.88% investment to Sky Cable Corporation", ". as well as Cignal TV's sale and purchase agreement by 38.88% investment to Sky Cable Corporation. On August 24, both media entities temporary suspended the closing preparations of its investment deal to give their address for the companies' collaboration agreement space following the raising concerned issues from the Congress of the Philippines, National Telecommunications Commission and other government regulatory agencies. On September 1, ABS-CBN Corporation, Cignal Cable Corporation, López, Inc", ". On September 1, ABS-CBN Corporation, Cignal Cable Corporation, López, Inc., Sky Vision Corporation and TV5 Network, Inc. have mutually agreed the termination of their investment deal through formalization for its memorandum of agreement in disclosures to the Philippine Stock Exchange and the Securities and Exchange Commission citing the parties confirmed of no implementation on any of the transactions.", "December 23 - Cignal and SatLite has supposed to terminate Rock Extreme on its line-up due to the review of the management's decision through restructuring content and rebranding of the said network to Rock Action since December 12. However, they discontinued the termination of the said channel on its satellite TV services.", "Debuts\n\nMajor networks\n\nA2Z\n\nThe following are programs that debuted on A2Z:", "January 1: TV Patrol Weekend\n January 3: Afternoon Zinema (A2Z Zinema) and TV Patrol\n January 15: I Can See Your Voice (season 4)\n January 24: The Broken Marriage Vow\n February 8: Word for the Season\n February 9: Prayerline\n February 11: Worship, Word and Wonders\n February 17: AgriKids (School at Home)\n March 19: My Papa Pi (season 1)\n April 10: KBYN: Kaagapay ng Bayan\n April 23: Parent Experiment (YeY Famtime)\n April 24: He's Into Her (season 2)\n May 16: 2 Good 2 Be True (2G2BT)\n May 30: Love in 40 Days", "April 24: He's Into Her (season 2)\n May 16: 2 Good 2 Be True (2G2BT)\n May 30: Love in 40 Days\n June 25: Flower of Evil and Idol Philippines (season 2)\n June 27: A Family Affair\n July 16: Mr. Bean: The Animated Series (Kidz Weekend), Naruto: Shippuden (season 10; Kidz Weekend), and Tropang LOL\n August 8: News Patrol\n August 15: Mars Ravelo's Darna: The TV Series (2022)\n August 21: Bola Bola\n September 11: Run To Me\n September 24: Everybody, Sing! (season 2)\n September 25: Mang Lalakbay (Kidz Weekend)", "September 24: Everybody, Sing! (season 2)\n September 25: Mang Lalakbay (Kidz Weekend)\n October 9: Lyric and Beat\n October 10: Hero City Kids Force\n October 15: Hoy, Love You Two\n October 31: Ever Night: War of Brilliant Splendours\n November 5: Hoy, Love You 3\n November 14: The Iron Heart\n November 19: Dream Maker\n December 4: Click, Like, Share (season 3)", "Re-runs\n February 5: Care Bears: Unlock the Magic (Kidz Weekend) and PJ Masks (Kidz Weekend)\n February 7: Touch Your Heart\n February 21: Be My Lady\n March 28: Init sa Magdamag\n April 2: Oddbods (seasons 1 and 2; Kidz Weekend)\n April 17: Lego Ninjago (seasons 1 and 2; Kidz Weekend)\n April 18: Meow: The Secret Boy\n May 30: Code Name: Terrius\n July 2: Pororo the Little Penguin (season 5; Kidz Weekend)\n July 18: Be Careful with My Heart\n August 7: Charlotte (Kidz Weekend)", "July 18: Be Careful with My Heart\n August 7: Charlotte (Kidz Weekend)\n August 22: Pop Babies (School Anywhere)\n August 29: Bagani\n November 7: Flower of Evil\n November 28: Ang sa Iyo Ay Akin", "Notes\n^ Originally aired on ABS-CBN\n^ Originally aired on GMA\n^ Originally aired on Yey!\n^ Originally aired on Jeepney TV\n^ Originally aired on Hero (now defunct)\n^ Originally aired on Q (now GTV)\n^ Originally aired on Knowledge Channel\n^ Originally aired on NBN (now PTV)\n^ Originally aired on Kapamilya Channel\n\nGMA\n\nThe following are programs that debuted on GMA Network:", "January 3: Mano Po Legacy: The Family Fortune and My Husband-in-Law\n January 7: Eat Well, Live Well, Stay Well (season 3)\n January 10: I Can See You: AlterNate and Little Princess\n January 24: Bad Genius: The Series and Prima Donnas (season 2)\n January 29: Agimat ng Agila (season 2)\n February 7: The Penthouse (season 3)\n February 14: Balitang Southern Tagalog (GMA Batangas), Dapat Alam Mo!, Douluo Continent and First Lady\n February 20: The Best Ka!\n February 28: Backstreet Rookie and Widows' Web", "February 20: The Best Ka!\n February 28: Backstreet Rookie and Widows' Web\n March 7: Artikulo 247\n March 14: Mano Po Legacy: Her Big Boss\n March 21: Family Feud (4th incarnation)\n March 27: Beyond Today\n April 4: One the Woman\n April 18: The Herbal Master\n April 24: Raya Sirena\n April 25: Raising Mamay\n April 30: Ultraman Taiga\n May 2: Apoy sa Langit and False Positive\n May 9: Man of Vengeance\n May 14: Jose & Maria's Bonggang Villa\n May 30: Bolera and The Witch's Diner", "May 14: Jose & Maria's Bonggang Villa\n May 30: Bolera and The Witch's Diner\n June 6: The Fake Life, Love You Stranger and The Skywatcher\n June 11: Pepito Manaloto: Tuloy ang Kuwento\n June 20: The Maid and Show Window: The Queen's House\n July 4: Lolong (season 1) and Prophecy of Love\n July 11: Miss the Dragon and My Forever Sunshine\n July 24: Ultraman Z\n July 25: TiktoClock\n August 1: Return to Paradise\n August 15: About Time and The Red Sleeve\n August 28: The Wall Philippines (season 2)", "August 15: About Time and The Red Sleeve\n August 28: The Wall Philippines (season 2)\n August 29: One Night Steal, To Me, It's Simply You and What We Could Be\n September 3: Running Man Philippines\n September 4: Meteo Heroes\n September 5: Abot-Kamay na Pangarap and One North Central Luzon (GMA Dagupan and GMA Ilocos)\n September 26: Nakarehas na Puso and Start-Up PH\n October 3: Maria Clara at Ibarra\n October 10: Ghost Doctor and The Wolf\n October 14: Eat Well, Live Well, Stay Well (season 4)", "October 10: Ghost Doctor and The Wolf\n October 14: Eat Well, Live Well, Stay Well (season 4)\n October 30: Home Base Plus (season 23)\n October 31: Mano Po Legacy: The Flower Sisters, The New Legends of Monkey and Put Your Head on My Shoulder\n November 7: My Shy Boss and Unica Hija\n November 28: Ancient Love Poetry\n December 5: Another Miss Oh", "Re-runs\n January 10: Dragon Ball Z\n January 24: Queen and I\n February 14: Princess Hours\n March 21: I Hear Your Voice\n April 25: Gokusen (season 1)\n June 13: The Worst Witch (season 3)\n July 23: Martin Mystery\n July 25: Daimos (2017 dub reboot)\n September 3: Oggy and the Cockroaches\n September 19: Goblin\n September 26: Gokusen (season 2)\n October 22: Ultraman R/B\n November 28: Flame of Recca\n December 19: What's Wrong with Secretary Kim\n December 26: Agimat ng Agila (season 1)", "Notes\n^ Originally aired on ABS-CBN\n^ Originally aired on TV5\n^ Originally aired on Asianovela Channel (now defunct)\n\nTV5\n\nThe following are programs that debuted on TV5:", "January 12: Cine Cinco Hollywood Edition\n January 24: The Broken Marriage Vow and Remember: War of the Son\n March 13: The Chiefs\n March 19: Masked Singer Pilipinas (season 2)\n March 21: La suerte de Loli\n March 27: FPJ: Da King\n April 18: Lakwatsika\n May 16: 2 Good 2 Be True (2G2BT)\n May 23: Dear God (season 1)\n May 28: Rolling In It Philippines (season 2)\n May 30: Love in 40 Days\n June 18: Mga Kwentong Epik and Top Class\n June 19: Kusina ni Mamang\n June 25: Idol Philippines (season 2)", "June 19: Kusina ni Mamang\n June 25: Idol Philippines (season 2)\n June 27: A Family Affair\n July 10: Shootaround\n July 16: It's Showtime and Sing Galing Kids\n July 18: BalitaOnenan! and Suntok sa Buwan\n August 6: Oh My Korona\n August 15: Mars Ravelo's Darna: The TV Series (2022)\n August 22: Sin vergüenza\n September 24: Everybody, Sing! (season 2)\n September 27: Moonbug Cartoons\n September 27: Cocomelon, Go Buster and Little Baby Bum \n October 1: Kalye Kweens\n October 15: Cine Classico", "October 1: Kalye Kweens\n October 15: Cine Classico\n October 31: Ever Night: War of Brilliant Splendours\n November 14: The Iron Heart\n December 3: Tik Talks\n December 14: Oras ng Himala\n December 17: The Brilliant Life\n December 31: Regal Movies", "Re-runs\n January 10: Marimar\n January 16: Happy Naman D'yan!\n January 16/July 18: Lokomoko, Lokomoko U, Tropa Mo Ko Unli and Wow Mali Pa Rin!\n February 5: Krypton\n February 7: Touch Your Heart\n February 26: DC's Legends of Tomorrow (season 2)\n March 12: Samurai Jack\n April 18: Camp Lazlo, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Meow: The Secret Boy, Throwback Favorites Presents and Uncle Grandpa\n April 18: Enchanted Garden (Throwback Favorites Presents)\n May 8: Designated Survivor", "April 18: Enchanted Garden (Throwback Favorites Presents)\n May 8: Designated Survivor\n May 30: María la del Barrio\n July 16: Puto (2021 television remake)\n July 18: Dragons: Race to the Edge, My Hero Academia (seasons 1 and 2) and Trolls: The Beat Goes On!\n October 17: Ang Panday (2016)\n November 7: Flower of Evil\n December 17: Top 20 Funniest\n December 26: Encounter (Philippine adaptation)", "Notes\n^ Originally aired on One Screen (now defunct)\n^ Originally aired on ABS-CBN\n^ Originally aired on A2Z\n^ Originally aired on Kapamilya Channel\n^ Originally aired on CNN Philippines\n^ Originally aired on Yey!\n\nState-owned networks\n\nPTV\n\nThe following are programs that debuted on People's Television Network:", "State-owned networks\n\nPTV\n\nThe following are programs that debuted on People's Television Network:\n\n January 22: Entrepinas TV\n February 12: One DA sa TV\n March 4: i-ARTA Na 'Yan!\n March 17: The Chatroom\n April 4: Know Your Candidates\n April 10: Paliwanag: The 2022 Election Townhall Series\n June 19: Pet Pals TV (season 2)\n August 20: PTV Sports Weekend\n September 5: Mike Abe Live\n September 18: Legal Dapat\n September 24: KooPinoy: ACDI MPC'S Cooperative TV\n\nIBC", "IBC\n\nThe following are programs that debuted on IBC:\n\n February 27: Bet to Serve\n July 11: Padayon: The NCCA Hour\n September 3: Ulat Bayan Weekend\n September 12: PTV Sports, Rise and Shine Pilipinas and Sentro Balita\n September 25: Agri TV Atbp.: Kasama sa Hanapbuhay and Shakey's Super League\n October 8: Dokyubata TV\n October 31: IBC Express Balita (News Bulletin)\n\nMinor networks\nThe following are programs that debuted on minor networks:", "January 9: Quizon CT (Comedy Theater) on Net 25\n January 24: Ano Sa Palagay N'yo?: Primetime on Net 25\n February 28: EZ Shop on Net 25\n March 7: Kristiano Drama on UNTV\n March 21: Mi Esperanza, Never Twice, Palabra de Amor and Panalo o Talo, It's You! on Net 25\n March 26: Bida Kayo Kay Aga on Net 25\n April 4: Mata ng Agila International on Net 25\n April 9: Oh No, Its B.O.! (Biro Only) on Net 25", "April 9: Oh No, Its B.O.! (Biro Only) on Net 25\n May 10: Balitaan at Kumustahan sa IZ, Balitang Todo Lakas, Dear Ate Juday, IZ Balita Nationwide sa Umaga, IZ Balita sa Hapon, In the Heart of Business, Karambola, O.R.O. (Obserbasyon, Reaksiyon at Opinyon) sa DWIZ, Musika at Balitaan, Pangga Ruth Abao Live, Radyo Klinika, Ratsada sa Umaga, Señor Balita, Serbisyong Lubos sa Otso Otso Dos, StorIZ of Love, Sulong na, Bayan, Tambayan sa DWIZ, Trending Ngayon and Yes, Yes Yo, Topacio! on IZTV", "May 11: Pilipinas Ngayon Na and Serbisyong Bayan ni Tatay Rannie on IZTV\n May 14: Balitang Paliparan, Beyond Wellness with Ms. P, Biyahe ni David Oro, Bgy. 882, El Pueblo Publico, Echoes of the Heart, Isyu ng Bayan, IZ Balita Nationwide Sabado, Mag-Usap Tayo, Mr. Taxman, Labanan Para sa Karapatan, Obet P sa IZ, Pulis @ Ur Serbis, Sa Kabukiran at Kabuhayan and Sapol ni Jarius Bondoc on IZTV", "May 15: Ano’ng Say ni Father, Ano’ng Say nina Brothers?, Bella Filipina, IZ Balita Nationwide Linggo, Gawin ang Tama, Manila Cathedral Mass, OPM sa DWIZ, Pasiklaban sa DWIZ, Senior Citizens’ Forum, Showbiz sa IZ, Todong Nationwide Talakayan and Usapang Payaman! on IZTV\n May 16: SCWC Konek on IZTV\n June 5: Miffy's Adventures Big and Small on Net 25\n June 11: Lutong Daza on Net 25\n June 12: Transformers: Rescue Bots on Net 25\n June 27: A Place in the Sun on Net 25\n July 3: Sine Throwback on Net 25", "June 27: A Place in the Sun on Net 25\n July 3: Sine Throwback on Net 25\n July 18: Fatal Promise on Net 25\n August 8: Shopping All the Way with Jojo A. on Net 25\n August 31: Counterpoint on Net 25\n September 4: Love, Bosleng & Tali! on Net 25\n September 13: InstaJam, K-Lite 103.5 FM, News Night, River Where the Moon Rises, Toni Talks and Wowowin on All TV\n September 17: All Flix on All TV\n October 1: Ano'ng Meron kay Abok? on Net 25\n October 2: Korina Interviews on Net 25\n October 3: Toni on All TV", "October 2: Korina Interviews on Net 25\n October 3: Toni on All TV\n October 3: Two Sisters on Net 25\n October 16: Tara Game, Agad Agad! Level Up on Net 25\n October 24: Again My Life on All TV\n November 21: Kingdom Force on SMNI\n November 26: EZ Shop, Island Living and Kuha All! on All TV\n November 28: M.O.M.s: Mhies on a Mission and From Now On, Showtime! on All TV\n December 4: The Financial District on IZTV\n December 12: Daydreamer on Net 25", "Re-runs\n September 14: Doble Kara and Ngayon at Kailanman on All TV\n September 26: Sana Dalawa ang Puso on All TV\n\nNotes\n^ Originally aired on ABS-CBN\n\nOther channels\nThe following are programs that debuted on other channels:", "January 3: The Dark Widow and The Two Lives of Estela Carrillo on Telenovela Channel\n January 8: Discover Eats, From Helen's Kitchen and MomBiz on One PH\n January 10: I Can See You: AlterNate on GTV\n January 14: Celebrity Obsessed on TAP TV\n January 15: I Can See Your Voice (season 4) on Kapamilya Channel\n January 15: At Your Home on One PH\n January 16: West of Liberty on TAP Edge\n January 23: The Key of David on GTV\n January 24: The Broken Marriage Vow on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel", "January 24: The Broken Marriage Vow on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel\n February 2: The Equalizer (2021, season 1) on TAP Edge\n February 3: Noughts + Crosses on TAP Edge\n February 5: Young Rock on TAP TV\n February 6: Proyekto Pilipino on Jeepney TV\n February 6: Sunday Kapamilya Blockbusters on Kapamilya Channel\n February 7: Mano Po Legacy: The Family Fortune on GTV\n February 14: First Lady on GTV\n February 21: Girl Next Room on GTV\n February 21: Good Girls on TAP Edge\n February 28: Widows' Web on GTV", "February 21: Good Girls on TAP Edge\n February 28: Widows' Web on GTV\n March 7: Doctor John on GTV\n March 7: Corazón Salvaje and Road to Destiny on Telenovela Channel\n March 14: Princess Weiyoung on Heart of Asia\n March 19: My Papa Pi (season 1) on Kapamilya Channel\n March 21: BalitaOnenan! on BuKo Channel\n March 21: Julius and Tintin: Para sa Pamilyang Pilipino on One PH\n March 27: Ride Tribe on CNN Philippines\n April 2: Dobol Weng sa Dobol B (Dobol B TV) on GTV", "March 27: Ride Tribe on CNN Philippines\n April 2: Dobol Weng sa Dobol B (Dobol B TV) on GTV\n April 10: KBYN: Kaagapay ng Bayan on Kapamilya Channel and TeleRadyo\n April 17: AgriKids on Kapamilya Channel\n April 18: Suits on TAP Edge\n April 18: My Sweet Curse on Telenovela Channel\n April 19: New Amsterdam (2018, season 1) on TAP Edge\n April 22: The Girl in the Woods and Ordinary Joe on TAP Edge\n April 23: Parent Experiment (YeY FamTime) on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel", "April 23: Parent Experiment (YeY FamTime) on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel\n April 24: He's Into Her (season 2) on Kapamilya Channel\n May 2: False Positive on GTV\n May 2: A Beloved Man on Telenovela Channel\n May 7: One Balita Weekend on One PH\n May 10: Me Always You on GTV\n May 16: 2 Good 2 Be True (2G2BT) on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel\n May 17: Fargo on TAP Edge\n May 21: Art of the Spirit on Heart of Asia", "May 17: Fargo on TAP Edge\n May 21: Art of the Spirit on Heart of Asia\n May 23: Almusal All G, Barangayan, Bida Body Part, Ekstra Ordinaryo, Gscovery, Life Guro, Moments, Oohlat, Palong Follow, Playlist, Playlist Natin, Pera o Bayong (PoB), Sumpungan, Swerteng Sulpot Jr., Team Slapsoil and UZI on PIE Channel\n May 28: Dr. Cares on PIE Channel\n May 29: Lokal, Oohlascope, Oohlat Weather and Swerteng Sulpot on PIE Channel\n May 30: Bolera on GTV\n May 30: Love in 40 Days on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel", "May 30: Bolera on GTV\n May 30: Love in 40 Days on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel\n June 19: The Box on TAP Edge\n June 25: TOLS on GTV\n June 25: Flower of Evil on Jeepney TV\n June 25: Flower of Evil and Idol Philippines (season 2) on Kapamilya Channel\n June 27: Behind Your Smile on GTV\n June 27: A Family Affair on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel\n July 1: Island Living on Viva Cinema\n July 2: Lakas ng Siyensya on TeleRadyo\n July 4: Lolong (season 1) on GTV", "July 2: Lakas ng Siyensya on TeleRadyo\n July 4: Lolong (season 1) on GTV\n July 11: Late Night Delight, My Sweet Lie (ETCerye) and Pinoy Mega Hits on Solar Flix\n July 11: Action After Dark on Solar Sports\n July 12: Sine Siesta on Solar Flix\n July 16: Travel with Kach on Jeepney TV\n July 16: Tropang LOL on Kapamilya Channel\n July 16: Buhay Barangay on Radyo Bandido TV\n July 16: Reeltime and Weekend Sine Nights on Solar Flix\n July 17: Silver Screen on CNN Philippines\n August 1: Balansyado on DZRH TV", "July 17: Silver Screen on CNN Philippines\n August 1: Balansyado on DZRH TV\n August 8: K-Pop Rewind on Hallypop\n August 8: EZ Shop on Solar Flix\n August 15: Mars Ravelo's Darna: The TV Series (2022) on Cine Mo! and Kapamilya Channel\n August 20: From the Heart Specials: Like a Fairytale on Heart of Asia\n August 21: Bola Bola on Kapamilya Channel\n August 29: Nabi, My Stepdarling and What We Could Be on GTV\n September 1: Viva Movie Classics on GTV\n September 4: The Bold Type (season 3) on Tap TV", "September 1: Viva Movie Classics on GTV\n September 4: The Bold Type (season 3) on Tap TV\n September 5: Wild Lands on Telenovela Channel\n September 11: Delayed Justice on GTV\n September 11: Run To Me on Kapamilya Channel\n September 11: The Little Drummer Girl on TAP Edge\n September 12: Dagdag Bawas, Eto Na Nga!, Matching Matching and Sumpungan HQ on PIE Channel\n September 12: Love to Death on Telenovela Channel\n September 17: The Chosen One on PIE Channel", "September 12: Love to Death on Telenovela Channel\n September 17: The Chosen One on PIE Channel\n September 18: ONE Warrior Series: Philippines on GTV\n September 18: Pak! Palong Follow, Pasok mga Suki!, PIE Night Long Sessions and Sino'ng Manok Mo? on PIE Channel\n September 19: Balitanghali on Heart of Asia and I Heart Movies\n September 19: Moon Daughters on Telenovela Channel\n September 24: Fear Times on GTV\n September 24: Everybody, Sing! (season 2) on Kapamilya Channel", "September 24: Fear Times on GTV\n September 24: Everybody, Sing! (season 2) on Kapamilya Channel\n September 25: Mang Lalakbay on Kapamilya Channel\n September 25: Shakey's Super League on Solar Sports\n September 26: Start-Up PH on GTV\n October 1: Woman in Action on One News\n October 2: Hallypop Fresh on Hallypop\n October 2: Woman in Action on One PH\n October 2: Kalye Kweens on Sari-Sari Channel\n October 3: Maria Clara at Ibarra on GTV\n October 3: Radyo Bandido Balita on Radyo Bandido TV", "October 3: Maria Clara at Ibarra on GTV\n October 3: Radyo Bandido Balita on Radyo Bandido TV\n October 4: Hallypop Hits on Hallypop\n October 6: Hallypop Lokal on Hallypop\n October 9: Lyric and Beat on Kapamilya Channel\n October 10: Hero City Kids Force on Kapamilya Channel\n October 10: Touching You (ETCerye) on Solar Flix\n October 10: Italian Bride on Telenovela Channel\n October 13: Monkey and Dog Romance (ETCerye) on Solar Flix\n October 15: CNN Philippines 10 on CNN Philippines", "October 15: CNN Philippines 10 on CNN Philippines \n October 15: Hoy, Love You Two on Kapamilya Channel\n October 16: Pusong Pinoy sa Amerika (season 17) on GTV\n October 16: All-Out Sundays on Heart of Asia and I Heart Movies\n October 18: Bubble Up (ETCerye) on Solar Flix\n October 23: Philippine Realty TV (season 20) on CNN Philippines\n October 29: The Formula on Heart of Asia\n October 31: Ever Night: War of Brilliant Splendours on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel", "October 31: Ever Night: War of Brilliant Splendours on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel\n November 5: Hoy, Love You 3 on Kapamilya Channel\n November 6: V-League on CNN Philippines\n November 6: One For All, All For One! on INC TV\n November 7: The Merciless Judge on GTV\n November 13: The Word Exposed on Solar Flix\n November 14: Beauty Boy on GTV\n November 14: The Iron Heart on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel\n November 19: Dream Maker on Kapamilya Channel\n November 19: NegoSHEnte on TeleRadyo", "November 19: Dream Maker on Kapamilya Channel\n November 19: NegoSHEnte on TeleRadyo\n November 26: Boy For Rent on GTV\n November 27: All-Out Sundays on GTV\n December 3: Tik Talks on One PH\n December 4: Rainbow Prince on Heart of Asia\n December 4: Click, Like, Share (season 3) on Kapamilya Channel\n December 4: Tik Talks on One News\n December 26: Hogu's Love and Mano Po Legacy: The Flower Sisters on GTV", "Re-runs\n January 2: The Bureau of Magical Things and Mako Mermaids on GTV\n January 3: Rhodora X on Heart of Asia\n January 3: Dahil sa Pag-ibig on Jeepney TV\n January 3: Something in the Rain on Kapamilya Channel\n January 9: Super Laff-In on Cine Mo!\n January 9: Angry Birds Stella on GTV\n January 9: Annaliza on Jeepney TV\n January 9: Usapang Real Life on One PH\n January 10: Moon Embracing the Sun on GTV\n January 10: The Penthouse (season 1) on Heart of Asia", "January 10: Moon Embracing the Sun on GTV\n January 10: The Penthouse (season 1) on Heart of Asia\n January 17: The Love Knot and Pure Intention on Heart of Asia\n January 17: Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog on Jeepney TV\n January 29: Dok Ricky, Pedia on Kapamilya Channel\n January 31: The Borrowed Wife on Heart of Asia\n January 31: Mirabella and Sino ang Maysala?: Mea Culpa on Jeepney TV\n January 31: Hyde, Jekyll, Me on Kapamilya Channel\n February 5: Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog on Kapamilya Channel", "February 5: Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog on Kapamilya Channel\n February 5: Brooklyn Nine-Nine on TAP TV\n February 6: Komiks Presents: Wakasan on Jeepney TV\n February 7: Okay Ka, Fairy Ko! on BuKo Channel\n February 7: The Desire on Heart of Asia\n February 7: Ina, Kapatid, Anak and Touch Your Heart on Jeepney TV\n February 7: Touch Your Heart on Kapamilya Channel\n February 14: Two Spirits' Love on Heart of Asia\n February 14: Kahit Isang Saglit on Jeepney TV\n February 21: Prince of Wolf on Heart of Asia", "February 14: Kahit Isang Saglit on Jeepney TV\n February 21: Prince of Wolf on Heart of Asia\n February 21: Be My Lady on Kapamilya Channel\n February 26: Robocar Poli on Jeepney TV\n February 27: Hunter × Hunter (season 2; 2011) on GTV\n February 28: Lovers in Paris and Maging Sino Ka Man on Jeepney TV\n March 7: Scarlet Heart on Heart of Asia\n March 7: Kokey on Jeepney TV\n March 14: Lie After Lie on Heart of Asia\n March 14: Hiram na Mukha on Jeepney TV", "March 14: Lie After Lie on Heart of Asia\n March 14: Hiram na Mukha on Jeepney TV\n March 14: Mama Fairy and the Woodcutter on Kapamilya Channel\n March 16: Ghost Fighter on GTV\n March 19: The Last Empress on Heart of Asia\n March 21: Huwag Ka Lang Mawawala on Jeepney TV\n March 26: Honesto and Midnight Phantom on Jeepney TV\n March 27: Budoy on Jeepney TV\n March 28: Init sa Magdamag on Kapamilya Channel\n April 2: La Doña on Heart of Asia\n April 2: Ang Munting Paraiso on Jeepney TV", "April 2: La Doña on Heart of Asia\n April 2: Ang Munting Paraiso on Jeepney TV\n April 4: God of Lost Fantasy and My Love from Another Star on Heart of Asia\n April 4: The Wedding on Jeepney TV\n April 11: Oh My Baby on Heart of Asia\n April 11: Sana Maulit Muli on Jeepney TV\n April 11: Hwayugi: A Korean Odyssey on Kapamilya Channel\n April 17: When Duty Calls on Heart of Asia\n April 18: Dwarfina on Heart of Asia\n April 18: Johnny Test (season 4) and Meow: The Secret Boy on Jeepney TV", "April 18: Johnny Test (season 4) and Meow: The Secret Boy on Jeepney TV\n April 18: Meow: The Secret Boy on Kapamilya Channel\n April 25: Emperor: Ruler of the Mask on Heart of Asia\n April 25: Palimos ng Pag-ibig and Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon on Jeepney TV\n May 2: Endless Love (season 2; ETCerye Rewind) on ETC (now Solar Flix)\n May 2: Legend of the Blue Sea on GTV\n May 2: The Penthouse (season 2) on Heart of Asia\n May 2: Encounter on Kapamilya Channel\n May 7: Signal on GTV", "May 2: Encounter on Kapamilya Channel\n May 7: Signal on GTV\n May 16: The General's Daughter, Gulong ng Palad, Lastikman, Nagsimula sa Puso and The Story of Us on Jeepney TV\n May 21: Wicked Angel on Heart of Asia\n May 21: Doble Kara on Jeepney TV\n May 22: Love Beyond Time on Heart of Asia\n May 22: Annaliza and Mula sa Puso (2011) on Jeepney TV\n May 23: Pyra: Babaeng Apoy and When the Weather Is Fine on Heart of Asia\n May 28: Misty on Heart of Asia\n May 29: Wolfblood (season 1) on GTV", "May 28: Misty on Heart of Asia\n May 29: Wolfblood (season 1) on GTV\n May 30: Game of Affection on Heart of Asia\n May 30: Code Name: Terrius on Kapamilya Channel\n June 4: A Beautiful Affair on Jeepney TV\n June 5: Ready, Set, Read! and Wow! on Kapamilya Channel\n June 6: Innocent Defendant and Woman of Dignity on Heart of Asia\n June 6: Dyosa and Sa Piling Mo on Jeepney TV\n June 13: In Time With You on Heart of Asia\n June 13: Natutulog Ba ang Diyos? and Walang Hanggan on Jeepney TV", "June 13: Natutulog Ba ang Diyos? and Walang Hanggan on Jeepney TV\n June 20: While You Were Sleeping on Heart of Asia\n June 20: Hanggang Saan on Jeepney TV\n June 26: Fire of Eternal Love on Heart of Asia\n June 27: Code Name: Yong Pal on GTV\n June 27: Marco on Jeepney TV\n July 3: Prinsesa ng Banyera on Jeepney TV\n July 4: Playful Kiss on Heart of Asia\n July 4: Flower Crew: Dating Agency on Kapamilya Channel\n July 9: Fates & Furies on Heart of Asia\n July 11: Charlotte on Jeepney TV", "July 9: Fates & Furies on Heart of Asia\n July 11: Charlotte on Jeepney TV\n July 12: Etcetera on Solar Flix\n July 13: In Her Shoes on Solar Flix\n July 16: Scripting Your Destiny on Heart of Asia\n July 16: Masha and the Bear and Pororo The Little Penguin on Kapamilya Channel\n July 18: Extraordinary You on Heart of Asia\n July 18: Langit Lupa and Mutya on Jeepney TV\n July 18: Be Careful with My Heart on Kapamilya Channel\n July 24: Project Destination on GTV\n July 25: Jackie Chan Adventures on GTV", "July 24: Project Destination on GTV\n July 25: Jackie Chan Adventures on GTV\n July 25: Mr. Queen on Heart of Asia\n July 31: Dinofroz on GTV\n August 1: Mr. Merman and The Sand Princess on Heart of Asia\n August 6: Pinoy Samurai on BuKo Channel\n August 6: Love Actually on Heart of Asia\n August 7: Aladdin: You Would've Heard the Name on Heart of Asia\n August 8: Lokomoko U and Wow Meganon on BuKo Channel\n August 8: Munting Heredera on Heart of Asia", "August 8: Lokomoko U and Wow Meganon on BuKo Channel\n August 8: Munting Heredera on Heart of Asia\n August 13: Everybody Hapi and Mongolian Barbecue on BuKo Channel\n August 15: Love in the Moonlight on GTV\n August 15: Finding Love and My Absolute Boyfriend on Heart of Asia\n August 20: Pure Intention on Heart of Asia\n August 22: Peter Pan and Wendy on Jeepney TV\n August 22: On the Wings of Love on PIE Channel\n August 27: The Peep Show on Solar Flix\n August 28: Pop Babies on Kapamilya Channel", "August 27: The Peep Show on Solar Flix\n August 28: Pop Babies on Kapamilya Channel\n August 29: The Half Sisters and My Love from the Star on Heart of Asia\n August 29: Florinda, Kahit Puso'y Masugatan and Katorse on Jeepney TV\n August 29: Bagani and Melting Me Softly on Kapamilya Channel\n September 3: The Worst Witch (season 3) on GTV\n September 4: Wolfblood (season 2) on GTV\n September 5: Boys Over Flowers on Heart of Asia\n September 5: Lorenzo's Time and Sana Dalawa ang Puso on Jeepney TV", "September 5: Lorenzo's Time and Sana Dalawa ang Puso on Jeepney TV\n September 12: Tinderella on BuKo Channel\n September 12: The Gifted on Heart of Asia\n September 12: Judy Abbott on Jeepney TV\n September 19: The Penthouse (season 3) on Heart of Asia\n September 19: The Blood Sisters and Pieta on Jeepney TV\n September 26: Kristine and The Promise of Forever on Jeepney TV\n October 2: Puppy in My Pocket: Adventures in Pocketville on GTV\n October 3: Yes, Yes Show! on Cine Mo!", "October 3: Yes, Yes Show! on Cine Mo!\n October 8: Sky Castle and While You Were Sleeping on Heart of Asia\n October 9: Inday Wanda on BuKo Channel\n October 10: Backstreet Rookie, The Frog Prince and The Gifted: Graduation on Heart of Asia\n October 10: Apoy sa Dagat on Jeepney TV\n October 15: Juan dela Cruz on Jeepney TV\n October 17: Little Women II on Jeepney TV\n October 17: Meow: The Secret Boy on Kapamilya Channel\n October 23: Love Thy Woman on Jeepney TV", "October 17: Meow: The Secret Boy on Kapamilya Channel\n October 23: Love Thy Woman on Jeepney TV\n October 24: Angel's Last Mission on Heart of Asia\n October 24: My Little Juan on Jeepney TV\n October 31: Moon Embracing the Sun on Heart of Asia\n November 5: The Love Knot on Heart of Asia\n November 7: Gokusen (season 3) on Heart of Asia\n November 7: The Better Half, Flower of Evil and The Trapp Family Singers on Jeepney TV\n November 7: Flower of Evil on Kapamilya Channel", "November 7: Flower of Evil on Kapamilya Channel\n November 12: You're My Home on Jeepney TV\n November 13: Mga Kwentong Epik on Sari-Sari Channel\n November 14: The Heirs on Heart of Asia\n November 14: Ningning on Jeepney TV\n November 19: Where Stars Land on Heart of Asia\n November 19: Bagong Umaga on Jeepney TV\n November 21: Tale of the Nine Tailed on Heart of Asia\n November 28: Christmas Cartoon Festival Presents on GTV\n November 28: Doctor John on Heart of Asia", "November 28: Christmas Cartoon Festival Presents on GTV\n November 28: Doctor John on Heart of Asia\n November 28: Ang sa Iyo Ay Akin and Love in Sadness on Kapamilya Channel\n December 3: Heirs of the Night on GTV\n December 3: Secret Garden on Heart of Asia\n December 4: Hay, Bahay! on GTV\n December 12: Douluo Continent on Heart of Asia\n December 12: Ikaw ay Pag-Ibig and Remi, Nobody's Girl on Jeepney TV\n December 17: The Good Son on Jeepney TV\n December 19: Bad Genius: The Series on Heart of Asia", "December 17: The Good Son on Jeepney TV\n December 19: Bad Genius: The Series on Heart of Asia\n December 19: Got to Believe and Saan Ka Man Naroroon on Jeepney TV\n December 25: God of Lost Fantasy and Oh My Baby on Heart of Asia\n December 26: Scarlet Heart on Heart of Asia\n December 26: Magkaribal on Jeepney TV\n December 31: Love Alert on Heart of Asia", "Notes\n^ Originally aired on ABS-CBN\n^ Originally aired on GMA\n^ Originally aired on TV5\n^ Originally aired on Cine Mo!\n^ Originally aired on Yey!\n^ Originally aired on S+A (now defunct)\n^ Originally aired on GMA News TV (now GTV)\n^ Originally aired on Jeepney TV\n^ Originally aired on Sari-Sari Channel\n^ Originally aired on Hero (now defunct)\n^ Originally aired on ETC (now Solar Flix)\n^ Originally aired on Jack TV (now defunct)\n^ Originally aired on 2nd Avenue (now defunct)", "^ Originally aired on Jack TV (now defunct)\n^ Originally aired on 2nd Avenue (now defunct)\n^ Originally aired on CT (now defunct)\n^ Originally aired on Studio 23 (now defunct)\n^ Originally aired on Q (now GTV)\n^ Originally aired on RPN (now CNN Philippines)\n^ Originally aired on Fox Filipino (now defunct)\n^ Originally aired on Kapamilya Channel\n^ Originally aired on Metro Channel\n^ Originally aired on Asianovela Channel (now defunct)\n^ Originally aired on NBN (now PTV)", "^ Originally aired on Asianovela Channel (now defunct)\n^ Originally aired on NBN (now PTV)\n^ Originally aired on Knowledge Channel\n^ Originally aired on CNN Philippines\n^ Originally aired on A2Z\n^ Originally aired on GTV\n^ Originally aired on IBC\n^ Originally aired on ABC (now TV5)", "Video streaming services\nThe following are programs that debuted on video streaming services:", "January 12: Click, Like, Share (season 3) on iWantTFC\n January 14: Dear God (season 1) on iWantTFC and KTX\n January 23: Lulu on VivaMax\n February 14: The Goodbye Girl on iWantTFC\n February 27: L on VivaMax\n March 20: The Seniors on VivaMax\n March 26: Bola Bola on iWantTFC\n April 3: Gandara the BEKsplorer on VivaMax\n April 4: How to Move On in 30 Days on YouTube (ABS-CBN Entertainment)\n April 10: Iskandalo on VivaMax\n April 22: He's Into Her (season 2) on iWantTFC\n April 25: Misis Piggy on iWantTFC", "April 22: He's Into Her (season 2) on iWantTFC\n April 25: Misis Piggy on iWantTFC\n May 21: Run To Me on iWantTFC\n May 22: Gameboys (season 2) on KTX and VivaMax Plus\n June 5: High on Sex on VivaMax\n June 11: Ang Babae Sa Likod ng Face Mask on YouTube (Puregold Channel)\n July 16: Beach Bros on iWantTFC\n July 30: Kumusta Bro?: The Series on VivaMax Plus\n July 30: Coke Studio Philippines (season 6) on YouTube (Coke Studio Philippines)\n July 31: Wag Mong Agawin ang Akin on VivaMax", "July 31: Wag Mong Agawin ang Akin on VivaMax\n August 10: Lyric and Beat on iWantTFC\n August 15: Sleep With Me on iWantTFC\n August 17: Drag Race Philippines (season 1) on Discovery+, HBO Go and WOW Presents Plus\n August 19: Drag Race Philippines: Untucked! (season 1) on Discovery+, HBO Go and WOW Presents Plus\n September 3: Boys After Dark on YouTube (Rise Artists Studios)\n September 16: Love Bites on YouTube (ABS-CBN Entertainment)\n September 25: An/Na on VivaMax\n September 30: Hoy, Love You 3 on iWantTFC", "September 25: An/Na on VivaMax\n September 30: Hoy, Love You 3 on iWantTFC\n October 7: Tara, G! on iWantTFC\n October 14: K-Love on Viu\n October 23: Secrets of a Nympho on VivaMax\n November 4: Kambyoteros on YouTube (Cine Mo!)\n November 17: One Good Day on Amazon Prime Video\n December 8: Drag Den on Amazon Prime Video\n December 18: Lovely Ladies Dorm on VivaMax", "Returning or renamed programs\n\nMajor networks\n\nState-owned networks", "Minor networks\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:left; line-height:20px; width:auto;\"\n|-\n! Show \n! Last aired\n! Retitled as/Season/Notes\n! Channel\n! Return date\n|-\n| Sa Kabukiran\n| 2020 (DZMM TeleRadyo)\n| Sa Kabukiran at Kabuhayan\n| IZTV\n| May 15\n|-\n| Counterpoint\n| 2021 (PTV)\n| rowspan=\"2\" | Same\n| Net 25\n| August 31\n|-\n| Wowowin\n| 2022 (GMA)\n| All TV\n| September 13\n|-\n| Tara Game, Agad Agad!\n| 2022\n| Tara Game, Agad Agad! Level Up\n| Net 25\n| October 16\n|-\n| UNTV Cup\n| 2020\n| Same (season 9)\n| UNTV", "| Net 25\n| October 16\n|-\n| UNTV Cup\n| 2020\n| Same (season 9)\n| UNTV\n| November 21\n|-\n| Kuha Mo!\n| 2020 (Kapamilya Channel)\n| Kuha All!\n| All TV\n| November 26\n|-\n|}", "Other channels\n\nVideo streaming services\n\nPrograms transferring networks\n\nMajor networks\n\nState-owned networks\n\nMinor networks\n\nOther channels\n\nVideo streaming services\n\nMilestone episodes\nThe following shows that made their milestone episodes in 2022:\n\nFinales\nMajor networks\nA2Z\nThe following are programs that ended on A2Z:", "January 2: Come and Hug Me January 21: Marry Me, Marry You January 29: Aksyon Time (seasons 1 and 2), Peppa Pig (seasons 1 and 2; Kidz Weekend) and Rob the Robot (Kidz Weekend)\n February 4: La Vida Lena (full series)\n February 18: Nang Ngumiti ang Langit March 2: Prayerline March 4: Word for the Season and Worship, Word and Wonders March 25: Love Thy Woman (rerun)\n March 26: PJ Masks (Kidz Weekend; rerun)\n April 3: Zine Love (A2Z Zinema)", "March 26: PJ Masks (Kidz Weekend; rerun)\n April 3: Zine Love (A2Z Zinema)\n April 10: F4 Thailand: Boys Over Flowers and Inazuma Eleven GO: Chrono Stone (Kidz Weekend)\n April 13: Touch Your Heart (rerun)\n May 13: Viral Scandal \n May 27: Meow: The Secret Boy (rerun)\n May 29: Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10 June 18: My Papa Pi (season 1)\n June 19: I Can See Your Voice (season 4)", "June 19: I Can See Your Voice (season 4)\n June 24: The Broken Marriage Vow June 25: Care Bears: Unlock the Magic (Kidz Weekend) and Oddbods (seasons 1 and 2; Kidz Weekend)\n July 15: Code Name: Terrius July 31: Lego Ninjago (seasons 1 and 2; Kidz Weekend)\n August 12: FPJ's Ang Probinsyano August 14: He's Into Her (season 2)\n August 26: Init sa Magdamag (rerun)\n September 4: Bola Bola September 18: Idol Philippines (season 2)", "September 4: Bola Bola September 18: Idol Philippines (season 2)\n October 2: Run To Me October 9: Flower of Evil October 28: Love in 40 Days October 30: Hoy, Love You Two November 4: A Family Affair November 11: 2 Good 2 Be True (2G2BT)\n November 13: Hoy, Love You 3 November 25: Bagani (rerun)\n November 27: Lyric and Beat December 10: Maalaala Mo Kaya December 11: Click, Like, Share (season 3) and Mang Lalakbay (Kidz Weekend)\n December 18: Charlotte (Kidz Weekend; rerun)", "December 18: Charlotte (Kidz Weekend; rerun)\n December 30: Be My LadyStopped airing", "GMA\n\nThe following are programs that ended on GMA Network:", "January 7: Stories from the Heart and The World Between Us (season 2)\n January 8: Ghost Fighter (rerun)\n January 14: Las Hermanas January 15: Karelasyon (rerun)\n January 20: My Love from the Star (rerun)\n January 21: The Gifted: Graduation February 4: I Can See You: AlterNate February 11: I Left My Heart in Sorsogon, The Worst Witch (season 3) and Wowowin February 13: Dear Uge February 25: Bad Genius: The Series and Mano Po Legacy: The Family Fortune March 4: Ang Lihim ni Annasandra (rerun)", "March 11: The Penthouse (season 3)\n March 17: Queen and I (rerun)\n March 20: Home Base Plus (season 22)\n March 27: Toriko (season 2; rerun)\n March 31: My Husband-in-Law April 1: Eat Well, Live Well, Stay Well (season 3)\n April 13: Backstreet Rookie April 22: Douluo Continent and Little Princess April 24: Ultraman R/B April 29: Widows' Web April 30: Prima Donnas (season 2)\n May 6: Princess Hours May 7: Agimat ng Agila (season 2)", "May 6: Princess Hours May 7: Agimat ng Agila (season 2)\n May 27: False Positive and One the Woman June 2: I Hear Your Voice (rerun) and Mano Po Legacy: Her Big Boss June 3: Artikulo 247 June 4: Pepito Manaloto: Ang Unang Kuwento June 5: The Best Ka! and Raya Sirena June 10: Gokusen (season 1; rerun)\n June 17: The Herbal Master and The Witch's Diner July 1: First Lady, The Maid and Mars Pa More July 8: Man of Vengeance and The Worst Witch (season 3; rerun)", "July 17: Dinofroz July 23: Ultraman Taiga July 29: Raising Mamay August 11: Love You Stranger August 12: Show Window: The Queen's House August 25: The Skywatcher August 26: Bolera and Prophecy of Love August 27: Jose & Maria's Bonggang Villa August 28: Puppy in My Pocket: Adventures in Pocketville (rerun)\n September 2: Balitang Amianan (GMA Dagupan and GMA Ilocos)\n September 3: Apoy sa Langit September 16: My Forever Sunshine September 17: Daimos (2017 dub reboot; rerun)", "September 23: About Time, The Fake Life and Miss the Dragon September 30: Lolong (season 1)\n October 6: One Night Steal October 7: The Red Sleeve October 16: Ultraman Z October 23: Angry Birds Toons (rerun)\n October 27: What We Could Be October 28: Goblin and Gokusen (season 2; rerun)\n October 30: Happy ToGetHer (seasons 1 and 2)\n November 4: Return to Paradise and To Me, It's Simply You November 11: Eat Well, Live Well, Stay Well (season 4)", "November 20: Yo-kai Watch Shadowside November 25: The New Legends of Monkey December 2: Ghost Doctor December 4: The Wall Philippines (season 2)\n December 16: Put Your Head on My Shoulder December 18: Running Man Philippines (season 1)\n December 23: Start-Up PH December 29: The Wolf December 30: My Shy BossStopped airing", "TV5\n\nThe following are programs that ended on TV5:", "January 8: María la del Barrio January 21: Marry Me, Marry You and True Beauty January 29: Kagat ng Dilim (season 1; 2020; rerun)\n February 4: La Vida Lena (full series)\n February 19: #ParangNormal Activity (rerun)\n March 5: Sing Galing: Sing-lebrity Edition (season 1)\n March 6: M Countdown and My Hero Academia (seasons 1 and 2)\n March 18: Reply 1988 (rerun)", "March 6: M Countdown and My Hero Academia (seasons 1 and 2)\n March 18: Reply 1988 (rerun)\n April 13: Adventure Time (rerun), Dexter's Laboratory (rerun), Ed, Edd n Eddy (rerun), Generator Rex (rerun), The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack (rerun) and Touch Your Heart May 7: The Weekend News May 12: Remember: War of the Son May 13: Viral Scandal May 19: Niña Niño May 27: Meow: The Secret Boy May 28: Krypton and Marimar (rerun)", "May 29: Designated Survivor June 11: DC's Legends of Tomorrow (season 2; rerun)\n June 18: Masked Singer Pilipinas (season 2)\n June 19: The Chiefs June 24: The Broken Marriage Vow July 9: Sari-Sari Presents: Viva Cinema July 12: Enchanted Garden (Throwback Favorites Presents; rerun)\n July 14: Dear God (season 1)\n July 15: 44 Cats, Lakwatsika, Regal Academy and Winx Club (rerun)", "July 14: Dear God (season 1)\n July 15: 44 Cats, Lakwatsika, Regal Academy and Winx Club (rerun)\n August 12: FPJ's Ang Probinsyano August 19: Reina de corazones August 20: Top Class September 16: Cine Cinco Hollywood Edition September 18: Idol Philippines (season 2)\n September 23: My Hero Academia (seasons 1 and 2; rerun)\n September 24: Rolling In It Philippines (season 2)\n October 8: Puto (2021 television remake; rerun)", "October 8: Puto (2021 television remake; rerun)\n October 11: BalitaOnenan!, Lokomoko (Happy Naman D'yan!; rerun), Lokomoko U (Happy Naman D'yan!; rerun), Tropa Mo Ko Unli (Happy Naman D'yan!; rerun) and Wow Mali Pa Rin! (Happy Naman D'yan!; rerun)\n October 13: María la del Barrio (rerun)\n October 15: Mga Kwentong Epik October 16: Samurai Jack (rerun) and Sine Todo October 28: Love in 40 Days November 4: A Family Affair November 11: 2 Good 2 Be True (2G2BT)", "November 26: Oh My Korona December 8: Suntok sa Buwan December 22: Sing Galing! (2nd incarnation; season 2)\n December 24: Kalye KweensStopped airing", "State-owned networks\nPTV\n\nThe following are programs that ended on People's Television Network:", "The following are programs that ended on People's Television Network:\n\n February 25: Sundown (season 2)\n March 27: One DA sa TV May 6: Know Your Candidates May 7: Paliwanag: The 2022 Election Townhall Series June 24: Cabinet Report and Network Briefing News June 29: Tutok PDEA: Kontra Droga July 1: Digong 8888 Hotline July 9: Magandang Gabi Pilipinas July 10: Unlad Pilipinas July 11: PNA Newsroom September 4: Tulay: Your Bridge to Understanding, Peace and Prosperity September 11: Pet Pals TV (season 2)", "IBC\n\nThe following are programs that ended on IBC:\n\n February 27: Minning Town April 28: Bet to Serve June 4: DepEd TV June 10: PNA Newsroom June 24: Network Briefing News June 25: Youth for Truth September 25: F.Y.I. November 20: Shakey's Super LeagueMinor networks\nThe following are programs that ended on minor networks:", "January 20: Balitalakayan on Net 25\n March 17: Ano Sa Palagay N'yo?: Primetime on Net 25\n March 19: Agila Probinsiya on Net 25\n April 1: Eagle News International and Funniest Snackable Videos on Net 25\n April 30: Eagle News UK and Europe on Net 25\n April 30: Istorya on UNTV\n May 15: Tara Game, Agad Agad! on Net 25\n May 22: EBC Sports International on Net 25\n June 4: Cucina ni Nadia on Net 25\n June 24: Panalo o Talo, It's You! on Net 25\n June 29: DepEd TV on BEAM TV\n July 15: Never Twice on Net 25", "June 29: DepEd TV on BEAM TV\n July 15: Never Twice on Net 25\n August 5: Let's Get Ready To TV Radyo on Net 25\n August 12: EZ Shop on Net 25\n September 16: K-Lite 103.5 FM on All TV\n September 24: Bida Kayo Kay Aga on Net 25\n September 25: InstaJam on All TV\n September 30: Toni Talks on All TV\n September 30: Palabra de Amor on Net 25\n October 22: Biyaheng Langit and Kasangga Mo ang Langit on RJ DigiTV\n October 23: River Where the Moon Rises on All TV\n November 2: Tambayan sa DWIZ on IZTV", "October 23: River Where the Moon Rises on All TV\n November 2: Tambayan sa DWIZ on IZTV\n November 27: Again My Life on All TV\n November 27: Pasiklaban sa DWIZ on IZTV\n November 27: Healing Galing Live! on UNTV\n December 9: Mi Esperanza on Net 25", "Other channels\nThe following are programs that ended on other channels:", "January 1: The Shannara Chronicles (season 2) on GTV\n January 1: Raket Science on One PH\n January 2: Angry Birds Blues and Piggy Tales: Third Act on GTV\n January 2: The Best Talk with Boy Abunda (season 2) on Jeepney TV\n January 2: Come and Hug Me on Kapamilya Channel\n January 7: Finding Love and The World Between Us (season 2) on GTV\n January 7: Fates & Furies, I Left My Heart in Sorsogon (remaining episodes continued via GMA and GTV) and The World Between Us (season 2) on Heart of Asia", "January 10: Stories of Hope on GTV\n January 11: On Record on GTV\n January 12: Tunay na Buhay on GTV\n January 14: Nakee (rerun) and The Romantic Doctor 2 on Heart of Asia\n January 14: Max Steel on Jeepney TV\n January 16: Merry Flixmas on Hallypop\n January 21: Marry Me, Marry You on Jeepney TV\n January 21: I am Not a Robot (rerun) and Marry Me, Marry You on Kapamilya Channel\n January 28: Kakambal ni Eliana on Heart of Asia\n January 28: Oh My G! (rerun) on Jeepney TV", "January 28: Kakambal ni Eliana on Heart of Asia\n January 28: Oh My G! (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n January 29: Max Steel and Uncoupling on Kapamilya Channel\n January 30: Pokémon the Series: Sun and Moon on GTV\n January 30: Home Along Da Riles (rerun) and Ipaglaban Mo! on Jeepney TV\n February 4: Iskul Bukol and Pidol's Wonderland on BuKo Channel\n February 4: I Can See You: AlterNate on GTV\n February 4: The Blooming Treasure on Heart of Asia\n February 4: La Vida Lena (full series) and Starla (rerun) on Jeepney TV", "February 4: La Vida Lena (full series) and Starla (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n February 4: La Vida Lena (full series) on Kapamilya Channel\n February 4: It Had to Be You on Telenovela Channel\n February 11: I Left My Heart in Sorsogon on GTV\n February 11: Rising Sun (season 2) on Heart of Asia\n February 11: Nasaan Ka Nang Kailangan Kita (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n February 14: Riviera on TAP Edge\n February 18: The Frog Prince on GTV\n February 18: The Love Knot on Heart of Asia", "February 18: The Frog Prince on GTV\n February 18: The Love Knot on Heart of Asia\n February 18: Nang Ngumiti ang Langit on Kapamilya Channel\n February 19: Kongsuni and Friends on Jeepney TV\n February 25: Mano Po Legacy: The Family Fortune on GTV\n February 25: Dahil sa Pag-Ibig and Vietnam Rose on Jeepney TV\n March 4: Moon Embracing the Sun on GTV\n March 4: The Penthouse (season 1) on Heart of Asia\n March 4: Aryana (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n March 4: Papá a toda madre on Telenovela Channel", "March 4: Aryana (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n March 4: Papá a toda madre on Telenovela Channel\n March 6: TableLove with Pinky on ETC\n March 11: Pure Intention and Rhodora X on Heart of Asia\n March 11: Tayong Dalawa (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n March 11: Something in the Rain on Kapamilya Channel\n March 15: Fairy Tail (season 3) on GTV\n March 18: Kadenang Ginto on Jeepney TV\n March 19: Hello from the Other Side on GTV\n March 19: Doble Kara (rerun) and The Legal Wife (rerun) on Jeepney TV", "March 19: Doble Kara (rerun) and The Legal Wife (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n March 20: Born for You on Jeepney TV\n March 25: Girl Next Room on GTV\n March 25: Sino ang Maysala?: Mea Culpa on Jeepney TV\n March 25: Love Thy Woman (rerun) on Kapamilya Channel\n March 26: Buena Manong Balita (Saturday edition; Dobol B TV) on GTV\n March 26: Price of Passion on Heart of Asia\n March 30: After the Fact on ABS-CBN News Channel\n April 1: Prince of Wolf and Two Spirits' Love on Heart of Asia", "April 1: Prince of Wolf and Two Spirits' Love on Heart of Asia\n April 2: We Rise Together on Kapamilya Channel\n April 3: Sunday Kapamilya Blockbusters on Kapamilya Channel\n April 8: The Desire on Heart of Asia\n April 8: Kokey (rerun) and Lovers in Paris on Jeepney TV\n April 8: Hyde, Jekyll, Me on Kapamilya Channel\n April 10: AgriCOOLture and F4 Thailand: Boys Over Flowers on Kapamilya Channel\n April 13: Hiram na Alaala on Heart of Asia\n April 13: Touch Your Heart on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel", "April 13: Touch Your Heart on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel\n April 15: Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog on Jeepney TV\n April 15: The Two Lives of Estela Carrillo on Telenovela Channel\n April 22: Endless Love (season 2; ETCerye) on ETC\n April 22: Lie After Lie on Heart of Asia\n April 22: Hiram na Mukha and Huwag Ka Lang Mawawala (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n April 29: Widows' Web on GTV\n April 29: Scarlet Heart on Heart of Asia\n April 29: Mama Fairy and the Woodcutter on Kapamilya Channel", "April 29: Mama Fairy and the Woodcutter on Kapamilya Channel\n April 29: The Dark Widow on Telenovela Channel\n May 6: Doctor John on GTV\n May 13: Kahit Isang Saglit (rerun), Mirabella (rerun), Sana Maulit Muli (rerun), Viral Scandal and The Wedding on Jeepney TV\n May 13: Viral Scandal on Kapamilya Channel\n May 14: Midnight Phantom (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n May 15: The Last Empress (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n May 15: Komiks Presents: Wakasan (rerun) on Jeepney TV", "May 15: Komiks Presents: Wakasan (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n May 20: The Borrowed Wife and Oh My Baby on Heart of Asia\n May 22: The Bureau of Magical Things on GTV\n May 22: When Duty Calls on Heart of Asia\n May 27: False Positive on GTV\n May 27: Princess Weiyoung on Heart of Asia\n May 27: Meow: The Secret Boy (rerun) on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel\n May 29: Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10 on Jeepney TV\n May 29: AgriKids, Pahina and Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10 on Kapamilya Channel", "May 29: AgriKids, Pahina and Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10 on Kapamilya Channel\n May 29: TeleRadyo Balita Weekend on TeleRadyo\n June 3: Emperor: Ruler of the Mask (rerun) and The Penthouse (season 2) on Heart of Asia\n June 3: Maging Sino Ka Man (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n June 10: My Love from Another Star on Heart of Asia\n June 10: Ina, Kapatid, Anak (rerun) and Palimos ng Pag-ibig on Jeepney TV\n June 17: God of Lost Fantasy on Heart of Asia\n June 17: Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon (rerun) on Jeepney TV", "June 17: Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n June 17: Hwayugi: A Korean Odyssey on Kapamilya Channel\n June 18: Legend of Paranormal Story (rerun) on GTV\n June 18: My Papa Pi (season 1) on Kapamilya Channel\n June 19: Legend of Fuyao (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n June 19: I Can See Your Voice (season 4) on Kapamilya Channel\n June 24: Legend of the Blue Sea and Me Always You on GTV\n June 24: The Broken Marriage Vow and Johnny Test (season 4; rerun) on Jeepney TV", "June 24: The Broken Marriage Vow and Johnny Test (season 4; rerun) on Jeepney TV\n June 24: The Broken Marriage Vow on Kapamilya Channel\n June 26: Taste Buddies on GTV\n July 1: First Lady on GTV\n July 1: When the Weather Is Fine on Heart of Asia\n July 1: Encounter (rerun) on Kapamilya Channel\n July 3: Misty (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n July 8: ETCinema on ETC\n July 8: The Garfield Show on Jeepney TV\n July 9: Art of the Spirit on Heart of Asia\n July 9: Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog on Kapamilya Channel", "July 9: Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog on Kapamilya Channel\n July 10: The Dean Mel Show on One PH\n July 15: Game of Affection on Heart of Asia\n July 15: Gulong ng Palad (rerun) and Lastikman (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n July 15: Code Name: Terrius (rerun) on Kapamilya Channel\n July 16: Tech Ka Muna on One PH\n July 17: Wolfblood (season 1) on GTV\n July 22: Innocent Defendant on Heart of Asia\n July 29: Metro Manila Ngayon on DZRH TV", "July 22: Innocent Defendant on Heart of Asia\n July 29: Metro Manila Ngayon on DZRH TV\n July 29: While You Were Sleeping (rerun) and Woman of Dignity (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n July 31: Super Laff-In and Trabahanap TV on Cine Mo!\n July 31: Love Beyond Time on Heart of Asia\n August 5: Dwarfina on Heart of Asia\n August 12: FPJ's Ang Probinsyano on Cine Mo! and Kapamilya Channel\n August 12: Code Name: Yong Pal on GTV\n August 12: In Time With You and Playful Kiss on Heart of Asia", "August 12: In Time With You and Playful Kiss on Heart of Asia\n August 13: Scripting Your Destiny on Heart of Asia\n August 14: Fates & Furies (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n August 14: He's Into Her (season 2) on Kapamilya Channel\n August 19: Charlotte on Jeepney TV\n August 20: In Her Shoes on Solar Flix\n August 26: Behind Your Smile and Bolera on GTV\n August 26: Pyra: Babaeng Apoy and The Sand Princess on Heart of Asia", "August 26: Pyra: Babaeng Apoy and The Sand Princess on Heart of Asia\n August 26: Nagsimula sa Puso (rerun), Natutulog Ba ang Diyos? and The Story of Us (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n August 26: Flower Crew: Dating Agency and Init sa Magdamag (rerun) on Kapamilya Channel\n August 27: Mako Mermaids on GTV\n August 28: Project Destination on GTV\n August 31: Slam Dunk on GTV\n September 2: News.PH (2nd incarnation) on CNN Philippines\n September 2: Extraordinary You (rerun) on Heart of Asia", "September 2: Extraordinary You (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n September 2: Hanggang Saan (rerun) and Mutya (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n September 2: Road to Destiny on Telenovela Channel\n September 3: K-Drama Special Stories on GTV\n September 4: Hunter × Hunter (season 2; 2011; rerun) and Sine Date Weekends on GTV\n September 4: Bola Bola on Kapamilya Channel\n September 4: WWE NXT UK on TAP Sports\n September 9: Mr. Merman on Heart of Asia\n September 9: Marco on Jeepney TV", "September 9: Mr. Merman on Heart of Asia\n September 9: Marco on Jeepney TV\n September 9: Corazón Salvaje on Telenovela Channel\n September 10: Signal on GTV\n September 11: Hay, Bahay! on GTV\n September 16: Mr. Queen on Heart of Asia\n September 16: The General's Daughter (rerun) and Sa Piling Mo (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n September 16: A Beloved Man on Telenovela Channel\n September 17: TOLS on GTV\n September 17: From the Heart Specials: Like a Fairytale and Wicked Angel (rerun) on Heart of Asia", "September 17: From the Heart Specials: Like a Fairytale and Wicked Angel (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n September 18: Idol Philippines (season 2) on Kapamilya Channel\n September 23: Florinda and Langit Lupa (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n September 25: Yo-Kai Watch (seasons 1 to 3) on GTV\n September 25: Rolling In It Philippines (season 2) on Sari-Sari Channel\n September 30: Banana Split on Cine Mo!\n September 30: Lolong (season 1) on GTV\n September 30: Ugnayang Gobyerno at Mamamayan on Radyo Bandido TV", "September 30: Ugnayang Gobyerno at Mamamayan on Radyo Bandido TV\n October 2: Pure Intention (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n October 2: Run To Me on Kapamilya Channel\n October 7: Finding Love, The Gifted and My Absolute Boyfriend (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n October 7: My Sweet Curse on Telenovela Channel\n October 8: Ikaw Lamang (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n October 9: Wolfblood (season 2) on GTV\n October 9: Flower of Evil on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel\n October 12: Touching You (ETCerye) on Solar Flix", "October 12: Touching You (ETCerye) on Solar Flix\n October 14: Peter Pan and Wendy on Jeepney TV\n October 14: Melting Me Softly (rerun) on Kapamilya Channel\n October 16: Budoy (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n October 17: Monkey and Dog Romance (ETCerye) on Solar Flix\n October 21: My Love from the Star on Heart of Asia\n October 21: Lorenzo's Time (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n October 21: Bubble Up (ETCerye) and Endless Love (season 2; ETCerye Rewind) on Solar Flix\n October 23: La Doña on Heart of Asia", "October 23: La Doña on Heart of Asia\n October 28: What We Could Be on GTV\n October 28: The Penthouse (season 3) on Heart of Asia\n October 28: Love in 40 Days on Jeepney TV and Kapamilya Channel\n October 30: The Formula on Heart of Asia\n October 30: Hoy, Love You Two on Kapamilya Channel\n November 3: Love in the Moonlight on GTV\n November 4: The Gifted: Graduation on Heart of Asia\n November 4: A Family Affair, Judy Abbott and Walang Hanggan (rerun) on Jeepney TV", "November 4: A Family Affair, Judy Abbott and Walang Hanggan (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n November 4: A Family Affair on Kapamilya Channel\n November 5: Doble Kara (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n November 10: Nabi, My Stepdarling on GTV\n November 11: Boys Over Flowers (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n November 11: 2 Good 2 Be True (2G2BT) and Dyosa (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n November 11: 2 Good 2 Be True (2G2BT) on Kapamilya Channel\n November 12: Honesto (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n November 13: Sky Castle (rerun) on Heart of Asia", "November 12: Honesto (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n November 13: Sky Castle (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n November 13: Hoy, Love You 3 on Kapamilya Channel\n November 18: Backstreet Rookie on Heart of Asia\n November 20: Shakey's Super League on Solar Sports\n November 25: Angel's Last Mission (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n November 25: Bagani and Meow, The Secret Boy (rerun) on Kapamilya Channel\n November 26: Oh My Job! (Dobol B TV) on GTV\n November 26: While You Were Sleeping (rerun) on Heart of Asia", "November 26: While You Were Sleeping (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n November 27: Detective Conan (season 8) and ONE Warrior Series: Philippines on GTV\n November 27: Lyric and Beat on Kapamilya Channel\n December 9: Gokusen (season 3) on Heart of Asia\n December 9: Little Women II and My Little Juan on Jeepney TV\n December 9: Wild Lands on Telenovela Channel\n December 10: A Beautiful Affair on Jeepney TV\n December 10: Maalaala Mo Kaya on Kapamilya Channel", "December 10: A Beautiful Affair on Jeepney TV\n December 10: Maalaala Mo Kaya on Kapamilya Channel\n December 11: Click, Like, Share (season 3) and Mang Lalakbay on Kapamilya Channel\n December 11: Dr. Love on TeleRadyo\n December 16: The Frog Prince (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n December 16: The Blood Sisters (rerun), Pieta (rerun) and The Promise of Forever (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n December 17: The Chosen One (season 1) on PIE Channel", "December 17: The Chosen One (season 1) on PIE Channel\n December 18: Fire of Eternal Love (rerun) and The Love Knot (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n December 23: Moon Embracing the Sun on Heart of Asia\n December 23: Beauty Boy and Start-Up PH on GTV\n December 23: Sana Dalawa ang Puso (rerun) on Jeepney TV\n December 24: Love Actually (rerun) and Where Stars Land (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n December 24: Lakas ng Siyensya on TeleRadyo\n December 24: WWE SmackDown on One Sports+", "December 24: Lakas ng Siyensya on TeleRadyo\n December 24: WWE SmackDown on One Sports+\n December 25: Angry Birds Stella (rerun) on GTV\n December 25: Aladdin: You Would've Heard the Name (rerun) on Heart of Asia\n December 25: Mula sa Puso (2011; rerun) on Jeepney TV\n December 25: Kalye Kweens on Sari-Sari Channel\n December 27: WWE SmackDown on One Sports\n December 29: WWE Raw on One Sports\n December 30: Ghost Fighter on GTV\n December 30: Tale of the Nine Tailed on Heart of Asia", "December 30: Ghost Fighter on GTV\n December 30: Tale of the Nine Tailed on Heart of Asia\n December 30: Apoy sa Dagat (rerun) and My Little Juan on Jeepney TV\n December 30: Be My Lady on Kapamilya Channel\n December 30: Tuloy Po Kayo on One News and One PH", "Stopped airing\n\nVideo streaming services", "January 21: Quaranthings (season 2) on Upstream PH\n January 22: Saying Goodbye on iQiyi\n January 22: Happy Place on iWantTFC\n January 28: The Kangks Show on WeTV iflix\n February 2: Hello, Heart on iQiyi\n February 2: Click, Like, Share (season 3) on iWantTFC\n February 19: The Goodbye Girl on iWantTFC\n February 24: Love at the End of the World on GagaOOLala\n March 11: Dear God (season 1) on iWantTFC and KTX\n March 13: L and Lulu on VivaMax\n April 10: Bola Bola on iWantTFC\n April 30: Misis Piggy on iWantTFC", "April 10: Bola Bola on iWantTFC\n April 30: Misis Piggy on iWantTFC\n May 8: The Seniors on VivaMax\n June 5: Gandara the BEKsplorer on VivaMax\n June 12: Gameboys (season 2) on KTX and VivaMax Plus\n June 12: Iskandalo on VivaMax\n June 24: How to Move On in 30 Days on YouTube (ABS-CBN Entertainment)\n June 25: Run To Me on iWantTFC\n July 24: High on Sex on VivaMax\n July 31: Beach Bros on iWantTFC\n August 3: He's Into Her (season 2) on iWantTFC", "July 31: Beach Bros on iWantTFC\n August 3: He's Into Her (season 2) on iWantTFC\n August 27: Ang Babae Sa Likod ng Face Mask on YouTube (Puregold Channel)\n September 17: Coke Studio Philippines (season 6) on YouTube (Coke Studio Philippines)\n September 18: Wag Mong Agawin ang Akin on VivaMax\n September 23: Lyric and Beat on iWantTFC\n October 1: Kumusta Bro?: The Series on VivaMax Plus\n October 1: Boys After Dark on YouTube (Rise Artists Studios)", "October 1: Boys After Dark on YouTube (Rise Artists Studios)\n October 7: Drag Race Philippines: Untucked! (season 1) on Discovery+, HBO Go and WOW Presents Plus\n October 12: Drag Race Philippines (season 1) on Discovery+, HBO Go and WOW Presents Plus\n October 16: An/Na on Vivamax\n October 21: Hoy, Love You 3 on iWantTFC\n December 11: Secrets of a Nympho on VivaMax\n December 22: One Good Day on Amazon Prime Video", "Networks\nThe following are a list of free-to-air and cable channels or networks launches and closures in 2022.\n\nLaunches\n\nRebranded\nThe following is a list of television stations or cable channels that have made or will make noteworthy network rebrands in 2022.\n\nClosures\n\nStopped broadcasting\nThe following is a list of stations and channels or networks that have stopped broadcasting or (temporarily) off the air in 2022.\n\nNotes", "Notes\n\n : via Cignal and SatLite until December 23 as Rock Extreme\n : via Sky Cable since December 6\n : via Sky Cable since December 5\n : via Sky Cable since November 18\n : via Cablelink since circa September 19–25\n : via DTT from June 1 to October 31\n : via Cablelink until June 22 as ETC; since July 18 as Solar Flix\n : via G Sat until June 20 as ETC\n\nServices\nThe following are a list of television operators or providers and streaming media platforms or services launches and closures in 2022.\n\nLaunches", "Launches\n\nRebranded\nThe following is a list of streaming providers that have made or will make noteworthy service rebrands in 2022.\n\nStopped streaming\nThe following is a list of providers and platforms or services that have stopped operating or streaming in 2022.\n\nClosures", "Closures\n\nDeaths\nJanuary\n January 14 – Maoi Roca, (b. 1974), basketball player and actor.\n January 21 – Salvador Royales, (b. 1947), veteran writer and radio drama director of DZRH.\n January 23 – Romano Vasquez, (b. 1970), actor and former cast member of That's Entertainment.", "February\n February 2 – Rustica Carpio, (b. 1930), veteran actress and playwright.\n February 15 – Dong Puno, (b. 1946), veteran broadcaster and former Press Secretary.\n February 21 – Eduardo Roy Jr., (b. 1980), director, producer and screenwriter.\n\nMarch\n March 5 – Luz Fernandez, (b. 1935), veteran actress.\n March 17 – Bobby Nalzaro, (b. 1963), veteran regional broadcaster and columnist.", "April\n April 7 – Carlos Salazar, (b. 1931), veteran actor and singer.\n April 16\n Boyet Sison, (b. 1963), sportscaster and segment anchor of Alam N'yo Ba? on TV Patrol.\n Gloria Sevilla, (b. 1932), film actress.\n April 23 – Florencio \"Zaldy\" Perez, (b. 1957), broadcaster and sportswriter.\n\nMay\n May 10 – Fanny Serrano, (b. 1948), celebrity makeup artist and stylist.\n May 15 – Miguel Faustmann, (b. 1954), theater actor.\n May 20 – Susan Roces, (b. 1941), veteran actress.", "June\n June 9 – Mark Shandii Bacolod, (b. 1984), director, producer and talent manager.\n\nJuly\n July 11 – Phillip Lazaro, (b. 1970), actor, comedian and director.\n July 22 – Carlos \"Caloy\" Alde, (b. 1961), actor and comedian.\n July 23 – Boy Alano, (b. 1941), actor.", "August\n August 3 – Gladys Lana-Lucas, (b. 1960), radio host.\n August 5 – Cherie Gil, (b. 1963), actress.\n August 9 – Raissa Puno-Diaz, (b. 1977), broadcast journalist.\n August 10 – Reign André Loleng, (b. 1982), writer.\n August 13 – Melvyn \"Panginoon\" Calderon, (b. 1952), photojournalist and host of '''Wag Po!.\n August 17 – Danilo \"Totong\" Federez, (b. 1960), puppeteer and voice of Arn-arn on Unang Hirit.\n August 22 – Romy Suzara, (b. 1938), veteran director.", "August 22 – Romy Suzara, (b. 1938), veteran director.\n August 24 – Ma. Clarissa \"Ilsa\" Reyes, (b. 1970), Catholic media personality.", "September\n September 13 – Vic Dimagiba, (b. 1949), former Undersecretary of Department of Trade and Industry and co-host of Konsyumer Atbp.\n September 16 – John Susi, (b. 1965), broadcaster.\n\nOctober\n October 31 – Danny Javier, (b. 1947), singer-songwriter and member of APO Hiking Society.\n\nNovember\n November 19 – Flora Gasser, (b. 1932), veteran actress.", "November\n November 19 – Flora Gasser, (b. 1932), veteran actress.\n\nDecember\n December 1 – Sylvia La Torre, (b. 1933), singer and actress.\n December 9 – Jovit Baldivino, (b. 1993), singer and first grand champion winner of Pilipinas Got Talent (season 1).\n\nSee also\n 2022 in television\n\nReferences\n\n \nTelevision in the Philippines by year\nPhilippine television-related lists" ]

[ "5 (five) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number, and cardinal number, following 4 and preceding 6, and is a prime number. It has garnered attention throughout history in part because distal extremities in humans typically contain five digits.\n\nEvolution of the Arabic digit", "The evolution of the modern Western digit for the numeral 5 cannot be traced back to the Indian system, as for the digits 1 to 4. The Kushana and Gupta empires in what is now India had among themselves several forms that bear no resemblance to the modern digit. The Nagari and Punjabi took these digits and all came up with forms that were similar to a lowercase \"h\" rotated 180°. The Ghubar Arabs transformed the digit in several ways, producing from that were more similar to the digits 4 or 3 than to 5", ". It was from those digits that Europeans finally came up with the modern 5.", "While the shape of the character for the digit 5 has an ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the glyph usually has a descender, as, for example, in .\n\nOn the seven-segment display of a calculator and digital clock, it is represented by five segments at four successive turns from top to bottom, rotating counterclockwise first, then clockwise, and vice-versa. It is one of three numbers, along with 4 and 6, where the number of segments matches the number.\n\nMathematics", "Five is the third smallest prime number, and the second super-prime. It is the first safe prime, the first good prime, the first balanced prime, and the first of three known Wilson primes. Five is the second Fermat prime, the second Proth prime, and the third Mersenne prime exponent, as well as the third Catalan number and the third Sophie Germain prime", ". Notably, 5 is equal to the sum of the only consecutive primes 2 + 3 and it is the only number that is part of more than one pair of twin primes, (3, 5) and (5, 7). It also forms the first pair of sexy primes with 11, which is the fifth prime number and Heegner number, as well as the first repunit prime in decimal; a base in-which five is also the first non-trivial 1-automorphic number. Five is the third factorial prime, and an alternating factorial", ". Five is the third factorial prime, and an alternating factorial. It is also an Eisenstein prime (like 11) with no imaginary part and real part of the form . In particular, five is the first congruent number, since it is the length of the hypotenuse of the smallest integer-sided right triangle.", "Number theory \n5 is the fifth Fibonacci number, being 2 plus 3, and the only Fibonacci number that is equal to its position aside from 1 (that is also the second index). Five is also a Pell number and a Markov number, appearing in solutions to the Markov Diophantine equation: (1, 2, 5), (1, 5, 13), (2, 5, 29), (5, 13, 194), (5, 29, 433), ... ( lists Markov numbers that appear in solutions where one of the other two terms is 5). In the Perrin sequence 5 is both the fifth and sixth Perrin numbers.", "5 is the second Fermat prime of the form , and more generally the second Sierpiński number of the first kind, . There are a total of five known Fermat primes, which also include 3, 17, 257, and 65537. The sum of the first three Fermat primes, 3, 5 and 17, yields 25 or 52, while 257 is the 55th prime number", ". Combinations from these five Fermat primes generate thirty-one polygons with an odd number of sides that can be constructed purely with a compass and straight-edge, which includes the five-sided regular pentagon. Apropos, thirty-one is also equal to the sum of the maximum number of areas inside a circle that are formed from the sides and diagonals of the first five -sided polygons, which is equal to the maximum number of areas formed by a six-sided polygon; per Moser's circle problem.", "5 is also the third Mersenne prime exponent of the form , which yields , the eleventh prime number and fifth super-prime. This is the prime index of the third Mersenne prime and second double Mersenne prime 127, as well as the third double Mersenne prime exponent for the number 2,147,483,647, which is the largest value that a signed 32-bit integer field can hold. There are only four known double Mersenne prime numbers, with a fifth candidate double Mersenne prime = 223058..", "...93951 − 1 too large to compute with current computers. In a related sequence, the first five terms in the sequence of Catalan–Mersenne numbers are the only known prime terms, with a sixth possible candidate in the order of 101037.7094. These prime sequences are conjectured to be prime up to a certain limit.", "There are a total of five known unitary perfect numbers, which are numbers that are the sums of their positive proper unitary divisors. The smallest such number is 6, and the largest of these is equivalent to the sum of 4095 divisors, where 4095 is the largest of five Ramanujan–Nagell numbers that are both triangular numbers and Mersenne numbers of the general form", ". The sums of the first five non-primes greater than zero and the first five prime numbers both equal 28; the seventh triangular number and like 6 a perfect number, which also includes 496, the thirty-first triangular number and perfect number of the form () with a of , by the Euclid–Euler theorem. Within the larger family of Ore numbers, 140 and 496, respectively the fourth and sixth indexed members, both contain a set of divisors that produce integer harmonic means equal to 5", ". The fifth Mersenne prime, 8191, splits into 4095 and 4096, with the latter being the fifth superperfect number and the sixth power of four, 46.", "Figurate numbers and magic figures \n\nIn figurate numbers, 5 is a pentagonal number, with the sequence of pentagonal numbers starting: 1, 5, 12, 22, 35, ...", "The factorial of five is multiply perfect like 28 and 496. It is the sum of the first fifteen non-zero positive integers and 15th triangular number, which in-turn is the sum of the first five non-zero positive integers and 5th triangular number. Furthermore, , where 125 is the second number to have an aliquot sum of 31 (after the fifth power of two, 32).", "On its own, 31 is the first prime centered pentagonal number, and the fifth centered triangular number. Collectively, five and thirty-one generate a sum of 36 (the square of 6) and a difference of 26, which is the only number to lie between a square and a cube (respectively, 25 and 27). The fifth pentagonal and tetrahedral number is 35, which is equal to the sum of the first five triangular numbers: 1, 3, 6, 10, 15", ". In the sequence of pentatope numbers that start from the first (or fifth) cell of the fifth row of Pascal's triangle (left to right or from right to left), the first few terms are: 1, 5, 15, 35, 70, 126, 210, 330, 495, ... The first five members in this sequence add to 126, which is also the sixth pentagonal pyramidal number as well as the fifth -perfect Granville number. This is the third Granville number not to be perfect, and the only known such number with three distinct prime factors.", "55 is the fifteenth discrete biprime, equal to the product between 5 and the fifth prime and third super-prime 11. These two numbers also form the second pair (5, 11) of Brown numbers such that where five is also the second number that belongs to the first pair (4, 5); altogether only five distinct numbers (4, 5, 7, 11, and 71) are needed to generate the set of known pairs of Brown numbers, where the third and largest pair is (7, 71).", "Fifty-five is also the tenth Fibonacci number, whose digit sum is also 10, in its decimal representation. It is the tenth triangular number and the fourth that is doubly triangular, the fifth heptagonal number and fourth centered nonagonal number, and as listed above, the fifth square pyramidal number. The sequence of triangular that are powers of 10 is: 55, 5050, 500500, ..", ". The sequence of triangular that are powers of 10 is: 55, 5050, 500500, ... 55 in base-ten is also the fourth Kaprekar number as are all triangular numbers that are powers of ten, which initially includes 1, 9 and 45, with forty-five itself the ninth triangular number where 5 lies midway between 1 and 9 in the sequence of natural numbers", ". 45 is also conjectured by Ramsey number , and is a Schröder–Hipparchus number; the next and fifth such number is 197, the forty-fifth prime number that represents the number of ways of dissecting a heptagon into smaller polygons by inserting diagonals. A five-sided convex pentagon, on the other hand, has eleven ways of being subdivided in such manner.", "5 is the value of the central cell of the first non-trivial normal magic square, called the Luoshu square. Its array has a magic constant of , where the sums of its rows, columns, and diagonals are all equal to fifteen. On the other hand, a normal magic square has a magic constant of , where 5 and 13 are the first two Wilson primes", ". The fifth number to return for the Mertens function is 65, with counting the number of square-free integers up to with an even number of prime factors, minus the count of numbers with an odd number of prime factors. 65 is the nineteenth biprime with distinct prime factors, with an aliquot sum of 19 as well and equivalent to", ". It is also the magic constant of the Queens Problem for , the fifth octagonal number, and the Stirling number of the second kind that represents sixty-five ways of dividing a set of six objects into four non-empty subsets. 13 and 5 are also the fourth and third Markov numbers, respectively, where the sixth member in this sequence (34) is the magic constant of a normal magic octagram and magic square", ". In between these three Markov numbers is the tenth prime number 29 that represents the number of pentacubes when reflections are considered distinct; this number is also the fifth Lucas prime after 11 and 7 (where the first prime that is not a Lucas prime is 5, followed by 13). A magic constant of 505 is generated by a normal magic square, where 10 is the fifth composite.", "5 is also the value of the central cell the only non-trivial normal magic hexagon made of nineteen cells. Where the sum between the magic constants of this order-3 normal magic hexagon (38) and the order-5 normal magic square (65) is 103 — the prime index of the third Wilson prime 563 equal to the sum of all three pairs of Brown numbers — their difference is 27, itself the prime index of 103. In base-ten, 15 and 27 are the only two-digit numbers that are equal to the sum between their digits (inclusive, i", ".e. 2 + 3 + ... + 7 = 27), with these two numbers consecutive perfect totient numbers after 3 and 9. 103 is the fifth irregular prime that divides the numerator (236364091) of the twenty-fourth Bernoulli number , and as such it is part of the eighth irregular pair (103, 24)", ". In a two-dimensional array, the number of planar partitions with a sum of four is equal to thirteen and the number of such partitions with a sum of five is twenty-four, a value equal to the sum-of-divisors of the ninth arithmetic number 15 whose divisors also produce an integer arithmetic mean of 6 (alongside an aliquot sum of 9). The smallest value that the magic constant of a five-pointed magic pentagram can have using distinct integers is 24.", "Collatz conjecture \n\nIn the Collatz problem, 5 requires five steps to reach one by multiplying terms by three and adding one if the term is odd (starting with five itself), and dividing by two if they are even: {5 ➙ 16 ➙ 8 ➙ 4 ➙ 2 ➙ 1}; the only other number to require five steps is 32 since 16 must be part of such path (see for a map of orbits for small odd numbers).", "Specifically, 120 needs fifteen steps in total to arrive at 5: {120 ➙ 60 ➙ 30 ➙ 15 ➙ 46 ➙ 23 ➙ 70 ➙ 35 ➙ 106 ➙ 53 ➙ 160 ➙ 80 ➙ 40 ➙ 20 ➙ 10 ➙ 5}. These comprise a total of sixteen numbers before cycling through {16 ➙ 8 ➙ 4 ➙ 2 ➙ 1}. On the other hand, the trajectory of 15 requires seventeen steps to reach 1, where its reduced Collatz trajectory is equal to five when counting the steps {23, 35, 53, 5, 1} that are prime, including 1", ". Overall, thirteen numbers in the Collatz map for 15 are composite, where the largest prime in its trajectory 53 is the sixteenth prime number.", "When generalizing the Collatz conjecture to all positive or negative integers, −5 becomes one of only four known possible cycle starting points and endpoints, and in its case in five steps too: {−5 ➙ −14 ➙ −7 ➙ −20 ➙ −10 ➙ −5 ➙ ...}. The other possible cycles begin and end at −17 in eighteen steps, −1 in two steps, and 1 in three steps", ". This behavior is analogous to the path cycle of five in the problem, where 5 takes five steps to return cyclically, in this instance by multiplying terms by three and subtracting 1 if the terms are odd, and also halving if even. It is also the first number to generate a cycle that is not trivial (i.e. 1 ➙ 2 ➙ 1 ➙ ...).", "Generalizations \n\nFive is conjectured to be the only odd untouchable number, and if this is the case then five will be the only odd prime number that is not the base of an aliquot tree. Meanwhile:\n\nWhile all integers can be expressed as the sum of five non-zero squares, in Waring's problem, where every natural number is the sum of at most thirty-seven fifth powers.", "Polynomial equations of degree and below can be solved with radicals, while quintic equations of degree 5 and higher cannot generally be so solved (see, Abel–Ruffini theorem). This is related to the fact that the symmetric group is a solvable group for ⩽ , and not for ⩾ .", "There are five countably infinite Ramsey classes of permutations, where the age of each countable homogeneous permutation forms an individual Ramsey class of objects such that, for each natural number and each choice of objects , there is no object where in any -coloring of all subobjects of isomorphic to there exists a monochromatic subobject isomorphic to . Aside from , the five classes of Ramsey permutations are the classes of:", "In general, the Fraïssé limit of a class of finite relational structure is the age of a countable homogeneous relational structure if and only if five conditions hold for : it is closed under isomorphism, it has only countably many isomorphism classes, it is hereditary, it is joint-embedded, and it holds the amalgamation property.", "In the general classification of number systems, the real numbers and its three subsequent Cayley-Dickson constructions of algebras over the field of the real numbers (i.e. the complex numbers , the quaternions , and the octonions ) are normed division algebras that hold up to five different principal algebraic properties of interest: whether the algebras are ordered, and whether they hold commutative, associative, alternative, and power-associative multiplicative properties", ". Whereas the real numbers contain all five properties, the octonions are only alternative and power-associative. On the other hand, the sedenions , which represent a fifth algebra in this series, is not a composition algebra unlike and , is only power-associative, and is the first algebra to contain non-trivial zero divisors as with all further algebras over larger fields. Altogether, these five algebras operate, respectively, over fields of dimension 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16.", "Geometry", "A pentagram, or five-pointed polygram, is the first proper star polygon constructed from the diagonals of a regular pentagon as self-intersecting edges that are proportioned in golden ratio, . Its internal geometry appears prominently in Penrose tilings, and is a facet inside Kepler-Poinsot star polyhedra and Schläfli–Hess star polychora, represented by its Schläfli symbol . A similar figure to the pentagram is a five-pointed simple isotoxal star ☆ without self-intersecting edges", ". It is often found as a facet inside Islamic Girih tiles, of which there are five different rudimentary types. Generally, star polytopes that are regular only exist in dimensions ⩽ < , and can be constructed using five Miller rules for stellating polyhedra or higher-dimensional polytopes.", "Graphs theory, and planar geometry", "In graph theory, all graphs with four or fewer vertices are planar, however, there is a graph with five vertices that is not: K5, the complete graph with five vertices, where every pair of distinct vertices in a pentagon is joined by unique edges belonging to a pentagram. By Kuratowski's theorem, a finite graph is planar iff it does not contain a subgraph that is a subdivision of K5, or the complete bipartite utility graph K3,3", ". A similar graph is the Petersen graph, which is strongly connected and also nonplanar. It is most easily described as graph of a pentagram embedded inside a pentagon, with a total of 5 crossings, a girth of 5, and a Thue number of 5. The Petersen graph, which is also a distance-regular graph, is one of only 5 known connected vertex-transitive graphs with no Hamiltonian cycles. The automorphism group of the Petersen graph is the symmetric group of order 120 = 5!.", "The chromatic number of the plane is at least five, depending on the choice of set-theoretical axioms: the minimum number of colors required to color the plane such that no pair of points at a distance of 1 has the same color", ". Whereas the hexagonal Golomb graph and the regular hexagonal tiling generate chromatic numbers of 4 and 7, respectively, a chromatic coloring of 5 can be attained under a more complicated graph where multiple four-coloring Moser spindles are linked so that no monochromatic triples exist in any coloring of the overall graph, as that would generate an equilateral arrangement that tends toward a purely hexagonal structure.", "The plane also contains a total of five Bravais lattices, or arrays of points defined by discrete translation operations: hexagonal, oblique, rectangular, centered rectangular, and square lattices. Uniform tilings of the plane, furthermore, are generated from combinations of only five regular polygons: the triangle, square, hexagon, octagon, and the dodecagon. The plane can also be tiled monohedrally with convex pentagons in fifteen different ways, three of which have Laves tilings as special cases.", "Polyhedra \n\nThere are five Platonic solids in three-dimensional space that are regular: the tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron. The dodecahedron in particular contains pentagonal faces, while the icosahedron, its dual polyhedron, has a vertex figure that is a regular pentagon. These five regular solids are responsible for generating thirteen figures that classify as semi-regular, which are called the Archimedean solids. There are also five:", "Moreover, the fifth pentagonal pyramidal number represents the total number of indexed uniform compound polyhedra, which includes seven families of prisms and antiprisms", ". Seventy-five is also the number of non-prismatic uniform polyhedra, which includes Platonic solids, Archimedean solids, and star polyhedra; there are also precisely five uniform prisms and antiprisms that contain pentagons or pentagrams as faces — the pentagonal prism and antiprism, and the pentagrammic prism, antiprism, and crossed-antirprism", ". In all, there are twenty-five uniform polyhedra that generate four-dimensional uniform polychora, they are the five Platonic solids, fifteen Archimedean solids counting two enantiomorphic forms, and five associated prisms: the triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, octagonal, and decagonal prisms.", "Fourth dimension \n\nThe pentatope, or 5-cell, is the self-dual fourth-dimensional analogue of the tetrahedron, with Coxeter group symmetry of order 120 = 5! and group structure. Made of five tetrahedra, its Petrie polygon is a regular pentagon and its orthographic projection is equivalent to the complete graph K5. It is one of six regular 4-polytopes, made of thirty-one elements: five vertices, ten edges, ten faces, five tetrahedral cells and one 4-face.", "Overall, the fourth dimension contains five fundamental Weyl groups that form a finite number of uniform polychora based on only twenty-five uniform polyhedra: , , , , and , accompanied by a fifth or sixth general group of unique 4-prisms of Platonic and Archimedean solids", ". There are also a total of five Coxeter groups that generate non-prismatic Euclidean honeycombs in 4-space, alongside five compact hyperbolic Coxeter groups that generate five regular compact hyperbolic honeycombs with finite facets, as with the order-5 5-cell honeycomb and the order-5 120-cell honeycomb, both of which have five cells around each face. Compact hyperbolic honeycombs only exist through the fourth dimension, or rank 5, with paracompact hyperbolic solutions existing through rank 10", ". Likewise, analogues of four-dimensional hexadecachoric or icositetrachoric symmetry do not exist in dimensions ⩾ ; however, there are prismatic groups in the fifth dimension which contains prisms of regular and uniform 4-polytopes that have and symmetry. There are also five regular projective 4-polytopes in the fourth dimension, all of which are hemi-polytopes of the regular 4-polytopes, with the exception of the 5-cell. Only two regular projective polytopes exist in each higher dimensional space.", "In particular, Bring's surface is the curve in the projective plane that is represented by the homogeneous equations:", "It holds the largest possible automorphism group of a genus four complex curve, with group structure . This is the Riemann surface associated with the small stellated dodecahedron, whose fundamental polygon is a regular hyperbolic icosagon, with an area of (by the Gauss-Bonnet theorem). Including reflections, its full group of symmetries is , of order 240; which is also the number of hyperbolic triangles that tessellate its fundamental polygon. Bring quintic holds roots that satisfy Bring's curve.", "Fifth dimension", "The 5-simplex or hexateron is the five-dimensional analogue of the 5-cell, or 4-simplex. It has Coxeter group as its symmetry group, of order 720 = 6!, whose group structure is represented by the symmetric group , the only finite symmetric group which has an outer automorphism. The 5-cube, made of ten tesseracts and the 5-cell as its vertex figure, is also regular and one of thirty-one uniform 5-polytopes under the Coxeter hypercubic group", ". The demipenteract, with one hundred and twenty cells, is the only fifth-dimensional semi-regular polytope, and has the rectified 5-cell as its vertex figure, which is one of only three semi-regular 4-polytopes alongside the rectified 600-cell and the snub 24-cell. In the fifth dimension, there are five regular paracompact honeycombs, all with infinite facets and vertex figures; no other regular paracompact honeycombs exist in higher dimensions", ". There are also exclusively twelve complex aperiotopes in complex spaces of dimensions  ⩾ ; alongside complex polytopes in and higher under simplex, hypercubic and orthoplex groups (with van Oss polytopes).", "A Veronese surface in the projective plane generalizes a linear condition for a point to be contained inside a conic, which requires five points in the same way that two points are needed to determine a line.\n\nFinite simple groups", "There are five complex exceptional Lie algebras: , , , , and . The smallest of these, of real dimension 28, can be represented in five-dimensional complex space and projected as a ball rolling on top of another ball, whose motion is described in two-dimensional space. is the largest, and holds the other four Lie algebras as subgroups, with a representation over in dimension 496", ". It contains an associated lattice that is constructed with one hundred and twenty quaternionic unit icosians that make up the vertices of the 600-cell, whose Euclidean norms define a quadratic form on a lattice structure isomorphic to the optimal configuration of spheres in eight dimensions", ". This sphere packing lattice structure in 8-space is held by the vertex arrangement of the 521 honeycomb, one of five Euclidean honeycombs that admit Gosset's original definition of a semi-regular honeycomb, which includes the three-dimensional alternated cubic honeycomb", ". While there are specifically five solvable groups that are excluded from finite simple groups of Lie type, the smallest duplicate found inside finite simple Lie groups is , where here represents alternating groups and classical Chevalley groups. The smallest non-solvable group is the alternating group on five letters, which is also the smallest simple, non-abelian group.", "The five Mathieu groups constitute the first generation in the happy family of sporadic groups. These are also the first five sporadic groups to have been described, defined as multiply transitive permutation groups on objects, with ∈ {11, 12, 22, 23, 24}", ". In particular, , the smallest of all sporadic groups, has a rank 3 action on fifty-five points from an induced action on unordered pairs, as well as two five-dimensional faithful complex irreducible representations over the field with three elements, which is the lowest irreducible dimensional representation of all sporadic group over their respective fields with elements", ". Of precisely five different conjugacy classes of maximal subgroups of , one is the almost simple symmetric group (of order 5!), and another is , also almost simple, that functions as a point stabilizer which contains five as its largest prime factor in its group order: . On the other hand, whereas is sharply 4-transitive, is sharply 5-transitive and is 5-transitive, and as such they are the only two 5-transitive groups that are not symmetric groups or alternating groups", ". has the first five prime numbers as its distinct prime factors in its order of , and is the smallest of five sporadic groups with five distinct prime factors in their order. All Mathieu groups are subgroups of , which under the Witt design of Steiner system emerges a construction of the extended binary Golay code that has as its automorphism group", ". generates octads from code words of Hamming weight 8 from the extended binary Golay code, one of five different Hamming weights the extended binary Golay code uses: 0, 8, 12, 16, and 24", ". The Witt design and the extended binary Golay code in turn can be used to generate a faithful construction of the 24-dimensional Leech lattice Λ24, which is primarily constructed using the Weyl vector that admits the only non-unitary solution to the cannonball problem, where the sum of the squares of the first twenty-four integers is equivalent to the square of another integer, the fifth pentatope number (70)", ". The subquotients of the automorphism of the Leech lattice, Conway group , is in turn the subject of the second generation of seven sporadic groups.", "There are five non-supersingular prime numbers — 37, 43, 53, 61, and 67 — less than 71, which is the largest of fifteen supersingular primes that divide the order of the friendly giant, itself the largest sporadic group. In particular, a centralizer of an element of order 5 inside this group arises from the product between Harada–Norton sporadic group and a group of order 5. On its own, can be represented using standard generators that further dictate a condition where", ". On its own, can be represented using standard generators that further dictate a condition where . This condition is also held by other generators that belong to the Tits group , the only finite simple group that is a non-strict group of Lie type that can also classify as sporadic", ". Furthermore, over the field with five elements, holds a 133-dimensional representation where 5 acts on a commutative yet non-associative product as a 5-modular analogue of the Griess algebra , which holds the friendly giant as its automorphism group.", "Euler's identity \n\nEuler's identity, + = , contains five essential numbers used widely in mathematics: Archimedes' constant , Euler's number , the imaginary number , unity , and zero .\n\nList of basic calculations\n\nIn decimal \n\nAll multiples of 5 will end in either 5 or , and vulgar fractions with 5 or in the denominator do not yield infinite decimal expansions because they are prime factors of 10, the base.", "In the powers of 5, every power ends with the number five, and from 53 onward, if the exponent is odd, then the hundreds digit is 1, and if it is even, the hundreds digit is 6.\n\nA number raised to the fifth power always ends in the same digit as .", "A number raised to the fifth power always ends in the same digit as .\n\nScience \nThe atomic number of boron.\nThe number of appendages on most starfish, which exhibit pentamerism.\nThe most destructive known hurricanes rate as Category 5 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.\nThe most destructive known tornadoes rate an F-5 on the Fujita scale or EF-5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale.", "Astronomy \nThere are five Lagrangian points in a two-body system.\nThere are currently five dwarf planets in the Solar System: Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.\nThe New General Catalogue object NGC 5, a magnitude 13 spiral galaxy in the constellation Andromeda.\nMessier object M5, a magnitude 7.0 globular cluster in the constellation Serpens.", "Biology \nThere are usually considered to be five senses (in general terms).\nThe five basic tastes are sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami.\nAlmost all amphibians, reptiles, and mammals which have fingers or toes have five of them on each extremity.\n\nComputing \n5 is the ASCII code of the Enquiry character, which is abbreviated to ENQ.\n\nReligion and culture", "Hinduism \nThe god Shiva has five faces and his mantra is also called (five-worded) mantra.\nThe goddess Saraswati, goddess of knowledge and intellectual is associated with or the number 5.\nThere are five elements in the universe according to Hindu cosmology: (earth, fire, water, air and space respectively).\nThe most sacred tree in Hinduism has 5 leaves in every leaf stunt.\nMost of the flowers have 5 petals in them.", "Most of the flowers have 5 petals in them.\nThe epic Mahabharata revolves around the battle between Duryodhana and his 99 other brothers and the 5 pandava princes—Dharma, Arjuna, Bhima, Nakula and Sahadeva.", "Christianity \nThere are traditionally five wounds of Jesus Christ in Christianity: the Scourging at the Pillar, the Crowning with Thorns, the wounds in Christ's hands, the wounds in Christ's feet, and the Side Wound of Christ.\n\nGnosticism \nThe number five was an important symbolic number in Manichaeism, with heavenly beings, concepts, and others often grouped in sets of five.\nFive Seals in Sethianism\nFive Trees in the Gospel of Thomas", "Islam \nThe Five Pillars of Islam\nMuslims pray to Allah five times a day\nAccording to Shia Muslims, the Panjetan or the Five Holy Purified Ones are the members of Muhammad's family: Muhammad, Ali, Fatimah, Hasan, and Husayn and are often symbolically represented by an image of the Khamsa.", "Judaism \nThe Torah contains five books—Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy—which are collectively called the Five Books of Moses, the Pentateuch (Greek for \"five containers\", referring to the scroll cases in which the books were kept), or Humash (, Hebrew for \"fifth\").\nThe book of Psalms is arranged into five books, paralleling the Five Books of Moses.", "The book of Psalms is arranged into five books, paralleling the Five Books of Moses.\nThe Khamsa, an ancient symbol shaped like a hand with four fingers and one thumb, is used as a protective amulet by Jews; that same symbol is also very popular in Arabic culture, known to protect from envy and the evil eye.", "Sikhism \nThe five sacred Sikh symbols prescribed by Guru Gobind Singh are commonly known as or the \"Five Ks\" because they start with letter K representing in the Punjabi language's Gurmukhi script. They are: (unshorn hair), (the comb), (the steel bracelet), (the soldier's shorts), and (the sword) (in Gurmukhi: ). Also, there are five deadly evils: (lust), (anger), (attachment), (greed), and (ego).\n\nDaoism \n5 Elements\n5 Emperors", "Other religions and cultures \nAccording to ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle, the universe is made up of five classical elements: water, earth, air, fire, and ether. This concept was later adopted by medieval alchemists and more recently by practitioners of Neo-Pagan religions such as Wicca.\nThe pentagram, or five-pointed star, bears mystic significance in various belief systems including Baháʼí, Christianity, Freemasonry, Satanism, Taoism, Thelema, and Wicca.", "In Cantonese, \"five\" sounds like the word \"not\" (character: ). When five appears in front of a lucky number, e.g. \"58\", the result is considered unlucky.", "In East Asian tradition, there are five elements: (water, fire, earth, wood, and metal). The Japanese names for the days of the week, Tuesday through Saturday, come from these elements via the identification of the elements with the five planets visible with the naked eye. Also, the traditional Japanese calendar has a five-day weekly cycle that can be still observed in printed mixed calendars combining Western, Chinese-Buddhist, and Japanese names for each weekday.", "In numerology, 5 or a series of 555, is often associated with change, evolution, love and abundance.\nMembers of The Nation of Gods and Earths, a primarily African American religious organization, call themselves the \"Five-Percenters\" because they believe that only 5% of mankind is truly enlightened.", "Art, entertainment, and media", "Fictional entities \nJames the Red Engine, a fictional character numbered 5.\nJohnny 5 is the lead character in the film Short Circuit (1986)\nNumber Five is a character in Lorien Legacies\n Numbuh 5, real name Abigail Lincoln, from Codename: Kids Next Door\nSankara Stones, five magical rocks in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom that are sought by the Thuggees for evil purposes", "The Mach Five , the racing car Speed Racer ( in the Japanese version) drives in the anime series of the same name (known as \"Mach Go! Go! Go!\" in Japan)\nIn the Yu-Gi-Oh! series, \"The Big Five\" are a group of five villainous corporate executives who work for KaibaCorp (Gansley, Crump, Johnson, Nezbitt and Leichter).\nIn the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, five wizards (Saruman, Gandalf, Radagast, Alatar and Pallando) are sent to Middle-earth to aid against the threat of the Dark Lord Sauron", "In the A Song of Ice and Fire series, the War of the Five Kings is fought between different claimants to the Iron Throne of Westeros, as well as to the thrones of the individual regions of Westeros (Joffrey Baratheon, Stannis Baratheon, Renly Baratheon, Robb Stark and Balon Greyjoy)", "In The Wheel of Time series, the \"Emond's Field Five\" are a group of five of the series' main characters who all come from the village of Emond's Field (Rand al'Thor, Matrim Cauthon, Perrin Aybara, Egwene al'Vere and Nynaeve al'Meara)\nMyst uses the number 5 as a unique base counting system. In The Myst Reader series, it is further explained that the number 5 is considered a holy number in the fictional D'ni society.", "Number Five is also a character in The Umbrella Academy comic book and TV series adaptation", "Films \nTowards the end of the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975), the character of King Arthur repeatedly confuses the number five with the number three.\nFive Go Mad in Dorset (1982) was the first of the long-running series of The Comic Strip Presents... television comedy films\nThe Fifth Element (1997), a science fiction film\n Fast Five (2011), the fifth installment of the Fast and Furious film series.", "Fast Five (2011), the fifth installment of the Fast and Furious film series.\nV for Vendetta (2005), produced by Warner Bros., directed by James McTeigue, and adapted from Alan Moore's graphic novel V for Vendetta prominently features number 5 and Roman Numeral V; the story is based on the historical event in which a group of men attempted to destroy Parliament on November 5, 1605", "Music \nModern musical notation uses a musical staff made of five horizontal lines.\nA scale with five notes per octave is called a pentatonic scale.\nA perfect fifth is the most consonant harmony, and is the basis for most western tuning systems.", "In harmonics, the fifth partial (or 4th overtone) of a fundamental has a frequency ratio of 5:1 to the frequency of that fundamental. This ratio corresponds to the interval of 2 octaves plus a pure major third. Thus, the interval of 5:4 is the interval of the pure third. A major triad chord when played in just intonation (most often the case in a cappella vocal ensemble singing), will contain such a pure major third.\nUsing the Latin root, five musicians are called a quintet.", "Using the Latin root, five musicians are called a quintet.\nFive is the lowest possible number that can be the top number of a time signature with an asymmetric meter.", "Groups \nFive (group), a UK Boy band\nThe Five (composers), 19th-century Russian composers\n5 Seconds of Summer, pop band that originated in Sydney, Australia\nFive Americans, American rock band active 1965–1969\nFive Finger Death Punch, American heavy metal band from Las Vegas, Nevada. Active 2005–present\nFive Man Electrical Band, Canadian rock group billed (and active) as the Five Man Electrical Band, 1969–1975\nMaroon 5, American pop rock band that originated in Los Angeles, California", "Maroon 5, American pop rock band that originated in Los Angeles, California\nMC5, American punk rock band\nPentatonix, a Grammy-winning a cappella group originated in Arlington, Texas\nThe 5th Dimension, American pop vocal group, active 1977–present\nThe Dave Clark Five, a.k.a. DC5, an English pop rock group comprising Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith; active 1958–1970", "The Jackson 5, American pop rock group featuring various members of the Jackson family; they were billed (and active) as The Jackson 5, 1966–1975\nHi-5, Australian pop kids group, where it has several international adaptations, and several members throughout the history of the band. It was also a TV show.\nWe Five: American folk rock group active 1965–1967 and 1968–1977\nGrandmaster Flash and the Furious Five: American rap group, 1970–80's\nFifth Harmony, an American girl group.", "Fifth Harmony, an American girl group.\nBen Folds Five, an American alternative rock trio, 1993–2000, 2008 and 2011–2013\nR5 (band), an American pop and alternative rock group, 2009–2018", "Other \nThe number of completed, numbered piano concertos of Ludwig van Beethoven, Sergei Prokofiev, and Camille Saint-Saëns\n\nTelevision \nStations\nChannel 5 (UK), a television channel that broadcasts in the United Kingdom\nTV5 (formerly known as ABC 5) (DWET-TV channel 5 In Metro Manila) a television network in the Philippines.", "Series\nBabylon 5, a science fiction television series\nThe number 5 features in the television series Battlestar Galactica in regards to the Final Five cylons and the Temple of Five\nHi-5 (Australian TV series), a television series from Australia\nHi-5 (British TV series), a television show from the United Kingdom\nHi-5 Philippines a television show from the Philippines\nOdyssey 5, a 2002 science fiction television series", "Odyssey 5, a 2002 science fiction television series\nTillbaka till Vintergatan, a Swedish children's television series featuring a character named \"Femman\" (meaning five), who can only utter the word 'five'.\nThe Five (talk show): Fox News Channel roundtable current events television show, premiered 2011, so-named for its panel of five commentators.\nYes! PreCure 5 is a 2007 anime series which follows the adventures of Nozomi and her friends. It is also followed by the 2008 sequel Yes! Pretty Cure 5 GoGo!", "The Quintessential Quintuplets is a 2019 slice of life romance anime series which follows the everyday life of five identical quintuplets and their interactions with their tutor. It has two seasons, and a final movie is scheduled in summer 2022.\nHawaii Five-0, CBS American TV series.", "Literature \nThe Famous Five is a series of children's books by British writer Enid Blyton\nThe Power of Five is a series of children's books by British writer and screenwriter Anthony Horowitz\nThe Fall of Five is a book written under the collective pseudonym Pittacus Lore in the series Lorien Legacies\nThe Book of Five Rings is a text on kenjutsu and the martial arts in general, written by the swordsman Miyamoto Musashi circa 1645\nSlaughterhouse-Five is a book by Kurt Vonnegut about World War II", "Sports \nThe Olympic Games have five interlocked rings as their symbol, representing the number of inhabited continents represented by the Olympians (Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and Oceania, and the Americas).\n In AFL Women's, the top level of women's Australian rules football, each team is allowed 5 \"interchanges\" (substitute players), who can be freely substituted at any time.\nIn baseball scorekeeping, the number 5 represents the third baseman's position.\nIn basketball:", "In baseball scorekeeping, the number 5 represents the third baseman's position.\nIn basketball:\nThe number 5 is used to represent the position of center.\nEach team has five players on the court at a given time. Thus, the phrase \"five on five\" is commonly used to describe standard competitive basketball.\nThe \"5-second rule\" refers to several related rules designed to promote continuous play. In all cases, violation of the rule results in a turnover.", "Under the FIBA (used for all international play, and most non-US leagues) and NCAA women's rule sets, a team begins shooting bonus free throws once its opponent has committed five personal fouls in a quarter.\nUnder the FIBA rules, A player fouls out and must leave the game after committing five fouls\nFive-a-side football is a variation of association football in which each team fields five players.\nIn ice hockey:\n A major penalty lasts five minutes.", "In ice hockey:\n A major penalty lasts five minutes.\n There are five different ways that a player can score a goal (teams at even strength, team on the power play, team playing shorthanded, penalty shot, and empty net).\n The area between the goaltender's legs is known as the five-hole.\nIn most rugby league competitions, the starting left wing wears this number. An exception is the Super League, which uses static squad numbering.\nIn rugby union:\n A try is worth 5 points.", "In rugby union:\n A try is worth 5 points.\n One of the two starting lock forwards wears number 5, and usually jumps at number 4 in the line-out.\n In the French variation of the bonus points system, a bonus point in the league standings is awarded to a team that loses by 5 or fewer points.", "Technology", "5 is the most common number of gears for automobiles with manual transmission.\nIn radio communication, the term \"Five by five\" is used to indicate perfect signal strength and clarity.", "On almost all devices with a numeric keypad such as telephones, computers, etc., the 5 key has a raised dot or raised bar to make dialing easier. Persons who are blind or have low vision find it useful to be able to feel the keys of a telephone. All other numbers can be found with their relative position around the 5 button (on computer keyboards, the 5 key of the numpad has the raised dot or bar, but the 5 key that shifts with % does not).", "On most telephones, the 5 key is associated with the letters J, K, and L, but on some of the BlackBerry phones, it is the key for G and H.\nThe Pentium, coined by Intel Corporation, is a fifth-generation x86 architecture microprocessor.\nThe resin identification code used in recycling to identify polypropylene.", "Miscellaneous fields", "Five can refer to:\n\"Give me five\" is a common phrase used preceding a high five.\nAn informal term for the British Security Service, MI5.\nFive babies born at one time are quintuplets. The most famous set of quintuplets were the Dionne quintuplets born in the 1930s.\nIn the United States legal system, the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution can be referred to in court as \"pleading the fifth\", absolving the defendant from self-incrimination.", "Pentameter is verse with five repeating feet per line; iambic pentameter was the most popular form in Shakespeare.\nQuintessence, meaning \"fifth element\", refers to the elusive fifth element that completes the basic four elements (water, fire, air, and earth)\nThe designation of an Interstate Highway (Interstate 5) that runs from San Diego, California to Blaine, Washington. In addition, all major north-south Interstate Highways in the United States end in 5.", "In the computer game Riven, 5 is considered a holy number, and is a recurring theme throughout the game, appearing in hundreds of places, from the number of islands in the game to the number of bolts on pieces of machinery.\nThe Garden of Cyrus (1658) by Sir Thomas Browne is a Pythagorean discourse based upon the number 5.\nThe holy number of Discordianism, as dictated by the Law of Fives.\nThe number of Justices on the Supreme Court of the United States necessary to render a majority decision.", "The number of dots in a quincunx.\nThe number of permanent members with veto power on the United Nations Security Council.\nThe number of Korotkoff sounds when measuring blood pressure\nThe drink Five Alive is named for its five ingredients. The drink punch derives its name after the Sanskrit पञ्च (pañc) for having five ingredients.\nThe Keating Five were five United States Senators accused of corruption in 1989.", "The Keating Five were five United States Senators accused of corruption in 1989.\nThe Inferior Five: Merryman, Awkwardman, The Blimp, White Feather, and Dumb Bunny. DC Comics parody superhero team.\nNo. 5 is the name of the iconic fragrance created by Coco Chanel.\nThe Committee of Five was delegated to draft the United States Declaration of Independence.\nThe five-second rule is a commonly used rule of thumb for dropped food.", "The five-second rule is a commonly used rule of thumb for dropped food.\n555 95472, usually referred to simply as 5, is a minor male character in the comic strip Peanuts.", "See also \n\nList of highways numbered 5\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links \nPrime curiosities: 5\n\nIntegers\n5 (number)" ]

[ "Robert Mawer (Nidderdale 1807 - Leeds 10 November 1854) was an architectural sculptor, based in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. He specialised in the Gothic Revival and Neoclassical styles. He created the Neoclassical keystone heads on St George's Hall, Bradford and on Moorland's House, Leeds, and was working on the keystone heads at Leeds Town Hall when he died", ". He was a founding member of the Mawer Group of Leeds architectural sculptors, which included his wife, Catherine Mawer, his son Charles Mawer, and his apprentices William Ingle, Matthew Taylor and Benjamin Payler, who all became sculptors with their own careers. Many of the buildings enhanced with sculpture by Robert Mawer are now listed by Historic England.", "Background", "Robert Mawer was born around 1807 in Nidderdale. He was baptised at Middlesmoor in 1808, the son of William Mawer of Haden Carr which is now under Scar House Reservoir. The 1841 Census finds him living in New Huddersfield, Leeds. He is listed as a stonemason, and his name is misspelt \"Mower\". With him is his wife Catherine; both their ages are wrongly listed as 30 years. Also with him is their son Charles, aged 2 years, and Catherine's mother Elizabeth Scriven, aged 70 years", ". In the 1851 Census, Robert is aged 43 and living at 6a Oxford Place, Leeds, with his wife Catherine and son Charles. He describes himself as a master stone cutter employing four men.", "Career", "If Mawer's apprenticeship as a stone carver was served between the ages of fourteen and twenty-one years as per tradition, then he would have been qualified to work as a top sculptor from about 1828. It is not known where he served his apprenticeship, but since he was born in Nidderdale and married in Ripley, it is possible that he was apprenticed to a master stone carver at Ripon Cathedral where he could have gained the skills and knowledge that he used in all his works and taught to his apprentices", ". No documentary attributions for work have been found until 1837, so he was possibly working for another sculptor between 1828 and 1837. He was active as an architectural sculptor in the Gothic Revival and Neoclassical styles from at least 1837 until his death. However he does not appear in trade directories until 1848. From an unknown date until 1842, Mawer was a partner in Collitt & Co, stonemasons of Leeds, with Hugh Collitt and George Hope", ". The Leeds Times described him in his obituary as follows: \"One who was extensively known and much respected in this town. Mr Robert Mawer was a man eminent in his department as an architectural sculptor. The manner in which he acquitted himself in connection with the rebuilding of our beautiful Parish Church gave promise of his capabilities", ". As a \"medieval sculptor\" specimens of his work are to be seen in the numerous church screens, fonts and other forms of ecclesiastical decoration which he has executed in various parts of the kingdom. During the last few years of his life he devoted himself more to classic architecture, and his excellence in this department is evident in such buildings as St George's Hall, Bradford; The Leeds and Yorkshire Assurance Company's offices in Leeds; and the Unitarian Chapel, Leeds.\"", "Leeds Civic Trust arranged to unveil a blue plaque At the Henry Moore Institute on 11 July 2019, commemorating the work of Robert Mawer, Catherine Mawer and William Ingle. This plaque was to be affixed to Moorlands House, Albion Street, Leeds, at a later date.\n\nDeath", "Death\n\nHe died on 10 November 1854, of chronic bronchitis, aged 47 years, at Oxford Place. His nephew William Ingle, who was then living at 1 Oxford Row, Leeds, was in attendance. He is buried with his wife Catherine in the churchyard of St Mark, Woodhouse, Leeds, where he is commemorated with a memorial carved by Catherine.", "Works", "The other top sculptors in his stone yard, who contributed to work attributed to Robert, were his wife Catherine Mawer and his nephew William Ingle, who both continued to run the stone yard after Robert died. His young apprentices were his son Charles Mawer, and Charles' contemporaries Matthew Taylor and Benjamin Payler; all three later formed their own careers as top sculptors", ". His final works on buildings which were formally opened after his death, for example Leeds Town Hall, were attributed to his wife Catherine, who completed those works. The following list of works from 1837 until his death in 1854, is limited to those attributed to him by name, in contemporary newspapers and other documents, such as the attribution for work at St Paul, Manningham.", "St Peter's, Leeds (Leeds Minster), 1837-1841", "This is a Grade I listed building. The foundation stone of Leeds Minster, formerly St Peter's or Leeds parish church, was laid in 1837, and", "it was consecrated on 2 September 1841. It was designed by Robert Dennis Chantrell. Robert Mawer executed the general carving of the building, and this work \"gave promise of his capabilities.\" He also produced the memorial to Christopher Beckett, designed by John Dobson, and completed in February 1849. \"The whole of the work is of the very best description, the utmost attention having been paid to detail, and the carving will bear comparison with any of the ancient models.\"", "In 1838, Chantrell's men found a Saxon cross in the church: \"When the [previous] Parish Church was taken down, in 1838, the fragments of crosses found there (with the exception of the large [thirteen feet in height] cross taken to London by Mr Chantrell) were removed to the yard of Mr Mawer, stone sculptor, Leeds, from whose widow these valuable relics were obtained a few days since [in January 1857], by Mr Denny, for the Museum of the Philosophical Hall", ". These fragments lay upon the table during the meeting ...\" (Leeds Intelligencer and Leeds Mercury 24 January 1857)Leeds Mercury, Saturday 24 January 1857 p6: \"Ancient crosses discovered in Leeds and its neighbourhood\"", "The cross taken away by Chantrell was rescued from his garden after he died in 1875, and was re-erected in Leeds parish church. Around 1838, Chantrell gave a lecture about the remaining fragments of crosses, which were then \"carried away by cartloads\" by the public. It appears that all or some of these were found in Mawer's stone yard that same year, and are now in Leeds City Museum", ". There is another version of the story in which the stones found in Mawer's stoneyard were pieces of the cross which had been in Chantrell's garden. At least three pieces found at St Peter's, probably originally of the same cross, are in Leeds Museum, and some pieces have been lost.", "Holy Trinity, Queen's Head (Queensbury), West End, Bradford, 1843−1845\n\nThis is a Grade II listed building in Queensbury, Bradford. It was designed by James Mallinson, and the foundation stone was laid on Monday 17 April 1843. The building was consecrated on Friday 29 August 1845.", "It has a \"3-light east window with enriched clustered colonnettes, surmounted by well-carved angels, a beast and a bird ... 2-bay tower arcade with well carved life-sized angel in octofoiled opening over.\" and was restored in 1885 by T.H. and F. Healey. Mallinson and Healey were employing Mawer for their neo-gothic carving in the 1840s, but the authorship of these carvings is yet unconfirmed.\n\nChurch of St Paul and St Jude, Manningham, 1846−1848", "This is a Grade II listed building. The foundation stone of St Paul's was laid on 3 November 1846 in Manningham, Bradford, and the building was consecrated on 2 October 1848. The architects were Mallinson and Healey.", "When Mawer carved the label stops and corbels of the building in the form of heads, he and William Ingle were already \"Mallinson and Healey's favourite stone masons\". Mawer carved the original font and pulpit, however the pulpit was replaced in 1960 by one of oak, and the font has been painted in beige gloss.", "The Bradford Observer described the arcade in the nave, and the font, in 1848:", "\"The drip stones or labels terminate in busts of various designs, and most admirably carved, the work of Mr Mawer, of Leeds, who also executed the font. These busts support banded shafts which bear the trusses of the roof... The font which stands near the second pier from the west on the south side of the nave, is of Early English design. It is circular and rests on five detached shafts", ". It is circular and rests on five detached shafts. The bowl is arcaded, in the heads of which are evangelistic emblems (an eagle, emblem of St John; and ox, emblem of St Luke; a lion, symbol of St Mark; and a man, symbol of St Matthew), and heads. The cover is of oak, and ornamented with iron scroll work.\"Leeds Intelligencer, Saturday 07 October 1848 p3: \"Consecration of St Paul's Church, Manningham\"", "Mill Hill Unitarian Chapel, Leeds, 1847-1848\n\nMill Hill Chapel is a Grade II* listed building in Leeds City Square, opened on 27 December 1848, and designed by architects Bowman & Crowther of Manchester. Robert Mawer executed the original stone carving.", "At the opening in 1848, the Preston Chronicle described the carved elements thus:", "\"There are no tiebeams, but the roofs are strengthened by carved pieces of timber, which meet in the centre and form pointed arches supported on carved stone corbels. The seats ... [have] standards terminated with what are technically called \"poppy heads\" of different designs. The pulpit is placed on the east side of the chancel arch, close to the pillar. It is octagonal in form, decorated with shafts and arches, and is of stone.\"", "The English Heritage Grade II* listing specifies:\n\"... an arch-braced roof with angels carved on the brackets, and stone corbels also carved with angels. The nave has original pews with crocketed finials ... pulpit of Caen stone on the west side.\"", "The Mill Hill Chapel replaced a previous Mill Hill Chapel which stood on Park Row, Leeds, between 1672 and 1847. Two of its pillars were removed to Meanwood Park and re-erected there. The present Mill Hill chapel was affected by fire following an air raid on 14 March 1941.\n\nChurch of St Matthew, Bankfoot, Bradford, 1848–1849", "Church of St Matthew, Bankfoot, Bradford, 1848–1849\n\nThis is a Grade II listed building on Carr Bottom Road, Bradford, West Yorkshire, designed by Mallinson & Healey of Bradford. The foundations stone was laid on 13 September 1848, and the church was consecrated on Wednesday 12 December 1849.\n\nThe Bradford Observer said in 1849:", "\"The font (very similar to the one in S. Mary Magdalene, Oxford), which is placed near to the West end of the Nave, is in keeping with the architecture of the church, which is flowing decorated, and is extremely beautiful both as to design and execution. Its form is octagonal, and each face filled with rich flowing tracery, similar to the windows of the North and south aisles. On its base or lowest member the following legend is carved in ancient letters: \"Armee de foi hardi", ".\" The whole stands on a broad step, having a projection on the West for the use of the officiating minister. It is large enough for immersion, is lined with lead, and has a water drain. It is of Caen stone, and together with all the carved work of the church, from the chisel of Mr Mawer of Leeds, of whose skill in this branch of ecclesiastical decoration it were needless to speak whilst such specimens of this, and many others scattered up and down the country, remain to testify", ".\"Morning Post, Tuesday 18 December 1849 p2: \"Consecration of the Church of St Matthew Bank, in the parish Bradford\"", "The font is now lost, having disappeared from the church precincts during the re-ordering clear-out of 2010. The altar, the carved wooden pulpit, altar rails and pews (all by Ives of Shipley), the brass eagle lectern and other artefacts have been removed; however Ives' carved wooden reredos and Mawer's carvings on the building itself remain. At the consecration the Leeds Intelligencer reported:", "Over the inner doorway of the porch as we enter, the following text is carved on the face of the arch in the old church letter: \"They that wait upon the Lord shall renew their strength.\" [In the chancel] the capitals are floreated and decorated with foliage interspersed with figures. The carving on the N. capital represents Sampson and Delilah, and on the S. David with the lion's jaw.", "St Michael and All Angels, Shelf, Halifax, 1849–1850\n\nThis building, designed by James Mallinson and Thomas Healey, is not listed. It is in Carr House Road, Shelf, West Yorkshire, between Bradford and Halifax. The foundation stone was laid on 27 February 1849, and the building was consecrated on 11 June 1850 by the Bishop of Ripon.", "According to the Morning Post in 1850: The four windows on the north side have \"dripstones terminating in well-carved heads.\" On the porch, the \"dripstone of the outer archway terminates in the head of a bishop and a queen.\" The three lights of the east window are \"terminated with a dripstone resting on well-carved heads.\" In the nave, the roof trusses \"spring from shafts resting upon carved heads and arched braces.\" The inner chancel arch \"rests upon corbel shafts with floriated capitals", ".\" The inner chancel arch \"rests upon corbel shafts with floriated capitals.\" In the chancel \"the roof is similar to the nave, except that the space above the collar is filled in with foliations. The doorway into the vestry is beneath a depressed pointed arch, whose dripstone rests upon carved heads.\"", "\"The font, which is circular, has carved upon it various angels, in harmony with the dedication of the church, which is to St Michael and All Angels. Around the upper limb of the font is this inscription - Likewise I say unto you there is joy in heaven over one sinner that repenteth. On its base is the following legend, One Lord, one Faith, one Baptism. It has a flat cover, ornamental, with rich iron scroll work", ". It has a flat cover, ornamental, with rich iron scroll work. Altogether, this font, as to its design by the architects, and its execution by Mr Mawer of Leeds, is one of the most satisfactory we have seen for a length of time. We strongly recommend Mr Mawer to the notice of all church builders.\" (Morning Post, 24 June 1850)", "However the building now has \"upgraded facilities\", and the label stops on the porch are now missing.\n\nSt Mary the Virgin, Quarry Hill, Leeds, restoration 1850", "St Mary's was a large church designed by local architect Thomas Taylor with tower and clock on St Mary's street, Quarry Hill, Leeds. It was demolished in 1979. The foundation stone of this \"massive Gothic hall church with aisles as high as the nave\" was laid on 29 January 1823. It was completed in 1826, and consecrated on 12 October of the same year by the Archbishop of York It cost £12,520 to build, using stone from Bramley and Horsforth quarries", ". The Ripon and Leeds Diocesan Office is now on the site of the nave. Part of the graveyard remains.", "The church had repairs and alterations in 1850, when the font and pulpit were carved by Robert Mawer. The Leeds Intelligencer said: \"The font and Reredos screen are of Caen stone, of most elaborate design (but the carving of the screen is not yet completed); these are from the chisel of that master of his art, Mr. Robert Mawer, of Leeds.\n\nChurch of St Mary the Virgin, Gomersal, 1850-1851", "Church of St Mary the Virgin, Gomersal, 1850-1851\n\nThis building is Grade II listed. It was designed by John Dobson of Leeds. The foundation stone was laid on 1 January 1850. Robert Mawer executed the pulpit, font and reredos.", "\"The chancel arch has moulded piers and capitals, having carved on them, on the north side, emblems of the Passion, and on the south, Angels carrying musical instruments ... The pulpit, font and reredos are of Caen stone, carved by Mr Mawer of Leeds, of whose work, as it is unnecessary to speak, so it is impossible to speak too highly ...The reredos contains five compartments, within which will be emblazoned the Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and the Ten Commandments.\" (Leeds Intelligencer, 1 February 1851)", "At the consecration on Tuesday 25 March 1851, the Leeds Intelligencer remarked: \"The font and Reredos screen are of Caen stone, of most elaborate design (but the carving of the screen is not yet completed); these are from the chisel of that master of his art, Mr. Robert Mawer, of Leeds.\"Morning Post, Monday 07 April 1851 p3 col.6: \"Consecration of the Church of St Mary the Virgin Gomersal\"", "The English Heritage listing description includes the following: \n\"[Exterior:] Openwork parapet and tall crocketted pinnacles on corbel brackets of figure heads and beasts. Gargoyles ... Interior: 6-bay arcade of double chamfered arches on octagonal piers. Moulded chancel arch on clustered piers with capitals of carved angels. Carved stone reredos with crocketted heads and pinnacles with crests. Carved stone font.\"\n\nThe building was completely refurbished internally in 2003.", "The building was completely refurbished internally in 2003.\n\nSt Catherine, Barmby Moor, restoration 1851−1852\n\nThis is a Grade II* listed building, on Main Street, Barmby Moor, East Yorkshire. The original church once had a Norman or Saxon plinth, and \"windows of the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries\". The tower, which survives, was last rebuilt at the end of the fifteenth century.", "The nave and chancel were entirely rebuilt, and the tower given minor repairs, in 1851−1852 by Robert Dennis Chantrell. Historic England describes the font as a \"C14 octagonal font on octagonal base with pyramidal stops;\" that is to say, it is not Mawer's work. However, at the re-opening on 15 April 1852, the Yorkshire Gazette says: \"The carved work in stone is by Mawer of Leeds ..", "... The font is not yet placed, but a rich flooring is laid for its reception, and plans have been approved for an octagon font of the decorative style.\" The carved stone \"flory cross finial\", on the chancel gable, is by Mawer.", "Church of St James, Boroughbridge, 1851−1852", "This is a Grade II listed building. It was designed by architects James Mallinson (1819−1884) and Thomas Healey (1809-1862), and completed in 1852. The foundation stone was laid on Thursday 12 June 1851, and the church was consecrated on Tuesday 27 July 1852. This church site is significant in that it is in the area where Robert and Catherine Mawer, and William Ingle, were born", ". Most of the local inhabitants turned out for the foundation ceremony, which included in its procession all those contracted to work on the building, \"(forty in number) carrying banners with appropriate mottoes.\" Afterwards, \"the workmen, with the ringers and singers, sat down to a dinner of roast beef and plum pudding.\"", "Robert Mawer executed the general carving of the church, including the font, and Mawer & Ingle returned in 1864 work to carve the reredos (now missing). The architectural critic C.P. Canfield deprecates the church architecture, saying: \"The church interior is stark for the five-bay aisle arcades are formed of the most uniform of double-flat-chamfered arches supported on quatrefoil piers entirely without embellishments save only for head labels stops at the ends", ". Ascribed to Mawer and Ingle of Leeds, who were frequently patronised by Healey, they offered no scope for the firm to enhance their reputation, but if the poor little font is theirs also, as stated by the notes in the church, then surely one of their apprentices must have been delegated the work.\"", "However, at the consecration the Yorkshire Gazette said: \"The handsome new font of Caen stone does credit to Mr Mawer of Leeds, by whom the corbels and interior carving were executed.\" On the same occasion, the Leeds Intelligencer said: \"There is a handsome [carved wooden] eagle, or lectern, which, with the [stone] font and carved work generally, has been executed by Mr Mawer, of Leeds, whose well-earned reputation it is calculated to enhance", ".\" Regarding the 1884 reredos, the Yorkshire Gazette said: \"The reredos recently erected in this church is chiefly of Caen stone, marble being used to a small extent in the shafts. The style is that of the church, Decorated Gothic. Each wing of the reredos, to the right and left of the altar table, is divided into three compartments by shafts of serpentine marble, in which the green veins predominate. The shafts have carved stone capitals, which support well-moulded arches, each supported with foliage", ". The spandrels of these arches are filled with bands of rosettes in low relief. The central portion of the reredos, immediately behind the altar table, is projected and divided into three compartments. The shafts, instead of springing from the floor, as do those on each side, stand on bases level with the table. They are of serpentine marble, and support arches more elaborately carved than the side arches. In the centre compartment is sculptured \"The Lamb,\" bearing over its shoulder a banner and cross.", "The two remaining compartments contain panels, having the monograms \"I.H.C.\" and \"X.P.C.,\" signifying the sacred name, Jesus Christ. The grounds of these compartments are richly covered. The cornice of the reredos is ornamented with carved ears of corn, grapes, leaves &c. This exquisite piece of work has been most creditably and satisfactorily executed by Messrs. Mawer & Ingle, carvers, from designs of Messrs. T.H. and F. Healey, architects, Bradford", ". Mawer & Ingle, carvers, from designs of Messrs. T.H. and F. Healey, architects, Bradford. The roof of the chancel has also been painted a beautiful sky blue, and freely ornamented with stars.\"(Yorkshire Gazette and Leeds Intelligencer)Leeds Intelligencer, Saturday 26 November 1864 p7 col.6: \"Boroughbridge, St James Church\"", "In 1954 the vicar obtained a faculty to destroy the reredos, and to remove the painted writing over the arches and along the south aisle wall, although that writing may still exist under the present paint. Medieval carvings from the earlier church were installed in the vestry wall in 1852. A chair from the old church is also in the vestry, and a chair and table from the earlier church are in the nave", ". The 1861 west window made by Hughes of London and dedicated to Canon Robert Deaville Owen (1823−1904), features the Apostles James, Paul and Peter.", "St George's Hall, Bradford, 1849-1853\n\nThis is a Grade II* listed building, designed by Henry Francis Lockwood and William Mawson. Ground was broken in 1851, and the hall was opened on Wednesday 31 August 1853. The Bradford Observer described the carving thus:", "\"The centres of the arches over the doorways are enriched with masks executed by Yorkshire artists ... The upper parts of the intercolumniations are occupied with circular shields in stone bordered with wreaths of oak leaves. The south side elevation [has] elaborately carved festoons of fruit and flowers. ... the carved stone work [is] by Mr Mawer stone mason ... of Leeds\"(Bradford Observer 1 September 1853)", "The London Daily News and York Herald mention \"festoons of flowers beautifully carved.\" in 1851, Mawer's fee was estimated at £270. The hall cost about £25,000, and opened with a three-day music festival, which overwhelmed the town's accommodation and transport with large numbers of nobility and other visitors.\n\nFormer St Andrew, Listerhills Road, North Horton, 1853", "The spire of St Andrew's church was a landmark, sited in Listerhills Road, North Horton, Bradford. It was designed by Mallinson & Healey, consecrated by the Bishop of Ripon on Wednesday 28 September 1853, and demolished in 1971. At the consecration, the Bradford Observer reported: \"The pulpit and font are of stone, elaborately carved by Mr Mawer of Leeds.\" The Leeds Intelligencer said: \"The porch has an arch with hanging tracery, resting on clustered shafts with carved capitals ..", "... Externally, all the gables have copings and [carved stone] crosses.\"", "St Andrew's was next door to the site of St Andrews School, built in 1857−1858. The school was also designed by Mallinson & Healey, and like the church it had Mawer carvings on the porch. The former school was destroyed by fire on 26 December 2009, and as of 2016 was in ruins at the corner of Listerhills Road and St Andrews Place, Bradford BD7. The school was until demolition a Grade II listed building. In April 2017, the Keighley News reported that the school building had been demolished.", "St Mark, Woodhouse, Leeds, 1853 and 1856", "This is a Grade II listed building, in Woodhouse, Leeds, West Yorkshire. It was designed by architects Peter Atkinson and Richard Hey Sharp in 1823, consecrated on 13 January 1826, and closed in 2001. It was bought by Gateway Church in 2008, and reopened on 5 June 2014. Prior to and during the refurbishment many of the contents were removed including the pulpit, organ and most of the pews. The font is dismantled and in storage within the building. Robert Mawer carved the font in 1853", ". The font is dismantled and in storage within the building. Robert Mawer carved the font in 1853. The Leeds Intelligencer described the font thus:", "\"A very elaborately carved font of Caen stone has been erected ... It is of an octagonal shape, of the perpendicular style of architecture, so as to correspond with the church, designed by Cuthbert Brodrick, Esq., the architect of the New Town Hall, and executed by Mr Mawer of Oxford Place. On four alternate sides are the several emblems of the Four Evangelists, viz", ". On four alternate sides are the several emblems of the Four Evangelists, viz., the figure of an angel with a flying scroll - a lion, with wings - an ox, with wings - and a flying eagle, in allusion to the passage in the 1st of Ezekiel. The four intervening sides have the figure of a lamb carrying the cross with a scroll - the pelican feeding her young from her own breast - the cross, around which is the crown of thorns - and the monogram I.H.S", ".H.S. At the several corners are the figures of angels with blank shields. All the figures are deeply engraven, and the whole does great credit both to the designer and executor. Around the top is the name of the donor, in Old English characters upon a wreath of leaves, as follows: This font is humbly offered to the glory of God, by Charles Gascoyne Maclea - 1853 (Leeds Intelligencer 5 November 1853)Leeds Times, Saturday 05 November 1853 p5 col.2: \"St Mark's Church, Woodhouse\"", "St Marks was used as a location in the TV series The Beiderbecke Affair.\n\nOld Church of St John the Evangelist, New Wortley, Leeds, 1853", "The old church of St John the Evangelist, New Wortley, Leeds, was designed with tower and spire by John Dobson of Leeds and consecrated in 1853. The building accommodated 650, and had a west window and transept windows of four lights each, plus an east window of five lights. All carving was credited to \"Messrs Mawer & Whiteley of Leeds,\" although Whiteley was a stonemason. The United Kingdom Census 1851 records Thomas Whiteley, born in Birstall ca", ". The United Kingdom Census 1851 records Thomas Whiteley, born in Birstall ca.1823, a stonemason employing eight stonemasons, living at 9 Bussey's Court, Woodhouse, Leeds, with his mother in law. A \"handsome\" reredos was added by Mawer & Ingle to John Dobson and Charles Chorley's design in 1865.", "The old church was replaced with a new one built close by in 1898.\n\nChurch of St Matthias, Burley, Leeds, 1853−1854\n\nThis is a Grade II* listed building, designed by Perkin and Backhouse of Leeds. The foundation stone was laid in February 1853, and the building was consecrated on Friday 10 November 1854.", "The arches of the nave have carved bosses. They and the inscribed stone or tablet in the tower were carved by Mawer. The tablet says: \"Saint Matthias Church, Burley. This church, built by subscription, was consecrated on the 10th day of November, 1854, an endowment of £150 per annum having been provided out of the bequest of the late Mrs. Jane Matthewman, formerly of Leeds, who died at Harrogate the first day of June 1848.\"", "The Leeds Intelligencer reported in 1854 thus: \"The font is placed in the centre of a wide aisle at the entrance to the church, and is raised on two steps. It is elaborately carved. Its plan is octagonal, and each side has a well-relieved and moulded arched canopy, with sunk emblazoned panel, on which are written the following appropriate text: \"One Lord,\" \"One Faith,\" \"One Baptism,\" \"One God and Father of all", ".\" Around the bowl is the \"Lily,\" and the canopies terminate with \"Doves\" and enriched bosses alternately. The stem is panelled and diapered, and each panel finishes with crochets. It is the gift of Charles Gascoigne Maclea Esq. ... The font, tablet, and all the carved work are of Caen stone, and have been executed by Mr Robert Mawer of this town.(Leeds Intelligencer, 11 November 1854)\"", "The building was altered and enlarged in 1886 to increase seating capacity from 450 to 650. As of 2017 the interior of the church had been recently reordered, with 19th century pews removed.\n\nFormer St Stephen's, Burmantofts, 1853–1854", "This former church building in Accommodation Road and Nippet Lane, Burmantofts, was designed for a congregation of 605 by John Dobson \"in the geometrical decorated style of Gothic architecture.\" It cost about £3,000. The first incumbent was Reverend Frederick Thomas Rowell M.A. (d.1865) Although the parish district was constituted in 1851, local contributors and bazaars took time to raise funds, so that the foundation stone was not laid until 20 October 1853", ". It was consecrated on Thursday 9 November 1854 by the Bishop of Ripon. Dr Hook attended the consecration service. The whole church measured 121 x 43 feet. It had a \"large wheel window in the west gable, about 15ft diameter,\" a \"lofty, open timber roof,\" and a \"large, five-light, east window.\" It had an octagonal turret 82 feet high, which contained the stairs to the gallery and two bells. Mawer & Whiteley were the masons credited among the contractors", ". Mawer & Whiteley were the masons credited among the contractors. The building was closed in April and demolished in June 1939. After demolition, one of St Stephen's windows became the four-light west window of St Agnes, Burmantofts. The carved oak WWI war memorial now in St Agnes Church, Burmantofts, was once the reredos in St Stephen.", "Moorlands House, 48 Albion Street, Leeds, 1852-1855", "This is a Grade II listed building at 48 Altion Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire, occupied by Starbucks since 2016. It was designed in Venetian palazzo style by William Bruce Gingell, for the Leeds and Yorkshire Assurance Company. It was built and carved in millstone grit from three different sources. Work began in 1852, and it was opened in 1855.", "Robert Mawer carved most of the masks and the flower swags; they are similar to his work on Leeds Town Hall and St George's Hall, Bradford. However he died on 10 November 1854, before the building was completed. The goat's head, the sheep's head, and the delicately undercut leaves above the entrance door are in William Ingle's style, which ceased to be produced when he died in 1870. The portrait of Robert Mawer as a playing card joker is in Catherine Mawer's observant style", ". The portrait of Robert Mawer as a playing card joker is in Catherine Mawer's observant style. At the opening in 1855, the Leeds Intelligencer reported: \"... the rich but tasteful character of its decorative work ... The carved stone decoration on the exterior of the building, so universally admired, was almost the last work of the late Mr. Robert Mawer, a man whose taste and judgement (for much of it was his own design) were such that his place in Leeds cannot readily be supplied", ".\" (Leeds Intelligencer 17 March 1855)", "St Cuthbert, Ackworth, 1855\n\nThis is a Grade II listed building in Ackworth, West Yorkshire. St Cuthbert's was a 15th-century church, of which the nave was reordered in 1852, and the old tower remains. It was restored by John West Hugall between 1852 and 1854. The east window of 1855, and possibly all the others which are of the same date, is by William Wailes.", "In 1855, the Leeds Intelligencer said: \"The church has recently been re-opened after a most careful, and solid restoration. The carving of the capitals, and of the angels in the chancel and chancel aisle, the exquisite workmanship of the late lamented Mr Mawer, afforded much gratification.\"(Leeds Intelligencer 1 September 1855)\n\nReredos at Bradford Parish Church, 1854−1855", "This is St Peter's parish church, or Bradford Cathedral, on Stott Hill, Bradford, West Yorkshire. It is a Grade I listed building. The Victorian reredos was executed by Robert Mawer before he died in 1854, and consecrated in 1855. In August of that year, the Bradford Observer reported: \"There has been added a reredos of Caen stone which is most beautifully carved, being the workmanship of Mr. Mawer of Leeds", ". Mawer of Leeds.\" The east end of the building was rebuilt by architect Sir Edward Maufe in the 1950s, and the reredos is no longer in the building. It may possibly survive elsewhere.", "The church was further re-ordered in 1861, and partially rebuilt with transepts, re-roofed and re-ordered in 1899.The mosaics in the reredos were added at this time.\n\nSee also\n Catherine Mawer\n Charles Mawer\n Benjamin Payler\n Matthew Taylor (sculptor)\n Benjamin Burstall\n Mawer and Ingle\n William Ingle\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1807 births\n1854 deaths\nBritish male sculptors\nPeople from Nidderdale\nMawer Group\nCulture in West Yorkshire\nHistory of Yorkshire\n19th-century British male artists" ]

[ "McDonald's Corporation is an American multinational fast food chain, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States. They rechristened their business as a hamburger stand, and later turned the company into a franchise, with the Golden Arches logo being introduced in 1953 at a location in Phoenix, Arizona", ". In 1955, Ray Kroc, a businessman, joined the company as a franchise agent and proceeded to purchase the chain from the McDonald brothers. McDonald's previous headquarters was based in Oak Brook, Illinois, but the company moved its global headquarters to Chicago in June 2018. McDonald's is also a real estate company through its ownership of around 70% of restaurant buildings and 45% of the underlying land (which it leases to its franchisees).", "McDonald's is the world's largest fast food restaurant chain, serving over 69 million customers daily in over 100 countries in more than 40,000 outlets as of 2021. McDonald's is best known for its hamburgers, cheeseburgers and french fries, although their menu also includes other items like chicken, fish, fruit, and salads. Their best-selling licensed item are their french fries, followed by the Big Mac", ". Their best-selling licensed item are their french fries, followed by the Big Mac. The McDonald's Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. McDonald's is the world's second-largest private employer with 1.7 million employees (behind Walmart with 2.3 million employees), the majority of whom work in the restaurant's franchises. , McDonald's has the sixth-highest global brand valuation.", "McDonald's has been subject to criticism over the health effects of its products, and its treatment of employees.\n\nHistory", "Siblings Richard and Maurice McDonald opened the first McDonald's at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, California, on May 15, 1940. The brothers introduced the \"Speedee Service System\" in 1948, putting into expanded use the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant that their predecessor White Castle had put into practice more than two decades earlier. The original mascot of McDonald's was a hamburger-headed chef who was referred to as \"Speedee\"", ". The original mascot of McDonald's was a hamburger-headed chef who was referred to as \"Speedee\". In 1962, the Golden Arches replaced Speedee as the universal mascot. Clown mascot Ronald McDonald was introduced in 1965 to market the chain to children.", "On May 4, 1961, McDonald's first filed for a U.S. trademark on the name \"McDonald's\" with the description \"Drive-In Restaurant Services\", which continues to be renewed. By September 13, McDonald's, under the guidance of Ray Kroc, filed for a trademark on a new logo—an overlapping, double-arched \"M\" symbol. But before the double arches, McDonald's used a single arch for the architecture of their buildings", ". Although the \"Golden Arches\" logo appeared in various forms, the present version was not used until November 18, 1968, when the company was granted a U.S. trademark.", "The present corporation credits its founding to franchised businessman Ray Kroc on April 15, 1955. This was in fact the ninth opened McDonald's restaurant overall, although this location was destroyed and rebuilt in 1984. Kroc was recorded as being an aggressive business partner, driving the McDonald brothers out of the industry.", "Kroc and the McDonald brothers fought for control of the business, as documented in Kroc's autobiography. In 1961, he purchased the McDonald brothers' equity in the company and began the company's worldwide reach. The sale cost Kroc $2.7 million, a huge sum during that time. The San Bernardino restaurant was eventually torn down in 1971, and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo chain in 1998. This area serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, and a McDonald's and Route 66 museum", ". This area serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, and a McDonald's and Route 66 museum. With the expansion of McDonald's into many international markets, the company has become a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life. Its prominence has made it a frequent topic of public debates about obesity, corporate ethics, and consumer responsibility.", "Products\n\nMcDonald's predominantly sells hamburgers, various types of chicken, chicken sandwiches (chicken burgers), French fries, soft drinks, shakes, breakfast items, and desserts. In most markets, McDonald's offers salads and vegetarian items, wraps and other localized fare. On a seasonal basis, McDonald's offers the McRib sandwich. Some speculate the seasonality of the McRib adds to its appeal. During March of each year, McDonald's offers a Shamrock Shake to honor Saint Patrick's Day.", "In addition, the chain also sells some items within the United States on a regional basis; for example, the Hatch Green Chile Double Cheeseburger, which is topped with New Mexico green chile, is only available in the southwestern state of New Mexico.", "Products are offered as either \"dine-in\" (where the customer opts to eat in the restaurant) or \"take-out\" (where the customer opts to take the food off the premises). \"Dine-in\" meals are provided on a plastic tray with a paper insert on the floor of the tray. \"Take-out\" meals are usually delivered with the contents enclosed in a distinctive McDonald's-branded brown paper bag. In both cases, the individual items are wrapped or boxed as appropriate.", "Since Steve Easterbrook became CEO of the company in 2015, McDonald's has streamlined the menu which in the United States contained nearly 200 items. The company has looked to introduce healthier options, and removed high-fructose corn syrup from hamburger buns. The company has removed artificial preservatives from Chicken McNuggets, replacing chicken skin, safflower oil and citric acid found in Chicken McNuggets with pea starch, rice starch and powdered lemon juice.", "In September 2018, McDonald's USA announced that they no longer use artificial preservatives, flavors and colors entirely from seven classic burgers sold in the U.S., including the hamburger, cheeseburger, double cheeseburger, McDouble, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, double Quarter Pounder with Cheese and the Big Mac. Nevertheless, the pickles will still be made with an artificial preservative, although customers can choose to opt out of getting pickles with their burgers.", "In November 2020, McDonald's announced McPlant, a plant-based burger, along with plans to develop additional meat alternative menu items that extend to chicken substitutes and breakfast sandwiches. This announcement came after the successful testing of Beyond Meat plant based meat substitutes. In late 2022, McDonald's announced the addition of the Double McPlant at all restaurant in the United Kingdom and Ireland starting 4 January, due to the success of the McPlant.\n\nInternational menu variations", "McDonald's Menu is customized to reflect consumer tastes in their respective countries. Restaurants in several countries, particularly in Asia, serve soup", ". Restaurants in several countries, particularly in Asia, serve soup. This local deviation from the standard menu is a characteristic for which the chain is particularly known, and one which is employed either to abide by regional food taboos (such as the religious prohibition of beef consumption in India) or to make available foods with which the regional market is more familiar (such as the sale of McRice in Indonesia, or Ebi (prawn) Burger in Singapore and Japan)", ". McDonald's restaurants in China include fried buns and soybean milk on their breakfast menus.", "In Germany and some other Western European countries, McDonald's sells beer. In New Zealand, until 2020, McDonald's sold meat pies after local affiliate McDonald's New Zealand partially relaunched the Georgie Pie fast food chain it bought out in 1996. In Greece, the signature hamburger, Big Mac, is changed by adding Tzatziki sauce and packaging in a pita.", "In the United States and Canada, after limited trials on a regional basis, McDonald's began offering in 2015 and 2017, respectively, a partial breakfast menu during all hours its restaurants were open. All-day breakfast was phased out from menus at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.\n\nRestaurants", "Restaurants\n\nThere are over 36,000 McDonald's restaurants globally. Over a third of these (14,146 restaurants) are in the United States alone—the second highest number is in Japan with 2,975 restaurants, followed by China with 2,700. These three countries make up a majority of global McDonald's stores.", "Types", "Most standalone McDonald's restaurants offer both counter service and drive-through service, with indoor and sometimes outdoor seating. Drive-Thru, Auto-Mac, Pay and Drive, or \"McDrive\" as it is known in many countries, often has separate stations for placing, paying for, and picking up orders, though the latter two steps are frequently combined; it was first introduced in Sierra Vista, Arizona in 1975, following the lead of other fast-food chains", ". The first such restaurant in Britain opened at Fallowfield, Manchester in 1986.", "In 1994, McDonald's attempted Hearth Express, a prototype specializing in homestyle takeout meals. Among the fare offered were meatloaf, fried chicken, and baked ham. This experiment started with a single location in Darien, Illinois, but closed in only one year.", "McDrive\nIn some countries, McDrive locations near highways offer no counter service or seating. In contrast, locations in high-density city neighborhoods often omit drive-through service. There are also a few locations, mostly in downtown districts, that offer a \"Walk-Thru\" service in place of Drive-Thru.\n\nMcCafé", "McCafé is a café-style accompaniment to McDonald's restaurants. The concept was created by McDonald's Australia, starting with Melbourne in 1993. As of 2016, most McDonald's in Australia have McCafés located within the existing McDonald's restaurant. In Tasmania, there are McCafés in every restaurant, with the rest of the states quickly following suit. After upgrading to the new McCafé look and feel, some Australian restaurants have noticed up to a 60 percent increase in sales", ". At the end of 2003, there were over 600 McCafés worldwide.", "\"Create Your Taste\" restaurants", "From 2015 to 2016, McDonald's tried a more flexible burger service and restaurant concept based on other restaurants such as Shake Shack and Grill'd. It was rolled out for the first time in Australia during the early months of 2015 and expanded to China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Arabia and New Zealand, with ongoing trials in the US market. In dedicated \"Create Your Taste\" (CYT) kiosks, customers could choose all ingredients including type of bun and meat along with optional extras", ". CYT food was served to the table on wooden boards, fries in wire baskets, and salads in china bowls with metal cutlery at a higher price. In November 2016, Create Your Taste was replaced by a \"Signature Crafted Recipes\" program designed to be more efficient and less expensive.", "Other\n\nSome locations are connected to gas stations and convenience stores, while others called McExpress have limited seating or menu or may be located in a shopping mall. Other McDonald's are located in Walmart stores. McStop is a location targeted at truckers and travelers which may have services found at truck stops.", "In the United Kingdom, McDonald's restaurants can be found in service stations, petrol stations, McDrive Thru, Asda Superstores & Supercenters and shopping malls and town centres. Other McDonald's locations named 'McExpress' or 'McDonald's & Go' have limited seating and can be found more commonly in railway stations and airports.", "In Sweden, Happy Meal boxes can be used as goggles, with the game Slope Stars. In the Netherlands, McDonald's has introduced McTrax that doubles as a recording studio; it reacts to touch. They can create their own beats with a synth and tweak sounds with special effects.\n\nOn the river Elbe in Hamburg, Germany is the world's only \"McBoat\", a float-through service (similar to drive-through) for people on the river.\n\nSpecial diet", "Special diet\n\nThe first kosher McDonald's was established in 1997 at the Abasto de Buenos Aires mall in Buenos Aires, Argentina. There are many kosher branches in Israel. McDonald's in Dearborn, Michigan, offered Halal menu items as late as 2013.\n\nPlayPlaces", "PlayPlaces\n\nMcDonald's playgrounds are called McDonald's PlayPlace. Some McDonald's in suburban areas and certain cities feature large indoor or outdoor playgrounds. The first PlayPlace with the familiar crawl-tube design with ball pits and slides was introduced in 1987 in the US, with many more being constructed soon after.", "McDonald's Next\nMcDonald's Next use open-concept design and offer \"Create Your Taste\" digital ordering. The concept store also offers free mobile device charging and table service after 6:00 pm. The first store opened in Hong Kong in December 2015.\n\n2006 redesign", "In 2006, McDonald's introduced its \"Forever Young\" brand by redesigning all of its restaurants, the first major redesign since the 1970s. It resembles a coffee shop, with wooden tables, faux-leather chairs, and muted colors; the red was muted to terracotta, the yellow was shifted to golden for a more \"sunny\" look, and olive and sage green were added. The warmer look has less plastic and more brick and wood, with modern hanging lights for a softer glow", ". Many restaurants feature free Wi-Fi and flat-screen TVs. Other upgrades include double drive-thrus, flat roofs instead of the angled red roofs, and fiber glass instead of wood. Instead of the familiar golden arches, the restaurants feature \"semi-swooshes\" (half of a golden arch), similar to the Nike swoosh.", "Smoking ban\nMcDonald's began banning smoking in 1994 when it restricted customers from smoking within its 1,400 wholly owned restaurants.\n\nCOVID-19 pandemic", "As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, McDonald's closed most seating and all play areas in its United States restaurants. It transitioned to drive-thru and curbside orders at locations and online food ordering delivery services. The re-opening of McDonald's restaurants for drive-thru in the United Kingdom generated significant queues of traffic throughout the country. In July 2020, for the year's second quarter, McDonald's reported earnings of 66 cents per share", ". In July 2020, for the year's second quarter, McDonald's reported earnings of 66 cents per share. Compared to the same period of last year, it represented a fall of 68%.", "2023 redesign and new concept \nIn July 2023, the company announced it was working towards a new concept called \"CosMc\" that would be tested at a handful of sites and was anticipated to come out in early 2024. At the time of the announcement, the company promised more detail at its investor day at the end of the year. The name references an alien character from the 1980s.\n\nTreatment of employees", "Treatment of employees\n\nAutomation\nSince the late 1990s, McDonald's has attempted to replace employees with electronic kiosks which would perform actions such as taking orders and accepting money. In 1999, McDonald's first tested \"E-Clerks\" in suburban Chicago, Illinois, and Wyoming, Michigan, with the devices being able to \"save money on live staffers\" and attracting larger purchase amounts than average employees.", "In 2013, the University of Oxford estimated that in the succeeding decades, there was a 92% probability of food preparation and serving to become automated in fast food establishments. By 2016, McDonald's \"Create Your Taste\" electronic kiosks were seen in some restaurants internationally where customers could custom order meals. As employees pushed for higher wages in the late-2010s, some believed that fast food companies such as McDonald's would use the devices to cut costs for employing individuals.", "In 2017, McDonalds launched an app in the United States which allows customers to skip the ordering line inside or drive through and order online. Many McDonalds locations have special parking spaces for such orders.\n\nIn September 2019, McDonald's purchased an AI-based start-up Apprente for replacing human servers with voice-based technology in its US drive-throughs.\n\nIn early 2023, McDonald's opened its first fully automated restaurant in Fort Worth, Texas.", "Wages", "On August 5, 2013, The Guardian revealed that 90 percent of McDonald's UK workforce are on zero-hour contracts, making it possibly the largest such private sector employer in the country. In April 2017, due to employee strikes, they gave all employees the option of fixed contracts instead", ". A study released by Fast Food Forward conducted by Anzalone Liszt Grove Research showed that approximately 84 percent of all fast food employees working in New York City in April 2013 had been paid less than their legal wages by their employers.", "From 2007 to 2011, fast food workers in the U.S. drew an average of $7 billion of public assistance annually resulting from receiving low wages. The McResource website advised employees to break their food into smaller pieces to feel fuller, seek refunds for unopened holiday purchases, sell possessions online for quick cash, and to \"quit complaining\" as \"stress hormone levels rise by 15 percent after ten minutes of complaining", ".\" In December 2013, McDonald's shut down the McResource website amidst negative publicity and criticism. McDonald's plans to continue an internal telephone help line through which its employees can obtain advice on work and life problems.", "The Roosevelt Institute, a liberal think tank, accuses some McDonald's restaurants of actually paying less than the minimum wage to entry positions due to \"rampant\" wage theft. In South Korea, McDonald's pays part-time employees $5.50 an hour and is accused of paying less with arbitrary schedule adjustments and pay delays. In late 2015, data collected anonymously by Glassdoor suggests that McDonald's in the United States pays entry-level employees between $7", ".25 an hour and $11 an hour, with an average of $8.69 an hour. Shift managers get paid an average of $10.34 an hour. Assistant managers get paid an average of $11.57 an hour. McDonald's former CEO, Steve Easterbrook, earned an annual salary of $1,100,000. His total compensation for 2017 was $21,761,052.", "Strikes", "McDonald's workers have on occasions decided to strike over pay, with most of the employees on strike seeking to be paid $15.00. When interviewed about the strikes occurring, former McDonald's CEO Ed Rensi stated: \"It's cheaper to buy a $35,000 robotic arm than it is to hire an employee who's inefficient making $15 an hour bagging french fries\" with Rensi explaining that increasing employee wages could possibly take away from entry-level jobs", ". However, according to Easterbrook, increasing wages and benefits for workers saw a 6% increase in customer satisfaction when comparing 2015's first quarter data to the first quarter of 2016, with greater returns seen as a result.", "In September 2017, two British McDonald's stores agreed to a strike over zero-hours contracts for staff. Picket lines were formed around the two stores in Crayford and Cambridge. The strike was supported by then Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn.", "Occupation \nWorkers at the McDonald's franchise at Saint-Barthélémy, Marseille, occupied the restaurant, in protest against its planned closure. Employing 77 people, the restaurant is the second-biggest private sector employer in Saint-Barthélémy, which has an unemployment rate of 30 percent. Lawyers for Kamel Guemari, a shop steward at the franchise, claimed an attempt was made to kill him when a car drove at him in the restaurant car park.", "Working conditions", "In March 2015, McDonald's workers in 19 U.S. cities filed 28 health and safety complaints with the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration which allege that low staffing, lack of protective gear, poor training and pressure to work fast has resulted in injuries. The complaints allege that, because of a lack of first aid supplies, workers were told by management to treat burn injuries with condiments such as mayonnaise and mustard", ". The Fight for $15 labor organization aided the workers in filing the complaints.", "Animal welfare standards", "In 2015, McDonald's pledged to stop using eggs from battery cage facilities by 2025. Since McDonald's purchases over 2 billion eggs per year or 4 percent of eggs produced in the United States, the switch is expected to have a major impact on the egg industry and is part of a general trend toward cage-free eggs driven by consumer concern over the harsh living conditions of hens", ". The aviary systems from which the new eggs will be sourced are troubled by much higher mortality rates, as well as introducing environmental and worker safety problems. The high hen mortality rate, which is more than double that of battery cage systems, will require new research to mitigate. The facilities have higher ammonia levels due to faeces being kicked up into the air. Producers raised concerns about the production cost, which is expected to increase by 36 percent.", "McDonald's continues to source pork from facilities that use gestation crates, and in 2012 pledged to phase them out.\n\nCorporate overview\n\nFacts and figures", "Corporate overview\n\nFacts and figures\n\nMcDonald's restaurants are in 120 countries and territories and serve 68 million customers each day. There are 37,855 restaurants worldwide, employing more than 210,000 people as of the end of 2018. There are a total of 2,770 company-owned locations and 35,085 franchised locations, which includes 21,685 locations franchised to conventional franchisees, 7,225 locations licensed to developmental licensees, and 6,175 locations licensed to foreign affiliates.", "Focusing on its core brand, McDonald's began divesting itself of other chains it had acquired during the 1990s. The company owned a majority stake in Chipotle Mexican Grill until October 2006, when McDonald's fully divested from Chipotle through a stock exchange. Until December 2003, it owned Donatos Pizza, and it owned a small share of Aroma Café, from 1999 to 2001. On August 27, 2007, McDonald's sold Boston Market to Sun Capital Partners.", "McDonald's has increased shareholder dividends for 25 consecutive years, making it one of the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats. The company is ranked 131st on the Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue. In October 2012, its monthly sales fell for the first time in nine years. In 2014, its quarterly sales fell for the first time in seventeen years, when its sales dropped for the entirety of 1997.", "In the United States, it is reported that drive-throughs account for 70 percent of sales. McDonald's closed down 184 restaurants in the United States in 2015, which was 59 more than what they planned to open. This move was the first time McDonald's had a net decrease in the number of locations in the United States since 1970.", "The McDonald's on-demand delivery concept, which began in 2017 with a partnership with Uber Eats and added DoorDash in 2019 (with select locations adding Grubhub in 2021), accounts for up to 3% of all business as of 2019.\n\nThe $100 billion in sales generated by McDonald's company-owned and franchise restaurants in 2019 accounts for almost 4% of the estimated $2.5 trillion global restaurant industry.", "Finance \nFor the fiscal year 2018, McDonald's reported earnings of US$5.9 billion, with an annual revenue of US$21.0 billion, a decrease of 7.9% over the previous fiscal cycle. McDonald's shares traded at over $145 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$134.5 billion in September 2018.\n\nBusiness model", "The company owns all the land on which its restaurants are situated, which is valued at an estimated $16 to $18 billion. The company earns a significant portion of its revenue from rental payments from franchisees. These rent payments rose 26 percent, between 2010 and 2015, accounting for one-fifth of the company's total revenue at the end of the period. In recent times, there have been calls to spin off the company's U.S", ". In recent times, there have been calls to spin off the company's U.S. holdings into a potential real estate investment trust, but the company announced at its investor conference on November 10, 2015, that this would not happen. CEO Steve Easterbrook discussed that pursuing the REIT option would pose too large a risk to the company's business model.", "The United Kingdom and Ireland business model is different from the U.S., in that fewer than 30 percent of restaurants are franchised, with the majority under the ownership of the company. McDonald's trains its franchisees and management at Hamburger University located at its Chicago headquarters. In other countries, McDonald's restaurants are operated by joint ventures of McDonald's Corporation and other, local entities or governments.", "According to Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser (2001), nearly one in eight workers in the U.S. have at some time been employed by McDonald's. Employees are encouraged by McDonald's Corp. to maintain their health by singing along to their favorite songs in order to relieve stress, attending church services in order to have a lower blood pressure, and taking two vacations annually in order to reduce risk for myocardial infarction", ". Fast Food Nation states that McDonald's is the largest private operator of playgrounds in the U.S., as well as the single largest purchaser of beef, pork, potatoes, and apples. The selection of meats McDonald's uses varies to some extent based on the culture of the host country.", "In 2021, the company cut value meals and cheaper items from its menu as part of a focus on higher-priced items.\n\nHeadquarters\nOn June 13, 2016, McDonald's confirmed plans to move its global headquarters to Chicago's West Loop neighborhood in the Near West Side. The 608,000-square-foot structure opened on June 4, 2018, and was built on the former site of Harpo Productions (where The Oprah Winfrey Show and several other Harpo productions taped).", "The McDonald's former headquarters complex, McDonald's Plaza, is located in Oak Brook, Illinois. It sits on the site of the former headquarters and stabling area of Paul Butler, the founder of Oak Brook. McDonald's moved into the Oak Brook facility from an office within the Chicago Loop in 1971.", "Board of directors\n, the board of directors had the following members:\n Enrique Hernandez Jr., non-executive chairman; president and CEO of Inter-Con Security\n Lloyd H. Dean, president and CEO of Dignity Health\n Chris Kempczinski, president and CEO of McDonald's\n Robert A. Eckert, operating partner of Friedman Fleischer & Lowe\n Margo Georgiadis, CEO of Ancestry.com\n Richard H. Lenny, non-executive chairman of Conagra Brands\n John J. Mulligan, executive vice president and COO of Target Corporation", "John J. Mulligan, executive vice president and COO of Target Corporation\n Sheila A. Penrose, non-executive chairman of Jones Lang LaSalle\n John W. Rogers Jr., chairman and CEO of Ariel Investments\n Miles D. White, chairman and CEO of Abbott Laboratories\n Andrew J. McKenna, chairman emeritus. Also chairman emeritus of Schwarz Supply Source\nCatherine M. Engelbert, commissioner of the Women's National Basketball Association\nPaul S. Walsh, executive chairman of McLaren Group", "On March 1, 2015, after being chief brand officer of McDonald's and its former head in the UK and northern Europe, Steve Easterbrook became CEO, succeeding Don Thompson, who stepped down on January 28, 2015.\n\nIn November 2019, McDonald's board of directors voted to remove Easterbrook as CEO since he had violated corporate policies on personal conduct by entering into a relationship with a company employee. He was replaced as CEO by Chris Kempczinski, who had been president of McDonald's USA.", "In August 2022, McDonald's announced significant changes to its board. It said that existing director Sheila Penrose, chair of JLL Inc., would retire and that Anthony Capuano, CEO of Marriott International, executive vice president and worldwide chairman of pharmaceuticals Jennifer Taubert of Johnson & Johnson, and Amy Weaver president and CFO of Salesforce would join. The changes were unrelated to an effort by activist investor Carl Icahn.\n\nGlobal operations", "McDonald's has become emblematic of globalization, sometimes referred to as the \"McDonaldization\" of society. The Economist newspaper uses the \"Big Mac Index\": the comparison of the cost of a Big Mac in various world currencies can be used to informally judge these currencies' purchasing power parity. Switzerland has the most expensive Big Mac in the world as of July 2015, while the country with the least expensive Big Mac is India (albeit for a Maharaja Mac—the next cheapest Big Mac is Hong Kong)", ". The northernmost McDonald's restaurant in the world is located in Rovaniemi, Finland (after the restaurant in Murmansk, Russia was closed in 2022) and the southernmost in the world is located in Invercargill, New Zealand.", "Thomas Friedman said that no country with a McDonald's had gone to war with another; however, the \"Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention\" is incorrect. Exceptions are the 1989 United States invasion of Panama, NATO's bombing of Serbia in 1999, the 2006 Lebanon War, and the 2008 South Ossetia war. McDonald's suspended operations in its corporate-owned stores in Crimea after Russia annexed the region in 2014", ". On August 20, 2014, as tensions between the United States and Russia strained over the Russian annexation of Crimea, and the resultant U.S. sanctions, the Russian government temporarily shut down four McDonald's outlets in Moscow, citing sanitary concerns. The company has operated in Russia since 1990 and at August 2014 had 438 stores across the country", ". The company has operated in Russia since 1990 and at August 2014 had 438 stores across the country. On August 23, 2014, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Arkady Dvorkovich ruled out any government move to ban McDonald's and dismissed the notion that the temporary closures had anything to do with the sanctions.", "Some observers have suggested that the company should be given credit for increasing the standard of service in markets that it enters. A group of anthropologists in a study entitled Golden Arches East looked at the impact McDonald's had on East Asia and Hong Kong, in particular. When it opened in Hong Kong in 1975, McDonald's was the first restaurant to consistently offer clean restrooms, driving customers to demand the same of other restaurants and institutions", ". McDonald's has taken to partnering up with Sinopec, the second largest oil company in the People's Republic of China, as it takes advantage of the country's growing use of personal vehicles by opening numerous drive-thru restaurants. McDonald's has opened a McDonald's restaurant and McCafé on the underground premises of the French fine arts museum, The Louvre.", "The company stated it would open vegetarian-only restaurants in India by mid-2013.\n\nOn January 9, 2017, 80% of the franchise rights in mainland China and in Hong Kong were sold for US$2.08 billion to a consortium of CITIC Limited (for 32%) and private equity funds managed by CITIC Capital (for 20%) and Carlyle (for 20%), which CITIC Limited and CITIC Capital would form a joint venture to own the stake.", "On March 8, 2022, McDonald's temporarily closed their 850 locations in Russia due to the invasion of Ukraine, but will continue to pay the salary for 62,000 employees. Approximately nine percent of global revenue and three percent of operating profit come from Russia and 100 locations in Ukraine.", "On May 16, 2022, McDonald's announced that the closures would become permanent and that it was selling all its 850 stores in Russia. Furthermore, 32 years after McDonald's entered the Soviet market, the American giant wants its current business to be \"de-Arched\", the company plans to retain its trademarks in Russia, meaning the locations would no longer be allowed to use the McDonald's name, logo, or menu. McDonald's also said it would continue to pay its Russian employees until the sale is finalized", ". McDonald's also said it would continue to pay its Russian employees until the sale is finalized. The company has more than 60,000 Russian employees.", "On June 10, 2022, a Russian McDonald's buyer announced a new logo as an attempt at rebranding. It featured one circle and two lines, which represented a burger and two french fries. The business was rebranded as Vkusno i tochka, which roughly translates to \"Tasty – Period.\"", "McDonald's is to reopen its stores in Ukraine after closing them in February in non-contested areas like Kyiv and Western Ukraine. During the closure McDonald's has continued to pay its employees, number some 10,000. Originally some 109 restaurants, it is unclear how many will reopen.\n\nOn November 11, 2022, McDonald's in Belarus announced that all 25 stores in 6 cities will rebrand and operate as Vkusno i tochka \"in several weeks\".\n\nMarketing and advertising", "McDonald's has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, and also sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games. Television has played a central role in the company's advertising strategy", ". Television has played a central role in the company's advertising strategy. To date, McDonald's has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions.", "Children's advertising\n\nCelebrity endorsements\nIn 1992, basketball player Michael Jordan became the first celebrity to have a McDonald's value meal named after him. The \"McJordan\", a Quarter Pounder with pickles, raw onion slices, bacon and barbecue sauce, was available at Chicago franchises.", "In March 2014, a special \"Sprite 6 Mix by LeBron James\" flavor of Sprite featuring the flavors of lemon-lime, orange, and cherry, debuted just before the NBA playoffs. James' endorsement of Sprite has also included the seasonal \"cranberry\" and \"winter-spiced cranberry\" editions of the beverage. James' deal with Coca-Cola and Sprite ended in 2020, with a new partnership with Pepsi and Mountain Dew launching in 2021.", "In September 2020, McDonald's partnered with rapper Travis Scott to release the \"Travis Scott Meal\", a Quarter Pounder with cheese, bacon, lettuce, pickles, ketchup and mustard; medium fries with barbecue sauce; and a Sprite, nationwide. Scott designed new uniforms for McDonald's employees and released Cactus Jack merchandise using vintage visuals from the fast food chain's history", ". The company followed up with the \"J Balvin Meal\", a Big Mac with no pickles; fries with ketchup; and an Oreo McFlurry, in a partnership with reggaeton singer J Balvin. LeBron James has been a spokesman for McDonald's from 2003 to 2017 while co-endorsing Coca-Cola-Sprite since early in his career.", "In 2021, McDonald's partnered with Korean boy group BTS to release the \"BTS Meal\" in 50 countries around the world, starting on May 26 in select countries. The meal consists of a 10-piece Chicken McNuggets, medium fries, medium Coke, and for the first time in the United States, two spicy dipping sauces: Sweet Chili and Cajun.\n\nSpace exploration\nMcDonald's and NASA explored an advertising agreement for a planned mission to the asteroid 449 Hamburga; however, the spacecraft was eventually cancelled.", "Sponsorship in NASCAR", "McDonald's entered the NASCAR Cup Series in 1977, sponsoring Richard Childress for one race. Between the years 1977 and 1986, McDonald's would only sponsor a handful of races in a season. In 1993, McDonald's became the full-time sponsor for the No. 27 Junior Johnson & Associates Ford, driven by Hut Stricklin. In 1994, Stricklin was replaced in the car by Jimmy Spencer, who would go on to win twice that season. The following season McDonald's would move over to the No", ". The following season McDonald's would move over to the No. 94 Bill Elliott Racing Ford, driven by team-owner Bill Elliott. McDonald's stayed with Elliott until the 2001 season when they moved again, this time to the No. 96 PPI Motorsports Ford, driven by rookie Andy Houston. However, when the team failed to field a car for the entire season, McDonald's became absent from NASCAR until 2004, when it joined Evernham Motorsports as a part-time sponsor for drivers Elliott, Kasey Kahne, Elliott Sadler, A. J", ". J. Allmendinger, and Reed Sorenson until 2010.", "During the 2010 season, McDonald's would enter its longest partnership with a team at Chip Ganassi Racing, sponsoring the No. 1 Chevrolet driven by Jamie McMurray until his final race in the 2019 Daytona 500. McDonald's moved to CGR's No. 42 of Kyle Larson, whom the company sponsored until his suspension in 2020, and also had a one-race partnership with Richard Petty Motorsports' No. 43 Chevrolet driven by Bubba Wallace in 2019 and 2020. McDonald's continued working with the No", ". 43 Chevrolet driven by Bubba Wallace in 2019 and 2020. McDonald's continued working with the No. 42 under new driver Ross Chastain in 2021 and also joined Wallace's new team 23XI Racing as a \"founding partner\".", "Sports awards and honors\nMcDonald's is the title sponsor of the McDonald's All-American Game, all-star basketball games played each year for top ranked amateur boys' and girls' high school basketball graduates in America.\n\nCharity\n\nMcHappy Day\n\nMcHappy Day is an annual event at McDonald's, during which a percentage of the day's sales go to charity. It is the signature fundraising event for Ronald McDonald House Charities.", "In 2007, it was celebrated in 17 countries: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, England, Finland, France, Guatemala, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States, and Uruguay.\n\nAccording to the Australian McHappy Day website, McHappy Day raised $20.4 million in 2009. The goal for 2010 was $20.8 million.", "McDonald's Monopoly donation", "In 1995, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital received an anonymous letter postmarked in Dallas, Texas, containing a $1 million winning McDonald's Monopoly game piece. McDonald's officials came to the hospital, accompanied by a representative from the accounting firm Arthur Andersen, who examined the card under a jeweler's eyepiece, handled it with plastic gloves, and verified it as a winner", ". Although game rules prohibited the transfer of prizes, McDonald's waived the rule and made the annual $50,000 annuity payments for the full 20-year period through 2014, even after learning that the piece was sent by an individual involved in an embezzlement scheme intended to defraud McDonald's.", "McRefugee\n\nMcRefugees are poor people in Hong Kong, Japan, and China who use McDonald's 24-hour restaurants as a temporary hostel.\n\nCriticism", "Criticism\n\nMcDonald's has been criticised for numerous aspects of its business, including the health effects of its products, its treatment of employees, and other business practices. In the late 1980s, Phil Sokolof, a millionaire businessman who had suffered a heart attack at the age of 43, took out full-page newspaper ads in New York, Chicago, and other large cities accusing McDonald's menu of being a threat to American health, and asking them to stop using beef tallow to cook their french fries.", "In 1990, activists from a small group known as London Greenpeace (no connection to the international group Greenpeace) distributed leaflets entitled What's wrong with McDonald's?, criticizing its environmental, health, and labor record. The corporation wrote to the group demanding they desist and apologize, and, when two of the activists refused to back down, sued them for libel leading to the \"McLibel case\", one of the longest cases in English civil law", ". A documentary film of the McLibel Trial has been shown in several countries.", "In 2001, Eric Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation included criticism of the business practices of McDonald's, particularly with respect to its use of political influence and targeting advertisements to children. In 2002, vegetarian groups, largely Hindu and Buddhist, successfully sued McDonald's for misrepresenting its french fries as vegetarian, when they contained beef broth.\n\nCritical terms such as \"McJob\" and \"McMansion\" have been added to dictionaries.", "Critical terms such as \"McJob\" and \"McMansion\" have been added to dictionaries.\n\nMorgan Spurlock's 2004 documentary film Super Size Me claimed that McDonald's food was contributing to the increase of obesity in society and that the company was failing to provide nutritional information about its food for its customers. Six weeks after the film premiered, McDonald's announced that it was eliminating the super size option and was creating the adult Happy Meal.", "Studies of litter have found that McDonald's is one of the most littered brands worldwide. In 2012, a Keep Australia Beautiful study found that McDonald's was the most littered brand in Queensland.", "In response to public pressure, McDonald's has sought to include more healthy choices in its menu, announcing in May 2008 that, in the United States and Canada, it has switched to using cooking oil that contains no trans fats for its french fries, and canola-based oil with corn and soy oils, for its baked items, pies and cookies, by end of 2018. The company introduced a new slogan to its recruitment posters: \"Not bad for a McJob\".", "Since McDonald's began receiving criticism for its environmental practices in the 1970s, it has significantly reduced its use of materials.\n\nLegal cases\n\nMcDonald's has been involved in a number of lawsuits and other legal cases, most of which involved trademark disputes. The company has threatened many food businesses with legal action unless it drops the 'Mc' or 'Mac' from trading names.", "European Union", "In April 2017, Irish fast-food chain Supermac's submitted a request to the European Union Property Office to cancel McDonald's owned trademarks within the European Union, claiming that McDonald's engaged in \"trademark bullying; registering brand names... which are simply stored away in a war chest to use against future competitors\", after the trademarks had prevented Supermac's from expanding out of Ireland", ". The EUIPO ruled in Supermac's favour, finding that McDonald's \"has not proven genuine use\" of many trademarks, cancelling McDonald's owned trademarks such as \"Big Mac\" and certain \"Mc\"-related trademarks within the European Union.", "Burger King responded by \"trolling\" McDonald's by giving their burgers names that included the words \"Big Mac\", that also mocked the original burger, which included, \"Like a Big Mac But Juicier\", \"Like a Big Mac, But Actually Big\" and \"Big Mac-ish But Flame-Grilled of Course\".", "The McDonald's group has had proceedings taken against it from the French Tax Authorities, with possible charges of criminal tax fraud. In July 2022, the group reached an agreement with the French judicial authorities to end criminal proceedings for tax fraud.\n\nIn 2023, the EUIPO Board of Appeal annulled their decision after McDonald's filed 700 pages of additional evidence, despite objections.", "Malaysia\nOn September 8, 2009, McDonald's Malaysian operations lost a lawsuit to prevent another restaurant calling itself McCurry. McDonald's lost in an appeal to Malaysia's highest court, the Federal Court. On December 29, 2016, McDonald's Malaysia issued a statement that said only certified halal cakes are allowed inside its restaurants nationwide.", "Australia\nIn April 2007, in Perth, Western Australia, McDonald's pleaded guilty to five charges relating to the employment of children under 15 in one of its outlets and was fined A$8,000.", "United Kingdom\nThe longest-running legal action of all time in the UK was the McLibel case against two defendants who criticized a number of aspects of the company. The trial lasted 10 years and called 130 witnesses. The European Court of Human Rights deemed that the unequal resources of the litigants breached the defendants' rights to freedom of speech and biased the trial. The result was widely seen as a \"PR disaster\" for McDonald's.", "In the end of November 2013, controversy arose after the Rucka Rucka Ali song \"Only 17\", a parody of \"Just a Dream\" by Nelly, was accidentally played uncensored over the speakers at a McDonald's restaurant in Wales. Subsequently, McDonald's issued an apology to the offended customers. That same week, Rucka Rucka Ali responded to the controversy on his YouTube channel by jokingly demanding a personal apology from the restaurant.", "In 2021, it emerged that at least 50 employees had filed charges against the chains regarding harassment in the work place in a five-year period, leading to the company instituting anti-harassment training. Some of the complainants also stated that they were verbally and physically harassed in retaliation for their complaints", ". In 2023, the BBC conducted an investigation, and reported that more than 100 current and recent UK workers at outlets of the fast-food chain allege there is a continuing toxic culture of sexual assault, harassment, racism and bullying.", "United States", "The 1994 court case Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants examined a McDonald's practice of serving coffee so hot that when spilled, it caused third degree burns requiring weeks of hospitalization and skin grafting surgery. The trial outcome was an award of $2.86 million (equivalent to $ million in ) for the plaintiff, 81-year old Stella Liebeck. The amount was later reduced to $640,000 (equivalent to $ million in )", ". The amount was later reduced to $640,000 (equivalent to $ million in ). In 2019, a McDonald's employee, Jenna Ries, sued the restaurant chain over allowing sexual harassment in the work place and described the working environment as \"toxic\".", "In 2023, an investigation by the United States Department of Labor found child labor violations at McDonald's franchises in the state of Kentucky which involved over 300 children, two of them 10-year-olds. A total of $212,000 were levied against three franchises for the violations. Further investigations uncovered child labor violations involving 83 minors at 16 different locations in Louisiana and Texas, with imposed fines amounting to $77,572.", "See also\n Arcos Dorados Holdings\n The Founder, a 2016 a biopic of Ray Kroc and the business history of McDonald's\n International availability of McDonald's products\n List of countries with McDonald's restaurants\n List of hamburger restaurants\n List of largest employers\n List of fast food restaurant chains\n MaDonal, a restaurant in Iraq that copies many features of McDonald's\n Maxime, McDuff & McDo, a 2002 documentary film about the unionizing of a McDonald's in Montreal", "Maxime, McDuff & McDo, a 2002 documentary film about the unionizing of a McDonald's in Montreal\n McMillions, a 2020 HBO documentary miniseries about the McDonald's Monopoly promotion scam that occurred between 1989 and 2001\n \"Sundae Bloody Sundae\", a public relations controversy in Portugal\nMcDonald's and unions", "Notes\n\nReferences", "Further reading\n Ashenfelter, Orley, and Štěpán Jurajda. \"Minimum Wages, Wages, and Price Pass-Through: The Case of McDonald's Restaurants.\" Journal of Labor Economics 40.S1 (2022): S179-S201. abstract\n Bryman, Alan. \"McDonald's as a Disneyized institution: Global implications.\" American Behavioral Scientist 47.2 (2003): 154–167. online", "Eckhardt, Giana M., and Michael J. Houston. \"Cultural paradoxes reflected in brand meaning: McDonald's in Shanghai, China.\" Journal of International Marketing 10.2 (2002): 68–82 online.\n \n \n Kincheloe, Joe. \"The complex politics of McDonald's and the new childhood: Colonizing kidworld.\" International Critical Childhood Policy Studies Journal 4.1 (2011): 1–46. online\n Kincheloe, Joe L. The sign of the burger: McDonald's and the culture of power (Temple University Press, 2002).", "Kottak, Conrad P. \"Rituals at McDonald's.\" Journal of American culture 1.2 (1978): 370–376 online.\n Kroc, Ray. Grinding It Out: The Making of McDonald's, 1977 a primary source\n Langert, Bob. The battle to do good: Inside McDonald's sustainability journey (2019).\n Livesey, Sharon M. \"McDonald's and the Environmental Defense Fund: A case study of a green alliance.\" Journal of Business Communication (1973) 36.1 (1999): 5–39.\n Love, John F. McDonald's: Behind The Arches (1995). online", "Love, John F. McDonald's: Behind The Arches (1995). online\n Napoli, Lisa. Ray & Joan: The Man Who Made the McDonald's Fortune and the Woman Who Gave It All Away 2016 .\n Ram, Uri. \"Glocommodification: How the global consumes the local--McDonald's in Israel.\" Current Sociology 52.1 (2004): 11–31. online\n Royle, Tony. Working for McDonald's in Europe: the unequal struggle (Routledge, 2004).\n Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal by 2001 .", "Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal by 2001 .\n Smith, Andrew F. ed. Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food (2006) \n Tien, Nguyen Hoang. \"Customization and Standardization of the Business Strategy of Foreign Enterprises in Vietnam–the McDonald's Case and the Fast Food Sector\" International journal of research in marketing management and sales 1.2 (2019): 44–50. online", "Vignali, Claudio. \"McDonald's: 'think global, act local'–the marketing mix.\" British food journal (2001) online.\n Watson, James L., ed. Golden arches east: McDonald's in East Asia (Stanford University Press, 2006) excerpt", "External links", "1940 establishments in California\nAmerican companies established in 1955\nCompanies based in Cook County, Illinois\nCompanies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average\nCompanies listed on the New York Stock Exchange\nCompanies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange\nFast-food chains of the United States\nFast-food franchises\nFast-food hamburger restaurants\nMultinational food companies\nRestaurant chains in the United States\nRestaurants established in 1940\nRestaurants established in 1955\n1955 establishments in Illinois", "Restaurants established in 1940\nRestaurants established in 1955\n1955 establishments in Illinois\n1940 establishments in the United States\nReal estate companies established in 1955" ]

[ "Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. Medically they are primarily used for pain relief, including anesthesia. Other medical uses include suppression of diarrhea, replacement therapy for opioid use disorder, reversing opioid overdose, and suppressing cough. Extremely potent opioids such as carfentanil are approved only for veterinary use. Opioids are also frequently used non-medically for their euphoric effects or to prevent withdrawal", ". Opioids are also frequently used non-medically for their euphoric effects or to prevent withdrawal. Opioids can cause death and have been used for executions in the United States.", "Side effects of opioids may include itchiness, sedation, nausea, respiratory depression, constipation, and euphoria. Long-term use can cause tolerance, meaning that increased doses are required to achieve the same effect, and physical dependence, meaning that abruptly discontinuing the drug leads to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. The euphoria attracts recreational use, and frequent, escalating recreational use of opioids typically results in addiction", ". An overdose or concurrent use with other depressant drugs like benzodiazepines commonly results in death from respiratory depression.", "Opioids act by binding to opioid receptors, which are found principally in the central and peripheral nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. These receptors mediate both the psychoactive and the somatic effects of opioids. Opioid drugs include partial agonists, like the anti-diarrhea drug loperamide and antagonists like naloxegol for opioid-induced constipation, which do not cross the blood–brain barrier, but can displace other opioids from binding to those receptors in the myenteric plexus.", "Because opioids are addictive and may result in fatal overdose, most are controlled substances. In 2013, between 28 and 38 million people used opioids illicitly (0.6% to 0.8% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65). In 2011, an estimated 4 million people in the United States used opioids recreationally or were dependent on them. As of 2015, increased rates of recreational use and addiction are attributed to over-prescription of opioid medications and inexpensive illicit heroin", ". Conversely, fears about overprescribing, exaggerated side effects, and addiction from opioids are similarly blamed for under-treatment of pain.", "Terminology", "Opioids include opiates, an older term that refers to such drugs derived from opium, including morphine itself. Other opioids are semi-synthetic and synthetic drugs such as hydrocodone, oxycodone and fentanyl; antagonist drugs such as naloxone; and endogenous peptides such as endorphins. The terms opiate and narcotic are sometimes encountered as synonyms for opioid. Opiate is properly limited to the natural alkaloids found in the resin of the opium poppy although some include semi-synthetic derivatives", ". Narcotic, derived from words meaning 'numbness' or 'sleep', as an American legal term, refers to cocaine and opioids, and their source materials; it is also loosely applied to any illegal or controlled psychoactive drug. In some jurisdictions all controlled drugs are legally classified as narcotics. The term can have pejorative connotations and its use is generally discouraged where that is the case.", "Medical uses\n\nPain \nThe weak opioid codeine, in low doses and combined with one or more other drugs, is commonly available in prescription medicines and without a prescription to treat mild pain. Other opioids are usually reserved for the relief of moderate to severe pain.", "Acute pain", "Opioids are effective for the treatment of acute pain (such as pain following surgery). For immediate relief of moderate to severe acute pain, opioids are frequently the treatment of choice due to their rapid onset, efficacy and reduced risk of dependence. However, a new report showed a clear risk of prolonged opioid use when opioid analgesics are initiated for an acute pain management following surgery or trauma", ". They have also been found to be important in palliative care to help with the severe, chronic, disabling pain that may occur in some terminal conditions such as cancer, and degenerative conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. In many cases opioids are a successful long-term care strategy for those with chronic cancer pain.", "Just over half of all states in the US have enacted laws that restrict the prescribing or dispensing of opioids for acute pain.\n\nChronic non-cancer pain\nGuidelines have suggested that the risk of opioids is likely greater than their benefits when used for most non-cancer chronic conditions including headaches, back pain, and fibromyalgia. Thus they should be used cautiously in chronic non-cancer pain. If used the benefits and harms should be reassessed at least every three months.", "In treating chronic pain, opioids are an option to be tried after other less risky pain relievers have been considered, including paracetamol/acetaminophen or NSAIDs like ibuprofen or naproxen. Some types of chronic pain, including the pain caused by fibromyalgia or migraine, are preferentially treated with drugs other than opioids. The efficacy of using opioids to lessen chronic neuropathic pain is uncertain.", "Opioids are contraindicated as a first-line treatment for headache because they impair alertness, bring risk of dependence, and increase the risk that episodic headaches will become chronic. Opioids can also cause heightened sensitivity to headache pain. When other treatments fail or are unavailable, opioids may be appropriate for treating headache if the patient can be monitored to prevent the development of chronic headache.", "Opioids are being used more frequently in the management of non-malignant chronic pain. This practice has now led to a new and growing problem with addiction and misuse of opioids. Because of various negative effects the use of opioids for long-term management of chronic pain is not indicated unless other less risky pain relievers have been found ineffective", ". Chronic pain which occurs only periodically, such as that from nerve pain, migraines, and fibromyalgia, frequently is better treated with medications other than opioids. Paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs including ibuprofen and naproxen are considered safer alternatives", ". They are frequently used combined with opioids, such as paracetamol combined with oxycodone (Percocet) and ibuprofen combined with hydrocodone (Vicoprofen), which boosts the pain relief but is also intended to deter recreational use.", "Other", "Cough", "Codeine was once viewed as the \"gold standard\" in cough suppressants, but this position is now questioned. Some recent placebo-controlled trials have found that it may be no better than a placebo for some causes including acute cough in children. Thus, it is not recommended for children. Additionally, there is no evidence that hydrocodone is useful in children. Similarly, a 2012 Dutch guideline regarding the treatment of acute cough does not recommend its use", ". (The opioid analogue dextromethorphan, long claimed to be as effective a cough suppressant as codeine, has similarly demonstrated little benefit in several recent studies.)", "Low dose morphine may help chronic cough but its use is limited by side effects.\n\nDiarrhea and constipation\nIn cases of diarrhea-predominate irritable bowel syndrome, opioids may be used to suppress diarrhea. Loperamide is a peripherally selective opioid available without a prescription used to suppress diarrhea.", "The ability to suppress diarrhea also produces constipation when opioids are used beyond several weeks. Naloxegol, a peripherally-selective opioid antagonist is now available to treat opioid induced constipation.", "Shortness of breath \nOpioids may help with shortness of breath particularly in advanced diseases such as cancer and COPD among others. However, findings from two recent systematic reviews of the literature found that opioids were not necessarily more effective in treating shortness of breath in patients who have advanced cancer.\n\nHyperalgesia\n\nOpioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) has been evident in patients after chronic opioid exposure.\n\nAdverse effects", "Adverse effects\n\nEach year 69,000 people worldwide die of opioid overdose, and 15 million people have an opioid addiction.", "In older adults, opioid use is associated with increased adverse effects such as \"sedation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, urinary retention, and falls\". As a result, older adults taking opioids are at greater risk for injury. Opioids do not cause any specific organ toxicity, unlike many other drugs, such as aspirin and paracetamol. They are not associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and kidney toxicity.", "Prescription of opioids for acute low back pain and management of osteoarthritis seem to have long-term adverse effects", "According to the USCDC, methadone was involved in 31% of opioid related deaths in the US between 1999–2010 and 40% as the sole drug involved, far higher than other opioids. Studies of long term opioids have found that many stop them, and that minor side effects were common. Addiction occurred in about 0.3%. In the United States in 2016 opioid overdose resulted in the death of 1.7 in 10,000 people.\n\nReinforcement disorders", "Tolerance", "Tolerance is a process characterized by neuroadaptations that result in reduced drug effects. While receptor upregulation may often play an important role other mechanisms are also known. Tolerance is more pronounced for some effects than for others; tolerance occurs slowly to the effects on mood, itching, urinary retention, and respiratory depression, but occurs more quickly to the analgesia and other physical side effects", ". However, tolerance does not develop to constipation or miosis (the constriction of the pupil of the eye to less than or equal to two millimeters). This idea has been challenged, however, with some authors arguing that tolerance does develop to miosis.", "Tolerance to opioids is attenuated by a number of substances, including:\n calcium channel blockers\n intrathecal magnesium and zinc\n NMDA antagonists, such as dextromethorphan, ketamine, and memantine.\n cholecystokinin antagonists, such as proglumide\n Newer agents such as the phosphodiesterase inhibitor ibudilast have also been researched for this application.", "Tolerance is a physiologic process where the body adjusts to a medication that is frequently present, usually requiring higher doses of the same medication over time to achieve the same effect. It is a common occurrence in individuals taking high doses of opioids for extended periods, but does not predict any relationship to misuse or addiction.", "Physical dependence", "Physical dependence is the physiological adaptation of the body to the presence of a substance, in this case opioid medication. It is defined by the development of withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued, when the dose is reduced abruptly or, specifically in the case of opioids, when an antagonist (e.g., naloxone) or an agonist-antagonist (e.g., pentazocine) is administered", ".g., naloxone) or an agonist-antagonist (e.g., pentazocine) is administered. Physical dependence is a normal and expected aspect of certain medications and does not necessarily imply that the patient is addicted.", "The withdrawal symptoms for opiates may include severe dysphoria, craving for another opiate dose, irritability, sweating, nausea, rhinorrea, tremor, vomiting and myalgia. Slowly reducing the intake of opioids over days and weeks can reduce or eliminate the withdrawal symptoms. The speed and severity of withdrawal depends on the half-life of the opioid; heroin and morphine withdrawal occur more quickly than methadone withdrawal", ". The acute withdrawal phase is often followed by a protracted phase of depression and insomnia that can last for months. The symptoms of opioid withdrawal can be treated with other medications, such as clonidine. Physical dependence does not predict drug misuse or true addiction, and is closely related to the same mechanism as tolerance. While there is anecdotal claims of benefit with ibogaine, data to support its use in substance dependence is poor.", "Critical patients who received regular doses of opioids experience iatrogenic withdrawal as a frequent syndrome.", "Addiction\nDrug addiction is a complex set of behaviors typically associated with misuse of certain drugs, developing over time and with higher drug dosages. Addiction includes psychological compulsion, to the extent that the affected person persists in actions leading to dangerous or unhealthy outcomes. Opioid addiction includes insufflation or injection, rather than taking opioids orally as prescribed for medical reasons.", "In European nations such as Austria, Bulgaria, and Slovakia, slow-release oral morphine formulations are used in opiate substitution therapy (OST) for patients who do not well tolerate the side effects of buprenorphine or methadone. Buprenorphine can also be used together with naloxone for a longer treatment of addiction. In other European countries including the UK, this is also legally used for OST although on a varying scale of acceptance.", "Slow-release formulations of medications are intended to curb misuse and lower addiction rates while trying to still provide legitimate pain relief and ease of use to pain patients. Questions remain, however, about the efficacy and safety of these types of preparations. Further tamper resistant medications are currently under consideration with trials for market approval by the FDA.", "The amount of evidence available only permits making a weak conclusion, but it suggests that a physician properly managing opioid use in patients with no history of substance use disorder can give long-term pain relief with little risk of developing addiction, or other serious side effects.\n\nProblems with opioids include the following:", "Some people find that opioids do not relieve all of their pain.\n Some people find that opioids side effects cause problems which outweigh the therapy's benefit\n Some people build tolerance to opioids over time. This requires them to increase their drug dosage to maintain the benefit, and that in turn also increases the unwanted side effects.\n Long-term opioid use can cause opioid-induced hyperalgesia, which is a condition in which the patient has increased sensitivity to pain.", "All of the opioids can cause side effects. Common adverse reactions in patients taking opioids for pain relief include nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, itching, dry mouth, dizziness, and constipation.", "Nausea and vomiting", "Tolerance to nausea occurs within 7–10 days, during which antiemetics (e.g. low dose haloperidol once at night) are very effective. Due to severe side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, haloperidol is now rarely used. A related drug, prochlorperazine is more often used, although it has similar risks. Stronger antiemetics such as ondansetron or tropisetron are sometimes used when nausea is severe or continuous and disturbing, despite their greater cost", ". A less expensive alternative is dopamine antagonists such as domperidone and metoclopramide. Domperidone does not cross the blood–brain barrier and produce adverse central antidopaminergic effects, but blocks opioid emetic action in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. (The drug is not available in the U.S.) Some antihistamines with anticholinergic properties (e.g. orphenadrine or diphenhydramine) may also be effective", ".g. orphenadrine or diphenhydramine) may also be effective. The first-generation antihistamine hydroxyzine is very commonly used, with the added advantages of not causing movement disorders, and also possessing analgesic-sparing properties. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol relieves nausea and vomiting; it also produces analgesia that may allow lower doses of opioids with reduced nausea and vomiting.", "5-HT3 antagonists (e.g. ondansetron)\n Dopamine antagonists (e.g. domperidone)\n Anti-cholinergic antihistamines (e.g. diphenhydramine)\n Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (e.g. dronabinol)", "Vomiting is due to gastric stasis (large volume vomiting, brief nausea relieved by vomiting, oesophageal reflux, epigastric fullness, early satiation), besides direct action on the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the area postrema, the vomiting centre of the brain. Vomiting can thus be prevented by prokinetic agents (e.g. domperidone or metoclopramide). If vomiting has already started, these drugs need to be administered by a non-oral route (e.g. subcutaneous for metoclopramide, rectally for domperidone).", "Prokinetic agents (e.g. domperidone)\n Anti-cholinergic agents (e.g. orphenadrine)", "Evidence suggests that opioid-inclusive anaesthesia is associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting.\n\nPatients with chronic pain using opioids had small improvements in pain and physically functioning and increased risk of vomiting.", "Drowsiness", "Tolerance to drowsiness usually develops over 5–7 days, but if troublesome, switching to an alternative opioid often helps. Certain opioids such as fentanyl, morphine and diamorphine (heroin) tend to be particularly sedating, while others such as oxycodone, tilidine and meperidine (pethidine) tend to produce comparatively less sedation, but individual patients responses can vary markedly and some degree of trial and error may be needed to find the most suitable drug for a particular patient", ". Otherwise, treatment with CNS stimulants is generally effective.", "Stimulants (e.g. caffeine, modafinil, amphetamine, methylphenidate)", "Itching", "Itching tends not to be a severe problem when opioids are used for pain relief, but antihistamines are useful for counteracting itching when it occurs. Non-sedating antihistamines such as fexofenadine are often preferred as they avoid increasing opioid induced drowsiness. However, some sedating antihistamines such as orphenadrine can produce a synergistic pain relieving effect permitting smaller doses of opioids be used", ". Consequently, several opioid/antihistamine combination products have been marketed, such as Meprozine (meperidine/promethazine) and Diconal (dipipanone/cyclizine), and these may also reduce opioid induced nausea.", "Antihistamines (e.g. fexofenadine)", "Constipation\nOpioid-induced constipation (OIC) develops in 90 to 95% of people taking opioids long-term. Since tolerance to this problem does not generally develop, most people on long-term opioids need to take a laxative or enemas.", "Treatment of OIC is successional and dependent on severity. The first mode of treatment is non-pharmacological, and includes lifestyle modifications like increasing dietary fiber, fluid intake (around per day), and physical activity. If non-pharmacological measures are ineffective, laxatives, including stool softeners (e.g., polyethylene glycol), bulk-forming laxatives (e.g., fiber supplements), stimulant laxatives (e.g., bisacodyl, senna), and/or enemas, may be used", ".g., fiber supplements), stimulant laxatives (e.g., bisacodyl, senna), and/or enemas, may be used. A common laxative regimen for OIC is the combination of docusate and bisacodyl. Osmotic laxatives, including lactulose, polyethylene glycol, and milk of magnesia (magnesium hydroxide), as well as mineral oil (a lubricant laxative), are also commonly used for OIC.", "If laxatives are insufficiently effective (which is often the case), opioid formulations or regimens that include a peripherally-selective opioid antagonist, such as methylnaltrexone bromide, naloxegol, alvimopan, or naloxone (as in oxycodone/naloxone), may be tried. A 2018 Cochrane review found that the evidence was tentative for alvimopan, naloxone, or methylnaltrexone bromide. Naloxone by mouth appears to be the most effective. A daily 0", ". Naloxone by mouth appears to be the most effective. A daily 0.2 mg dose of naldemedine has been shown to significantly improve symptoms in patients with OIC.", "Opioid rotation is one method suggested to minimise the impact of constipation in long-term users. While all opioids cause constipation, there are some differences between drugs, with studies suggesting tramadol, tapentadol, methadone and fentanyl may cause relatively less constipation, while with codeine, morphine, oxycodone or hydromorphone constipation may be comparatively more severe.", "Respiratory depression", "Respiratory depression is the most serious adverse reaction associated with opioid use, but it usually is seen with the use of a single, intravenous dose in an opioid-naïve patient. In patients taking opioids regularly for pain relief, tolerance to respiratory depression occurs rapidly, so that it is not a clinical problem", ". Several drugs have been developed which can partially block respiratory depression, although the only respiratory stimulant currently approved for this purpose is doxapram, which has only limited efficacy in this application. Newer drugs such as BIMU-8 and CX-546 may be much more effective.", "Respiratory stimulants: carotid chemoreceptor agonists (e.g. doxapram), 5-HT4 agonists (e.g. BIMU8), δ-opioid agonists (e.g. BW373U86) and AMPAkines (e.g. CX717) can all reduce respiratory depression caused by opioids without affecting analgesia, but most of these drugs are only moderately effective or have side effects which preclude use in humans", ". 5-HT1A agonists such as 8-OH-DPAT and repinotan also counteract opioid-induced respiratory depression, but at the same time reduce analgesia, which limits their usefulness for this application.", "Opioid antagonists (e.g. naloxone, nalmefene, diprenorphine)", "The initial 24 hours after opioid administration appear to be the most critical with regard to life-threatening OIRD, but may be preventable with a more cautious approach to opioid use.\n\nPatients with cardiac, respiratory disease and/or obstructive sleep apnoea are at increased risk for OIRD.\n\nIncreased pain sensitivity", "Opioid-induced hyperalgesia – where individuals using opioids to relieve pain paradoxically experience more pain as a result of that medication – has been observed in some people. This phenomenon, although uncommon, is seen in some people receiving palliative care, most often when dose is increased rapidly. If encountered, rotation between several different opioid pain medications may decrease the development of increased pain", ". Opioid induced hyperalgesia more commonly occurs with chronic use or brief high doses but some research suggests that it may also occur with very low doses.", "Side effects such as hyperalgesia and allodynia, sometimes accompanied by a worsening of neuropathic pain, may be consequences of long-term treatment with opioid analgesics, especially when increasing tolerance has resulted in loss of efficacy and consequent progressive dose escalation over time", ". This appears to largely be a result of actions of opioid drugs at targets other than the three classic opioid receptors, including the nociceptin receptor, sigma receptor and Toll-like receptor 4, and can be counteracted in animal models by antagonists at these targets such as J-113,397, BD-1047 or (+)-naloxone respectively", ". No drugs are currently approved specifically for counteracting opioid-induced hyperalgesia in humans and in severe cases the only solution may be to discontinue use of opioid analgesics and replace them with non-opioid analgesic drugs", ". However, since individual sensitivity to the development of this side effect is highly dose dependent and may vary depending which opioid analgesic is used, many patients can avoid this side effect simply through dose reduction of the opioid drug (usually accompanied by the addition of a supplemental non-opioid analgesic), rotating between different opioid drugs, or by switching to a milder opioid with a mixed mode of action that also counteracts neuropathic pain, particularly tramadol or tapentadol.", "NMDA receptor antagonists such as ketamine\n SNRIs such as milnacipran\n Anticonvulsants such as gabapentin or pregabalin\n\nOther adverse effects", "Low sex hormone levels", "Clinical studies have consistently associated medical and recreational opioid use with hypogonadism (low sex hormone levels) in different sexes. The effect is dose-dependent. Most studies suggest that the majority (perhaps as much as 90%) of chronic opioid users develop hypogonadism. A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis found that opioid therapy suppressed testosterone levels in men by about 165 ng/dL (5.7 nmol/L) on average, which was a reduction in testosterone level of almost 50%", ".7 nmol/L) on average, which was a reduction in testosterone level of almost 50%. Conversely, opioid therapy did not significantly affect testosterone levels in women. However, opioids can also interfere with menstruation in women by limiting the production of luteinizing hormone (LH). Opioid-induced hypogonadism likely causes the strong association of opioid use with osteoporosis and bone fracture, due to deficiency in estradiol", ". It also may increase pain and thereby interfere with the intended clinical effect of opioid treatment. Opioid-induced hypogonadism is likely caused by their agonism of opioid receptors in the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. One study found that the depressed testosterone levels of heroin addicts returned to normal within one month of abstinence, suggesting that the effect is readily reversible and is not permanent. , the effect of low-dose or acute opioid use on the endocrine system is unclear", ". , the effect of low-dose or acute opioid use on the endocrine system is unclear. Long-term use of opioids can affect the other hormonal systems as well.", "Disruption of work\nUse of opioids may be a risk factor for failing to return to work.\n\nPersons performing any safety-sensitive task should not use opioids. Health care providers should not recommend that workers who drive or use heavy equipment including cranes or forklifts treat chronic or acute pain with opioids. Workplaces which manage workers who perform safety-sensitive operations should assign workers to less sensitive duties for so long as those workers are treated by their physician with opioids.", "People who take opioids long term have increased likelihood of being unemployed. Taking opioids may further disrupt the patient's life and the adverse effects of opioids themselves can become a significant barrier to patients having an active life, gaining employment, and sustaining a career.\n\nIn addition, lack of employment may be a predictor of aberrant use of prescription opioids.", "In addition, lack of employment may be a predictor of aberrant use of prescription opioids.\n\nIncreased accident-proneness\nOpioid use may increase accident-proneness. Opioids may increase risk of traffic accidents and accidental falls.\n\nReduced Attention\n\nOpioids have been shown to reduce attention, more so when used with antidepressants and/or anticonvulsants.", "Rare side effects", "Infrequent adverse reactions in patients taking opioids for pain relief include: dose-related respiratory depression (especially with more potent opioids), confusion, hallucinations, delirium, urticaria, hypothermia, bradycardia/tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache, urinary retention, ureteric or biliary spasm, muscle rigidity, myoclonus (with high doses), and flushing (due to histamine release, except fentanyl and remifentanil)", ". Both therapeutic and chronic use of opioids can compromise the function of the immune system. Opioids decrease the proliferation of macrophage progenitor cells and lymphocytes, and affect cell differentiation (Roy & Loh, 1996). Opioids may also inhibit leukocyte migration. However the relevance of this in the context of pain relief is not known.", "Pregnancy\n\nInteractions \n\nPhysicians treating patients using opioids in combination with other drugs keep continual documentation that further treatment is indicated and remain aware of opportunities to adjust treatment if the patient's condition changes to merit less risky therapy.", "With other depressant drugs", "The concurrent use of opioids with other depressant drugs such as benzodiazepines or ethanol increases the rates of adverse events and overdose. Despite this, opioids and benzodiazepines are concurrently dispensed in many settings. As with an overdose of opioid alone, the combination of an opioid and another depressant may precipitate respiratory depression often leading to death", ". These risks are lessened with close monitoring by a physician, who may conduct ongoing screening for changes in patient behavior and treatment compliance.", "Opioid antagonist", "Opioid effects (adverse or otherwise) can be reversed with an opioid antagonist such as naloxone or naltrexone. These competitive antagonists bind to the opioid receptors with higher affinity than agonists but do not activate the receptors. This displaces the agonist, attenuating or reversing the agonist effects", ". This displaces the agonist, attenuating or reversing the agonist effects. However, the elimination half-life of naloxone can be shorter than that of the opioid itself, so repeat dosing or continuous infusion may be required, or a longer acting antagonist such as nalmefene may be used. In patients taking opioids regularly it is essential that the opioid is only partially reversed to avoid a severe and distressing reaction of waking in excruciating pain", ". This is achieved by not giving a full dose but giving this in small doses until the respiratory rate has improved. An infusion is then started to keep the reversal at that level, while maintaining pain relief", ". Opioid antagonists remain the standard treatment for respiratory depression following opioid overdose, with naloxone being by far the most commonly used, although the longer acting antagonist nalmefene may be used for treating overdoses of long-acting opioids such as methadone, and diprenorphine is used for reversing the effects of extremely potent opioids used in veterinary medicine such as etorphine and carfentanil", ". However, since opioid antagonists also block the beneficial effects of opioid analgesics, they are generally useful only for treating overdose, with use of opioid antagonists alongside opioid analgesics to reduce side effects, requiring careful dose titration and often being poorly effective at doses low enough to allow analgesia to be maintained.", "Naltrexone does not appear to increase risk of serious adverse events, which confirms the safety of oral naltrexone. Mortality or serious adverse events due to rebound toxicity in patients with naloxone were rare.\n\nPharmacology", "Opioids bind to specific opioid receptors in the nervous system and other tissues. There are three principal classes of opioid receptors, μ, κ, δ (mu, kappa, and delta), although up to seventeen have been reported, and include the ε, ι, λ, and ζ (Epsilon, Iota, Lambda and Zeta) receptors", ". Conversely, σ (Sigma) receptors are no longer considered to be opioid receptors because their activation is not reversed by the opioid inverse-agonist naloxone, they do not exhibit high-affinity binding for classical opioids, and they are stereoselective for dextro-rotatory isomers while the other opioid receptors are stereo-selective for levo-rotatory isomers. In addition, there are three subtypes of μ-receptor: μ1 and μ2, and the newly discovered μ3", ". In addition, there are three subtypes of μ-receptor: μ1 and μ2, and the newly discovered μ3. Another receptor of clinical importance is the opioid-receptor-like receptor 1 (ORL1), which is involved in pain responses as well as having a major role in the development of tolerance to μ-opioid agonists used as analgesics. These are all G-protein coupled receptors acting on GABAergic neurotransmission.", "The pharmacodynamic response to an opioid depends upon the receptor to which it binds, its affinity for that receptor, and whether the opioid is an agonist or an antagonist. For example, the supraspinal analgesic properties of the opioid agonist morphine are mediated by activation of the μ1 receptor; respiratory depression and physical dependence by the μ2 receptor; and sedation and spinal analgesia by the κ receptor", ". Each group of opioid receptors elicits a distinct set of neurological responses, with the receptor subtypes (such as μ1 and μ2 for example) providing even more [measurably] specific responses. Unique to each opioid is its distinct binding affinity to the various classes of opioid receptors (e.g. the μ, κ, and δ opioid receptors are activated at different magnitudes according to the specific receptor binding affinities of the opioid)", ". For example, the opiate alkaloid morphine exhibits high-affinity binding to the μ-opioid receptor, while ketazocine exhibits high affinity to ĸ receptors. It is this combinatorial mechanism that allows for such a wide class of opioids and molecular designs to exist, each with its own unique effect profile. Their individual molecular structure is also responsible for their different duration of action, whereby metabolic breakdown (such as N-dealkylation) is responsible for opioid metabolism.", "Functional selectivity", "A new strategy of drug development takes receptor signal transduction into consideration. This strategy strives to increase the activation of desirable signalling pathways while reducing the impact on undesirable pathways. This differential strategy has been given several names, including functional selectivity and biased agonism. The first opioid that was intentionally designed as a biased agonist and placed into clinical evaluation is the drug oliceridine", ". It displays analgesic activity and reduced adverse effects.", "Opioid comparison", "Extensive research has been conducted to determine equivalence ratios comparing the relative potency of opioids. Given a dose of an opioid, an equianalgesic table is used to find the equivalent dosage of another. Such tables are used in opioid rotation practices, and to describe an opioid by comparison to morphine, the reference opioid. Equianalgesic tables typically list drug half-lives, and sometimes equianalgesic doses of the same drug by means of administration, such as morphine: oral and intravenous.", "Binding profiles\n\nUsage\n\nOpioid prescriptions in the US increased from 76 million in 1991 to 207 million in 2013.", "In the 1990s, opioid prescribing increased significantly. Once used almost exclusively for the treatment of acute pain or pain due to cancer, opioids are now prescribed liberally for people experiencing chronic pain. This has been accompanied by rising rates of accidental addiction and accidental overdoses leading to death. According to the International Narcotics Control Board, the United States and Canada lead the per capita consumption of prescription opioids", ". The number of opioid prescriptions per capita in the United States and Canada is double the consumption in the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand. Certain populations have been affected by the opioid addiction crisis more than others, including First World communities and low-income populations. Public health specialists say that this may result from the unavailability or high cost of alternative methods for addressing chronic pain", ". Opioids have been described as a cost-effective treatment for chronic pain, but the impact of the opioid epidemic and deaths caused by opioid overdoses should be considered in assessing their cost-effectiveness. Data from 2017 suggest that in the U.S. about 3.4 percent of the U.S. population are prescribed opioids for daily pain management", ".S. about 3.4 percent of the U.S. population are prescribed opioids for daily pain management. Calls for opioid deprescribing have led to broad scale opioid tapering practices with little scientific evidence to support the safety or benefit for patients with chronic pain.", "History\n\nNaturally occurring opioids \n\nOpioids are among the world's oldest known drugs. The earliest known evidence of Papaver somniferum in a human archaeological site dates to the Neolithic period around 5,700–5,500 BCE. Its seeds have been found at Cueva de los Murciélagos in the Iberian Peninsula and La Marmotta in the Italian Peninsula.", "Use of the opium poppy for medical, recreational, and religious purposes can be traced to the fourth century BC, when ideograms on Sumerians clay tablets mention the use of \"Hul Gil\", a \"plant of joy\".\nOpium was known to the Egyptians, and is mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus as an ingredient in a mixture for the soothing of children, and for the treatment of breast abscesses.", "Opium was also known to the Greeks. \nIt was valued by Hippocrates ( – ) and his students for its sleep-inducing properties, and used for the treatment of pain. The Latin saying \"Sedare dolorem opus divinum est\", trans. \"Alleviating pain is the work of the divine\", has been variously ascribed to Hippocrates and to Galen of Pergamum. The medical use of opium is later discussed by Pedanius Dioscorides ( – 90 AD), a Greek physician serving in the Roman army, in his five-volume work, De Materia Medica.", "During the Islamic Golden Age, the use of opium was discussed in detail by Avicenna ( – June 1037 AD) in The Canon of Medicine. The book's five volumes include information on opium's preparation, an array of physical effects, its use to treat a variety of illness, contraindications for its use, its potential danger as a poison and its potential for addiction", ". Avicenna discouraged opium's use except as a last resort, preferring to address the causes of pain rather than trying to minimize it with analgesics. Many of Avicenna's observations have been supported by modern medical research.", "Exactly when the world became aware of opium in India and China is uncertain, but opium was mentioned in the Chinese medical work K'ai-pao-pen-tsdo (973 AD) By 1590 AD, opium poppies were a staple spring crop in the Subahs of Agra region.", "The physician Paracelsus (–1541) is often credited with reintroducing opium into medical use in Western Europe, during the German Renaissance. He extolled opium's benefits for medical use. He also claimed to have an \"arcanum\", a pill which he called laudanum, that was superior to all others, particularly when death was to be cheated. (\"Ich hab' ein Arcanum – heiss' ich Laudanum, ist über das Alles, wo es zum Tode reichen will", ". (\"Ich hab' ein Arcanum – heiss' ich Laudanum, ist über das Alles, wo es zum Tode reichen will.\") Later writers have asserted that Paracelsus' recipe for laudanum contained opium, but its composition remains unknown.", "Laudanum \nThe term laudanum was used generically for a useful medicine until the 17th century. After Thomas Sydenham introduced the first liquid tincture of opium, \"laudanum\" came to mean a mixture of both opium and alcohol. \nSydenham's 1669 recipe for laudanum mixed opium with wine, saffron, clove and cinnamon. Sydenham's laudanum was used widely in both Europe and the Americas until the 20th century.", "Other popular medicines, based on opium, included Paregoric, a much milder liquid preparation for children; Black-drop, a stronger preparation; and Dover's powder.", "The opium trade \nOpium became a major colonial commodity, moving legally and illegally through trade networks involving India, the Portuguese, the Dutch, the British and China, among others.", "The British East India Company saw the opium trade as an investment opportunity in 1683 AD. In 1773 the Governor of Bengal established a monopoly on the production of Bengal opium, on behalf of the East India Company. The cultivation and manufacture of Indian opium was further centralized and controlled through a series of acts, between 1797 and 1949", ". The British balanced an economic deficit from the importation of Chinese tea by selling Indian opium which was smuggled into China in defiance of Chinese government bans. This led to the First (1839–1842) and Second Opium Wars (1856–1860) between China and Britain.", "Morphine \nIn the 19th century, two major scientific advances were made that had far-reaching effects. Around 1804, German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner isolated morphine from opium. He described its crystallization, structure, and pharmacological properties in a well-received paper in 1817. \nMorphine was the first alkaloid to be isolated from any medicinal plant, the beginning of modern scientific drug discovery.", "The second advance, nearly fifty years later, was the refinement of the hypodermic needle by Alexander Wood and others. Development of a glass syringe with a subcutaneous needle made it possible to easily administer controlled measurable doses of a primary active compound.", "Morphine was initially hailed as a wonder drug for its ability to ease pain. It could help people sleep, and had other useful side effects, including control of coughing and diarrhea. It was widely prescribed by doctors, and dispensed without restriction by pharmacists. During the American Civil War, opium and laudanum were used extensively to treat soldiers. It was also prescribed frequently for women, for menstrual pain and diseases of a \"nervous character\".", "At first it was assumed (wrongly) that this new method of application would not be addictive.", "Codeine", "Codeine was discovered in 1832 by Pierre Jean Robiquet. Robiquet was reviewing a method for morphine extraction, described by Scottish chemist William Gregory (1803–1858). Processing the residue left from Gregory's procedure, Robiquet isolated a crystalline substance from the other active components of opium. He wrote of his discovery: \"Here is a new substance found in opium ..", ". He wrote of his discovery: \"Here is a new substance found in opium ... We know that morphine, which so far has been thought to be the only active principle of opium, does not account for all the effects and for a long time the physiologists are claiming that there is a gap that has to be filled.\" His discovery of the alkaloid led to the development of a generation of antitussive and antidiarrheal medicines based on codeine.", "Semisynthetic and synthetic opioids", "Synthetic opioids were invented, and biological mechanisms for their actions discovered, in the 20th century. Scientists have searched for non-addictive forms of opioids, but have created stronger ones instead. In England Charles Romley Alder Wright developed hundreds of opiate compounds in his search for a nonaddictive opium derivative", ". In 1874 he became the first person to synthesize diamorphine (heroin), using a process called acetylation which involved boiling morphine with acetic anhydride for several hours.", "Heroin received little attention until it was independently synthesized by Felix Hoffmann (1868–1946), working for Heinrich Dreser (1860–1924) at Bayer Laboratories. Dreser brought the new drug to market as an analgesic and a cough treatment for tuberculosis, bronchitis, and asthma in 1898. Bayer ceased production in 1913, after heroin's addictive potential was recognized.", "Several semi-synthetic opioids were developed in Germany in the 1910s. The first, oxymorphone, was synthesized from thebaine, an opioid alkaloid in opium poppies, in 1914.\nNext, Martin Freund and Edmund Speyer developed oxycodone, also from thebaine, at the University of Frankfurt in 1916.", "In 1920, hydrocodone was prepared by Carl Mannich and Helene Löwenheim, deriving it from codeine. In 1924, hydromorphone was synthesized by adding hydrogen to morphine. Etorphine was synthesized in 1960, from the oripavine in opium poppy straw. Buprenorphine was discovered in 1972.", "The first fully synthetic opioid was meperidine (later demerol), found serendipitously by German chemist Otto Eisleb (or Eislib) at IG Farben in 1932. Meperidine was the first opiate to have a structure unrelated to morphine, but with opiate-like properties. Its analgesic effects were discovered by Otto Schaumann in 1939.\nGustav Ehrhart and Max Bockmühl, also at IG Farben, \nbuilt on the work of Eisleb and Schaumann. They developed \"Hoechst 10820\" (later methadone) around 1937.", "In 1959 the Belgian physician Paul Janssen developed fentanyl, a synthetic drug with 30 to 50 times the potency of heroin.\nNearly 150 synthetic opioids are now known.", "Criminalization and medical use \nNon-clinical use of opium was criminalized in the United States by the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914, and by many other laws. The use of opioids was stigmatized, and it was seen as a dangerous substance, to be prescribed only as a last resort for dying patients. The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 eventually relaxed the harshness of the Harrison Act.", "In the United Kingdom the 1926 report of the Departmental Committee on Morphine and Heroin Addiction under the Chairmanship of the President of the Royal College of Physicians reasserted medical control and established the \"British system\" of control—which lasted until the 1960s.", "In the 1980s the World Health Organization published guidelines for prescribing drugs, including opioids, for different levels of pain. In the U.S., Kathleen Foley and Russell Portenoy became leading advocates for the liberal use of opioids as painkillers for cases of \"intractable non-malignant pain\".\nWith little or no scientific evidence to support their claims, industry scientists and advocates suggested that people with chronic pain would be resistant to addiction.", "The release of OxyContin in 1996 was accompanied by an aggressive marketing campaign promoting the use of opioids for pain relief. Increasing prescription of opioids fueled a growing black market for heroin. Between 2000 and 2014 there was an \"alarming increase in heroin use across the country and an epidemic of drug overdose deaths\".", "As a result, health care organizations and public health groups, such as Physicians for Responsible Opioid Prescribing, have called for decreases in the prescription of opioids. In 2016, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a new set of guidelines for the prescription of opioids \"for chronic pain outside of active cancer treatment, palliative care, and end-of-life care\" and the increase of opioid tapering.", "\"Remove the Risk\"", "In April 2019 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced the launch of a new education campaign to help Americans understand the important role they play in removing and properly disposing of unused prescription opioids from their homes. This new initiative is part of the FDA's continued efforts to address the nationwide opioid crisis (see below) and aims to help decrease unnecessary exposure to opioids and prevent new addiction", ". The \"Remove the Risk\" campaign is targeting women ages 35–64, who are most likely to oversee household health care decisions and often serve as the gatekeepers to opioids and other prescription medications in the home.", "Society and culture\n\nDefinition", "The term \"opioid\" originated in the 1950s. It combines \"opium\" + \"-oid\" meaning \"opiate-like\" (\"opiates\" being morphine and similar drugs derived from opium). The first scientific publication to use it, in 1963, included a footnote stating, \"In this paper, the term, 'opioid', is used in the sense originally proposed by George H. Acheson (personal communication) to refer to any chemical compound with morphine-like activities\"", ". Acheson (personal communication) to refer to any chemical compound with morphine-like activities\". By the late 1960s, research found that opiate effects are mediated by activation of specific molecular receptors in the nervous system, which were termed \"opioid receptors\". The definition of \"opioid\" was later refined to refer to substances that have morphine-like activities that are mediated by the activation of opioid receptors", ". One modern pharmacology textbook states: \"the term opioid applies to all agonists and antagonists with morphine-like activity, and also the naturally occurring and synthetic opioid peptides\". Another pharmacology reference eliminates the morphine-like requirement: \"Opioid, a more modern term, is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors (including antagonists)\"", ". Some sources define the term opioid to exclude opiates, and others use opiate comprehensively instead of opioid, but opioid used inclusively is considered modern, preferred and is in wide use.", "Efforts to reduce recreational use in the US\nIn 2011, the Obama administration released a white paper describing the administration's plan to deal with the opioid crisis. The administration's concerns about addiction and accidental overdosing have been echoed by numerous other medical and government advisory groups around the world.", "As of 2015, prescription drug monitoring programs exist in every state, except for Missouri. These programs allow pharmacists and prescribers to access patients' prescription histories in order to identify suspicious use. However, a survey of US physicians published in 2015 found that only 53% of doctors used these programs, while 22% were not aware that the programs were available to them", ". The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was tasked with establishing and publishing a new guideline, and was heavily lobbied. In 2016, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published its Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain, recommending that opioids only be used when benefits for pain and function are expected to outweigh risks, and then used at the lowest effective dosage, with avoidance of concurrent opioid and benzodiazepine use whenever possible", ". Research suggests that the prescription of high doses of opioids related to chronic opioid therapy (COT) can at times be prevented through state legislative guidelines and efforts by health plans that devote resources and establish shared expectations for reducing higher doses.", "On 10 August 2017, Donald Trump declared the opioid crisis a (non-FEMA) national public health emergency.", "Global shortages", "Morphine and other poppy-based medicines have been identified by the World Health Organization as essential in the treatment of severe pain. As of 2002, seven countries (USA, UK, Italy, Australia, France, Spain and Japan) use 77% of the world's morphine supplies, leaving many emerging countries lacking in pain relief medication", ". The current system of supply of raw poppy materials to make poppy-based medicines is regulated by the International Narcotics Control Board under the provision of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. The amount of raw poppy materials that each country can demand annually based on these provisions must correspond to an estimate of the country's needs taken from the national consumption within the preceding two years", ". In many countries, underprescription of morphine is rampant because of the high prices and the lack of training in the prescription of poppy-based drugs. The World Health Organization is now working with administrations from various countries to train healthworkers and to develop national regulations regarding drug prescription to facilitate a greater prescription of poppy-based medicines.", "Another idea to increase morphine availability is proposed by the Senlis Council, who suggest, through their proposal for Afghan Morphine", ", who suggest, through their proposal for Afghan Morphine, that Afghanistan could provide cheap pain relief solutions to emerging countries as part of a second-tier system of supply that would complement the current INCB regulated system by maintaining the balance and closed system that it establishes while providing finished product morphine to those in severe pain and unable to access poppy-based drugs under the current system", ".", "Recreational use\n\nOpioids can produce strong feelings of euphoria and are frequently used recreationally. Traditionally associated with illicit opioids such as heroin, prescription opioids are misused recreationally.", "Drug misuse and non-medical use include the use of drugs for reasons or at doses other than prescribed. Opioid misuse can also include providing medications to persons for whom it was not prescribed. Such diversion may be treated as crimes, punishable by imprisonment in many countries. In 2014, almost 2 million Americans abused or were dependent on prescription opioids.", "Classification\nThere are a number of broad classes of opioids:\n Natural opiates: alkaloids contained in the resin of the opium poppy, primarily morphine, codeine, and thebaine, but not papaverine and noscapine which have a different mechanism of action", "Esters of morphine opiates: slightly chemically altered but more natural than the semi-synthetics, as most are morphine prodrugs, diacetylmorphine (morphine diacetate; heroin), nicomorphine (morphine dinicotinate), dipropanoylmorphine (morphine dipropionate), desomorphine, acetylpropionylmorphine, dibenzoylmorphine, diacetyldihydromorphine;", "Semi-synthetic opioids: created from either the natural opiates or morphine esters, such as hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, ethylmorphine and buprenorphine;\n Fully synthetic opioids: such as fentanyl, pethidine, levorphanol, methadone, tramadol, tapentadol, and dextropropoxyphene;\n Endogenous opioid peptides, produced naturally in the body, such as endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins, and endomorphins.", "Endogenous opioids, non-peptide: Morphine, and some other opioids, which are produced in small amounts in the body, are included in this category.\n Natural opioids, non-animal, non-opiate: the leaves from Mitragyna speciosa (kratom) contain a few naturally-occurring opioids, active via Mu- and Delta receptors. Salvinorin A, found naturally in the Salvia divinorum plant, is a kappa-opioid receptor agonist.", "Tramadol and tapentadol, which act as monoamine uptake inhibitors also act as mild and potent agonists (respectively) of the μ-opioid receptor. Both drugs produce analgesia even when naloxone, an opioid antagonist, is administered.", "Some minor opium alkaloids and various substances with opioid action are also found elsewhere, including molecules present in kratom, Corydalis, and Salvia divinorum plants and some species of poppy aside from Papaver somniferum. There are also strains which produce copious amounts of thebaine, an important raw material for making many semi-synthetic and synthetic opioids. Of all of the more than 120 poppy species, only two produce morphine.", "Amongst analgesics there are a small number of agents which act on the central nervous system but not on the opioid receptor system and therefore have none of the other (narcotic) qualities of opioids although they may produce euphoria by relieving pain—a euphoria that, because of the way it is produced, does not form the basis of habituation, physical dependence, or addiction. Foremost amongst these are nefopam, orphenadrine, and perhaps phenyltoloxamine or some other antihistamines", ". Tricyclic antidepressants have painkilling effect as well, but they're thought to do so by indirectly activating the endogenous opioid system. Paracetamol is predominantly a centrally acting analgesic (non-narcotic) which mediates its effect by action on descending serotoninergic (5-hydroxy triptaminergic) pathways, to increase 5-HT release (which inhibits release of pain mediators). It also decreases cyclo-oxygenase activity", ". It also decreases cyclo-oxygenase activity. It has recently been discovered that most or all of the therapeutic efficacy of paracetamol is due to a metabolite, AM404, which enhances the release of serotonin and inhibits the uptake of anandamide.", "Other analgesics work peripherally (i.e., not on the brain or spinal cord). Research is starting to show that morphine and related drugs may indeed have peripheral effects as well, such as morphine gel working on burns. Recent investigations discovered opioid receptors on peripheral sensory neurons. A significant fraction (up to 60%) of opioid analgesia can be mediated by such peripheral opioid receptors, particularly in inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, traumatic or surgical pain", ". Inflammatory pain is also blunted by endogenous opioid peptides activating peripheral opioid receptors.", "It was discovered in 1953, that humans and some animals naturally produce minute amounts of morphine, codeine, and possibly some of their simpler derivatives like heroin and dihydromorphine, in addition to endogenous opioid peptides. Some bacteria are capable of producing some semi-synthetic opioids such as hydromorphone and hydrocodone when living in a solution containing morphine or codeine respectively.", "Many of the alkaloids and other derivatives of the opium poppy are not opioids or narcotics; the best example is the smooth-muscle relaxant papaverine. Noscapine is a marginal case as it does have CNS effects but not necessarily similar to morphine, and it is probably in a category all its own.", "Dextromethorphan (the stereoisomer of levomethorphan, a semi-synthetic opioid agonist) and its metabolite dextrorphan have no opioid analgesic effect at all despite their structural similarity to other opioids; instead they are potent NMDA antagonists and sigma 1 and 2-receptor agonists and are used in many over-the-counter cough suppressants.", "Salvinorin A is a unique selective, powerful ĸ-opioid receptor agonist. It is not properly considered an opioid nevertheless, because:\n chemically, it is not an alkaloid; and\n it has no typical opioid properties: absolutely no anxiolytic or cough-suppressant effects. It is instead a powerful hallucinogen.\n\nEndogenous opioids\n\nOpioid-peptides that are produced in the body include:\n\n Endorphins\n Enkephalins\n Dynorphins\n Endomorphins", "Endorphins\n Enkephalins\n Dynorphins\n Endomorphins\n\nβ-endorphin is expressed in Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) cells in the arcuate nucleus, in the brainstem and in immune cells, and acts through μ-opioid receptors. β-endorphin has many effects, including on sexual behavior and appetite. β-endorphin is also secreted into the circulation from pituitary corticotropes and melanotropes. α-neo-endorphin is also expressed in POMC cells in the arcuate nucleus.", "met-enkephalin is widely distributed in the CNS and in immune cells; [met]-enkephalin is a product of the proenkephalin gene, and acts through μ and δ-opioid receptors. leu-enkephalin, also a product of the proenkephalin gene, acts through δ-opioid receptors.\n\nDynorphin acts through κ-opioid receptors, and is widely distributed in the CNS, including in the spinal cord and hypothalamus, including in particular the arcuate nucleus and in both oxytocin and vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic nucleus.", "Endomorphin acts through μ-opioid receptors, and is more potent than other endogenous opioids at these receptors.\n\nOpium alkaloids and derivatives\n\nOpium alkaloids\nPhenanthrenes naturally occurring in (opium):\n\n Codeine\n Morphine\n Thebaine\n Oripavine\n\nPreparations of mixed opium alkaloids, including papaveretum, are still occasionally used.\n\nEsters of morphine", "Esters of morphine\n\n Diacetylmorphine (morphine diacetate; heroin)\n Nicomorphine (morphine dinicotinate)\n Dipropanoylmorphine (morphine dipropionate)\n Diacetyldihydromorphine\n Acetylpropionylmorphine\n Desomorphine\n Methyldesorphine\n Dibenzoylmorphine\n\nEthers of morphine\n\n Dihydrocodeine\n Ethylmorphine\n Heterocodeine\n\nSemi-synthetic alkaloid derivatives\n\n Buprenorphine\n Etorphine\n Hydrocodone\n Hydromorphone\n Oxycodone (sold as OxyContin)\n Oxymorphone\n\nSynthetic opioids\n\nAnilidopiperidines", "Synthetic opioids\n\nAnilidopiperidines\n\n Fentanyl (see also list of fentanyl analogues)\n Alphamethylfentanyl\n Alfentanil\n Sufentanil\n Remifentanil\n Carfentanyl\n Ohmefentanyl\n\nBenzimidazoles\n\nBenzimidazoles opioids are also known as nitazenes.\n\n Metodesnitazene (Metazene)\n Etodesnitazene (Etazene)\n Metonitazene\n Etonitazene\n Etonitazepyne\n Etonitazepipne\n Isotonitazene\n Clonitazene\n\nPhenylpiperidines\n\n Pethidine (meperidine)\n Ketobemidone\n MPPP\n Allylprodine\n Prodine\n PEPAP\n Promedol", "Pethidine (meperidine)\n Ketobemidone\n MPPP\n Allylprodine\n Prodine\n PEPAP\n Promedol\n\nDiphenylpropylamine derivatives", "Diphenylpropylamine derivatives\n\n Propoxyphene\n Dextropropoxyphene\n Dextromoramide\n Bezitramide\n Piritramide\n Methadone\n Dipipanone\n Levomethadyl acetate (LAAM)\n Difenoxin\n Diphenoxylate\n Loperamide (does cross the blood–brain barrier but is quickly pumped into the non-central nervous system by P-Glycoprotein. Mild opiate withdrawal in animal models exhibits this action after sustained and prolonged use including rhesus monkeys, mice, and rats.)\n\nBenzomorphan derivatives", "Benzomorphan derivatives\n\n Dezocine—agonist/antagonist\n Pentazocine—agonist/antagonist\n Phenazocine\n\nOripavine derivatives\n\n Buprenorphine—partial agonist\n Dihydroetorphine\n Etorphine\n\nMorphinan derivatives\n\n Butorphanol—agonist/antagonist\n Nalbuphine—agonist/antagonist\n Levorphanol\n Levomethorphan\n Racemethorphan\n\nOthers\n\n Lefetamine\n Meptazinol\n Mitragynine\n Tilidine\n Tramadol\n Tapentadol\n Eluxadoline\n AP-237\n 7-Hydroxymitragynine", "Allosteric modulators\nPlain allosteric modulators do not belong to the opioids, instead they are classified as opioidergics.\n\nOpioid antagonists", "Opioid antagonists\n\n Nalmefene\n Naloxone\n Naltrexone\n Methylnaltrexone (Methylnaltrexone is only peripherally active as it does not cross the blood–brain barrier in sufficient quantities to be centrally active. As such, it can be considered the antithesis of loperamide.)\n Naloxegol (Naloxegol is only peripherally active as it does not cross the blood–brain barrier in sufficient quantities to be centrally active. As such, it can be considered the antitheses of loperamide.)\n\nTables of opioids", "Tables of opioids\n\nTable of morphinan opioids\n\nTable of non-morphinan opioids\n\nSee also \n Froehde reagent\n Opiate comparison\n Opioid epidemic\nOpioid tapering\n\nReferences", "External links \n Opioid Withdrawal Symptoms —Information about Opioid and opiate withdrawal issues\n \n World Health Organization guidelines for the availability and accessibility of controlled substances\n CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain — United States, 2016\n Reference list to the previous publication\n Links to all language versions of the previous publication\n Video: Opioid side effects (Vimeo) (YouTube)—A short educational film about the practical management of opioid side effects.", "Morphine\nArticles containing video clips" ]

[ "American actress Marilyn Monroe's life and persona have been depicted in film, television, music, the arts, and by other celebrities.\n\nAdvertising", "Absolut Vodka \"Absolut Marilyn\" (1995): by Chiat/Day.\n America250 \"Public Service Announcement\" (2021): Monroe is showcased as one of the iconic figures in American history as it pledges to reaffirm this spirit as the country approaches its 250th birthday.\n Antifom: Marilyn (2008): A print ad from Venezuela with a woman dressed as Monroe during the famous subway grate pose from The Seven Year Itch.", "Appenzeller Käse (2021): Monroe appears in the ad for the cheese brand from Switzerland played by Monroe's lookalike Suzie Kennedy.\n Bavaria (2014): Monroe hangs out with other dead celebrities on a desert island such as Elvis Presley, Tupac Shakur, Bruce Lee, Kurt Cobain and John Lennon.\n Bentley Baths (2012): A local commercial for their walk-in style bathtubs featuring an appearance by Monroe in her signature Seven Year Itch outfit.", "Big Sexy Hair: Marilyn Monroe (2013) Monroe is the poster girl in the ads.\n Born This Way Foundation: \"Pages\" (2013) a brief video clip of Monroe can be seen in the ad.\n CBS: \"The Nanny\" (1998) in a brief ID bumper for her hit sitcom The Nanny, Fran Drescher (a.k.a. Fran Fine) in a black dress pays homage to Monroe and The Seven Year Itch by doing the famous \"subway grate\" posellac\n Cadillac: \"Carry\" (2017) An old pic of Monroe posing with her black Cadillac can be briefly seen in this commercial.", "Československá obchodní banka: \"Marilyn\" (2008) by MUW Saatchi & Saatchi\n Chanel No. 5:\n (1994) Carole Bouquet morphs into Monroe\n (2013) \"It's the Truth\" commercial\n Chevrolet: \"See the USA in Your Chevrolet\" (1999) Monroe can be briefly seen blowing a kiss on the big screen at a drive-in movie theater\n Christian Dior: \"J'adore\" perfume (2011) featuring Charlize Theron\n Citibank: \"The Ex\" (2012) featuring Giada De Laurentiis, and Alicia Keys\n Citroën: \"DS3\" (2010)", "Citibank: \"The Ex\" (2012) featuring Giada De Laurentiis, and Alicia Keys\n Citroën: \"DS3\" (2010)\n Coca-Cola (1953): Monroe's scenes from the 1951 film Love Nest were spliced into Coke Time with Eddie Fisher a 15-minute show that aired on Wednesday and Friday from 1953 until 1957. The show was sponsored by Coca-Cola and would feature celebrities praising the soda.\n Dolce & Gabbana: (2009) with Scarlett Johansson", "Dolce & Gabbana: (2009) with Scarlett Johansson\n Dean's Finest Old Scotch Whisky \"Surprisingly Mild\" (2010): a Scotsman apes the \"subway grate\" pose as a parody of The Seven Year Itch.\n DSW: \"The Savvy Shoe Lovers\" (2013), a woman apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n Emporio Armani: Diamonds \"Can You Resist?\" (2007) Beyoncé sings an updated version of Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes\n Fiat: \"Fiat Nuova 500\" (2007)", "Fiat: \"Fiat Nuova 500\" (2007)\n Fit Light Yogurt \"Marilyn Monroe\" (2007): an overweight woman dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch.\n Ford Focus \"Attraction\" (2009): a light graffiti figure transforms into Monroe who tries to attract the attention of the car.\n FOX Nation: \n\"Breaking News\" (2020) Monroe can be seen in the green room with a bald eagle, an astronaut and a country music star named John Rich, featuring an appearance by Abby Hornacek.", "\"It's Crime Time\" (2020) A newspaper article with the headline \"Marilyn Dead\" can be seen in the ad This was to promote Scandalous: The Death of Marilyn Monroe.\n Gap: \"Gap khakis\" (1993)\n Giovanni Rana (1997): Rana is put into one of Monroe's classic 1953 film How to Marry a Millionaire.\n Go Daddy: Super Bowl XLIV (2010) Danica Patrick apes Monroe\n Grolsch Premium Blond (2007): Featuring vintage film reels of Monroe while she sings \"I wanna be loved by You\".", "Guinness (2004): features a recreation of the scene from Some Like It Hot.\n Holsten Pils (1988): The ad features comedian Griff Rhys-Jones riffing with Monroe.\n Hoppe Jonge Jenever (1987): A Dutch ad for the juniper-flavored spirit features Monroe from The Seven Year Itch posing on a plane along with a brief cameo appearance by Humphrey Bogart talking to her.\n HSBC: \"Marilyn\" (2008) by JWT\n Hubba Bubba: interactive poster (2008) by DDB Sydney", "HSBC: \"Marilyn\" (2008) by JWT\n Hubba Bubba: interactive poster (2008) by DDB Sydney\n Iberia (2002): Monroe appears on the screen while babies are watching her.\n Imperial Chemical Industries-Dulux: \"Paint\" (2005)\n Ivi Fusion \"Secret Baby\" (2007) by BBDO Athens Monroe and Albert Einstein finds out what would it be like if they had a child.", "Jeep: \"Portraits\" (2016) Monroe is one of the iconic black and white portraits throughout its history in celebration of its 75th Anniversary. According to the tagline, it clearly states that \"We Don't Make Jeep, You Do!\"\n Jeep Wrangler 4xe \"Pale Blue Dot\" (2020): A brief clip of Monroe at the army riding in a Jeep blowing a kiss at the camera can be seen in the commercial.\n Levi Strauss & Co.: \"Our Models Can Beat Up Your Models\" (1998) by Chiat/Day", "Levi Strauss & Co.: \"Our Models Can Beat Up Your Models\" (1998) by Chiat/Day\n Library of Congress: \"Library of Congress Experience\" (2008)\n M&M: \"Marilyn\" (2008): the green M&M tries to mimic Monroe's voice.\n MasterCard: \"Break in Your Jeans\" (2009) by McCann Erickson \n Match-Ems Gummies: \"Extra Hands\" (2018) Monroe's pink gloved hand from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes holding a blue gummy on the left side can briefly be seen in the beginning. \n Mercedes-Benz: \"GLK-Class\" (2008)", "Müller Corner: (1997) In the \"Candy Corner\" segment of the advert, former star of the hit British sitcom Absolutely Fabulous (or abbreviated as Ab Fab) Dame Joanna Lumley (who's mostly well known for playing Patsy Stone) in a matching blue dress and gloves does a brief tribute to \"Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend\" from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes", ". According to her, it was dubbed as your \"glitzy, glitzy, extravagant side!\" where she wants to be flown in the air by a group of men in white tuxedos but is accidentally dropped in the process. (NOTE: She does not sing at all)", "Nair: Windy Dresses (1992) three women(in colorful neon dresses) have a Seven Year Itch-like satire on a boat.\n NET Serviços: TV campaign (2002)\n Nike: \"Dialogue\" (1991) by Wieden+Kennedy\n Pepsi Wild Cherry: \"Explosively Cherry\" (2014) A Brunette woman's white dress with cherry patterns briefly billows quickly after a man pops the cap off a bottle of the soda. Then, the cherry patterns start to fizzle away or dissolve as the guy drinks the beverage", "Pond's (2012): When a girl attempts to emulate the timeless Monroe, only one thing stops her from making the trademark 'beauty spot'.\n Procter & Gamble: Tampax (2006) by Vitruvio/Leo Burnett\n Reckitt Benckiser: Veet Hair Removal Cream (2006) by JWT Brazil\n Roberto Cavalli: Spring collection (2009) with Daria Werbowy \n Royal Triton Motor Oil (1950): The one and only commercial Monroe made in her lifetime.\n RT Edwards (2014): Monroe sings \"Happy Birthday\" for its 80th anniversary.", "RT Edwards (2014): Monroe sings \"Happy Birthday\" for its 80th anniversary.\n Sazka \"Subway\" (2007): This mainly features a group of kids who are under a subway in a flatulence contest, but it does feature a brief parody of The Seven Year Itch up top.\n Science World: \"We Can Explain\" (2006) by Rethink\n Scope \"I Wanna Be Loved By You\" (1999): The song is used in this commercial for the mouthwash brand.", "Sexy Hair \"Sexy is Forever\" (2014): a model dubbed as \"the modern Marilyn\" is interspersed with Milton Greene's photos of the star and some of her quotes.", "Sierra Mist: \"Where's Wallace? Featuring Patton Oswalt\" (2004) a parade of Scottish bagpipers fills the screen. All were sweating. Suddenly several are inquiring \"Where's Wallace?\" as his bagpipe is seen lying on the pavement. The camera pans to Wallace (Oswalt) standing over a subway vent, his kilt blowing as high as Marilyn Monroe's famous white dress in The Seven Year Itch with a look of relief on his face.", "Snickers: \"You're Not You When You're Hungry\" (2016) by BBDO, Willem Dafoe morphs into Monroe before shooting The Seven Year Itch skirt-blowing scene\n Sony Beta (1981): A print ad featuring Andy Warhol and Monroe on TV.\n Sony Cybershot: \"Marilyn\" (2011): The ad crops a photo of Monroe from her 1956 trip to England as it pans out to a reimagined scene having caused a car accident.", "Star in the Star (2021): In this promo for the Italian talent and variety show, Monroe on the red carpet unmasked herself by revealing to be model, showgirl, television personality and former child actress Ilary Blasi.\n Sunsilk: \"Life Can't Wait\" (2008)\n Takara: \"April 1984 Spread\" Monroe's legs from The Seven Year Itch can be seen in this range ad of games.\n TCM: A maid comes into Monroe's room to check up on her, but she wakes up as the maid leaves her room.", "Trivial Pursuit: \"Marilyn Manson-Monroe\" by Publicis Machine Johannesburg advertising agency (2015) \"Rock singer Marilyn Manson's head is attached to Marilyn Monroe's body\".\n Unilever: Close-Up Toothpaste (2001) by JWT\n United States Postage Stamps: \"Popeye & Marilyn Monroe\" (1995): Monroe is featured on a postage stamp\n Univision: \"Monroe It\" (2002) a blonde woman in a red dress gets it blown high\n Visa: \"Signature Card\" (2004) by BBDO\n Volkswagen: (2004)", "Visa: \"Signature Card\" (2004) by BBDO\n Volkswagen: (2004)\n Yarra Trams: (2009) a cheeky take on Monroe's famous scene from The Seven Year Itch, as she leaves the scene a Scotsman takes over but no air from the vent comes up\n Yuhan: Rapicold (2006) by Diamond Ogilvy", "Yuhan: Rapicold (2006) by Diamond Ogilvy\n Zales Marilyn Monroe Collection: \"I Am My Own Muse\", \"Valentine's Day: You Are My Icon\", \"Holidays: You Are My Icon\" (2019-2020): These three commercials showcases its exclusive collection that were inspired by actress, entrepreneur and timeless icon.", "Architecture\n Absolute World: Building #4 and Building #5 are nicknamed \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n\nArt", "Nils Aas: Marilyn Monroe (1992), Haugesund, Norway \n William Anastasi: Untitled (1995), and Untitled (1996)\n Clive Barker: MM (1999)\n Peter Hill Beard: Marilyn Monroe (1972)\n Pierre Bellocq: Canvas of Stars mural for Gallagher's Steak House (2006)\n Maurice Bennett: Marilyn Monroe (2011)\n Pierre Bismuth:\n Following the Right Hand of Marilyn Monroe in Some Like It Hot (2005)\n Following the Right Hand of Marilyn Monroe in The Misfits (2006)\n Peter Blake:\n Marilyn Monroe Over a Painting No 1 (1989–1990)", "Peter Blake:\n Marilyn Monroe Over a Painting No 1 (1989–1990)\n Marilyn Monroe Wall No 2, \"MM Red Yellow\" (1990)\n M for Marilyn Monroe\n H.O.M.A.G.E. (1991)\n Pauline Boty: The Only Blonde in the World (1963) \n Charles Bragg: Chasen's Jockey Club\n Marcel Broodthaers: Tour Marilyn (1965)\n Erik Bulatov: Marilyn (2000)\n Philip Burke: Marilyn Monroe (2003)\n Silvano Campeggi:\n Marilyn Monroe (1957)\n Nano in Marilyn's Eyes (2000)\n Reginald Case:\n Tropical Marilyn\n First Version X and Flowers\n Marilyn-Green Dress", "Reginald Case:\n Tropical Marilyn\n First Version X and Flowers\n Marilyn-Green Dress\n Christo: Wrapped Magazine Marilyn (1962)\n Bruce Conner: Marilyn Times Five\n Salvador Dalí:\n Self-Portrait (1967)\n Mao Monroe (1972)\n Marilyn Monroe installation\n Allan D'Arcangelo:\n Marilyn (1962)\n Marilyn Found (1962)\n Olivia De Berardinis:\n Marilyn Monroe Nude (1990)\n Marilyn (1991)\n Poofie Print IV\n Jerry De La Cruz: Monroe (2002)\n Willem de Kooning: Marilyn Monroe (1954)", "Poofie Print IV\n Jerry De La Cruz: Monroe (2002)\n Willem de Kooning: Marilyn Monroe (1954)\n Devon Dikeou: Marilyn Monroe Wanted to be Buried in Pucci installation (2008)\n Dolk: Pope Benedict XVI as Marilyn Monroe (2011)\n Erró:\n Daydream\n The Forgotten Future\n House of Gore\n Not Far Enough\n Your Love Don't Pay My Bills\n Sad Movies Make Me Cry (2001)\n Jim Evans: Marilyn Monroe (1991)\n Shepard Fairey: Marilyn Warhol (2000)\n Charles Fazzino:\n Forever Marilyn (1998)\n Love and Kisses, Marilyn (2008)", "Charles Fazzino:\n Forever Marilyn (1998)\n Love and Kisses, Marilyn (2008)\n Audrey Flack: Marilyn: Golden Girl (1978)\n Howard Finster: Marilyn Monroe (1999)\n James Gill:\n Marilyn Tryptych (1962) \n Pink Marilyn (2008)\n Douglas Gordon: Self-Portrait as Kurt Cobain as Andy Warhol as Myra Hindley as Marilyn Monroe (1996)\n Vladimir Gorsky: Marilyn Monroe\n Richard Hamilton: My Marilyn (1966)\n Keith Haring: Marilyn Monroe (1981)\n Margaret Harrison: Anonymous Was a Woman From Rosa Luxemburg to Janis Joplin (1977)", "Margaret Harrison: Anonymous Was a Woman From Rosa Luxemburg to Janis Joplin (1977)\n Gottfried Helnwein:\n Boulevard of Broken Dreams (1984)\n Marilyn (1992)\n Al Hirschfeld: \n 1954 Movies (1954)\n Gish, Sorrel & Monroe (1954)\n Gregory Peck (1954)\n Lana Turner, Marilyn Monroe & Ava Gardner (1954)\n Marilyn Monroe (1955)\n Mural for the Eden Roc Miami Beach Hotel (1955)\n Talent Takes Over (1957)\n Some Like It Hot (1959)\n The Misfits (1960)\n Marilyn Monroe - Some Like It Hot (1969)\n George Cukor (1972)", "The Misfits (1960)\n Marilyn Monroe - Some Like It Hot (1969)\n George Cukor (1972)\n World Premier (1975)\n Marilyn Monroe - Seven Year Itch (1983)\n There's No Biz Like Show Biz (1988)\n Abe Hirschfeld (1988)\n Marilyn Monroe (1988)\n Marilyn (Umbrella) Monroe (1989)\n Marilyn Monroe (1989)\n A&E Biography (1997)\n The Misfits (1999)\n Jerry Schwartz with Marilyn Monroe (2000)\n Marilyn (Happy Birthday, Mr. President) Monroe (2002) \n Jonathan Horowitz: Talking Without Thinking (2001)\n Robert Indiana:", "Jonathan Horowitz: Talking Without Thinking (2001)\n Robert Indiana:\n The Metamorphosis of Norma Jean (1998)\n Marilyn, Marilyn (1999)\n Sunburst Marilyn (2001)\n John Seward Johnson II: Forever Marilyn (2011)\n Ray Johnson: Dear Marilyn Monroe (1972)\n Dear Marilyn Monroe/Chuck Close (1980)\n Allen Jones: Marilyn Monroe (1960–1961)\n Steve Kaufman:\n Marilyn Monroe State (1995–1999)\n Pop Marilyn\n Barbara Kruger: Not Stupid Enough (1997)\n Sebastian Krüger: Marilyn Monroe", "Pop Marilyn\n Barbara Kruger: Not Stupid Enough (1997)\n Sebastian Krüger: Marilyn Monroe\n David LaChapelle: Amanda Lepore as Andy Warhol's Marilyn (2007)\n Jean-Jacques Lebel: Taking a Real Good Peek at Marilyn's Amazing Offer (1961)\n Zoe Leonard: Marilyn (1990–1995)\n Richard Lindner: Marilyn Was Here (1970)\n Gina Lollobrigida: My Friend, Marilyn Monroe (2003)\n Bob Mackie: Marilyn Monroe (1977)\n Christopher Makos:\n Andy Warhol Looks Like Marilyn Monroe (1982)\n Andy Warhol 'I'm Not Marilyn Monroe' (1982)", "Andy Warhol Looks Like Marilyn Monroe (1982)\n Andy Warhol 'I'm Not Marilyn Monroe' (1982)\n Altered Images (1982)\n Louis Marchetti: Marilyn Monroe\n Derek Marlowe: A Slight Misfit (1962) \n Stanley Meltzoff: Our Nation's 200th Birthday, The Telephone's 100th Birthday (1976) for Bell System\n Earl Moran: Lady in the Light (1945)\n Yasumasa Morimura:\n Self Portrait (1995)\n Red Marilyn (1995)\n Mr. Brainwash:\n Marilyn Monroe (2008)\n Spock/Marilyn Monroe (2009)\n Andy Warhol/Marilyn Monroe (2009)", "Marilyn Monroe (2008)\n Spock/Marilyn Monroe (2009)\n Andy Warhol/Marilyn Monroe (2009)\n Nolita mural (2010)\n Vik Muniz:\n Marilyn (after Andy Warhol) (2001)\n Bloody Marilyn (2001)\n Marilyn (Pictures of Diamonds) (2004)\n LeRoy Neiman: The President's Birthday (1962)\n Shelley Niro: The 500 Year Itch (1992)\n Claes Oldenburg: Ghost Wardrobe (for M.M.) (1967)\n Eduardo Paolozzi:\n Bash (1971)\n Dear Marilyn Monroe\n Ed Paschke: Pink Lady 2 (1993)\n Pier Paolo Pasolini: La Rabbia (1963)", "Dear Marilyn Monroe\n Ed Paschke: Pink Lady 2 (1993)\n Pier Paolo Pasolini: La Rabbia (1963)\n Guy Peellaert: Marilyn Monroe (1994–1999)\n Raymond Pettibon: No Title (1990–2003)\n Paul Pfeiffer: Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: 1 (2000)\n Peter Phillips: For Men Only, Starring MM and BB (1961)\n Arnulf Rainer: Mythos Marilyn series (2002)\n Mel Ramos: Peek-a-Boo series (2002)\n Robert Rauschenberg: Test Stone #1 (1967)\n Tom Richmond: Marilyn Monroe (1998)\n Faith Ringgold: Marilyn Monroe (1997)", "Tom Richmond: Marilyn Monroe (1998)\n Faith Ringgold: Marilyn Monroe (1997)\n James Rosenquist: Marilyn Monroe I (1962) \n Mimmo Rotella:\n Marilyn Monroe (1962)\n Marilyn Decollage (1964)\n I Vilti (1998)\n Marilyn II (1979)\n La Magnifica Preda (2004)\n Paolo Schmidlin: At Rest (2012) \n George Segal: The Film Poster (1967)\n Richard Serra: Marilyn Monroe-Greta Garbo (1981)\n Cindy Sherman: Untitled (1986)\n Roger Shimomura: Heroine, Hammer, Hibachi (1987)", "Cindy Sherman: Untitled (1986)\n Roger Shimomura: Heroine, Hammer, Hibachi (1987)\n Hajime Sorayama: Sexy Robot in Yellow (album cover of Aerosmith's Just Push Play)\n Daniel Spoerri:\n The Spirit of Marilyn Captured by Merlin (2003)\n Merlin Meets Marilyn (2003)\n Der Teddybar von MM (2003)\n John Stango: Marilyn Monroe (2010)\n Brett-Livingstone Strong: Tribute to Marilyn Monroe (1989)\n Harold Town: Superstar (1970)\n Jacques Villeglé: Marilyn (1982)\n Wolf Vostell: Marilyn Monroe (1962)", "Jacques Villeglé: Marilyn (1982)\n Wolf Vostell: Marilyn Monroe (1962)\n Erik Wahl: Untitled (2012) (bought by Pink)\n Kerry Waghorn: Marilyn Monroe\n Petrus Wandrey: Memento-Marilyn-Monroe (2003)\n Andy Warhol:\n Marilyn Diptych (1962)\n Gold Marilyn Monroe (1962)\n Twenty-five Colored Marilyns (1962)\n Shot Marilyns (1964)\n Untitled from Marilyn Monroe (1967)\n Tom Wesselmann: Marilyn in Bed (1984)\n Stephen B. Whatley: 40th Anniversary Tribute (2002)\n Jon Whitcomb:\n Untitled (1958) (owned by Joe DiMaggio)", "Jon Whitcomb:\n Untitled (1958) (owned by Joe DiMaggio)\n Cover and illustrations for the March 1959 Cosmopolitan\n Susan Dorothea White: The Crowning with Sexism (1994)\n Willard Wigan: Marilyn Monroe on a Diamond (2007–2008)\n Erwin Wurm: Thinking About Marilyn (2003)\n Jean-Pierre Yvaral: Marilyn Monroe series (1990–1994)\n Zevs: Visual Violation – Marilyn Monroe (2011)\n Kardy Balowa: Wayang Marilyn Monroe (2009)", "See also: Marilyn in Art Roger Taylor (Ed.), Chaucer Press (2006), \n\nSee also: Elvis + Marilyn: 2x Immortal Geri DePaoli (Ed.), Rizzoli (1994),", "Celebrities as Monroe\n Amy Lee: dressed as Monroe (according to her she's called \"Scarilyn Monroe\") from The Seven Year Itch for the Halloween Party in 2007\n Anna Nicole Smith: aspired to be her favorite blonde Marilyn Monroe\n Christina Aguilera: for the June 2006 GQ\n Courtney Stodden: dressed as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch wearing clear platform heels in 2012.\n Drew Barrymore: for the September 1996 George\n Em Ford: Dressed as Monroe for the iconic women in history for YouTube.", "Em Ford: Dressed as Monroe for the iconic women in history for YouTube.\n Barbara Walters: as Monroe from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes from a Halloween episode of The View in 2003.\n Beyoncé: for the May 2014 Out\n Lara Bingle: for the August 2008 Australian Cosmopolitan\n Gina St. John: dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch in a CNet Central Halloween-themed episode from 1995.\n Hillary Clinton: retouched photo aping the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch on the October 1995 Spy", "Hugh Hefner: buried next to Monroe when he died in 2017.\n Mariah Carey: paid homage to Marylin's 1953 visit to U.S. troops in Korea in her \"I Still Believe\" music video.\n Cindy Crawford, Daryl Hannah, Ashley Judd, and Heather Locklear: for the May/June 1997 American Photo\n Miley Cyrus: for the March 2014 German Vogue\n James Franco: at the 83rd Academy Awards\n Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders: aped \"Two Little Girls from Little Rock\" from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes", "Jade Goody: as Marilyn Diptych for The Daily Star\n Rachel Hunter: dressed as Monroe in an episode of the British reality competition series Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes in 2000.\n Rudolph Giuliani: for the 1997 New York Inner Circle press dinner\n Sharon Osbourne: dressed as Monroe as she is lip synching to Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend during their 2nd Annual Rocktober Lip Sync War on an episode of The Talk in 2016.\n Paris Hilton: for the August 2010 launch of her perfume, Tease", "Paris Hilton: for the August 2010 launch of her perfume, Tease\n Nicole Kidman: for the March 2008 Harper's Bazaar Australia\n Lindsay Lohan: recreated The Last Sitting with photographer Bert Stern for the February 25, 2008 New York\n for the July 2009 Vogue España\n for the January/February 2012 Playboy\n Jennifer Lopez: paid homage to \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" on the April 22, 2010 Lopez Tonight\n Madonna: for the April 1991 Vanity Fair shot by Steven Meisel", "Madonna: for the April 1991 Vanity Fair shot by Steven Meisel\n Katie Couric: Dressed as Monroe from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes for The Today Show Halloween episode in 2005.\n Kim Kardashian: Wears Monroe's iconic dress at the 2022 gala\n Kylie Minogue: regularly performs as Monroe\n Andreja Pejić: \"Marilyn Off Duty\" shoot for the October 2011 Lovecat Magazine\n Lisa Marie Presley: for Herb Ritts and made-up by Kevyn Aucoin\n Britney Spears: performed \"If U Seek Amy\" as Monroe on her Femme Fatale Tour", "Britney Spears: performed \"If U Seek Amy\" as Monroe on her Femme Fatale Tour\n The Seven Year Itch \"subway grate\" pose has been aped by numerous celebrities, including Annalise Braakensiek, Melissa George, Geri Halliwell, Anna Kournikova, Tiffany Pollard, Samantha Riley, and Anna Nicole Smith\n June Shannon (a.k.a. Mama June) dressed as Monroe in The Seven Year Itch to promote Mama June:From Not to Hot.\n Julia Louis-Dreyfus: for The New Adventures of Old Christine.\n Sungmin: in Super Show 4", "Julia Louis-Dreyfus: for The New Adventures of Old Christine.\n Sungmin: in Super Show 4\n Eunhyuk dressed as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch at the Incheon International Airport\n Xuxa Meneghel dressed as Monroe in an episode of Dancing Brasil (the Brazilian version of Dancing with the Stars) in 2017. \n Nurnaningsih dressed as Monroe in bikini in Harimau Tjampa (1953) \n Rachel Vennya dressed as Monroe in Gentleman Prefer Blondes (1953) for Halloween costume in 2022.", "Rachel Vennya dressed as Monroe in Gentleman Prefer Blondes (1953) for Halloween costume in 2022.\nZia Dantes (daughter of Dingdong & Marian Dantes) dressed as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch for a photoshoot in Hawaii.", "Editorial cartoons\n Cy Hungerford: The Grim Reaper enters Monroe's dressing room with a bottle of sleeping pills (Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, August 6, 1962; p. 8)\n Don Wright: Earth weeps as Monroe's star streaks across the heavens (The Miami News, August 6, 1962)\n Steve Benson: Joe DiMaggio and Monroe are reunited in Heaven (Arizona Republic, March 9, 1999)\n Michael Ramirez of Investor's Business Daily:\n Ali Khamenei apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch (June 23, 2009)", "Ali Khamenei apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch (June 23, 2009)\n Monroe as the national debt croons \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" (August 5, 2009)\n John Roberts apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch (June 25, 2015)\n Nate Beeler of The Columbus Dispatch:\n Chris Christie apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch (September 28, 2011)", "Fashion\n Dolce & Gabbana: Fall-Winter 2009-2010 collection\n Betsey Johnson: \"Mary-Lynn\" tote bag line\n MAC Cosmetics: Marilyn Monroe Collection\n Macy's: Marilyn Monroe Collection\n Monroe piercings\n Nike: Warhol/Monroe Air Max 90 (2009)\n Marilyn Monroe's pink dress\n 6126 by Lindsay Lohan: named after Monroe's birthdate\n Warnaco Group: Warner's Marilyn Monroe intimate apparel line (1996)\n White dress of Marilyn Monroe\n Zales: Marilyn Monroe Jewelry Collection", "See also: Marilyn in Fashion: The Enduring Influence of Marilyn Monroe by Christopher Nickens and George Zeno, Running Press (2012),\n\nFilm", "The Apartment: Dobisch tells Baxter he's trying to pick up a girl who looks like Monroe; the girl apes Monroe\n Asso: Silvia's dress blown up à la Monroe from The Seven Year Itch\n Babylon: Manny walks past a pin-up shop selling posters of Monroe.\n Back to the Future Part II: Monroe is one of the women Biff dated \n Birds of Prey: Harley Quinn played by Margot Robbie parodies \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes", "Blades of Glory: Fairchild skates as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch\n Blonde Ambition: Katie apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n Blonde: Fictional take on Monroe's life portrayed by Ana de Armas\n Bordello of Blood: Lilith apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n Broken Embraces: Lena apes Monroe\n Burlesque: Ali Rose sings Diamond's Are a Girl's Best Friend as Nikki and Georgia lip-sync the Monroe version", "Calendar Girl: Three young men go to Hollywood to fulfill their dream of meeting Monroe\n Capote: Capote tells a reporter about a visit he paid to Monroe\n Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen: Lola is dressed as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch\n Cool World: Holli sings the title song of Let's Make Love\n Date Movie: Julia apes Monroe from The Seven Year Itch\n Death Becomes Her: Monroe from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes attends Helen's party", "Death Becomes Her: Monroe from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes attends Helen's party \n Deck the Halls: the Finch's Christmas tree angel apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead: Mrs. Sturak's car is stolen by three drag performers, one of whom is dressed as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch", "El Tinte de La Fama: Magaly enters a television contest that is looking for a Monroe look-a-like in order to win a 25.000 dólares (i.e. $25,000) cash prize. Magaly teams up with Héctor whom she believes to be Monroe's reincarnation as a \"third world transsexual man\".\n Fade to Black: Binford is obsessed with Monroe\n Finding Graceland: Byron and Elvis meet a Monroe look-a-like\n Flashback (1990): An early 50 second CGI film which recreates the classic subway grate scene from The Seven Year Itch", "Goodbye, Norma Jean: Based on Monroe\n Goodnight, Sweet Marilyn: Follow up to Goodbye, Norma Jean\n The Goddess: Emily Ann/Rita Shawn is based on Monroe\n Grease 2: Paulette is obsessed with Monroe and John F. Kennedy's alleged affair\n Hercules (1997): a Muse apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n The House Bunny: Shelly apes Monroe from The Seven Year Itch\n I Heart Huckabees: Dawn apes \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" in a Huckabees ad", "I Heart Huckabees: Dawn apes \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" in a Huckabees ad\n I Love a Man in Uniform: A female bank robber is dressed as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch\n Insignificance: The Actress is based on Monroe\n It's Me, Sugar: A comedic retelling of Monroe's difficulty with a line from Some Like It Hot\n Kingpin: Claudia apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n L.A. Confidential: a call girl has been \"cut\" to look like Monroe", "L.A. Confidential: a call girl has been \"cut\" to look like Monroe\n L.A. Slasher: The Teen Mom is murdered by The Slasher while she is dressed as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch \n The Ladies Man: a girl Hebert delivers mail to apes Monroe\n La La Land: The Traffic Conductor's dress blows up à la Monroe's \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch \n The Legend of Marilyn Monroe: documentary about Monroe\n Léon: The Professional: Mathilda dresses up as Monroe and sings \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\"", "Léon: The Professional: Mathilda dresses up as Monroe and sings \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" \n A Life Less Ordinary: Lewis works on a novel about Monroe and Robert F. Kennedy's love child\n Little Voice: LV mimics Monroe's voice\n Looney Tunes: Back in Action: Bugs Bunny dresses as Monroe\n Magic Mike: Mike dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch\n Man on Fire: Rayburn owns a statue of Monroe aping the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n Marilyn: documentary hosted by Rock Hudson", "Marilyn: documentary hosted by Rock Hudson\n Marilyn's Man: documentary about Monroe's first husband James Dougherty\n Me and Marilyn: Marchesi is advised by Monroe's ghost\n Mini's First Time: Mini unwittingly apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n The Misfits: Roslyn tries to keep Guido from looking at photos of Monroe that Gay has taped inside a closet\n Mister Lonely: Samantha Morton's character claims to be Monroe\n Monkeybone: Monkeybone impersonates Monroe", "Monkeybone: Monkeybone impersonates Monroe\n Monster: Aileen recalls her childhood dream of being the next Monroe\n Moulin Rouge!: Satine sings Diamond's Are a Girl's Best Friend \n My Week with Marilyn: While making The Prince and the Showgirl, Monroe strikes up a friendship with Colin Clark\n Nobody Else but You: A man investigates the death of a woman who thought she was the reincarnation of Monroe \n Planet 51: An alien girl tries to hold down her white dress as a vent blows it up à la The Seven Year Itch", "Pulp Fiction: A waitress is dressed as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch\n Rendez-vous in Montreal: A virtual Monroe stars with Humphrey Bogart\n Room to Rent: Linda is a Marilyn Monroe impersonator\n Same Time, Next Year: A photo of Monroe's \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch is part of a montage\n The Seven Year Itch: Sherman sarcastically tell MacKenzie that the blonde in the kitchen is Monroe", "The Seven Year Itch: Sherman sarcastically tell MacKenzie that the blonde in the kitchen is Monroe\n The Sex Symbol: 1974 ABC TV movie starring Connie Stevens and considered to be a thinly veiled biography of Marilyn Monroe\n The Shawshank Redemption: One of Dufresne's posters is of Monroe's \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch.\n Showgirls 2: Penny's From Heaven: A Monroe impersonator wearing a pink wig can be seen", "Showgirls 2: Penny's From Heaven: A Monroe impersonator wearing a pink wig can be seen\n Shrek 2: The Fairy Godmother makes Fiona ape the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n The Smurfs (2011): Smurfette apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n Spice World: Ginger Spice poses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch\n Stroker Ace: a pit crew member makes Pembrook ape the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch", "Stroker Ace: a pit crew member makes Pembrook ape the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n Teaching Mrs. Tingle: Jo Lynn gives her class presentation as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch\n The Tigger Movie: Tigger dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch\n Tommy: The Preacher leads a cult based on Monroe\n Town & Country: Auburn dresses as Monroe from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes\n Tropico: Monroe appears in the Garden of Eden with Adam, Eve, Jesus, the Virgin Mary, John Wayne and Elvis Presley", "The Underground Comedy Movie: Peeping Tom uses a fan to blow up the skirt of a Monroe lookalike\n Wayne's World: Wayne impersonates Monroe singing \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\"\n White Palace: Nora is a Monroe fan\n The Woman in Red: Charlotte unwittingly apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n Wonder Boys: James steals the jacket Monroe wore the day she married Joe DiMaggio from Gaskell, who is obsessed with the DiMaggio-Monroe marriage", "Wrongfully Accused: Harrison's kilt blows up à la the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n Younger and Younger: Younger has a vision of a girl aping Monroe from The Seven Year Itch\n Zapped!: Barney makes a girl at the prom ape the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch", "Graphic novels\n Superman: Red Son by Mark Millar (2003) Features an older version of Marilyn Monroe.\n Deadpool by Gerry Duggan and Brian Posehn (2013) Deadpool disguises himself as Marilyn Monroe, to kill a reanimated John F. Kennedy.\n Eterna Marilyn by Fran Sabariego (2019).", "Literature\n Alvah Bessie: The Symbol (1966), based on Monroe's life\n Truman Capote: \"A Beautiful Child\" from Music for Chameleons (1980)\n Mort Castle: I Am Your Need (2001)\n Douglas Coupland: Polaroids from the Dead (1996)\n Peter Golenbock: 7: The Mickey Mantle Novel (2007), Monroe and Mickey Mantle have an affair\n Edward Gorman: The Marilyn Tapes (1995)\n Doris Grumbach: \"The Missing Person\" (1981)\n Allan Gurganus: Blessed Assurance (1990)\n Michael Korda: The Immortals (1992)", "Allan Gurganus: Blessed Assurance (1990)\n Michael Korda: The Immortals (1992)\n Paul Levinson: \"Marilyn and Monet\" (2017)\n Carole Morin: Dead Glamorous: the Autobiography of Seduction and Self Destruction (1996), a poetic account of the fascination of charismatic suicides including Marilyn, Ian Curtis, and Sylvia Plath\n Graham Masterton: Ikon (1982)\n Norman Mailer: Marilyn: A Biography, Of Women and Their Elegance (1980)\n Joyce Carol Oates: Blonde, and \"Three Girls\" (1996)", "Joyce Carol Oates: Blonde, and \"Three Girls\" (1996)\n Andrew O'Hagan: The Life and Opinions of Maf the Dog, and of His Friend Marilyn Monroe (2010)\n John Rechy: Marilyn's Daughter (1989)\n Lee Siegel: Who Wrote the Book of Love? (2005)\n Anne Carson: Norma Jeane Baker of Troy (2019)", "See also: Mondo Marilyn: An Anthology of Fiction and Poetry Richard Peabody and Lucinda Ebersole (Eds), St. Martin's Press (1995), \n\nSee also: Marilyn: Shades of Blonde Carole Nelson Douglas (ed.), Tor Books (1997),", "Music\n Tori Amos: \"Father Lucifer\" references Monroe and Joe DiMaggio\n Ray Anthony: \"My Marilyn\"\n The Beatles: Monroe is on the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\n New Order: \"1963\" references the assassination of John F. Kennedy so that \"he could do one with Monroe\".\n Dan Bern: \"Marilyn\"\n Beyoncé: \"Sexy Lil' Thug\" references Monroe\n Blondie: \"Platinum Blonde\" references Monroe\n Blue System:\n \"The Wind Cries (Who Killed Norma Jean)\"\n \"Good Night Marilyn\"", "Blue System:\n \"The Wind Cries (Who Killed Norma Jean)\"\n \"Good Night Marilyn\"\n Bon Jovi: \"Captain Crash & the Beauty Queen From Mars\" references Monroe and Joe DiMaggio\n David Bowie: \"Jean Genie\" references Monroe\n Citizen Cope: \"Healing Hands\" references Monroe\n City Boy: \"Summer in the School Yard\" references Monroe\n Sheryl Crow: \"If It Makes You Happy\" references Monroe\n Culture Club: \"It's a Miracle\" references Monroe\n CupcakKe: \"Best Dick Sucker\" references Monroe\n Def Leppard: \"Photograph\"", "CupcakKe: \"Best Dick Sucker\" references Monroe\n Def Leppard: \"Photograph\"\n Golden Earring: \"Her voice has been sampled twice in the song Vanilla Queen from the album moontan\"\n Everything but the Girl: \"Sugar Finney\" references Monroe, John F. Kennedy and Bobby Kennedy \n Lana Del Rey:\n \"Body Electric\" references Monroe\n \"Children of the Bad Revolution\" references Monroe\n a demo of \"Trash Magic\" references Monroe\n LSD \"Audio\" references Monroe\n The Distillers: \"Gypsy Rose Lee\" references Monroe", "LSD \"Audio\" references Monroe\n The Distillers: \"Gypsy Rose Lee\" references Monroe\n Everlast: \"Whitey's Revenge\" references Monroe\n Bryan Ferry: \"Goddess of Love\" references Monroe\n Alexa Goddard: \"Marilyn\"\n Grinderman: \"Palaces of Montezuma\" references Monroe and John F. Kennedy\n Half Man Half Biscuit: \"99% of Gargoyles Look Like Bob Todd\" references Monroe\n Teppo Hauta-aho/Edward Vesala: 1973 album Ode to Marilyn\n Faith Hill: \"The Secret of Life\" references Monroe", "Faith Hill: \"The Secret of Life\" references Monroe\n Michael Jackson: \"Tabloid Junkie\" references Monroe\n Jay-Z: \"Hollywood\" references Monroe\n \"We Didn't Start the Fire\" by Billy Joel\n Elton John:\n \"Candle in the Wind\"\n \"Wrap Her Up\" (with George Michael) references Monroe\n \"Lie to Me\" by Mikolas Josef\n Tommy Keene: \"My Mother Looked Like Marilyn Monroe\"\n Alicia Keys: \"Girl on Fire\" reference Monroe\n The Kinks: \"Celluloid Heroes\" references Monroe\n Kinky Friedman: \"Marilyn & Joe\"", "The Kinks: \"Celluloid Heroes\" references Monroe\n Kinky Friedman: \"Marilyn & Joe\"\n Kool Keith: \"Livin' Astro\" references Monroe\n Lady Gaga:\n \"Dance in the Dark\" references Monroe\n \"Do What U Want\" featuring R. Kelly references Monroe's alleged affair with John F. Kennedy\n \"Nothing On (But The Radio)\" references Monroe\n \"Government Hooker\" is about Monroe's alleged affair with John F. Kennedy \n Laze & Royal: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n Phoebe Legere: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n Valery Leontiev: \"Marilyn\"", "Laze & Royal: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n Phoebe Legere: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n Valery Leontiev: \"Marilyn\"\n Amanda Lepore': \"Marilyn\"\n Lil Xan featuring Charli XCX: \"Moonlight\" references Monroe\n Jennifer Lopez featuring Nas: \"I'm Gonna be Alright\" references Monroe and Joe DiMaggio\n Madonna: \"Vogue\" references Monroe\n Man From Delmonte: \"Beautiful People\" references Monroe and Joe DiMaggio\n Marilyn Manson and his band is taken from Monroe and Charles Manson", "Marilyn Manson and his band is taken from Monroe and Charles Manson\n Marina and the Diamonds: \"State Of Dreaming\" references Monroe\n Ava Max: \"Salt\" references Monroe\n Melanie Martinez (singer): \"You Love I\" loops a quote Monroe gives in a 1960 interview backwards \n Jessica Mauboy featuring Snoop Dogg: \"Get 'Em Girls\" references Monroe\n Jhony Kaze: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n Metallica: \"The Memory Remains\" quotes a line from Monroe's character in The Misfits\n Minako Honda: \"Nen No Marilyn\"", "Minako Honda: \"Nen No Marilyn\"\n Nicki Minaj: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n K Camp: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n Kylie Minogue: \"Mr. President\" references Monroe\n Misfits:\n \"Who Killed Marilyn?\"\n The band takes its name from The Misfits\n Maren Morris: \"Rich\" referenced Monroe\n Norma Jean: takes its name from Monroe's real name, Norma Jeane\n Pauline Oliveros: \"To Valerie Solanas and Marilyn Monroe in Recognition of Their Desperation\" \n Roland Orzabal: \"Dandelion\" references Monroe", "Roland Orzabal: \"Dandelion\" references Monroe\n A Perfect Circle: \"So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish\" references Monroe\n Brianna Perry: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n Katy Perry: \"Hey Hey Hey\" references Monroe\n Perez Prado: \"Marilyn Monroe Mambo\"\n Los Prisioneros: \"¿Quién mató a Marilyn?\"\n Brian Protheroe: \"Pinball\" references Monroe\n Red Hot Chili Peppers: \"Wet Sand\" references her as Norma Jeane\n Rihanna: \"Love Without Tragedy / Mother Mary\" references Monroe", "Rihanna: \"Love Without Tragedy / Mother Mary\" references Monroe\n Robbie Robertson: \"American Roulette\" references Monroe\n Kelly Rowland: \"Stole\" references Monroe\n Pete Seeger: \"Who Killed Norma Jean?\", debuted at his June 8, 1963 Carnegie Hall concert\n Brian Setzer Orchestra: \"Americano\" references Monroe\n Sevdaliza: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n Sleeper: \"Romeo Me\" references Monroe and Joe DiMaggio\n Spice Girls: \"The Lady is a Vamp\" references Monroe\n Stereophonics: \"She Takes Her Clothes Off\" references Monroe", "Stereophonics: \"She Takes Her Clothes Off\" references Monroe\n Suede: \"Heroine\" references Monroe\n Tiffany: \"Kiss the Ground\" references Monroe\n Jordy Towers: \"Don't Say It's Over\" references Monroe\n Keith Urban: \"John Cougar, John Deere, John 3:16\" references Monroe\n Tom Waits:\n \"Jitterbug Boy\" references Monroe\n \"A Sweet Little Bullet From a Pretty Blue Gun\" references Monroe\n \"Hold On\" references Monroe\n \"Marilyn Monroe\" by Pharrell Williams\n \"Marilyn Monroe\" by Danielle Cohn", "\"Marilyn Monroe\" by Pharrell Williams\n \"Marilyn Monroe\" by Danielle Cohn\n \"Marilyn Monroe\" by Sevdaliza\n Robbie Williams: \"The Actor\" references Monroe\n Bat For Lashes: \"Marilyn\" references Monroe\n (G)I-dle: \n I Love concept references Monroe\n \"Nxde\" references Monroe", "Music videos", "\"Material Girl\" by Madonna (1985): The music video is a mimicry of Monroe's performance of the song \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. \"Well, my favorite scene in all of Monroe's movies is when she does that dance sequence for 'Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend'. And when it came time to do the video for the song [Material Girl], I said, I can just redo that whole scene and it will be perfect,\" she explained in a 1987 interview with New York Daily News", ". \"Marilyn was made into something not human in a way, and I can relate to that. Her sexuality was something everyone was obsessed with and that I can relate to. And there were certain things about her vulnerability that I'm curious about and attracted to.\"", "\"Don't Forget About Us\" by Mariah Carey (2005): During a pool scene, Carey re-enacts a part from Monroe's film Something's Got to Give (1962) by singing with one leg up on the edge. In an interview with MTV News, Carey spoke of the re-enactment: \"That shot was totally and completely inspired by 'Something's Got to Give,' Marilyn Monroe's last movie that never got finished. It's an homage to her, because I've never seen anyone re-create it", ". It's an homage to her, because I've never seen anyone re-create it. So many people have emulated so many of Marilyn's classic moments, but it's just that I'm a big fan of hers, and I thought it was really pretty at night with the pool. No one could ever be as fabulous as Marilyn was, but it's in honor and homage to her.\"", "\"Give Me All Your Luvin'\" by Madonna featuring Nicki Minaj and M.I.A. (2012): Costumes worn in the video included a retro inspired look; the trio wore white lace dresses reminiscent of Madonna's look in her 20s, as well as Marilyn Monroe.\n \"National Anthem\" by Lana Del Rey (2012): Del Rey apes Monroe's \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\"", "Opera\n Marilyn (1980) by Lorenzo Ferrero\n Marilyn (1993) by Ezra Laderman and Norman Rosten for the New York City Opera\n Marilyn Forever (2010) by Marilyn Bowering and Gavin Bryars", "Photography", "Slim Aarons, Richard Avedon, Eve Arnold, Baron, Luiz Carlos Barreto, George Barris, Peter Basch, Cecil Beaton, Antony Beauchamp, Otto Bettmann, Carlyle Blackwell, Jr., Cornell Capa, Jack Cardiff, Jock Carroll, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Larry Burrows, Ed Clark, William Claxton, Howell Conant, David Conover, Henri Dauman, Bruce Davidson, Loomis Dean, Nick De Morgoli, Alfred Eisenstaedt, John Engstead, Elliott Erwitt, J. R. Eyerman, Ed Feingersh, John Florea, Robert Frank, Burt Glinn, Allan Grant, Milton H", ". R. Eyerman, Ed Feingersh, John Florea, Robert Frank, Burt Glinn, Allan Grant, Milton H. Greene, Ernst Haas, Philippe Halsman, Erich Hartmann, Bob Henriques, Jean Howard, Frank Hurley, George Hurrell, Joseph Jasgur, Tom Kelley, Douglas Kirkland, Herman Leonard, Harold Lloyd, Lee Lockwood, Jacques Lowe, Arthur Marx, Gjon Mili, Richard C. Miller, Earl Moran, Inge Morath, Nickolas Muray, William B", ". Miller, Earl Moran, Inge Morath, Nickolas Muray, William B. Murphy, Arnold Newman, Don Ornitz, Gordon Parks, Carl Perutz, Willy Rizzo, Herb Scharfman, Lawrence Schiller, Paul Schutzer, George Silk, Peter Stackpole, Len Steckler, Bert Stern, Phil Stern, Dennis Stock, Cecil W", ". Stoughton, Bob Thomas, Gene Trindl, John Vachon, Delmar Watson, Weegee, Dan Weiner, Leigh Wiener, Laszlo Willinger, Bob Willoughby, Garry Winogrand, William Woodfield, Frank Worth, and Jerome Zerbe were among the photographers who shot Monroe", "The American Masters documentary \"Marilyn Monroe: Still Life\" claims that she was the most photographed person in history\n American Photo May/June 1997 issue was devoted to Monroe", "See also: Marilyn Monroe by Eve Arnold, Harry N. Abrams (2005), \n\nSee also: Marilyn Monroe and the Camera by Georges Belmont, Te Neues Publishing (2000), \n\nSee also: Marilyn by André de Dienes Steve Crist (Ed.), Taschen (2002), \n\nSee also: LIFE: Remembering Marilyn (2009), \n\nSee also: The Last Sitting by Bert Stern\n\nSee also: Marilyn: Norma Jean by Gloria Steinem with George Barris", "Poetry\n Sherman Alexie: \"Tourists\" poem series (1997)\n Steven Berkoff: \"You Remind Me of Marilyn Monroe\" (2009)\n Frank Bidart: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (2006)\n Marilyn Bowering: \"Anyone Can See I Love You\" (1987)\n Ernesto Cardenal: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1975)\n Victor di Suvero: \"Marilyn, My Marilyn\" (2003)\n Judy Grahn: \"I Have Come to Claim Marilyn Monroe's Body\" (1971)\n Lyn Lifshin: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1994)\n Edwin Morgan: \"The Death of Marilyn Monroe\" (1962) (published in New Statesman)", "Edwin Morgan: \"The Death of Marilyn Monroe\" (1962) (published in New Statesman)\n Sharon Olds: \"The Death of Marilyn Monroe\" (1984)\n Norman Rosten: \"Who Killed Norma Jeane?\" (1963)\n Delmore Schwartz: \"Love and Marilyn Monroe\"\n John Whitworth: \"Making Love to Marilyn Monroe\" (1990)", "Radio\n The Charlie McCarthy Show: \"November 9, 1952\", Charlie McCarthy and Monroe announce their engagement\n Marilyn and Ella Backstage at the Mocambo: a 2005 BBC Radio 4 drama which recounts how Monroe helped Fitzgerald book a gig at the jazz club\n Old Harry's Game: \"Olympics Special 2012, Episode One\", Thomas is crushed under an unconscious hippopotamus at Satan's Infernal Olympics; Scumspawn uses Monroe as an incentive for Thomas to extract himself from the hippo.", "Television\n American Gods: \"Lemon Scented You\", during Mr. World's pitch to Wednesday, Media assumes the form of Monroe from The Seven Year Itch\n Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps: \"Angelina's Gift for Ms. Mimi\", a gust of wind makes Angelina ape the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n Animaniacs (1993): \"Method to Her Madness\", Slappy and Skippy attend a method acting class Monroe is in\n Archer: \"Edie's Wedding\", Pam's attire and hairstyle for Edie's wedding makes her resemble Monroe", "Archer: \"Edie's Wedding\", Pam's attire and hairstyle for Edie's wedding makes her resemble Monroe\n Arrested Development:\n \"What Goes Around\": Lucille Bluth sings \"Happy Birthday Mr. President\" to George Bluth in order to simulate him\n \"A New Start\": Tobias Fünke settles on The Seven Year Itch/Marilyn Monroe style of bed sheets\n The Beverly Hillbillies: \"The Clampetts Go Hollywood\", Elly May glams up as Monroe", "The Beverly Hillbillies: \"The Clampetts Go Hollywood\", Elly May glams up as Monroe\n Bewitched: \"The Catnapper\", Endora tells Samantha that her \"mortal roommate seems to be getting \"the seven-year-itch\" five years early when he begins working nights\"\n Blonde: a partially fictionalized account of Monroe's life\n Brides of Beverly Hills: \"Zahava Marks\", A Marilyn Monroe impersonator finds a wedding dress fit for an old Hollywood sex symbol", "Brooklyn Nine-Nine: \"The Therapist\", Charles Boyle says that \"The painting in the bathroom of Jesus standing over a vent with his robe blowing up like Marilyn Monroe?\"\n Cagney & Lacey: \"Jane Doe #37\", a girl Cagney and Lacey arrest gives her name as \"Norma Jeane Baker\", the name Monroe was known as growing up\n The Celebrity Look-Alike Show: In this special from 2003, a female audience member is dressed like Monroe.\n The Chase:", "The Chase: \n (Christmas Special) Anne Hegerty (a.k.a. \"The Governess\") dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch.\n (Impersonators): Monroe look-a-like Suzie Kennedy is a contestant on an episode.\n Children in Need \"2007\": Wendi Peters performed a version of Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes by adding \"I Am a Material Girl\" halfway through, then returning to the normal song.\n Clone High: Monroe hangs out at The Grassy Knoll with Nostradamus", "Clone High: Monroe hangs out at The Grassy Knoll with Nostradamus\n Combination Lock: In the pilot, it briefly mentions about \"Marilyn Monroe's Appointment Book\" where it was purchased at the website Goldenpalace.com where the contestant couples would match the item with its purchase price in thousands of dollars (SPOILER ALERT: The answer to that question, in particular, was in fact \"11\" as it was sold online for $11,000).\n Crazy Ex-Girlfriend:", "Crazy Ex-Girlfriend:\n \"All Signs Point To Josh...or Is It Josh's Friend?\", Rebecca Bunch in a blue dress and gloves sings in the music video \"The Math of Love Triangle\" is a paid homage to Monroe's Diamond's Are a Girl's Best Friend from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes\n \"I Need to Find My Frenemy\", \"The Math of Love Quadrangles\" is a reprise version of \"The Math of Love Triangles\" which itself is a parody of Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes", "Criminal Minds: \"Reflections of Desire\", Garcia quotes Monroe\n The Critic:\n \"Marathon Mensch\", Jay imagines himself as a Monroe impersonator aping the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n \"LA Jay\", a transvestite in a white dress offers to stand over a grate like Monroe in The Seven Year Itch\n Designing Women: \"Hard Hats and Lovers\", Charlene dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch at a country club masquerade ball", "Desperate Housewives: \"Excited and Scared\", Renée dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch for Halloween; Lee also dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch as well\n Dexter's Laboratory: \"Blonde Leading the Blonde\", Dexter apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n Dice: \"The Trial\", After being cast as James Monroe in a musical, Dice announces to Carmen: \"You are talking to President Marilyn Monroe\"\n Doctor Who: \"A Christmas Carol\", The 11th Doctor (Matt Smith) becomes engaged to Monroe", "Doctor Who: \"A Christmas Carol\", The 11th Doctor (Matt Smith) becomes engaged to Monroe\n Drunk History: \"Legends\", Monroe and Ella Fitzgerald form a lasting friendship\n El gran juego de la oca: The Oquettes ape Monroe from The Seven Year Itch.\n Elvis: Elvis tells his mother she is more beautiful than Monroe\n The Ernie Kovacs Show: Edie Adams regularly aped Monroe\n Family Guy: \"Mom's the Word\", Evelyn apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch", "Family Guy: \"Mom's the Word\", Evelyn apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n Family Ties: \"I Know Jennifer's Boyfriend\", a poster of The Seven Year Itch is seen in the Keaton's house during Jennifer's 1950s-themed birthday party\n Farscape: \"Revenging Angel\", an animated version of Aeryn Sun briefly transforms into Marilyn Monroe from The Seven Year Itch", "Feud: Bette and Joan: \"Pilot\", Monroe (played by Alisha Soper) makes a guest appearance on the first episode of the show as she accepts a Golden Globe award in 1960 for the classic romantic comedy film Some Like It Hot.\n Finding Marilyn: An undeveloped reality series emulating Monroe's journey to stardom, twelve young actresses travel to Los Angeles by competing for the chance to become the next Hollywood \"it\" girl.", "48 Hours Mystery: \"The Marilyn Tapes\": Peter Van Sant reports on new documents and interviews about the night Marilyn Monroe died.\n Frasier: \"Room Full of Heroes\", Martin, as Joe DiMaggio, references Monroe; Daphne, as Elton John, references \"Candle in the Wind\"\n Full House: \"Mad Money\", Jesse brings home a Monroe impersonator\n Futurama:\n \"I Dated a Robot\", a teenager makes out with \"Marilyn Monrobot\"\n \"Attack of the Killer App\", Monroe's dress blowing up scene is spoofed", "\"Attack of the Killer App\", Monroe's dress blowing up scene is spoofed\n \"The Mutants Are Revolting\", a girl's dress blows upward like Monroe in The Seven Year Itch\n Gilligan's Island: \"The Producer\", Ginger glams up as Monroe\n Gilmore Girls: \"Red Light on the Wedding Night\", a waiter at the club Lorelai has her bachelorette party is dressed as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch\n The Girls Next Door:", "The Girls Next Door:\n \"Mutiny on the Booty\", Holly Madison is having a photoshoot that was inspired by Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and even later watches the film because of it\n \"Family Affair\", The late Hugh Hefner, Holly Madison and the dog are in bed watching a scene from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes", "Glee: \"Girls (and Boys) on Film\", Marley Rose and Wade \"Unique\" Adams with The New Directions Girls sings Diamond's are a Girl's Best Friend from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes along with a mashup of Material Girl by Madonna\n The Golden Girls: \"Letters to Gorbachev\", Blanche apes \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" to Mikhail Gorbachev", "Gossip Girl: \"G.G.\", Serena van der Woodsen dresses as Monroe from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes including Blair Waldorf dressing like Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly from Breakfast at Tiffany's in a dream sequence as part of the show's 100th episode\n Growing Pains: \n\"Happy Halloween: Part 2\", a character dresses as Monroe\n\"Carol's Carnival\", Carol Seaver (Tracey Gold) dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch as a vent from below blows her dress up like the famous scene", "Happy Endings: \"Spooky Endings\", Alex dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch for a Halloween party\n Hart of Dixie: \"Walkin' After Midnight\", Lemon dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch for a Halloween party\n Here Comes Honey Boo Boo: \"A Very Boo Halloween\", Mama June (a.k.a. June Shannon) dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch in the episode from 2013", "Hey Arnold!: \"The Beeper Queen\", Helga Pataki's mother Miriam sings \"Beepers Are a Girl's Best Friend\" as a parody of \"Diamond's Are a Girl's Best Friend\" from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes in a commercial for Big Bob's Beepers\n The Honeymooners: \"A Woman's Work Is Never Done\", Ralph references Monroe\n I Love Lucy: \"Ricky's Movie Offer\", Lucy and Ethel think Ricky's script has a Monroe-type part, and ask Fred which one of them looks like her; Lucy glams up as Monroe", "Inside the NBA: Monroe sings \"Happy Birthday\" to Charles Barkley who turned 55 years old\n Introducing Dorothy Dandridge: In one scene, Earl Mills discovers Dandridge under a piano along with two other rising stars Ava Gardner and Marilyn Monroe\n It's a Living: \"Her Back to the Future\", Dot dresses like Monroe from The Seven Year Itch during Nancy's dream\n It's Worth What?: A Marilyn Monroe impersonator wearing white gloves makes an appearance", "It's Worth What?: A Marilyn Monroe impersonator wearing white gloves makes an appearance\n I've Got a Secret: \"November 11, 1953\", Gene Scanlon had a date with Marilyn Monroe (as she actually paid for the tab)\n The Jack Benny Program: \"September 13, 1953\", Monroe makes her first television appearance in the skit called \"Honolulu Trip\".\n Jessie: \"Ghost Bummer\", Jessie dresses as Monroe for Halloween", "Jessie: \"Ghost Bummer\", Jessie dresses as Monroe for Halloween\n Keeping Up with the Kardashians: \"Paparazzi & Papas\", Khloé asks her grandmother's prospective dates if they like Monroe\n The Kennedys: Monroe is obsessed with John F. Kennedy in the days leading up to her suicide but is warned against blackmailing him.\n Last Man Standing: \"Adrenaline\", Mike references Monroe on his Webcast", "Last Man Standing: \"Adrenaline\", Mike references Monroe on his Webcast\n Law & Order: Criminal Intent: \"Bombshell\", a prescription bottle found by Logan and Wheeler is made out to Monroe's birth name, Norma Mortensen; Merritt references Monroe\n DC's Legends of Tomorrow:\n \"Legends of To-Meow-Meow\", Magical fugitive Charlie impersonates Monroe\n \"Terms of Service\", Magical fugitive Charlie impersonates Monroe", "\"Terms of Service\", Magical fugitive Charlie impersonates Monroe\n Lethal Weapon (TV series): \"Fools Rush In\", A Monroe look a like personality is wearing the famous white dress from The Seven Year Itch\n Le Juste Prix (Belgium): Host Michaël Dufour dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch.\n Let's Sing and Dance: Rosemary Shrager and Kim Woodburn performed Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes in 2013\n Love, Marilyn", "Love, Marilyn\n Lucifer: \"Lucifer, Stay. Good Devil\", Monroe's white dress is seen.\n Mad Men:\n \"Maidenform\", Monroe and Jackie Kennedy inspire the agency's campaign for Playtex\n \"Six Month Leave\", Monroe's death affects Hollis, Joan, and the office girls\n Marilyn & Bobby: Her Final Affair\n The Marilyn Files: A two-hour live television special that aired on KTLA in 1992 hosted by Bill Bixby and Jane Wallace, where it reports that actress Marilyn Monroe was actually murdered when she died 30 years ago.", "Marilyn and Me\n Marilyn Monroe: The Final Days\n Marilyn, Misunderstood: A documentary (narrated by Kim Cattrall) tells the story of the other \"Marilyn\", a woman who didn't suddenly wake up and become the biggest star in the world.\n Marilyn: The Untold Story\n Married... with Children: \"It's a Bundyful Life\", Al asks his guardian angel if Monroe is laughing at him because he caved to Peg's demand that he toss his Playboys", "M*A*S*H: \"Bombshells\", Hawkeye and Charles start a rumor that Monroe is coming to the 4077 to thank the staff for caring for her cousin\n The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel: \"Maisel vs. Lennon: The Cut Contest\", a poster headline that says \"Marilyn Weds Joe Dimaggio\" can be seen on a wall at an office.\n Merrie Melodies: \"Knight-mare Hare\", as Bugs Bunny goes to another castle, he meets the residence of a warlock (or wizard) named Merlin of Monroe his name, in particular, is a pun on Marilyn Monroe", "Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles: \"The One with the 7-Foot Marilyn\", Swedish, New York real estate broker Fredrik Eklund goes all out on an iconic Marilyn Monroe costume (ala Gentlemen Prefer Blondes-style) for an open house party at his new $50 million Los Feliz property\n Modern Family: \"Good Grief\", Gloria Pritchett(Sofia Vergara) is dressed as Monroe from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes in a Halloween episode", "Movies Rock: Nicole Scherzinger performed a version of Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes which paid tribute to the strong relationship between film and music\n Mr. Belvedere: \"Mumsy\", Kevin Owens has a movie poster of The Seven Year Itch hanging on the wall in his apartment", "Mr. Show with Bob and David: \"If You're Going to Write a Comedy Scene, You're Going to Have Some Rat Feces in There\", In the skit \"Van Hammersly\"(Bob Odenkirk), one of his billiard balls is named after Marilyn Monroe along with mentioning one of her most famous films The Seven Year Itch.\n The Muppets Go to the Movies: Miss Piggy performs the song \"Heatwave\" in a costume reminiscent of the one worn by Monroe in There's No Business like Show Business\n The Muppet Show:", "The Muppet Show:\n \"Season 1, Episode 20\", Valerie Harper donning a short blonde wig and brown dress briefly does an impression of Monroe during her opening number Broadway Baby\n \"Season 4, Episode 23\", Miss Piggy and Carol Channing sing Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes as the closing number\n Muppets Tonight: \"Season 1, Episode 9\", Miss Piggy and Whoopi Goldberg sing Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes as the closing number\n The Name's the Same:", "The Name's the Same:\n \"September 3, 1952\", a celebrity guest Johnny Mercer wants to be Marilyn Monroe\n \"November 19, 1952\", a contestant's actual name is Marilyn Monroe\n \"January 12, 1954\", two contestants' actual names are Marilyn Monroe and Joe DiMaggio\n \"June 22, 1954\", Van Johnson's \"secret wish\" is for Monroe to sit on his lap\n \"August 31, 1954\", Charles Coburn's \"secret wish\" is to dance the rumba with Monroe as he did in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes\n NCIS:", "NCIS:\n \"Kill Ari, Part 1\", DiNozzo has Caitlin imitate the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch in his fantasy\n \"Minimum Security\", Ducky tells Abby his mother wears nothing to bed but Chanel No. 5 ever since Monroe said it's the only thing she wears to bed\n \"Witch Hunt\", Abby dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch for Halloween\n The Next Best Thing: Who is the Greatest Celebrity Impersonator?: A celebrity impersonator named Jodi Fleisher impersonates Marilyn Monroe\n Norma Jean & Marilyn", "Norma Jean & Marilyn\n The Norm Show: \"Norm vs. Fear\", a girl dressed up like Monroe's character from The Seven Year Itch fixing a light as Taylor Clayton (Nikki Cox) shuts the door\n Nip/Tuck: \"Joyce & Sharon Monroe\", two Monroe Look-alikes want to look more like her\n One Tree Hill: \"Pictures of You\", Brooke Davis impersonates Monroe for a class assignment\n Parenthood (TV series): \"Opening Night\", Sydney Graham is dressed as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch", "The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show: Cindy Curbstone is patterned after Monroe.\n Person to Person: Monroe gets interviewed by Edward R. Murrow in an episode that aired on April 8, 1955\n Phil Spector: Spector speculates on Monroe's death during his first meeting with Linda Kenney Baden\n Press Your Luck (Tormarken): Monroe's original nickname is mentioned as a question.", "Press Your Luck (Tormarken): Monroe's original nickname is mentioned as a question.\n The Pretender: \"Curious Jarod\", Jarod reviews a Simulation of the night of Monroe's death in which his younger self speculates as if \"Norma Jean\" or \"Marilyn\" was possibly murdered and why\n Pretty Little Liars: \"This Is a Dark Ride\", Hannah Marin dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch in a Halloween episode", "The Price Is Right (1972): Former model (a.k.a. Barker's Beauty) Dian Parkinson dresses as Monroe during the showcase segment.\n Quantum Leap: \"Good Bye Norma Jean\" (Season 5) : Sam jumps into the body of Marilyn Monroe's chauffeur.\n Red Dwarf: \"Meltdown\": The crew find themselves on Wax-World, a theme park inhabited by wax-droids of famous real-life and fictional characters in human history, including Monroe (played by Pauline Bailey).", "Reframed: Marilyn Monroe: A four-part documentary series that revisits the extraordinary story of a girl who sprang from nowhere to become the most famous woman in the world, narrated by Jessica Chastain.\n Saturday Night Live:\n Mary Gross as Monroe (Season 7, Episode 3)\n Teri Garr as Monroe (Season 9, Episode 5)\n Madonna as Monroe (Season 11, Episode 1)\n Charlize Theron as Monroe with Jimmy Fallon as Joe DiMaggio (Season 26, Episode 4)", "Charlize Theron as Monroe with Jimmy Fallon as Joe DiMaggio (Season 26, Episode 4)\n Abby Elliott as Monroe with Helen Mirren as Eleanor Roosevelt (Season 36, Episode 19)\n Nasim Pedrad as Monroe in an SNL Digital Short (Season 37, Episode 9)\n Chloe Fineman as Monroe in Blonde skit (Season 48, Episode 2)\n Scandalous: The Death of Marilyn Monroe\n Scrubs: \"My Tormented Mentor\", in one of the fantasy sequences; the male surgeons briefly dream that Dr. Grace Miller (Bellamy Young) is Monroe", "The Secret Life of Marilyn Monroe: a TV mini-series where it chronicles Monroe's family life, her relationship with her mother Gladys Pearl Baker and how she succeeded in hiding her most intimate secrets from the press and an invasive world.\n Semi-Homemade Cooking: Host/Chef Sandra Lee is dressed as Monroe fromGentlemen Prefer Blondes in a Halloween episode (Season 9, Episode 7)\n Seinfeld: \"The Note\", George references Monroe after Kramer claims he saw Joe DiMaggio at Dinky Donuts", "Sheep in the Big City: \"Be Still My Bleating Heart\", Sheep's wool briefly goes up in a Marilyn Monroe-like pose while standing over a subway vent\n She's Out (Episode 1): Connie Stephens (Zoe Heyes) sings a part of \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes as she dances in the mirror to it. Stephens bears a resemblance to Monroe and also states that she was an inspiration to her.", "Since You've Been Gone: According to the intro of this special from 2000, it claims that an exclusive sprawling Palm Springs estate was once used by Monroe.\n Sing Your Face Off (Week 6): Former soap opera actress Lisa Rinna dressed as Monroe from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes in an episode\n The Simpsons:\n \"The Homer They Fall\", a picture of Monroe is on a jacket\n \"Rosebud\", Smithers imagines Mr. Burns singing \"Happy Birthday to You\" to him à la \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\"", "a slide photo of Mr. Burns shows him aping the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch\n \"Thirty Minutes over Tokyo\" features a Monroe robot\n \"Treehouse of Horror XIV\", Professor Frink tells Bart and Lisa his father \"worked on the atom bomb by day, slept with Marilyn Monroe by night, and sold secrets to the Russians at lunch\"\n Moe apes the \"subway grate\" pose from The Seven Year Itch on Disk 4 of the Season 6 DVD set menu\n Dr. Marvin Monroe's original first name was Marilyn", "Dr. Marvin Monroe's original first name was Marilyn\n Smash: Main plot concerns the planning of a Broadway musical about Monroe\n Sordid Lives: The Series: \"The Fall and Rise of Brother Boy\", Ty is shown Monroe's ukulele from Some Like It Hot.\n Split Personality: Monroe was the subject in round 2.", "Split Personality: Monroe was the subject in round 2.\n SpongeBob SquarePants: \"My Leg!\", Fred Rechid (a.k.a. Fred the Fish) briefly parodies the subway grate scene from The Seven Year Itch behind a jewelry store along with saying \"my leg!\" in a sultry voice during a montage.\n The Starlet: Ten aspiring actresses live together in a house once owned by Monroe.\n Studio 10: a person dresses as Monroe from The Seven Year Itch in order to celebrate the show's 500th episode in 2015.", "30 Rock: \"The One with the Cast of Night Court\", Claire Harper (Jennifer Aniston) sings a sexy rendition of \"Happy Birthday\" to Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) an illusion to Marilyn Monroe's performance to John F. Kennedy's birthday.\n Time Machine: a pic of Monroe on the cover of a December 1953 issue of Playboy magazine along with a still of her from the classic film The Seven Year Itch can briefly be seen during the opening credits during the second season format of the show.", "Trivia Trap: A pic of Monroe can briefly be seen flying during the first season opening credits.\n T.J. Hooker: \"Target: Hooker\", a male drag performer impersonates Monroe.\n Tosh.0: \"Boy in Black Face\", a little girl dresses as Monroe in a spoof of The Seven Year Itch.\n To Tell the Truth:\n \"April 7, 1967\", Monroe's first husband James Dougherty appears as a \"central character\" in this episode.", "\"November 1990\", Monroe impersonator Jimmy James appears as a \"central character\" in this episode along with singing his version of \"I want to be loved by you\".\n Two and a Half Men: \"Untainted by Filth\", Charlie has a flashback of drunken Alan in a blonde wig singing \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" à la Monroe.\n Warehouse 13: \"Love Sick\", Monroe's hairbrush turns hair platinum blonde when used\n What's My Line?:\n \"January 3, 1954\", Art Gaisor sells Marilyn Monroe Calendars", "What's My Line?:\n \"January 3, 1954\", Art Gaisor sells Marilyn Monroe Calendars\n \"September 12, 1954\", Natasha Lytess (as Miss Tala Forman) is Marilyn Monroe's Drama Coach\n \"September 18, 1955\", Monroe's former husband Joe Dimaggio appears as a mystery guest\n \"June 12, 1955\", Tom Ewell appears as a mystery guest and promotes the film The Seven Year Itch\n \"July 1, 1956\", Judge Seymour Rabinowitz married both Marilyn Monroe and Arthur Miller", "\"July 1, 1956\", Judge Seymour Rabinowitz married both Marilyn Monroe and Arthur Miller\n \"August 21, 1960\", mystery guest Buddy Hackett signs in as \"Marilyn Monroe\" (however, it was written as \"Maralyn Monroe\")\n WKRP in Cincinnati: \n \"Commercial Break\", Jennifer Marlowe (Loni Anderson) sings \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" to Herb Tarlek (Frank Bonner).\n \"Filthy Pictures: Part 1\", D. Arnold Gonzer (George Wyner) says \"It's like those Marilyn Monroe pictures. Playboy built an empire on those\".", "Your Face Sounds Familiar: some international versions features female stars dressing up as Monroe from Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.\n Zoey 101: \"Haunted House\", Zoey dresses as Monroe for Halloween", "Theater\n\nBy Arthur Miller, Monroe's third husband:\n After the Fall (1964) – The play and its main characters, Maggie and Quentin, are based on Monroe and Miller and their marriage\n Finishing the Picture (2004) – The play is based on Miller's experiences of making The Misfits (1961), with Kay being based on Monroe", "Plays and musicals based on Monroe's life or with Monroe as a central character:\n Marilyn (1975) by Adam Darius\n Insignificance (1982) by Terry Johnson: The Actress is based on Monroe\n Marilyn! the Musical (1983) by Jacques Wilson and Mort Garson\n Marilyn: An American Fable (1983)\n Strawhead (1986) by Norman Mailer and Richard Hannum\n Miss Golden Dreams (2001) by Joyce Carol Oates\n Marilyn Forever Blonde (2007)\n Marilyn and Ella (2008) by Bonnie Greer", "Marilyn Forever Blonde (2007)\n Marilyn and Ella (2008) by Bonnie Greer\n Marilyn's 2nd Chance (2009), and Marilyn Monroe, My Secret (2013) by Willard Manus\n Norma Jeane: The Musical (2013): songs written by Jay Aston\n The Only Light in Reno (2014) by Topher Payne\n Marilyn: My Secret with Erin Gavin as Monroe in the first run (2015)\nPlays and musicals with Monroe as a minor character or referenced to:", "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (1955): Monroe's lookalike Jayne Mansfield plays a dumb actress who starts her own production company. Prior to the play's production and premiere, Monroe had told Milton Greene about her grievances with 20th Century Fox, with Greene suggesting that they start their own production company. Announcing its foundation in a press conference in January 1955, Monroe had stated that she was \"tired of the same old sex roles. I want to do better things. People have scope, you know", ". I want to do better things. People have scope, you know.\" She had asserted that she was no longer under contract to Fox, as the studio had not fulfilled its duties, such as paying her the promised bonus for The Seven Year Itch. This would begin a year-long legal battle between her and the studio, that saw her being ridiculed by the press and by this play, Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?, which was written by The Seven Year Itch writer George Axelrod.", "Blood Brothers (1983): three songs called \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n Wilhelm Reich in Hell (1987) by Robert Anton Wilson: Monroe is a character\n Nobody Dies on Friday (1998) by Robert Brustein: About Lee Strasberg and the Actors Studio, with Monroe as a supporting character", "Video games\n Bernard of Hollywood's Marilyn: A biography game for the PC CD-Rom\n Bill & Ted's Excellent Video Game Adventure: A pic of Monroe can be seen in a phone book with the numbers 555–1155 in blue and the numbers 555–1764 in red\n Bugs Bunny: Lost in Time: A sorcerer named Merlin Munroe is a pun on Marilyn Monroe\n Discworld II: Mortality Bytes!: The Milkmaid (a Marilyn Monroe look a like) stands on a grate as her dress billows up", "Double Dragon V: The Shadow Falls: An undead skeleton character named Bones has one of his likes in Marrowlyn Monroe, a parody of her name.\nThe Sims: Monroe was only from Superstar expansion pack her reference from Gentelmen Prefer Blondes.\n Final Fight Revenge: Poison in a light pink dress apes the Marilyn Monroe pose from The Seven Year Itch.\n Gigi: The girl on the backglass cover is supposed to resemble Marilyn Monroe", "Gigi: The girl on the backglass cover is supposed to resemble Marilyn Monroe\n Hard Evidence: The Marilyn Monroe Files: Four characters (the cop, the lawyer, the coroner and the investigative reporter) try to investigate her tragic death from a different angle to get to the truth.", "Hisshou Pachinko *Pachi-Slot Kouryoku Series Vol 3: CR Marilyn Monroe: Translated as Winning Pachinko Mari ly N Monroe, a virtually marine-themed paci-slot game, features Monroe. A PlayStation 2 version was released under the title CR Marilyn Monroe.\n Shinobi (1987): Posters of Monroe can be found plastered on a wall in the second third of the first level.", "Taxi (pinball game) (1988): A blonde Marilyn Monroe-like image in a red dress can be seen as a taxi passenger in both the backglass and playfield. But due to copyright infringement at the time, she was later changed to a brunette woman named Lola\n Jigoku no Renshuu: Translated as Hell of Exercises, Monroe wearing a white choker makes an appearance in the game\n The Joker's Wild (1994): A Marilyn Monroe-type personality photo can be seen in the category \"Sex Symbols\".", "Kantai Collection: 's standard pose of pushing her skirt down as it's blown upward by wind is inspired by a famous and iconic pose by Marilyn Monroe, taken from the movie The Seven Year Itch.\n Yo-kai Watch 2: An in-game version of Marilyn Monroe called \"Mary Ronmo\", who starred in the movie \"Gentlemen Endure Prawns\", a spoof of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. A sidequest involves finding her famous red dress, which she wore in a scene in which her dress was blown upwards.", "See also\n Marilyn Monroe filmography\n\nReferences\n\nWorks cited\n\nExternal links\n Tate Collection, Marilyn Diptych by Andy Warhol \n Hefner to be Buried With Monroe June 24, 2007\n \"A New Marilyn Monroe Script Helps Plot 'Augmented Reality'\" Investor's Business Daily via finance.yahoo.com February 19, 2010\n\nMonroe, Marilyn\nPopular Culture" ]

[ "The Senkaku Islands dispute, or Diaoyu Islands dispute, is a territorial dispute over a group of uninhabited islands known as the Senkaku Islands in Japan, the Diaoyu Islands in the People's Republic of China (PRC), and Tiaoyutai Islands in the Republic of China (ROC or Taiwan). Aside from a 1945 to 1972 period of administration by the United States as part of the Ryukyu Islands, the archipelago has been controlled by Japan since 1895", ". According to Lee Seokwoo, the People's Republic of China (PRC) started taking up the question of sovereignty over the islands in the latter half of 1970 when evidence relating to the existence of oil reserves surfaced. Taiwan (the Republic of China; ROC) also claims the islands. The territory is close to key shipping lanes and rich fishing grounds, and there may be oil reserves in the area.", "Japan argues that it surveyed the islands in the late 19th century and found them to be terra nullius (Latin: land belonging to no one); subsequently, China acquiesced to Japanese sovereignty until the 1970s. The PRC and the ROC argue that documentary evidence prior to the First Sino-Japanese War indicates Chinese possession and that the territory is accordingly a Japanese seizure that should be returned as the rest of Imperial Japan's conquests were returned in 1945.", "The islands are included within the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan, meaning that a defense of the islands by Japan would require the United States to come to Japan's aid.", "In September 2012, the Japanese government purchased three of the disputed islands from their private owner, prompting large-scale protests in China. Although Japan viewed its move as an attempt to defeat Tokyo governor Shintaro Ishihara's more provocative attempt to buy the islands to develop infrastructure on them, the Chinese side viewed the purchase as an effort by Japan to bring the islands under Japanese sovereignty", ". As of early February 2013, the situation has been regarded as \"the most serious for Sino-Japanese relations in the post-war period in terms of the risk of militarised conflict.\"", "On 23 November 2013, the PRC set up the \"East China Sea Air Defense Identification Zone\" which includes the Senkaku Islands, and announced that it would require all aircraft entering the zone to file a flight plan and submit radio frequency or transponder information.\n\nIslands", "Islands\n\nThe Senkaku Islands are located in the East China Sea between Japan, the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of China (Taiwan). The archipelago contains five uninhabited islands and three barren rocks, ranging in size from 800 m2 to 4.32 km2.", "Fishing rights\nThe issue of sovereignty has been carefully circumvented in bilateral fishing agreements. In the 1997 fishing agreement, the Senkaku Islands were officially excluded from China's exclusive economic zone, but in a letter of intent Japan explained that Japan would not prevent Chinese boats from fishing there. Some Chinese sources have subsequently argued that this letter constitutes a waiver of Japan's claim to exclusive fishing rights.", "In 2014, Taiwan (ROC) and Japan came to an agreement on fishing in the waters around the islands.\n\nTerritorial dispute\n\nBeginnings\n\nFollowing the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government formally annexed what was known as the Ryukyu Kingdom as Okinawa Prefecture in 1879. The Senkaku Islands, which lay between the Ryukyu Kingdom and the Qing empire, became the Sino-Japanese boundary for the first time.", "In 1885, the Japanese Governor of Okinawa Prefecture, Nishimura Sutezo, petitioned the Meiji government, asking that it take formal control of the islands. However, Inoue Kaoru, the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs, commented that the islands lay near to the border area with the Qing empire and that they had been given Chinese names. He also cited an article in a Chinese newspaper that had previously claimed that Japan was occupying islands off China's coast", ". Inoue was concerned that if Japan proceeded to erect a landmark stating its claim to the islands, it would make the Qing empire suspicious. Following Inoue's advice, Yamagata Aritomo, the Minister of the Interior, turned down the request to incorporate the islands, insisting that this matter should not be \"revealed to the news media\".", "On 14 January 1895, during the First Sino-Japanese War, Japan incorporated the islands under the administration of Okinawa, stating that it had conducted surveys since 1884 and that the islands were terra nullius, with there being no evidence to suggest that they had been under the Qing empire's control.", "After China lost the war, both countries signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki in April 1895 that stipulated, among other things, that China would cede to Japan \"the island of Formosa together with all islands appertaining or belonging to said island of Formosa (Taiwan)\", but yet the treaty does not clearly define the geographical limits of the island of Formosa and the islands appertaining or belonging to Formosa ceded to Japan", ". The treaty was superseded by the Treaty of San Francisco, which was signed between Japan and part of the Allied Powers in 1951 after Japan lost the Second World War.", "In the treaty of San Francisco, Japan explicitly relinquished the control of Taiwan/Formosa together with all islands appertaining or belonging to it. There is a disagreement between the Japanese, PRC and ROC governments as to whether the islands are implied to be part of the \"islands appertaining or belonging to said island of Formosa\" in the Treaty of Shimonoseki", ". Mainland China and Taiwan both dispute the Japanese claim by citing Yamagata Aritomo's reasons and decisions to turn down the request to incorporate the islands in 1885.", "Both PRC and ROC asserted sovereignty over the islands. Japan points out that the islands were placed under the administration of the United States of America as part of the Ryukyu Islands, in accordance with Article III of the said treaty and China expressed no objection to the status of the Islands being under the administration of the United States under Article III of the San Francisco Peace Treaty", ". The Japanese government points out that \"the Treaty of Shimonoseki does not clearly define the geographical limits of the island of Formosa and the islands appertaining or belonging to Formosa ceded to Japan by the Qing Dynasty of China, nothing in the negotiation history (or otherwise) supports the interpretation that the Senkaku Islands are included in the island of Formosa and the islands appertaining or belonging to it in Article 2b of the Treaty", ",\" and had \"incorporated the Senkaku Islands into Okinawa Prefecture before the treaty was signed", ".\"", "In 1972, the United States ended its occupation of Okinawa and the Ryukyu Island chain, which included the Senkaku Islands. Although the United States transferred administration of the islands to Japan as part of Okinawa, it did not take a position on the question of who their sovereign was.", "Korean academic Lee Seokwoo notes that \"The significance of subsequent acts and behaviour of the interested parties is dependent upon the determination of the applicable critical date, which is defined as 'the date by reference to which a territorial dispute must be deemed to have crystallized,' since the outcome of this dispute will be fundamentally different depending on whether the critical date is January 1895, as claimed by Chinese side, when Japan incorporated Senkaku Islands into Japanese territory", ", as claimed by Chinese side, when Japan incorporated Senkaku Islands into Japanese territory, or February 1971 in the case of Taiwan, or December 1971 in the case of China, when Japan made known its official standpoint with the signing of the Okinawa Reversion Treaty, as claimed by Japan", ".\"", "He concluded \"... Accordingly, and having regard to the various factual and legal issues explored above, one is inclined to conclude that Japan has a stronger claim to the disputed islands. In other words, the critical date in this case should be February 1971 (in the case of Taiwan) and December 1971 (in the case of China), as claimed by Japan", ". This is the more so that historical evidence relating to territorial disputes does not have its own value as history alone, but should be evaluated within the framework of international law on territorial acquisition and loss.\"", "People's Republic of China and Republic of China positions\n\nPre-1970s position", "Prior to the 1970s, neither the PRC nor ROC government made any official statements claiming sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands or disputing the sovereignty claims of other countries over it. Several maps, newspaper articles, and government documents from both countries after 1945 refer to the islands by their Japanese name, and some even explicitly recognize their status as Japanese territory", ". It was only the early 1970s that Chinese documents began to name them collectively as the Diaoyu Islands and as Chinese territory.", "The People's Daily, the organ of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), referred to the Senkaku Islands by the Japanese name \"Senkaku Shotō\" and described the islands were a part of (then) U.S.-occupied Ryukyu Islands. The article published on 8 January 1953 titled \"Battle of people in the Ryukyu Islands against the U.S. occupation\" wrote \"The Ryukyu Islands lie scattered on the sea between the Northeast of Taiwan of China and the Southwest of Kyushu, Japan", ". They consist of 7 groups of islands; the Senkaku Islands, the Sakishima Islands, the Daitō Islands, the Okinawa Islands, the Oshima Islands, the Tokara Islands and the Ōsumi Islands.\"", "A Chinese diplomatic draft written by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of PRC on 15 May 1950 referred to the Senkaku Islands by the Japanese names \"Senkaku shotō\" and \"Sentō Shosho\" and indicated Chinese recognition of the islands as part of the Ryukyu Islands. The 10-page document titled \"Draft outline on issues and arguments on parts concerning territories in the peace treaty with Japan\" says the Ryukyus \"consist of three parts—northern, central, and southern", ". The central part comprises the Okinawa Islands, whereas the southern part comprises the Miyako Islands and the Yaeyama Islands (Sentō Shosho).\" The parentheses appear in the original. It also says \"It should be studied whether the Senkaku Islands should be incorporated into Taiwan due to an extremely close distance,\" suggesting that the Chinese government did not consider the islands to be part of Taiwan", ". The passages leave no doubt that Beijing regarded the Senkaku Islands as part of the Ryukyu Islands as of 1950.", "There are many official maps published by both Chinas after 1945 that support they did not recognize their sovereignty over the islands and they recognized the islands as Japanese territory. The PRC has been cracking down on \"erroneous\" maps in both print and digital forms, and government agencies have handled 1,800 cases involving map irregularities and confiscated 750,000 maps since 2005", ". The National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation said \"as China is involved in several disputes with neighboring countries, it is vital to raise public awareness of the country's due territory.\"", "An atlas made by the Chinese State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (中国国家测绘总局) in 1969 apparently referred to the overall group of islands by the Japanese name \"Senkaku Guntō\" (尖閣群島). The name of Uotsuri Island, the westernmost island in the group, was written in the Japanese name \"Uotsuri-shima\" (魚釣島).", "From 1946 to 1971, the Taiwan Statistical Abstract published by the Taiwanese Provincial Government stated \"the easternmost point of Taiwan is Mianhua Islet and the northernmost point is Pengjia Islet\", excluding the Senkaku islands", ". In 1972, immediately after the Executive Yuan of the ROC announced that the islands belonged to Yilan County of Taiwan Province in December 1971, the description was revised and the points were extended to the Senkaku Islands: \"the easternmost point of Taiwan is Taishō-jima and the northernmost point is Kuba-jima.\"", "The Grand Atlas of the World Vol. 1 (世界地圖集第一冊 東亞諸國) published in October 1965 by the National Defense Research Academy (國防研究院) and the China Geological Research Institute of Taiwan records the Diaoyu Islands with Japanese names: Uotsuri-shima (Diaoyu Islands), Taishojima (Chiwei Island), and Senkaku Gunto in the \"Map of the Ryukyu Islands\". Taiwan and the Senkaku Gunto were clearly divided by a national border. The revised version in 1971, \"Senkaku Gunto\" was changed to the \"Tiaoyutai Islets\"", ". The revised version in 1971, \"Senkaku Gunto\" was changed to the \"Tiaoyutai Islets\". Furthermore, the national border was relocated to an area between the Daioyutai Islands and the Ryukyu Islands. However, in the English index, the name \"Senkaku Gunto\" remained unrevised.", "The National Atlas of China Vol. 1 published by the National War College of Taiwan did not include Diaoyutai Islands in the map of \"Taipei and Keelung\" in the first (1959), second (1963), or even third (1967) editions. However the fourth edition (1972) included an extra map of the \"Taio Yu Tai Islets\" as part of the ROC's territory in the upper left corner of the map of \"Taipei and Keelung\".", "A world atlas published in November 1958, by the Map Publishing Company of Beijing, treats the Senkaku Islands as a Japanese territory and described them in Japanese name Senkaku Guntō (Senkaku Islands) and Uotsuri-Jima,", "In the 1970 junior high school geography textbook published by the National Institute for Compilation and Translation of Taiwan, the Diaoyutai Islands were named Senkaku Gunto in the \"Physical Map of the Ryukyu Islands\". Senkaku Gunto and the Ryukyu Islands were clearly not included in the ROC's territory by the national border on the map. However, in the 1971 edition, Senkaku Gunto was renamed Diaoyutai Islands, and the ROC national border was redrawn so that the Diaoyutai Islands were included.", "Post-1970s position", "Although Chinese authorities did not assert claims to the islands while they were under US administration, formal claims were announced in 1971 when the US was preparing to end its administration", ". A 1968 academic survey undertaken by United Nations Economic Council for Asia and the Far East found possible oil reserves in the area, which many believe explains the emergence of Chinese claims, a suggestion confirmed by statements made on the diplomatic records of the Japan-China Summit Meeting by Premier Zhou Enlai in 1972", ". However, supporters of China's claim that the sovereignty dispute is a legacy of Japanese imperialism and that China's failure to secure the territory following Japan's military defeat in 1945 was due to the complexities of the Chinese Civil War in which the Kuomintang (KMT) were forced off the mainland to Taiwan in 1949 by the Chinese Communist Party", ". Both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) respectively separately claim sovereignty based on arguments that include the following points:", "Discovery and early recording in maps and travelogues.\n The islands being China's frontier off-shore defence against wokou (Japanese pirates) during the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368–1911). \n A Chinese map of Asia, as well as the Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu map compiled by Japanese cartographer Hayashi Shihei in the 18th century, showing the islands as a part of China.", "Japan taking control of the islands in 1895 at the same time as the First Sino-Japanese War was happening. Furthermore, correspondence between Foreign Minister Inoue and Interior Minister Yamagata in 1885, warned against the erection of national markers and developing their land to avoid Qing Dynasty suspicions.", "The Potsdam Declaration stating that \"Japanese sovereignty shall be limited to the islands of Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū, Shikoku and such minor islands as we determine\", and \"we\" referred to the victors of the Second World War who met at Potsdam and Japan's acceptance of the terms of the Declaration when it surrendered.\n China's formal protest of the 1971 US transfer of control to Japan.", "According to Chinese claims, the islands were known to China since at least 1372, had been repeatedly referred to as part of Chinese territory since 1534, and were later controlled by the Qing dynasty along with Taiwan. The earliest written record of Diaoyutai dates back to 1403 in a Chinese book Voyage with the Tail Wind (:zh:順風相送), which recorded the names of the islands that voyagers had passed on a trip from Fujian to the Ryukyu Kingdom.", "By 1534, all the major islets of the island group were identified and named in the book Record of the Imperial Envoy's Visit to Ryukyu (使琉球錄). and were the Ming dynasty's (16th-century) sea-defense frontier. One of the islands, Chihweiyu, marked the boundary of the Ryukyu Islands. This is viewed by the PRC and ROC as meaning that these islands did not belong to the Ryukyu Islands.", "The First Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1894 and after the Qing dynasty of China lost the war, both countries signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki on 17 April 1895. In Article 2(b) the Treaty stated that \"the island of Formosa, together with all islands appertaining or belonging to the said island of Formosa\" should be ceded to Japan", ". Although the Treaty did not specifically name every ceded island, the PRC and ROC argue that Japan did not include the islands as part of Okinawa Prefecture prior to 1894, and that the eventual inclusion occurred only as a consequence of China's cession of Taiwan and the Pescadores to Japan after the Sino-Japanese War.", "The Japanese government argues that the islands were not ceded by this treaty. In 1884, issues relating to the islands had been officially discussed by the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs Inoue Kaoru and the Minister of the Interior Yamagata Aritomo before incorporating them in 1895. shortly before Japan's victory in the Sino-Japanese War. It is also claimed that Japanese references to these islands did not appear in governmental documents before 1884.", "The PRC and ROC governments claim that during negotiations with China over the Ryukyu Islands after the First Sino-Japanese War, the islands were not mentioned at all in a partition plan suggested by US ex-President Ulysses S. Grant. The lease of the islands in 1896 and subsequent purchase in 1930 by the Koga family were merely domestic arrangements made by the Japanese government which had no bearing on the legal status of the islands.", "According to PRC, Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek failed to protest American decisions with regard to the disposition of the islands because he depended on the US for support.", "In April 2012, Taiwan declined an invitation from the PRC to work together to resolve the territorial dispute with Japan. Mainland Affairs Council (MAC) Minister Lai Shin-yuan said, \"The ROC and Mainland China will not deal with the Tiaoyutai Islands disputes together. Mainland China said the two sides should solve these issues together, but that is not the approach we are taking because [Taiwan and Mainland China] already have sovereignty disputes. We insist on our sovereignty.\"", "Regarding Japan's argument about the 1953 People's Daily, Jin Canrong, a professor at Renmin University of China thinks that the article, which is anonymous, implies that Ryukyu Islands should be a sovereign state, also independent from Japan. Other Chinese commentators, including a government research institution run by a retired People's Armed Police general, extend the Chinese claim to the entire Ryukyu chain, including Okinawa", ". In June 2013, The New York Times described the Chinese campaign \"to question Japanese rule of [Okinawa and the Ryukyu] islands\" as \"semiofficial\", noting that \"almost all the voices in China pressing the Okinawa issue are affiliated in some way with the government.\"", "Japanese position\nThe stance given by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs is that the Senkaku Islands are clearly an inherent territory of Japan in light of historical facts and based upon international law, and the Senkaku Islands are under the valid control of Japan. They also state \"there exists no issue of territorial sovereignty to be resolved concerning the Senkaku Islands.\"\nThe following points are given:", "The following points are given:\n The islands had been uninhabited and showed no trace of having been under the control of China prior to 1895.\n The islands were neither part of Taiwan nor part of the Pescadores Islands, which were ceded to Japan by the Qing Dynasty of China in Article II of the May 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, thus were not later renounced by Japan under Article II of the San Francisco Peace Treaty.", "A resident of Okinawa Prefecture who had been engaging in activities such as fishery around the Senkaku Islands since around 1884 made an application for the lease of the islands, and approval was granted by the Meiji Government in 1896", ". After this approval, he sent a total of 248 workers to those islands and ran the following businesses: constructing piers, collecting bird feathers, manufacturing dried bonito, collecting coral, raising cattle, manufacturing canned goods and collecting mineral phosphate guano (bird manure for fuel use)", ". The fact that the Meiji Government gave approval concerning the use of the Senkaku Islands to an individual, who in turn was able to openly run these businesses mentioned above based on the approval, demonstrates Japan's valid control over the Islands.", "Though the islands were controlled by the United States as an occupying power between 1945 and 1972, Japan has since 1972 exercised administration over the islands.\n Japanese allege that Taiwan and China only started claiming ownership of the islands in 1971, following a May 1969 United Nations report that a large oil and gas reserve may exist under the seabed near the islands.", "The examples of Japanese valid control after the reversion to Japan of the administrative rights over Okinawa including the Senkaku Islands are as follows:\n Patrol and law enforcement. (e.g. law enforcement on illegal fishing by foreign fishing boats)\n Levying taxes on the owners of the Islands under private ownership. (in Kuba Island.)\n Management as state-owned land (in Taisho Island, Uotsuri Island, etc.)", "Management as state-owned land (in Taisho Island, Uotsuri Island, etc.)\n As for Kuba Island and Taisho Island, the Government of Japan has offered them to the United States since 1972 as facilities/districts in Japan under the Japan-U.S. Status of Forces Agreement.", "Researches by the Central Government and the Government of Okinawa Prefecture (e.g. Utilization and development research by Okinawa Development Agency (construction of temporary heliport, etc.) (1979), Fishery research by the Okinawa Prefecture (1981), Research on albatrosses commissioned by the Environment Agency (1994).).", "After the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government surveyed the islands in 1885, which found that the islands were terra nullius and that there was no evidence to suggest that they had ever been under Chinese control. At the time of this survey, however, Yamagata Aritomo, the minister of interior of the Meiji government, took a cautious approach and put off the request to incorporate the islands", ". The Government of Japan made a Cabinet Decision on 14 January 1895, to erect markers on the islands to formally incorporate the Senkaku Islands into the territory of Japan through the surveys conducted by the Government of Japan, it was confirmed that the Senkaku Islands had been not only uninhabited but also showed no trace of having been under the control of the Qing Dynasty of China.", "Japan claims that neither China nor Ryukyu had recognized sovereignty over the uninhabited islands. Therefore, they claim that Chinese documents only prove that Kumejima, the first inhabited island reached by the Chinese, belonged to Okinawa. Kentaro Serita (芹田 健太郎) of Kobe University points out that the official history book of the Ming Dynasty compiled during the Qing Dynasty, called the History of Ming (明史), describes Taiwan in its \"Biographies of Foreign Countries\" (外国列传) section", ". Thus, China did not control the Senkaku Islands or Taiwan during the Ming Dynasty.", "A record in August 1617 of Ming Shilu, the annals of Ming dynasty emperors, shows that China did not control the Senkaku Islands. According to the record, the head of the Chinese coast guard mentioned the names of islands, including one on the eastern edge of the Dongyin, Lienchiang, about 40 kilometers off the Chinese mainland, that was controlled by the Ming and said the ocean beyond the islands was free for China and any other nation to navigate", ". The Senkaku Islands are about 330 kilometers from the Chinese coast. This contradicts Beijing's claim that China have controlled Senkaku Islands since the Ming dynasty about 600 years ago and underlines Japan's position that they are an inherent part of this country's territory. An expert in international law, says \"We know the Ming had effective control only of the coastal area from other historical sources", ". What is remarkable about this finding is that a Chinese official made a clear statement along these lines to a Japanese envoy. This proves the Senkaku Islands were not controlled by the Ming.\"", "After a number of Chinese were rescued from a shipwreck in 1920, an official letter authored by the Chinese Consul Feng Mien (冯冕/馮冕) in Nagasaki on behalf of the Republic of China on 20 May 1921, made reference to \"Senkaku Islands, Yaeyama District, Okinawa Prefecture, the Empire of Japan\". The letter is on exhibition at Yaeyama museum.", "During a private visit 9 years after stepping down from office, former President of Republic of China, Lee Teng-hui, once said that the islands are part of Okinawa. During the 2012 China anti-Japanese demonstrations, on 13 September 2012, Lee remarked, \"The Senkaku Islands, no matter whether in the past, for now or in the future, certainly belong to Japan.\" In 2002, he also stated, \"The Senkaku Islands are the territory of Japan.\"", "American position\nOn 25 December 1953, U.S. Civil Administration of the Ryukyus Proclamation 27 (USCAR 27) set geographical boundaries of the Ryukyu Islands that included the Senkaku Islands. Moreover, during U.S. administration of the islands, the U.S. Navy built firing ranges on them and paid annual rent of $11,000 to Jinji Koga, son of the first Japanese settler of the islands.", "During the San Francisco Peace Treaty discussions, John Foster Dulles, chief U.S. delegate to the peace conference, set forth the concept that Japan had \"residual sovereignty\" over the Ryukyu Islands. According to an official analysis prepared by the U.S. Army, \"residual Sovereignty\" meant that \"the United States will not transfer its sovereign powers over the Ryukyu Islands to any nation other than Japan.\" In June 1957, President Eisenhower confirmed this at the U.S", ".\" In June 1957, President Eisenhower confirmed this at the U.S.-Japan summit meeting, telling Japanese Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi that \"residual sovereignty\" over the Ryukyus meant that \"the United States would exercise its rights for a period and that the sovereignty would then return to Japan.\" In March 1962, President John F", ".\" In March 1962, President John F. Kennedy stated in an Executive Order for the Ryukyus, \"I recognize the Ryukyus to be a part of the Japanese homeland and look forward to the day when the security interests of the Free World will permit their restoration to full Japanese sovereignty.\" Since there was no U.S. action to separate the Senkaku Islands from the Ryukyu, these applications of \"residual sovereignty\" appeared to include the Senkaku Islands.", "In the first quarter of 1971 U.S. officials became aware of and successfully opposed a Japanese proposal to set up a weather station on the islands.", "In May 1971, a report compiled by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency said \"[t]he Japanese claim to sovereignty over the Senkakus is strong, and the burden of proof of ownership would seem to fall on the Chinese\". The CIA also said in related documents that any dispute between Japan, China, and Taiwan over the islands would not have arisen, had it not been for the discovery around 1968 of potential oil reserves on the nearby continental shelf.", "On 7 June 1971, President Richard M. Nixon confirmed Japan's \"residual sovereignty\" over the Senkaku Islands just before a deal to return Okinawa Prefecture to Japan in a conversation with his national security adviser Henry Kissinger. Kissinger also told Nixon that \"these [Senkaku] islands stayed with Okinawa\" when Japan returned Taiwan to China after the end of World War II in 1945.", "The Nixon Administration removed the Senkakus from its inclusion in the concept of Japanese \"residual sovereignty\" in presenting the Okinawa Reversion Treaty to the U.S. Senate for ratification. On 20 October 1971, U.S. Secretary of State William Rogers sent a letter to U.S Congress", ". On 20 October 1971, U.S. Secretary of State William Rogers sent a letter to U.S Congress. In his letter, Acting Assistant Legal Adviser Robert Starr stated \"The United States believes that a return of administrative rights over those islands to Japan, from which the rights were received, can in no way prejudice any underlying claims", ". The United States cannot add to the legal rights Japan possessed before it transferred administration of the islands to us, nor can the United States, by giving back what it received, diminish the rights of other claimants... The United States has made no claim to the Senkaku Islands and considers that any conflicting claims to the islands are a matter for resolution by the parties concerned", ".\" Several experts have attributed this Nixon Administration policy shift as having been influenced by White House overtures to China during 1971–1972, culminating in the Nixon visit to China.", "In April 1978, Japan asked the United States to side with the Japanese view, but the United States declining because \"it could become embroiled in a Sino-Japanese territorial dispute.\"\n\nIn June 1978, the United States Navy stopped using the Sekibi-Sho firing range off the coast of Taisho Island to avoid any potential confrontation between China and Japan, according to declassified government documents. The next year the federal government denied a military request to resume operations in the Senkakus.", "Top US government officials have declared in 2004, 2010, and September 2012 that as Japan maintains effective administrative control on the islands, the islands fall under the 1960 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan which requires the US to assist Japan in defending the islands if anyone, including China, attacks or attempts to occupy or control them.", "On 29 November 2012, the U.S. Senate unanimously approved an amendment to National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 stating the Japanese-administered Senkaku Islands fall under the scope of a Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan and that the U.S. would defend Japan in the event of armed attacks.", "In May 2013, the U.S. Department of Defense criticized the Chinese territorial claim in a report titled \"Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2013.\"", "On 30 July 2013, the Senate unanimously approved a resolution condemning China's action over the Senkaku Islands", ". The Resolution titled \"Senate Resolution 167—Reaffirming the Strong Support of the United States for the Peaceful Resolution of Territorial, Sovereignty, and Jurisdictional Disputes in the Asia-Pacific Maritime Domains\", referring to the recent Chinese provocations near the Senkaku Islands, condemns \"the use of coercion, threats, or force by naval, maritime security", ", condemns \"the use of coercion, threats, or force by naval, maritime security, or fishing vessels and military or civilian aircraft in the South China Sea and the East China Sea to assert disputed maritime or territorial claims or alter the status quo", ".\"", "In 2014, United States Pacific Commander Samuel J. Locklear said that he did not have sufficient resources to carry out a successful amphibious warfare campaign should the dispute lead to a war. In April 2014, the United States will begin Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk patrols of the seas around the islands.", "On 23–25 April 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama made a state visit to Japan and held a summit meeting with Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. President Obama repeated that the commitments of Article 5 of Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan covered all territories under Japan's administration, including the Senkaku Islands, in a joint press conference and reiterated in a U.S.-Japan Joint Statement", ".S.-Japan Joint Statement. Barack Obama is the first president of the United States to have mentioned that the Senkaku Islands are covered under Article 5 of Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan.", "In November 2020, during a conversation with Prime Minister Suga, Joe Biden declared that US security guarantees for Japan include the Senkaku Islands. Suga said \"President-elect Biden gave me a commitment that Article 5 of the US-Japan security treaty applies to the Senkaku Islands\".", "On 24 January 2021, U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin reaffirmed America's commitment to defend the Senkaku Islands and that it's covered by Article 5 of the U.S.-Japan security treaty. The USA also opposes any unilateral attempts to change the status quo in the East China Sea.", "Alternative approaches\nWhen PRC-Japan diplomatic relations were established in 1972, found reasons to set aside this territorial dispute. According to negotiator Deng Xiaoping, \"It does not matter if this question is shelved for some time, say, 10 years. Our generation is not wise enough to find common language on this question. Our next generation will certainly be wiser. They will certainly find a solution acceptable to all.\"", "In 1969, the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) identified potential oil and gas reserves in the vicinity of the Senkaku Islands. During subsequent decades, several rounds of bilateral talks considered joint-development of sub-seabed resources in disputed territorial waters. Such efforts to develop a cooperative strategy were unsuccessful.", "In 2008, a preliminary agreement on joint development of resources was reached but the agreement only includes the area far from these islands.\n\nIn 2009, a hotline was agreed to (and in 2010 a military-to-military hotline), neither of which have been implemented.", "Disputes about the proximate causes\nExplanations of the manifold causes of the intensified conflict involving the Senkaku Islands vary. For example, some use the term \"territorial dispute\"; however, the Japanese government has consistently rejected this framing since the early 1970s. An analysis of incidents and issues require distinguishing between disputes which are primarily over territory and those which merely have a territorial component.", ", news organizations of various nations were monitoring developments and attempting to explain the causes of the crisis, e.g.,\n Senkakus described as a proxy. According to China Daily, the Senkaku Islands are a disruptive mine planted by the United States into Sino-Japanese relations.\n Senkakus characterized as a pretext. According to the New York Times, some analysts frame all discussion about the islands' status within a broader pattern of Chinese territorial assertions.", "Senkakus identified as a tactic. According to the Christian Science Monitor, the early phase of the dispute may have represented a tactical distraction from China's internal power struggle over who would replace the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012.", "Senkakus characterized as a lack of firm foreign policy-making control and of dysfunctional decision-making. The Economist posits that \"Lacking clear direction, [Chinese] bureaucracies may be trying to look tough.\" The Diplomat posits that the PLA may at some level be acting independently of top CPC leadership, and notes more generally that there is a lack of coordination within China's decision-making apparatus.", "The historical record is a backdrop for each new incident in the unfolding chronology of these islands.\n\nEvents\nWhile Taiwan and China first publicly claimed the islands in 1971 (in February and December, respectively), there were no major incidents between the three states regarding the islands until the 1990s. Since 2004, however, several events, including naval encounters, scrambled fighter jets, diplomatic efforts, and massive public protests, have heightened the dispute.", "Incidents at or near the islands", "In 1996 the Hong Kong-based activist David Chan Yuk-cheung drowned while attempting to swim to one of the islands. Since 2006, vessels from China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong have entered waters that Japan claims as part of its exclusive economic zone connected with the islands on a number of occasions", ". In some cases, the incursions have been carried out by Chinese and Taiwanese protesters, such as in 2006 when a group of activists from the Action Committee for Defending the Diaoyu Islands approached the islands; the group was stopped by the Japanese Coast Guard prior to landing. In June 2008 activists from Taiwan, accompanied by Chinese Coast Guard vessels, approached within of the main island, from which position they circumnavigated the island in an assertion of sovereignty of the islands", ". In 2011, a fishing boat carrying some activists navigated to within 23 nautical miles of the islands. Japan sent coast guard vessels to block the ship and a helicopter to monitor its actions, subsequent to which the Coast Guard Agency Keelung office of Taiwan sent five patrol vessels. After a short standoff between the two groups of vessels, the Taiwanese fleet returned to their own territory", ". In July 2012, Coastguard vessels from Taiwan and Japan collided while the Taiwanese vessel was escorting activists to the area. In August 2012, activists from Hong Kong were able to swim ashore after their boat was stopped by the Japan Coast Guard. The activists were detained and then deported two days later. In January 2013, a boat carrying activists from Taiwan was intercepted by Japanese patrols and diverted from an attempted landing on the islands through the use of water cannons.", "In addition, a number of incidents have occurred due to the presence of Chinese or Taiwanese fishing vessels in sea zones claimed by Japan. In some cases, these incidents have resulted in a collision between boats. The first major event occurred in 2008, when a Taiwanese fishing boat and a Japanese patrol vessel collided. The passengers were released, but the captain was detained for three days", ". The passengers were released, but the captain was detained for three days. Later in June, after releasing video taken by the Taiwanese boat, Japan apologized for the incident and agreed to pay NT$10 million (US$311,000) as compensation to the owner of the boat. On 7 September 2010, a Chinese fishing trawler collided with two Japanese Coast Guard patrol boats in disputed waters near the islands. The collisions occurred after the Japanese Coast Guard ordered the trawler to leave the area", ". The collisions occurred after the Japanese Coast Guard ordered the trawler to leave the area. After the collisions, Japanese sailors boarded the Chinese vessel and arrested the captain Zhan Qixiong.", "Japan held the captain until 24 September. Each country blamed the other for the collision. Japan sought to address the collision through its courts in violation of the Sino-Japanese Fisheries Agreement, which specifies that the area around the contested islands are treated as the high seas subject to flag state jurisdiction. China demanded Zhao's immediate and unconditional release, and Japan sought to save face by releasing him if he would pay a fine for the collision", ". Because that would have meant Japan retained jurisdiction, China refused. When China arrested four Japanese nationals on allegations of videotaping military targets, Japan released Zhan.", "While Japanese government vessels regularly patrol the ocean surrounding the islands, Japanese civilians have also entered the area. In July 2010, nine Japanese boats fished in the area. A spokesman from Ganbare Nippon, which owned one of the vessels, stated it was done specifically to assert Japanese sovereignty over the islands. In August 2012, Ganbare Nippon organized a group of four vessels carrying Japanese activists travelling to the islands, carrying about 150 Japanese activists", ". The Japanese government denied the groups the right to land, after which a number swam to shore and raised a Japanese flag.", "On some occasions, ships and planes from various Chinese and Taiwanese government and military agencies have entered the disputed area. In addition to the cases where they escorted fishing and activist vessels as described above, there have been other incursions. In an eight-month period in 2012, over forty maritime incursions and 160 aerial incursions occurred. For example, in July 2012, three Chinese patrol vessels entered the disputed waters around the islands", ". On 13 December 2012, a Chinese government aircraft entered Japanese-controlled airspace for the first time since records began in 1958, following months of incursions by Chinese surface vessels. The Japan Air Self-Defense Force scrambled eight F-15 fighters and an airborne early warning aircraft in response to the Chinese flight. The Japanese government made a formal diplomatic protest to China.", "The most direct confrontation to date between the countries' official vessels occurred in September 2012. Seventy five Taiwanese fishing vessels were escorted by ten Taiwanese Coast Guard vessels to the area, and the Taiwanese Coast Guard ships clashed with Japanese Coast Guard ships. Both sides fired water cannons at each other and used LED lights and loudspeakers to announce their respective claims to the islands.", "Military escalation continued in 2013. The two sides sent fighter airplanes to monitor ships and other planes in the area. In February, Japanese Defense Minister Itsunori Onodera revealed that a Chinese frigate had locked weapons-targeting radar onto a Japanese destroyer and helicopter on two occasions in January. The Chinese Jiangwei II class frigate and the Japanese destroyer were three kilometers apart, and the crew of the latter went to battle stations", ". The Chinese state media responded that their frigates had been engaged in routine training at the time. In late February 2013, U.S. intelligence detected China moving road-mobile ballistic missiles closer to the coast near the disputed islands, this included DF-16s. In May 2013, a warship flotilla from North Sea Fleet deployed from Qingdao for training exercises western North Pacific Ocean", ". In October 2013 the Chinese Ministry of Defense responded to reports that if Chinese drones entered what Japan considered its territory Japan might shoot them down by declaring that China would consider such an action an \"act of war.\" State-controlled media in China warned that \"a war looms following Japan's radical provocation\" while expressing confidence that \"China's comprehensive military power... is stronger than Japan's.\"", "USN Captain James Fanell has claimed that Mission Action 2013 was a dress rehearsal for a PLA seizure of the islands.", "In April 2014, a Washington Post blog reported that since October 2013, patrols by the Chinese Coast Guard in the territorial waters of the Senkaku Islands have greatly decreased.\n\nThe Japanese Coast Guard announced in June 2020 that Chinese government ships had been spotted for a record number of consecutive days in the territorial waters of the Senkaku Islands. As of 19 June 2020, the number of consecutive days is 67.", "On June 4, 2022, Chinese-Russian military activity was spotted in the area of the Senkaku Islands. A Russian frigate sailed inside the “contiguous zone” of the Senkaku Islands for over 1 hour and thereafter a Chinese frigate sailed inside it for 40 minutes. The incursion by a Chinese warship was the fourth time since June 2016.", "The Japan Coast Guard reported that Chinese government vessels intruded into Japanese territorial waters near the islands of Minamikojima and Uotsurijima just after 11 AM on March 30, 2023. The vessels stayed for a record 80 hours and 36 minutes.\n\nThe number of Chinese vessels entering the territorial waters near the Senkaku Islands.\n\nThe number of Scrambling by the Japan Air Self-Defense Force against foreign aircraft. (2006–2015)", "Diplomatic results", "The various governments have lodged protests and criticisms of each other in response to the unfolding situation in and around the islands. For example, the Taiwanese government recalled its highest representative to Japan in the wake of the 2008 collision. Similarly, the Chinese government protested the 2012 Ganbare Nippon incident", ". Similarly, the Chinese government protested the 2012 Ganbare Nippon incident. The 2010 collision incident resulted in a significant increase in tensions between the two countries, both during the event as they argued over the release of the fishing boat crew, and after, as both said they would seek compensation from the other for damages.", "In 2012, President of Taiwan Ma Ying-Jeou proposed the East China Sea Peace Initiative, which called for the sharing of the region's resources, including the Senkaku Islands, mediated by peaceful negotiations, international law, and international consensus. The proposal received responses from Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs Kōichirō Genba, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, and Japanese scholars.\n\nProtests", "There have been a number of public protests in all three countries, often triggered by the specific incidents noted above. The first major set of protests revolved around the 2010 boat collision, with protests being held in Japan, China, and Taiwan. In 2012, major protests began in August 2012 after reports that the Japanese government was considering purchasing the islands. The protests continued after the formal purchase into the middle of September", ". The protests continued after the formal purchase into the middle of September. At the height of the protests, there were demonstrations in as many as 85 Chinese cities, along with Hong Kong and the United States. In many cases, these protests included anti-Japanese violence, vandalism, and arson.", "Militarization", "China decided to implement an \"Air Defense Identification Zone\" around the islands and the broader region in order to \"guard against potential air threats,\" according to the defence ministry. Japan reacted to the news by calling the move \"very dangerous.\" On 23 November 2013, China then sent air force jets, including fighter planes, to carry out a patrol mission. According to CNN, most of the zone was north of the islands", ". According to CNN, most of the zone was north of the islands. On 26 November 2013, declaring the area international waters and airspace, the United States flew two B-52 bomber aircraft through the zone without incident. A spokesman for the United States military stated that \"The U.S. military will continue conducting flight operations in the region, including with our allies and partners.... We will not register a flight plan, we will not identify our transponder, our radio frequency and logo.\"", "Since the imposition, U.S. B-52 aircraft and South Korean and Japanese military aircraft have violated it. The U.S. also warned its commercial airlines to be cautious about the area. China then sent fighter jets on patrol duty in the area as a \"defensive measure.\"", "According to a 2012 poll jointly conducted by mainland-based Global Times and Taiwan-based China Times, residents of Taiwan differ from their mainland counterparts in terms of willingness to ultimately resort to military means, with 91% of mainland residents saying warfare should not be ruled out versus only 41% on the island.\n\nTo assist in the intruders detection in Senkaku Islands region, since 28 March 2016, Japan has operated a radar station at Yonaguni island, resulting in a furious Chinese response.", "On February 1, 2021, the People's Republic of China passed a new law that authorized the Chinese Coast Guard to use lethal force in response to violations of \"national sovereignty, sovereign rights, and jurisdiction\". The law received condemnation from Japan and the United States and generated tensions because it would apply to disputed waters claimed by China, including around the Senkaku Islands", ". Coast guards from some other countries also operate under similar policies, and the Chinese Coast Guard had already been using force prior to the law. Rand Corporation researcher Timothy Heath indicated that the law could help prevent misunderstandings by providing \"some degree of clarification and standardization of procedures,\" but also noted that the law could embolden military officers by clearly and officially approving the use of force", ". On February 6, 2021, Chinese Coast Guard vessels entered Japanese-administered waters near the Senkaku Islands for the first time after the law was passed.", "On 30 June 2022, the Japan Ministry of Defense announced the construction of 12 offshore patrol vessel (OPV) by Japan Marine United Corporation (JMU) for the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) at a cost of ¥ 9 billion ($66 million USD) per ship. The purpose of this OPV program is to provide enhanced maritime security, particularly around the southwestern Ryukyu Islands, including the disputed Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands in the East China Sea, by boosting JMSDF patrol activities in the region", ". These vessels are highly automated and configurable to meet a wide range of missions involving “enhanced steady-state intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) in the waters around Japan.” Under the contract, JMU is charged with delivering the 12 vessels to the JMSDF from fiscal year 2023, which starts on April 1, 2023.", "Education \nIn 2014, the PRC complained about Japanese plans to teach students about ownership of the islands.", "Other incidents", "In April 2014, Lieutenant General John Wissler, commander of the US III Marine Expeditionary Force stated that his forces were ready and able to defend the Senkaku Islands if they were attacked by the PRC. China responded in English on the People's Liberation Army (PLA) website, saying that the PLA was able to take and hold the islands at any time and requesting that Wissler, \"Please learn lessons from your old superiors. Don't be so ready to make threats with forces", ". Don't be so ready to make threats with forces. Please pay some respect to Chinese armed forces, which defeated your armed forces in the Korean War.\"", "On 9 June 2016, three Russian warships and a Chinese Navy frigate sailed just off the edge of the 12 nautical miles territorial zone around the Senkaku Islands for a few hours. Japan promptly summoned a Chinese ambassador in Tokyo with demand for the warship to leave. This was the first time a Chinese Navy was involved in the dispute. Previous incidents have seen the involvement of the China Coast Guard (see China Coast Guard Senkaku-related incidents) or civilian vessels only.", "On 11 August 2016, a Chinese fishing vessel was sunk from Uotsuri island after colliding with a Greek freighter. Out of the boat's 14 crew members, 6 were rescued by the Japan Coast Guard, while 8 men were unaccounted for. In a statement by the Japanese Foreign Ministry, the Chinese side \"expressed appreciation\" for the Japanese operation.", "See also\n Action Committee for Defending the Diaoyu Islands, a Hong Kong Chinese activist group\n Baodiao movement, a Chinese activist group\n China Federation for Defending the Diaoyu Islands, a mainland Chinese activist group\n East China Sea EEZ disputes\n Ganbare Nippon, a Japanese activist group\n List of territorial disputes\n Territorial disputes of Japan\n\nReferences", "Sources\n Curtis, Gerald, Ryosei Kokubun and Wang Jisi. (2010). Getting the Triangle Straight: Managing China-Japan-US Relations. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. ; OCLC 491904160\n Shaw, Han-yi. (1999). The Diaoyutai/Senkaku Islands Dispute: Its History and Analysis of the Ownership Claims of the P.R.C., R.O.C., and Japan. Baltimore, Maryland: University of Maryland School of Law. OCLC 608151745", "Lee, Seokwoo, Shelagh Furness and Clive Schofield. (2002). Territorial disputes among Japan, China and Taiwan concerning the Senkaku Islands. Durham: University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit (IBRU). ; OCLC 249501645\n Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea. (2000). International Organizations and the Law of the Sea. London : Graham & Trotman/Martinus Nijhoff. OCLC 16852368", "O'Hanlon, Michael E.. The Senkaku Paradox: Risking Great Power War Over Small Stakes (Brookings Institution, 2019) online review\n Pan, Junwu. (2009). Toward a New Framework for Peaceful Settlement of China's Territorial and Boundary Disputes. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff. ; OCLC 282968950\n Suganuma, Unryu. (2000). Sovereign Rights and Territorial Space in Sino-Japanese Relations. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.\t; ; OCLC 170955369", "External links", "Senkaku Islands Research and Commentary Site (by Cabinet Secretariat (Japan) ) \n Basic View on Senkaku (by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) )\n Q&A on the Senkaku Islands (by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) )\n >\n Article by Kiyoshi Inoue Professor of History department Kyoto University, and original text and maps in Japanese\n Senkaku @BBC\n \n Diaoyutai History (in Chinese) \n \n \"The Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Dispute:\", Durham University, 18 October 1996. Dzurek, Daniel.", "\"The Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands Dispute:\", Durham University, 18 October 1996. Dzurek, Daniel.\n \n \n \n \"Wrong to dispute Japan's sovereignty of Senkaku\" by Hiroshi Suzuki, director, Japan Information and Cultural Centre Minister, Embassy of Japan, London., Financial Times, Letters, 28 May 2012.", "Disputed islands\nSenkaku Islands\nTerritorial disputes of Japan\nTerritorial disputes of China\nTerritorial disputes of the Republic of China\nAnti-Chinese sentiment in Japan\nAnti-Japanese sentiment in China\nChina-Japan border" ]

[ "Raa of the Caves", "Raava", "Raava is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character, created by Saladin Ahmed and Christian Ward, first appeared in Black Bolt #1 (May 2017). She is a Skrull pirate. Raava was sentenced to a lifetime at a secret deep-space torture prison for having went against the Skrull Empire for the deaths of her children (Skragg and Raavaka)", ". Raava conspired with Black Bolt, Metal Master, Blinky and Absorbing Man to escape which the prison convicts eventually were successful at.", "Raava in other media\nRaava appears in Secret Invasion, portrayed by Nisha Aaliya. This version works as an agent for Gravik by impersonating James Rhodes (portrayed by Don Cheadle) to utilize political gambits against Nick Fury.\n\nRocket Raccoon\n\nHolden Radcliffe\n\nRadioactive Man\n\nRadius", "Rocket Raccoon\n\nHolden Radcliffe\n\nRadioactive Man\n\nRadius\n\nRadius (Jared Corbo) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is a former member of the superhero team Alpha Flight. He first appeared in Alpha Flight: In The Beginning #-1, and first appeared as Radius in Alpha Flight vol. 2 #1 (both published in 1997).", "Jared and his younger half-brother Adrian (later code named Flex) were raised in the Hull House orphanage, which was actually a facility operated by the Canadian government's secretive Department H. While Adrian became shy, reserved and bookish, Jared became athletically inclined, aggressive, and arrogant. Both brothers manifested mutant powers after puberty: Adrian gained the ability to transform parts of his body into blades, while Jared manifested a personal force field that could not be shut down", ". Jared rejects the initial flirtations of his teammate Murmur for personal reasons.", "Later, he is sent to corral the mutant Wolverine, whom the entire team believes has killed the ex-Alpha Flight member Box. This was part of the lies and mind-control that Department H was using on the entire team. Jared's bravado, when the team corrals Wolverine, is met with shock by Adrian, who has a high level of respect for the man. Jared stands up to Wolverine's intimidation tactics, but soon a fight breaks out anyway. Backup X-Men soon join in", ". Backup X-Men soon join in. It is Adrian, though, who calms things down by wanting to talk instead of fight. Various discrepancies in the mission lessen the Alphans desire to do battle. The brothers were recruited into a new incarnation of the Canadian superhero team Alpha Flight.", "They assist the new Alpha Flight in battling several foes, including the Zodiac organization and the Brass Bishop. The Bishop is found by Alpha Flight after many innocent civilians go missing. He has brainwashed them and is building a Tower of Babel, an enormous structure that is intended to reach heaven. The team also confronts Department H's own power-mad leader, Jeremy Clarke, who dies of radiation poisoning during a Zodiac raid on the Department H headquarters", ". Their Alpha Flight team fight several members of the original Flight and later team up with them to defeat a new Weapon X, who had been created by a rogue Department H scientist. Both groups of Alphans merged into a unified Alpha Flight following this adventure. The Corbo brothers and several other members of the new team were later reassigned to Alpha Flight's trainee team, Beta Flight.", "Radius is later hired by X-Corps, a militaristic strike force founded by former Generation X headmaster and former X-Man Sean Cassidy, a.k.a. Banshee. The X-Corps was ultimately betrayed by its criminal members. Radius is defeated when the villain Avalanche opens a chasm beneath him. Jared survived the fall, though, and has been shown as one of the many depowered mutants in the aftermath of M-Day.", "It was later revealed that Unus the Untouchable was Radius' father after Flex starts searching for their fathers through their adoption agency. It has long been rumored that Carmella Unuscione of the Acolytes is the daughter of Unus. It is currently unknown if the two are siblings, some other relation or altogether unrelated.", "Powers and abilities\nRadius, before being depowered, could generate a permanent force field around him. He does not feel the impact of blows upon it. While the shield is generally porous enough for him to breathe, he can make it almost impervious, even to air. He could also create extensions of the field to use as a ranged attack, and brace objects against it to \"fake\" super-strength.\n\nIrani Rael", "Irani Rael\n\nIrani Rael is a fictional alien in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Dan Abnett, Andy Lanning, Wellinton Alves and Geraldo Borges, first appeared in Nova (vol. 4) #18 (December 2008).", "Irani Rael is a Rigellian who was recruited into the Nova Corps after it was destroyed by the Annihilation Wave. She was chosen by the Xandarian Worldmind to become a Nova Centurion alongside new recruits Qubit, Malik, Tarcel, Morrow and Fraktur. Rael and her new comrades arrive on Earth to aid Nova Prime Richard Rider and his brother, Robbie who had also become a new recruit.", "She has since fought alongside the rest of the Nova Corps on Earth against such threats as the Serpent Society and Dragon Man. She aided in fighting the Imperial Guard and Emperor Vulcan where many of her comrades were killed. After fighting Ego the Living Planet, it became apparent to Rider that the new recruits did not have proper training, resulting in Rael and several others agreeing to be demoted. Rael became a Nova Millennian.", "Irani Rael in other media", "Irani Rael appears in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), portrayed by Glenn Close. This version is a Nova Prime from Xandar who leads the Nova Corps' effort in finding and imprisoning Ronan the Accuser. She is later confronted by Rhomann Dey when he informs her that the Guardians of the Galaxy wish to help in defeating Ronan when he begins his attack on Xandar. After some hesitation, she agrees sending the Nova Corps out to stall Ronan's ship", ". After some hesitation, she agrees sending the Nova Corps out to stall Ronan's ship. In the aftermath, Rael helps Peter Quill find some clues to his ancestral background. She is last seen putting away the Power Stone in the Nova Corps' vault.", "Irani Rael was considered to appear in both Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame before being scrapped.\n Irani Rael appears in Guardians of the Galaxy (2015), voiced by Tara Strong.\n Irani Rael appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.", "Rage\n\nRagnarok\n\nTamara Rahn\n\nRaiders\n\nRaina\nRaina is a fictional character that originated in the Marvel Cinematic Universe before appearing in Marvel comics. Created by Brent Fletcher, she first appeared in \"Girl in the Flower Dress\" on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (October 22, 2013), portrayed by Ruth Negga.", "She is depicted as a recruiter for Project Centipede. In Season Two, she is revealed to be an Inhuman, and develops a thorn-covered body and dream-based precognition. She is rescued from S.H.I.E.L.D. by Gordon and brought to Afterlife. During Daisy Johnson's time there, Raina was killed by Jiaying in front of Daisy where it helped Raina prove to her that Jiaying has dangerous plans for the humans.", "Raina in comics\nRaina made her comic book debut in Inhuman Annual #1 (July 2015) from Charles Soule and Ryan Stegman. When Gordon Nobili became Lineage, he used the Inhuman Codex to speak telepathically to every Inhuman in the world. Raina is seen in a coffee shop in her usual flower dress when she hears Lineage's voice.\n\nRaina in other media\nRaina appears as a boss in Marvel: Future Fight.", "Raina in other media\nRaina appears as a boss in Marvel: Future Fight.\n\nRajah\nKabir Mahadevu is an elephant trainer and rider from India. He first performed with the Circus of Crime during a stay of theirs in Europe, and later rejoined with them in the United States.\n\nRakkus", "Rakkus\n\nRebel Ralston\nRobert \"Rebel\" Ralston is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos #1 (May 1963), and was created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby and Dick Ayers.\n\nA native of Kentucky, he was an accomplished horseman who was skilled with a lasso and a founding member of the original Howling Commandos led by Nick Fury Sr. during World War II.", "After the war, Ralston was one of the founding members of the V-Battalion, and later elected US Senator of Texas. He rejoined his old comrades, the Howling Commandos, and Captain America (but Captain Sam Sawyer was killed), and survived an assassination attempt while co-chairing the Senate Defense Committee. He has worked closely with S.H.I.E.L.D. and the Commission on Superhuman Activities.", "When Fury was seemingly killed by the Punisher, Ralston and Iron Man advised the President not to attend the funeral in the event that the supervillains attack. In the form of Lt. Dallas, Omnibus placed Ralston under mental control to turn over information that can used to fund a terrorist organization called \"The Alliance\". When the Hulk was captured by Major Glenn Talbot, Ralston observed Bruce Banner in custody and refused to have Talbot kill Banner until the President made a decision", ". Robert attended a briefing on \"The Alliance\" with Talbot, Dum Dum Dugan, Valentina Allegra de Fontaine and Henry Peter Gyrich. The Senator and his allies continued to debate about \"The Alliance\", and could not determine who the group was and motive. After the Hulk had claimed responsibility for \"The Alliance\" in order to serve as an enemy that the people can fight back against, Thor confronted Ralston and the others in confronting the Hulk.", "Robert was contacted by J. Jonah Jameson as he searched for support against Bastion and Operation: Zero Tolerance. Ralston suggested to Jameson to try Senator Robert Kelly who was more frustrated with the mutant issue.", "Ralston traveled to Sudan where he met with Fury, Captain America, Sharon Carter and John Garrett at Fury's Sandbox for one last party together. Fury talked with Ralston for a moment about the support for Fury's operation that would get the U.S. Senate and the Senator only asked how soon will need those votes be needed. Robert listed to a good few stories from the past. Ralston raised his glass in a toast to the Howling Commanders' fallen members.", "Robert spoke to the United Nations about the President's plans for international funds to provide economic, political, and military stabilities in areas suffering from international terrorist threats. Ralston was appointed control over the fund. The Senator picked up Jasper Sitwell and Dugan from the United Nations' prison and brought the two to his limousine waiting with Fury and Garrett already inside.", "The Senator attended a weapons expo with Daisy Johnson and Nick Fury Jr., but is killed during A.I.M. Scientist Supreme's theft of the Iron Patriot armor.\n\nOther versions of Rebel Ralston\nThe Ultimate Marvel version of Robert Ralston is a US Senator. He is present during a hearing with the President of the United States regarding the Winter Protocols and dies during the Maker's counterattack.", "Rebel Ralston in other media\nRebel Ralston makes a non-speaking appearance in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes episode \"Meet Captain America\". This version is a member of the Howling Commandos.\n\nRamonda\nRamonda is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She is the Queen Mother of Wakanda, mother to Shuri and step-mother to T'Challa. The character, created by Don McGregor and Gene Colan, first appeared in Marvel Comics Presents #14 (March 1989).", "Ramonda in other media\nRamonda appears in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, portrayed by Angela Bassett. This version is T'Challa's biological mother. She appears in the live-action films Black Panther, Avengers: Endgame and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, while alternate universe versions appear in the Disney+ animated series What If...?\n\nRampage\n\nRamrod\nRamrod is the name of two fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.", "Cyborg version", "Ramrod is a foreman on an offshore oil rig. He was turned into a cyborg by corrupt attorney Kerwin J. Broderick and Moondragon, using the advanced technology of Titan. He was given a steel skeleton and superhuman strength. This steel-skulled mercenary was sent to battle heroes in San Francisco. He then teamed with Dark Messiah and Terrex in Kerwin J. Broderick's attempt to take over San Francisco. Ramrod later battled Spider-Man again", ". Broderick's attempt to take over San Francisco. Ramrod later battled Spider-Man again. He was later among the costumed criminals who attacked the Fantastic Four during a Congressional hearing. Ramrod was also defeated in a match by Captain America, impersonating Crossbones, during an A.I.M. weapons show. Ramrod has superhuman strength, stamina, and durability", ".I.M. weapons show. Ramrod has superhuman strength, stamina, and durability. He possesses a steel skeleton; various visible portions of his body are also plated with steel, including his head (except for his face and ears), the upper part of his chest and back, parts of his arms, and his knuckles. Ramrod is a good hand-to-hand combatant, using street fighting methods.", "Patrick Mahony", "Ramrod (Patrick Mahony) is a mutant. His first appearance was in X-Factor #75. He was recruited by Mister Sinister to serve as the leader of the Nasty Boys, a group of young mutants whose only missions were against the government sponsored X-Factor. However, he and his friend Ruckus were more interested in beer runs and a quick buck than in Mister Sinister's agendas", ". In the Nasty Boys' first mission against the government version of X-Factor, Ramrod used his powers to great effect against the heroes, but he was ultimately subdued by the multiple fists of Jamie Madrox. Ramrod escaped, and disappeared after Sinister effectively abandoned the Nasty Boys. Ramrod can manipulate the fabric of wooden materials, causing them to grow at a fantastic rate and reform themselves into different sizes and shapes.", "Ramshot", "Samuel Caulkin (Ramshot) is a member of an armored group of vigilantes dubbed The Jury. Caulkin was recruited into the Jury by General Orwell Taylor to help him avenge the death of his youngest son Hugh. Samuel and Hugh were close friends from their time in the army. Soon after Hugh left the army he became a Guardsman at the Vault a prison for super powered criminals. Not long after Hugh was murdered by Venom during his escape. Ramshot has a suit of armor that allows him to fly", ". Ramshot has a suit of armor that allows him to fly. He also emits a sonic type blast he calls a battering pulse.", "Rancor", "Rancor is a mutant from an alternate future. The character, created by Jim Valentino, first appeared in Guardians of the Galaxy #8 (January 1991) as the leader of a world settled by mutants of the alternate timeline/reality Marvel Comics designated as Earth-691. Within the context of the stories, Rancor is the leader of New Haven and claims to be a direct descendant of Wolverine. She initially crosses paths with the Guardians of the Galaxy when she is trying to eliminate the Resistance", ". She later steals one of Wolverine's claws from a Shi'ar museum as part of a plan to find her ancestor. In the course of her quest, she loses possession of the claw during a confrontation with Talon. She regains the claw when she is recruited by Doctor Doom. She eventually turns against Doom and discovers he is in possession of Wolverine's skeleton. The confrontation results in her being severely wounded and rescued by the Guardians of the Galaxy.", "Random", "Ransak the Reject", "Ransak the Reject was created by Jack Kirby, and first appeared in Eternals #8 (February 1977). Ransak is a member of the race known as the Deviants. He is the son of Maelstrom (whose father, Phaeder, was an Inhuman) and Medula. He is shunned and feared by other Deviants because he is not subject to the deformity of their race, his humanlike (or Eternal-like) appearance seeming freakish to them", ". An outcast, he funneled his rage at his rejection into becoming an expert killer fighting in the gladiatorial arenas that became his home. Ransak has superhuman strength and durability sufficient to battle an Eternal in personal combat. He has a lifetime's experience in gladiatorial combat, and is thus a formidable fighter. He is prone to berserker-like rages during which he can ignore painful injuries and attacks.", "Kavita Rao\n\nMonica Rappaccini\n\nRaptor\n\nGary Wilton, Jr.\nDuring the Civil War storyline, Raptor was among the many superhumans trying to flee out of USA and into France, but was confronted by the French superhero Le Peregrine over the Bay of Biscay, during a massive incursion tentative of refugees.", "Brenda Drago", "Brenda Drago was forced by her father into what was supposed to be a life of crime, as he gave her a suit equipped with functional wings (created from technology used in the costume he had worn as the second Vulture). Brenda became a flying thief known as the Raptor. But her crime spree was stopped by the combined efforts of Spider-Girl and The Buzz. In a surprising twist of fate, Raptor actually became friends with Spider-Girl", ". In a surprising twist of fate, Raptor actually became friends with Spider-Girl. She even began to use her flight-suit as a hero, joining with Spider-Girl and Buzz in the formation of a new New Warriors. She even fell in love with Spider-Girl's friend Normie Osborn, and the two became engaged.", "However, Raptor's luck went bad when she was held accountable for her previous crimes by a man named Agent Wheadon, who made Raptor join his crime-fighting team of \"reformed\" criminals, in exchange for a pardon. However, Normie bonded with the Venom symbiote, and made a bargain with Wheadon, offering his new powers in helping Wheadon's team in exchange for Raptor's release.", "In an attempt to remove Spider-Girl from her friends, the new Hobgoblin, (later revealed to be the original Hobgoblin, Roderick Kingsley) savagely attacked Raptor and chained her body to a fence. In the following issue, she was taken to the hospital where she seemed to be recovering. She later marries Normie Osborn.", "Damon Ryder", "In his first appearance, Damon Ryder infiltrated May Parker's engagement party in Boston. He had stalked her relatives, the Reilly's, for some time in an attempt to find Ben Reilly, who he claimed burned down his house and killed his family. He found Peter Parker, whom Ben was cloned from, and attacked him, believing him to be Ben. Peter was able to fend off Raptor's attack long enough to sneak off and change into his Spider-Man costume. The two battled, and Raptor was eventually defeated", ". The two battled, and Raptor was eventually defeated. However, he managed to escape while Peter was distracted at the shock of learning about Ryder's interest in Ben Reilly.", "Ryder later tracked Peter down to New York, first attacking him at the Front Line office, then going to his apartment with the intent of leaving a message for Peter with his roommate, Michelle Gonzalez. He then went to May's house, where Peter's cousins and Harry Osborn were staying, and took all the occupants hostage. When Peter arrived, Raptor threatened to kill them all unless Peter revealed his \"true\" identity.", "Through flashbacks, it was shown that Ben Reilly once worked as lab assistant to Ryder. The two became close friends during their work searching for proof of dinosaurs being human ancestors, with Ben meeting Ryder's wife and children. However, Ben soon discovered that Ryder had experimented on himself with raptor genes in an attempt to further their research. When he confronted him, Ryder grew angry and the two argued", ". When he confronted him, Ryder grew angry and the two argued. Damon attacked Ben, but Ben managed to restrain him, hoping to bring in a geneticist to purge his system of the mutation. Damon managed to escape in the interim, and Ben followed him to his home, where Damon revealed that he was starting to mutate, thus become more susceptible to Ben's assistance. As they talked, both were unaware that Ben's fellow clone, Kaine, was hiding just outside the house", ". Kaine jumped in through a window and attacked Ben, with a fire starting during the ensuing battle. It was then shown that Damon had murdered his own family, though he did not realize it, having been driven insane by his mutation, his warped mind causing him to conclude that Ben had killed his family in 'protest' against his experiments. Furious, Ben beat him unconscious, with Kaine commenting that the events that unfolded would have drastic consequences.", "In the present, Kaine broke into the Parker house, revealing that he was working with Raptor, under the promise of being cured of his cellular degeneration. During the fight, he exposed Peter's identity as Spider-Man, and Ben's identity as a clone. He encouraged Raptor to kill Peter, since anything Ben would do, so would Peter. Refusing to accept this, Peter affirmed both his and Reilly's innocence, proclaiming that neither of them would ever kill anyone, and beat Raptor unconscious, just as Ben had", ". However, Kaine managed to take Raptor and escape before the police arrived. Raptor later told Kaine that he lied about curing him in order to gain an ally. Enraged, Kaine then breaks Raptor's neck, seemingly killing him.", "Mikhail Rasputin\n\nMister Rasputin\n\nRattler\n\nGustav Krueger\n\nHeath Benson\n\nWhirlo\n\nHenry Bingham\n\nRavage\n\nRavage 2099\n\nRaven the Hunter\nRaven the Hunter is an anthropomorphic Raven and animal version of Kraven the Hunter.\n\nRavonna", "Ravonna \n\nPrincess Ravonna Lexus Renslayer is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. First appearing in Avengers #23 (December 1965), and created by writer Stan Lee and artist Don Heck, Ravonna is a princess and assassin who serves as the lover and successor of Kang the Conqueror and their younger self Kid Immortus. The character has been depicted as both a supervillain and an antihero.", "Ravonna first appeared in Avengers #23 (December 1965) and was created by Stan Lee and Don Heck.", "Ravonna Lexus Renslayer was the daughter of King Carelius (a puppet ruler of an unrevealed kingdom of Kang the Conqueror's in the 40th century). Ravonna first met Kang when he attempted to annex her time era into his empire. Kang loved Ravonna, but she hated him due to his attempt to conquer the kingdom. While the kingdom threatened rebellion, Kang let it be in the hope of winning the princess Ravonna's hand in marriage", ". Eventually, however, outright rebellion broke out, and as Kang was on the verge of winning the battle, he brought the Avengers there to witness his triumph. He hoped to defeat them and then marry Ravonna. Finally his army attacked the kingdom at his signal. One of his generals, Baltag, rebelled against him after he did not execute Ravonna, as he had done to the rulers of other conquered kingdoms. Kang then enlisted the aid of the Avengers to overthrow Baltag", ". Kang then enlisted the aid of the Avengers to overthrow Baltag. He also enlisted the aid of citizens of the city, and, after stealing weaponry, the rebellion went ahead. Kang gained access to a chamber which could only be opened by the sound of his heartbeat, and activated a device that destroyed all the weaponry of his rebelling army. He released Ravonna from her dungeon, revealing he really loved her", ". He released Ravonna from her dungeon, revealing he really loved her. However, Baltag attempted to shoot Kang as he sent the Avengers back to their own time, and Ravonna, realizing she loved Kang, threw herself in front of the blast, and fell into a deathlike coma, after which the general was executed.", "Kang preserved her in stasis for a time, but when he played a game with the Grandmaster in a tournament of champions, to gain the power to free Ravonna and kill the Avengers, he only partially won, and chose in anger to try to kill the Avengers instead. He failed due to the presence of the Black Knight, losing his chance to save Ravonna; the Grandmaster had only granted Kang the power of death over the Avengers, and the Black Knight was presently not a member of the team", ". A temporal counterpart of Ravonna was later revealed to be a consort of Kang, and later learned to be a confederate of Immortus in his scheme to defeat Kang and destroy the Kang divergents. Kang rescued her from the moment before death due to the devices of Immortus when he was thrown into Limbo (later it was revealed this was due to mental manipulation), then learned this had created an alternate reality in which he was slain", ". He begins to destroy divergents of himself, not realizing this is part of a plan by Immortus. Ravonna does not alert Kang when the paralysis beam he is using to hold the Avengers is overloading due to the strength of Hercules, enabling the Avengers to escape. She then holds a Kang divergent double at gunpoint, and tells him if he really loves her he must not kill the other Kang. He refuses this and she lets him leave. That divergent is killed as his weapon was booby-trapped by the other Kang", ". That divergent is killed as his weapon was booby-trapped by the other Kang. Ravonna tells the other Kang that Immortus was all that was ever good in Kang as Immortus reveals himself. In a flashback, it was revealed that the real Ravonna was rescued by the Grandmaster, who revived her despite Kang's choice out of curiosity and told her of the choice Kang had made. She was embittered at Kang for not saving her when he had the chance, and she swore revenge on Kang.", "She became a subversive and assassin. She appeared to Doctor Druid in visions in a scheme to enlist his aid in acquiring the deadliest weapon in the omniverse. Assuming the guise of Avengers foe Nebula, she attempted to infiltrate the Council of Cross-Time Kangs. She completed her mental subjugation of Doctor Druid, and directed him to take over leadership of the Avengers. She used Druid to help her ensorcel the Avengers to accompany her to the center of a timestorm to retrieve the great weapon", ". She was ultimately thwarted by the Avengers and three Cross-Time Kangs, and fell into the timestorm with Druid. As Nebula, she attempted to enlist the aid of the Fantastic Four to free her. She appeared in a vision to the Human Torch, and mind-controlled the Invisible Woman. She attempted to steal the Ultimate Nullifier, but was thwarted by the Fantastic Four. She eventually escaped the timestorm to Lincoln, Nebraska in 1961 where she was thwarted by a rejuvenated Doctor Druid.", "Still later, she vainly attempted to enthrall Doctor Druid again. She convinced Druid to help her investigate Kang's 20th Century stronghold. Taking the name Temptress, she met the Fantastic Four, and used their time-sled to enter Chronopolis. She then fought openly with the prime Kang after taking on a guise as Terminatrix in a personal duel, a battle which ended with Kang apparently sacrificing himself to save her in the same manner she once had him. She became ruler of Chronopolis with his defeat.", "She was reported deceased in the destruction of Chronopolis, Kang's extra-temporal kingdom, in Avengers Forever.", "A younger Ravonna is later seen in the company of a younger Kang, Nate \"Kid Immortus\" Richards, providing information to Doctor Doom regarding the Future Foundation", ". In the solo series Kang the Conqueror, Kang rewrites history by manipulating a younger version of himself to go through all of his previous identities into becoming the purest form of would-be conqueror, resurrecting Ravonna by giving her the ability of retroactive reincarnation: having the same name and soul across different races, species and genders intersecting with Kang's personal timeline across the past, present, and future, with the series focusing on a particular Ravonna as Moon Knight.", "In other media\nTelevision", "Ravonna appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes episode \"Meet Captain America\", voiced by Cindy Robinson.", "Judge Ravonna Renslayer appears in Loki, portrayed by Gugu Mbatha-Raw. This version is a time-variant of Ohio school vice principal Rebecca Tourminet who was pulled from her native timeline by He Who Remains, had her memories erased, and was made a Hunter and later Judge for the Time Variance Authority (TVA). She left the TVA to go on a mission with Miss Minutes to find \"free will\" after receiving information by He Who Remains", ".They travel to Chicago, 1868 to secretly drop the TVA Guidebook to a young Victor Timely, a variant of He Who Remains, who informed Miss Minutes about this plan before his death. Traveling to 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair, they encounter an adult Timely, presenting his prototype loom. Renslayer and Miss Minutes reach him first and escape from Loki, Mobius M. Mobius and Sylvie, but Miss Minutes betrays Renslayer out of jealousy", ". Mobius and Sylvie, but Miss Minutes betrays Renslayer out of jealousy. Renslayer faces Timely in his laboratory in Wisconsin, as do Loki, Mobius and Sylvie. After Timely leaves with Loki and Mobius, Renslayer and Miss Minutes are thrown by Sylvie to the Citadel at the end of Time, where they see He Who Remains' decaying corpse, and discover a secret, that she was once He Who Remains's companion and commander of his army before he ordered his memories to be erased along with everyone else's", ". Upon returning to the TVA, they kidnap Timely, cut down D-90, and kill Dox and his men who do not join them except Hunter X-5/Brad Wolfe. Ouroboros \"O.B.\" deactivates Miss Minutes and Renslayer is pruned by Wolfe, who was charmed by Sylvie.", "FilmThe MCU version of Ravonna appears in The Simpsons short film The Good, the Bart, and the Loki, voiced by Dawnn Lewis.\n\nVideo games\nRavonna appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2, voiced by Kate O'Sullivan.\n\nRawhide Kid\n\nRaza\nRaza is a fictional character who originated in the Marvel Cinematic Universe before appearing in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Mark Fergus, Hawk Ostby, Art Marcum and Matt Holloway, first appeared in Iron Man (2008) where he was portrayed by Faran Tahir.", "Film", "Raza holds the distinction of being the first villain introduced in the MCU. He is the leader of the Ten Rings terrorist organization and launches an attack on a US Armed Forces convoy carrying Tony Stark. After kidnapping Stark, Raza and his team torture him until he agrees to rebuild the Jericho Missile for them. They slowly fail to realize that Stark and his fellow prisoner Ho Yinsen are actually building a suit of armor to escape and manage to do so, but not before scarring Raza's face", ". Raza and the Ten Rings later find remnants of Stark's Mk. I armor in the desert, but they were unable to rebuild the suit or understand its intricacies. He eventually contacted his benefactor, Obadiah Stane, who actually wanted Raza to kill Stark; Raza was unaware of who he was hired to kidnap and wanted Stark's weapons for himself. He planned on giving Stark's designs to Stane in exchange for \"a gift of iron soldiers\". Stane ends up betraying Raza and has all his men killed", ". Stane ends up betraying Raza and has all his men killed. Although not shown, it is assumed that Raza himself was also killed.", "Comics\nRaza made his comic book debut in The Invincible Iron Man Annual #1 (August 2010) from Matt Fraction and Carmine Di Giandomenico. He ends up fulfilling exactly the same role from the film, retconning Stark's origin again and replacing his initial inspiration, Wong-Chu. Instead of Stane however, Raza works directly for the Mandarin who is only implied to be his leader in the films.\n\nRazor Fist\n\nRazorback\n\nReaper\n\nGunther Strauss\n\nGunther Strauss is a supervillain in the Marvel Comics universe.", "Reaper\n\nGunther Strauss\n\nGunther Strauss is a supervillain in the Marvel Comics universe.\n\nThe character, created by Stan Lee and Al Avison, first appeared in Captain America Comics #22 (January 1943).", "Within the context of the stories, Gunther Strauss is a Nazi agent ordered by Adolf Hitler to cause a popular uprising in the United States. Acting as \"the Reaper\", Strauss travels to Manhattan and claims to be a religious prophet who had received an oracular vision. He exhorts people to abandon morality and to tear down the legal system and the federal government", ". He exhorts people to abandon morality and to tear down the legal system and the federal government. Learning of his scheme, Bucky and Captain America pursue the Reaper into the New York City Subway, where Strauss falls on the electrified third rail and is killed.", "Pantu Hurageb\n\nPantu Hurageb is a mutant in the X-Force comic book series. He generates a paralyzing wave that slows reaction times and also has prosthetic hands, that he can morph into a scythe. He has been a terrorist member of the Mutant Liberation Front in the main Marvel Universe but a hero in the Ultraverse.\n\nThe Reaver\nThe Reaver is a supervillain in the Marvel Comics universe. The character, created by Chris Claremont and Herb Trimpe, first appeared in Captain Britain #1 (dated 13 October 1976).", "Fictional character biography", "The Reaver – real name Joshua Stragg – had access to high technology, including a variety of armoured suits, and a small gang of followers. He used these to storm the Darkmoor Research Laboratory in England, bursting through the walls at the control of a huge armoured vehicle. Wanting to gain the know-how of the staff to gain further riches he attempted to kidnap the facility's nuclear experts", ". Intern Brian Braddock attempted to run for help but was hit by the Reaver's hovercraft and surrounded by the villain and his men. However, Merlyn and Roma appeared to the student and granted him the powers of Captain Britain. The Reaver seized the Sword of Might and fought Captain Britain, but was defeated.", "Recorder 451\n\nRed Barbarian\n\nRed Dagger\nRed Dagger (Kareem) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He was created by G. Willow Wilson and Mirka Andolfo and first appeared in Ms. Marvel (vol. 4) #12 (October 2016).", "Kareem is a teenager from Badin who protects the streets of Karachi at night as the vigilante Red Dagger. When Kamala Khan and her family take a trip to Pakistan, she meets Kareem, who is revealed to be a family friend, and he stays with the Khan family during their vacation while studying for his university entrance exam. Red Dagger later teams up Kamala's superhero alter ego Ms. Marvel while on duty; the two are unaware of each other's secret identities.", "After the Khans return to Jersey City, Kareem later joins them and attends Kamala's high school as an exchange student. Eventually Red Dagger and Ms. Marvel share their first kiss.\n\nPowers and abilities of Red Dagger\nRed Dagger is an accomplished martial artist, acrobat and marksman, with a preference for throwing knives.", "Red Dagger in other media\nRed Dagger appears in the Disney+ series Ms. Marvel, portrayed by Aramis Knight. This version is a member of a group called the Red Daggers, who seek to protect Earth from the Clandestines.\n\nRed Ghost\n\nRed Guardian\n\nAleksey Lebedev\n\nAlexei Shostakov\n\nDr. Tania Belinsky\n\nJosef Petkus\n\nKrassno Granitsky\n\nAnton\n\nNicolai Krylenko", "Alexei Shostakov\n\nDr. Tania Belinsky\n\nJosef Petkus\n\nKrassno Granitsky\n\nAnton\n\nNicolai Krylenko\n\nRed King\nRed King (Angmo-Asan II) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He was created by Greg Pak and Carlo Pagulayan for their Planet Hulk arc.", "Before becoming the Father Emperor of Sakaar, Angmo-Asan II's father was an Imperial soldier-turned-warlord whose exploits united the nations of Imperia during the Wars of Empire and saved the planet from alien invasion during the Spike War. After his father died, Angmo II ascended to the throne and took the name \"Red King\".", "Angmo as the new king was vastly different to his warrior-like father; he was vain and childlike, desired power and glory, and had no morals on how to achieve them. Before he died, Angmo's father had recognized these traits in his son and decided that Angmo II posed a threat to the planet and its people if he ever took the throne. The king sent his warbound Shadow, Hiroim the Shamed, to assassinate the prince. The only thing that saved the prince's life was Hiroim's unwillingness to kill a child.", "While Angmo was still young he came across the thirteen year old Caiera whose village was attacked by the Spikes. Using her Old Power and fighting skills she fought the infected of her village until she was saved by the young Red King. The Red King had stood by and allowed her village to be infected in order to find a Shadow with the Old Power. He proceeded to enslave her. She was later freed and officially made the King's bodyguard", ". He proceeded to enslave her. She was later freed and officially made the King's bodyguard. The Red King would go on to have almost all his sons and daughters slaughtered to ensure they could not take the throne from him.", "The Red King still ruled Sakaar when the Hulk was inadvertently exiled to their world. Initially the Hulk was enslaved and trained as a gladiator to fight for the entertainment of the Emperor but he quickly began to gain attention as the Green Scar and Sakaarson, a mythical figure prophesied to rule Sakaar and heal it.", "The Red King grew concerned and tried to have the Hulk killed repeatedly to no avail until they entered into open war with one another. The Hulk led his friends the Warbound and others against the Red King, eventually gaining the support of the King's own bodyguard, Caiera the Oldstrong, who turned against him when the Red King unleashed the Spikes against the Hulk.", "The Hulk led his forces on Crown City and personally fought the Red King, seemingly defeating him and stopping the destruction of Crown City caused by the King. At some point after his downfall, the Red King was found by the Wildebots and reconstructed as a Cyborg, leading survivors of Crown City to safety and coming to regret his past actions, feeling that the Hulk had helped him become who he should have been. The Red King followed the Hulk's son Skaar up until the destruction of the planet", ". The Red King followed the Hulk's son Skaar up until the destruction of the planet. It remains unclear whether or not he survived the planet being consumed by Galactus.", "Red King in other media\n The Red King appears in Planet Hulk, voiced by Mark Hildreth.\n The Red King appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode \"Planet Hulk! (Six Against Infinity, Part 5)\".\n The Red King appears as a playable character and boss in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.\n\nRed Lotus\nRed Lotus (Paul Hark) is a fictional character, a mutant appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He was created by Chris Claremont and Salvador Larroca.", "Red Lotus was born in Sydney, Australia, to an American parent, and is the heir apparent to the Sydney Chinese Triad, which was run by his grandfather, who was known as Father Gow. When Gow was murdered, Red Lotus was led to believe that the culprit was Gambit by the Examiner, who wanted to gain control of the Triad for himself.", "Red Lotus assisted the X-Treme X-Men team against Sebastian Shaw and Lady Mastermind after the truth was revealed, and later helped them while they were trying to repel an interdimensional invasion in Madripoor.\n\nAfter the invasion on Madripoor, Paul became an ally to Viper and joined her undercover at the Hellfire Club hoping to shut down their mutant slave ring. He was almost murdered by Selene, but Marvel Girl was able to save him.", "He was last seen still as an ally to Courtney Ross, Viper, Sunspot and their new Hellfire Club, however, what happened to him after M-Day still remains a mystery.\n\nRed Lotus is a superhuman martial artist who possesses enhanced strength, speed, reflexes, agility, dexterity, coordination, balance, and endurance.", "Red Lotus in other media\nRed Lotus was set to appear in Dark Phoenix, portrayed by Andrew Stehlin. In the final film however, he is replaced by Ariki, a mutant capable of manipulating his braids. Furthermore, a \"Red Lotus Gang\" was originally set to appear in earlier stages.\n\nRed Hulk\n\nThunderbolt Ross\n\nRobert Maverick\n\nRed Nine\n\nRed Raven\n\nRed Ronin\n\nRed She-Hulk\n\nRed Shift\n\nRed Skull\n\nJohann Schmidt\n\nGeorge John Maxon\n\nAlbert Malik\n\nSinthea Schmidt\n\nJohann Schmidt (Clone)\n\nRed Sonja\n\nRed Wolf\n\nWildrun", "Albert Malik\n\nSinthea Schmidt\n\nJohann Schmidt (Clone)\n\nRed Sonja\n\nRed Wolf\n\nWildrun\n\nJohnny Wakely\n\nThomas Thunderhead\n\nWilliam Talltrees\n\nRedstone\n\nRedwing\n\nRedeemer\nRedeemer is codename used by two minor characters in Marvel Comics. Both are acquaintances of the Hulk.", "Craig Saunders", "Craig Saunders Jr., created by John Byrne, first appeared in The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #317 (March 1986). Fascinated by explosives every since childhood, he specialized in explosive ordinance disposal until he was too late with a mother and daughter killed by the bomb blast to which his military reputation had been permanently damaged as a result of bad press", ". Saunders is recruited into the Hulkbusters by Bruce Banner, vowing to redeem himself of his failings by doggedly hunting the Hulk and gaining a friendship with teammate Sam LaRoquette. After Bruce Banner re-merged with the Hulk due to separation causing cellular degeneration, Saunders hunted Rick Jones. The Hulkbusters are recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D", ". The Hulkbusters are recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D. as an advisor alongside LaRoquette but were manipulated by the Leader into being a brainwashed pawn with himself and LaRoquette as Redeemer and Rock respectively. He is killed when the Hulk threw him on rock spikes.", "Reginald Fortean\nReginald Fortean, created by Jeff Parker and Gabriel Hardman, first appeared in Hulk (vol. 2) #30.1 (May 2011). A US Air Force General and Thunderbolt Ross's protégé, he seeks revenge on the Red Hulk (unaware that Red Hulk and Ross are one person) by using his own Redeemer armor. During one of these outings, he briefly fought Omegex.", "Reginald Fortean has since taken command of the anti-Hulk \"Shadow Base\" black ops as part of the U.S. Hulk Operations. He uses the organization to find a way to weaponize the gamma radiation. Reginald and Dr. Charlene McGowan later graft the tissue samples of Abomination to Rick Jones' corpse as part of a gamma experiment that revives him as an Abomination/A-Bomb-like creature with two faces and many finger-like structures surrounding his face that Dr. Charlene McGowan calls Subject B", ". Charlene McGowan calls Subject B. After killing a depowered Walter Langkowski, Reginald accidentally fused himself with Rick Jones's Subject B husk, turning himself into the new Subject B. Hulk and Subject B ended up killing themselves and were transported to the Below-Place. After talking to Doc Samson, Banner as Grey Hulk killed Reginald.", "Regent\nRegent is a character in Marvel Comics. He makes his first full appearance as the main antagonist of the limited series Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows, as part of the 2015 Secret Wars storyline. The Earth-616 version later makes a reappearance at the end of The Amazing Spider-Man (vol. 4) #1.", "Earth-18119 version", "During the \"Secret Wars\" storyline, heroes from all over the Battleworld domain of the Regency have gone missing. With the X-Men missing, the Avengers suspect that Augustus Roman is behind this. As Spider-Man hears of this, Hawkeye mentions about a mass-breakout at Ryker's Island. While the Avengers head out to fight Regent, Spider-Man heads home to meet with his wife Mary Jane Watson where he finds his daughter Annie in the clutches of Venom", ". With all the superheroes defeated by Regent, Peter Parker retires as Spider-Man to keep his family safe.", "In light of Regent's victory, Peter Parker obtains inhibitor bracelets so that Regent won't detect him or Annie. When Annie's inhibitor bracelet breaks down before school, she must keep her abilities in check. At Regent's headquarters, Regent figures out that Spider-Man has been sighted and unleashes his Sinister Six (consisting of Doctor Octopus, Hobgoblin, Kraven the Hunter, Mysterio, Shocker, and Vulture) to hunt down Spider-Man.", "Regent broadcasts that he will be doing a compulsory screening at Public School 122 Mamie Fay. Though Peter, Mary Jane, and Annie pass the scans, another kid didn't causing Peter Parker to turn into Spider-Man to defend him.", "As S.H.I.E.L.D. faces the Regent, Mary Jane and Annie confront his scientists led by Dr. Shannon Stillwell. Using the same type of armor as the Regent, Mary Jane helps Annie to disable the mechanism that held the captive heroes in order for Regent to draw in their powers. When this attracts the attention of Regent, Spider-Man escapes and takes the fight with Regent to the streets. Annie joined the fight and used the special arrowhead on Regent. Despite this, Regent is still a threat as he grabs Annie", ". Despite this, Regent is still a threat as he grabs Annie. Spider-Man uses a bluff to get close to Regent so that he can defeat him. Using an improvised restraining unit made by Prowler, S.H.I.E.L.D took Regent into their custody as Spider-Man and his family resume their normal lives.", "Earth-616 version", "On Earth-616, Augustus Roman is the CEO of Empire Unlimited. However, he secretly adopted the identity of Regent wearing a silver armor that changes his appearance to an armored one. Roman had felt abhorrence towards super-humans ever since his family died during a conflict between the Avengers and the Masters of Evil, were he made a cameo appearance in Avengers #277", ". Believing that super-humans, and their powers and abilities, including their weapons should be contained and controlled, Roman created a prison known as The Cellar, located in Ryker's Island. On the surface, The Cellar appeared to be nothing more than a holding facility, when in reality its super-powered inmates were restrained inhumanly, and had their powers replicated into a special suit designed for Roman, and now referring himself as Regent, the \"savior of humanity\".", "Harry Lyman soon finds out Augustus' true identity as Regent, while learning his action for sudden disappearance of the super-humans alike. Even much more worst situation as Betty Brant, sent by Harry attempt to go to Augustus to ask him if he's actually a Regent, Augustus kidnaps Betty to cover his identity and his ruthless action from being exposed, so will the rest of the innocent people who may stumbled finds out his schemes", ". As Harry tries to expose Augustus' secret identity as a Regent for a disappearing of Betty, right before Regent captures him, Harry manage to call the original Spider-Man, as well as Iron Man that he finally finds out Augustus is Regent. Mary Jane soon catch up with Spider-Man and Iron Man, donning Peter's old Iron Spider suit to catch with them and rescues other missing super humans from Regent", ". As Spider-Man manage to find Harry and releases other captured super humans, and destroys the machine that powers Regent, Regent becomes powerless, surrounded by the other heroes and innocence he captured, and finally being arrested and put to justice, imprisoned in his own Cellar he created.", "During the \"Secret Empire\" storyline, Regent appears as a member of Hydra's Army of Evil. He partakes in the attacks on New York in retribution on what happened at Pleasant Hill.", "Regent in other media", "The Augustus Roman incarnation of Regent appears in Spider-Man, voiced by Imari Williams. This version is the warden of a supervillain prison called the Cellar and Police Chief Yuri Watanabe's mentor who holds a grudge against the Avengers for arresting his father, who was given a life sentence for what Roman saw as minor felonies", ". As Regent, he wears a special suit capable of mimicking the powers of the Cellar's inmates: Cloak, Dagger, Electro, Mister Negative, Molten Man, Sandgirl, the Spot, Frostbite, Whirlwind, and Paradox. In the episode \"Brand New Day\", Regent banishes the Avengers and Spider-Man to another dimension. However by the following episode \"The Cellar\", Spider-Man, Doctor Octopus, and Anna Maria Marconi free Cloak and Dagger, who bring back the Avengers", ". They and Spider-Man defeat Regent, who is relieved of his position as warden and remanded to the Cellar.", "Reignfire\n\nBen Reilly\n\nMay Reilly", "Replica", "Replica is a Skrull from an alternate future and a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy and Galactic Guardians. The character, created by Jim Valentino, first appeared in Guardians of the Galaxy #9 (February 1991) as an inhabitant of the alternate timeline/reality Marvel Comics designated as Earth-691. Within the context of the stories, Replica is a devout member of the Universal Church of Truth who lives in disguise on the planet New Haven under the rule of Rancor", ". When the Guardians of the Galaxy arrive, she joins them and the Resistance against Rancor. When the Guardians leave New Haven, she stows away on their ship as an insect only to be discovered by Yondu. Over time she assists the Guardians against a Stark saboteur, the Spirit of Vengeance, and the Grand Inquisitor. She also reveals that she is a member of the Universal Church of Truth and a Skrull as she officially joins the Guardians", ". Later, in order to save the lives of the Guardians, she gives herself as a playmate to her god, Protégé.", "Reptil\n\nReptyl\n\nClive Reston\n\nRev\n\nRevanche\n\nRevolutionary\nRevolutionary is a fictional character appearing in Avengers: The Initiative Annual #1 created by Dan Slott, Christos N. Gage, and Patrick Scherberger.", "The Revolutionary was a Skrull secret agent, sent as part of a Skrull plan to conquer the Earth. The Revolutionary infiltrated the Liberteens, a superhero team based in Philadelphia who were the official government-approved superteam for the state of Pennsylvania. The Revolutionary was in contact with Criti Noll, the Skrull posing as Yellowjacket, speaking from Camp Hammond. He was a level-headed and respectful in his role as leader of the group.", "When 3-D Man (Delroy Garrett Jr.) began his cross country effort with the Skrull Kill Krew to rid the Initiative of Skrull infiltrators, the Revolutionary was one of the Skrulls defeated. Gravity dropped the diamond-skinned Hope on top of the Revolutionary and dramatically amplified her mass, crushing him to a bloody pulp.\n\nThe real Revolutionary later attended a support group meeting at Camp Hammond for the S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and heroes who were replaced.\n\nCecilia Reyes\n\nGabe Reyes", "Cecilia Reyes\n\nGabe Reyes\n\nGabriel \"Gabe\" Reyes is a fictional character in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Felipe Smith and Tradd Smith, first appeared in All-New Ghost Rider #1 (May 2014).", "Gabe Reyes is the younger brother of Robbie Reyes the new Ghost Rider. When his mother was pregnant with him, their uncle Eli Morrow shoved her down the stairs, resulting in Gabe being born with limited motor control over his legs. Gabe is also developmentally disabled and is need of constant attention from Robbie. Gabe looks up to his brother, but under the influence of Eli, the two begin to drift away from each other to the point that they begin fighting", ". Eli takes over Gabe and begins to go after his former boss, Yegor Ivanov. Robbie rescues Gabe by taking Eli back and killing Ivanov, the brothers' faith in each other is restored.", "Gabe Reyes in other media\nGabe Reyes appears in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., portrayed by Lorenzo James Henrie. This version is a high school student who became wheelchair-bound following an attack by a street gang called the Fifth Street Locos and is initially unaware of Robbie's activities as the Ghost Rider until Robbie tells him the truth about the night that they were attacked.\n\nRhapsody", "Rhapsody\n\nRhapsody (Rachel Argosy) is a mutant supervillainess appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She first appeared in X-Factor #79.", "Fictional character biography", "Rachel Argosy was a teacher, until, at age 20, her hair and skin turned light blue when her mutant powers developed. Despite being popular with the children, who nicknamed her Rhapsody, the parents complained about having a mutant teacher and, after a meeting of the school board, was fired. Two days later, while trying to use her power to convince Harry Sharp, the leader of her detractors on the school board, to reverse its decision, he died of a heart attack while in ecstasy from her power", ". While fleeing from the police, she stole a violin and used the music from it to fuel her power of flight. The police then called X-Factor, who sent Quicksilver and Jamie Madrox to help capture her.", "While Quicksilver helped bring her down and smashed her violin, she influenced the core Madrox with a flute, who, after his duplicates helped stop her, became angered and convinced Quicksilver to help him break her out. However, when she admitted to Madrox that Sharp had died, albeit not deliberately, at her hands, he rejected her angrily and returned her to prison. She is emotionally dependent on music and becomes depressed after an extended period without hearing it", ". She most recently serenaded the attendees of the Hellfire Gala.", "Powers and abilities \nWhile music is playing in the vicinity - usually through her playing her own violin - she can fly and warp minds to manipulate emotions, induce hallucinations in others, or control minds completely - though some are more susceptible than others. Rhapsody retains her powers post-M-Day. She is a talented violinist and flute player.\n\nRhino", "Rhino\n\nLila Rhodes\nLila Rhodes is a fictional character appearing in Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Iron Patriot #1 (March 2014), and was created by Ales Kot and Garry Brown. She is the niece of James Rhodes and the daughter of Jeanette Rhodes. Lila provides tech support.", "Roberta Rhodes\nRoberta Rhodes is a fictional character appearing in Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Iron Man #173 (May 1973), and was created by Denny O'Neil and Luke McDonnell. She is the mother of James Rhodes / War Machine. Roberta is shown to supportive of her son.\n\nRoberta Rhodes in other media\nRoberta Rhodes appears in Iron Man: Armored Adventures, voiced by Catherine Haggquist. This version is the legal guardian and attorney for Tony Stark after Howard Stark's disappearance.", "Terrence Rhodes\n\nVal Rhymin\n\nZander Rice", "Dr. Zander Rice is a fictional character in the Marvel Universe. He was created by Craig Kyle, Christopher Yost and Billy Tan, and his first appearance was in X-23 #1 (March 2005). His father Dale Rice worked on the Weapon X Program and was killed by Wolverine. Years later, Rice works on recreating the Weapon X experiment with his mentor Dr. Martin Sutter. He was eventually paired with Dr. Sarah Kinney, whom he did not get along with", ". Martin Sutter. He was eventually paired with Dr. Sarah Kinney, whom he did not get along with. When Sarah suggested making a female clone for Wolverine, Rice reluctantly agreed. Although Zander forced Sarah to carry the embryo to term, Rice proceeded to mistreat and abuse Laura Kinney who he called \"Pet\" and \"Animal\" following birth. Rice uses Laura's trigger scent to kill Sutter so that he can be in charge of the program and create more clones to sell on the market", ". Laura is later ordered by Sarah to kill Rice and destroy the facility. Laura gets back at Rice by calling him \"Animal\" upon his death. In a cruel twist of fate, Rice hid a trigger scent in Sarah's hair and Sarah too is murdered by Laura.", "Zander Rice in other media", "Zander Rice appears in Logan, portrayed by Richard E. Grant. This version is the head of the corporation Alkali-Transigen who created the Transigen virus to sterilize mutantkind, which also caused the decay of Logan's healing factor and Charles Xavier's mental deterioration, in an attempt to make his own mutants as his Reavers were not as effective as he had hoped. After several mutant children escape from Transigen, Rice and the Reavers pursue Logan to get them back, only to be killed by him.", "Franklin Richards\n\nGail Richards\nGail Richards is a character who originated in the film serial Captain America (Feb. 5, 1944), later appearing in the Ultimate Marvel universe. The character, created by Royal Cole; Harry Fraser; Joseph Poland; Ronald Davidson; Basil Dickey; Jesse Duffy and Grant Nelson, was portrayed by Lorna Gray.", "Gail Richards in film", "Gail Richards is the secretary to D.A. Grant Gardner, the serial's version of Captain America. Gail was well aware of Grant's double identity and would usually try to cover while Grant was off fighting crime and would contact to update on certain information. While Gail was the typical damsel in distress seen in films at the time, she did display a bit of a backbone every now and then and at one point managed to get the drop on some criminals", ". It was implied that she had feelings for Grant though this was never explored.", "Gail Richards in comics", "A character loosely based on her, also named Gail Richards, appeared in the Ultimate Marvel Universe. This character was created by Mark Millar and Bryan Hitch, and first appeared in The Ultimates #1. She was the fiancée of Captain America (Steve Rogers) before the man's supposed demise. She eventually becomes Bucky Barnes's wife to which the two have a family. In the early 21st century, Gail was shocked to learned of Steve's survival and youthful preservation, and emotionally refused to be reunited", ". However, they later rekindle a friendship. Unbeknownst to Rogers, Gail had conceived Captain America's son, and was \"convinced\" by the American government to give up their child to the military's supposed safety. In reality, the government trained her son to be the next super soldier who instead chose to be the Ultimate iteration of Red Skull. She is later given a chance to say goodbye to her son.", "Gail Richards in other media\nGail Richards makes minor appearances in Ultimate Avengers and Ultimate Avengers 2, voiced by an unidentified actress.\n\nNathaniel Richards\n\nValeria Richards\n\nMolly von Richthofen\n\nRicochet\n\nPeter Parker\n\nJohnny Gallo\n\nRictor\n\nRight-Winger\n\nRight-Winger (Jerome \"Jerry\" Johnson) is a veteran and superhero in the Marvel Comics universe.\n\nThe character, created by Mark Gruenwald and Paul Neary, first appeared in Captain America #323 (November 1986).", "Within the context of the stories, Jerry Johnson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a veteran who had served 4 years in the U.S. Army with his friend, John Walker. Both became disillusioned and grew bored due to the lack of action during peace-time service. They both signed up for the Power Broker's strength augmentation process, and joined the Unlimited Class Wrestling Federation. Later, John Walker approached him to form a team of superhumans, known as the B.U.C", ". Later, John Walker approached him to form a team of superhumans, known as the B.U.C.s (Bold Urban Commandos) or \"Buckies\". This team consisted of Johnson, Lemar Hoskins, and Hector Lennox, and they all wore variations of Captain America's costume.", "Walker, now known as the Super-Patriot publicly spoke out against the original Captain America, and the Buckies pretended to be Cap's supporters. The Buckies staged opposition to Walker and pretended to attack him at a rally in Central Park as a publicity stunt. Walker defeated these protesters and proclaimed to Captain America that the people should decide who was worthy of being Captain America", ". Eventually, the Commission on Superhuman Activities selected Walker to replace Steve Rogers as Captain America, and chose Lemar Hoskins to become his partner Bucky (and later as Battlestar).", "Lennox and Johnson were left behind, feeling betrayed and angered. They chose the names Left-Winger and Right-Winger respectively. They wore stolen Guardsmen armor and battled Walker and Hoskins. The pair upstaged the new Captain America at a patriotic rally and press conference, attacking him and revealing Walker's identity to the press out of jealousy over his new-found success. As a result, Walker's parents were killed by the militia group The Watchdogs, nearly driving Walker into a mental breakdown", ". Walker blamed his former partners for his parents' deaths, and he stalked them. When he caught up to Left-Winger and Right-Winger, he tied them to an oil tank which was detonated by a torch-saber and left them to die. They barely survived the explosion due to their bodies' enhanced physiology, leaving them terribly burned and in critical condition.", "Later, Walker became the U.S. Agent and joined the West Coast Avengers. Left-Winger and Right-Winger, alongside several others, were plucked from different time periods by Immortus to serve in the third Legion of the Unliving. They battled U.S. Agent, who slew them again not believing them to be authentic.", "Eventually, it was revealed to Walker that the pair had survived the explosion and were hospitalized in Houston. After undergoing painful treatment for the burns they received, they had committed suicide. When Walker learned of this, he was remorseful.\n\nRinger\n\nAnthony Davis\n\nKeith Kraft\n\nUnnamed\n\nRingmaster\n\nFritz Tiboldt\n\nRingo Kid", "Rintrah", "Rintrah is an other-dimensional mystic. The character, created by Peter B. Gillis and Chris Warner, first appeared in Doctor Strange #80 (Dec. 1986). He was depicted as a green furred minotaur. Within the context of the stories, Rintrah comes from an other-dimensional planet called R'Vaal. There, because of his sensitivity to occult forces and his potential to become a skilled sorcerer, he is an apprentice to Enitharmon the Weaver", ". When Doctor Strange brings his Cloak of Levitation to Enitharmon for repair, the weaver sends Rintrah to return the restored cloak. After delivering the cloak, Strange briefly, and with permission, possesses his body to fend off Urthona. He remains with Strange for a short time before returning to his apprenticeship.", "Rintrah in other media\nRintrah appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), voiced by Adam Hugill. This version is a member of the Masters of the Mystic Arts.\nRintrah appears as a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions.\n\nDallas Riordan\n\nDallas Riordan is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. She first appeared in Thunderbolts #1 (April 1997).", "Fictional character biography", "Dallas Riordan's comic book family had a long storied history of being police officers. Dallas was once an NYPD officer and a soldier before she went into politics and became the aide to the mayor of New York. When the Thunderbolts arrived on the scene after the disappearances of The Avengers and the Fantastic Four, the mayor wanted to take advantage of the Thunderbolts publicity and chose to appoint Dallas as the liaison between his office and the new team of \"heroes\"", ". Dallas was unaware that her new associates were super villains in disguise, plotting to use their newfound publicity to get security clearances that would allow them to take over the world.", "Dallas quickly began a flirtation with Thunderbolt member Atlas and the two were dating when the group became exposed as villains. The Thunderbolts, led by Citizen V (by now Baron Helmut Zemo once again), soon made an attempt to take over the world. To save face, the mayor chose to blame Dallas for leading him astray and promptly fired her.", "A short time later, Dallas was approached by Roger Aubrey of the V-Battalion and was offered the role of Citizen V (the original Citizen V was a Golden Age hero murdered by Helmut's father Baron Heinrich Zemo), their primary field agent. It turned out that Dallas's grandfather had worked for the original V-Battalion (the majority of which were slaughtered by Heinrich)", ". He had served in World War II but stayed in Europe to help recreate the V-Battalion with Roger Aubrey and various others, leaving his wife and son, Jim Riordan, behind. Jim raised Dallas to be tough and encouraged her desire to be a police officer. Jim did not like the V-Battalion, but he presumably wanted his daughter to be trained in combat so that she would be prepared if she ever accepted a role in the V-Battalion (as was her right, being a descendant of a member).", "Furious over the way her life had been destroyed by the Thunderbolts, Dallas decided to join the V-Battalion and became Citizen V. She became somewhat of a super-hero herself, first fighting Baron Zemo and then going up against the threat of the Crimson Cowl, who after knocking Citizen V unconscious, framed Dallas for being the leader of the Masters of Evil, which was all a set-up to throw the Thunderbolts off the trail of the real Crimson Cowl (Justine Hammer). Dallas was then arrested", ". Dallas was then arrested. Dallas was rescued from prison by the V-Battalion. She soon tried to track down the Crimson Cowl but instead found herself fighting the Imperial Forces of America (ironically, but unknown to her, they were funded by Baron Zemo)", ". The V-Battalion ordered Dallas to assassinate Henry Peter Gyrich (who would become her co-worker in the Commission on Superhuman Activities several years later) because Gyrich and the CSA had been compromised by the nanite conspiracy spearheaded by Baron Strucker of HYDRA. Dallas refused and the V-Battalion sent their operatives to stop her from informing the Thunderbolts of their plans.", "When Dallas returned to the United States, she tried to get help from the Thunderbolts but a battle broke out between the two groups and Dallas vanished in battle, kidnapped again by the Crimson Cowl. Dallas wound up in a prison base on the border of Symkaria and Latveria. She managed to find a means of escape but chose to confront the Cowl instead. The battle ended with her falling off a bridge and into a river", ". The battle ended with her falling off a bridge and into a river. Dallas washed up in Latveria (the country led by Doctor Doom) and her back was crushed, requiring her to use a wheelchair for mobility. Dallas soon began to get visitations from her ex-boyfriend Erik (who had been killed by Scourge). Eventually Dallas was freed from Latveria by the Redeemers at which point she came back to the United States.", "The Thunderbolts, who had previously disbanded, reunited during a battle with Graviton. Dallas reasoned that the ionic-powered Erik's visitations were similar to Wonder Man's visitations of the Scarlet Witch, who he used as an emotional anchor to tie him to the world after he had been killed. Erik didn't have a body to come back to and instead channeled his ionic energy into Dallas. In their ionic state, Dallas's body could walk and had various superpowers", ". In their ionic state, Dallas's body could walk and had various superpowers. Atlas re-joined the Thunderbolts to fight Graviton but after the battle, Erik and Dallas found themselves and their teammates marooned on Counter Earth. When they returned, the ionic energy recreated a powerless Erik Josten and Dallas retained a portion of the ionic energy. Thanks to the Fixer, Erik soon gained Pym Particle-related powers again.", "Dallas joined the Thunderbolts as Vantage and chose to remain on the team to watch Zemo, who she could not trust. Eventually Helmut was scarred by a deranged Moonstone when trying to save Captain America. The Thunderbolts briefly disbanded and Erik asked Hank Pym to strip him of his new powers. Dallas and Erik broke up and Dallas took a job working for homeland security. Erik soon re-joined the Thunderbolts despite being powerless", ". Erik soon re-joined the Thunderbolts despite being powerless. After an encounter with Genis-Vel, Erik became enraged and tapped into his ionic powers which somehow left Dallas paralysed again.", "Dallas is currently a full-time member of the CSA and even helped organize the battle between the Thunderbolts and the new Avengers. Dallas and the CSA are apparently working with Zemo to save the world from the Grandmaster. Dallas does not trust Helmut, but gave him the benefit of the doubt. Altered again by the Wellspring, during a battle against the Grandmaster in which he had to surrender his powers temporarily to Zemo, Josten was left stuck in a giant form, too heavy even to move and communicate", ". However he was able to send back some ionic energy to Dallas, restoring her legs. She offered jobs to Abner Jenkins and Fixer within the CSA. During the Dark Reign storyline, Dallas Riordan appeared as part of senate sub committee questioning Norman Osborn about the recent Skrull invasion.", "Powers and abilities\nAs Vantage, Dallas once possessed superhuman levels of agility and endurance. While sharing consciousness with Atlas, Vantage was charged with ionic energy and could grow to great heights, fire ionic blasts, create a protective energy field, and fly.", "In other media\nA variation of the character renamed Gabby Talbott appears in the Avengers Assemble episode \"The Thunderbolts\", voiced by Jennifer Hale. This version is the Thunderbolts' promoter who secretly conspires with Justin Hammer and fired as a result.", "Riot\nRiot is the name used by a symbiote in Marvel Comics. The symbiote, created by David Michelinie and Ron Lim, first appeared in Venom: Lethal Protector #4 (May 1993) and was named in Carnage, U.S.A. #2 (March 2012) after an unrelated purplish-black, four-armed action figure from the Planet of the Symbiotes storyline. It was created as one of five symbiote \"children\" forcefully spawned from the Venom symbiote along with Lasher, Agony, Phage, and Scream. Riot primarily sports symbiote hammers and maces.", "Riot's first host is Trevor Cole, a mercenary hired by Carlton Drake's Life Foundation in San Francisco. Cole is one of several employees to be bonded with a symbiote, along with Donna Diego (Scream), Leslie Gesneria (Agony), Carl Mach (Phage), and Ramon Hernandez (Lasher). Riot and his \"siblings\" are defeated by Spider-Man and Eddie Brock. The symbiotes' hosts kidnap Brock in an attempt to communicate with their symbiotes. When Brock refuses to aid them, Cole is killed along with Gesneria and Mach", ". When Brock refuses to aid them, Cole is killed along with Gesneria and Mach. The others initially believe that Brock was picking the group off, but the killer is later revealed to be Diego, having developed schizophrenia from Scream's influence.", "Riot's second host is Howard Ogden, a Petty Officer assigned to the Mercury Team alongside Phage (Rico Axelson), Lasher (Marcus Simms), and Agony (James Murphy). With Cletus Kasady on the loose in Colorado, Ogden and the Team Mercury assist Spider-Man, Scorn and Flash Thompson. Nevertheless, Riot and his teammates are killed by Carnage in their secret base, and the four symbiotes bond with the Mercury Team's dog after the fight.", "After being possessed by Knull, Riot and his \"siblings\" take over a family, with him and Agony taking the father and mother respectively while Phage and Lasher bond to the children before the group head to New York to help in Carnage's quest. They hunt Dylan Brock and Normie Osborn, but are defeated and separated from their hosts by the Maker. Under Knull's possession, Phage merges with his \"siblings\" into one, but is defeated by Andi Benton.", "Riot's fourth host takes part in a conspiracy led by the Carnage symbiote. Riot assists the other three symbiote enforcers and Carnage until they are defeated by Thompson, Silence, and Toxin and contained in Alchemax's custody.", "Riot in other media\n The Trevor Cole incarnation of Riot appears as a boss in Spider-Man and Venom: Separation Anxiety.\n The Trevor Cole incarnation of Riot appears as a playable character in Spider-Man Unlimited.", "The Riot symbiote appears in Venom. This version is the leader of a symbiote infiltration squad. After being brought to Earth by a Life Foundation probe, Riot goes through multiple hosts before arriving in San Francisco and bonding with Carlton Drake (portrayed by Riz Ahmed) in an attempt to bring more symbiotes to Earth. Riot faces and overpowers Venom in battle, then escapes into a Life Foundation rocket, but Venom damages it, killing Riot and Drake.", "Ripjak\n\n \nRipjak is a fictional comic book character from an alternate future Marvel Comics universe and appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy comic book series.", "Dubbed the Interplanetary Serial Killer by the media, Ripjak was a Martian antagonist, and later ally, of the Guardians of the Galaxy in the Earth-691 timeline of the Marvel Universe. It was later revealed that Ripjak was not the killer he was believed to be but rather an agent of mercy. He came to planets that had already been infected by the being known as Bubonicus and then wiped them out to prevent the contagions from spreading and end the suffering of those living there.", "Powers and abilities \nRipjak wore an artificial exoskeleton and had enhanced abilities from a blood transfusion with Spider-Man.\n\nRiptide\n\nDeborah Risman\n\nMatthew Risman\n\nRisque\n\nDonald & Deborah Ritter\n\nRoberta\n\nRoberta is a fictional android in Marvel Comics. The character, created by John Byrne, first appeared in Fantastic Four #239 (February 1982).", "Roberta was created by Reed Richards when he realized that no one would apply to work as the Fantastic Four's receptionist. She is known for her calm demeanor in the face of unusual situations and resembles a blonde haired woman with glasses down to the waist, where the rest of her is a machine connected to a desk. She has dealt with the Thing, Black Cat, Kitty Pryde and John Byrne. She once took down the Trapster in one blow. When Kristoff Vernard blew up the Baxter Building, he also destroyed Roberta.", "When the Baxter Building was rebuilt, so was Roberta with her memories intact. She showed some slight confusion over the sight of seeing Doctor Doom with Alicia Masters and for once was unsure of what to do. She was ripped from her circuits by Mad Thinker when his mind was trapped in the body of the Awesome Android. Reed was able to rebuild her, however. She once again showed minor interest in the strange going ons around her", ". She once again showed minor interest in the strange going ons around her. She witnessed Luke Cage drive his car through the Baxter Building and then witnessed him fight the Thing. Scott Lang has deduced that Roberta is incapable of sarcasm as she cheerfully told Alicia \"you're welcome\" after it was apparent that her thanks was sarcastic. She also prefers to call herself a \"mechanized human\".", "Roberta received a redesign when the Four Freedoms Plaza was donated to the Thunderbolts. While the original design still had blonde hair and wore glasses, the Four Freedoms Plaza version had black hair while the Thunderbolts Plaza version had long brown hair. Roberta got another redesign, this time she had a full, silvery humanoid body and was first seen meeting with new Fantastic Four writer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa", ". She has since started dating former killer robot turned assistant mail man Elektro and the two have since started living together.", "Roberta in other media\nRoberta appears in Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer, potrayed by Patricia Harras. This version is a hologram.\n\nRobbie Robertson\n\nRandy Robertson\n\nRock Python\n\nRocket Racer\n\nRocketeers\n\nRocketlauncher\n\nRockman\n\nRockslide\n\nBarbara Rodriguez\nBarbara Rodriguez is a minor character appearing within Marvel Comics. The character, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Sara Pichelli, first appeared in Spider-Men #1 (July 2017). She is Miles Morales's \"first serious girlfriend\".", "Rodstvow", "Joseph Rogers\nJoseph Rogers is a minor character in Marvel Comics. He is the father of Steve Rogers. The character, created by Rick Remender and John Romita Jr., first appeared in Captain America (vol. 7) #1 (January 2013). Born and raised in Ireland, Joseph took a bullet during World War I. He later married Sarah and the two emigrated to the United States. Sometime after his son's birth, Joseph could not find any work and turned into an alcoholic, abusing Steve and Sarah. He later died of influenza.", "Joseph Rogers in other media\nJoseph Rogers makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the Avengers Assemble episode \"The House of Zemo\".", "Sarah Rogers", "Sarah Rogers is a minor character in Marvel Comics. She is the mother of Steve Rogers. The character, created by Roger Stern and John Byrne, first appeared in Captain America #255 (March 1981). Born and raised in Ireland, she married Joseph Rogers and the two immigrated to the United States. After she gave birth to their son, Sarah raised Steve to the best of her ability in New York City despite Joseph being an alcoholic and abusive", ". After Joseph's death, Sarah worked double shifts at a garment factory and took in laundry to help ends meet and support Steve, and died some years later of illness.", "Other versions of Sarah Rogers\nSteve Rogers's alternate reality daughter is presumably named after Sarah Rogers.\n\nSteve Rogers\n\nSteven Rogers Jr.\nSteven Rogers Jr. is a character appearing in Marvel Comics. The character was created by Rick Margopoulos and Dan Reed, and first appeared in What If? #38 (January 1983). He is the son of Steve Rogers / Captain America and Sharon Carter.", "Alternate versions of Steven Rogers", "An alternate Ultimate Marvel equivalent of the Red Skull is the secret son of Captain America and Gail Richards. This character was created by Mark Millar and Carlos Pacheco, and first appeared in Ultimate Comics: Avengers #1 (October 2009). This version wears simple khaki pants and a white tee shirt. After World War II, he is taken from Richards and raised on an army base where he appears to be a well-adjusted, physically superior and tactically brilliant young man", ". However, his easygoing personality was a ruse as he kills over 200 men and then cuts off his face which leaves a \"red skull\" for his likeness, and had a long career of working as a professional assassin. Eventually, Rogers joins A.I.M. so that he can steal the Cosmic Cube's blueprints, meeting Captain America and revealing his true identity", ". Rogers later takes control of the Cosmic Cube where he has a sadistic display of nearly unlimited power when confronting the Avengers led by Nick Fury (who is implied to have Rogers out of retirement) and Gregory Stark; he actually wanted to use the Cosmic Cube to manipulate time to have his family together with a normal life. Rogers is defeated when his father arrives in a stolen fighter jet which teleports to Hawkeye's exact coordinates", ". In a hospital, Rogers is kept alive long enough for his mother's goodbyes before he is killed by Petra Laskov.", "The 2017 Secret Wars storyline features Ellie Rogers, the daughter of Steve Rogers and Sharon Carter in the Battleworld domain of the Hydra Empire. She is part of the Resistance which are killed by a group of female assassins while she's infected by Venom and later turned into the symbiote-powered Viper, but uses these abilities to help Nomad.", "Steven Rogers in other media\n A character named James Rogers appears in Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow (2008), voiced by Noah Crawford. This version is the son of Captain America and Black Widow.\n A variation of Steven Rogers named Sharon Rogers appears as a playable character in the video game Marvel: Future Fight. As part of Captain America's 75th anniversary, she is the daughter of Steve Rogers and Peggy Carter from an alternate timeline where she now serves as Captain America.\n\nRogue\n\nRom\n\nRoma", "Rogue\n\nRom\n\nRoma\n\nRomulus\n\nRonan the Accuser\n\nRonin\n\nRichard Rory\n\nBernie Rosenthal \n\nBernadette \"Bernie\" Rosenthal is an artisan, lawyer, and romantic interest of Captain America. The character, created by Roger Stern and John Byrne, first appeared in Captain America #247 (July 1980).", "Within the context of the stories, Bernie Rosenthal is a glass blower, wrestling fanatic and studying lawyer. After moving into her friend's apartment building, she met Steve Rogers who secretly was the patriotic superhero Captain America. The two immediately hit it off, but Bernie was surprised by Steve's sudden exit, something which her friends said was totally normal of him", ". Bernie further sympathized with Steve after seeing a photo of his former girlfriend Sharon Carter who at the time was believed to have died. She also pretended to play hard to get for Steve with her admitting to herself that she was being childish. She was unaware that she was falling for him. After a couple of misfire dates that caused both Bernie and Steve to question their relationship, they assured each other they were in love.", "While at an Anti-Nazi rally, Bernie ran into her ex-husband Sammy Bernstein. Bernie tried to reconnect with her ex, but was appalled at his violent behavior. Steve stepped away to become Captain America and when the violence was halted and Sammy taken away, Bernie came to the sudden realization that Steve and Captain America were one and the same. After avoiding each other for the day the two spoke and Bernie accepted Steve's double life", ". After avoiding each other for the day the two spoke and Bernie accepted Steve's double life. From that point on, Bernie became another love interest who patiently waited for her hero to return. Eventually Bernie proposed to Steve. Due to an increase in rent, Bernie had to close her store, 'The Glass Menagerie'. She decided to pursue her interest in law and applied for various colleges. After some worry she was accepted in University of Wisconsin–Madison", ". After some worry she was accepted in University of Wisconsin–Madison. Bernie took off for college, leaving a note behind for Steve, as she felt he had a lot on his mind. She continued to collect newspaper clippings of Captain America, until he came to visit and internally admitted that she no longer wished to be engaged to him.", "Eventually, Bernie graduated summa cum laude and had since moved on from Steve. Nevertheless, she continued to rely on him for future conflicts, or whenever she needed a friend. She later met up with Steve's then current girlfriend, Rachel Leighton, and even though there was slight animosity toward each other, with Bernie slightly having her feelings reignited for Steve, the two became friends. Bernie then got a job as a junior partner at the law firm of Sullivan and Krakower", ". Bernie then got a job as a junior partner at the law firm of Sullivan and Krakower. Bernie continued to update herself on Captain America's exploits and even defended Bucky Barnes from Doctor Faustus.", "Bernie Rosenthal in other media", "A similar character named Bernice Stewart and nicknamed 'Bernie' appears in the 1990 film adaptation of Captain America, portrayed by Kim Gillingham. This version is slightly combined with Peggy Carter as Steve Rogers's fiancé in the 1940s. Sixteen years after Steve is lost in the Antarctic, Bernie moved on and married another man, since she had the wish to have children, and indeed had a daughter named Sharon, portrayed by the same actress", ". Steve wakes up in present-day and reunites with Bernie, but their happy reunion doesn't last long as the Red Skull's men arrive, kill Bernie and wound her husband.", "Arnold \"Arnie\" Roth\n\nRoughouse\n\nRoulette\nRoulette (real name: Jennifer Stavros) is a fictional character, a mutant appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.\n\nDonald Roxxon\nDonald Phillip Roxxon is a fictional supporting character in the Ultimate Marvel universe, which is separate from the \"mainstream\" Marvel Comics continuity. The character, created by Brian Michael Bendis and Mark Bagley, first appeared in Ultimate Spider-Man #86 (January 2006).", "The inept CEO of a pharmaceutical company, he gets attacked by Killer Shrike, Omega Red, and Vulture (hired by the Tinkerer). Donald hires bodyguards to protect him, but is saved by the original Spider-Man.\n\nRoxxon is later revealed to have been in possession of the Venom symbiote which gets stolen by biochemist Conrad Markus and is the benefactor of the Roxxon Brain Trust and Prowler.", "Roxxon is personally defeated by a group of amateur superheroes led by the second Spider-Man and arrested by Spider-Woman.\n\nRoyal Roy\n\nRuby Thursday\n\nRuckus\nRuckus (Clement Wilson) is a fictional mutant super villain in the Marvel Comics universe and flamboyant leader of the Nasty Boys.", "Given Ruckus's ability to absorb the sound waves around him and send them back with concussive force by screaming, Mister Sinister favored Ruckus and often kept him in reserve. Unfortunately, Ruckus' youth makes him arrogant, as seen when he and his comrade, Ramrod, robbed a convenience store and obliterated a group of police officers. The act did not go unpunished, and when returning to base, Ruckus was put in his place", ". The act did not go unpunished, and when returning to base, Ruckus was put in his place. While working with a renegade Madrox dupe, Ruckus was put in direct conflict with the mutant group X-Factor. Flying in a hovercraft, he went after Polaris, using the sound of a firecracker to amplify and literally rock her world. Polaris was eventually able to take him out, but he escaped with teammate Gorgeous George.", "He appeared much later, along with the rest of the Nasty Boys, on a mission to stop Malice who had inhabited Havok's body. During the battle, Ruckus was the first to strike, using his power to catch Malice off guard. Eventually, X-Factor joined the battle and Ruckus was taken out by Strong Guy. After the battle, Mister Sinister grabbed his Nasty Boys and fled.\n\nRuckus was eventually hired by Mystique to assassinate Senator Robert Kelly, but failed to when the X-Men showed up.", "Ruckus retained his mutant powers after the M-Day, but eventually grew disillusioned with being a mutant and ashamed at all the evil deeds he had done. He then came to the San Francisco Institute of Bio-Social Studies who had developed a mutant cure, one which caused irreparable brain damage to any that take it. Ruckus voluntarily took the cure on camera, losing his powers like he wanted, but forced to live the life of an invalid afterward.", "Later, Ruckus had somehow recovered from his injuries and was caught attempting to rob a bank in England with his former teammate Ramrod. He and Ramrod were taken into custody. However, when a cloud of Terrigen Mist threatened the lives of the two mutants in the British prison, Storm sent the X-Men to rescue the pair. Wolverine and Nightcrawler easily found Ruckus inside his cell, but the trio had to fight their way through a prison riot to find Ramrod", ". Ruckus escaped with Ramrod and the X-Men to X-Haven, their base of operations. The X-Men placed Ruckus and Ramrod in prison cells to serve out the rest of their sentences.", "Ruckus in other media\nRuckus appears in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Dan Hennessey.\n\nRunner\n\nHenry Russo\n\nWal Rus\n\nWal Rus is a fictional anthropomorphic walrus in Marvel Comics. The character, created by Bill Mantlo and Sal Buscema, first appeared in The Incredible Hulk #271 (May 1982).\n\nWal Rus is an engineer who aided Rocket Raccoon in his fight in the Toy Wars of which his niece, Lylla, was the center of conflict. His metallic tusks were interchangeable and could be used as tools or weapons.", "His adventures with Rocket were later retconned when Rocket and Groot visited Halfworld and discovered that the halfworlders were actually service animals for mental patients. Wal Rus served as one of the security guards who worked for Rocket and had to once again help his friend when one of the patients' mental powers began to manifest after years of waiting.", "This was retconned yet again, and he was seen working for Rocket and Groot in rescuing Princess Lynx and fighting Blackjack O'Hare, his brigade and Lord Dyvyne.\n\nWal Rus in other media\nWal Rus appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy episode \"We Are Family\", voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson.\n\nWal Rus appears as a painting in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.", "Wal Rus appears as a painting in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.\n\nA version of the character named Teefs appears in the 2023 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, voiced by Asim Chaudhry. This version is a genetically and mechanically augmented walrus created by the High Evolutionary.\n\nRussian\n\nRyder\n\nJohn Ryker\n\nRynda\n\nQueen Rynda is a member of the race known as the Inhumans in the Marvel Universe. The character, created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, first appeared in Thor #148 (January 1968).", "The wife of King Agon, Rynda ruled the Inhumans alongside her husband whom she was devoted to. Her Inhuman ability allowed her to be immune to poisons. While pregnant with her son Black Bolt, Agon exposed her to the Terrigen Mists resulting in Black Bolt being born with immense powers. Due to her immunity, Rynda was able to resist going through second Terrigensis. She was killed alongside her husband by the Kree.", "Rynda in other media\nRynda appears in the Inhumans episode \"Behold... The Inhumans\", portrayed by Tanya Clarke. She and her husband Agon are unintentionally killed by Black Bolt.\n\nReferences\n\nMarvel Comics characters: R, List of" ]

[ "is the third main entry in the Yakuza series, released for the PlayStation 3 in 2009. It was developed by Sega's CS1 Team and published by Sega. It was released in Japan and South East Asia on February 26, 2009, and in North America and Europe on March 9, 2010, and March 12, 2010, respectively. A remaster containing all cut content was released in Japan on August 9, 2018, and worldwide on August 20, 2019, for the PlayStation 4, and on January 28, 2021, for Windows and Xbox One", ". A sequel, Yakuza 4, was released on March 18, 2010, in Japan.", "Gameplay", "Features\nYakuza 3 introduces PlayStation Network Trophies to the series with 45 trophies (50 in the Eastern releases). It adds four gameplay elements:\nSeamless Battle (シームレスバトル shimuresu batoru): Seamless Battle is a streaming data-based loading-free system that allows the game to directly connect the adventure mode and the battle mode (called \"Kenka\") without the usual loading black screen.", "Chase Battle (チェイスバトル, cheisu batoru): Chase Battle is a new battle mode which replaces the regular brawling (Kenka) with a running sequence set within a certain area. Both the chaser and chased have a stamina gauge that decreases naturally as the character runs, by being hit with a thrown object or by colliding with a passer-by. When the stamina gauge is empty the exhausted character stops the chase. During the game a minor character, Mack Shinozuka, will train Kiryu to improve his running performance.", "Revelation (天啓, tenkei): Ten revelations, spread throughout the game, will allow Kazuma Kiryu to learn new in Adventure mode; it is similar to the system introduced in the previous game Ryū ga Gotoku: Kenzan!. This time Kazuma uses the built-in camera on his cell phone to record new moves and techniques. These are acquired through hints and incidents spotted in First Person View", ". These are acquired through hints and incidents spotted in First Person View. Learned Heat Actions are posted on Kazuma's personal blog, called \"Kamuroblo\", which uses the same template as producer Toshihiro Nagoshi's own blog.", "First Person View: When pressing the DualShock 3's R3 button during the adventure mode, the standard third person view switches to a brand new first person mode. This perspective allows a better observation of the streets and people, but looking some people in the eyes using First Person View will provoke them and they will attack. First Person View is disabled in some indoor places and at certain angles.", "Event Mode\nThe main story spans twelve chapters plus a prologue. As with the earlier games, each chapter is preceded by a cinematic, called an \"event scene\", which later becomes available in the Gallery mode. Skipping these scenes using the Start button can only be done after enabling the scene-skipping option in the menu, which is switched off by default. The western version of Yakuza 3 features 295 minutes of cutscenes according to the BBFC.", "Six sub-scenarios (\"Date's Pride\", \"Two Fathers\", \"Hometown Girl\", \"The Finishing Touch\", \"Silver Screen Dragon\", and \"Murder at Café Alps\") are special missions featuring \"event scene\" cinematics.", "Adventure Mode\nIn the eastern releases, the main story is complemented with 123 unique side stories called \"sub-scenarios\" (\"substory\" in the original version, sabustori). These sub-scenarios are divided into two classes: Mission and Hitman. There are 103 standard missions, some of which are made up of different episodes, and 20 hitman sub-scenarios. Fifteen of these bounty hunter sidestories are located in Kamurocho, the remaining five in Ryukyu.", "Twenty minigames are available within Adventure mode. These are aromatherapy massage (eastern releases only), darts, pool, karaoke, bowling, mahjong (eastern releases only), chinchirorin, shogi (eastern releases only), chō-han, koi-koi, oicho-kabu, roulette, poker, blackjack, Answer & Answer (eastern releases only), UFO Catcher, batting cage, golf, surf fishing and Boxcelios", ". 2-player support for some of these mini games and an expansion for Answer & Answer are added through DLC, as well as main menu direct access in the eastern releases. However, the quiz minigame's expansion was eventually removed from the western release and 2-player support became a time limited DLC exclusive to the North American release's Challenge Pack. Challenges like Mack Shinozuka's training, Inner Fighter 7 and Haruka's Request aren't considered either mini games or side stories.", "Beating the game in \"Hard\" mode unlocks the \"Ex-Hard\" (extreme hard) extra difficulty level. Completing the game in any difficulty mode will create a \"cleared data\" save file and unlock \"Premium New Game\" and \"Premium Adventure\". The first allows to restart the game with all accumulated money, items, experience levels and fighting techniques", ". The latter is a free-run mode dedicated to exploration and completion as it doesn't include the main story, with only sub-scenarios remaining (though a small number of missions will only appear at a certain point in story mode, and cannot be triggered in Premium Adventure). Extra game contents are added through DLC.", "Battle Mode", "As with the previous games, the is available. An illicit mixed martial arts competition sponsored by Majima is held in the area beneath Kamurocho Hills, formerly Purgatory. The arena is inspired by real life Japanese cage fighting competitions such as K-1 World Grand Prix; gameplay is similar to fighting games Toshihiro Nagoshi previously worked on such as Virtua Fighter 5 and SpikeOut", ". Single Tournament has 50 unique international fighters (a minor character with its own profile) and 11 grand prix tournaments to choose from. These 3-round competitions have various rings, rules and difficulty levels; the different types of tournament are Exhibition Tournament, Street Fight GP, Breakout GP, Heat GP, Bounding GP, Bomber GP, Golden Glove GP, Weapon Master GP, Hyper GP, Magnum Force GP and Maximum GP. Tag Tournament is a two-partner team match including 20 unique teams", ". Tag Tournament is a two-partner team match including 20 unique teams. Each team is made of paired Single Tournament fighters enhanced with a special duo attack. There are 2 available grand prix named Tag Match GP and Twin Dragon GP", ". There are 2 available grand prix named Tag Match GP and Twin Dragon GP. Three Single Tournament fighters and two Encounter Battle characters will join Kazuma Kiryu's \"Team Dragon\" (\"Team The Dragon\" in the original release) as tag partners once he finds them in the Adventure Mode; these are boxer Maxim Soldatov , kenpō Bruce Ebinuma , puroresu Daiji Hiyama , Keigo Kanno and Masaki Hatae . Orders can be given to these partners using the DualShock 3's arrow keys.", "Completing the story mode unlocks 35 additional Battle Missions gathered in a bonus mode called . The first competition has 10 missions and is called , the second has 5 missions and is called , the third has 10 missions and is called , and fourth competition has 5 missions and is called . Completing these four competitions unlocks a fifth competition called the which has 5 missions", ". Completing these four competitions unlocks a fifth competition called the which has 5 missions. Completing all 35 missions with an \"S\" rank, the highest rank possible, unlocks a special item delivered by Bob Utsunomiya, which is a talisman called the that, when equipped, permanently maintains the Heat Gage at maximum level.", "Once story mode is completed the player can start a Premium Adventure and meet a hidden minor character (a clairvoyant woman) who allows access to four added through DLC, only available in a special edition of the game in Europe, and as a preorder bonus in North America. In Survival Battle Kazuma Kiryu must find and defeat the , Yoshitaka Mine; eight bonus bosses are disseminated within Kamurocho", ". In Survival Onigokko, Kazuma Kiryu is chased by Bob Utsunomiya in Kamurocho, with ten missions to complete in 3 minutes. All Star Tournament is an extra Arena single tournament that involves all 8 boss characters plus Goh Hamazaki, the latter of which can only be fought in this mode. All Star Tag Tournament is an extra tag tournament that pits Kazuma Kiryu and his fighting partner Goro Majima against 7 teams of bosses and bonus characters such as Kazuki, Yuya, Goh Hamazaki and Komaki.", "Completion\nThe quest for the disseminated 100 coin lockers (half of them hidden in Kamurocho, the others in Ryukyu) is rewarded with the \"Key Collector\" Silver PSN Trophy. The latter was called (lit. \"vagrant keys\") and was only Bronze level in the Eastern releases. As a mixed game including elements of the sandbox game and RPG genres, Yakuza 3 includes a \"Completion\" feature that sums up what percentage of the game was actually completed by the player.", "Only 100% completion (Completion + Sub-Scenario) will unlock the final mission involving a recurring hidden all-black character named Jo Amon , a.k.a. \"Mysterious Hitman\", a returning character from the spinoff and a secret boss available since the original Yakuza title. In Yakuza 3, Jo Amon's weapon is dual light sabers.\n\nPlot", "Plot\n\nSetting\nUnlike Ryū ga Gotoku Kenzan! (the previous game in the series, released only in Japan), which was a Miyamoto Musashi-based spinoff set in Edo-era Kyoto, this installment continues the adventures of Kazuma Kiryu from Yakuza and Yakuza 2. The game takes place both in Kamurocho, a fictional version of Tokyo's red-light district Kabukicho, from the first two games, and in a brand new location called Ryukyu.", "The area of Okinawa where the story takes place is a fictional area, based upon Naha's Makishi", ". It includes real life landmarks such as the Ichiba Hondori (linked to Mutsumibashi Dori and Heiwa Dori) covered shopping arcade renamed in the game as well as the popular Makishi Public Market shortened , the famous entertainment strip Kokusai Street called , the Okinawa Monorail Kencho-mae Station as or the Mitsukoshi department store (Okinawa Mitsukoshi) which kept its actual name as part of the game's tie-in policy.", "Compared with the earlier episodes, the Kamurocho area has some minor changes with additional backstreets and landmarks. South-East Kabukicho's European medieval castle-shaped karaoke box has been modeled and renamed \"Kamuro Castle\", and north-west Kamurocho love hotel Hotel Åland has been recreated in Kamurocho hotels quarter as the Hotel Tea Clipper.\n\nCharacters", "Characters\n\nYakuza 3s main characters are Kazuma Kiryu (Takaya Kuroda) and Haruka Sawamura (Rie Kugimiya), with Rikiya Shimabukuro (Tatsuya Fujiwara) as a supporting character who can accompany Kiryu. Additional castings total up to three hundred and sixty unique characters, appearing in both the main story and over a hundred different sub-scenarios.\n\nStory", "Unlike previous episodes, the story is not written by Hase Seishu; instead, it was primarily penned by writer Masayoshi Yokoyama", ". Yakuza 3 takes a departure from the first two games with its choice of setting: instead of focusing on the gritty cityscapes of Tokyo and Osaka, it switches gears and sends Kazuma Kiryu to the rural Ryukyu Islands of Okinawa, where he runs the Morning Glory Orphanage (\"Sunshine Orphanage\" in the English PS3 version) with his adoptive daughter Haruka Sawamura (who calls him \"Uncle Kaz\").", "Plot", "In February 2007, after ending the war with the Omi Alliance, Kiryu and Haruka visit the cemetery where his adopted father, Shintaro Kazama (Tetsuya Watari), rests. They are joined by Kaoru Sayama (Yū Daiki), who leaves for the United States. Kiryu accepts custody of an orphanage in Okinawa, hoping to raise orphans like Kazama raised him. Before leaving, he enlists his rival, Goro Majima (Hidenari Ugaki), to assist Daigo Dojima (Satoshi Tokushige), Kiryu's successor, in his duties as clan chairman", ". Majima agrees, after Kiryu defeats him.", "Six months later, Kiryu has settled into the orphanage and is dealing with eviction notices from the Ryudo Family, who own the land it's built on. He confronts two members of the clan, including the boss's right-hand man, Rikiya Shimabukuro, and meets the clan's patriarch, Shigeru Nakahara (Shigeru Izumiya). Nakahara informs Kiryu that the land is wanted for a seaside resort. Kiryu refuses to close the orphanage, despite Nakahara's threats.", "The following week, Rikiya asks Kiryu for help in finding Nakahara's daughter, Saki (Umeka Shōji). Kiryu and Rikiya learn that Saki's mother is working with Tetsuo Tamashiro (Unshō Ishizuka), the patriarch of a rival family, who plans to use Saki as leverage to seize Nakahara's territory. Kiryu defeats Tamashiro and banishes his gang, and Saki returns to Nakahara when her mother rejects her. Nakahara pledges an oath to Kiryu in return", ". Nakahara pledges an oath to Kiryu in return. Daigo reveals that Tamashiro was recruited to secure the land in a scheme tied to Defense Minister Ryuzo Tamiya's (Akio Otsuka) \"Military Base Expansion Bill\". Daigo refuses to involve the Tojo Clan with the resort.", "In March 2009, Daigo and Nakahara are shot in separate incidents, leaving Daigo comatose, and the deed to the orphanage is stolen. Kiryu travels to Kamurocho and meets Osamu Kashiwagi (Shunsuke Sakuya), Kazama's successor, who is assassinated by a gunship", ". Fleeing, Kiryu is rescued by his old friend, Makoto Date (Kazuhiro Yamaji, who informs him of three suspects for Kashiwagi's death: Yoshitaka Mine (Nakamura Shidō II), chairman of the Hakuho Clan, Goh Hamazaki (George Takahashi), a patriarch with ties to the Yokohama triads, and Tsuyoshi Kanda (Hiroyuki Miyasako), who controls Akira Nishikiyama's former gang.", "Kiryu and Rikiya interrogate Kanda, and learn he is uninvolved. Date informs Kiryu that Majima has been contracted to build the resort. After a rematch, Majima explains that Hamazaki got him the contract. Majima's associate, the Florist of Sai (Yoshiaki Fujiwara), informs Kiryu that his old enemy, Lau Ka Long (Shinichi Takizawa), is an ally of Hamazaki. Long has Rikiya kidnapped and forces Kiryu to fight him. Rikiya is saved by Nakahara's attacker, who kills Long", ". Rikiya is saved by Nakahara's attacker, who kills Long. Kiryu later meets Mine, who presents him with Kanda's severed head and reveals that Hamazaki has disappeared, and his men have been killed, presumably by the triads.", "Tamiya meets Kiryu, and reveals that the Military Base Expansion Bill is part of a CIA operation to eliminate an arms smuggling group known as \"Black Monday\", and Nakahara's attacker is senior CIA operative Joji Kazama (Shintaro Kazama's brother, also voiced by Tetsuya Watari). Tamiya agrees to stop the resort if Kiryu protects his former secretary from a planned hit by Joji. Kiryu intercepts Joji and defeats him", ". Kiryu intercepts Joji and defeats him. Returning home, Kiryu finds the orphanage in ruins; Mine had promised Tamashiro a share of the resort for securing the remaining land. Nakahara is trampled by bulls in Tamashiro's bullring hideout. Kiryu defeats Tamashiro, who then fires at him; Rikiya defends Kiryu and is fatally wounded. Joji kills Tamashiro, while the dying Rikiya asks Kiryu to stop Mine.", "Joji has a jet fly Kiryu to Tokyo. Kiryu defeats the Hakuho Clan at the hospital where Daigo is being treated, then defeats a rogue CIA team led by Joji's colleague, Andre Richardson (Charles Glover). He locates Mine and Daigo on the hospital roof. Mine reveals that he idolizes Daigo, intending to euthanize him and take over the Tojo Clan. Kiryu defeats him. Richardson arrives with his team and reveals himself to be the leader of Black Monday", ". Richardson arrives with his team and reveals himself to be the leader of Black Monday. Before he can kill Mine and Kiryu, Daigo wakes up and kills Richardson's agents. Richardson attempts to kill Daigo and Kiryu, and Mine, inspired by Kiryu, sacrifices himself to save them by tackling Richardson off the roof to their deaths. Joji and Haruka arrive with a rescue chopper.", "Kiryu bids farewell to his friends Kazuki (Hiroshi Tsuchida) and Yuya (Kenta Miyake) as he and Haruka meet before going home. Kiryu is confronted by Hamazaki, who blames him for his misfortune and stabs Kiryu before Kazuki and Yuya subdue him. Badly wounded, Kiryu seemingly gives his dying words to Haruka.\n\nIn a post-credits scene, Kiryu is revealed to have survived as he rests at the orphanage.", "In a post-credits scene, Kiryu is revealed to have survived as he rests at the orphanage.\n\nDevelopment\nThe game's default video output is 720p HD graphics rendering at a resolution of 1024x768 without anti-aliasing but it supports 1080p mode upscale.", "Daisuke Tomoda, CS1 Team (Sega CS R&D) visual artist and character design team leader of the Yakuza series since the original episode, partially unveiled Yakuza 3`s development at the 2009 Game Tools & Middleware Forum seminar held in Tokyo on June 15. Yakuza 3 character designing began shortly after the completion of Ryū ga Gotoku Kenzan! in 2008 with a three-week project phase followed by an eight months production", ". In the end 110 high polygon characters, for they appear in Event Scene cinematics, plus 250 minor characters were created by 60 teams producing a dozen characters each. Thus 360 characters were produced following a \"one person one body\" philosophy and a three-day-per-body target schedule. As a comparison, the production of Yakuza on PlayStation 2 took 10 months and had no more volume. The series' production pace is one game per year since the original Yakuza in 2005", ". The series' production pace is one game per year since the original Yakuza in 2005. CS1 used a slogan to describe the game's graphics: .", "Magical V-Engine", "As with the previous PlayStation 3 Ryū ga Gotoku game, main characters have their face scanned through Cyberware's head & face color 3D scanner (model PS). As detailed at the GTMF 2009, Event Scene cinematics are real-time and render highly detailed XSI 6.5 2.5MB data size characters using 18,000~20,000 polygons each; 3D model bones are made of 107 meshes with 64 used for the body and the remaining 43 used for the face", ". In addition, the PlayStation 3 employs advanced graphics technologies without LOD, texture size 512×512 front buffer with 512×512 back buffer, diffuse map and normal map, multi map (ambient occlusion, specular mask, 8-bit specular power RGB) within cutscene. These Event Scene cinematics fully exploit Sega's in-house facial expressions engine called Magical V-Engine. This engine is based on a unique \"wrinkle shader\" technology that allows for advanced facial animation from voice recordings alone", ". By animating based upon not only the phonetic lip syncing but tone, the software can emulate the basic human emotions in full facial expression.", "Audio\nYakuza 3 outputs uncompressed or compressed audio, respectively Linear PCM 2ch/5.1ch (stereo or surround) and Dolby Digital 5.1 surround.", "Cast\nThe game's main characters have their face modeled in 3D after their voice actors, who are Japanese celebrities. Softimage XSI 3D data is obtained by scanning a human head with Cyberware Inc.'s latest scanner. These include returning voice actors Takaya Kuroda (as Kazuma Kiryu), Rie Kugimiya (as Haruka Sawamura), Hidenari Ugaki as (Goro Majima), and TV actor Satoshi Tokushige (as Daigo Dojima).", "New cast additions to this entry of the Yakuza series are: Tatsuya Fujiwara as Rikiya Shimabukuro", ". Who is best known for his role as Shuya Nanahara in Battle Royale and Battle Royale II: Requiem, Nakamura Shidō II as Yoshitaka Mine who featured in Ronny Yu's Jet Li is Fearless, actor Tetsuya Watari as Joji Kazama famous for his yakuza roles in Seijun Suzuki's Tokyo Drifter, Kinji Fukasaku's Graveyard of Honor and Takeshi Kitano's Brother, singers and tarento Shigeru Izumiya as Shigeru Nakahara and George Takahashi as Goh Hamazaki, voice actor Akio Ōtsuka as Ryuzo Tamiya", ", voice actor Akio Ōtsuka as Ryuzo Tamiya, tarento Daisuke Miyakawa as Mikio Aragaki and Hiroyuki Miyasako as Tsuyoshi Kanda", ".", "Soundtrack", "The Ryū ga Gotoku 3 Original Soundtrack (HCV-452) was published by Wave Master in Japan on February 26, 2009. It was bundled as a bonus enhanced CD in the Yakuza 3 PAL version's standard deluxe edition called the Battle Pack. The music was composed by Hidenori Shoji, Kentaro Koyama, Takahiro Kai, Hiroyoshi Kato, Yoshio Tsuru and Hideki Sakamoto, and includes a track by Love Sound System (DJ Giuliano, Ayako, Yoshiji Kobayashi). Performers are Minako Obata (a.k.a", ". Performers are Minako Obata (a.k.a. Mooki), Chihiro Aoki (chorus) and Mitsuharu Fukuyama (trumpet). Two karaoke minigame songs are also included, performed by voice actors Takaya Kuroda (Kazuma Kiryu) and Rie Kugimiya (Haruka Sawamura).", "Additional soundtrack includes three songs by Japanese rock music artist Eikichi Yazawa (exclusive to the Japanese version, as the western releases removes them and replaces them with original pieces due to licensing issues).Main Theme Song: Loser by Eikichi Yazawa. This main theme was released as a title track single by Garuru Records, the artist's own indie label (GRRC-7), on February 25, 2009", ".Ending Theme Song: Omoi Ga Afuretara by Eikichi Yazawa from Your Songs 2 released by Toshiba EMI in 2006 (TOCT-26004) and re-released in 2009 by Garuru Records (GRRC-2). This is a reprise of the original version released on his 1997 album Yes.Insert Song''': Jikan yo Tomare (Subway Express 2 Version) (時間よ止まれ ~SUBWAY EXPRESS 2 バージョン~) by Eikichi Yazawa from his album Subway Express 2 released by Toshiba-EMI in 2002 (TOCT-24840).", "Downloadable content", "Eastern releases\nEight packages of downloadable content (DLC) were delivered through a weekly game update campaign starting on March 5, 2009, with one DLC per week. These downloadable contents consist of:\neight Item packs and eight S-Item packs delivered in-game by a minor character named Bob Utsunomiya\n2-player support for five mini-games (pool, darts, bowling, golf and Answer & Answer)\ntwo add-ons (Yakuza quiz series for Answer & Answer and Rank Ex-SSS for Haruka's Request)", "two add-ons (Yakuza quiz series for Answer & Answer and Rank Ex-SSS for Haruka's Request)\nthree extra costumes for Kazuma Kiryu, Rikiya Shimabukuro and Haruka Sawamura (costume selection per character is four).", "Four Premium Adventure exclusive modes are also added through DLC, these are:\n\nSurvival Battle\n\nAll-Star Tournament\nAll-Star Tag Tournament\n\nWestern releases", "Regular DLC\nFour lots of DLC were delivered on release day with the PAL version's Battle Pack (also known as the Premium Pack). These free downloadable contents are:\nBattle For Survival: Take on all the bosses of Yakuza 3 as Kazuma (previously known as \"Survival Battle\" in the Japanese version).\nAll-Star Tournament: 7 character tournament (completed game save file required to access content).\nAll-Star Tag Tournament: 8 team tournament (completed game save file required to access content).", "All-Star Tag Tournament: 8 team tournament (completed game save file required to access content).\nHaruka's Request: This unique series of challenge missions will send Kazuma on a task of exploration throughout the entire Yakuza 3 world, playing minigames and entertaining Haruka (completed game save file required to access content).", "All this DLC is also in the Japanese version. Regarding the western release of the DLC, a Sega America spokesperson officially stated on February 24, 2010: \"[T]he western versions of the game will come pre-packaged with codes for the DLC, already localized and ready to be enjoyed\".", "Extra DLC\nTwo exclusive extra DLC codes were sent only to North American customers who pre-ordered Yakuza 3 in their local GameStop stores. These additional downloadable contents were:\n2 player mini-games (for pool, bowling, darts and golf).\n3 extra costumes for Kazuma, Haruka and Rikiya (completed game save file required to access content).", "This pre-order only extra DLC are also available for the Japanese version, for which they were delivered for free through an eight-week downloadable content campaign. This DLC can be downloaded on the PlayStation Network. This was also released with pre-order in the UK.", "Marketing and release\n\nTie-in and product placement\nProducer Toshihiro Nagoshi made twenty-seven tie-in with local companies to produce 3D model reproductions of existing shop, restaurant or hostess bar buildings. Such replicas include real exterior, interior, products, menus and sometimes jingles.", "Kabukicho's tie-in are Club Sega game centers, Don Quijote discount stores, Matsuya restaurants, Pronto cafés (a Suntory joint venture) and Karaoke Kan. Collaboration with Sole tanning studio, Promise, Aeon and Geos is limited to visible ads within Kamurocho.", "Okinawa's tie-ins are Blue Seal ice cream parlor, Quickly bubble tea stand, Sam's Maui steak house, Stone Market accessory shop, Okinawaya , Okinawarigura liquor store and Velotaxi Japan. Limited collaborations include the exterior design of Naha's Apa Hotel, Okinawa's Mitsukoshi and OPA department stores (which cannot be entered). Orion draft beer, Tantakatan shōchū, Higashuzou awamori and Skymark Airlines have ads visible within the Downtown Ryukyu area.", "Sega extended its product placement policy which was introduced in the original episode. Now real products can be bought within discount and convenience stores including Axe fragrance, various Ace Cook instant noodles, several Suntory beers or soft drinks (such as Boss Coffee and C.C. Lemon), Pepsi soda (a Suntory licensee), Kodansha magazines (including Young Magazine, Weekly Morning and Vivi)", ". This also applies to bars and pubs, since the Suntory group produces alcohol and owns many licenses for foreign alcoholic beverages like Early Times whiskey, Beefeater Gin, Courvoisier cognac and Carlsberg Beer. Suntory vending machines are still disseminated within Kamurocho as in the previous games.", "Some sub-scenarios even revolve around product placement with minor characters specially created to advertise products, for example, the side story involving Ace Cook noodles and the fictitious ramen shop or Young Magazine and the generic convenience store Poppo. Some items on the food and drink menu, required for 100% completion, cannot be purchased without first being in possession of a copy of Tokyo Isshukan.\n\nVersions\n\nEastern releases", "Versions\n\nEastern releases\n\nKamutai Magazine bundle\nAs part of the pre-ordering campaign, the Japanese and Asian first prints were bundled with a limited item, a monography called Kamutai Magazine (February 2009 issue).\n\nRising Dragon Pack\n\nSony celebrated the Japanese release of the game with a 10,000 console limited edition of the Ceramic White 80GB model PlayStation 3 called the .", "Ukiyo's Bell", "The eastern versions include an exclusive extra Adventure Mode item. If the game detects an existing save file of Ryū ga Gotoku Kenzan! stored on the PlayStation 3 hard disk drive, a reward item will be unlocked in Ryū ga Gotoku 3 upon beginning a new game. This is a red copper bell called used by Miyamoto Musashi (a.k.a. Kazumanosuke Kiryu) in the spin-off, which grants 3 points in the defense, edge and firearm stats when equipped", ". The bell was carried on to Yakuza 4, and retains its appearance, but is renamed Gion's Bell, and instead of protecting the wearer, it rewards money for every step taken.", "Western releases\n\nLocalization\nThe western version features the Japanese voice cast (with localized subtitles) and includes a previously unreleased 18-minute video interview of Tamiya according to the BBFC.\n\nOther bonus contents include a free compact disc with the game's original soundtrack and an animated character guide. Western packages also come with PlayStation Network redeem codes to unlock DLC; these western bundles are called Challenge Pack (time limited) and Battle Pack (regular).", "Although the game was not censored for the western release, much extra content was removed due to time constraints. According to a Sega representative: \"The content between Yakuza 3 US/UK and Yakuza JP is a little different in that we took out certain bits in order to bring the game to the west in the time for us to do so. The parts we ended up taking out were parts that we felt wouldn't make sense (like a Japanese history quiz game) or wouldn't resonate as much (such as the concept of a hostess club)", ". We didn't replace the parts we took out, but we made absolutely sure that the story continuity stayed intact so that the story experience was the same as the Japanese version and that it didn't take away the human drama so inherent to the Yakuza series.\"", "The western localization of Yakuza 3 was officially unveiled by Sony and Sega in late December 2009. The same month, Sega Australia managing director Darren Macbeth declared in an interview with GameSpot: \"The publisher needs to be comfortable enough that there is a strong market in the West before giving the go-ahead to local Japanese releases like the Yakuza series", ". In a lot of cases we have a very strong vocal group of fans, who demand the opportunity to play these games in their local markets, and are very outspoken in their support. However, when the time comes, they are reluctant to stay committed and actually make the purchase.\"", "Removed content\nOn February 24, 2010, a Sega America Blog community manager officially declared:\"We wanted to confirm that there is some content in the Japanese version of Yakuza 3 that didn't make it over to upcoming Western version, mostly involving the Hostess Clubs and the Japanese History trivia sections. [...] The choice that had to be made was either no Yakuza 3 in the west, or a version of the game that was almost exactly the same, but with a little less trivia.\"", "This statement was an answer to IGN journalist Greg Miller's unofficial insight report of February 23 claiming: \"Even though the hostess clubs are out, you can still go on dates with the girls.[...] The strip clubs are still in Yakuza 3.\"", "The referred strip clubs are \"Show Pub Asia: Kamurocho Asia Beauty Show Dance and Pole\" and Ryukyu's \"Canal Grande: Cabaret Club\", both are linked to main and side stories in the original Japanese release and therefore were not removed as confirmed by a new game trailer. A video showing the game's locations and was officially released by Sega on February 25. A Sega PR further commented to Kotaku blog on February 24, 2010:\"We had a tight schedule to abide by for localizing and releasing Yakuza 3 in the west", ". Due to the limited time we were given we had to leave certain bits of the game out and we chose portions we felt didn't resonate with western culture i.e. a Japanese history quiz show and the concept of hostess clubs. [...] Given the options of releasing the next chapter of a beloved game so that our fans can experience the story of Yakuza vs. not releasing it at all, we felt it was worth it to release it with 99% of the content intact", ". not releasing it at all, we felt it was worth it to release it with 99% of the content intact. We made sure that the story in no way, shape or form changed from the lack of the quiz show or hostess clubs. You can still go into Cabarets and on dates with the ladies in the game.\"", "Sega gave no further details about what was cut, but comparing the eastern and western releases PSN Trophy lists revealed that five trophies (out of 50) had been removed, two sub-scenario missions (out of 103) were cut as well half-aspect of romancing the club hostesses (out of 10 completion challenges) and four minigames (out of 20)", ". The remaining 45 trophies are the same as in the original Japanese 2009 release, except two Bronze trophies, named \"Legendary Champion\" and \"Key Collector\", were upranked as Silver trophies. Removal of a first trophy called hinted that the sidestory called was cut", ". Removal of a first trophy called hinted that the sidestory called was cut. This mission consists of scouting a young female NPC in the Downtown Ryukyu (Shoko, Hiromi, Shō and Kirie) or Kamurocho (Ritsuko) areas, and to make her the top hostess at cabaret club South Island, by customizing her physical aspects (with variable parameters such as make-up, haircut, outfit and à la mode accessories)", ". A similar club management mission was introduced in Yakuza 2, in which the club, rather than the girls, is customized. Club or \"cabaret\" hostesses are a common phenomenon in Japan and have dedicated fashion magazines; such as Koakuma Ageha which is a tie-in with the game. This mission reappeared in Ryū ga Gotoku 4.", "Removal of a second trophy, , hinted that the ten-episode hostess clubs completion challenge had been partially cut, since the trophy is unlocked by spending a large amount of money in Club Ageha, Club Koakuma and Flawless. In this multipart completion, which is a romancing challenge, Kazuma Kiryu orders food and drink while conversing with the ten hostesses. All characters are modeled after a real Japanese hostesses cast and this gameplay element was introduced in the original Yakuza episode", ". The possibility of romancing club hostess characters outside clubs in the western releases of Yakuza 3, as officially announced by the Sega representatives, was eventually confirmed by the presence of Mika Tsuchiya of Flawless playing the pool minigame on the game's back cover", ". This possibility is inherited from the Japanese version since the romancing completion challenge actually includes both hostess club dialogues (ordering meals and offering presents) and dating activities such as dual sessions of pool, darts, bowling and karaoke. If the former text part was cut, the latter dating part, which requires a minor translation work, definitely remain in the western releases", ". While the hostesses remained, the trophy was still removed since it was impossible to spend money on them within the club setting.", "The third trophy to be removed was which requires the player to take the Love In Heart massage parlor's two courses. This erotic minigame was cut along with its connected sidestory, where the masseuse, Ayaka Tsubaki, comes out to Kiryu as trans. This minor character is modeled after her voice actor, Ayana Tsubaki, who is a Japanese TV personality and trans herself.", "The fourth and fifth cut trophies, and respectively were the first sign that both shogi and mahjong minigames had been removed from the western releases. These are based on traditional board games that are fairly popular in Japan, yet uncommon overseas.", "Another confirmed cut was Kamurocho Club Sega's Answer & Answer, a Japanese history quiz minigame based on the real Sega arcade game, which is only available in Japanese game centers. The last cut was an Adventure Mode unlockable bonus item, Ukiyo's Bell, which is awarded to players of the eastern-only PlayStation 3 spinoff Ryū ga Gotoku Kenzan! and, as such, would be both impractical and impossible for the majority of players.", "Challenge Pack\nAccording to a community manager's official announcement on the Sega America blog: \"Yakuza fans who pre-order the game at their local GameStop will receive additional content via the Challenge Pack. This will allow them to enjoy 2 player mini games, competing against their friends at Pool, Bowling, Darts and Golf. They will also be able to customize their principal characters with four alternative costumes for Kazuma, Haruka and Rikiya.\"", "Battle Pack\nThe PAL version was released as a standard deluxe edition called Battle Pack (or Premium Pack). The package's sticker lists the following free contents: \"Bonus enhanced CD soundtrack with a guide to Who's Who in the world of Yakuza + 4 pieces of unlockable content.\"", "As an ECD, this CD contains both audio and interactive features. The audio part is the full OST featuring the 31 tracks licensed by JASRAC; it was previously sold by Sega's audio branch in the Japanese market and is now offered to western customers. The data part contains a fully animated characters guide called Yakuza Who's Who; like the OST these profiles are exclusive to the western releases.\n\nLicensed movie version", "Licensed movie version\n\nNorth American video distributor Tokyo Shock (Media Blasters) set the release date and cover art of its licensed DVD version for Like a Dragon in order to match the local marketing for Yakuza 3. The English subtitled version for Takashi Miike's 2007 live-action film adaptation of the first Yakuza game was originally planned for a March 2010 release date; the release schedule was eventually changed to February 23, 2010.", "Release\nA free demo version was released on the Japanese PlayStation Store on February 19, 2009. The same demo was released on the European PlayStation Store on February 18, 2010.\n\nDue to their commercial success all Asian versions had bargain re-releases, a PlayStation 3 the Best edition in Asia on November 30, 2009, then in Japan on December 3, 2009 and a PlayStation 3 BigHit Series edition on December 11, 2009, in Korea.\n\nReception", "The Japanese industry gave it the \"Award for excellence\" in the Japan Game Awards 2009's \"Games of the Year Division\" for its \"Dramatic story development, freedom of the story, the graphics elaborated up to the details of the work, and the amusement found in every portion of the game including the vast number of sub-stories and mini games. This work was awarded the prize for providing a high quality of entertainment", ". This work was awarded the prize for providing a high quality of entertainment.\" Yakuza 3 also earned SCEJ's PlayStation Award 2009 Gold prize for achieving more than 500,000 sales in the Japanese market. Other Gold Prizes awarded that year included Resident Evil 5 (PS3) and Dissidia Final Fantasy (PSP)", ". It was also well received in the west, with the UK's Official PlayStation Magazine awarding it 9/10; however, it was criticized for the removal of content during localization, which included several sub-stories.Yakuza 3 is ranked as the second best selling 2009 PlayStation 3 game in Japan, following Square-Enix's Final Fantasy XIII, but outselling Capcom's Resident Evil 5, and is part of 2009's best-selling titles in this market with 499,436 copies sold as of December 7, 2009 according to Weekly Famitsu", ". By March 27, 2010, Yakuza 3 had sold more than 683,905 copies.", "SequelYakuza 4 was released in Japan in March 2010, and was released in North America and Europe at the first quarter of 2011. A spin-off game, Ryū ga Gotoku Of the End'', was originally scheduled for release in Japan in March 2011, however due to the earthquake the game was delayed until June 2011.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website", "External links\nOfficial website\n\n2009 video games\nAction-adventure games\nOrganized crime video games\nVideo game sequels\nVideo games set in Japan\nVideo games set in Okinawa Prefecture\nYakuza (franchise)\nPlayStation 3 games\nPlayStation 4 games\nOpen-world video games\nSega beat 'em ups\nSingle-player video games\nVideo games developed in Japan\nVideo games set in 2007\nVideo games set in 2009\nWindows games\nXbox Cloud Gaming games\nXbox One games\nVideo games scored by Hidenori Shoji\nTriad (organized crime)" ]

[ "This article contains a list of telenovelas sorted by their country of origin. Telenovelas are a style of limited-run television soap operas, particularly prevalent in Latin America.\n\nAngola\n Windeck\n\nArgentina", "Alas, Poder y Pasión (\"Wings, Power and Passion\")\n Alen, Luz de Luna (\"Alen, Moonlight\")\n Alma Pirata (\"Pirate Soul\")\n Amigos son los Amigos (\"Friends Will Be Friends\")\n Amor Latino (\"Latin Love\")\n Amor Mío (\"My Love\")\n Amor Prohibido (\"Forbidden Love\") 1987\n Amor Sagrado (\"Sacred Love\")\n Andrea Celeste 1979\n Antonella 1992\n Atraccionx4 (\"Attraction to the 4th Power\")\n Buenos Vecinos (\"Good Neighbors\")\n Cabecita (\"Little Head\")\n Campeones de la Vida (\"Champions of Life\")\n Cara Bonita (\"Pretty Face\")", "Cabecita (\"Little Head\")\n Campeones de la Vida (\"Champions of Life\")\n Cara Bonita (\"Pretty Face\")\n Carola Casini\n Casi Ángeles (\"Almost Angels\")\n Celeste, Siempre Celeste (\"Celeste, Always Celeste\") 1993\n Clave de Sol (\"G-Clef\") 1987-1990\n Collar De Esmeraldas (\"Emerald Necklace\")\n Como Vos y Yo (\"Like You And Me\")\n Con alma de tango (\"With Tango Soul\")\n Corazones de Fuego (\"Hearts of Fire\")\n Cosecharás tu Siembra (\"You Reap What You Sow\")\n Costumbres Argentinas (\"Argentine Customs\")", "Cosecharás tu Siembra (\"You Reap What You Sow\")\n Costumbres Argentinas (\"Argentine Customs\")\n Culpable de este Amor (\"Guilty of This Love\")\n Culpables (\"Sinners\")\n De corazón (\"Sincerely\")\n Déjate Querer (\"Let Yourself To Be Loved\")\n Doble Vida (\"Double Life\")\n Dr. Amor (\"Dr. Love\")\n Dulce Ana (\"Sweet Ana\")\n El Día Que Me Quieras (\"The Day That You Love Me\")\n El Refugio (de los Sueños) (\"The Refuge (of Dreams)\")\n El Sodero de Mi Vida (\"The Soda-Water Salesman of my Life\")", "El Sodero de Mi Vida (\"The Soda-Water Salesman of my Life\")\n El Tiempo No Para (\"Time Doesn't Stop\")\n El Último Verano (\"The Last Summer\")\n EnAmorArte\n Entre el Amor y el Poder (\"Between Love and Power\")\n Estrellita Mía (\"My Little Star\")\n Franco Buenaventura: El Profe (\"Franco Buenaventura: Teacher\")\n Frecuencia 04 (\"Frequence 04\")\n Gasoleros\n Gladiadores de Pompeya (\"Gladiators of Pompeii\")\n Hombre de Honor (\"Man of Honor\")\n Hombre de Mar (\"Man of the Sea\")\n Ilusiones Compartidas (\"Shared Illusions\")", "Hombre de Mar (\"Man of the Sea\")\n Ilusiones Compartidas (\"Shared Illusions\")\n Inconquistable Corazón (\"Unconquered Heart\")\n Jesús, el Heredero (\"Jesus, the Heir\")\n Juanita, la Soltera (\"Juanita, The Unmarried One\")\n Kachorra\n La Extraña Dama (\"Strange Lady\")\n La Lola\n Laberinto (\"Labyrinth\")\n Los Buscas de Siempre\n Los Cien Días de Ana (\"Anna's One Hundred Days\")\n Los Médicos de Hoy (\"The Doctors of Today\")\n Los pensionados (\"Pensioners\")\n Los Secretos de Papá (\"Dad's Secrets\")", "Los pensionados (\"Pensioners\")\n Los Secretos de Papá (\"Dad's Secrets\")\n María de Nadie (\"Maria Of Nobody\") 1985\n Más Allá del Horizonte (\"Beyond the Horizon\")\n Máximo Corazón (\"Maximum Heart\")\n Media Falta (\"Half Absence\")\n Mía, Sólo Mía (\"Mine, Only Mine\")\n Mil Millones (\"A Billion\")\n Milady\n Montaña Rusa (\"Rollercoaster\")\n Naranja y Media (\"Orange and a Half\")\n Niní (\"Nini\")\n Pasiones (\"Passions\")\n PH (Propiedad Horizontal) (\"Horizontal Property\")\n Poliladron", "Pasiones (\"Passions\")\n PH (Propiedad Horizontal) (\"Horizontal Property\")\n Poliladron\n Por El Nombre de Dios (\"In The Name of God\")\n Por Siempre Mujercitas (\"Always Little Women\")\n Primer amor (with G.Corrado, Grecia Colmenares) (\"First Love\")\n Princesa (\"Princess\")\n Provócame (\"Provoke Me\")\n Resistiré (\"Forever Julia\"), 2003\n Ricos y Famosos (\"Rich and Famous\")\n Rincón de Luz (\"Corner of Light\")\n Sálvame María (\"Save Me Maria\")\n Se Dice Amor (\"It Is Called 'Love'\")\n Señorita Andrea (\"Miss Andrea\")\n Sheik", "Se Dice Amor (\"It Is Called 'Love'\")\n Señorita Andrea (\"Miss Andrea\")\n Sheik\n Soy Gina (\"I'm Gina\")\n Una Familia Especial (\"A Special Family\")\n Verano del '98 (\"Endless Summer\")\n Yago, Pasión Morena (\"Yago, Moreno Passion\")\n Zíngara: Mujer Gitana (\"Gypsy Woman\")", "Bolivia", "Amor en tiempo seco (\"The love in time of drought\")\n Cambas en apuros (\"Cambas in difficulties\")\n Carmelo Hurtado\n Carmelo Hurtado - El Retorno (\"Carmelo Hurtado Returns\")\n Chantaje de Amor (\"Blackmail of love\")\n Coraje Salvaje (\"Wild courage\")\n Hotelucho (\"Poor Hotel\")\n Indira\n La Fundación (\"The Foundation\")\n La Última Expedición (\"The Last Expedition\")\n La Virgen de las Siete Calles (\"The Virgin of the Seven Streets\")\n Las Tres Perfectas Solteras (\"The Three Perfect Unmarried Women\")", "Las Tres Perfectas Solteras (\"The Three Perfect Unmarried Women\")\n Los Pioneros (\"The Pioneers\")\n Luna de Locos (\"Moon of the crazies\")\n Tardes Antiguas (\"Old Afternoon\")\n Tierra Adentro (\"Inland\")\n Una Vida, Un Destino (\"A life, a destiny\")", "Brazil\n\nRede Globo", "A Barba Azul (\"The Blue Beard\") - 1974\n A Casa das Sete Mulheres (\"House of the Seven Women\") - 2003\n A Deusa Vencida (\"The Defeated Goddess\")\n A Favorita (\"The Favourite\") - 2008\n A Gata Comeu (\"The Cat Ate It\") - 1985\n A Muralha (\"The Wall\") - 1968\n A Próxima Vítima (\"The Next Victim\") - 1995\n A Regra do Jogo (\"The Rule of the Game\") - 2015\n A Sucessora (\"The Successor\")\n A Viagem (\"The Journey\") - 1994\n Além do Tempo (\"Beyond Time\") - 2015\n Alma Gêmea (\"Soulmate\") - 2005\n América (\"America\") - 2005", "Além do Tempo (\"Beyond Time\") - 2015\n Alma Gêmea (\"Soulmate\") - 2005\n América (\"America\") - 2005\n Amor à Vida (\"Love for Life\") - 2013\n Anjo Mau - 1976, Anjo Mau (\"Evil Angel\") - 1997\n Antônio Maria\n Aritana\n As Minas de Prata (\"The Silver Mines\")\n Avenida Brasil (\"Brazil Avenue\") - 2012\n Babilônia (refers to the Rio de Janeiro slum rather than Babylon) - 2015\n Baila Comigo (\"Dance With Me\") - 1981\n Bandeira Dois (\"Flag Two\"—referring to the higher night rate on taxicabs.)", "Bandeira Dois (\"Flag Two\"—referring to the higher night rate on taxicabs.)\n Barriga de Aluguel (\"Rent Womb\") - 1990\n Beleza Pura (\"Pure Beauty\") - 2008\n Belíssima (\"Beautiful\") - 2005\n Beto Rockfeller - 1968\n Boogie Oogie - 2014\n Cama de Gato (\"Cat's Cradle\") - 2009\n Carinhoso (\"Affectionate\")\n Celebridade (\"Celebrity\") - 2003\n Cheias de Charme (\"All Charming\") - 2012\n Chocolate com Pimenta (\"Chocolate and Pepper\") - 2003\n Cidadão Brasileiro (\"Brazilian Citizen\") - 2006", "Cidadão Brasileiro (\"Brazilian Citizen\") - 2006\n Ciranda de Pedra (\"Marble Dance\") - 2008\n Cobras & Lagartos (\"Snakes & Lizards\") - 2006\n Coração de Estudante (\"Student's Heart\") - 2002\n Da Cor do Pecado (\"Shades of Sin\") - 2004\n Dancin' Days - 1978\n Desejo Proibido (\"Forbidden Desire\") - 2007\n Dona Beija - 1986\n Duas Caras (\"Two-Faces\") - 2008\n Em Família (\"In Family\") - 2014\n Éramos Seis (\"We Were Six\")\n Escalada (\"The Way Up\")\n Escrava Isaura (\"Isaura - Slave Girl\")\n Estúpido Cupido (\"Stupid Cupid\")", "Escalada (\"The Way Up\")\n Escrava Isaura (\"Isaura - Slave Girl\")\n Estúpido Cupido (\"Stupid Cupid\")\n Eta Mundo Bom! (\"What a Good World!\") - 2016\n Eterna Magia (\"Eternal Magic\") - 2007\n Feijão Maravilha (\"Wonderful Bean\")\n Guerra dos Sexos (\"War of the Sexes\")\n História de Amor (\"Love Story\") - 1995\n Hoje é dia de Maria (\"Today is Mary's Day\")\n Ídolo de Pano (\"Cloth Idol\")\n Império (\"Empire\") - 2014\n Insensato Coração (\"Reckless Heart\") - 2011\n Irmãos Coragem (\"Brave Brothers\")", "Insensato Coração (\"Reckless Heart\") - 2011\n Irmãos Coragem (\"Brave Brothers\")\n JK (Screen adaptation of the autobiography of Juscelino Kubitschek, Brazilian President from 1956 to 1961) - 2006\n Joia Rara (\"Rare Jewel\") - 2013\n Gabriela\n Laços de Família (\"Family Ties\") - 2000\n Liberdade, Liberdade (\"Freedom, Freedom\") - 2016\n Locomotivas (\"Locomotives\"—a 1970s slang for beautiful woman) - 1977\n Mad Maria\n Meu Rico Português (\"My Rich Portuguese\")\n Minha Doce Namorada (\"My Sweet Girlfriend\")", "Mad Maria\n Meu Rico Português (\"My Rich Portuguese\")\n Minha Doce Namorada (\"My Sweet Girlfriend\")\n Mulheres Apaixonadas (\"Women in Love\") - 2003\n Mulheres de Areia (\"Women of Sand\") - 1993\n Negócio da China (\"China Business\") - 2008\n Ninho da Serpente (\"Snake's Nest\")\n Nino, o Italianinho (\"Nino, The Little Italian\")\n O Astro (1977 TV series) - 1977\n O Astro (2011 TV series) - 2011\n O Beijo do Vampiro (\"Kiss of the Vampire\") - 2002\n O Bem-Amado (\"The Well-Loved\") - 1973\n O Casarão (\"The Manor\")", "O Bem-Amado (\"The Well-Loved\") - 1973\n O Casarão (\"The Manor\")\n O Clone (\"The Clone\") - 2001\n O Cravo e a Rosa (\"The Carnation and the Rose\") - 2000\n O Direito de Nascer (\"The Right to Be Born\") - 1964\n O Direito de Nascer - 1978\n O Espigão (\"The Skyscraper\")\n O Machão (\"The Macho Man\")\n O Profeta (\"The Prophet\")\n O Rebu (\"The Big Confusion\")\n O Rei do Gado (\"The Cattle King\") - 1996\n Os Imigrantes (\"The Immigrants\")\n Os Ossos do Barão (\"The Bones of the Baron\")\n Páginas da Vida (\"Pages of Life\") - 2006", "Os Ossos do Barão (\"The Bones of the Baron\")\n Páginas da Vida (\"Pages of Life\") - 2006\n Pai Herói (\"Hero Father\") - 1979\n Paixões Proibidas (\"Forbidden Loves\")\n Pão pão, Beijo beijo (\"Bread Bread, Kiss Kiss\") - 1983\n Paraíso Tropical (\"Tropical Paradise\") - 2007\n Pigmalião 70 (\"Pygmalion '70\") - 1970\n Por Amor (\"For Love\") - 1997\n Quatro por Quatro (\"Four By Four\") - 1994\n Que Rei Sou Eu? (\"What King Am I?\") - 1989\n Rainha da Sucata (\"Queen of the Scrap Metal\") - 1990\n Redenção (\"Redemption\")", "Rainha da Sucata (\"Queen of the Scrap Metal\") - 1990\n Redenção (\"Redemption\")\n Roda de Fogo (\"Wheel of Fire\") - 1986\n Roque Santeiro - 1985\n Salve Jorge (\"Hail George\") - 2012\n Sangue do Meu Sangue (\"Blood of My Blood\")\n Saramandaia\n Selva de Pedra (\"Stone Jungle\")\n Senhora do Destino (\"Lady of Destiny\") - 2004\n Sete Pecados (\"Seven Sins\") - 2007\n Sete Vidas (\"Seven Lives\") - 2015\n Sinhá Moça (\"Little Missy\", \"Niña Moza\")\n Sonho Meu (\"My Dream\") - 1993\n Terra Nostra (Italian for \"Our Land\") - 1999", "Sonho Meu (\"My Dream\") - 1993\n Terra Nostra (Italian for \"Our Land\") - 1999\n Tieta - 1989\n Totalmente Demais (\"Totally Awesome\") - 2015\n Três Irmãs (\"Three Sisters\") - 2008\n Um Só Coração (\"Only One Heart\") - 2004\n Vale Tudo (\"Anything Goes\") - 1988\n Vamp - 1991\n Velho Chico (\"Old Chico\", referring to the São Francisco River) - 2016\n Verdades Secretas (\"Secret Truths\") - 2015\n Vereda Tropical (\"Tropical Path\") - 1984", "Rede Record", "Alta Estação (\"High Season\")\n Amor e Intrigas (\"Love and Intrigue\")\n Bicho do Mato (\"Wild Animal\")\n Caminhos do Coração (\"Ways of the Heart\")\n Os Mutantes: Caminhos do Coração (\"The Mutants: Ways of the Heart\"—spin-off from the above)\n Chamas da Vida (\"Flames of Life\")\n Dona Xepa\n Escrava Mãe (\"Mother Slave\")\n Essas Mulheres (\"Those Women\")\n José do Egito (\"Joseph of Egypt\")\n Luz do Sol (\"Light of the Sun\")\n Os Dez Mandamentos (\"The Ten Commandments\")\n Pecado Mortal (\"Mortal Sin\")", "Os Dez Mandamentos (\"The Ten Commandments\")\n Pecado Mortal (\"Mortal Sin\")\n Poder Paralelo (\"Parallel Power\")\n Prova de Amor (\"Test of Love\")\n Rebelde\n Sol de Verão (\"Summer Sun\")\n Vidas Opostas (\"Opposite Lives\")\n Vitória (\"Victory\")", "Rede Bandeirantes\n Água na Boca (\"Water in My Mouth\")\n Água Viva (\"Jellyfish\")\n Dance, Dance, Dance\n Floribella\n\nSistema Brasileiro de Televisão\n Amor e Revolução (\"Love and Revolution\")\n Carrossel\n Chiquititas\n O Direito de Nascer (2001 version)\n Éramos Seis\n\nRede Manchete\n Kananga do Japão (\"Japan's House\")\n Pantanal\n Xica da Silva", "Rede Manchete\n Kananga do Japão (\"Japan's House\")\n Pantanal\n Xica da Silva\n\nCanada\n4 et demi... (4:30)\nDiva\nFrancoeur\nJasmine\nLa famille Plouffe\nLance et Compte\nLe Coeur a ses raisons\nLes Belles Histoires des pays d'en haut\nLes Dames de coeur\nVirginie\n\nChile", "A La Sombra del Angel (\"In the shadow of the angel\")\n A Todo Dar (\"Top Speed\")\n Adrenalina (\"Adrenaline\")\n Algo está cambiando (\"Something's Changing\")\n Alguien te mira (\"Somebody is looking at you\")\n Ámame (\"Love me\")\n Amor a domicilio (\"Love for Delivery\")\n Amor por accidente\n Amores de mercado (\"Loves from the Market\")\n Angel malo (\"Bad Angel\", remake of Anjo Mau)\n Aquelarre (\"Witches' sabbath\")\n Bellas y audaces (\"Beautiful and bold girls\")\n Brujas (\"Witches\")\n Cerro Alegre (\"Happy Hill\")", "Bellas y audaces (\"Beautiful and bold girls\")\n Brujas (\"Witches\")\n Cerro Alegre (\"Happy Hill\")\n Champaña (\"Champagne\")\n Cómplices (\"Accomplices\")\n Destinos Cruzados (\"Crossed Destinies\")\n Don Amor (\"Mr. Love\")\n El amor está de moda (\"The love is quite the thing\")\n El Circo de las Montini (\"The Montini's Circus\")\n El Señor de la Querencia (\"The Lord of the haunt\")\n Estúpido Cupido (\"Stupid Cupid\", remake of Estúpido Cupido)\n Fuera de control (\"Out of Control\")\n Gatas y tuercas (\"Jacks and Nuts\")", "Fuera de control (\"Out of Control\")\n Gatas y tuercas (\"Jacks and Nuts\")\n Hijos del Monte (\"Monte's sons\")\n Hippie\n Ídolos (\"Idols\")\n Iorana (rapa nui word for \"Hello\")\n Jaque Mate (\"Checkmate\")\n Juegos de fuego (\"Fire games\")\n La Dama del Balcón (\"The Lady of the Balcony\")\n La Fiera (\"The Wild Animal\")\n La Invitación (\"The Invitation\")\n La Madrastra (\"The Stepmother\")\n La Quintrala (\"A female character of the Chilean History\")\n La Torre 10 (\"The tower 10\")\n La última cruz (\"The last cruise\")", "La Torre 10 (\"The tower 10\")\n La última cruz (\"The last cruise\")\n Loca piel (\"Crazy skin\")\n Los Capo (\"The Capos\")\n Los Pincheira (\"The Pincheiras\")\n Los títeres (\"The Puppets\")\n Los 30 (\"30\")\n Machos (\"Macho Men\")\n Mala Conducta (\"Bad Behavior\")\n Marparaíso\n Marrón Glacé\n Matrimonio de Papel (\"Marriage of paper\")\n Mi nombre es Lara (\"My name's Lara\")\n Oro verde (\"Green gold\")\n Pampa Ilusión (\"Illusion of Pampa\")\n Papi Ricky\n Playa Salvaje (\"Wild Beach\")\n Purasangre (\"Bloodstock\")", "Papi Ricky\n Playa Salvaje (\"Wild Beach\")\n Purasangre (\"Bloodstock\")\n Rojo y miel (\"Red and Honey\")\n Romané (\"Gypsies\")\n Rompecorazón (\"Heartbreaker\")\n Rossabella\n Santo Ladrón (\"Saint thief\")\n Semidiós (\"Semigod\")\n Sucupira\n Tentación (\"Temptation\")\n Tic tac\n Trampas y Caretas (\"Cheats and Masks\")\n Floribella\n Villa Nápoli (\"Napoli villa\")\n Viuda Alegre (\"Cheerful\")", "Colombia\n\nCroatia\n\nAVA Production \n Villa Maria (\"Villa Maria\") (2004-2005)\n Ljubav u zaleđu (\"Love in offside\") (2005-2006)\n Obični ljudi (\"Regular people\") (2006-2007)\n Ponos Ratkajevih (\"Ratkaj's proud\") (2007-2008)\n Zakon ljubavi (\"The law of love\") (2008)\n\nRTL Televizija \n Ne daj se, Nina (\"Don't give up, Nina\") (2008)\n Ruža vjetrova (\"Rose of winds\") (2011-2013)\n Tajne (\"Secrets\") (2013-2014)\n Vatre ivanjske (\"Ivanja fires\") (2014-2015)\n Prava žena (\"Truly women\") (2016-2017)", "Ring Multimedia \n Sve će biti dobro (\"Everything is going to be fine\") (2008-2009)\n Dolina sunca (\"Valley of the sun\") (2009–2010)\n Pod sretnom zvijezdom (\"Under a lucky star\") (2011)\n\nNova TV \n Najbolje godine (\"The best years\") (2009-2011)\n Larin izbor (\"Lara's choice\") (2011–2013)\n Zora dubrovačka (\"Dubrovnik's dawns\") (2013-2014)\n Kud puklo da puklo (\"No mather what\") (2014-2016)\n Zlatni dvori (\"Golden palace\") (2016-2017)\n Čista ljubav (\"Pure love\") (2017–2018)", "Dominican Republic\n María José, Oficios Del Hogar (\"María José, Housewife\")\n Catalino El Dichoso (\"Lucky Catalino\")\n En La Boca De Los Tiburones (\"Inside The Sharks' Mouth\")\n Trópico (\"Tropical Paradise\")\n\nEl Salvador\nMás allá de la angustia (\"Beyond the anguish\")", "Germany\n Alisa – Folge deinem Herzen – \"Alisa – Follow your Heart\" (2009)\n Anna und die Liebe – \"Anna and Love\" (2008–2009)\n Bianca – Wege zum Glück – \"Bianca – Ways to Happiness\" (2004–2005)\n Das Geheimnis meines Vaters – \"Mystery of my Father\" (2006)\n Lotta in Love (2006–2007)\n Rote Rosen – \"Red Roses\" (since 2006)\n Tessa – Leben für die Liebe – \"Tessa – A Life for Love\" (2005–2006)\n Schmetterlinge im Bauch – \"Love is in the air\" (2006–2007)", "Schmetterlinge im Bauch – \"Love is in the air\" (2006–2007)\n Sophie – Braut wider Willen – \"Sophie – The Unwilling Bride\" (2005–2006)\n Sturm der Liebe – \"Tempest of Love\" (since 2005)\n Verliebt in Berlin – \"Falling in Love in Berlin\" (2005–2007)\n Wege zum Glück – \"Ways to Happiness\" (2005–2009)", "Hungary\n\nPaprika Studios\n Oltári csajok – \"Glorious Gals\" (2017–2018)\n\nMexico\n\nTelevisa", "Abismo de pasión - \"Abyss of Passion\" (2012)\n Abrázame muy fuerte - \"Hold Me Very Tightly\" (2000-2001)\n Agujetas de color de rosa - \"Pink-colored Shoelaces\" (1994)\n Al diablo con los guapos - \"To Hell with the Handsome\" (2007–2008)\n Alborada - \"Dawn\" (2006)\n Alcanzar una estrella - \"Reach a Star\" (1990)\n Alcanzar una estrella II - \"Reach a Star II\" (1991)\n Alegrijes y Rebujos - \"Alegrijes & Rebujos\" (2004)\n Alguna Vez Tendremos Alas - \"Someday We Shall Have Wings\" (1997)", "Alguna Vez Tendremos Alas - \"Someday We Shall Have Wings\" (1997)\n Alma de Hierro - \"Soul of Iron\" (2008)\n Alondra - \"Alondra\" (1995–1996)\n Amar sin límites - \"Loving without Limits\" (2006)\n Amarte es mi pecado - \"Loving You is My Sin\" (2004)\n Amigas y rivales - \"Friends and Rivals\" (2001)\n Amigo de Insectos - \"Bug Buddies\" (2010)\n Amigos x siempre - \"Friends Forever\" (2000)\n Amor- \"Love\" (2011)\n Amor de nadie - \"Nobody's Love\" (1985)\n Amor en silencio - \"Love in Silence\" (1988)", "Amor de nadie - \"Nobody's Love\" (1985)\n Amor en silencio - \"Love in Silence\" (1988)\n Amor Gitano - \"Gypsy Love\" (1998)\n Amor real - \"True Love\" (2005)\n Amor sin maquillaje - \"Love Without Make-up\" (2007)\n Amores verdaderos - \"True loves\" (2012-2013)\n Amy, la niña de la mochila azul - \"Amy, The Little Girl with the Blue Backpack\" (2005)\n Ana del aire (1973–1974)\n Apuesta por un amor - \"Bet For a Love\" (2003)\n Atrévete a soñar - \"Dare to Dream\" (2009-2010)\n Ave fénix - \"Phoenix\" (1986)", "Atrévete a soñar - \"Dare to Dream\" (2009-2010)\n Ave fénix - \"Phoenix\" (1986)\n Aventuras en el tiempo - \"Adventures in Time\" (2001)\n Bajo la Misma Piel - \"Beneath the Same Skin\" (2005)\n Bajo las riendas del amor - \"Underneath The Reigns of Love\" (2007)\n Barrera de Amor - \"Barrier of Love\" (2005)\n Bodas de odio - \"Weddings of Hate\" (1983)\n Brittania Fuerte - \"Spanish Love\" (2012–2013)\n Cadenas de amargura - \"Chains of Bitterness\" (1991)\n Camaleones - \"Cameleon\" (2009–2010)\n Camila (1998)", "Camaleones - \"Cameleon\" (2009–2010)\n Camila (1998)\n Cañaveral de Pasiones - \"Sugarcane Field of Passions\" (1996–1997), remake of Canavial de Paixões\n Carita de Ángel - \"Little Angel Face\" (1999–2000)\n Carrusel - \"Carrousel\" (1989)\n Carrusel de las Américas - \"Carrousel of the Americas\" (1992)\n Chispita- \"Little Spark\" (1982)\n Cicatrices de Alma- \"Scars of The Soul\" (1986)\n Clase 406 - \"Class 406\" (2002-2003)\n Código Postal - \"Zip Code\" (2006)\n Colorina (1980)", "Clase 406 - \"Class 406\" (2002-2003)\n Código Postal - \"Zip Code\" (2006)\n Colorina (1980)\n Cómplices al rescate - \"Accomplices to the Rescue\" (2002)\n Confidente de Secundaria - \"Middle School Confidant\" (1995)\n Contra Viento y Marea - \"Against Wind and Tide\" (2005)\n Corazón Indomable - \"Wild at Heart\" (2013)\n Corazón salvaje - \"Wild Heart\" (1993)\n Corazón Salvaje (2009 TV series)- \"Wild Soul\" (2009 - 2010)\n Corona de lágrimas- \"Crown of Tears\"\n Cuando llega el amor - \"When Love Comes\" (1989–1990)", "Corona de lágrimas- \"Crown of Tears\"\n Cuando llega el amor - \"When Love Comes\" (1989–1990)\n Cuando me enamoro - \"When I fall in Love\" (2010–2011)\n Cuidado con el Ángel - \"Watch out for the Angel\" (2008)\n Cuna de lobos - \"Cradle of Wolves\" (1986)\n De frente al sol - \"Facing the Sun\" (1992)\n De pocas, pocas pulgas - \"Of Few Fleas\" (2003)\n De pura sangre- \"Of Pure Blood\" (1990)\n Décadas - \"Decade\" (2011)\n Dos mujeres, un camino - \"Two Women, One Path\" (1993-1994)\n Dos vidas - \"Two Lives\" (1988)", "Dos mujeres, un camino - \"Two Women, One Path\" (1993-1994)\n Dos vidas - \"Two Lives\" (1988)\n Duelo de Pasiones - \"Duel of Passions\" (2006)\n Dulce Desafío - \"Sweet Challenge\" (1990)\n El Amor No Tiene Precio - \"Love Doesn't Have a Price\"\n El Camino Secreto - \"The Secret Path\" (1988)\n El carruaje - \"The Carriage\" (1985)\n El Cartel - \"(Mexico's Version)\" (2011 - 2012)\n El derecho de nacer - \"The Right to be Born\" (It has three versions: 1961, 1981 and 2001)\n El diario de Daniela - \"Daniela's Diary\" (1998)", "El diario de Daniela - \"Daniela's Diary\" (1998)\n El Extraño Retorno de Diana Salazar - \"The Strange Return of Diana Salazar\" (1988)\n El hogar que yo robé - \"The Home I Stole\" (1971)\n El juego de la vida - \"The Game of Life\" (2002)\n El maleficio - \"The Curse\" (1983)\n El Manantial - \"The Spring\" (2001)\n El Pecado de Oyuki - \"Oyuki's sin\" (1988)\n El precio de tu amor - \"The Price of Your Love\" (2000)\n El premio mayor - \"The Major Prize\" (1995-1996)", "El premio mayor - \"The Major Prize\" (1995-1996)\n El privilegio de amar - \"The privilege of Loving\" (1997–1998)\n El Triunfo del Amor - \"Triumph of Love\" (2010–2011)\n El Vuelo del Aguila- \"The Flight of the Eagle\" (1999)\n En Nombre del Amor - \"In the Name of Love\" (2008)\n Entre el Amor y el Odio - \"Between Love and Hate\" (2002)\n Esmeralda (1997)\n Esperándote - \"Waiting for You\" (1985)\n Esperanza del Corazón - \"Hope of the heart\" (2011) \n Fuego en le sangre - \"Fire in the Blood\" (2008)", "Fuego en le sangre - \"Fire in the Blood\" (2008)\n Gabriel y Gabriela - \"Gabriel and Gabriela\" (1986)\n Guadalupe (1984)\n Hasta Que El Dinero Nos Separe - \"Until Money Do Us Part\" (2009–2010)\n Herencia maldita - \"Cursed Inheritance\"\n Heridas de Amor - \"Wounds of Love\" (2006–2007)\n Huracan - \"Hurricane\" (1997-1998)\n Imperio de Cristal - \"Crystal Empire\" (1994)\n Inocente de Ti - \"Innocent of You\" (2005)\n Juana Iris (1985)\n Laberintos de pasión (1999-2000)\n La Antorche Encendida - \"The Lighted Torch\" (1996)", "Laberintos de pasión (1999-2000)\n La Antorche Encendida - \"The Lighted Torch\" (1996)\n La casa en la playa - \"Beach House\" (2000)\n La constitución - \"The Constitution\" (1958)\n La Desalmada - \"Heartless\" (2021)\n La Dueña- \"The Owner\" (1995)\n La Esposa Virgen - \"The Virgin Wife\" (2005)\n La Fea Más Bella - \"The Prettiest Ugly Woman\" (2006)\n La fuerza del amor - \"The Strength of Love\"\n La Fuerza del destino - \"The Strength of Destiny\" (2011)\n La Intrusa - \"The Intruder\" (2001)", "La Fuerza del destino - \"The Strength of Destiny\" (2011)\n La Intrusa - \"The Intruder\" (2001)\n La Madrastra - \"The Stepmother\" (2005)\n La Mentira - \"The Lie\" (1998)\n La Otra - \"The Other Woman\" (2002)\n La pasión de Isabela - \"Isabela's passion) (1984)\n La Pobre Señorita Limantour - \"The Poor Miss Limantour\" (1989)\n La que no podía amar - \"The one who could not love\" (2011-2012)\n La sonrisa del Diablo - \"The Smile of the Devil\" (1992)\n La Traición- \"The Treason\" (1984)\n La trampa - \"The Trap\" (1988)", "La Traición- \"The Treason\" (1984)\n La trampa - \"The Trap\" (1988)\n La usurpadora - \"The Usurper\" (1998)\n La venganza - \"Vengeance\" (1977)\n La Verdad Oculta - \"The Hidden Truth\" (2005–2006)\n Laberintos de pasión - \"Labyrinths of Passion\" (1999-2000)\n Las Dos Caras de Ana - \"The Two Faces of Ana\" (2006)\n Las Tontas No Van al Cielo - \"Dumb Women Don't Go To Heaven\" (2007–2008)\n Las Vías del Amor - \"The Paths of Love\" (2002)\n Lazos de Amor- \"Love Ties\" (1995)\n Llena de Amor- \"Full of Love\" (2010)", "Lazos de Amor- \"Love Ties\" (1995)\n Llena de Amor- \"Full of Love\" (2010)\n Locura de Amor - \"Crazy Love\" (1999–2000)\n Lola...Érase una vez - \"Lola... Once upon a time\" (2007)\n Los años pasan \"Years pass\" (1985)\n Los Hijos De Nadie- \"Nobody's Children\"\n Los parientes pobres - \"The Poor Kin\" (1993)\n Los Ricos También Lloran - \"Rich People Also Cry\" (1979)\n Lo que la vida me robó - \"What Life Took From Me\" (2014)\n Luz Clarita -\"Clear Light\" (1996)\n Luz y sombra - \"Light and Shadow\" (1989)", "Luz Clarita -\"Clear Light\" (1996)\n Luz y sombra - \"Light and Shadow\" (1989)\n Mañana Es Para Siempre - \"Tomorrow is forever\" (2009)\n Mañana Será Otro Día - \"Tomorrow Will Be Another Day\"\n Mar de amor - \"Curse by the sea\" (2009)\n María Belén - (2001)\n Maria Isabel (1997)\n María la del Barrio - \"Maria from the Ghetto\" (1995)\n Maria Mercedes (1992)\n Mariana de la noche - \"Mariana of the Night\" (2003)\n Marimar (1994)\n Marisol (1996)\n Martín Garatuza\n Mi Destino Eres Tú - \"My Destiny is You\" (2000)", "Marimar (1994)\n Marisol (1996)\n Martín Garatuza\n Mi Destino Eres Tú - \"My Destiny is You\" (2000)\n Mi Pecado - \"Burden of guilt \" (2009)\n Mi Pequeña Soledad - \"My Little Loneliness\" (1991)\n Mi pequeña traviesa - \"My Mischievous Little One\" (1997–1998)\n Mi Segunda Madre- \"My Second Mother\" (1990)\n Milagro y magia - \"Miracle and Magic\" (1991)\n Misión S.O.S - \"S.O.S Mission\" (2005)\n Monte Calvario - \"Calvary Mountain\"\n Morir para vivir - \"Die to live\" (1989)", "Monte Calvario - \"Calvary Mountain\"\n Morir para vivir - \"Die to live\" (1989)\n Muchacha italiana viene a casarse - \"Italian Girl Comes to get Married\" (1970)\n Muchachitas - \"Young Girls\" (1991)\n Muchachitas como tú - \"Young Girls like you\" (2007)\n Mujer de Nadie - \"A Woman of Her Own\" (2022)\n Mujer de Madera - \"Woman of wood\" (2004)\n Mujeres Engañadas - \"Women (Who Have Been Cheated On)\" (1999-2000)\n Mundo de Fieras - \"World of Wilds\" (2006)\n Mundo de juguete - \"Toy world\" (1976)", "Mundo de Fieras - \"World of Wilds\" (2006)\n Mundo de juguete - \"Toy world\" (1976)\n Navidad sin fin - \"Neverending Christmas\" (2000)\n Niña Amada Mía - \"My Loved Girl\" (2004)\n Nunca te olvidaré - \"I Will Never Forget You\" (1999)\n Pablo y Andrea - \"Pablo and Andrea\" (2006)\n Pasión - \"Passion\" (2007)\n Pasión y poder - \"Passion and Power\" (1988)\n Peregrina- \"Pilgrim\" (2006)\n Piel de otoño - \"Autumn Skin\" (2004)\n Por tu amor - \"For your Love\" (1999)\n Por un beso - \"For a Kiss\" (2000)", "Por tu amor - \"For your Love\" (1999)\n Por un beso - \"For a Kiss\" (2000)\n Preciosa - \"Precious\" (1999)\n Primer amor... a mil por hora - \"First Love...at 1000 per hour\" (2000–2001)\n Prisionera de amor - \"Prisoner of Love\" (1994)\n Pura Sangre - \"Pure Blood\"\n Querida Enemiga - \"Dearest Enemy\" (2008)\n Quinceañera- \"Quinceañera\" (1987–1988)\n Rafaela más que una historia de amor - \"Rafaela more than a love story\" (2011)\n Ramona (1999–2000)\n Rebelde (Mexican telenovela) - \"Rebel\" (2004-2006)\n Rina (1977)", "Ramona (1999–2000)\n Rebelde (Mexican telenovela) - \"Rebel\" (2004-2006)\n Rina (1977)\n Rosa salvaje - \"Wild Rose\" (1987)\n Rosalinda (1999)\n Rubí - \"Ruby\" (1974 and 2005)\n Salomé \"Salome\" (2002)\n Sandra y Paulina - \"Sandra and Paulina\"\n Seducción - \"Seduction\" (1986)\n Señora tentación - \"Mrs. Temptation\"\n Si nos dejan - \"If They Let Us\" (2021)\n Simplemente María - \"Simply Maria\" (1989)\n Soledad (1980)\n Soñadoras - \"Dreamers\" (1998)\n Sortilegio - \"Spell\" (2009)\n Soy Tu Dueña - \"I'm Your Owner\" (2010)", "Soñadoras - \"Dreamers\" (1998)\n Sortilegio - \"Spell\" (2009)\n Soy Tu Dueña - \"I'm Your Owner\" (2010)\n Sueños y Caramelos- \"Dreams & Sweets\" (2006–2007)\n Te sigo amando - \"I'm Still in Love with You\" (1997)\n Teresa (1989)\n Teresa (2010 TV Series) - \"Teresa\" (2010–2011)\n Tormenta en el paraíso - (2009)\n Tres mujeres - \"Three Women\" (1999)\n Triángulo - \"Triangle\" (1992)\n Triunfo del amor - \"Love Triumph\" (2011)\n Tu o Nadie - \"You or No One\" (1985)\n Un Gancho al Corazon - \"A Jab to the Heart\" (2008)", "Tu o Nadie - \"You or No One\" (1985)\n Un Gancho al Corazon - \"A Jab to the Heart\" (2008)\n Valentina (1993)\n Valeria y Maximiliano \"Valeria and Maximiliano\" (1990)\n Vanessa (1982)\n Verano de amor - \"Summer of love\" (2009)\n Victoria (1987)\n ¡Vivan los niños! - \"Long Live the Kids\" (2004)\n Viviana (1978)\n Vivir un poco - \"To Live a Little\" (1985)\n Volver a Empezar - \"Starting Over\" (1994–1995)\n Yara - \"Yara\" (1979) \n Yesenia (1987)\n Yo amo a Juan Querendón - \"I Love Juan Querendon\" (2007–2008)", "Yesenia (1987)\n Yo amo a Juan Querendón - \"I Love Juan Querendon\" (2007–2008)\n Yo compro esa mujer - \"I Buy That Woman\"", "TV Azteca", "Agua y Aceite- \"Water & Oil\"\n Al Norte del Corazon- \"To the North of the Heart\"\n Amor en Custodia - \"Love in Custody\"\n Amores... Querer con Alevosía- \"Loves... to Love with an advantage\"\n Azul Tequila - \"Tequila Blue\"\n Belinda\n Bellezas Indomables- \"Untaimed Beauties\"\n Besos Prohibidos- \"Forbidden Kisses\"\n Cara o cruz- \"Heads or Tails\"\n Catalina y Sebastián- \"Catalina and Sebastian\"\n Cielo rojo- \"Red Sky\"\n Como en el cine- \"Like in the movies\"\n Con Toda el Alma- \"With all my Soul\"", "Cielo rojo- \"Red Sky\"\n Como en el cine- \"Like in the movies\"\n Con Toda el Alma- \"With all my Soul\"\n Contrato de Amor- \"Love Contract\"\n Cuando Seas Mia- \"When you're Mine\"\n Demasiado Corazón - \"Too Much Heart\"\n Destino - \"Destiny\"\n Dos chicos de cuidado en la ciudad- \"Two guys to be careful of... in the city\"\n El Alma Herida- \"The Wounded Soul\"\n El Amor de Mi Vida- \"The Love of my Life\"\n El amor no es como lo pintan- \"Love is not like what they tell you\"\n El Candidato- \"The Candidate\"", "El amor no es como lo pintan- \"Love is not like what they tell you\"\n El Candidato- \"The Candidate\"\n El País de las Mujeres- \"The Country of Women\"\n Ellas, inocentes o culpables- \"Them, Innocents or Guilty\"\n Emperatriz- \"Empress\"\n Enamórate- \"Falling in love\"\n Golpe Bajo- \"Low Punch\"\n Háblame de Amor- \"Talk to me about Love\"\n La Calle de las Novias- \"The Bride Street\"\n La Chacala- \"The (female) Jackal\"\n La duda- \"The Doubt\"\n La Heredera- \"The Heiress\"\n La Hija del Jardinero- \"The Gardener´s daughter\"", "La duda- \"The Doubt\"\n La Heredera- \"The Heiress\"\n La Hija del Jardinero- \"The Gardener´s daughter\"\n La mujer de Judas- \"The Woman of Judas\"\n La otra cara del alma- \"The Other Face of The Soul\"\n La Otra Mitad del Sol- \"The Other Half of the Sun\"\n La Vida en el Espejo- \"The Life in the Mirror\"\n Las Juanas - \"The Juanas (family)\"\n Lo que es el amor - \"What Love Is\"\n Los Sánchez- \"The Sanchezes(family)\"\n Marea Brava- \"Strong Tide\"\n Mientras Haya Vida- \"While there´s still life\"", "Marea Brava- \"Strong Tide\"\n Mientras Haya Vida- \"While there´s still life\"\n Mirada de mujer- \"A Woman's Glance\"\n Mirada de Mujer: El Regreso- \"A Woman´s Glance: The Return\"\n Montecristo- \"Montecristo\"\n Nada personal - \"Nothing Personal\"\n Noche Eterna- \"Everlasting Night\"\n Perla - \"Pearl\"\n Por Tí- \"For You\"\n Rivales por Accidente- \"Rivals by accident\"\n Romántica Obsesión- \"Romantic Obsession\"\n Señora- \"Lady\"\n Sin Tí- \"Without You\"\n Soñarás- \"You'll dream\"\n Súbete a mi moto- \"Get on my motorcycle\"", "Sin Tí- \"Without You\"\n Soñarás- \"You'll dream\"\n Súbete a mi moto- \"Get on my motorcycle\"\n Tengo Todo excepto a Tí- \"I have everything but you\"\n Tentaciones- \"Temptations\"\n Tiempo de Amar- \"Time to Love\"\n Tío Alberto- \"Uncle Albert\"\n Todo por Amor- \"All for Love\"\n Top Models\n Tres Veces Sofía- \"Three Times Sofia\"\n Un Nuevo Amor- \"A New Love\"\n Vivir Sin Ti/Vivir Por Ti- \"To Live Without You / To Live For You\"\n Vivir un poco- \"To Live a little\"\n Yacaranday", "Argos Comunicación\n Amor Descarado \"Shameless Love\"\n Amores... Querer con Alevosía- \"Loves... to Love with an advantage\"\n Cara o cruz- \"Heads or Tails\"\n Contrato de Amor- \"Love Contract\"\n Corazón Partido- \"Broken Heart\"\n Daniela\n Demasiado Corazón- \"Too Much Heart\"\n El Amor de Mi Vida- \"The Love of My Life\"\n El Alma Herida- \"The Wounded Soul\"\n Gitanas \"Gypsies\" (co-produced with Telemundo)\n La Vida en el Espejo- \"The Life in the Mirror\"\n Ladrón de Corazones- \"Thief of hearts\"\n Los Plateados- \"The Silvers\"", "Ladrón de Corazones- \"Thief of hearts\"\n Los Plateados- \"The Silvers\"\n Marina\n Mientras Haya Vida- \"While there´s still life\"\n Mirada de mujer- \"A Woman's Glance\"\n Mirada de Mujer: El Regreso- \"A Woman´s Glance: The Return\"\n Nada personal - \"Nothing Personal\"\n Rosa Diamante - Rose of Diamonds\n Tentaciones- \"Temptations\"\n Todo por Amor- \"All for Love\"\n Vivir Sin Ti/Vivir Por Ti- \"To Live Without You / To Live For You\"", "Panama\n Linda Labé\n ¿Cómo casar a Chente?\n Lagrimas de Diamante\n Pobre Millonaria\n\nParaguay\n Papá del Corazón (\"Heart Daddy\")\n De Mil Amores (Desperately in Love)\n (Mrs. Francisca Cabañas)\n Verdad Oculta", "Peru\n Pobre Diabla (\"Wretch\")\n Luz Maria\n Leonela, Muriendo de Amor (\"Leonela, Dying of Love\")\n Cosas del Amor (\"Things of Love\")\n Cazando a un millonario (\"Hunting a Millionaire\")\n Girasoles para Lucía (\"Sunflowers for Lucía\")\n Besos robados (\"Stolen Kisses\")\n Carmín\n El adorable professor Aldao (\"The Adorable Professor Aldao\")\n Natacha\n Simplemente María (\"Simply Maria\")\n Travesuras del corazón (\"Pranks of the Heart\")\n Luciana y Nicolás (\"Luciana and Nicolás\")\n Me llaman Gorrión (\"They call me Gorrión\")", "Luciana y Nicolás (\"Luciana and Nicolás\")\n Me llaman Gorrión (\"They call me Gorrión\")\n Nino... las cosas simples de la vida (\"Nino... The Simple Things in life\")\n Los de arriba y los de abajo (\"Those Ones From Above and Those Ones From Below\")\n ¡Qué buena raza! (Pun of \"What a Nerve!\" literally translating \"What A Good Race\")\n Eva del Edén (\"Eve of Eden\")\n Hermanos Coraje (\"Courage Brothers\")\n Torbellino (\"Whirlwind\")\n Los unos y los otros (\"The Ones and the Others\")", "Torbellino (\"Whirlwind\")\n Los unos y los otros (\"The Ones and the Others\")\n La Rica Vicky (\"Vicky the Delightful\")\n Amor serrano (\"Serrano Love\")\n Los Choches (\"The Buddies\")\n Al Fondo Hay Sitio (\"There's Room At The Back\")\n Gente Como Uno (\"People Like One\")\n Mil Oficios (\"Jack of All Trades\")\n Demasiada Belleza (\"Too Much Beauty\")\n Dina Paucar: La Lucha Por Un Sueño (\"Dina Paucar: The Fight For A Dream\")\n Latin lover (\"Latin Lover\")\n El Gran Reto (\"The Great Challenge\")\n Gamboa (\"Gamboa\")", "Latin lover (\"Latin Lover\")\n El Gran Reto (\"The Great Challenge\")\n Gamboa (\"Gamboa\")\n Paginas De La Vida (\"Pages of Life\")\n No Hay Por Que Llorar (\"There's No Reason for Crying\")\n Solo por ti (\"Only For You\")\n Matalache (\"Matalache\")\n Bésame Tonto (\"Kiss me, You Dumb\")\n Las Mujeres De Mi Vida (\"The Women of my Life\")\n Clave uno (\"Code One\")\n Tatán (\"Tantán\")\n Cuando Los Angeles Lloran (\"When Angels Cry\")\n Secretos (\"Secrets\")", "Philippines\n\nPortugal", "Vila Faia (1982),(Beech Village) [RTP]\nOrigens (1983), (Origins) [RTP]\nChuva na Areia (1985), (The Rain on the Sand) [RTP]\nPalavras Cruzadas (1987), (Crosswords) [RTP]\nPasserelle (1988), [RTP]\nRicardina e Marta (1989), [RTP]\nCinzas (1992), (Ashes) [RTP]\nA Banqueira do Povo (1993), (The Banker of the People) [RTP]\nTelhados de Vidro (1993), (Glass Roofs) [TVI]\nVerão Quente (1993), (Hot Summer) [RTP]\nNa Paz dos Anjos (1994), (In Heavenly Peace) [RTP]\nDesencontros (1994), (Mismatches) [RTP]", "Na Paz dos Anjos (1994), (In Heavenly Peace) [RTP]\nDesencontros (1994), (Mismatches) [RTP]\nRoseira Brava (1995), (Briar Rose) [RTP]\nPrimeiro Amor (1995), (First Love) [RTP]\nVidas de Sal (1996), (Salt Lives) [RTP]\nFilhos do Vento (1996), (The Children of the Wind) [RTP]\nA Grande Aposta (1997), (The Great Bet) [RTP]\nTerra Mãe (1998), (Motherland) [RTP]\nOs Lobos (1998), (The Wolves) [RTP]\nA Lenda da Garça (1999), (The Heron Legend) [RTP]\nTodo o Tempo do Mundo (1999), (All the time in the world) [TVI]", "Todo o Tempo do Mundo (1999), (All the time in the world) [TVI]\nAjuste de Contas (2000), (The Reckoning) [RTP]\nJardins Proibidos (2000), (Forbidden Gardens) [TVI]\nSenhora das Águas (2001), (The Lady of the Waters) [RTP]\nGanância (2001), (Greed) [SIC]\nOlhos de Água (2001), (Water Eyes) [TVI]\nNunca Digas Adeus (2001), (Never say Goodbye) [TVI]\nFilha do Mar (2001), (The Daughter of the Sea) [TVI]\nAnjo Selvagem (2001/2002), (Wild Angel) [TVI]\nLusitana Paixão (2002), (Portuguese Passion)", "Anjo Selvagem (2001/2002), (Wild Angel) [TVI]\nLusitana Paixão (2002), (Portuguese Passion)\nFúria de Viver (2002), (Rage of Living) [SIC]\nO Olhar da Serpente (2002), (Snake Stare)\nTudo Por Amor (2002), (All for Love) [TVI]\nSonhos Traídos (2002), (Betrayed Dreams) [TVI]\nO Último Beijo (2002), (The Last Kiss) [TVI]\nAmanhecer (2002), (Dawn) [TVI]\nO Jogo (2003), (The Game) [SIC]\nSaber Amar (2003), (Know How to Love) [TVI]\nCoração Malandro (2003), (Naughty Heart) [TVI]\nO Teu Olhar (2003), (Your Stare) [TVI]", "Coração Malandro (2003), (Naughty Heart) [TVI]\nO Teu Olhar (2003), (Your Stare) [TVI]\nQueridas Feras (2003/2004), (Dear Beasts) [TVI]\nMistura Fina (2004/2005), (Fine Blend) [TVI]\nBaía das Mulheres (2004/2005), (Women Bay) [TVI]\nNinguém Como Tu (2005), (No one like you) [TVI]\nMundo Meu (2005/2006), (My World) [TVI]\nDei-te Quase Tudo (2005/2006), (I gave you almost everything) [TVI]\nFala-me de Amor (2006), (Talk to me about Love) [TVI]\nFloribella (2006) [SIC]\nTempo de Viver (Time to live) [TVI]", "Floribella (2006) [SIC]\nTempo de Viver (Time to live) [TVI]\nJura (2006) (Promise me) [SIC]\nDoce Fugitiva (2006/2007), (Sweet Fugitive) [TVI]\nTu e Eu (2006/2007), (You and me) [TVI]\nPaixões Proibidas (2007) (Forbidden Passions) [RTP]\nVingança (2007) (Revenge) [SIC]\nIlha dos Amores (2007), (Island of Love) [TVI]\nResistirei (2007), (I Will Resist) [SIC]\nDeixa-me amar (2007), (Let Me Love) [TVI]\nFascínios (2007), (Fascinations) [TVI]\nRebelde Way (2008), (Rebel Way)\nA Outra (2008), (The Other) [TVI]", "Rebelde Way (2008), (Rebel Way)\nA Outra (2008), (The Other) [TVI]\nVila Faia 2008 (2008), [RTP]\nFlor do Mar (2008), (Flower of the Sea) [TVI]\nOlhos nos Olhos (2008), (Eye to eye) [TVI]\nPodia Acabar o Mundo (2008), (It Could End the World) [SIC]\nFeitiço de Amor (2008), (Love Spell) [TVI]\nDeixa que te leve (2009), (Let me take you) [TVI]\nSentimentos (2009), (Feelings) [TVI]\nMeu Amor (2009), (My Love) [TVI]\nPerfeito Coração (2009), (Perfect Heart) [SIC]\nMar de Paixão (2010), (Sea of Passion) [TVI]", "Perfeito Coração (2009), (Perfect Heart) [SIC]\nMar de Paixão (2010), (Sea of Passion) [TVI]\nLua Vermelha (2010), (Red Moon) [SIC]\nEspírito Indomável (2010), (Wild Spirit) [TVI]\nLaços de Sangue (2010), (Blood Ties)\nSedução (2010), (Seduction) [TVI]\nAnjo Meu (2011), (Angel of Mine) [TVI] \nRemédio Santo (2011), (Holy Remedies) [TVI]\nRosa Fogo (2011), (Firerose) [SIC]\nDoce Tentação (2012), (Sweet Temptation) [TVI]\nDancin' Days (2012)\nLouco Amor (2012), (Crazy Love) [TVI]", "Dancin' Days (2012)\nLouco Amor (2012), (Crazy Love) [TVI]\nDestinos Cruzados (2012), (Crossed Destinies) [TVI]\nDoida por Ti (2012), (Crazy about You) [TVI]\nMundo Ao Contrário (2013), (World Upside Down) [TVI]\nSol de Inverno (2013), (Winter's Sun) [SIC]\nOs Nossos Dias (2013), (Our Days) [RTP]\nBelmonte (2013), (Belmonte) [TVI]\nMulheres (2014), (Women) [TVI]\nO Beijo do Escorpião (2014), (Scorpion's Kiss) [TVI]\nÁgua de Mar (2014), (Sea's Water) [RTP]\nMar Salgado (2014), (Salty Sea) [SIC]", "Água de Mar (2014), (Sea's Water) [RTP]\nMar Salgado (2014), (Salty Sea) [SIC]\nJardins Proíbidos 2014 (2014), (Forbidden Gardens 2014) [TVI]\nPoderosas (2015), (Will for Revenge) [SIC]\nA Única Mulher (2015), (The Only Woman) [TVI]\nCoração D'ouro (2015), (Heart of Gold) [SIC]\nRainha das Flores (2016), (Frozen Memories) [SIC]\nAmor Maior (2016), (More Than Love) [SIC]\nSol de Inverno (2013), (Winter's Sun) [SIC]\nEspelho D'Água (2016), (Water Mirror) [SIC]\nJogo Duplo (2017), (Double Game) [TVI]", "Espelho D'Água (2016), (Water Mirror) [SIC]\nJogo Duplo (2017), (Double Game) [TVI]\nOuro Verde (2017), (Payback) [TVI]\nO Sábio (2017), (The Wise One) [RTP]\nPaixão (2017), (Living Passion) [SIC]\nA Herdeira (2017), (The Gipsy Heiress) [TVI]\nA Teia (2018), (The Web) [TVI]\nValor da Vida (2018), (Value of Life) [TVI]\nVidas Opostas (2018), (Tangled Lives) [SIC]\nAlma e Coração (2018), (Heart and Soul) [SIC]\nAmar Depois de Amar (2019), (Loving After Loving) [TVI]\nPrisioneira (2019), (Trapped) [TVI]", "Amar Depois de Amar (2019), (Loving After Loving) [TVI]\nPrisioneira (2019), (Trapped) [TVI]\nAlguém Perdeu (2019), (Someone Lost) [CMTV]\nTerra Brava (2019), (Wild Land) [SIC]\nNa Corda Bamba (2019), (On Thin Ice) [TVI]\nNazaré (2019), (Nazaré) [SIC]\nQuer o Destino (2020), (Destiny Desires) [TVI]\nAmar Demais (2020), (Unlimited Love) [TVI]\nBem Me Quer (2020), (Broken Bonds) [TVI]\nAmor Amor (2021), (Love is a Song) [SIC]\nA Serra (2021), (Mountain Range) [SIC]\nFesta é Festa (2021), (Party is Party) [TVI]", "A Serra (2021), (Mountain Range) [SIC]\nFesta é Festa (2021), (Party is Party) [TVI]\nPara Sempre (2021), (Forever) [TVI]\nQuero é Viver (2022), (I want to live) [TVI]\nPor Ti (2022), (For You) [SIC]\nRua das Flores (2022), (Flowers Street) [TVI]\nLua de Mel (2022), (Honeymoon) [SIC]", "Puerto Rico\n El Derecho de Nacer\n Entre la Espada y la Cruz\n El Retrato de Angela\n La Divina Infiel\n Cuatro Mujeres\n La sombra del otro\n La infamia\n Cuando los Hijos Condenan\n El Hijo de Angela María\n El Rosario (The Rosary)\n La Mujer de Aquella Noche\n Conciencia Culpable\n Los Dedos de la Mano\n Marcelo y Marcelina\n Juan de Dios\n Sombras del Pasado\n Cristina Bazan\n Mujeres sin Hombres\n La Otra Mujer\n La Intrusa\n Tomiko\n Mami Santa'''", "La Sombra de Belinda El Idolo Anacaona Martha Llorens El Amor Nuestro de Cada Dia Tanairi Amame La Jibarita Fue sin Querer Escándalo Rojo Verano Modelos S.A", ". Vida Millie Cadenas de Amor Coralito Karina Montaner Aventurera Cuando Vuelvas Vivir Para Ti Diana Carolina Yo Se Que Mentia Apartamento de Solteras La Isla (The Island) La Otra (The other) Ave De Paso Alejandra Laura Guzman, ¡Culpable! Sombras del Pasado Preciosa La Verdadera Eva De que color es el amor", "? Tormento (Torment) Señora Tentación Dueña y SeñoraSerbiaJelena (\"Jelena\") (2004–2005)Ljubav i mržnja (\"Love and hate\") (2007–2008)Zaustavi vreme (\"Stop the time\") (2008)Istine i laži (\"Truths and lies\") (2017–2019)", "South Africa \n\n Ashes To Ashes\n Broken Vows\n \n Giyani: Land of Blood\n \n Gold Diggers\n High Rollers\n Isibaya\n Isithembiso\nIsipho\n Keeping Score\n Rockville\nThe River\n Uzalo\n The Queen\n\nTurkey\n\n Paramparça\n Kera Sevda\n Brave and Beautiful\n Eve Donus\n Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?\nCesur ve guzel", "SpainMarielena (1994)El Súper. Historias de todos los días (1996–99)Calle nueva (1997–2000)El secreto (2001)El secreto II (2001)Esencia de poder (2001)La verdad de Laura (2002)Géminis, venganza de amor (2002)Luna negra (2003)Obsesión (2005)El pasado es mañana (2005)Amar en tiempos revueltos (2005–12)Yo soy Bea (2006–08)Bandolera (2011–13)El secreto de Puente Viejo (2011–present)Amar es para siempre (2013–present)Acacias 38 (2015–present)Seis Hermanas (2015–2017)\n\nUnited States\n\nUnivision\n\nTelemundo", "Pasión de Gavilanes El Cuerpo del Deseo La Patrona En otra piel La Reina del Sur Alguien te Mira La Casa de al Lado ¿Dónde está Elisa? Corazon Valiente Bajo el Mismo Cielo El Senor de los Cielos Senora Acero Duenos del Paraiso Mi Corazon Insiste en Lola Vulcan Los Miserables Tierra de Reyes El Rostro de la VenganzaMyNetworkTV\n Desire (TV series) Fashion House Wicked Wicked Games Watch Over Me American Heiress Saints & SinnersUruguay\n Las novias de Travolta (2009)\n Dance! La Fuerza del Corazón (2011)", "Las novias de Travolta (2009)\n Dance! La Fuerza del Corazón (2011)\n Porque te quiero así (2012-2011)\n Dance! (Soap Opera) (2011)", "Venezuela", "VenevisiónAcorralada (2007)Adorable Monica (1991)Alba Marina (1988)Alma indomable (2008)Amantes de Luna Llena (2000)Amor Comprado (2007)Amor Del Bueno (2004)Amor Mío (1997)Amor secreto (2015)Amor Sin Fronteras (1992)Ángel rebelde (2004)Arroz con leche (2007)Aunque mal paguen (2007)Bellísima (1992)Bésame Tonto (2003)Buenos días, Isabel (1980)Calypso (1999)Cara Sucia (1992)Ciudad Bendita (2006)Como tú", ", ninguna (1994)Condesa por Amor (2008)Contra viento y marea (1997)Corazón apasionado (2012)Corazón esmeralda (2014)Cosita linda (2014)Cosita Rica (2004)Cuando Hay Pasion (1999)Cumbres Borrascosas (1976)De todas maneras Rosa (2013)Destino de Mujer (1997)Demente criminal (2014)Dulce Enemiga (1995)El amor las vuelve locas (2005)El árbol de Gabriel (2011)El Pais de las Mujeres (1998)El Talismán (2012)Engañada (2003)Entre tu amor y mi amor (2015)Eva Luna (2010)Gata Salvaje (2002)Guerra de mujeres (2001)Harina", "tu amor y mi amor (2015)Eva Luna (2010)Gata Salvaje (2002)Guerra de mujeres (2001)Harina de otro costal (2010)Ka Ina (1995)Las Amazonas (1985)La cruz del diablo (1960)Las González (2002)La heredera (1982)La mujer de Lorenzo (2003)La mujer de mi vida (1998)La mujer perfecta (2010)La mujer prohibida (1972)La mujer prohibida (1991)La sombra de Piera (1989)La vida entera (2008-2009)La viuda joven (2011)La Zulianita (1977)Lejana como el viento (2001)Ligia Elena (1982)Ligia Sandoval (1981)Los Donatti (1986)Los", "(1977)Lejana como el viento (2001)Ligia Elena (1982)Ligia Sandoval (1981)Los Donatti (1986)Los misterios del amor (2009)Los secretos de Lucía (2014)Los Querendones (2005)Lucecita (1967)Maria Celeste (1994)María del Mar (1978)María Teresa (1972)Mariana de la Noche (1976)Más que amor", ", frenesí (2001)Morena Clara (1996)Mi ex me tiene ganas (2012)Muñeca de trapo (2000)Natalia del Mar (2011-2012)Pecado de Amor (1995)Pecadora (2009)Peregrina (1972)Pobre Millonaria (2008)¡Qué clase de amor", "! (2009)Quirpa de Tres Mujeres (1996)Rebeca (2003)Rosario (2013)Sabor a ti (2004)Sacrificio de Mujer (2011)Salvador de Mujeres (2010)Samantha (telenovela) (1998)Secreto de Amor (2001)Se solicita príncipe azul (2005)Sol de Tentación (1996)Sorángel (1982)Toda Mujer (1999)Todo Sobre Camila (2002)Tomasa Tequiero (2009)Torrente (2008)Trópico (2007)Una muchacha llamada Milagros (1974)Un esposo para Estela (2009)Valeria (2008)Válgame Dios (2012)¿Vieja yo", "? (2008)Voltea pa' que te enamores (2006-2007)Y la luna también (1987)", "RCTVA Calzon Quitao (Without underwear)Abandonada (Neglected)Abigail 1988AdrianaAlejandraAlma Mia 1988AlondraAmanda SabaterAmantes (2005)Amor a Palos (Love to Friends)Amores de Barrio Adentro (Inner-City Lovers)Amores de Fin de Siglo (End-of-Century Lovers)Anabel (Anabel)Angelica Pecado (Holy Sin)Angelito (Little Angel)Ante la Ley (In front of the Law)Asi es la Vida (Life is This Way)Atrévete (I Dare You To) 1986Aunque me Cueste la VidaAzucenaBienvenida Esperanza (A Welcomed Hope)Boves, El Urogallo (Boves", ", El Urogallo (Boves, The Urogal)Camay (Cambay)Cambio de Piel (Change of Skin)Campeones (Champions)Canaima (Canaima)Cantare para Ti (I will Sing for you)Caribe (Caribbean Sea)Carissima (Charisma)Carita Pintada (Painted Face)Carmen Querida (Dear Carmen)Carolina (Carolina)Chao Cristina (See Ya, Christina)Chinita", ", mi amor (Dear Chinita)Cimarrón (Cimarron)Claudia (Claudia)ClemenciaCristal 1985CristinaCuando el Cielo es Más Azul (When the sky is bluer than blue)De MujeresDe Oro PuroDetrás del TelónDivina ObsesiónDoña Bárbara (1975)Dulce IlusiónEl alma no tiene color (A Colorless Soul)El Castillo de HierroEl Derecho de NacerEl DesafíoEl DesprecioEl EngañoEl Esposo de AnaísEl hombre de la máscara de hierroEl País PerdidoEl Precio de Una VidaEl Primer MilagroElizabethEmperatrizEnamoradaEntrega", "de hierroEl País PerdidoEl Precio de Una VidaEl Primer MilagroElizabethEmperatrizEnamoradaEntrega TotalEsmeraldaEstefaniaEstrambotica AnastasiaEva MarinaFederricoGardeniaHay Amores Que Matan (Killer Lovers)Historia de Tres HermanasHoy te ViIlusiones 1995InfigeniaJuana la VirgenJugando a GanarKapricho S", ".A", ".KassandraKiko BotonesLa Balandra Isabel llegó esta tarde (The sloop \"Isabel\" came this afternoon)La ComadreLa Cruz de PaloLa Cuaima (The Cuaima)La Dama de Rosa 1986La Doña Perfecta (The Perfect Housewife)La DueñaLa FieraLa GoajiritaLa Hija de Juana CrespoLa historia de un Canalla (A Coward's Story)La indomable (The Undefeated)La InolvidableLa Intrusa 1986La InvasoraLa italianitaLa Mujer de Judas (\"Wife of Judas\") 2002La Niña de mis ojos (My Beloved Girlfriend)La Novela de Pasion (Passion Is A Soap Opera)La", "2002La Niña de mis ojos (My Beloved Girlfriend)La Novela de Pasion (Passion Is A Soap Opera)La Novela del Hogar (The Homemade Soap Opera)La Novela LM (LM", ", The Soap Opera)La Novela Romantica (A Romantic Soap Opera)La Pasion de Teresa 1989La Posada MalditaLa SalvajeLa Señora de Cárdenas (Mr", ". Cárdenas' Woman)La Señorita ElenaLa Señorita PerdomoLa SoberanaLa TiranaLa TrepadoraLa ÚnicaLas BandidasLas Nuevas aventuras de FredericcoLeonela 1983Los Amores de Anita PeñaLos Ojos que Vigilan (Spying Eyes)Luisa Fernanda 1998Luisana MiaLuz MarinaLuz y sombrasMabel ValdezMama TrompetaMaria de los AngelesMaria Jose, oficios del hogarMaria", ", oficios del hogarMaria, Maria 1990Mariana MontielMarielenaMariselaMariú 1999Marta y Javier 1983Mi amada Beatriz 1987Mi Gorda BellaMi Hermano Satanas (My Satanic Brothers)Mi Hijo Gabriel (My Son Gabriel)Mi prima CielaMi Secreto me CondenaMis Tres HermanasMosquita MuertaMujer con PantalonesMujer SecretaMuñequitaNatalia de 8 a 9Negra consentidaNiña mimada (The Girl Who Copies People)Niño de Papel (The Paperboy)O", ".K", ".PalmolivePeregrinaPiel de ZapaPobre Negro (Poor Negro)Por Estas CallesPor Todo lo AltoPrimaveraPura Sangre¡Qué buena se puso Lola! (How Good Lola Has It!))Que Paso con Jacqueline", "? 1982RafaelaRaquelReina de corazones 1998Renzo El GitanoRoberta 1987Rosa de la Calle 1982RosangelaRubi Rebelde 1989SabrinaSelva, la Virgen de BarroSelva María 1987Señora 1988Ser bonita no bastaSilvia Rivas, divorciadaSobre la Misma TierraSoltera y sin CompromisoSoniaSu Mala HoraTinieblas en el CorazónTopacio 1985Tormenta de PasiónTormentoTrapos ÍntimosTuya Para SiempreTV ConfidencialUn Pedazo de CieloValentinaViva la Pepa (Pepa Rules!)Volver a VivirYo Compro a Esa mujerTelevenDulce amargo'' (2012)", "See also\nList of soap operas\n\nTelenovelas" ]

[ "The New Year Honours 2009 were announced on 31 December 2008 in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Cook Islands, Barbados, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Christopher and Nevis, to celebrate the year past and mark the beginning of 2009.", "The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by the country whose ministers advised The Queen on the appointments, then by honour, with grades i.e. Knight/Dame Grand Cross, Knight/Dame Commander etc. and then divisions i.e. Civil, Diplomatic and Military as and where appropriate.\n\nUnited Kingdom", "Knights Bachelor \n Professor Timothy Robert Peter Brighouse. For services to Education.\n Professor David Nicholas Cannadine, lately Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Professor, Institute of Historical Research, University of London. For services to Scholarship.\n Alexander Crombie, Group Chief Executive, Standard Life. For services to the Insurance Industry in Scotland.\n Dr. Andrew Cubie, CBE, lately Chair of the Court, Napier University. For public service in Scotland.", "Peter John Bellet Dixon, lately Chairman, Housing Corporation. For services to the Housing Sector.\n Professor Neil James Douglas, President, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. For services to Medicine.\n Robert Paul Edwards, Headteacher, Garforth Community College, Leeds. For services to local and national Education.\n Professor Christopher John Greenwood, CMG. Professor of International Law, London School of Economics. For services to public International Law.", "Christoper Andrew Hoy, MBE, Cyclist. For services to Sport.\n David Charles Jones, CBE. For services to Business and to Charity.\n Kenneth Lloyd Jones, QPM, Chief Constable and President, Association of Chief Police Officers. For services to the Police.\n Nigel Graham Knowles, Chief Executive and Managing Partner for Europe and Asia, DLA Piper International LLP. For services to the Legal Profession.\n David Thomas Rowell Lewis. For services to the legal profession and to the City of London Corporation.", "John Robert Madejski, OBE. For charitable services.\n Neil Stuart McKay, CB, Chief Executive, East of England Strategic Health Authority. For services to the NHS.\n His Honour Judge Goolam Hoosen Kader Meeran, lately President, Employment Tribunal (England and Wales). For services to the Administration of Justice.\n Nicholas Wyndham Partridge, OBE, Chief Executive, Terrence Higgins Trust. For services to Healthcare.", "John Christopher Powell, Chairman, National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts. For services to the Advertising Industry.\n Terence David John Pratchett, OBE, Author. For services to Literature.\n Bernard Francisco Ribeiro, CBE, lately President, Royal College of Surgeons. For services to Medicine.\n Professor Martin John Taylor, FRS, Professor in Pure Mathematics, University of Manchester. For services to Science.", "Dr. Mark Jeremy Walport, Director, Wellcome Trust. For services to Medical Research.", "Order of the Bath\n\nKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) \n Military Division\n General Sir Francis Richard Dannatt, KCB, CBE, MC, ADC, Chief of the General Staff, British Army (shall be retiring as professional head of the Army in 2009 to be replaced by Sir David Richards)\n\nKnights Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) \n Military Division\n Vice Admiral Trevor Alan Soar, OBE\n Air Marshal Christopher Hugh Moran, OBE, MVO\n Air Marshal Stuart William Peach, CBE", "Civil Division\n Nicholas Macpherson, Permanent Secretary, HM Treasury\n Jonathan Phillips, Permanent Secretary, Northern Ireland Office\n\nCompanions of the Order of the Bath (CB) \n Military Division\n Major General John Gordon Rose MBE RM\n Major General Adrian John Bradshaw OBE, King's Royal Hussars\n Lt. Gen Andrew Collingwood Figgures CBE\n Lt. Gen Louis Patrick Lillywhite MBE QHS\n Maj Gen. Jonathan David Page OBE, Parachute Regiment\n Air Vice Marshal Charles Wright Ness", "Civil Division\n Patricia Margaret Alrded, CBE, Director-General and Deputy Head of the Foreign and Defence Policy Secretariat, Cabinet Office\n Harry James Benson. Freelance photojournalist. For services to photography, and to the community in the UK.\n John Stephen Pitt-Brooke, Director-General Secretariat, Land Forces, Ministry of Defence\n Nicholas Peter Clegg. Founder and Managing Trustee and chairman, Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation. For services to UK-Japanese relations.", "Professor Linda Colley. Author and Professor of History, Princeton University. For services to historical studies.\n Professor Derek William Jones, Former Senior Director, Welsh Assembly Government\n Professor Peter Hugh Nolan. Sinyi Professor, Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. For services to supporting British business in China and China's integration into the global economy.", "Professor David Norse. Emeritus Professor of Environmental Management, UCL. For services to international sustainable development and UK/China relations.\n David John Pearson, Deputy Treasury Solicitor, Treasury Solicitor's Department\n John Richard Shervington Skerritt. Financial Secretary. For public service, Montserrat.\n David James Smith, Commercial Director, Dept. for Work and Pensions\n Ralph Edwin Tabberer, Director-General for Schools, Dept. for Children, Schools and Families", "Order of Saint Michael and Saint George\n\nKnights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) \n Andrew Thomas Cahn, CMG. Chief Executive, UK Trade and Investment.\n William Charters Patey, CMG. HM Ambassador, Riyadh.\n\nCompanion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) \n Military Division\n Colonel Peter David Fraser-Hopewell MBE, Royal Scots", "Civil Division\n Mark Canning. HM Ambassador, Rangoon.\n Eugene Gerard Curley, OBE. Counsellor, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n Christopher John Hickey. Director, British Council, Spain.\n Anthony Michael Layden. The Foreign Secretary's Representative for Deportation with Assurances. For services to Counter-Terrorism.\n Robert Macaire. Former Director of Consular Services, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n Sarah MacIntosh. Former British High Commissioner, Freetown.", "Sarah MacIntosh. Former British High Commissioner, Freetown.\n Richard Gordon Monk, OBE, QPM. Former Police Commissioner, UN Interim Mission in Kosovo. For services to Policing in Kosovo.\n Adam McClure Thomson. Director of South Asia and Afghanistan, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n Scott Andrew Norman Wightman. Former Director of Global and Economic Issues, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.", "Royal Victorian Order\n\nKnights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) \n His Grace The Duke of Devonshire, CBE, HM's Representative at Ascot\n Rear Admiral Jeremy Michael De Halpert, CB, Deputy Master, Trinity House\n The Rt Hon. Raymond Arthur Clanaboy, 4th Baron O'Neill, TD, Former Lord Lieutenant of County Antrim\n Sir John Charles Buchanan Riddell, Bt., CVO, Lord Lieutenant of Northumberland", "Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) \n Elizabeth Faith Currer Buchanan LVO, Former Private Secretary to TRHs The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall\n Major General David Leslie Burden CB CBE, Former Receiver General and Chapter Clerk, Westminster Abbey\n Paul Robert Virgo Clarke, Chief Executive and Clerk of the Council of the Duchy of Lancaster\n Sir Thomas Farmer CBE, chairman of the board of Trustees, The Duke of Edinburgh's Award", "Sir Thomas Farmer CBE, chairman of the board of Trustees, The Duke of Edinburgh's Award\n Stuart Gordon Mole OBE, Former Lord Lieutenant of East Sussex\n Michael John Stevens LVO, Deputy Treasurer to The Queen and Director of Finance to the Royal Household\n Hugh Rowland Wyatt, Former Lord Lieutenant of West Sussex 1998–2008", "Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO) \n Mrs Alisa Jane Anderson, Deputy Press Secretary to The Queen and Head of News\n Peter McEuan Ashby, Helicopter Pilot, Queen's Helicopter Flight\n Dr Khaled Omar Azzam, Director of the Prince's School of Traditional Arts\n George Hassall MVO, director, Royal and Diplomatic Affairs, Jaguar Land Rover\n Thomas George Stewart McCaw MVO, Former Land Steward, Eastern District, The Duchy of Cornwall", "Thomas George Stewart McCaw MVO, Former Land Steward, Eastern District, The Duchy of Cornwall\n Charlotte Helen Robinson MVO, Administrator, Privy Purse and Treasurer's Office", "Members of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) \n Edward George Bedding, Senior Painter and Decorator, Royal Household\n Tracy Caroline Emms, Executive Assistant to the Defence Services Secretary\n Michael John Field, Framing and Exhibition Conservator, Royal Collection\n Michael David Flynn, Duke of Edinburgh's Coachman\n Diana Rosemary Hawkins, Former Secretary to the Ladies-in-Waiting to The Queen\n Chief Inspector John Anthony Hourihan, for services to Royalty Protection, Metropolitan Police Service", "Mrs Joan Mary Hughes, Entries Secretary, Royal Windsor Horse Show\n Roger Langley Judd, Former Assistant Organist, St George's Chapel, Windsor\n Keith Thomas Lawler, Senior Painter and Decorator, Royal Household\n Rachel Louise Loryman, Secretary, HRH The Duke of York's Household\n Mrs Eva Grazyna Zielinska-Millar, Senior Photographer, Royal Collection\n Mrs Katrina Mary Munro, Head of Design, Royal Collection Enterprises Ltd.\n Diana Stantion, Lieutenancy Officer, Somerset County Council", "Royal Victorian Medal (RVM)\n\nRVM Gold \n Adrian Osborne RVM, Electrician, Sandringham Estate", "RVM Silver \n Sgt John Matthew Attwell, Former Orderly to HRH The Duke of York\n PC Malcolm Brownlee, for services to Royalty Protection, Metropolitan Police Service\n Dennis Michael Burge, Heating Engineer, Hampton Court Palace, Historical Royal Palaces\n Sgt Gregory John Gillham, for services to Royalty Protection, Metropolitan Police Service\n Andrew Paul Godfrey, Fruit Farm Worker, Sandringham Estate\n Kenneth Pritchard Jones, Head Groundsman, Crown Estate, Windsor", "Kenneth Pritchard Jones, Head Groundsman, Crown Estate, Windsor\n David Francis Long, Proprietor, Walter and Gas Services\n Mrs Margaret Mary Mountstevens, Former Daily Lady, Frogmore House\n John Daniel Powell, Yeoman Bed Goer, Queen's Body Guard of the Yeomen of the Guard\n Keith Sanderson, Chauffeur, Royal Household\n Roderick Clive Truelove, Yeoman Clerk, HM Tower of London\n Mrs Flora Wehlau, Household Attendant, Government House, Canberra, Australia.", "Order of the British Empire\n\nKnight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) \n The Rt Hon. Gordon Slynn, The Lord Slynn of Hadley, QC, PC. Former chairman, International Law Association. For services to European and International Law.\n\nKnights/Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/DBE) \n Military Division\n Lieutenant General Graeme Cameron Maxwell Lamb, CMG, DSO, OBE, Queen's Own Highlanders", "Civil Division\n Jennifer Abramsky, CBE, for services to broadcasting.\n Professor Sally Claire Davies, for services to medicine.\n Elizabeth Fradd, for services to nursing.\n Professor Wendy Hall, CBE, for services to Science and Technology.\n Anne Elizabeth Owers, CBE, for services to the criminal justice system.\n Dr. Rosalind Joy Savill, CBE, for services to the arts.\n\nCommanders of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) \n Military Division", "Commanders of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) \n Military Division\n\nRoyal Navy\n Surgeon Commodore Timothy Roger Douglas-Riley, QHP\n Rear Admiral Trevor Allan Spires\n\nArmy\n Brigadier Robert Hanbury Tenison Aitken, Royal Regiment of Wales\n Brigadier Nicholas Roy Davies MBE MC, Parachute Regiment\n Colonel Timothy John Hodgetts QHP, Royal Army Medical Corps\n Brigadier Stephen George Vowles, Army Legal Services Branch (AGC)", "Royal Air Force\n Group Captain Andrew Brian Brecht OBE\n Air Commodore Philip Colin Osborn OBE\n Group Captain Edward Jackson Stringer OBE", "Civil Division\nCharles Benedict Ainslie, O.B.E., Sailor. For services to Sport.\nJames Felton Somers Hervey-Bathurst, lately President, Historic Houses Association. For services to Heritage.\nNicholas John Bowd, Head of Scottish Procurement Directorate, Scottish Executive.\nIsabelle, Mrs. Boyd, Headteacher, Cardinal Newman High School, Bellshill, North Lanarkshire. For services to Education.\nDavid John Brailsford, M.B.E., Performance Director, British Cycling. For services to Sport.", "David John Brailsford, M.B.E., Performance Director, British Cycling. For services to Sport.\nProfessor Tina Bruce, Visiting Professor of Early Childhood Studies, Roehampton University. For services to Early Years Education.\nAlistair Buchanan, Chief Executive, Office of Gas and Electricity Markets. For public service.\nEarl Cameron, Actor. For services to Drama.\nDouglas Caster, Chief Executive, Ultra Electronics Holdings plc. For services to the Defence Industry.", "Michael Chance, Opera singer. For services to Music. \nThomas Alastair Clark. For services to Central Banking.\nDr. Kathleen Louise Costeloe, Professor of Paediatrics. For services to Medicine in London.\nJohn Coughlan, Director of Children's Services, Hampshire County Council. For services to Local Government.\nShirley, Mrs. Cramer, lately National Council Member, Learning and Skills Council and Chief Executive, Dyslexia Action. For services to Education.", "Ms Lucy Manuela de Groot, Executive Director, Improvement and Development Agency. For services to Local Government.\nProfessor Colin Dennis. For services to the Agri-food Industry.\nDavid Keith Dingle, Chief Executive OYcer, Carnival UK. For services to the Shipping Industry.\nBen Paul Oakley Dyson, Director of Primary Care, Department of Health.\nProfessor Leslie Colin Ebdon, Vice-Chancellor, University of Bedfordshire. For services to local and national Higher Education.", "Keith Elliott, Principal, City of Bristol College. For services to Further Education.\nRichard John Hugo Fleck, Chairman, Auditing Practices Board. For services to Business and to the Legal Profession.\nDavid George Flory, Director-General, NHS Finance, Performance and Operations, Department of Health. \nJohn Christopher Freeman, Director, Children's Services, Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council. For services to Local Government.", "Professor Duncan Ian Dunbar Gallie, Official Fellow, Nuffield College, University of Oxford. For services to Social Science.\nJudith Valerie, Mrs. Gibson, Director of Contact Centres, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. For public and voluntary service.\nProfessor Lesley Anne Glover, Chief Scientific Adviser for Scotland. For services to Environmental Science.", "Bryan Mark Gray, M.B.E., Chairman, North West Regional Development Agency. For services to Business and to the community in the North West. \nWynne Philip Morgan Griffiths, Chief Executive, Young's Seafood Limited. For services to the Food Industry.\nProfessor Ian Halliday, Chief Executive, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance and President, European Science Foundation. For services to Science.\nDr. Patricia Anne Hamilton, President, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. For services to Medicine.", "Sue, Mrs. Hammerson, O.B.E. For charitable services.\nHugh Christopher Emlyn Harris, Founder, London First Global Network. For voluntary service to Community Relations in the City of London.\nCharles Donald Hendry, Q.F.S.M., Chief Fire Officer, Kent Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government.\nRobert David Holden, Chief Executive Officer, London and Continental Railways Ltd. For services to the Rail Industry.", "William Andrew Myers Holroyd, O.B.E., lately President, Law Society. For services to the Administration of Justice.\nDr. Owain Arwel Hughes, O.B.E., Conductor. For services to Music and to Charity.\nJeremy Robin Powis Hyde, H.M. Deputy Chief Inspector of the Crown Prosecution Service.\nDr. John Gordon Jenkins, Consultant Paediatrician, Waveney and Antrim Hospitals. For services to Medicine in Northern Ireland.\nPeter Jones. For services to Business, Entrepreneurship and to Young People.", "Peter Jones. For services to Business, Entrepreneurship and to Young People.\nJames Juffs, Chief Operating Officer, Debt Management Office, H.M. Treasury. For public and voluntary service.\nHis Honour Judge Geoffrey Harvey Kamil, Circuit Judge. For services to the Administration of Justice. \nTarun Kapur, Executive Headteacher, Ashton-on-Mersey and Broadoak Schools, Trafford. For services to Education.\nWilliam James Gregory Keegan. For services to Financial Journalism.", "William James Gregory Keegan. For services to Financial Journalism.\nProfessor Thomas Burton Loram Kirkwood, Professor of Medicine and Director, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University. For services to Medical Science.\nMalcolm Lowe-Lauri, lately Chief Executive, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS.\nDr. Melanie Lee, Executive Vice-President, UCB and Deputy Chair, Cancer Research UK. For services to Medical Science.", "Ian Leitch, Director of Resources and Governance, Scottish Parliament.\nLinda, Mrs. Lennon, Area Director, Her Majesty's Courts Service, Ministry of Justice.\nProfessor Henrietta Miriam Ottoline Leyser, F.R.S., Professor of Plant Developmental Genetics, University of York. For services to Plant Science.\nDr. Nigel Francis Lightfoot, Chief Adviser, Health Protection Agency. For services to Public Health.", "Derek Anthony Ludlow, M.B.E., D.L., Chairman, Ludlow Group of Companies. For services to Business and to the community in Bedfordshire.\nJuliet, Mrs. Lyon, Director, Prison Reform Trust. For services to the Welfare of Prisoners.\nJohn MacQuarrie, lately Deputy Ombudsman, Office of the Assembly Ombudsman, Northern Ireland. For public and voluntary service.\nClive Andrew Maxwell. For public service.\nDaniel Francis McAllister, Area Manager, East Midlands Region, H.M. Prison Service, Ministry of Justice.", "Richard John McCarthy, Director-General of Housing and Planning, Department for Communities and Local Government.\nColin William McKerracher, Q.P.M., Chief Constable, Grampian Police. For services to the Police.\nFrancis McLoughlin, Principal, City and Islington College, London. For services to Further Education.\nDavid George Moorhouse, Chairman, Lloyds Register. For services to the Maritime Industry.\nTerence Keith Morgan, Chief Executive, Tube Lines. For services to Public Transport.", "Terence Keith Morgan, Chief Executive, Tube Lines. For services to Public Transport.\nLeslie Porter Murray, Chairman, Tidy Northern Ireland and lately Chairman, ARENA Network. For services to the Environment.\nMs Gillian Mary Newton, Chief Executive, Fire Service College, Department for Communities and Local Government.\nMichael William Norgrove, Director of Excise, Stamps and Money Business, H.M. Revenue and Customs.", "Michael William Norgrove, Director of Excise, Stamps and Money Business, H.M. Revenue and Customs. \nMichael David Parker, lately Chief Executive Officer, British Nuclear Fuels plc. For services to the Energy Industry.\nStephen Parker. For public service.\nCouncillor David Parsons, Leader, Leicestershire County Council and Chairman, East Midlands Regional Assembly. For services to Local and Regional Government and to the Voluntary Sector.", "Nicholas Campbell Paul, Chairman, Advantage West Midlands. For services to Business.\nDavid Lee Pearson, O.B.E. For services to Equestrianism and to Disabled Sport.\nCourtney Pine, O.B.E. For services to Jazz Music. \nRobert Anthony Plant, Singer and Songwriter. For services to Music.\nPaul John Potts, Executive Chairman, Press Association. For services to Journalism.\nJohn David Priest, Deputy Strategic Sourcing Director, Corporate IT, Department for Work and Pensions. For public and voluntary service.", "David Prince, lately Chief Executive, Standards Board for England. For services to Local Government.\nEmeritus Professor Martin Charles Raff, F.R.S. For services to Life Sciences.\nProfessor Anne Marie Rafferty, Dean, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery. For services to Healthcare.\nDavid Evan Roberts, M.B.E., Swimmer. For services to Disabled Sport.\nDr. Sue Roberts, lately National Clinical Director for Diabetes. For services to Healthcare.", "Dr. Sue Roberts, lately National Clinical Director for Diabetes. For services to Healthcare.\nProfessor Thomas Michael Roberts, lately Chief Executive, Central Science Laboratory, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.\nDr. Michael Gerald Galton Schluter. For charitable services through the Relationships Foundation and the Jubilee Centre in Cambridge.\nFinlay McMillan Scott, Chief Executive, General Medical Council. For public service.", "Finlay McMillan Scott, Chief Executive, General Medical Council. For public service.\nMs Deborah Frances Shackleton, Group Chief Executive, Riverside Housing Group. For services to the Housing Sector.\nProfessor Isobel Nicol Sharp, lately President, Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland and Partner, Deloitte. For services to the Accountancy Profession.\nCharles James Francis Sinclair, lately Chief Executive, Daily Mail and General Trust. For services to the Newspaper Industry.", "Dr. Indarjit Singh, O.B.E., Director, Network of Sikh Organisations (UK). For services to Inter-Faith and Community Relations.\nAndrew Michael Slade. For public service.\nDr. Ian McKenzie Smith, O.B.E. For services to the Arts in Scotland.\nMs Priscilla Snowball, Chair and Chief Executive, Abbott Mead Vickers Group. For services to the Advertising Industry.\nDavid Whitlock Tanner, O.B.E., Performance Director, GB Rowing Team. For services to Sport.", "David Whitlock Tanner, O.B.E., Performance Director, GB Rowing Team. For services to Sport.\nProfessor Alexander Allan Templeton, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Aberdeen. For services to Medicine.\nJeremy Jack Thomas, Producer. For services to the Film Industry.\nRosemary, Mrs. Thorp. For services to Education and to International Development.\nRobert Upton, Secretary-General, Royal Town Planning Institute. For public service.\nMarina Alandra, Lady Vaizey. For services to the Arts.", "Marina Alandra, Lady Vaizey. For services to the Arts. \nJohn Esmond George Vaux, lately Speaker's Counsel, House of Commons.\nProfessor Anthony James Venables, lately Chief Economist, Department for International Development. \nAnthony Watson, Chairman, Strategic Investment Board Limited. For services to Economic Development in Northern Ireland.", "Professor Peter Neil Temple Wells, Research Professor and Senior Scientific Director, Institute of Medical Engineering and Medical Physics, University of Cardiff. For services to Healthcare Science.\nBradley Marc Wiggins, O.B.E., Cyclist. For services to Sport.\nProfessor Paul Wilkinson. For public service.\nProfessor David Charles Woods, Principal Adviser, City Challenge. For services to Education.\nJames Samuel Younger, lately Chairman, Electoral Commission. For public service.", "Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) \n Military Division\n Commander David Daniel Acland RN\n Commander Mark Vincent Caretta RN\n Captain Lynne Gibbon ARRC, Queen Alexandra's Royal Naval Nursing Service\n Commander David Hadfield\n Commander Stephen John Murray\n Commander James Le Seelleur Perks\n Captain (formerly Cmdr) Gavin Scrimgeour Pritchard\n Captain John Blain Minto Rees\n Lt Col Scott Ross Adams, Staff and Personnel Support Branch, AGC\n Col Rakesh Kumar Bhabutta, Royal Army Medical Corps", "Col Rakesh Kumar Bhabutta, Royal Army Medical Corps\n Acting Col Andrew Mark Blowers, Surrey Army Cadet Force\n Acting Col John Barrie Davies, Glamorgan Army Cadet Force\n Lt Col Edward Richard Bickersteth Heal, REME\n Col Philip James Hubbard, Royal Army Medical Corps\n Col James Timothy Edward Illingworth, Army Air Corps\n Lt Col Jonathan Charles Probert MBE, Royal Logistic Corps\n Col Peter Samuel Marshal Rawlinson TD, Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army", "Col Peter Samuel Marshal Rawlinson TD, Royal Army Medical Corps, Territorial Army\n Lt Col Alistair John Thomson, Education and Training Services Branch, AGC\n Wing Commander Dean Richard Andrew\n Wing Commander Lawrence John Bennett\n Wing Commander Ian Duguid\n Wing Commander Andrew Charles Hine\n Wing Commander Richard David Mason MBE\n Wing Commander Peter William McAlpine\n Wing Commander Simon Peter Rochelle DFC", "Civil Division\n Professor Thomas Alan Acton, Professor of Romani Studies, University of Greenwich. For services to Education.\n Rebecca Adlington, Swimmer. For services to Sport.\n Jonathan Patrick Adair Adnams, Executive chairman, Adnams plc. For services to Corporate Social Responsibility.\n Gideon Amos, Chief Executive, Town and Country Planning Association. For services to Sustainable Development.", "Elizabeth, Mrs. Antrobus, Headteacher, Henry Cavendish Primary School, Lambeth, London. For services to Education.\n Professor David Croisdale-Appleby. For public and voluntary service.\nCatherine, Mrs. Archer, lately Executive Director, West Yorkshire Police Authority. For services to the Police. \nJoan, Mrs. Asby, M.B.E. For services to Community Development in West Wales.\n Professor Deborah Ashby, Professor of Medical Statistics and Clinical Trials, Imperial College, London. For services to Medicine.", "Diana Athill, Literary Editor and Author. For services to Literature.\n Sarah Ayton, M.B.E., Sailor. For services to Sport.\n David Bailey, lately Tax Inspector, H.M. Revenue and Customs. For public and voluntary service.\n Martyn Murray Baker, lately Director of Economic Development, City of London Corporation. For services to Local Government.\n George Christopher Band. For services to Mountaineering and to Charity.\n Dr. Alan Barber. For services to the Environment.", "Dr. Alan Barber. For services to the Environment.\n Lucinda Jane, Mrs. Barnett, Chairman, Magistrates'Association. For services to the Administration of Justice.\n Victoria, Mrs. Barnsley, Chief Executive, HarperCollins UK. For services to the Publishing Industry.\n Keith Leslie Barwell, lately chairman, West Northamptonshire Development Corporation. For services to Local Government.\n Ms Gillian Rose Beasley, Chief Executive, Peterborough City Council. For services to Local Government.", "David Bell, Senior Programme Manager, Somalia, Department for International Development. \n Catherine Susan, Mrs. Beswick, Head of Healthcare, H.M. Young OVenders' Institution Huntercombe, Oxfordshire. For services to Healthcare.\n Dr. Anita Kumari Bhalla, D.L., editor, Public Space Broadcasting BBC. For services to Broadcasting.", "Dr. Kuldip Kaur Bharj, Senior Lecturer in Midwifery and Lead Midwife for Education, School of Healthcare, Leeds University. For services to Healthcare and to the community in Leeds.\n Keith Raymond Blackwell, Principal, Esher Sixth Form College, Surrey. For services to local and national Further Education.\n Ms Helene Reardon-Bond, Head of Gender Equality Policy, Government Equalities Office. For public and voluntary service.", "Robert Michael Bowley, lately Project Team Head of Division, Identity and Passport Service, Home Office. \n Ms Caroline Breakey. For services to Rural and Community Development in Northern Ireland.\n Dr. Isabel Bruce, Vice-Chair, University of the West of Scotland. For services to Higher Education in Scotland and Malawi.\n Professor Anthony Applemore Mornington Bryer, Emeritus Professor of Byzantine Studies, University of Birmingham. For services to Scholarship.", "Nicholas Buckland. For services to Technology and Innovation.\n Ian Kellman Bynoe, Commissioner, Independent Police Complaints Commission. For public service.\n John Michael Caines. For services to Entrepreneurship and to Business in the South West.\n Jane, Mrs. Caldwell, lately Headteacher, Highfield Community Primary School, Sunderland. For services to Education.\n Rodney John Calvert, managing director, Millbrook Proving Ground. For services to the Automotive Industry.", "Professor Sara Carter. For services to Women Entrepreneurs.\n Ms Joyce Margaret Catterick. For services to the Citizens' Advice Bureau and to the community in West Yorkshire.\n Adrian Oswald Wynn Cave. For services to the community in Ealing, London.\n Dr. James Alan Harvard Cave, General Medical Practitioner, Newbury. For services to Healthcare in Berkshire.\n Professor Martin Cave, Warwick Business School. For public service.", "Professor Martin Cave, Warwick Business School. For public service.\n Dr. Nadia Chambers, Consultant Nurse for Older People, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n Michael Christensen, lately Senior Local Manager, North West and Midlands, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n Jean, Mrs. Combes. For services to Phenology.\n Dr. Diane Coyle. For services to Economics.\n Nicholas Pury Cust, Joint managing director, Superbreak plc. For services to the Tourist Industry.", "Ronald Daniel. For voluntary service to Victims of Crime in Scotland.\n Cheryl Linda, Mrs. Danson, Chair, England Netball. For services to Sport.\n Keith James Datchler. For services to Conservation and to Environmental Land Management.\n Ms Katherine Ann Davies, Strategic Director, Nottinghamshire County Drug and Alcohol Action Team. For services to Disadvantaged People.\n Dr. Stephen Roger Davis, Lecturer in Psychology, University College London. For services to Children with Communication DiYculties.", "Leslie Dawson. For services to the Energy and Water Industries.\n Alan Edward Deighton, lately Safety Advice Manager, Department for Transport.\n Kelvyn Derrick. For services to Engineering in the South West and to International Trade.\n Uday Kumar Dholakia. For services to Business and to the community in Leicestershire.\n Dr. Rhidian Dowdle, lately Consultant Physician, Cardiology, Cwm Taff NHS Trust. For services to Medicine.\n Geoffrey Drage. For services to Intellectual Property Rights.", "Geoffrey Drage. For services to Intellectual Property Rights.\n Robert Drew, Headteacher, Gearies Infant School, Redbridge, Essex. For services to Education.\n Miss Ann Irene Duddy, Director of Nursing, Altnagelvin Hospital Trust. For services to Healthcare in Northern Ireland and Overseas.\n David Alexander Dunkley, lately Inspector of Salmon and Freshwater Fisheries for Scotland, Scottish Executive.\n Fergus Early, Founder and Artistic Director, Green Candle Dance Company. For services to Dance.", "Fergus Early, Founder and Artistic Director, Green Candle Dance Company. For services to Dance.\n Councillor Meral Hussein Ece, London Borough of Islington. For services to Local Government.\n Professor Marcial Hernan Echenique. For services to Urban and Regional Planning.\n Stephen Kenneth Ellison, lately Clerk of the Parliamentary Archives, Houses of Parliament.\n Richard Emery. For services to Broadcasting and to Charity.", "Richard Emery. For services to Broadcasting and to Charity.\n Ms Carole Eniffer, Policy Adviser, Violent Crime Unit, Crime and Drug Strategy Directorate, Home Office. \n Duncan Fisher, Chief Executive, Fatherhood Institute. For services to Children.\n Professor Alfonso John Forte. For services to Food Safety.\n Robert Norman Froud, Service Head, Cultural Services, Somerset County Council. For services to Local Government.", "Thomas Alan Fry, Chief Executive, South Wales Police Authority. For services to the Police.\n Elizabeth, Mrs. Gaere, Head, Joint Donor Office, Southern Sudan, Department for International Development\n Mrs Jane Mary Gardam, Author. For services to Literature.\n Catherine, Mrs. Gilchrist, lately Head of Civil Service Pensions, Department of Finance and Personnel, Northern Ireland Executive. For public and voluntary service.", "Janet Mary, Mrs. Dowlen-Gilliland. For services to the Soldiers', Sailors' and Airmen's Families Association.\n Michael John Glover, Arup Fellow and Technical Director and Deputy Project Director, Channel Tunnel Rail Link. For services to Engineering.\n Kathleen Mary, Mrs. Gooding, lately Senior Early Years Inspector, Wolverhampton Local Authority. For services to local and national Early Years Education.", "Dr. Susan Elizabeth Gregory, Consultant in Dental Public Health, Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire. For services to Healthcare.\n Salima, Mrs. Hafejee, director, Bradford Youth Development Partnership. For services to Community Relations in West Yorkshire.\n Pauline Ann, Mrs. Halliday. For services to Local Government in the City of London.\n David John Hampson, Principal, Tollbar Business and Enterprise College, North East Lincolnshire. For services to Education.", "Professor Barry William Hancock, Professor of Oncology, Sheffield University and SheYeld Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Medicine.\n Roger Harvey. For voluntary service to the community in Halifax, West Yorkshire.\n Stuart Henry Haynes, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence. \n Professor Christopher John Heginbotham, lately Chief Executive, Mental Health Act Commission. For services to Healthcare.", "Brigadier John Hemsley. For voluntary service to the St. John Ambulance Brigade and to the community in Somerset.\n Ms Melanie Henwood, Vice-Chair, General Social Care Council. For services to Social Care.\n Dr. Alan John Heyes, lately Deputy Director, International Nuclear Policy and Programmes, Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform.", "Professor Carole Hillenbrand, F.R.S.E., lately Head of Department of Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Edinburgh. For services to Higher Education.\n David Hinchliffe, lately Director, Future of Inspection Project, Ofsted, Department for Children, Schools and Families.\n Michael John Holloway. Regional Director, Consular and Visa Services for Iberia, British Embassy, Madrid.", "John Alan Holmes, Q.F.S.M., Programme Director, North East Fire and Rescue Authorities. For services to Local Government.\n Ms Marianne Hood (Mrs. Cutts), Chair, Independent Advisory Beacon Panel. For services to Local Government.\n Dr. Ursula Howard, lately Director, National Research and Development Centre for Adult Literacy and Numeracy. For services to Further Education.\n Christopher Gerard Hughes. For public service. \n Howard Hughes. For charitable services.", "Christopher Gerard Hughes. For public service. \n Howard Hughes. For charitable services.\n Mrs Ellen Hunter, Cycling Pilot Guide. For services to Disabled Sport.\n Dr. Musharraf Hussain, director, Karimia Institute, Nottingham. For services to Community Relations. \n Andrew Charles Hutchinson, Executive Principal, Parkside Federation, Cambridgeshire. For services to Education.\n Dr. Robert Jackson, lately Head of Radioactive Substances Division, Department for Environment, Food and Rural AVairs.", "Ruth Margaret, Mrs. James, lately Head of People Development, TNT. For services to Skills Training and Investors in People.\n Councillor Ann Marie John, Member, London Borough of Brent. For services to Local Government.\n Ms Jill Johnstone, Director of Policy, National Consumer Council. For services to Consumers.\n Professor Elphin Wynne Jones, Principal, Harper Adams University College. For services to local and national Agricultural Higher Education.", "Rhydian James Morgan-Jones. For services to the Horseracing Industry.\n Susan Elizabeth, Mrs. Jones, Head of Public Libraries Children Services, Hertfordshire County Council. For services to Local Government.\n Ms Lakhbir Kaur (Lucky Dhillon). For services to Asian Broadcasting and to the Media.\n Rosemary, Mrs. Kelly, Chairman, Arts Council of Northern Ireland. For services to the Arts.\n Brian Richard Calvert Kemp. For services to International Trade in the South West.", "Brian Richard Calvert Kemp. For services to International Trade in the South West.\n Jacqui, Mrs. Kennedy, Director of Regulatory Services, Birmingham City Council. For services to Local Government.\n Darren Kenny, Cyclist. For services to Disabled Sport.\n Christine Margaret, Mrs. Kent, lately Grade B2, Ministry of Defence.\n Asha, Mrs. Khemka, Principal and Chief Executive, West Nottinghamshire College. For services to Further Education.\n Sascha Kindred, Swimmer. For services to Disabled Sport.", "Sascha Kindred, Swimmer. For services to Disabled Sport.\n Edward King, lately Principal Technical Policy Adviser, Sustainable Buildings Division, Department for Communities and Local Government. For public and voluntary service.\n David Kynaston. For services to the Electronics Industry.\n James Anthony Lake, Q.P.M., lately Chief Constable, Lincolnshire Police. For services to the Police.\n Philip Lane, Chief Executive, Paralympics GB. For services to Sport.", "Philip Lane, Chief Executive, Paralympics GB. For services to Sport.\n Lui on Lee. For voluntary service to the Chinese Community in Forth Valley, Stirlingshire.\n Ms Christine Lenehan, director, Council for Disabled Children. For services to disability ossues.\n Captain Michael Charles Gordon-Lennox, Chairman, St Dunstan's. For voluntary service to Visually Impaired Ex-Servicemen and Women.\n Bernard Lewis. For charitable services.\n Carl Henry Lis. For services to the community in the Yorkshire Dales.", "Carl Henry Lis. For services to the community in the Yorkshire Dales.\n Colonel Thomas Derek Christopher Lloyd T.D., D.L. For services to the West Midland Reserve Forces and Cadets' Association.\n John Anthony Lockett, lately Principal, Grosvenor Grammar School, Belfast. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n John Logan, Principal Scientific Officer, Forensic Science Northern Ireland, Northern Ireland Office.", "Dr. Paul Gerard Logan, Principal Specialist Inspector, Health and Safety Executive, Department for Work and Pensions. For public and voluntary service.\n Dr. Andrew John Low. For services to the Defence Industry.\n Ms Val Lowman, Head of Community Development and Sustainability, Bovis Lend. For services to the Construction Industry and to Skills Training.\n Hector MacKenzie, lately Head of Patient Focus and International Issues, Health Directorate, Scottish Executive.", "Ms Susan Margaret Graham Matheson. For services to Community Justice and to the Voluntary Sector in Scotland.\n Kerry Ann, Mrs. Maxwell, Chief Executive, Whitehaven Community Trust, Cumbria. For services to Young People.\n Professor Alan Keith Maynard, Chairman, York Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS.\n Brian McCargo, Q.P.M. For services to Sport and to the Special Olympics in Northern Ireland.\n Rurik Miles Marsden. Former 1st Secretary (Development), British Embassy, Rangoon.", "Rurik Miles Marsden. Former 1st Secretary (Development), British Embassy, Rangoon.\n Iain David McGeachy (John Martyn), Singer and Songwriter. For services to Music.\n Ms Aileen McGlynn, M.B.E., Cyclist. For services to Disabled Sport.\n Professor Donna May Mead, Dean, Faculty of Health, Sport and Science and Professor of Nursing, University of Glamorgan. For services to Healthcare. \n Professor Philip Scott Mellor, Head of Department of Arbovirology, Institute for Animal Health. For services to Science.", "David William Midgley. For services to Business and to the community in Tyne and Wear.\n Ms Nicola Jane Milican, Artistic Director, New Moves International Ltd. For services to Performance Art.\n Hannah, Mrs. Miller. For voluntary service to the Welfare of Children.\n Janet, Mrs. Miller. For charitable services.\n Ms Katrina Jane Mitchell, Theatre Director. For services to Drama.\n Dr. Sally Sarah Jane Montgomery. For services to the Science Discovery Centre in Northern Ireland.", "Rosaleen, Mrs. Moore. For public service in Northern Ireland.\n Paul Morrell. For services to Architecture and to the Built Environment.\n Charles Morrison, board member, Scottish Enterprise. For services to Economic Development.\n Ms Sara Aye Moung, Head, Police Reward and Employee Relations Section, Police Reform and Resources Directorate, Home Office.\n Dr. Robert Mulvaney, Glaciologist, Physical Sciences Division, British Antarctic Survey. For services to Science.", "Kumar Muthalagappan, managing director, Pearl Hotels and Restaurants Group. For services to the Hospitality Industry.\n Councillor Terence Frank Neville, J.P., Cabinet Member, London Borough of Enfield. For services to Local Government.\n David Robert Newsome, Headteacher, Dyffryn Taf Secondary School, Whitland, Carmarthenshire. For services to Education and to Young People.\n Robert John Nicholas, Programme Manager, Proportionate Dispute Resolution, Her Majesty's Courts Service, Ministry of Justice.", "Grahame Richard Nix, chief operating officer, Marshall Aerospace. For services to the Defence Industry.\n David St. John O'Carroll, lately Deputy Branch Head, Health and Social Care Regulation, Department of Health.\n Christine, Mrs. Owen, Headteacher, Bartley Green School, Birmingham. For services to Education. \n Lynette Isabel, Mrs. Owen. For services to the Publishing Industry and to International Trade.", "Lynette Isabel, Mrs. Owen. For services to the Publishing Industry and to International Trade.\n Edward Leslie Hinton Palfrey, Medical Director, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n Stephen Mackenzie Park, Manager, British Olympic Sailing Team. For services to Sport.\n Peter Parks, Photographer. For services to Natural History and to the Film Industry.\n Professor Alan Alexander Paterson, Professor of Law, Strathclyde University. For services to Legal Education and to Law.", "Adam Erskine Peat, lately Public Services Ombudsman or Wales.\n Iain Bryden Percy, M.B.E., Sailor. For services to Sport.\n Professor Andrew Pettigrew, lately Dean, School of Management, University of Bath. For services to local and national Higher Education.\n George Andrew Pindar, D.L., Chairman, G. A. Pindar and Sons. For services to Business and to the community in Scarborough, North Yorkshire.", "Julian Mark Piper, lately Director of Extended and Integrated Services, ContinYou. For services to Children and Young People.\n Robin Stanle Pitman, lately Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n William James Poole. For services to Economic Development in Northern Ireland.\n Elizabeth Brown, Mrs. Porter, Chief Librarian, South Eastern Education and Library Board. For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland.\n Anis Rahman. For voluntary service to Bangladeshi People.", "Anis Rahman. For voluntary service to Bangladeshi People.\n Professor Andrew Madan Ramroop, Savile Row Tailor. For services to Bespoke Tailoring and Training.\n Peter James Rankin, Legal Adviser, Belfast Buildings Preservation Trust. For voluntary service to Heritage in Northern Ireland.\n Timothy Robert Reddish, M.B.E., National Performance Director for Disability Swimming. For services to Sport.\n Dennis Rees, director, Tenant Participation Advisory Service. For services to Social Housing.", "Dennis Rees, director, Tenant Participation Advisory Service. For services to Social Housing.\n Professor Graham Charles Rees, Professor of English and Drama, Queen Mary University of London. For service to Scholarship.\n Dr. Randal William Richards, lately Chief Executive, Research Councils UK. For services to Science.\n Brigadier Peter Neil Ralli Stewart-Richardson, M.B.E. For services to Humanitarian Aid in Afghanistan and to the Army Benevolent Fund in Norfolk.", "Dr. Geoffrey Ridgway. For services to Microbiology. \n Ms Fiona Ritchie, Learning Disability Adviser, Healthcare Commission. For services to Vulnerable People.\n Ms Hilary Riva, Chief Executive, British Fashion Council. For services to the Fashion Industry.\n Ms Sarah Elizabeth Robinson, Principal and Chief Executive, Darlington College. For services to Further Education.\n Stephen Rodford, Senior Manager A, H.M. Prison Whitemoor, Cambridgeshire, Ministry of Justice. Jacqueline,", "Mrs. Ronchetti, Principal Private Secretary, Crown Prosecution Service.\n Ms Joanne Roney, Chief Executive, Wakefield City Council. For services to Local Government.\n Marilyn, Mrs. Rydstrom, lately Director-General, People's Dispensary for Sick Animals. For services to Animal Welfare. \n Ms Gail Josephine Sackloff. For services to Fashion Exports.\n Trevor Kenneth Salmon, City Treasurer, Belfast City Council. For services to Local Government.", "Trevor Kenneth Salmon, City Treasurer, Belfast City Council. For services to Local Government.\n Ms Lucy Elizabeth Sayce, Chief Executive, RADAR. For services to disabled people.\n Miss Sylvia Diana Scarf. For voluntary service to the Anglican Church and to Guiding in Wales.\n The Reverend Adam Scott, T.D. For public and voluntary service.\n Thomas Scott, Chairman, Greater Shankill Partnership. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.", "Ms Judith Alexandra Anne Serota. For services to the Spitalfields Festival, London. \n Michael Sheen, Actor. For services to Drama.\n Dr. Jonathan Paul Sheffield, Medical Director, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust. For service to the NHS.\n Howard Gordon Shelley, Concert Pianist and Conductor. For services to Classical Music.\n Judith Ann, Mrs. Shelley, lately Headteacher, Rawmarsh Nursery and Children's Centre, Rotherham. For services to Early Years Education.", "Diane Edwina, Mrs. Sherwood, Manager, Optimum Business Model, Crown Prosecution Service.\n Professor David Mark Shucksmith, Professor of Planning, Newcastle University. For services to Rural Development and to Crofting.\n Brian Wentworth Sinnamon, Business Manager, Judicial Services Group, Northern Ireland Court Service, Ministry of Justice. For public and voluntary service.\n Judith, Mrs. Sischy, director, Scottish Council of Independent Schools. For services to Education and to the Voluntary Sector.", "David Sleep, Head of Unit, National Strategies Management Team, Schools Directorate, Department for Children, Schools and Families.\n Susan Gwynneth, Mrs. Smith, lately Chair, Local Government Boundary Commission for Wales. For services to Local Government.\n Ms Carole Snee. For services to Urban Regeneration in East London.\n Geoff Snow. For services to the Construction Industry and to Apprenticeships in Wales.\n Ms Boni Patricia Sones. For services to Broadcasting and to the Public Relations Industry.", "Ms Boni Patricia Sones. For services to Broadcasting and to the Public Relations Industry.\n Councillor Nicholas Stanton, leader, London Borough of Southwark. For services to Local Government.\n Alexander Stephen, Chief Executive, Dundee City Council. For services to Local Government.\n Paul Stephenson. For services to Equal Opportunities and to Community Relations in Bristol.\n Neil Laurie Stoddart, managing director, A. K. Stoddart Ltd. For services to the Meat Industry in Scotland.", "Sarah Joanne, Mrs. Storey, M.B.E., Cyclist. For services to Disabled Sport.\n Adam Suddaby, Vice-Principal, Leicester College. For services to local and national Further Education.\n Ben Jeffrey Peter Summerskill, For services to Equality and Diversity.\n Michele, Mrs. Sutton, Principal, Bradford College. For services to Further Education and to Community Relations.", "Elizabeth Anne, Mrs. Taylor, lately Director, Department for Children Lifelong Learning and Skills, Welsh Assembly Government. For public and voluntary service.\n Hugh Taylor, Chief Executive, Hilmar Hotel Management. For services to the Tourist and Hospitality Industries.\n Ian George Taylor, District Manager Glasgow, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. \n Thomas Thomson, lately chairman, Royal Scottish National Orchestra. For services to Music.", "Thomas Thomson, lately chairman, Royal Scottish National Orchestra. For services to Music.\n Clifford Christoffel Todd, Grade B1, Ministry of Defence.\n Ms Valerie Gladys Vamplew, Deputy Operations Director, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n Miss Jennifer Rowan van Tinteren, Team Leader, Accessibility Solutions Team, Department for Work and Pensions.\n Arnold Roy Vandermeer. For voluntary service to the community in Hertfordshire.", "Arnold Roy Vandermeer. For voluntary service to the community in Hertfordshire.\n Ms Sian Caroline Vasey, director, Ealing Centre for Independent Living. For services to disabled people.\n Dr. Peter Warburton, Director of Sport, University of Durham. For services to Higher Education and to Sport.\n Miss Sarah Kate Webb, M.B.E., Sailor. For services to Sport.\n Professor Christopher Welsh, Chief Operating Officer, Sheffield Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. For services to the NHS.", "Susan, Mrs. West, lately Headteacher, Millbrook Primary School, Stalybridge, Cheshire. For services to Education.\n Stephen Henry White, director, Business Strategy, UK Atomic Energy Authority. For services to the Nuclear Industry.\n Councillor Bernard James Whittle, Member, Fylde South, Lancashire County Council. For services to Local Government.\n Peter Wilding. For public service.\n Denise Jennifer, Mrs. Wilkinson. For services to the Voluntary Sector.", "Denise Jennifer, Mrs. Wilkinson. For services to the Voluntary Sector.\n Professor Richard Andrew Williams, Pro-Vice-Chancellor, University of Leeds. For services to Science and to Engineering.\n Stephen David Williams, M.B.E., Rower. For services to Sport.\n Karen, Mrs. Winfield, Team Leader, Student Loans Company Strategic Relationship Team, Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills. For public and voluntary service.", "Dr. Robert James David Winter, Medical Director, East of England Strategic Health Authority. For services to the NHS.\n Ms Wendy Wright, Principal, Macclesfield College. For services to Further Education.\n Keith Young, Policy Lead for Adult Critical Care Services, Department of Health.", "Diplomatic Service and Overseas List\n Nicholas Jonathan Alexander, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n George Alkiviades David. For services to UK/Greek relations in the field of education.\n Dr. Alexander William Lowndes De Waal. For services to development and conflict resolution in Africa.\n Professor David Geraint Evans, Professor of Materials Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology. For services to international science and UK/China Relations.", "Michael Ernesto Francino, lately Consultant Team Leader, Department for International Development. For services to economic reform in Iraq.\n Patrick Hugo Gray. For services to British nuclear non- proliferation initiatives in Russia and the Commonwealth Independent States.\n Dr. John Anthony Hemery Director, Centre for Diplomatic Studies. For services to British interests overseas.", "David Alexander James Hepworth, Q.G.M., lately Senior Investigations Adviser, British Embassy, Kabul. For services to the Police in Afghanistan.\n Michael John Holloway, Regional Director, Consular and Visa Services for Iberia, British Embassy, Madrid. Ms Ann Kenrick, Secretary-General, British Section, Franco-British Council. For services to promoting Franco-British relations.\n Iftikhar Ahmed Khan. For services to UK/Bangladesh trade and development relations and corporate social responsibility.", "Cheryl-Ann Elizabeth, Mrs. Lister, lately Chairperson and chief executive officer, Bermuda Monetary Authority. For services to promoting sound financial regulation in Bermuda.\n Rurik Miles Marsden, lately First Secretary (Development), British Embassy, Rangoon.\n Jarlath Stephen Norman, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth OYce.\n Charles John Sinclair Nuttall, lately Director, British Council, Colombia.", "Charles John Sinclair Nuttall, lately Director, British Council, Colombia.\n William James Paterson, lately EU Chief Police Adviser and Team Leader, Darfur. For services in support of the African Union Peacekeeping Mission to Darfur.\n Gary LeRoy Phillips, Consultant. For public service in Bermuda.\n Derek Laurence Powell, managing director, International Training Services. For services to training.", "Paul Desmond Sherar, lately Director, Visa Services Operations for the Asia Pacific Region, British Embassy, Beijing.\n Professor James Arthur Ainscow Stockwin, Nissan Professor, Modern Japanese Studies and director, Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies, Oxford University. For services to academic excellence and the promotion of UK/Japanese understanding.", "Rupert Robert Sword, Chairman and Regional Head, Latin America Schroder Investment Management, Schroders plc. For services to British commercial interests and to the British community in Argentina.\n Andrew Robert Hay Thomson, First Secretary, British Embassy, Bogota.\n David Richard Townsend, First Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n Professor David Warburton, Professor of Paediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles. For services to UK/USA collaboration on healthcare research.", "Nicholas Charles Young, journalist, Researcher and Trainer for Aid Agencies. For services to sustainable development and to civil society in China.", "Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) \n Military Division\n Squadron Leader Steven Abbott, RAFVR(T)\n Lt (now Lt. Cdr) William John Adams\n WO Class 1 Air Engineer Mechanic Martin Bailey\n WO Class 1 Warfare Specialist (Abovewater Warfare Weapons) Robert Bainbridge\n CPO Weapon Eng Mechanic (Radio)(Submarine) Paul Burton\n PO Air Eng Mechanic David Robert James Dallimore\n WO Class 1 Warfare Specialist (Sensors Submarine) John Strannigan Dickie\n WO Class 2 (Acting WO Class 1) Steven Graham Eaton RM", "WO Class 2 (Acting WO Class 1) Steven Graham Eaton RM\n Lt-Cmdr Derek John Login, Royal Naval Reserve, Sea Cadet Corps.\n Majr. John David Maddison RM\n WO Class 2 Eng Technician (Marine Eng Submarine) Allan Lindsay Mason\n WO Class 1 Warfare Specialist (Abovewater Warfare Weapons) Paul Mounsor\n Major (acting Lt-Col) Alexander Bruce Murray RM\n Captain (acting Major) Martin David Tidman RM\n Staff Sergeant Glen John Adams\n Captain Michael Paul Eamon Angove\n Warrant Officer Class 1 Robin David Bartlett", "Captain Michael Paul Eamon Angove\n Warrant Officer Class 1 Robin David Bartlett\n Major Hugh Benson\n Acting Lieutenant Colonel Jeremy Graham Bromfield\n Major Gavin Derek Brown\n Sergeant Raymond Burke\n Major Kenneth Campbell\n Major Jon Cadey Spencer Cheek\n Major Andrew David Cox\n Sergeant Stephen John Crighton\n Major Jody Philip Davies\n Lieutenant Colonel Timothy John Davies\n Major William Hywel Lewis Davies\n Sergeant Justin Paul Dine\n Staff Sergeant Paul Duffin\n Captain Neil Anthony England", "Sergeant Justin Paul Dine\n Staff Sergeant Paul Duffin\n Captain Neil Anthony England\n Major Rodney Victor Gray\n Major Nigel Patrick Hanley\n Captain Colin Andrew Howard\n Major Toby Alfred Warde Ingram\n Acting Major Barry Johnson\n Sergeant Shane Anthony Jones\n Major William Robert Kefford\n Major Peter Alexander Little BEM\n Major Mathew Richard Pemberton MacKenzie\n Lance Corporal Angeline Patricia Matley\n Major James McClung\n Major Bryan Mialkowsky CD\n Warrant Officer Class 1 Andrew David Mills", "Major James McClung\n Major Bryan Mialkowsky CD\n Warrant Officer Class 1 Andrew David Mills\n Captain Dean Richard Murch\n Lieutenant Colonel John Crispin Morison Orr\n Warrant Officer Class 2 Geoffrey Paine\n Warrant Officer Class 1 Colin Neil Preece\n Staff Sergeant Christopher Price\n Warrant Officer Class 2 Robert Proctor\n Major Thomas Robert David Ridgway\n Major Paul Shields\n Major Michael John Short\n Colour Sergeant Paul Gregory Simpson\n Captain Neil Stuart Thomas\n Major Darren Lars Thompson", "Colour Sergeant Paul Gregory Simpson\n Captain Neil Stuart Thomas\n Major Darren Lars Thompson\n Major Jonathan Peter Thorn\n Major Phillip Shepheard-Walwyn\n The Reverend Steven, Royal Army Chaplain's Department\n Acting Lieutenant Colonel Lewis John Williams TD\n Lieutenant Colonel William Stewart Codrington Wright\n Flying Officer Steven John Abbott\n Squadron Leader Steven Andrew Berry\n Flight Sergeant Robert Thomas Bray\n Warrant Officer Robert Michael Byrne\n Flight Lieutenant Matthew Alan Clark", "Warrant Officer Robert Michael Byrne\n Flight Lieutenant Matthew Alan Clark\n Chief Technician Nicholas John Deavin\n Warrant Officer David Elder\n Squadron Leader Robert Andrew Ellen\n Warrant Officer Stewart John Farmer\n Sergeant Paul Anthony Fawcett\n Squadron Leader Andrew Thomas Fell\n Squadron Leader Lewis Gusterson\n Squadron Leader Anthony Christian Keeling\n Squadron Leader Sean Christopher Leach\n Squadron Leader David Thomas Morgan\n Warrant Officer Mark Antony Salter\n Sergeant Justin Hartland Scholes", "Warrant Officer Mark Antony Salter\n Sergeant Justin Hartland Scholes\n Squadron Leader Andrew John White", "Civil Division\n Pauline Adams, for services to the North East Ambulance Service\n Dr David Francis William Adey. General Medical Practitioner, Southampton, for services to Healthcare\n Barbara Adlington. Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions, for public and voluntary service\n Dr Emmanuel Akuffo. Consultant Psychiatrist, Waltham Forest, for services to Medicine\n Harold Alderman. Boxing Historian, for services to Sporting Heritage", "Harold Alderman. Boxing Historian, for services to Sporting Heritage\n Enam Ali, for services to the Indian and Bangladeshi Restaurant Industry\n Ishtiaq Ali, for services to the community in Lancashire\n Kathleen Margaret Norah Allen, for voluntary service to People with Disabilities in West Sussex\n Pauline Allen, for services to the Independent Monitoring Board, HM Prison Ford and to the community in West Sussex\n Peter Edwin Allen, for public service", "Peter Edwin Allen, for public service\n Frances Louise Allingham. Clerk and Committee assistant, House of Commons\n Isabel McKenna Chalmers Anderson, for voluntary service to Music in Ayrshire\n Jenny Arwas, for charitable services\n Sheila Mary Astbury, for voluntary service to the community in Shrewsbury, Shropshire\n Meg Anne Atkinson, for services to the Soldiers' and Airmen's Scripture Reader Association, RAF Lyneham, Wiltshire", "Jean Atton, for voluntary service to the Royal British Legion in Leicestershire\n Robert Austin. Founder and director, Formula Schools Design and Technology Competition, for services to Education\n John Aves, former Wheelchair Technician, The Duke of Cornwall Spinal Centre, for services to people with disabilities\n Patricia Susan Hazel Baker. Director, Pyramid Educational Consultants UK, for services to Children and Young People", "Joanna Margaret Bancroft. Director of Personnel and Development, Cumbria Constabulary, for services to the Police\n Clive Anthony Barber. Manager E, HM Prison and Young Offenders' Institution, Reading, Ministry of Justice\n Brenda Barker, for voluntary service to Stowlawn Tenants' and Residents' Association, Bilston, Wolverhampton\n Eric Keith Barkham, for voluntary service to Sport and to the community in Virginia Water, Surrey", "Eric Keith Barkham, for voluntary service to Sport and to the community in Virginia Water, Surrey\n Monique Claire Marie Barnes, for voluntary service to the community in Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk\n Hilary Basterfield. Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions\n Kenneth Bates, former chairman, University of the Third Age Nottingham, for voluntary service to Adult Education", "Brenda Valerie Beach. Founder, Gateway Club, for services to People with Learning Disabilities in Hertfordshire\n Elizabeth Beck. Chair, Lemington Community Association, for voluntary service to the community in Newcastle upon Tyne\n Pamela Mary Becke. Special Constable, West Mercia Constabulary, for voluntary service to the Police in Bridgnorth, Shropshire\n Dr Marlene Anne Behennah, for voluntary service to the community in Mevagissey, Cornwall", "Dr Marlene Anne Behennah, for voluntary service to the community in Mevagissey, Cornwall\n Dorothy Mary Bell, for services to the Heritage Centre in Bellingham, Northumberland\n Jennifer Bell, former Governor, Harrington Hill Primary School, Hackney, London, for voluntary service to Education\n Shirley Diane Bellis, for voluntary service to the community in North Wales\n Sean Bennett. Fleet Manager, British Embassy, Baghdad, for services to charitable activities in Iraq", "Valerie Anne Bennett, for voluntary service to the community in Whatlington, East Sussex\n Maxine Benson. Director, Everywoman Ltd, for services to Women's Enterprise\n Dr Chitra Bharucha, for services to the Animal Feed Industry\n Dr Parvin Bhatia. General Medical Practitioner, London Borough of Richmond, for services to Healthcare\n Christine Ann Bickerdyke. Prison Officer, HM Prison Wakefield, Ministry of Justice\n Douglas Oliver Birch, for voluntary service to the community in Brownhills, West Midlands", "Douglas Oliver Birch, for voluntary service to the community in Brownhills, West Midlands\n Patricia Bird. Chair, Hexham Community Association, for voluntary service to the community in Reading, Berkshire\n Gerald Bishop. Employee Development manager, Cobham plc, for services to the Defence Industry\n Mark Bishop, for public service\n Cyril Blackman, for services to the Royal Marines Association", "Mark Bishop, for public service\n Cyril Blackman, for services to the Royal Marines Association\n Gerald Blacoe. Export manager, Fogarty (Filled Products) Ltd, for services to International Trade and to the community in Lincolnshire\n Pamela Blofield, for voluntary service to the community in Shrewsbury, Shropshire\n Robert Brian Bloomfield, for voluntary service to Rugby Union in Northern Ireland. (Dunmurry, Belfast)\n Susan Blyth, for services to YMCA and to the community in Warrington, Cheshire", "Susan Blyth, for services to YMCA and to the community in Warrington, Cheshire\n Eziethamae Eleanor Bodden, for services to the community, Cayman Islands\n Simon Bolam, for services to the Insurance Industry\n Elisebeth Ann Bold. Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions, for public and voluntary service\n Elizabeth Anne Bolton, for services to Animal Welfare\n Michael John Bolton. Undermaster, Sevenoaks School, Kent, for services to Education", "Michael John Bolton. Undermaster, Sevenoaks School, Kent, for services to Education\n Stanley Boor, for voluntary service to the community in North Lincolnshire\n Erwin Bottomley, former Deputy Mine manager, National Coal Mining Museum, for services to Heritage\n Robert Andrew Boulton. Chief Superintendent, Dorset Police, for services to the Police and to the community in Bournemouth\n Ann Bowen. Grade C1, Ministry of Defence, for public service", "Ann Bowen. Grade C1, Ministry of Defence, for public service\n Christine Boyle. Managing director, Lawell Asphalt Roofing, for services to Women's Enterprises in Northern Ireland\n Dr Jules Timothy Brabants. Canoeist, for services to Sport\n Alec Brader, former Leader, Revesby Summer Playscheme, Boston, Lincolnshire, for services to Young People\n Hilda Brailsford, for voluntary service to the community in Ironville, Nottinghamshire\n Ann Mary Brew, for charitable services", "Ann Mary Brew, for charitable services\n Thomas David Briggs, for voluntary service to St. John Ambulance and to the community in Cheshire\n Margaret Bright, former International Student Support Officer, Sheffield Hallam University, for services to Higher Education\n Mark Bristow. Cyclist, for services to Disabled Sport\n Stephen Bristow. Joint Proprietor, GreenWood Forest Park, for services to the Tourist Industry in North Wales", "Isobel Mauveen Brodie, former Deputy Headteacher, Webster's High School, Angus, for services to Education\n Dr Timothy Andrew Broome, former Head, Target Division, ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, for services to Science\n Keith Brough. Special Constable, Lothian and Borders Police, for voluntary service to the Police\n Beryl Brown, former Library Manager, Wychwood Library, Oxfordshire, for services to Local Government", "Christina Brown. Senior Officer, HM Revenue and Customs, for public and voluntary service\n Linda Quinn\n Christopher Buckland, for voluntary service to the British Red Cross Society in Northern Ireland\n Garth Buckle. Business Links Team Co-ordinator, Hounslow Education Business Partnership, for services to Young People in West London\n Michael Bull. Teacher, Whitehall Primary School, for services to Education and to the community in Leicester", "Claude Bullingham, for voluntary service to the community in Whaddon, Cheltenham\n David Charles Bullock. Electronic Workshop Engineer, Institute of Hearing Research, Medical Research Council, for services to Science\n Carol Ann Burke, former manager E, HM Prison and Young Offenders' Institution Askham Grange, York, Ministry of Justice, for public and voluntary service\n Robert Burns. Business Development manager, Lancashire Constabulary, for services to the Police", "Robert Burns. Business Development manager, Lancashire Constabulary, for services to the Police\n Terry Elliott Burns, for services to the Trade Union Movement and to the community in Burnley and Lancashire\n Tony Burns, for voluntary service to Amateur Boxing\n Lindsay Marie Burr, for services to Business and to the community in Ryedale, North Yorkshire\n Simon Burr. Vice-president, Engine Controls, Goodrich Corporation, for services to the Aerospace Industry\n James Walter Butler, for services to art", "James Walter Butler, for services to art\n William Tinsley Cairns, for services to Music in Northern Ireland\n Philicianno Callwood. Proprietor, Foxy's Bar and Restaurant, Entrepreneur and musician, for services to tourism, British Virgin Islands\n Helen Calvert. Executive Officer, Child Support Agency, Department for Work and Pensions, for public and voluntary service", "John Francis Carberry. Regional Development Officer, Royal National Institute for the Deaf, for services to Disabled People in Northern Ireland\n Amanda Estelle Carter, for voluntary service to the community in Leicester\n David John Carter. 1st Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office\n Professor Ronald Allan Carter, University of Nottingham, for services to local and national Higher Education\n Kate Cartwright, for voluntary service to the Yorkshire and East Midlands Lay Observer Panel", "Kate Cartwright, for voluntary service to the Yorkshire and East Midlands Lay Observer Panel\n Sarah Castro, Community Safety Manager, Poplar Housing and Regeneration Community Association. For services to tackling Anti-Social Behaviour in East London.\n Gordon Blakley Cave, Chair, Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast Liver Support Group. For charitable services to Healthcare.\n Janice Rosamund Cave, Director of Public Affairs, Royal Society for The Prevention of Accidents. For services to Health and Safety.", "Dawn Ellen Chapman, Nurse Consultant, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Breast Cancer Healthcare.\n Brian John Chappell. For public service.\n Sarah Chester. For services to the Arts. \n Muhammed Irfan Faizi Chishti, Imam, H.M. Prisons Forest Bank and Buckley Hall. For services to Muslim People.\n Mamun Rashid Chowdhury. For voluntary service to Asian Community Football in East London.\n Sophie Margaret Christiansen, Equestrian. For services to Disabled Sport.", "Sophie Margaret Christiansen, Equestrian. For services to Disabled Sport.\n Edward Clancy, Cyclist. For services to sport.\n Irene Clark. For voluntary service to the Royal British Legion in Worcester Park, Surrey.\n Michael Clifford, Project Manager, Wheelbase Motor Project, Nottingham. For services to Young People. \n William Clift, J.P. For voluntary service to the communities in Castleford and Wakefield, West Yorkshire.\n Wendy Clifton, Grade D, Ministry of Defence.", "Wendy Clifton, Grade D, Ministry of Defence. \n Lesley Jane Coffin, Head of Secretariat, Network Operations South East, Highways Agency, Department for Transport.\n Dennis Owen Cole. For voluntary service to Music and to the community in Weston-Super-Mare, Somerset. \n Katharine Coleman. For services to Glass Engraving.\n Sydney John Coleman. For voluntary service to St. John Ambulance in Warwickshire.\n Ronald Leslie Coltman. For voluntary service to the Sandford Parks Lido in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.", "Eileen Conn. For services to the community in the London Borough of Southwark.\n Nadezda Conway, Non-Executive Director, Barnet and Chase Farm Hospitals. For services to the NHS and to the community in North London.\n Nicole Cooke, Cyclist. For services to Sport.\n Dr. Albert Roy Cooksey. For voluntary service to the Coniston Mountain Rescue Team in Cumbria.\n Wendy Cooling, Co-Founder, Bookstart Project. For services to Children's Literacy.", "Wendy Cooling, Co-Founder, Bookstart Project. For services to Children's Literacy.\n Laurence John Harris Coombs. For voluntary service to the community in Bath.\n Mary Jenifer Cooper. For voluntary service to International Students in Cambridge.\n Patricia Astley-Cooper, Curator, Wandsworth Museum. For services to Heritage in South West London.\n Peter Daniel Cormack, lately Curator, William Morris Gallery. For services to Art and to Heritage.", "Peter Daniel Cormack, lately Curator, William Morris Gallery. For services to Art and to Heritage.\n Lynette Costello, Co-Founder, Mothers Against Murder and Aggression. For services to Vulnerable People.\n Judith Cottam, lately Nurse Consultant (Stoma Care), Bedford Hospital NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n Alan Cottle. For services to Children and Young People with Special Needs in Surrey.\n Bernard James Cotton, Director, Team GB Holding Camp. For services to Sport.", "Bernard James Cotton, Director, Team GB Holding Camp. For services to Sport.\n Timothy Coulson. For services during the July 2005 London Bombings.\n Lynda Coulter, Senior Neonatal Nurse, Countess of Chester NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n Alderman Cecil James Cousley. For services to the Boys' Brigade and to Local Government in Ballymoney, Northern Ireland.\n Linda Covey. For voluntary service to the British Red Cross Society in Warwickshire.", "Linda Covey. For voluntary service to the British Red Cross Society in Warwickshire.\n Alan Craig, Inspector, International Team, UK Border Agency, Home Office. For public and voluntary service.\n Timothy John Craig. For public service.\n Wynne Creasy, Leader, Bexley Clerkship Practice, London Borough of Bexley. For services to Education. \n Professor Jonathan Crego. For public service.\n George Creighton. For services to Biomedical Research in Northern Ireland.", "George Creighton. For services to Biomedical Research in Northern Ireland.\n Thomas Creighton, Chairman, Northern Health and Social Services Council. For services to Social Care in Northern Ireland.\n Herbert Thomas Harold Cromack. For voluntary service to Agriculture and to the community in the Isle of Bute.\n Collin Crooks, Senior Information Access Manager, Department for Children, Schools and Families. For public and voluntary service.\n Joyce Crossan. For public service.", "Joyce Crossan. For public service.\n Bruce Crowther. For services to Oxfam and to Fairtrade.\n Catherine Anne Townsend Storrs Cullis. For services to the Conservation of Ecclesiastical Heritage. \n Stanley Michael Cundle. For voluntary service to the Jewish community in Leeds.\n Jody Cundy, Cyclist. For services to Disabled Sport.\n Allan Roy Currall, Chairman of Governors, Kendrick School, Reading. For voluntary service to Education.", "David Niel Curwen. For services to the Environment and to the community in the Cotswolds.\n Martha Marina Dalglish. For services to Breast Cancer Patients in Merseyside.\n Anthony Frederick Dalton, Grade 7, Nationality Management Team, UK Border Agency, Home Office. For public and voluntary service.\n Pradip Kumar Datta, Founder, Wick Surgical Courses. For services to Medical Training.\n Professor Jagdish Dave. For services to Education and to Asian People.", "Professor Jagdish Dave. For services to Education and to Asian People.\n Marguerite Stella Davies. For voluntary service to the community in Aldeburgh, Suffolk.\n Terence Davies, lately Senior Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. For public and voluntary service.\n Christopher Kevin Davis. For charitable services in Southampton.\n Marian Janet Davis, Teacher, Sexey's School. For services to the community in Queen Camel, Somerset.", "Pamela Dorothy Horridge-Deakin. Vice-president, Ibiza and Formentera Association for the Prevention of Cancer, for services to charitable activities in Ibiza and Formentera.\n Stephen Michael Deakin, Executive OYcer, Jobcentre. Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n James Frederick DeGale, Middleweight Boxer. For services to Sport.\n Andrew Dougal Dempster. For voluntary service to Victim Support in Scotland.\n David Francis De Val. For voluntary service to the community in Chinnor, Oxfordshire.", "David Francis De Val. For voluntary service to the community in Chinnor, Oxfordshire.\n William Alexander Dickson, Consultant, Plastic Surgeon and Director, Welsh Burns Centre, Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University NHS Trust. For services to Medicine.\n Leslie Barbara Dillingham. For voluntary service to Equestrian Sport.\n Ebrahim Dockrat. For services to the community in West Yorkshire.\n Eiron Hugh Dodd. For voluntary service to Clubs for Young People in Wales.", "Eiron Hugh Dodd. For voluntary service to Clubs for Young People in Wales.\n Barry James Donovan. For voluntary service to the community in Colchester, Essex.\n Maria Donovan. For voluntary service to the community in Greengairs, Lanarkshire.\n Neil Andrew Dossor, Administrative Officer, Customer Contact Team, H.M. Revenue and Customs. For public and voluntary service.\n Councillor Mary Elaine Draycott. For services to Local Government and to the community in Leicester.", "John Drayton. For services to the Quarry Industry and to Geology.\n Sophia Drew. For voluntary service to the community in Prestatyn, Denbighshire.\n Anne Patricia Dunham, Equestrian. For services to Disabled Sport.\n Robert William Dunn, National Advocacy Officer, National Kidney Federation. For services to Healthcare.\n Dr. Rosalie Dunn, General Medical Practitioner. For services to the community in Blantyre, Lanarkshire.", "Phyllis Mary Durow, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. For public and voluntary service.\n Anthony Durrant, J.P. For services to the Voluntary Sector in the North West.\n Dr. Peter Durrant, County Archivist, Berkshire Record Office. For services to Local Government.\n Doreen Eastwood, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. \n Dee Edwards, Co-Founder, Mothers Against Murder and Aggression. For services to Vulnerable People.", "Dee Edwards, Co-Founder, Mothers Against Murder and Aggression. For services to Vulnerable People.\n Hugh Mervyn Edwards. For services to Farming in Cumbria.\n Terry Edwards, Team GB Head Boxing Coach. For services to Sport.\n John Patrick Egan. For voluntary service to the community in Woodhouse, Leeds.\n Doreen Egarr. For voluntary service to the community in St. Albans, Hertfordshire.\n The Reverend Dr. John Elliston. For voluntary service to Vulnerable and Homeless People in Darlington, County Durham.", "Gerald Samuel Ells. For services to Veterans' Tennis. \n Mark Douglas Elson, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. \n Nigel John Embry, Chief Executive, Farm Stay UK. For services to the Tourist Industry.\n Arthur Aubrey Emerson. For voluntary service to Carers' Group, Rethink Sheffield.\n Vivien Christine Esslemont. Assistant Director, British Council, Mozambique.", "Vivien Christine Esslemont. Assistant Director, British Council, Mozambique.\n Ronald John Eunson, lately Chair of Governors, Gosforth Central Middle School and Broadway East First School, Newcastle upon Tyne. For voluntary service to Education.\n Susan Christabel Eunson, lately Governor, Gosforth East Middle School and Gosforth Park First School, Newcastle upon Tyne. For voluntary service to Education.", "Professor Rhiannon Evans, National Director, Action on Access and lately Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Edge Hill University. For services to Higher Education.\n Samuel Rowland Evans. For voluntary service to Vintage Agricultural Machinery.\n William Bennett Evans, lately Councillor, Bridgend County Council. For services to Local Government. \n Gillian Mary Eweis, Assistant Anglican Chaplain, H.M. Prison Full Sutton, York. For services to Prisoners.\n Major Stephen Farley, Team GB Quartermaster. For services to Sport.", "Major Stephen Farley, Team GB Quartermaster. For services to Sport.\n Godfrey Eugene Featherstone, lately Director, Kenward Trust. For services to Disadvantaged People.\n Denice Fennell. For services to Nature Conservation.\n Max Field. For services to the community in the West Midlands.\n Frederick James John Fielder. For voluntary service to the community in Greater Manchester.", "Frederick James John Fielder. For voluntary service to the community in Greater Manchester.\n Alison Claire Finch, Ward Sister and Senior Nurse, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. For services to Healthcare. * Margaret Fish, lately Teacher, Park Primary School, Alloa, Clackmannanshire. For services to Education and to the community in Alloa.\n Rodney Cyril Alban FitzGerald. For services to Local Government in the City of London.", "Rodney Cyril Alban FitzGerald. For services to Local Government in the City of London.\n Robert Fletcher, Bus Driver. For services to Public Transport in Liverpool.\n Patricia Flynn, lately Head of Libraries and Information Services. For services to Local Government in Leicester.\n Raymond Victor Fooks. For voluntary service to the community in Rye, East Sussex.\n Andrew Forbes, Health, Safety and Security Manager, Babcock Marine. For services to Industry.", "Andrew Forbes, Health, Safety and Security Manager, Babcock Marine. For services to Industry.\n Roger Clem Ford. For services to Young People in the West Midlands.\n Susan Piggott-Forster, lately Senior Executive Officer, Learning and Development Unit, UK Border Agency, Home Office.\n Sandra Forsythe, Chair, Board of Glasgow Housing Association. For services to Social Housing in Glasgow.", "Rebecca Dawn Fortunato. President, Gibraltar Amateur Swimming Association, and Vice-President, Gibraltar Commonwealth Games Association. For services to sport.\n Derek Samuel Foster, Director, Action Training (Stoke) Ltd. For services to Lifelong Learning in StaVordshire. \n Jennifer Ann Fox. For services to the Administration of Science in Norwich.\n Michael Henry Francis. For services to the Tourist Industry in Bournemouth.\n Jenny, Mrs. Frank. For services to Young Carers in Hampshire.", "Jenny, Mrs. Frank. For services to Young Carers in Hampshire.\n Paul William Franklin. 2nd Secretary, Foreign and Commonwealth Office.\n Michal Miriam Westmill Furr, Manager, WesthillCCommunity Centre and Community Association. For services to the community in Hitchin, Hertfordshire. \n Margaret Fyffe. For voluntary service to the community in the Isle of Eigg, Highland.", "Margaret Fyffe. For voluntary service to the community in the Isle of Eigg, Highland.\n Colin James Galloway, lately Business Architecture and Customer Strand Lead, Pension Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions.\n David Hugh Geldard. For voluntary service to People with Coronary Heart Disease.\n Alexander Gill. For services to the fishing community in Kingston-upon-Hull.\n Karen Gill, Director, Everywoman Ltd. For services to Women's Enterprise.", "Karen Gill, Director, Everywoman Ltd. For services to Women's Enterprise.\n Dr. John Fitzroy Gillespie, J.P., D.L. For voluntary service to Horse Racing in Northern Ireland.\n Gweneth Gimson. For voluntary service in Ulverscroft, Leicestershire.\n Peggy Gledhill. For voluntary service to the community in Horsham, West Sussex.\n Thomas Guy Goldberg, Chairman, AWI Ltd. For services to International Trade.\n Paul Goodison, Sailor. For services to Sport.", "Paul Goodison, Sailor. For services to Sport.\n Dennis Edward Goodwin. For voluntary services to the First World War Veterans' Association.\n Maureen Gordon. For services to Social Work and to the Voluntary Sector in Northern Ireland.\n Kay Gould, lately Manager, Adderley Children's Centre, Saltley, Birmingham. For services to Children and Families.\n Susan Patricia Gower. For voluntary service to Disabled Children and Young People in Bexley, Kent.", "Shirley Gowland, T.D. For services to disabled people in Billericay, Essex.\n John Grady. For voluntary service to Disabled People in Jersey.\n John Graham, lately Teacher, Hurworth Primary School, Darlington. For services to Education.\n John William Redhead Graham. For voluntary service to the community in Greenside, Tyne and Wear. \n Malise Charles Richard Graham. For voluntary service to the community in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire.", "Dorrett Buckley-Greaves. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic communities in Sheffield. \n Professor Clara Greed, Professor of Inclusive Urban Planning, University of West England. For services to Urban Design.\n Evelyn Winifred Green. For voluntary service to the community in South London.\n Harold James Green, Chief Road Safety Officer, Road Safety Division, Department of the Environment, Northern Ireland Executive. For public and voluntary service.", "Nigel Francis Green, Chief Officer, Bedfordshire Special Constabulary. For voluntary service to the Police.\n Russell Andrew Greenwood, Administrative Officer, Food and Farming Group, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. For public and voluntary service.\n Barry David Gregory. For voluntary service to Woodhead Mountain Rescue Team, Holmfirth, West Yorkshire.\n Captain Peter Royall Griffiths, Operations Manager, Royal National Lifeboat Institution. For services to Maritime Safety in Swansea.", "Winsome Elaine Griffiths. For services to the Metropolitan Police Service and to the community in South London.\n Dr. William Henry Grindle. For services to Music in Northern Ireland.\n Patricia Grindle, Principal, Mitchell House Special School. For services to Special Needs Education in Northern Ireland.\n Robert Denis Guiler. For voluntary service to People with Learning Difficulties in Northern Ireland.\n Chris Guille. For voluntary service to Disabled People in Essex.", "Chris Guille. For voluntary service to Disabled People in Essex.\n Joyce Guy. For services to Older People in the African Caribbean community in the London Borough of Redbridge.\n Lynn Gwilliam, lately Support Grade Band 1, Security and Anti-Corruption Unit, UK Border Agency, Home OYce.\n Peter Haigh, J.P. For voluntary service to the Scouts and to Sailing in West Yorkshire.\n Deborah Anne Hall, Manager, Chigwell Riding Trust for Special Needs. For services to disabled people in Essex.", "John Charles Hall. For voluntary service to the Scouts in SheYeld.\n Beverley Hallam, Grade E1, Ministry of Defence.\n Dave Haller, Swimming Coach. For services to Sport. \n Gerald Halpin. For voluntary service to Art and to Charity in Chorley, Lancashire.\n Lewis Hamilton, Formula One Driver. For services to Motor Racing. \n Stanley Charles Raymond Hammond. For services to Young People and to the community in Bristol.", "Stanley Charles Raymond Hammond. For services to Young People and to the community in Bristol.\n John Hansford, lately Director, Swindon Office, Natural Environment Research Council. For services to Science.\n June Mary Harbott. For voluntary service to the community in Stroud, Gloucestershire.\n Michael Hardman. For services to the Campaign for Real Ale and to the Brewing Industry. \n Iain Peter McPherson Hardy. Honorary Consul, Valparaiso.", "Iain Peter McPherson Hardy. Honorary Consul, Valparaiso.\n Gabrielle Christine Harris. For services to Dance in Rhyl, Denbighshire.\n John Harris, Shipwright, BAE Systems Submarine Solutions. For services to the Defence Industry.\n Barry Albert Haseltine. For services to the Construction Industry.\n Colin Michael Hatch, Senior Divisional Officer, Cornwall County Fire Brigade. For services to Local Government.\n Janet Anne Haynes. For voluntary service to the Leukaemia Research Fund in Rugby.", "Janet Anne Haynes. For voluntary service to the Leukaemia Research Fund in Rugby.\n Steven Thomas Hayward, Business Development Manager, York Navy Systems. For services to the Defence Industry.\n Joan Healey. For voluntary service to the Citizens' Advice Bureau in Ross and Cromarty.\n Andrew Heath. For services to the Music Publishing Industry.\n Joseph Heatley. For services to Children and Young People within the Immigration System.", "Joseph Heatley. For services to Children and Young People within the Immigration System.\n Raymond Francis Hemmett, lately Senior Conservator, Paintings, Historic Scotland Conservation Centre, Scottish Executive.\n Gwynneth Percival Hemmings. For voluntary service to people with schizophrenia.\n David Christopher Henderson. For services to Animal Welfare.\n Rex Andrew Hendricksen. For voluntary service to the Scouts in Cardiff.\n Kenneth Henning. For public service.", "Kenneth Henning. For public service.\n Arek Hersh. For voluntary service to Holocaust Education.\n Claire Elizabeth Hicks, Chief Executive, IMPACT Foundation. For services to International Development.\n Gill Hicks. For charitable services.\n Peter Higgins. For voluntary service to Young People in South Gloucestershire.\n Peter Hindle. Chief Executive, Saint Gobain Distribution UK. For services to the Building Industry and to Charity.\n Anya Hindmarch. For services to the Fashion Industry.", "Anya Hindmarch. For services to the Fashion Industry.\n Donna Johnston Hindmarch, lately Depute Headteacher, Coupar Angus Primary School. For services to Education.\n Linda Hines, Director, Witton Lodge Community Association. For services to the community in North Birmingham.\n Andrew Triggs-Hodge, Rower. For services to Sport.\n Peter Norman Holden, lately Head of People Engagement Department, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. For services to Nature Conservation.", "Harold William Holland, Chairman, North Shore Area Forum. For voluntary service to the community in Blackpool.\n Carole Jean Holmes. For voluntary service to Visually Impaired People in the North West.\n John Edward Holmes. For voluntary service to People with Mental Health Problems in South West London. \n Lee Stephen Holmes, lately Constable, West Yorkshire Police. For services to the Police.\n John Holt. For voluntary service to the community in Featherstone, West Yorkshire.", "John Holt. For voluntary service to the community in Featherstone, West Yorkshire.\n Marguerite Loudon Hopkin, for services to the British community in France.\n Kelly Hoppen. For services to Interior Design.\n David Irwin Houghton. For services to Business and to International Trade in the West Midlands.\n Frederick George Ernest Houlton, lately Fostering and Adoption Marketing and Recruitment Officer, Lincolnshire County Council. For services to Children and Families.", "John Houston, Senior Officer, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n Norman Howarth. For voluntary service to the community in Wythall, Worcestershire.\n Carol Jane Hoy, lately Nurse Specialist. For services to Healthcare.\n Stephen Lawrence Chard Hucklesby. For services during the July 2005 London Bombings.\n Derek Hudspeth, Departmental Superintendent, Department of Geography, University of Durham. For services to Higher Education.", "Laurence Roy Hulbert, Vice-Chairman, Governing Body, Shire Oak School, Sutton Coldfield. For voluntary service to Education.\n Mark Hunter, Rower. For services to Sport.\n Robert Daniel Hutton, J.P. For service to St. John Ambulance in Surrey.\n Simon Illingworth. For charitable services.\n Zafar Iqbal, Chairman of Governors, Bordesley Green Girls' School, Birmingham. For voluntary service to Education.\n Eileen Joyce Jackson. For services to the Chertsey Over 60s Club in Surrey.", "Eileen Joyce Jackson. For services to the Chertsey Over 60s Club in Surrey.\n Margery Rose James. For voluntary service to the Macmillan Cancer Support in Oswestry, Shropshire.\n Simon Charles James, Chief Engineer, SELEX Communications. For services to the Defence Industry.\n Thomas James, Rower. For services to Sport. \n Councillor Thomas Raymond James. For services to Local Government in Wiltshire.\n Robert Stephen Jefferys. For voluntary service to the community in Berkshire.", "Robert Stephen Jefferys. For voluntary service to the community in Berkshire.\n Christopher Dennis Alexander Martin-Jenkins, Cricket Commentator and Journalist. For services to Sport. \n Alderman Kenneth Jenkins. For voluntary service to the community in St. Albans and Harpenden, Hertfordshire.\n Gordon Cyril Jenney. For voluntary service to the community in the East Riding of Yorkshire.\n Peter James Jennings, lately Chairman, Avenues Project, Tyne and Wear. For services to Young People.", "Linda Mary Johnson. For services to Palliative Care in North East Wales.\n Tracy Yana Johnson. For services to the Cosmetics Industry.\n Andrea Johnstone. For voluntary service to the community in Berrow, Somerset.\n Dr. Surinder Singh Jolly, General Medical Practitioner, Manchester. For services to Healthcare.\n Bridget Jones. For services to Canterbury Gypsy and Traveller Support Group.\n Constance Zena Jones. For voluntary service to the community in Rilla Mill, Cornwall.", "Constance Zena Jones. For voluntary service to the community in Rilla Mill, Cornwall.\n David Onllwyn Jones, Assistant Headteacher, Villiers High School, Ealing, London. For services to Education.\n John Stanley Jones. For services to Lithography.\n Joy Cummings-Jones, lately Head of Patient and Public Involvement, Nottingham City Primary Care Trust. For services to the NHS.\n Kevin Clifford Jones. For charitable services to the community in Holyhead, Anglesey.", "Kevin Clifford Jones. For charitable services to the community in Holyhead, Anglesey.\n Libby Jones, Manager, New Pathways, Merthyr Tydfil. For services to Vulnerable People in Wales. \n Neil Rodney Wynn-Jones. For services to International Trade.\n Philip Thomas Morris-Jones. For voluntary service to the community in Telford, Shropshire.\n Robert Norman Jones, lately Head of Design and Interpretative Services, Forestry Commission Scotland.", "Elizabeth Florence Joshua. For Services to Education and the community, St. Helena and Ascension Island.\n Robert William Jost, Prison Officer Physical Education, H.M. Young Offenders' Institution Thorn Cross, Warrington, Ministry of Justice. For public and voluntary service.\n Captain Samson Sassoon Samuel Judah, Managing Director, GBA Group of Companies. For services to Business and to the community in the East Riding of Yorkshire.\n Roger Jukes. For services to Farming and to the Environment in Powys.", "Roger Jukes. For services to Farming and to the Environment in Powys.\n Lieutenant Colonel John Denis Kane. For voluntary service to the Army Benevolent Fund.\n Anthony Edward Kappes, Cyclist. For services to Disabled Sport.\n Geoffrey Friend Karran. For services to Sport and to Disabled People in the Isle of Man.\n Douglas Robert Keitley, Industrial Grade, H.M. Prison Hewell Grange, Redditch, Worcestershire, Ministry of Justice.", "Renna Kellaway, Pianist and Artistic Director, Lake District Summer Music. For services to Music. \n Alan Kells, Grade E1, Ministry of Defence. For public and voluntary service.\n Maria Zofina Kempinska, Founder and Creative Director, Jongleurs. For services to the Hospitality and Entertainment Industries.\n Jason Kenny, Cyclist. For services to Sport.\n Elizabeth Kenworthy. For services during the July 2005 London Bombings.", "Elizabeth Kenworthy. For services during the July 2005 London Bombings.\n David Arnold Kerfoot, Managing Director, Kerfoot Group. For services to Business and to the community in Northallerton, North Yorkshire.\n Nicky Kinnaird, Founder, SpaceNK. For services to the Beauty Industry.\n John Herbert Kirkpatrick. For voluntary service to the RAF Association.\n Terence Kivlin. For services to Skills and to the community in King's Lynn, Norfolk.\n Diana Mary Kloss. For services to Occupational Health.", "Diana Mary Kloss. For services to Occupational Health.\n Maria Kolpa, Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. For public and voluntary service.\n John Lakeman. For voluntary service to the communities in the Malvern Hills District, Worcestershire.\n Canon Claire Anne Laland. For services to the Mothers' Union and to the community in Balsall Common, West Midlands.\n Susan Lambert, Court Clerk, Her Majesty's Courts Service, Ministry of Justice. For public and voluntary service.", "Susan Lane, Assistant Principal, Student Services, Knowsley Community College. For services to Further Education in Liverpool.\n Christopher John Wallis Lavers, J.P., D.L. For voluntary service to the community in Surrey. \n Marilyn Sheila Lazarus. For voluntary service to the Jewish Association for the Mentally Ill.\n Terence Michael Lazenby, Chairman, Engineering Construction Industry Training Board. For services to Skills and Training.", "David Leach, lately Business Change Manager, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. For public and voluntary service.\n Shirley Adams-Leach. For services to Musical Education, Falkland Islands.\n Carol, Mrs. Leonard, Nursery Nurse, St. Clement Danes Church of England Primary School, Westminster, London. For services to Education.\n Davida Ann Lewis. For voluntary service to Music and to Culture in Wales.", "Davida Ann Lewis. For voluntary service to Music and to Culture in Wales.\n Geoffrey Ling, Executive Officer, Pension, Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. For public and voluntary service.\n John Kelvin Lulham. Head of Contracts and Procurement, Transport for London. For services to Equality and Diversity.", "Bimla Devi Lyall, Executive Officer, South East Area Enforcement Office, Sidcup, Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency, Department for Transport. For public and voluntary service.\n Michael Gabriel Lynch, Chair, Larne Citizens' Advice Bureau. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n Cheryl MacIntosh. For voluntary service to the community in Lochaber, Inverness-shire.", "Cheryl MacIntosh. For voluntary service to the community in Lochaber, Inverness-shire.\n Linda Maclean, Communication and Information Business Support Officer, Tribunals Service, Leicester, Ministry of Justice. For public and voluntary service.\n Douglas Richard MacNeilage, lately Janitor, Tobermory High School. For services to Education and to the community in the Isle of Mull.\n Lieutenant Commander Brian Leslie Maddock, R.N.(Retd.), Chief Umpire, Wimbledon Championships. For services to Tennis.", "Ranjula Madhani, Parliamentary Officer, H.M. Treasury. For public and voluntary service.\n Rosemary Maguire. For services to People with Parkinson's Disease in Cornwall.\n Ann Maidment, Teacher, Kenmore Park Middle School, Harrow, London. For services to Education.\n Robina Elizabeth Mallett, Family Carer Support Officer, Home Farm Trust, Bristol. For services to Children and Families.\n Paul Christian Manning, Cyclist. For services to Sport.", "Paul Christian Manning, Cyclist. For services to Sport.\n Raymond Arthur Manning. For voluntary service to the community in Benllech, Anglesey.\n Kevin Anthony Marley, Senior Executive Officer, Shared Services, Department for Work and Pensions. For public and voluntary service.\n Maurice Marshal, Chief Electrician, Northcott Theatre, Exeter. For services to Drama.\n Jean Marshall. For services to Young People with Special Needs in Brighton.", "Jean Marshall. For services to Young People with Special Needs in Brighton.\n Jonathan Marshall, Founder, Plymouth Centre for Faiths and Cultural Diversity. For services to the community in Plymouth.\n Pamela Marshall, Clinical Director, Eating Disorder Service, Leicestershire. For services to Healthcare.\n Ruby Marshall, Chair, Hartlepool Carers. For services to Children and Families.\n Nigel Platts-Martin, Restaurateur. For services to the Hospitality Industry.", "Nigel Platts-Martin, Restaurateur. For services to the Hospitality Industry.\n Dr. John William Mason. For services to the South Downs Planetarium and Science Centre, Chichester.\n Israel Massey, Co-founder, Race Equality in Newham. For services to Black and Minority Ethnic communities in the London Borough of Newham. \n David James Matthews. For services during the July 2005 London Bombings.\n Alison May McAusland. For voluntary service to the community in Warrington, Cheshire.", "Alison May McAusland. For voluntary service to the community in Warrington, Cheshire.\n Seamus Aidan McCann, Staff Officer, Mental Health Unit, Social Policy Group, Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety, Northern Ireland Executive.\nDerek McCarrick. For charitable services.\n Leonie McCarthy, Manager, New Link Centre, Peterborough City Council. For services to Local Government.\n Horace Michael McEvoy. For services to the community in North Wales.", "Horace Michael McEvoy. For services to the community in North Wales.\n Owen Reid McGhee. For services to Sport and to Charity.\n Margaret Mary McGoran. For voluntary service to the Catholic Guide Movement in Northern Ireland. \n Gerard McIlmurray. For services during the July 2005 London Bombings.\n Malachy Peter McKernan, Deputy Principal, Energy Division, Department of Enterprise Trade and Investment, Northern Ireland Executive. For public and voluntary service.", "Elizabeth Montgomery McLardy. For services to Local Government and to the community in West Kilbride.\n Stuart David McNeill. For voluntary service to Young People in the UK and Ghana.\n Geoffrey Meehan. For public service.\n Rosemary Andrea Meeke, Grade E1, Ministry of Defence.\n Narendra Mehta. For services to Visually Impaired Asian People.\n Doreen Meiklem, Practice Nurse, Stoneyburn Health Centre. For services to Healthcare and to the community in West Lothian.", "Dr. Alan William Thomas Melville, General Medical Practitioner. For services to Healthcare in Fife. \n William Metcalf. For voluntary service to Homeless People in London.\n John Bissett Methven. For voluntary service to the Boys' Brigade in Kirkcaldy, Fife.\n Charlotte Michaels. For voluntary service to the community in North London.\n Margaret Elizabeth Middlebrook. For voluntary service to the community in Scarborough, North Yorkshire.", "Alice Patricia Middleton, Founder, Survivors of Bereavement by Suicide. For services to Vulnerable People.\n David Edward James Miles, Banjo Player. For services to Music.\n Yvonne Millar, Head, Community Child Psychology Service, Islington Primary Care Trust. For services to Children and Families.\n Paul Stuart Millard. HM Ambassador's driver, for services to the British Embassy in Berne.\n Nicholas Michael Miller. 2nd Secretary, British Embassy, Bogota.", "Nicholas Michael Miller. 2nd Secretary, British Embassy, Bogota.\n Samuel Hamilton Miller, for services to Motorcycle Heritage.\n Ross Gibson Milligan, Superintendent Medical Illustrator, Monklands Hospital, Airdrie. For services to Healthcare in Scotland.\n Valerie Mitchell. For services to Nursing in Fife.\n Alexander Moggach. For services to the Industry Engineers' Club Project.\n George Ramsey Martin Moore. For voluntary service to Heritage in the Isle of Man.", "George Ramsey Martin Moore. For voluntary service to Heritage in the Isle of Man.\n Maureen Tyler-Moore, Principal, Independent Specialist College, Foxes Academy, Minehead. For services to Special Needs Education.\nAnn Morgan, Branch Manager, Bessbrook Library. For services to Local Government in Northern Ireland.\n Dr. Terence John Morris, lately Consultant General Physician and Medical Director, North Glamorgan NHS Trust. For services to the NHS and to the British Medical Association.", "Samantha Jane Morshed. Founder, Hathay Bunano Knitwear Company. For services to Disadvantaged and Vulnerable Women and Children in Bangladesh.\n Lincoln Moses. For services to Community Football in Birmingham.\n Brian Mummery, Honorary Curator, Immingham Museum. For voluntary service to Heritage in Lincolnshire.\n Douglas William Frederick Muncey. For services to WaterAid.\n Ann Munro. Vice Consul, British Embassy, Doha.", "Ann Munro. Vice Consul, British Embassy, Doha.\n Margaret Elizabeth, Mrs. Murphy. For charitable services to Bridgend and District Macmillan Cancer Support Group, South Wales.\nAlexandra Murray, Designer. For services to the Fashion and Textile Industries in Scotland.\n Rosemary Murray. For services to Vulnerable People and to Emergency Planning.\n Alexandra Olivia Naish. For services to Community Relations in Bristol.\n Frederick Walter Netley. For voluntary service to the Whitehawk community in Brighton.", "Frederick Walter Netley. For voluntary service to the Whitehawk community in Brighton.\n Michael Newsome. For voluntary service to the community in York, North Yorkshire.\n James Percy Newton, Bus Driver, Damory Coaches. For services to Public Transport in Dorset.\nDorothy Margaret Neyland. For voluntary service to Gymnastics and to the community in Swansea.\n Primrose Cherry Nixon, Complaints Liaison OYcer, PAYE and Self Assessment, Belfast, H.M. Revenue and Customs.", "Valerie Frances Norman. For voluntary service to the Samaritans in Bangor, North Wales.\n Michael Robin Norton. For services to the Water Industry and to International Trade.\n Dr. Heather Nunnerley. For services to Healthcare in South East London.\n Margaret O'Callaghan, Chair, Outer West Area Forum. For services to the community in Newcastle- upon-Tyne.\n Thomas O'Callaghan. For services to Lifelong Learning in the Transport Industry.", "Thomas O'Callaghan. For services to Lifelong Learning in the Transport Industry.\n Avril O'Sullivan. For voluntary service to People with Learning Disabilities in Essex.\n David Oddie, Senior Lecturer in Drama, University College Plymouth of St. Mark and St.John. For services to International Relations.\n Christine Ijeoma Ohuruogu, Athlete. For services to Sport.\n Noreen Oliver, Chief Executive, Burton Addiction Centre, for services to disadvantaged people in Staffordshire.", "Comfort Oppong, Home Manager, Anchor Homes. For services to Older People in Southwark, London.\n Derek Stanley Osbaldestin. For voluntary service to Young People and to the community in Greater Manchester.\n David Jeremy Owen Owen. For charitable services.\n Annabel Serena Oxley. For voluntary service to Injured Jockeys.\n Dr. Shiv Pabary, General Practice Dentist, Newcastle and Gateshead. For services to the NHS.\n Russell Edward Parke. For services to the Scouts in Hampshire.", "Russell Edward Parke. For services to the Scouts in Hampshire.\n Robert John Parsons, Herald Painter, College of Arms. For services to Art.\n Charles Nicholas Partridge, T.D. For public service. \n Major John William Joseph Paton. For voluntary service to Heritage in Scotland and Overseas.\n Gillian Patricolo, Non-Domestic Rating Reference Manager, Valuation Office Agency, Cardiff, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n Maureen May Payan. For voluntary service to the community in Twickenham, Middlesex.", "Maureen May Payan. For voluntary service to the community in Twickenham, Middlesex.\n Sara Payne, Co-Advocate, Phoenix Trust. For services to Child Protection.\n Alexandra Maria Pearson. For services to victims of the Chinese earthquake in May 2008\n Brian Pearson, lately Change Manager, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. For public and voluntary service.\n David Alan Pease. For services to Literature.\n Richard Norman Pendlebury. For charitable services to the community in Bristol.", "Richard Norman Pendlebury. For charitable services to the community in Bristol.\n Victoria Pendleton, Cyclist. For services to Sport\n Linda Margaret Pepper, lately Chief Executive Officer, Powys Association of Voluntary Organisations. For services to the Voluntary Sector in Wales.\n Major Arthur Eric Robin Peters. For services to the Royal British Legion in Somerset.\n Henry Desmond Kelly Phillips. For voluntary service to the community in Northern Ireland.", "Henry Desmond Kelly Phillips. For voluntary service to the community in Northern Ireland.\n Pauline Pilkington, Executive OYcer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions. For public and voluntary service.\n Andrew Richard Platt, Prison OYcer, H.M. Prison Manchester, Ministry of Justice. For public and voluntary service.\n Colin Ploughman. For voluntary service to the community in Golspie, Sutherland.", "Colin Ploughman. For voluntary service to the community in Golspie, Sutherland.\n Janette Vicki Plumridge. Secretariat Administrator, Enemy Property Claims Assessment Panel, Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform.\n Dr. Margaret Ebunoluwa Aderin-Pocock, Managing Director, Science Innovation Ltd. For services to Science Education.\n Brian Andrew Gillingham Poole, Chief Steward. For services to the Armed Forces.", "Brian Andrew Gillingham Poole, Chief Steward. For services to the Armed Forces.\n Rosie Swale Pope. For charitable services. William Roy Potter. For voluntary service to Cycling in Lancashire.\n Michael John David Poulter, Chairman, Staffordshire Police Authority. For services to the community in Staffordshire.\n Colin Francis Powell. For services to the Oswestry Talking Newspaper in Shropshire.", "Colin Francis Powell. For services to the Oswestry Talking Newspaper in Shropshire.\n Lianne Walker Powell, Group General Manager, Walker Filtration Ltd. For services to Manufacturing in Tyne and Wear and to International Trade.\n Jane Pratt, Governor, The Connaught School, Aldershot, Hampshire. For voluntary service to Education.\n Veronica Kay Prichard. For services to Angling and to the Environment in West Wales.\n Valerie Priestley. For services to Edith Cavell Lower School, Bedford.", "Valerie Priestley. For services to Edith Cavell Lower School, Bedford.\n Robin Kingsley Prince, Operations Standards Manager, Victa Railfreight. For service to the Rail Industry. \n Trixie Pulsford, Head Coach, Ross-on-Wye Swimming Club. For voluntary service to Sport in Herefordshire.\n Zachary Purchase, Rower. For services to Sport.\n Christopher Billy Pye, British Swimming Head Disability Coach. For services to Sport.", "Christopher Billy Pye, British Swimming Head Disability Coach. For services to Sport.\n Bernard Godfrey Rainbow, Chief Locomotive Inspector, Severn Valley Railway. For voluntary service to the Rail Industry.\n Yvonne, Mrs. Rawley. For services to the Water Industry and to Charity.\n Lieutenant Peter Reed, Rower. For services to Sport.\n Allan Rees. For services to the National Society of Allotment and Leisure Gardeners and to the Royal British Legion in South Wales.", "Derek Reginald Reeves. For charitable services through the Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Memorial Trust and to the community in Farnham, Surrey.\n Christine Reid, Lawyer, Lambert Group. For services to Collaborative Research and Innovation.\n Caroline Rejdak, Foster Carer, Hertfordshire. For services to Children and Families.\n Robert Rejdak, Foster Carer, Hertfordshire. For services to Children and Families.\n Yvonne Rhoden, Constable, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police.", "Yvonne Rhoden, Constable, Metropolitan Police Service. For services to the Police.\n Etheline Mavis Richards. For voluntary service to Healthcare and to the community in North London.\n Simon Richardson, Cyclist. For services to Disabled Sport.\n Trevor Maxwell Ringland. For services to the community in Northern Ireland.\n Kenelm Robert, Head of Customer Relations, Royal Festival Hall. For services to the Arts.", "Kenelm Robert, Head of Customer Relations, Royal Festival Hall. For services to the Arts.\n Captain John Alan Roberts. Chief Executive, White Ensign Association. For services to Royal Navy Personnel.\n Marcia Roberts. For services to Diversity and to the Recruitment Industry.\n Enid Barbara Rodd. For voluntary service to the community in Pentyrch, Cardiff.\n Marjory Rodger. Director of Government Relations (Scotland), Confederation of Passenger Transport UK. For services to the Bus Industry.", "Rebecca Romero, Cyclist. For services to Sport.\n Frederick Clifford Rose. For charitable services to the Anglican Church in Wales and to Music in Swansea. \n Phyllis Freda Rose. For voluntary service to MIND East Berkshire.\n Elaine Rossall. For voluntary service to Home-Start Newark, Nottinghamshire.\n Martin Rourke, Pay and Conditions and Adelphi Human Resources Manager, Home Office.\n Colin Rouse. For voluntary service to the British Limbless Ex-Service Men's Association.", "Colin Rouse. For voluntary service to the British Limbless Ex-Service Men's Association.\n Veronica Rowland, Cook Manager, St Joseph's Boys' High School, Newry. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n Jill Russell. For voluntary service to the community in Kilmacolm, Inverclyde.\n Monica Joan Russell. For voluntary service at H.M. Prison Lewes.\n David Ryan. For services to the Royal Mail and to the community in North London.", "David Ryan. For services to the Royal Mail and to the community in North London.\n Councillor Rex Sadler, Member, Kerrier District Council. For services to Local Government in Cornwall.\n Kate Schroder, Chief Executive, 4sight. For services to Visually Impaired People in West Sussex. \n Jonathan Leslie Bernard Scriver, Officer, Heathrow Airport, H.M. Revenue and Customs. For public and voluntary service.\n Kathryn Mary, Mrs. Scully, Youth Worker, Bath and North East Somerset. For services to Young People.", "Ian Seabourne. Founder, Operation Breakthrough, for services to tackling juvenile delinquency through sport in Hong Kong.\n Ms Jennifer Sealey, Artistic Director, Graeae Theatre Company. For services to Disability Arts.\n Dr. Nigel Seddon, Novel Systems Technical Expert, MBDA UK Ltd. For services to the Defence Industry.\n Hilary Margaret Sewill, Vice-Chair, Gatwick Airport Consultative Committee. For public service.", "Hilary Margaret Sewill, Vice-Chair, Gatwick Airport Consultative Committee. For public service.\n Josephine Shanks. For voluntary service to Adult Literacy and to Numeracy in South Lanarkshire.\n Gary Shaw. For services to the Police.\n Michael Shefras. For voluntary service to Boaters in the Thames Valley.\n Martin Henry Sheppard, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.\n Thomas Harley Sherlock. For services to Architecture, Conservation and to the community in Islington, London.", "Jennifer Anna Shirreffs, D.L. For voluntary service to the community in Aberdeen.\n Elisabeth Alexandra Shorthose. For voluntary service to the community in Newhaven and Leith, Edinburgh.\n Antonio Mario Silvestro. For services during the July 2005 London Bombings.\n Eleanor Simmonds, Swimmer. For services to Disabled Sport.\n Andrew James Simpson, Sailor. For services to Sport.\n Norma Mary Sinclair. For voluntary service to the community in Reading, Berkshire.", "Norma Mary Sinclair. For voluntary service to the community in Reading, Berkshire.\n Linda Geraldine Glennys Singleton, Head of Strategic Resourcing, People and Professional Capability Group Finance Directorate, Department for Work and Pensions. For public and voluntary service.\n RuthcSkinner. For services to Riding for the Disabled and to the community in Inverurie, Aberdeenshire.\n Layla Kelly Slatter, former 3rd Secretary, British Embassy, Damascus. For services in the Middle East and Afghanistan.", "Alfred John Slow. For voluntary service to the community in Wimborne, Dorset.\n Guy Wilson Smales, D.L. For voluntary service to Neighbourhood Watch in West Hampshire.\n Betty Smith (Liz Smith), Actor. For services to Drama.\n Catherine Smith. For voluntary service to the H.M. Prison Service Charity Fund.\n David George Gordon-Smith, Chief Executive Officer, Orchard Trust. For services to People with Learning Difficulties, Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire.", "Doreen Smith. For voluntary service to the community in Broadwater, Lancashire.\n Jane Smith. For voluntary service to the Independent Monitoring Board, H.M. Prison and Young Offenders' Institution Eastwood Park, Gloucestershire.\n Raymond John Smith, lately Senior Carpenter, St. Fagans National History Museum, Cardiff. For services to Welsh Heritage.\n Vanessa Frances Hall-Smith. Director, British Institute of Florence, for services to promoting UK culture in Italy.", "Vivienne Evelyn Smith. For voluntary service to Girlguiding in the Anglia Region.\n Graham Arthur Smout, Special Constable, Staffordshire Police. For voluntary service to the Police.\n Michael Douglas Snowling. For services to Children and Young People in Norfolk.\n Colin Sparkes, Team Leader, Cross Tax Evasion Intervention, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n Wayne Spence, Service Delivery Assistant, Temple Meads Station, Bristol. For services to Passenger Transport.", "Siobhan Spencer, Member, Derbyshire Gypsy Liaison Group. For services to Community Relations.\n Jamie Staff, Cyclist. For services to Sport.\n Angela Star. For services to Healthcare for Young People in Tyne and Wear.\n Eilish Steele. For services to People with Learning Disabilities in Northern Ireland.\n Paul Stennett, Chief Executive, United Kingdom Accreditation Service. For services to Business.", "Paul Stennett, Chief Executive, United Kingdom Accreditation Service. For services to Business.\n Paul Darby Stevenage, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. John James Surgeoner Stewart. For voluntary service to the community in Droylsden, Greater Manchester. \n Dr. Marie Stewart. For services to Education, Diversity and to Equal Opportunities.\n Patricia Elizabeth Stewart, Community Payback Supervisor, Kent Probation Area. For services to the Probation Service.", "David Stone, Cyclist. For services to Disabled Sport.\n Richard Barnaby Storey, Cycling Pilot. For services to Disabled Sport.\n Donald Stringer, Governor, Northfield School and Sports College, Stockton-on-Tees. For voluntary service to Education.\n David Alan Stroud. For services to Nature Conservation.\n Dr. James Douglas Stuart. For voluntary service to the community in South Queensferry, West Lothian.\n Brian Kenneth Sugden, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence.", "Brian Kenneth Sugden, Grade C1, Ministry of Defence. \n Stephen Alan Sullivan. For charitable services to Cancer Care and Research, Velindre Hospital, Cardiff. \n Alexander Ross Sutherland. For voluntary service to Swimming in Inverness.\n Captain Michael John Sutherland, Harbour Master, Port of Fowey. For services to the Ports Industry in the South West.\n Dr. Doron Swade. For services to the History of Computing.", "Dr. Doron Swade. For services to the History of Computing.\n Alan Godfrey Swerdlow. For services to the Arts and to the communities in Liverpool and Suffolk.\n Pauline Tagg, lately Director, Infection Control and Prevention, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust. For services to Healthcare.\n Diane Talbot, Dietetic Manager, Leicestershire County and Rutland Primary Care Trust. For services to Public Health.", "William Mitchell Tate, Principal, Belvoir Park Primary School, Belfast. For services to Education in Northern Ireland.\n Tamsila Tauqir. For services to the Muslim Community.\n Anne Caroline Taylor. For services to Young People and to the community in Chichester, West Sussex.\n Councillor The Honourable Joan Evelyn Taylor. For services to Local Government in the East Midlands.\n John Teal, Caretaker, Hartlepool Sixth Form College. For services to Further Education.", "John Teal, Caretaker, Hartlepool Sixth Form College. For services to Further Education.\nDavid Roy Thomas. For services to the community in St. Davids, Pembrokeshire.\n Geraint Thomas, Cyclist. For services to Sport.\n Brian Thompson. For services to Young People and to the community in Maryport, Cumbria.\n Wendy Thomson, lately Administrative Assistant Typist, Crown Prosecution Service. For public and voluntary service.", "Tony Thornton, Salvation Army Centre Manager. For services to Homeless People in Darlington, County Durham.\n Karen Margaret Tonge. For voluntary service to Table Tennis.\n Lynda Ann Toon. For services to Adults with Learning Disabilities in Leicestershire.\n Paula Mac Townsend. For voluntary service to the community of East and West Worlington, Devon.\n Sophi Tranchell, Managing Director, Divine Chocolate. For services to the Food Industry.", "Sophi Tranchell, Managing Director, Divine Chocolate. For services to the Food Industry.\n Sarah, Mrs. Tremellen, Chief Executive Officer, Bravissimo. For services to Entrepreneurship.\n Susan Tron. For services to Riding for Disadvantaged People in Tyne and Wear.\n Arthur Chesley Trott. Artist and Sculptor. For services to Art in Bermuda.\n Anthony Tsui Tin-Yau. Director, Croucher Foundation. For services to Science and UK/Hong Kong relations.", "Dennis Henry Arthur Tuffin. For services to the Rendezvous Advice Centre, Sherborne, Dorset. \n Graham David Tyler, Grade C2, Ministry of Defence. For public service.\n Sheila Tyson, Chair, Grange-over-Sands and South Cumbria Branch, NSPCC. For voluntary service to Children.\n Eric George Vanlint. For services to Literature and to Charity in Suffolk.\n Bal Virdee, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.", "Bal Virdee, Higher Executive Officer, Jobcentre Plus, Department for Work and Pensions.\n The Reverend Canon Peter Vowles. For voluntary service to Victim Support in Greater Manchester.\n Peter John Vowles, Learning Gateway Manager, Weymouth College. For services to Further Education. \n Josephine Mary Wakeham, Chair of Governors, Mousehole Community Primary School and Vice-Chair, Cornwall School Governors' Council. For voluntary service to Education.", "John Robert Walker. For services to Nature Conservation in Lincolnshire.\n Matthew Benedict Walker, Swimmer. For services to Disabled Sport.\n Clifford John Wallace. For voluntary service to Older People in Rochford, Essex.\n Daniel Wallis, lately Policy and Strategy Manager, Pension Disability and Carers' Service, Department for Work and Pensions. For public and voluntary service. \n Eric John Wallis. For voluntary service to the South West Coast Path Association.", "Eric John Wallis. For voluntary service to the South West Coast Path Association.\n Patricia Ellen Wallson, lately Headteacher, Columbia Market Nursery School and Vice-Chair, Little Oaks Children's Centre, Tower Hamlets, London. For services to Early Years Education.\n Rosemary Anne, Mrs Ward, Learning and Teaching Support Assistant, School of Education, Nottingham Trent University. For services to Higher Education.\n Ernest John Watkins. For voluntary service to Education in Newport, South Wales.", "Ernest John Watkins. For voluntary service to Education in Newport, South Wales.\n Garry Watts, lately Non-Executive Director and Chairman, Risk and Audit Committee, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. For services to Healthcare.\n Margaret Evelyn Way. For voluntary service to Speech and Drama in Taunton, Somerset.\n David Weir, Wheelchair Racer. For services to Disabled Sport.\n William Alfred Wells, Messenger, Cabinet Office.", "William Alfred Wells, Messenger, Cabinet Office. \n Carole, Mrs. Wendland, Senior Executive Officer, Low Cost Home Ownership Division, Department for Communities and Local Government.\n John Miles Westcott, Chief Executive, Kingswood Foundation, Bristol. For services to Young People. \n Canon Richard Ian White. For services to Music Education.\n Susan Margaret Whitham, Head of Secretariat, Sixth Form Colleges Forum. For services to Further Education.", "Pamela Mary McCane-Whitney. For voluntary service to Cancer Research UK.\n Alister Stanley Widdowson, former Senior Teacher, British Council, Burma.\n Brian Hamilton Williams. For voluntary service to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution in Cornwall. \n Diana Joy, Mrs. Williams, Assistant Chief Officer, East Sussex Fire and Rescue Service. For services to Local Government.\n Inga Mary Williams. Secretary, Links House Senior Citizens Residence. For services to the British community in Argentina.", "Marjorie June, Mrs. Williams. For services to the Burma Star Association in the South West.\n Dr. Roger Bevan Williams, Master of Chapel and Ceremonial Music, University of Aberdeen. For services to Music.\n Christopher Wilson, J.P., Chairman, Redbridge Pensioners' Forum. For services to Older People in Greater London.\n George Wilson. For services to Business in Kent.\n Philippa Claire Wilson, Sailor. For services to Sport.", "Philippa Claire Wilson, Sailor. For services to Sport.\n Stephanie Dawn Wilson, Governor, Newland School for Girls. For voluntary service to Education and to the community in Kingston-upon-Hull. * Edward Wingrave. For services to Cycling.\n Norris Winstone. For services to Folk Music and to Dance in Norfolk.\n Lisa Nicole Wise. For public service to Global Tax Issues, H.M. Revenue and Customs.\n Ping-ka Andrew Wong. For services to the Chinese community in Northern Ireland.", "Ping-ka Andrew Wong. For services to the Chinese community in Northern Ireland.\n Christine Wood, Senior Library and Information Assistant, Benwell Library, Newcastle upon Tyne. For services to Local Government.\n Katherine Ruth Askey-Wood. For voluntary service to Cancer Research UK.\n Raymond Wood. For voluntary service to the community in Morayshire.\n Christopher John Worthington. Honorary Supervisor, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Sri Lanka. For services to the memory of the war dead.", "Christina Elizabeth Malcolm Wright, lately Head of Performing Arts Faculty, Burnholme Community College, York. For services to Education.\n Jonathan Hedley Wright. For voluntary service to the community in Bradford, West Yorkshire.\n Syd Allen Wright, Chief Technician for Insect Survey, Rothamsted Research. For services to Science.\n Michael William Young, Chair, Institute of Northern Ireland Beekeepers. For voluntary service to Apiculture and to Conservation.", "Alice Zeitlyn. For voluntary service to the community in Cambridge.", "Queen's Volunteer Reserves Medal (QVRM)\n Warrant Officer Class 2 Maurice William Byrne\n Colonel Celia Jane Harvey OBE TD\n Warrant Officer Class 2 Joseph Raymond Krikorian\n Sergeant David Paul Sadler\n\nNew Zealand\n\nCook Islands\n\nOfficer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) \n Mrs Marjorie Tuainekore Tere Crocombe, for services to the Cook Islands, the Pacific, education, literature and the community.", "Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)\n Tutai-o-Ngarnetua Toru, for public service and services to sport\n\nBritish Empire Medal (BEM)\n Taepae Tuteru, for public service and service to the Church\n Tomoavao Tamanu Wichman, for services to the community and to scientific inventions\n\nBarbados", "Barbados\n\nCommander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) \n Marvo Olivia Manning, for service to the arts and to youth development\n The Very Reverend Frank Bert Hamilton Harcourt Marshall, for services to religion and to the community\n Astor Burleigh Watts, for services to the construction industry", "Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) \n Mrs Enid Amelia Gay, for services to nursing and nursing education\n Cyrul Valentine Walker, for services to education and to the Diaspora\n Winston Carloyde Yearwood, for services to entertainment, tourism and youth education.", "Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) \n Reverend Lucille Onita Baird, for services to the Church and the community\n Mrs Marlon Loleita Hart, for services to the promotion of local cuisine\n Geoffrey Cartlon Morris, for services to education and childcare\n\nGrenada\n\nCommander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) \n George Ignatius Brizan CMG, for services to politics and education", "Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) \n Hillary Anne Gabriel, for community work with persons living with disabilities\n Richard N. Hughes, for services to sport\n Michael Pierre, for services to politics and education\n\nBritish Empire Medal (BEM) \n Peter Joseph Blair, for services to sport and culture\n John Francis, for services to farming\n\nSaint Vincent and the Grenadines", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\n\nCompanion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)\n Reverend Arthur Hoskins Huggins, for services to religion and education\n\nOfficer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)\n Alphius Nathaniel Jack, for services to business, religion and the community\n Dr Timothy Leroy Providence, for services to medicine and to the community", "Members of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) \n Mrs Muriel Dorothy Gunsam, for services to business and to religion\n Anesta Ileen Rodney, for services to education and to the community\n Mrs Cacheta Iselma Matthews-Williams, for services to business and to the community\n\nAntigua and Barbuda\n\nCompanion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)\n Colonel Trevor A. Thomas, for services to the Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force", "Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) \n Lieutenant Colonel Edward H. Croft, Antigua and Barbuda Defence Force\n\nMember of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)\n Mrs Gledina Mashela Roberts-McKay, for services to public service\n\nBelize\n\nCommander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) \n Rodwell Roosevelt Adlai Williams, for services to the public and community service", "Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) \n Mrs Floridalba Carmita Contreras, for services to the education and the community\n\nMembers of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) \n June Amelia Heusner JP, for public and community service\n Celi Nunez McCorkie, for services to the community and commerce\n\nSaint Christopher and Nevis\n\nMembers of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) \n Mrs Mary Sophia Morton, for public service\n Clifford Macleod Fitzroy Thomas, for services to the trade unions\n\nReferences", "References\n\nExternal links\n Complete list\n\nNew Year Honours\n2009 awards\n2009 awards in the United Kingdom\n2009 in the Cook Islands" ]

[ "Raebareli district is a district of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India. The city of Raebareli is the district headquarters. This district is a part of Lucknow Division in Uttar Pradesh state. The total area of Raebareli district is 3,371 Sq. km.\n\nAs of 2011, its population is 3,405,559, which makes it the 27th largest in the state. It is a predominantly rural district, with 91% of the population living in rural areas.", "Geography", "Raebareli district is located in the southern part of Awadh, at the southern end of Lucknow Division. It is compact in shape — no part of the district is especially far from the city of Raebareli. In general, the terrain is flat or gently undulating, and the soil is especially fertile and well-suited to agriculture. The elevation ranges from 100 to 120 m above sea level", ". The elevation ranges from 100 to 120 m above sea level. The prevailing slope is from higher in the northwest to lower in the southeast, and the rivers that traverse the district all flow in this direction.", "The main river of Raebareli district is the Ganges, which forms the southern border of the district; the other rivers in the district are all its tributaries. The Ganges enters the district at Malipur, close to the Baksar ghat, and then flows southeast until reaching Bairua, where it bends more to the north. After Ralpur it turns east-northeast until it reaches Dalmau, where it returns to a southeastern course", ". It flows mostly straight in this direction until reaching Gukana, where it turns sharply to the south before resuming its original direction at the Naubasta ghat, and then it maintains this course until leaving the district at Katra Bahadurganj. The bed of the Ganges is sandy and has a width of about two miles. It is navigable throughout the district for boats carrying up to 40 tons, although now its importance as a means of transportation has declined in favour of road and rail.", "The other main river in the district is the Sai, which is a tributary of the Ganges. It flows right down the middle of the district, from Rampur Sudauli in the northwestern corner to Kanhpur in the southeast, and has a meandering course. The Sai is not navigable — its depth during the hot season is no more than two feet — and it is not well suited for irrigation because it has high banks, leaving the actual level of the water well below the ground level of the surrounding terrain.", "Most of the smaller rivers in Raebareli district are tributaries of the Sai. The Basaha, a right-bank tributary of the Sai, has its source in wetlands near Khiron and then flows in a well-defined bed before joining the Sai near Purai, west of the district headquarters. During the hot months it dries up completely, but during the rainy season it becomes fairly large. In years with high rainfall, the high volume of water in the Basaha can cause flooding further downstream after joining the Sai", ". The Soh is another small right-bank tributary of the Sai; it begins in Unnao district and flows a bit to the north of the Unnao-Raebareli road before joining the Sai near the village of Bardar. The Chob, one of two streams with that name in the district, flows north from the watershed at Itaura Buzurg to its confluence with the Sai at Bara Dih, near Salon. This river historically formed the boundary between the Baiswara region and the lands of the Kanhpuria Rajputs.", "There are also four small streams that go by the generic name Naiya; these are seasonal drainage channels that dry up during the cold months. The Kathwara Naiya begins northeast of Johwa Sharqi and flows southeast, then south, and then after reaching the namesake village of Kathwara it turns southwest. It joins the Sai near the village of Andohar", ". It joins the Sai near the village of Andohar. The Maharajganj Naiya rises in the jhils near Kumhrawan in the north of the district; it takes a meandering course towards the south before joining the Sai at the village of Makraha near Parshadepur. The Nasirabad Naiya flows south past Nasirabad, its namesake, then turns east for a short distance before turning back to the south. It joins the Sai near Ateha in Pratapgarh district", ". It joins the Sai near Ateha in Pratapgarh district. The last stream called the Naiya is the Simrauta Naiya, which originates in Barabanki district and is a tributary of the Gomti rather than the Sai.", "There are also a couple of tributaries of the Ganges in Raebareli district. One is the other Chob, which begins on the south side of the Itaura Buzurg watershed and flows south before joining the Ganges at Shahzadpur, just upstream from the Gukana ghat. The Loni, further west, can be fairly large but usually dries up during the hot season. It begins in Unnao district and then follows a winding course through Raebareli district before joining the Ganges just west of Dalmau.", "These rivers and streams demarcate the main natural areas of the district. There are four main areas: the Ganges floodplains, in the south along the Ganges; the Dalmau plain, which is the upland area between the limits of the Ganges floodwaters and the Sai catchment; the Sai Catchment, extending for about 25 km on either side of the Sai; and the Bachhrawan-Jais plain in the north.", "Ganges floodplain", "In the south are the low-lying khadar lands below the old high bank of the Ganges. This area is locally called kachar. In some places, the Ganges bank is a cliff and the kachar is nonexistent; in other areas it can be up to 2 miles wide. Kachar lands closest to the river are inundated each year during the wet season, so that cultivation is only possible during the rabi season", ". Kachar lands further inland are generally protected from annual floods; they are well-suited for agriculture and often do well without irrigation. Villages in this area are especially large and usually are built on the high bank of the Ganges to protect from flood waters.", "Dalmau plain", "Above the high bank of the Ganges, the landscape is eroded by tributary channels so that it consists of various mostly-flat plateaus separated by nalas. The soil in the Ganges uplands is typically a light loam with a fair amount of sand mixed in; the plateaus have more fertile soil than the ravines along the nalas. Wheat is the main cereal crop grown in this area; there are only a few localities where the water collects in hollows and rice is the staple crop", ". Historically, this tract was well-shaded by mango and mahua groves.", "A bit further north, there is a belt of slightly lower-lying land with stiffer clay soil interspersed with broad shallow wetlands and patches of barren usar land. This area stretches from Khiron towards Lalganj and Thalrai, and then on to Bela Bhela and Rohanian. Rice is the main crop grown here — in many areas, the soil is too stiff to support rabi crops, and in still other areas, it only supports a light crop of gram and linseed after the rice harvest.", "A mostly continuous chain of jhils runs through this clayey region for the entire length of the district. They are parallel to the courses of the Ganges and the Sai, and they may represent an old river bed. This group of jhils is distinctly deep and narrow compared to elsewhere in the district, and many of them are oxbow or irregular in shape. The soil here is much less stiff than the surrounding clay, and instead it ranges from sand to light loam", ". The chain of jhils forms three distinct systems: in the west, near Khiron, they form the source of the Basaha; closer to Dalmau, they form a series of small channels that eventually join the Sai; finally, in the east near Salon, they form one of the Naiyas which eventually goes into Pratapgarh district. The jhils all dry up mostly or entirely during the hot season.", "Sai catchment\nThe Sai uplands generally resemble the Ganges uplands, although here the least fertile soils are more extreme than in the Ganges uplands. The good soils along the Sai, though, are among the best in the district for agriculture. On the south side of the river, west of Raebareli, many nalas cut up the terrain. The Sai basin narrows further east, around Pandri Ganeshpur.", "Bachhrawan-Jais plain\nThe northern part of the district generally has firm loamy or clayey soil, with rice as the staple crop. This area is studded with various jhils, of which the largest are the Mung Tal, Hanswa, Khaur, and Salothu. Like the jhils on the Dalmau plain, these northern jhils largely dry up during the hot season. Settlements in this region are more sparsely distributed than elsewhere in the district.", "Forests", "Woodlands once covered a large area in Raebareli district, but this has mostly been cleared to make room for agriculture. In the 1800s, William Henry Sleeman described a large jungle stretching out for 12 miles on either side of the Sai, which historically formed a stronghold of the Nain Kanhpurias; after their participation in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British cut down parts of it to break it up", ". Patches of dhak jungle remain throughout the areas with stiff soils, as well as along the Sai, but their total area is negligible.", "The common trees of Raebareli district are the same as the rest of southern Awadh. The most common growing wild are neem, babul, bargad, pipal, tamarisk, and jamun. Mango and mahua trees are also widely grown in orchards throughout the district. The shisham is uncommon in Raebareli district, and past attempts to introduce the sal were unsuccessful.", "Wildlife", "Due to extensive deforestation in modern times, the number and variety of wild animals present in Raebareli district has fallen significantly. In the early 19th century there were wild tigers, hyenas, and buffaloes in the high tamarisk woodlands along the Ganges, but these had disappeared by 1900. The Indian wolf was also once common, but by the 20th century it had become rare", ". The Indian wolf was also once common, but by the 20th century it had become rare. Antelopes, also once common, have similarly declined and are now represented by a few nilgai along the Ganges as well as some blackbucks along the Ganges and around Bachhrawan. Wild cattle also exist in small numbers along the Sai and Ganges, and jackals are also sometimes seen. Other mammals include foxes, cats, and mongooses.", "The birds present in the district are similar to surrounding districts. There are plenty of waterfowl and snipe during the cold months, and quail are also fairly common. There are also some black partridges and sandgrouses on the Ganges floodplain. The red-headed parrot was also formerly caught for its feathers.", "History", "Raebareli district did not exist as a distinct administrative division until 1858. After the British annexation of Oudh State in 1856, there was originally a Salon district, with its headquarters at Salon, and which stretched from Purwa to Allahabad, but in 1858 this was scrapped and Raebareli district was created. However, Raebareli district has since undergone major territorial changes. As originally drawn up, Raebareli district was composed of four tehsils: Raebareli, Haidergarh, Bihar, and Dalmau", ". Raebareli and Dalmau tehsils, which were soon merged, each contained a single pargana of the same name. Haidergarh tehsil contained four parganas: Haidergarh, Kumhrawan, Bachhrawan, and Hardoi. Meanwhile, Bihar tehsil covered the region known as Baiswara and had nine parganas: Bihar, Khiron, Sareni, Bhagwantnagar, Daundia Khera, Patan, Panhan, Magrayar, and Ghatampur.", "The resulting district boundaries were very irregular and in 1869 there was a significant administrative overhaul. All of Bihar tehsil except for Khiron and Sareni were transferred into Unnao district, and the Haidergarh pargana was moved into Barabanki district. Meanwhile, the parganas of Inhauna, Mohanganj, Rokha Jais, and Simrauta were moved into Raebareli district from Sultanpur district, while the parganas of Salon and Parshadepur were taken from Pratapgarh district.", "As a result of these changes, the tehsil arrangement of Raebareli district was altered. A new Dalmau tehsil was formed containing the parganas of Dalmau, Khiron, and Sareni, leaving Raebareli tehsil containing the single pargana of Raebareli. Salon remained a tehsil headquarters, as it had been under Pratapgarh district, comprising the parganas of Salon, Parshadepur, and Rokha Jais (replacing Ateha, which was left in Pratapgarh district)", ". In the north of the district, the remnants of the Haidergarh and Mohanganj tehsils were united under the new Maharajganj tehsil, which comprised the parganas of Mohanganj, Simrauta, Inhauna, Kumhrawan, Bachhrawan, and Hardoi.", "When Raebareli district was first formed, it was made the seat of Raebareli division, along with Sultanpur and Pratapgarh districts, but in 1891 this division was merged with Lucknow division.", "Early history", "The history of what is now Raebareli district is mostly unknown until the time of the medieval Delhi Sultanate. The only sources for this period are local traditions. One thing that most traditions agree on is that this region was originally ruled by the Bhars, and most old ruins in the district are generally attributed to them", ". The Bhars appear to have been in power in this area longer than anywhere else in Awadh, and they were not finally subjugated until the reign of Ibrahim Shah of the Jaunpur Sultanate (early 15th century). According to legend, the cities of Raebareli and Dalmau take their names from two Bhar rulers named Dal and Bal, but if they ever existed, it is impossible to assign any dates to them. In any case, tradition holds that the Bhars were later driven out by the Rajputs and, to a lesser extent, the Muslims.", "The Rajputs that came to rule over the area of today's Raebareli district mostly belonged to three main clains: the Bais in the south and west, the Kanhpurias in the east, and the Amethias in the north. Of these, the Bais were the first; their family traditions state that they came to this region around 1250 under one Abhai Chand, who was rewarded by the Gautam Raja of Argal (in what is now Fatehpur district) with a grant of lands that the raja had only nominal control over", ". His descendants came to rule over the region known as Baiswara. The Kanhpurias also became powerful in this region at an early date; their original base was at Kanhpur between Salon and Pratapgarh. As for the Amethias, they were always the weakest of the three clans in this region; they got their name from the town of Amethi in today's Lucknow district.", "Early Muslim dynasties", "The early history of the Muslims in this region are not clear. According to legend, Dalmau was conquered by Salar Sahu, father of Sayyid Salar Masud, in 423 AH, and he then appointed one Malik Abdullah as governor. However, it is more likely that Dalmau only came under Muslim control during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate, when one Malik Mubarak was made governor, and that before this Dalmau had been under Hindu rule", ". Some early Muslim immigrants also came from Manikpur, such as the Gardezi Sayyids of Mustafabad and the Pathans of Amanwan and Pahremau.", "The Jaunpur Sultanate was the first major Muslim polity to make significant inroads in the area of today's district. In 1376, one Mardan Daulat Nasir-ul-Mulk was given the territories of Kara and Mahoba, along with the iqta of Dalmau. This man was given the title \"Malik-ush-Sharq\" by Firoz Shah Tughlaq and later became known as Khizr Khan", ". It is not known how long Khizr Khan retained control of Dalmau, but in 1394 it was given to Khwaja-i-Jahan, founder of the Jaunpur Sultanate, along with the rest of Awadh.", "The most prominent of the Jaunpur Sultans in the history of Raebareli district was Ibrahim Shah, who rose to power in 1401. He posted a governor at Dalmau and went to war against the Bhars and Rajputs, and he went on to establish most of the Muslim outposts in the area. It was during this time that Raebareli was probably built up into a major town for the first time, with a qazi posted there", ". After Ibrahim Shah's death, however, the Bais and Kanhpuria Rajputs reasserted their independence and were not subdued until the reign of the final Jaunpur Sultan, Husain Shah, who was Ibrahim's grandson.", "After Husain Shah's defeat by Bahlol Lodi, the region came under the nominal authority of the Delhi Sultanate. The Rajputs again took advantage of the temporary instability to strengthen their own position. In 1492, the Bachgotis in what is now Pratapgarh district rebelled, and Sikandar Lodi went on a campaign against them. He reached Dalmau in 1493, and fought a battle at Katghar nearby where he routed the Bachgotis", ". He reached Dalmau in 1493, and fought a battle at Katghar nearby where he routed the Bachgotis. Another rebellion later broke out in Jaunpur, and Sikandar passed through the area on his way to deal with it. He stopped at Dalmau on the way and married the widow of Sher Khan Lohani while he was there.", "Ain-i-Akbari\nAt the time of the Ain-i-Akbari in the late 1500s, the area of today's Raebareli district was divided between three different sarkars in two subahs: most belonged to Manikpur sarkar in Allahabad Subah, while portions in the north and west were included in Awadh and Lucknow sarkars in Awadh Subah.", "12 mahals (i.e. parganas) of Manikpur sarkar were located partly or totally in the area of Raebareli district. In the north was Bhilwal, aka Bhalol, which was named after a village in what is now Barabanki district; it was later transferred to Nagram in today's Lucknow district, and Nagram remained the pargana headquarters until the foundation of Haidergarh at the end of the 18th century", ". The small pargana of Thulendi bordered Bhilwal to the south; its namesake was an old Muslim qasba, and the headquarters were moved to Bachhrawan during the time of Shuja-ud-Daula. To the south of Thulendi was the large pargana of Raebareli. South of Raebareli was Dalmau, whose borders then probably corresponded fairly closely with its 20th-century borders, although some of the western part probably belonged to the Baiswara mahals of Lucknow sarkar", ". Bordering Dalmau was the pargana of Salon, which provided the Mughal army with an \"unusually large force\" consisting of 8,900 infantry and 180 cavalry. North of Salon, and bordering Raebareli, was the pargana of Nasirabad, which included the later parganas of Parshadepur and Rokha (before it was merged with Jais). The pargana of Jais, at that time, also covered the later parganas of Mohanganj, Gaura Jamun (now in Sultanpur district), and part of Simrauta", ". The Kanhpurias were probably already the predominant group in the pargana; the later dismantling of Jais pargana took place towards the end of the 18th century, at the same time that the Kanhpuria estates were divided.", "Two other mahals from Manikpur sarkar covered parts of Raebareli district: Qariat Guzara and Qariat Paegah. These were each very scattered entities consisting of various villages throughout the Salon tehsil as well as Pratapgarh district (Qariat Guzara had 262 villages and Qariat Paegah had 256)", ". The purpose of Qariat Guzara is unclear; the word guzara means \"maintenance\", and it has been suggested that this mahal consisted of either villages assigned to the ruler's own (private) servants or villages whose revenues went towards the cost of entertaining royal messengers or other public servants passing through Manikpur", ". As for Qariat Paegah, the word paegah refers to a stable, indicating that its villages' revenues were set aside to defray the expenses incurred through the purchase and maintenance of the royal cattle. The two mahals each had their own courts as well as their own qanungos, whose descendants are still known as Guzaras and Paegahwalas respectively.", "In the sarkar of Awadh, there were two mahals that covered parts of Raibareli district; these were Inhauna and Subeha. In the Ain-i-Akbari, Inhauna is said to have been held by Chauhans who had recently converted to Islam, which is possibly a reference to the Bhale Sultans, although they were mostly based further east. Alternatively, this could be a confused reference to the Bais of Inhauna, who are known to have converted to Islam in large numbers at an early date", ". As for Subeha, it was a very large mahal at that point; besides the later pargana of that name in today's Barabanki district, it also included the northern part of the later pargana of Simrauta, and possibly the northwestern part of Inhauna as well, although its exact boundaries at the time are uncertain.", "At the time of the Ain-i-Akbari, the western part of today's Raebareli district was part of Lucknow sarkar, but the correspondence here is harder to trace. The modern parganas of Khiron and Sareni, in Baiswara, were then divided into several mahals that later ceased to exist", ". The ones in Sareni include Nisgar (or \"Lashkar\"), named after a village on the banks of the Ganges southwest of Sareni; Tara Singhaur, named after the present village of Singhaur Tara some distance downstream from Nisgar, in the far southeast of the pargana; Kahanjara, whose name is still preserved in the village of Kahanjar in the north of the pargana; and finally Deorakh, which refers to the present-day hamlet of Deorahar in the village of Raipur, and which covered the south-central part of the pargana", ". As for Khiron, it was mostly if not entirely covered by the mahal of Satanpur, although the northwestern corner may have belonged to Maurawan in Unnao district, or one of the other small mahals of Baiswara. Maurawan must have also included the later pargana of Raebareli. The mahal called \"Haihar\" in the Ain-i-Akbari probably corresponds to the modern village of Aihar, near Lalganj; this was a small mahal that belonged to the Bais", ". Finally, the mahal of Hardoi seems to be identical with the later pargana of the same name (not to be confused with the Hardoi in Hardoi district), but this is located some distance away from the rest of Lucknow sarkar and would have been entirely surrounded by Manikpur. It's not clear why this territory was included in Lucknow rather than Manikpur.", "Later Mughals and Nawabs of Awadh\nAfter Akbar died, the Rajput clans in the region once again enjoyed a period of relative independence. From this period until the foundation of Oudh State in the 18th century, the history of this area is basically synonymous with the history of its Rajput dynasties. It was during this period that the Saibasi branch of the Bais established their large domain.", "When Saadat Ali Khan I was made governor of Awadh, he travelled through the region to secure the submission of the Rajput leaders. In order to earn their loyalty, he acknowledged the Rajput chiefs' rulership and entrusted them with collection of revenues within their own territories. This policy was generally successful.", "Asaf-ud-Daula succeeded to the throne in 1774 and granted his mother the parganas of Salon, Jais, and Nasirabad in jagir. He also put Raebareli, Dalmau, Khiron, and Thulendi under the control of the chakladar of Baiswara at about the same time. From then until the British annexation of Awadh, the area of today's Raebareli district was then divided between the chaklas of Salon and Baiswara.\n\nDivisions\n\nRaebareli district is divided into 7 tehsils and 21 community development blocks, as follows:", "Raebareli district is divided into 7 tehsils and 21 community development blocks, as follows:\n\nMaharajganj tehsil\nBachhrawan block\nShivgarh block\nMaharajganj block\nTiloi tehsil\nSinghpur block\nTiloi block\nBahadurpur block\nRai Bareli tehsil\nHarchandpur block\nAmawan block\nSataon block\nRahi block\nLalganj tehsil\nKhiron block\nSareni block\nLalganj block\nDalmau tehsil\nDalmau block\nDeenshah Gaura block\nUnchahar tehsil\nJagatpur block\nUnchahar block\nRohniya block\nSalon tehsil\nDih block\nChhatoh block\nSalon block", "Municipalities\nRae Bareli district has 9 statutory towns, including 2 Nagar Palika Parishads (municipal boards) and 7 Nagar Panchayats. There are no non-statutory census towns in the district. The district's towns are as follows:", "Villages\nRaebareli district has 1,773 villages, of which 1,733 are inhabited and 40 are uninhabited. As of 2011, a majority of the populated villages (950 of them or 56%) have a population between 500 and 1,999 people. At the extreme ends of the spectrum, there are 67 villages (4% of the total) with a population below 200, and there are 16 (1%) with a population greater than 10,000.", "In some places, a village's population is entirely clustered in the main site, or abadi, while in other cases a village consists of multiple hamlets, or purwas, dotting the landscape. There are over 8,000 such hamlets in Raebareli district, many of which are extremely small and consist of only two or three houses. These hamlets are typically founded by cultivators who want to live close to their fields in order to tend to them better.", "Economy\nRaebareli district is predominantly agrarian and it produces large amounts of grain. The district is self-sufficient in grain production and also exports some to places like Europe, Japan, and North America.\n\nIn 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Raebareli one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 34 districts in Uttar Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).", "Raebareli has also been nominated by the state government for receiving aid through central government's Smart Cities in India Programme.\n\nPowerplant at Unchahar (National Thermal Power Limited, NTPC)", "Agriculture\nThere are two main harvests, the kharif in autumn and the rabi in spring. As in other areas, the intermediate zaid harvest that takes place during the summer is far less significant. In general, kharif crops are sown over a wider area than rabi crops, but the latter are economically more valuable. During the 1970s, there was a significant increase in the area under rabi crops so that by 1981 it covered a larger area than kharif cropland.", "Kharif crops", "Rice is by far the most important kharif crop. The district is well-suited to rice cultivation: the northern part of the district is situated in a belt of clayey soil ideal for growing rice, and in the south, the lake-studded area between Dalmau, Raebareli, and Salon is also a major rice-growing region. There are two types of rice known as early (dhan or kuari) and late (jarhan). Late rice produces a higher yield per acre, but is more cost-intensive to produce", ". Late rice produces a higher yield per acre, but is more cost-intensive to produce. It involves transplanting the rice plants once they reach a height of 5 or 6 inches into special enclosures called jhatas that are reclaimed from lakes or marshes, or alternatively into adjoining land well-suited for irrigation. Late rice is sown after the onset of the monsoon rains and harvested in November. Its land is usually not used to grow rabi crops. Early rice, meanwhile, is more dependent on rainfall", ". Early rice, meanwhile, is more dependent on rainfall. It is sown in July and then weeding begins two weeks later. It is harvested in mid-September, and then in October the fields are prepared for rabi crops such as peas, barley, or wheat.", "The other main kharif crop is juwar, which is the largest of the millets. It does best in loamy soils and is most extensively grown in the area around Dalmau. Juwar can do fairly well on its own without much intervention, and many farmworkers will mostly leave it alone between sowing and harvesting and devote their attention to other crops instead. Kodon, a smaller millet, is also grown widely in the district. Like juwar, it can succeed with minimal intervention. The two are often grown along with arhar.", "Urd, along with other pulses like moth and mung, is generally grown in outlying fields or mixed in with groves. Sown in August and harvested in November, these crops are generally not irrigated and depend on good rains late in the season. Bajra is generally not very widely grown in the district, but it makes for an important crop in certain localities, particularly along the Sai", ". It is only grown in lighter soils, often mixed with arhar, and requires less rainfall than juwar — as long as the rain doesn't fail altogether, bajra typically provides a good harvest. Another fairly widespread crop is mandua, which is grown more in Raebareli district than in most parts of Awadh. Other crops grown during the kharif season include sunn hemp, oilseeds, groundnuts, onions, garlic, potatoes, and miscellaneous fruits and vegetables", ". The potato in particular is the main vegetable crop in the district.", "Rabi crops", "Among the rabi crops, the most important are wheat and barley. Wheat is economically more important than barley, although it is less extensively grown. It does best in light, loamy soil and is usually irrigated. Preparation of wheat fields begins before the monsoon rains come, when they are treated with manure, and then in late September they are cleared of weeds. The wheat is sown in early October, then given a first watering in early November once the plants reach 2 or 3 inches in height", ". The fields are again irrigated in December, and often also a third time in late January, and then the crop is harvested in late March and early April. As for barley, it is usually grown mixed with gram, although sometimes it's mixed with wheat instead, or grown alone. It is grown in all types of soil and usually is not irrigated, instead relying on good rains during the winter.", "Gram is commonly grown either with barley or linseed. It does best in clayey soil and often is planted in fields that are also used to grow rice. It is planted in October and then nipped while young, before flowering, in order to improve growth. It ripens by March and the harvest is usually finished by the second week in April.", "Among other rabi crops, peas are usually sown together with other crops such as barley or oilseeds. They are widely cultivated, and in drier seasons they provide an important source of income for farmers. Tobacco is not widely grown, although several villages have a reputation for producing it due to the brackish water in their wells. Kandrawan, Pirhi, and Oi are a few examples", ". Kandrawan, Pirhi, and Oi are a few examples. As with the kharif season, the rabi also has cultivation of sunn hemp, oilseeds, groundnuts, onions, garlic, and potatoes, along with miscellaneous fruits and vegetables.", "Although now banned, poppy was historically one of the most important crops grown in Raebareli district. Raebareli was one of the main poppy-producing districts in the region, and poppy was \"the great rent-paying crop\" in the district — on multiple occasions, income from poppy production was enough to pay the entire government revenue. Like wheat, poppy thrives best in lighter soils and was extensively irrigated; it was planted in late October and weeded soon after sprouting", ". The weeding, as well as irrigation, was repeated 3 or 4 times before the harvest in February and March. There was a dramatic increase in poppy cultivation in the late 19th century, peaking in 1884 and declining somewhat after that.", "Zaid crops", "The zaid harvest is a comparatively minor one — in 1980–1981, zaid croplands covered an area of just 8,223 hectares, compared to almost 200,000 hectares for the kharif and rabi crops. The main zaid crop is sanwan (Panicum miliaceum), a small-grained millet that grows fast and prefers stiffer soils. Melons are not widely grown; most melon production is along the course of the Sai. Hot-weather rice is also grown along the edges of lakes, swamps, and drainage channels", ". Hot-weather rice is also grown along the edges of lakes, swamps, and drainage channels. It is typically grown by making an embankment in a jhil when there is still plenty of water, and then emptying it of water and using that area to sow the rice. Irrigation is then brought in from outside.", "Irrigation", "Raebareli district has plenty of irrigation sources, both natural and artificial. Although typically shallow, the extensive lakes and jhils sprinkled across the district provide plenty of water to irrigate rice when the monsoon rains let up, and they also provide enough water for at least one or two waterings during the winter months. These natural sources are supplemented by a variety of artificial sources: wells, canals, tube wells, and lift irrigation. As of 2011, 82", ". As of 2011, 82.2% of the total farmland in Raebareli district is irrigated. Of this, 51.2% is by canals, 48.3% is by tube wells, and 0.5% comes from other sources. As of 1998, the district had a canal network of 2,775 km along with 56,019 pumping stations, 382 government-owned and 9,460 privately owned tube wells, and 2,436 masonry wells.", "Industry", "Before the 1970s, there was no large-scale industry in Raebareli district. Between 1972 and 1982, 11 large industrial units opened in the district, collectively employing 6,000 people. These included factories belonging to Indian Telephone Industries Limited and to Modi Carpets, a textile mill, a spinning mill, a sugar mill, a paper mill, and manufacturers of soft drinks and high-tension insulators", ". As of 1982, there were 8 more large- and medium-scale units under construction, including two paper mills, two foundries, a magnesite-bauxite complex under UPSIDC, and a manufacturer of PVC power cables. The Modern Coach Factory at Lalganj, which commenced operation in 2012, covers an area of 541 hectares and employs up to 1,450 people in producing Linke Holfmann Busch (LHB) coaches for Indian Railways.", "Small-scale industry also expanded dramatically in the district during the 1970s: from 291 registered units in 1972 to 1,354 as of July 1982. These included manufacturers of power transformers, electric cables, fertilizers, chlorinated wax, injection needles, PVC pipes, barbed wire, agricultural implements, leather goods, and furniture, among others", ". Other commodities currently produced by small-scale industries in Raebareli district include plastics, hosiery, footwear, lime, ice cream and other sweets, ayurvedic medicines, beedies, plywood, mats, baskets, and ropes.", "Demographics", "According to the 2011 census Raebareli district has a population of 3,405,559, roughly equal to the nation of Panama or the US state of Connecticut. This gives it a ranking of 97th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 18.51%. Rae Bareli has a sex ratio of 941 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 81.04%", ".51%. Rae Bareli has a sex ratio of 941 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 81.04%. Post division into Amethi district and the remerging of Salon tehsil, it has a population of 2,903,507. Scheduled Castes made up 30.58% of the population in the divided district.", "Languages\n\nAt the time of the 2011 Census of India, in what is now Raebareli district 94.67% of the population in the district spoke Hindi (or a related language), 3.56% Awadhi and 1.60% Urdu as their first language. The local language is Awadhi but most people record their language as Hindi in the census.\n\nTransportation\n\nRaebareli is on the route of National Highway 30, between Lucknow and Allahabad. Ring Road Raebareli is an outer bypass road and crosses the Sharda River.", "Closest major airport to Raebareli is in Lucknow at about distance on the National Highway 30. Other major airport is in Allahabad at distance on National Highway 30.\n\nRae Bareli town is connected with Lucknow by a branch of the Oudh and Rohilkhand railway, which in 1898 was extended to Benares.\n\nA rail line is being built from Raebareli to Akbarganj, on the Northern Railways network.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n \nDistricts of Uttar Pradesh" ]

[ "The American cable and satellite television network Pop was originally launched in 1981 as a barker channel service providing a display of localized channel and program listings for cable television providers. Later on, the service, branded Prevue Channel or Prevue Guide and later as Prevue, began to broadcast interstitial segments alongside the on-screen guide, which included entertainment news and promotions for upcoming programs", ". After Prevue's parent company, United Video Satellite Group, acquired the entertainment magazine TV Guide in 1998 (UVSG would in turn, be acquired by Gemstar the following year), the service was relaunched as TV Guide Channel (later TV Guide Network), which now featured full-length programs dealing with the entertainment industry, including news magazines and reality shows, along with red carpet coverage from major award shows.", "Following the acquisition of TV Guide Network by Lionsgate in 2009, its programming began to shift towards a general entertainment format with reruns of dramas and sitcoms. In 2013, CBS Corporation acquired of a 50% stake in the network, and the network was renamed TVGN", ". In 2013, CBS Corporation acquired of a 50% stake in the network, and the network was renamed TVGN. At the same time, as its original purpose grew obsolete because of the integrated program guides offered by digital television platforms, the network began to downplay and phase out its program listings service; as of June 2014, none of the network's carriage contracts require the display of the listings, and they were excluded entirely from its high-definition simulcast", ". In 2015, the network was rebranded as Pop. In March 2019, CBS acquired Lionsgate's 50% stake in the network; which in turn the network has been managed by ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global) in December that year.", "History\n\n1980s\n\nElectronic program guide", "Launched in 1981 by United Video Satellite Group, the network began its life as a simple electronic program guide (EPG) software application sold to cable system operators throughout the United States and Canada. Known simply as the Electronic Program Guide, the software was designed to be run within the headend facility of each participating cable system on a single, custom-modified consumer-grade computer supplied by United Video", ". Its scrolling program listings grid, which cable system operators broadcast to subscribers on a dedicated channel, covered the entire screen and provided four hours of listings for each system's entire channel lineup, one half-hour period at a time. Because of this, listings for programs currently airing would often be several minutes from being shown", ". Additionally, because the EPG software generated only video, cable operators commonly resorted to filling the EPG channel's audio feed with music from a local FM radio station, or with programming from a cable television-oriented audio service provider such as Cable Radio Network.", "By 1985 and under the newly formed Trakker, Inc. unit of United Video Satellite Group, two versions of the EPG were offered: EPG Jr., a 16KB EPROM version which ran on various Atari models including the 130XE and 600XL, and EPG Sr., a 3½ bootable diskette version for the Amiga 1000", "., a 3½ bootable diskette version for the Amiga 1000. Raw program listings data for national cable networks, as well as for regional and local broadcast stations, were fed en masse from a mainframe based in Tulsa, Oklahoma to each EPG installation via a 2400 baud data stream on an audio subcarrier of WGN by United Video (which was also the satellite distributor of the WGN national superstation feed)", ". On some installations of the EPG, a flashing dot next to the on-screen clock would indicate proper reception of this data. By cherry-picking data from this master feed for only the networks that its cable system actually carried, each EPG installation was able to generate a continuous visual display of program listings customized to its local cable system's unique channel lineup (data describing the unique channel lineup each EPG was to display also arrived via this master feed).", "Both the EPG Jr. and EPG Sr. allowed cable operators to further customize their operation locally. Among other functions, the listings grid's scrolling speed could be changed and local text-based advertisements could be inserted. Each text-based advertisement could be configured to display as either a \"scroll ad\" (appearing within the vertically scrolling listings grid between its half-hour cycles) or as a \"crawl ad\" (appearing within a horizontally scrolling ticker at the bottom of the screen)", ". If no advertisements were configured as \"crawl ads,\" the bottom ticker would not be shown on-screen. The on-screen appearances of both the Jr. and Sr. versions of the EPG software differed only slightly, due primarily to differences in text font and extended ASCII graphic glyph character rendering between the underlying Atari and Amiga platforms.", "Because neither version of the EPG software was capable of silent remote administration for its locally customizable features, cable company employees were required to visit their headend facilities in order to make all necessary adjustments to the software in person", ". Consequently, EPG channel viewers would often see its otherwise continuous listings interrupted without warning each time a cable company technician brought up its administrative menus to adjust settings, view diagnostics information, or hunt-and-peck new local text advertisements into the menus' built-in text editor.", "The Atari-based EPG Jr. units were encased in blue rack enclosures containing custom-made outboard electronics, such as the Zephyrus Electronics Ltd. UV-D-2 demodulator board, which delivered data decoded from the WGN data stream to the Atari's 13 pin SIO port (the EPG Jr. software's EPROM was interfaced to the Atari's ROM cartridge port).", "Split-screen electronic program guide", "By the late 1980s, a software upgrade \"option\" was offered by United Video for the Amiga 1000-based EPG Sr. This updated version featured a program listings grid identical in appearance to that of the original EPG Sr. version, but confined it to the lower half of the screen. In this new split-screen configuration, which was the forerunner to Prevue Guide, the upper half of the screen displayed static or animated graphical advertisements and logos created locally by each cable system operator", ". Up to 64 such ads were supported by the software, which ranged from ads for local and national businesses to promotions for cable channels carried by the local system. Locally created text-based advertisements were still supported, however, they now also appeared in the top half of the screen – support for showing them within the listings grid as scrolling ads, or beneath it as crawling banner ads, had been removed.", "Although most cable systems kept the original, full-screen EPG in operation well into the early 1990s, some systems with large numbers of subscribers opted for this upgraded version of EPG Sr. in order to exploit the revenue potential of its graphical local advertising capabilities. The Atari-based EPG Jr. was never afforded this split-screen upgrade and fell out of favor during the late 1980s as cable systems migrated to the full- or split-screen Amiga 1000-based EPG Sr", "., and later to the Amiga 2000-based Prevue Guide. However, the EPG Jr. remained in service as late as 2005 on a few small cable systems, as well as on a number of private cable systems operated by various hotel chains and certain housing and apartment complexes.", "Prevue Guide", "In April 1988, United Video Holdings' Trakker, Inc. unit was renamed Prevue Networks, Inc. The split-screen version of the EPG Sr. software was further updated and renamed \"Prevue Guide\". Now running on the Amiga 2000, it displayed a split-screen listings grid visually identical to the upgraded EPG Sr", ".'s, but also supported – along with up to 128 locally inserted top-screen graphical advertisements – the display of video with accompanying sound in the top half of the screen, primarily promos for upcoming television shows, films and special events. These videos appeared in either the left or right halves of the top portion of the screen, coupled with supplementary information concerning the advertised program in the opposing halves (program title, channel, air date and time).", "Making the video integration possible were the Amiga 2000's native video compositing capabilities. All video (and associated audio) content was provided live by Prevue Networks via a special analog C-band satellite backhaul feed from Tulsa", ". This feed contained a national satellite listings grid in the bottom half of its picture (strictly as a courtesy for the era's C-band dish owners), with the top half of its picture divided horizontally in two, both halves showing promos for unrelated telecasts on different networks (sound for each half was provided in monoaural on the feed's respective left and right audio channels).", "Within each cable system's headend facility, meanwhile, the Amiga 2000-powered Prevue Guide software overlaid the bottom half of the satellite feed's video frame with its own, locally generated listings grid", ". It also continuously chose which of the two simultaneously available promos in the top half of the satellite feed's picture to let local cable subscribers see, patching its audio through to them while visually blocking out the other promo (usually with text promoting the program's next airtime and cable channel)", ". During periods where both of the satellite feed's simultaneous promos were for cable networks not carried by a local cable system, the local Prevue Guide software blocked out both, filling the entire top half of the screen with a local text or graphical advertisement instead (either an ad for a local or national business, or a promotion for a channel that the cable provider carried – displaying that channel's logo and supplementary information on the opposing sides in the upper half)", ". The satellite feed's national scheduling grid was never meant to be seen by cable subscribers. On occasion, however, when a cable system's local Prevue Guide software crashed, causing it to display the Amiga Guru Meditation error message, subscribers would be exposed to the satellite feed's full video frame, letting them see not only the two disparate promos simultaneously running in its upper half, but perhaps more confusingly, the satellite transponder-oriented national listings grid in its lower half.", "Commercials – often for psychic hotlines – and featurettes produced by Prevue Networks, such as Prevue Tonight, that were voiced by Larry Hoefling (who served as the network's announcer from 1989 to 1993), were also delivered via this satellite feed", ". For commercials, as well as overnight and early morning infomercials, the top half of the feed's video frame would be completely filled out, with local cable system Prevue Guide installations letting it show through in full in a pillarboxed anamorphic widescreen format (some direct response ads that were compartmentalized to one area of the video frame featured contact information in the opposing feed that was blocked out, in addition to that provided in the advertisement)", ". The satellite feed also carried a third audio channel containing Prevue Guide theme music in an infinite loop. Local Prevue Guide installations would switch to this audio source during the display of local top-screen advertising, and when they crashed. Prevue Guide could additionally signal cable system video playback equipment to override the Prevue Networks satellite feed entirely with up to nine minutes of local, video-based advertising per hour", ". Few cable systems utilized this feature, however, owing to the need to produce special versions of their local advertisements wherein, as with the satellite feed itself, all action occurred only within the top half of the video frame.", "Other features of Prevue Guide that were unavailable in the earlier full- and split-screen EPG Sr. versions were colorized listings backgrounds and program-by-program channel summaries. Between its already colored grid lines, which alternated blue, green, yellow and red with each half-hour listings cycle, each cable operator could choose to enable either red or light blue (rather than black) background colors for multiple channels of their choice", ". These backgrounds were usually used to highlight premium channels and pay-per-view services. Additionally, program-by-program channel summaries with light grey backgrounds, for up to four channels of each cable operator's choice, could be included within the scrolling grid", ". Appearing between each four-hour listings cycle, the names of channels (rather than times) would scroll up and slide into the grid's header bar one at a time (similar to the time bar that scrolled into the header at the start of each listings cycle), each followed by up to four hours worth of program-by-program listings for that channel alone", ". Prevue Guide could also display graphical weather icons, accompanied by local weather conditions, within its scrolling grid (as part of a segment known as Prevue Weather). These inserts were available to cable operators for an additional fee and appeared after each four-hour listings cycle.", "By the early 1990s, United Video began encouraging cable systems still using either the full- or split-screen versions of the Amiga 1000-based EPG Sr. to upgrade to the Amiga 2000-based Prevue Guide. Active support for the Amiga 1000-based EPG Sr. installations was discontinued in 1993. Like the Amiga 1000-based EPG Sr", ". Like the Amiga 1000-based EPG Sr., Prevue Guide also ran from bootable 3½\" diskettes, and its locally customizable features remained configurable only from the local keyboard, subjecting viewers to the same on-screen maintenance-related interruptions by local cable company employees as before (silent remote administration of locally customizable features would not be added until the \"yellow grid\" appeared shortly after the beginning of the TV Guide Channel era, when the Amiga platform was fully abandoned)", ". To support Prevue Guide's new, satellite-delivered video and audio, each Amiga 2000 featured a UV Corp. UVGEN video/genlock card for the satellite feed's video and a Zephyrus Electronics Ltd model 100 rev. C demodulator/switching ISA card for manipulating the feed's audio. Also included were a Zephyrus Electronics Ltd. model 101 rev. C demodulator ISA card for the WGN data stream, and a Great Valley Products Zorro II A2000 HC+8 Series II card (used only for 2 MB of Fast RAM with SCSI disabled)", ". The 101C fed demodulated listings data at 2400 baud from a DE9 RS232 serial connector on its backpanel to the Amiga's stock DB25 RS232 serial port via a short cable. The 101C also featured connection terminals for contact closure triggering of external cable system video playback equipment.", "1990s\n\nPrevue Channel", "Beginning in late March 1993, Prevue Networks overhauled the Prevue Guide software, this time to modernize its appearance. Still operating on the same Amiga 2000 hardware, the old grid's black background with white text separated by colored lines gave way to a new, embossed-looking navy blue grid featuring 90 minutes of scheduling information for each channel", ". Arrow symbols were added to listings for programs whose start or end times stretched beyond that timeframe, and for viewer convenience, local cable operators could now configure the grid's scrolling action to momentarily pause for up to four seconds after each screenful of listings. Additionally, local cable operators could enable light grey sports and movie summaries within the grid", ". Appearing between each listings cycle, these showed all films and sporting events airing on any channel during the next 90 minutes.", "The light grey program-by-program summaries for individual channels, red and light blue channel highlighting, and graphical \"Prevue Weather\" forecasts that were previously available to cable systems as optional grid features and inserts remained available in the same manners as before", ". Closed captioning, MPAA movie rating and VCR Plus+ logos were additionally introduced by this version of the software, and unlike in prior versions, large graphical Prevue Guide logos appeared within its grid, between listings cycles. Cable operators also retained the option of inserting scroll ads into the grid, although typically these were for promotional or informational purposes (i.e. information on how to place a PPV order), and could now be placed between channels in the grid", ".e. information on how to place a PPV order), and could now be placed between channels in the grid. The old, synthesized interstitial music that had been used since 1988 was also replaced with a more modern piece called \"Opening Act,\" from the defunct James & Aster music library.", "By late 1993, Prevue Guide was rebranded as \"Prevue Channel,\" and an updated channel logo was unveiled to match. Beginning in early 1994 and up until its first couple of years as the TV Guide Channel, the network licensed production music (first at one-minute lengths, later at 15- and 30-second lengths) from several music libraries for use as interstitial music", ". The vast majority of these music tracks were licensed from the Killer Tracks and FirstCom production music libraries, both of which are subsidiaries of Universal Music Publishing Group. In 1996, the Prevue Channel logo was given a new eye-like design, and two years later, the classic Dodger-style typeface its logo had incorporated since 1988 was replaced with an italicized lower-case Univers, though Sneak Prevue continued to use the original logo font until it shut down in 2002", ". In 1997, Prevue Channel became the first electronic program guide to show formalized TV ratings symbols for Canada and the United States, which appeared alongside program titles within the listings grid, as well as in the supplementary scheduling information overlaid accompanying promo videos in the top half of the screen.", "During the mid-1990s, Prevue Networks also expanded beyond its Prevue Channel operation. In 1996, Prevue Networks introduced its first set top terminal-integrated digital IPG, Prevue Interactive, designed for the General Instruments DCT 1000. It was launched as part of Tele-Communications, Inc. (TCI)'s first digital cable service offerings", ". It was launched as part of Tele-Communications, Inc. (TCI)'s first digital cable service offerings. In 1997, Prevue Networks and United Video Satellite Group also launched Prevue Online, a website providing local television listings, audio/video interviews and weather forecasts. Another website, PrevueNet, was also launched to provide more history and useful information for the Prevue Channel, as well as for Sneak Prevue, UVTV, and superstations WGN/Chicago and WPIX/New York City.", "The new navy blue grid version of the Prevue Channel software was as crash-prone as previous ones. Flashing red Amiga \"guru meditation\" errors (with the raw satellite feed's dual promo windows and national satellite listings grid showing through from behind them) remained a frequent sight on many cable systems throughout the United States and Canada", ". While Prevue Networks' software engineers released regular patches to correct bugs, it simultaneously became clear that an entirely new hardware platform would soon be needed. New Amiga 2000 hardware was no longer being manufactured by Commodore, which filed for bankruptcy in 1994, and Prevue Networks began resorting to cannibalizing parts from second-hand dealers of used Amiga hardware in order to continue supplying and maintaining operational units", ". During periods where Amiga 2000 hardware availability proved insufficient, newer models such as the Amiga 3000 were used instead. However, as those models' stock cases would not accept the company's large existing inventory of Zephyrus ISA demodulator cards, only their motherboards were used, in custom-designed cases with riser card and backplane modifications", ". During this era, the cable MSO-owned satellite service PrimeStar carried the Prevue Channel, since unlike rivals DirecTV and Dish Network, it did not have an interactive program guide built into their receivers. Originally using the same Amiga-based setup as cable headends used, by 1997 it had changed to Prevue Jr., a Windows NT-based setup that lacked actual scrolling capabilities; by this time, five different Prevue variants were broadcast on PrimeStar to coincide with an expansion of PrimeStar's lineup", ". This setup remained in place until PrimeStar was acquired by DirecTV and shut down in 2000.", "Towards the end of the decade, on February 9, 1998, Prevue Channel's look and programming was entirely revamped. Alongside a new graphical look from design firm Pittard Sullivan, new short-form \"shows\" were introduced to replace Prevue Tonight, FamilyVue and Intervue", ". These included Prevue This, Prevue Family (which like FamilyVue, focused on family-oriented programming), Prevue Sports (focusing on sports events and also included schedules for the day's games and tournaments), Prevue TV, Prevue News and Weather (featuring national and international news headlines, and local weather forecasts) and Prevue Revue. Each segment lasted only a couple of minutes, but were shown twice every hour in a wheel format akin to the format then-used by Headline News", ". During Prevue Sports segments listings would shift down, allowing more space for video content.", "TV Guide Channel", "On June 11, 1998, News Corporation sold TV Guide to Prevue Networks parent United Video Satellite Group for $800 million and 60 million shares of stock worth an additional $1.2 billion (this followed an earlier merger attempt between the two companies in 1996 that eventually fell apart). At midnight on February 1, 1999, the Prevue Channel was officially renamed \"TV Guide Channel,\" and new graphics, again from Pittard Sullivan, were implemented", ". With the rebranding, the hourly segments featured on the channel were revamped, with some being retitled after features in TV Guide magazine – including TV Guide Close-Up (which profiled a select program airing that night), TV Guide Sportsview (which maintained the same format as Prevue Sports, making the segment more similar in format to the listings section's sports guide than the color column of that name in the magazine), and TV Guide Insider (a segment featuring behind-the-scenes interviews).", "On October 5, 1999, Gemstar International Group Ltd. purchased United Video Satellite Group. Finally, throughout December of that year on cable systems nationwide, a new, modernized yellow grid began replacing the navy blue grid that had presented channel listings to viewers for the past six years. The old navy blue grid was completely phased out by early January 2000", ". The old navy blue grid was completely phased out by early January 2000. With the arrival of TV Guide Channel's yellow grid (referred to as \"Hollywood\" internally), all remaining vestiges of Prevue Channel had been eliminated: its Amiga-based hardware infrastructure was decommissioned, and purpose-built, Windows NT/2000 PCs employing custom-designed graphics/sound expansion cards were installed", ". With this new infrastructure additionally came the ability for local cable companies to perform silent remote administration of all their installations' locally customizable features, making live, on-screen guide maintenance interruptions by cable system technicians a thing of the past.", "The yellow grid also eliminated the optional red and light blue background colors that local cable operators were previously able to assign to various channels of their choices. In their place, universal, program genre-based background colors were introduced. Sporting events appeared with green backgrounds, and movies on all networks were given red backgrounds. Pay-per-view events additionally appeared with purple backgrounds", ". Pay-per-view events additionally appeared with purple backgrounds. The light grey backgrounds which had formerly appeared in channel- and program genre-based summaries were also eliminated, with the aforementioned red, green, and purple color-coding now applying to those summaries as well. Cable MSOs also gained the option to insert their logos alongside the TV Guide Channel logo at the beginning of every listings scroll", ". Other functions of the Amiga-based system, such as inserting messages within or after the listings scrolls and local weather forecasts, were carried over to the new system as well.", "Despite its elimination as the branding for the cable channel, the Prevue brand continued to exist in Canada in the form of various Prevue Interactive services – most of which were simply rebranded versions of TV Guide Interactive products – as well as on the channel's pay-per-view barker service Sneak Prevue.\n\n2000s", "A few years after Prevue Channel completed its transition to TV Guide Channel, the programming it featured changed drastically. Full-length shows were added, moving away from the typical model of showing television previews and other information. Starting in 2005, Joan Rivers and her daughter Melissa Rivers began providing coverage for televised awards ceremonies such as the Emmy Awards and the Academy Awards", ". In 2007, the mother-daughter duo were unceremoniously dropped by TV Guide Channel in favor of actress/host Lisa Rinna. Later, in 2007, Rinna was joined by fellow Dancing with the Stars alumnus (and former N*SYNC member) Joey Fatone during awards coverage", ". On July 29, 2009, TV Guide announced that Rinna and Fatone had been replaced by the hosts of the channel's entertainment news program Hollywood 411, Chris Harrison (host of The Bachelor) and Carrie Ann Inaba (who serves as a judge on Dancing with the Stars).", "Also with the transition from Prevue Channel to TV Guide Channel, the nature of the service's scrolling listings grid began to change. During broadcasts of the channel's original primetime series as well as during red carpet awards ceremony coverage, programming started appearing almost entirely full-screen, with a translucent, non-scrolling, two-line version of the channel's regular listings grid occupying only the extreme bottom of the frame", ". Semi-regular stylistic redesigns of the grid also occurred, and support was added for the display of locally inserted provider logos and graphical advertisements within it. Starting in 2004, light blue backgrounds began to appear on listings for children's programming, complementing the red, green and purple background colors already applied to listings for films, sporting events, and pay-per-view programming respectively.", "Because of Gemstar-TV Guide's dominant position within the television listings market, listings for TV Guide Channel's own original programming began to appear on the topmost lines of most television listings websites to which the company provided listings data, regardless of which channel number any given cable system carried it on", ". This also became the case with the print version of TV Guide (which had first begun including the channel in its log listings upon the 1999 rebrand to TV Guide Channel, before moving it exclusively to the grids in 2004, where it remained after the magazine switched to national listings the following year).", "Rather than purchasing TV Guide Channel carriage rights, some services such as Optimum and Bright House Networks created their own scrolling listings grids, with Optimum's occasionally being interrupted by full-screen commercials, and otherwise featuring banner ads accompanied by music. Bright House's version featured a video inlay of a local news station instead of banner ads, with its overall on-screen presentation otherwise matching that of Optimum's", ". Other cable providers that did not carry TV Guide Channel carried a similar television listings channel provided by entertainment and listings website Zap2It. DirecTV did not begin carrying the TV Guide Channel until 2004, and began carrying it in an entirely full-screen format (without the bottom listings grid) in 2005", ". This was also the case with Dish Network, which aired the network in full-screen format to avoid duplication of its set top receiver-integrated IPG, also provided by Gemstar-TV Guide (another satellite provider, Primestar, had also carried the channel with the grid included, until it merged with DirecTV in 1999 shortly after the rebrand to TV Guide Channel).", "TV Guide Network\nOn April 30, 2007, Gemstar-TV Guide announced that beginning on June 4, 2007, TV Guide Channel would be rebranded as the \"TV Guide Network\". According to its press release, the move was intended to reflect \"the continued evolution of the Channel from primarily a utility service to a more developed television guidance and entertainment network with a continued commitment to high quality programming.\"", "On May 2, 2008, Gemstar-TV Guide was acquired by Macrovision (now TiVo Corporation) for $2.8 billion. Macrovision, which purchased Gemstar-TV Guide mostly to boost the value of its lucrative VCR Plus+ and electronic program guide patents, later stated that it was considering a sale of both TV Guide Network and the TV Guide print edition's namesake to other parties", ". On December 18 of that year, Macrovision announced that it had found a willing party for TV Guide Network in private equity firm One Equity Partners. The transaction included tvguide.com, with Macrovision retaining the IPG service.", "At the beginning of January 2009, the print edition of TV Guide quietly removed its listings for TV Guide Network (and several other broadcast and cable networks) over what the magazine's management described as \"space concerns\". In actuality, the two entities had been forced apart by their new, individual owners, with promotions for the network ending in the magazine, and vice versa. TV Guide magazine journalists also no longer appeared on TV Guide Network", ". TV Guide magazine journalists also no longer appeared on TV Guide Network. The top-line \"plug\" for the network did, however, remain intact on the websites of internet-based listings providers using TV Guide's EPG listings. TV Guide Network's program listings returned to TV Guide magazine in June 2010, with its logo prominently placed within the grids.", "On January 5, 2009, Lionsgate announced its intent to purchase TV Guide Network and TV Guide Online for $255 million in cash. Lionsgate closed the transaction on March 2, 2009", ". The following April, Lionsgate announced plans to revamp the network into a more entertainment-oriented channel, including plans to discontinue the bottom-screen scrolling program listings grid that has been a part of the channel since its inception in late 1981; this was partly because internet-based TV listings websites, mobile applications and the on-screen interactive program guides (IPGs) built directly into most modern cable and satellite set-top terminals (such as TV Guide's own IPG software", ", TV Guide Interactive, which is visually similar in its presentation to the channel's pre-2015 listings grid) as well as into digital video recorders like TiVo eliminated the need for a dedicated television listings channel by providing the same information in a speedier manner, and often in much more detail and with greater flexibility", ". Even so, the channels that were listed in the grid, long after many providers began offering digital cable service, were usually limited to those within their expanded basic tier, with only select channels on its digital service appearing in a separate grid towards the end of the listings cycle. Following the announcement, Mediacom announced that it would be dropping the network; Time Warner Cable also dropped the network from its Texas systems.", "2010s", "On July 1, 2010, TV Guide Network's scrolling grid was given an extensive facelift; the grid was shrunk to the bottom one-quarter of the screen, the channel listings were reduced from two lines to one (with the channel number now being placed to the right of the channel ID code), the color-coding for programs of specific genres (such as children's shows, movies and sports) was removed, synopses for films were dropped and much like with the featured included in the Amiga 2000-generated grid", ", a four-second pause for the grid's scrolling function was added after each listed row of four channels", ". Despite the change, the non-scrolling grid (which was the same height as the restyled scrolling grid) continued to be used for primetime programming for a time. Later that month on July 24, TV Guide Network introduced a new non-scrolling grid used for primetime programming, which was later dropped with providers using the scrolling grid during the time period", ". On August 3, 2010, the scrolling grid was changed again, with the pausing function being applied to each channel, and size of the listing rows returning to two lines (in some areas, the grid with remained three lines, thus cutting off half of the second listing). On October 17, 2010, the color of the scrolling grid was changed to black the listing rows reverting to one line (although some cable systems still used the previous grid as late as 2014).", "By May 2009, 35% of households carried the network's programming without the grid; by late 2011, 75% of the systems carrying the channel were showing its programming full-screen. By January 2013, that number increased to 83%, and it was expected that by the following year, 90% of households will be viewing the network in full-screen mode, without the grid listings", ". Some cable systems that abandoned use of the grid on TV Guide Network began moving the channel from their basic service (where it was carried at minimum on a \"limited basic\" programming tier, alongside local broadcast stations and public, educational, and government access channels) to their digital tiers", ". This also resulted in the phase-out of its use as a default Emergency Alert System conduit for transmitting warning information applicable to the provider's local service areas (some providers also previously used TV Guide Network's channel space for an alternate or overflow feed of a regional sports network for sports rights conflicts, though as dedicated HD channels have launched for the RSNs and new carriage agreements with the channel precluded EAS or RSN overflow use, this use was negated).", "In 2011, TV Guide Network dramatically overhauled its programming, abandoning most of its original shows (with the exception of original specials and red carpet coverage) and switching its focus to reruns of programming primarily from the 1990s and 2000s, along with select 1980s series and films. In January 2012, upon Lionsgate's acquisition of film studio Summit Entertainment, it was announced that the channel was up for sale. That year, CBS Corporation considered buying the network", ". That year, CBS Corporation considered buying the network. In March 2013, CBS and Lionsgate entered into a 50/50 joint venture to operate the network, to coincide with the former firm's intention to buy One Equity Partners' share of its other TV Guide interests. The deal, worth $100 million, closed on March 26, 2013.", "TVGN", "In January 2013, it was announced that TV Guide Network would be renamed TVGN. The name change and new logo, which de-emphasizes the channel's ties to TV Guide magazine took effect on April 15, 2013. The immediate effect of the purchase by CBS saw the summer series Big Brother: After Dark move from Showtime 2 to TVGN, along with same-day repeats of The Young and the Restless moving to the network from Soapnet, which ceased operations in December 2013", ". Fellow CBS soap The Bold and the Beautiful soon also joined the TVGN lineup, along with eventual same-week repeats of Survivor and The Amazing Race, and repeats of CBS event programming such as the Grammy Awards. CBS Television Distribution's syndicated newsmagazine Entertainment Tonight began to package and produce all of TVGN's red carpet coverage as a cable extension of that program, though the network's existing programming agreements with competing program/website PopSugar continue to be maintained.", "A high-definition simulcast feed of the network (broadcasting in the 1080i format) was also launched that year; it was added to various providers through the renewals of TVGN's existing carriage contracts. The high definition feed only carries the channel's entertainment programming, with no overlays or hardware used to provide listings information. The final agreements with providers which specified that the channel carries a listings scroll ended in June 2014.", "Pop", "On September 18, 2014, CBS and Lionsgate announced that TVGN would be relaunched as Pop in early 2015, with the rebranding later announced to occur on January 14 of that year. with its focus shifting toward programming about pop culture fandom. The network would carry 400 hours of original programming following the rebrand, including a reality show starring New Kids on the Block and the Canadian co-production Schitt's Creek. Pop was made available on AT&T U-verse on March 1, 2016", ". Pop was made available on AT&T U-verse on March 1, 2016. On November 19, 2015, it was announced that Impact Wrestling, the flagship show of what was then known as TNA Wrestling, would move from Destination America to Pop beginning January 5, 2016. That series departed Pop at the start of 2019 for the Pursuit Channel after Pop declined to continue airing it.", "In 2015, as part of Pop's transition from a barker channel to a pay TV channel, the purpose-built, Windows NT/2000 PCs employing custom-designed graphics/sound expansion cards from the TV Guide channel era were decommissioned, possibly due to TVGN's obsolescence as a barker channel.", "On March 12, 2019, CBS acquired Lionsgate's 50% stake in Pop, thus making Pop a part of CBS Cable Networks. On December 4, 2019, CBS eventually merged with Viacom to create the combined company named ViacomCBS (now called Paramount Global), which Pop now became a part of the latter's existing networks unit.\n\nColor schemes\n\nGenre color-coding", "Color schemes\n\nGenre color-coding\n\nOn TV Guide Network until July 1, 2010, and currently in Gemstar-TV Guide's set top box-integrated EPG service TV Guide Interactive, program genres are indicated on-screen by color:\nGeneral programming: Gray (displayed as dark blue in the EPG)\nChildren's shows: Light blue\nSports programming: Green\nMovies: Purple on pay-per-view channels; red on broadcast stations, basic and premium channels (displayed as purple in the EPG, for all channels)", "On TVGN itself, during the weeks prior to the Emmys, shows that have been nominated were also highlighted in gold. The same gold highlighting could be seen during the lead-up to the Academy Awards to denote past Oscar-winning movies", ". Titles for other special programs used various types of graphical treatment within the grid cells; for example, programs aired as part of the Discovery Channel's Shark Week event had a bubbly water graphical scheme; during the lead-up to Halloween, horror movie titles featured spiderwebs in their schemes, and holiday movie titles listed during December were shaded in blue and snow-covered. Similar important shows and/or premieres have had other special graphical schemes added to their grid cells.", "Due to a restructuring of TV Guide Network's scrolling grid on July 1, 2010, that saw the grid being shrunk to the lower third of the screen, grey began to be used as the color code for all programming with genre-based color-coding being relegated exclusively to the TV Guide Interactive IPG service.", "Grid color history\nOn the TVGN channel, in its various iterations, the following colors have been used for the listings grid:\n Black (during the Amiga-based EPG and Prevue Guide years prior to mid-1993)\n Navy blue + Gray (during the Amiga-based Prevue Guide, Prevue Channel and TV Guide Channel years of 1993–2000)\n Yellow (during the TV Guide Channel years of 2000–2003)\n Blue (during the TV Guide Channel years of 2003–2004)\n Teal (during the TV Guide Channel years of 2004–2005)", "Teal (during the TV Guide Channel years of 2004–2005)\n Grey (during the TV Guide Channel, TV Guide Network and TVGN years of 2005–2015)", "Between the late 1980s and 1999, local cable operators could configure listings for certain channels to appear with alternate background colors (either red or light blue, depending the provider's preference). Light grey backgrounds were additionally used for channel- and program genre-based listings summaries, when enabled by local cable operators", ". Beginning with the introduction of the yellow grid in 1999, all such coloring was discarded in favor of program genre-based coloring which affected all channels and summaries. Listings for movies featured red backgrounds, pay-per-view events bore purple backgrounds, and sporting events featured green backgrounds. Starting in 2004, light blue backgrounds were additionally applied to listings for children's programming.", "Related services\n\nSneak Prevue", "In 1991, Prevue Networks launched Sneak Prevue, a spin-off barker channel that was exclusively used to promote programming on a provider's pay-per-view services; it displayed full-screen promos (augmented by graphics displaying scheduling and ordering information) and a schedule of upcoming films and events airing on each pay-per-view channel based on either airtime or genre. The channel was also driven by Amiga 2000 hardware, and its software was as crash-prone as the Prevue Guide software itself", ". TV Guide Network ceased operations of Sneak Prevue in 2002.", "TV Guide Network (Latin America)\nTV Guide Network (Latin America) launched in 1995 as Prevue (Latin America), providing schedules for Spanish-language channels in the United States. On February 1, 1999, the channel was rebranded as TV Guide El Canal. In 2004, TV Guide El Canal rebranded to TV Guide Channel (Latino). In 2009, TV Guide Channel became TV Guide Network, which retained the name even after the sister channel's rebrand to Pop in 2014.\n\nReferences", "References\n\nExternal links\n PrevueNet in the Internet Archive\n\nPop\nPop\nTV Guide\nPop\nPop\nPop\nPop\nPop\nAmiga" ]

[ "Ankylosaurus is a genus of armored dinosaur. Its fossils have been found in geological formations dating to the very end of the Cretaceous Period, about 68–66 million years ago, in western North America, making it among the last of the non-avian dinosaurs. It was named by Barnum Brown in 1908; it is monotypic, containing only A. magniventris. The generic name means \"fused\" or \"bent lizard\", and the specific name means \"great belly\"", ". The generic name means \"fused\" or \"bent lizard\", and the specific name means \"great belly\". A handful of specimens have been excavated to date, but a complete skeleton has not been discovered. Though other members of Ankylosauria are represented by more extensive fossil material, Ankylosaurus is often considered the archetypal member of its group, despite having some unusual features.", "Possibly the largest-known ankylosaurid, Ankylosaurus is estimated to have been between long and to have weighed between . It was quadrupedal, with a broad, robust body. It had a wide, low skull, with two horns pointing backward from the back of the head, and two horns below these that pointed backward and down. Unlike other ankylosaurs, its nostrils faced sideways rather than towards the front. The front part of the jaws was covered in a beak, with rows of small, leaf-shaped teeth farther behind it", ". It was covered in armor plates, or osteoderms, with bony half-rings covering the neck, and had a large club on the end of its tail. Bones in the skull and other parts of the body were fused, increasing their strength, and this feature is the source of the genus name.", "Ankylosaurus is a member of the family Ankylosauridae, and its closest relatives appear to be Anodontosaurus and Euoplocephalus. Ankylosaurus is thought to have been a slow-moving animal, able to make quick movements when necessary. Its broad muzzle indicates it was a non-selective browser. Sinuses and nasal chambers in the snout may have been for heat and water balance or may have played a role in vocalization", ". The tail club is thought to have been used in defense against predators or in intraspecific combat. Specimens of Ankylosaurus have been found in the Hell Creek, Lance, Scollard, Frenchman, and Ferris formations, but it appears to have been rare in its environment. Although it lived alongside a nodosaurid ankylosaur, their ranges and ecological niches do not appear to have overlapped, and Ankylosaurus may have inhabited upland areas", ". Ankylosaurus also lived alongside dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus, Triceratops, and Edmontosaurus.", "History of discovery", "In 1906, an American Museum of Natural History expedition led by American paleontologist Barnum Brown discovered the type specimen of Ankylosaurus magniventris (AMNH 5895) in the Hell Creek Formation, near Gilbert Creek, Montana. The specimen (found by collector Peter Kaisen) consisted of the upper part of a skull, two teeth, part of the shoulder girdle, cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, ribs, and more than thirty osteoderms (armor plates)", ". Brown scientifically described the animal in 1908; the generic name is derived from the Greek words ('bent' or 'crooked'), referring to the medical term ankylosis, the stiffness produced by the fusion of bones in the skull and body, and ('lizard'). The name can be translated as \"fused lizard\", \"stiff lizard\", or \"curved lizard\". The type species name, magniventris, is derived from the ('great') and ('belly'), referring to the great width of the animal's body.", "The skeletal reconstruction accompanying the 1908 description restored the missing parts in a fashion similar to Stegosaurus, and Brown likened the result to the extinct armored mammal Glyptodon. In contrast to modern depictions, Brown's stegosaur-like reconstruction showed robust forelimbs, a strongly arched back, a pelvis with prongs projecting forwards from the ilium and pubis, as well as a short, drooping tail without a tail club, which was unknown at the time", ". Brown also reconstructed the armor plates in parallel rows running down the back; this arrangement was purely hypothetical. Brown's reconstruction became highly influential, and restorations of the animal based on his diagram were published as late as the 1980s", ". In a 1908 review of Brown's Ankylosaurus description, the American paleontologist Samuel Wendell Williston criticised the skeletal reconstruction as being based on too few remains, and claimed that Ankylosaurus was merely a synonym of the genus Stegopelta, which Williston had named in 1905. Williston also stated that a skeletal reconstruction of the related Polacanthus by Hungarian paleontologist Franz Nopcsa was a better example of how ankylosaurs would have appeared in life", ". The claim of synonymy was not accepted by other researchers, and the two genera are now considered distinct.", "Brown had collected 77 osteoderms while excavating a Tyrannosaurus specimen in the Lance Formation of Wyoming in 1900. He mentioned these osteoderms (specimen AMNH 5866) in his description of Ankylosaurus but thought they belonged to the Tyrannosaurus instead. Paleontologist Henry Fairfield Osborn also expressed this view when he described the Tyrannosaurus specimen as the now synonymous genus Dynamosaurus in 1905", ". More recent examination has shown them to be similar to those of Ankylosaurus; it seems that Brown had compared them with some Euoplocephalus osteoderms, which had been erroneously cataloged as belonging to Ankylosaurus at the AMNH.", "In 1910, another AMNH expedition led by Brown discovered an Ankylosaurus specimen (AMNH 5214) in the Scollard Formation by the Red Deer River in Alberta, Canada. This specimen included a complete skull, mandibles, the first and only tail club known of this genus, as well as ribs, vertebrae, limb bones, and armor. In 1947 the American fossil collectors Charles M. Sternberg and T. Potter Chamney collected a skull and mandible (specimen CMN 8880, formerly NMC 8880), north of where the 1910 specimen was found", ". This is the largest-known Ankylosaurus skull, but it is damaged in places. A section of caudal vertebrae (specimen CCM V03) was discovered in the 1960s in the Powder River drainage, Montana, part of the Hell Creek Formation. In addition to these five incomplete specimens, many other isolated osteoderms and teeth have been found.", "In 1990, American paleontologist Walter P. Coombs pointed out that the teeth of two skulls assigned to A. magniventris differed from those of the holotype specimen in some details, and though he expressed a \"considerate temptation\" to name a new species of Ankylosaurus for these, he refrained from doing so, as the range of variation in the species was not completely documented", ". He also raised the possibility that the two teeth associated with the holotype specimen perhaps did not belong to it, as they were found in matrix within the nasal chambers. The American paleontologist Kenneth Carpenter accepted the teeth as belonging to A. magniventris in 2004, and that all the specimens belonged to the same species, noting that the teeth of other ankylosaurs are highly variable.", "Most of the known Ankylosaurus specimens were not scientifically described at length, though several paleontologists planned to do so until Carpenter redescribed the genus in 2004. In 2017 the Canadian paleontologists Victoria M. Arbour and Jordan Mallon redescribed the genus in light of newer ankylosaur discoveries, including elements of the holotype that had not been previously mentioned in the literature (such as parts of the skull and the cervical half-rings)", ". They concluded that though Ankylosaurus is the best-known member of its group, it was bizarre in comparison to related ankylosaurs, and therefore not representative of the group. In spite of its familiarity, it is known from far fewer remains than its closest relatives.", "Description", "Ankylosaurus was the largest-known ankylosaurine dinosaur and possibly the largest ankylosaurid. In 2004 Carpenter estimated that the individual with the largest-known skull (specimen CMN 8880), which is long and wide, was about long and had a hip height of about . The smallest-known skull (specimen AMNH 5214) is long and wide, and Carpenter estimated that it measured about long and about tall at the hips. The English paleontologist Roger B. J", ". The English paleontologist Roger B. J. Benson and colleagues estimated the weight for AMNH 5214 at in 2014.", "In 2017, based on comparisons with more complete ankylosaurines, Arbour and Mallon estimated a length of for CMN 8880, and for AMNH 5214. Though the latter is the smallest specimen of Ankylosaurus, its skull is still larger than those of any other ankylosaurins. A few other ankylosaurs reached about in length", ". A few other ankylosaurs reached about in length. Because the vertebrae of AMNH 5214 are not significantly larger than those of other ankylosaurines, Arbour and Mallon considered their upper range estimate of nearly for large Ankylosaurus too long, and suggested a length of instead. Arbour and Mallon estimated a weight of for AMNH 5214, and tentatively estimated the weight of CMN 8880 at .", "Skull", "The three known Ankylosaurus skulls differ in various details; this is thought to be the result of taphonomy (changes happening during decay and fossilization of the remains) and individual variation. The skull was low and triangular in shape, and wider than it was long; the back of the skull was broad and low. The skull had a broad beak on the premaxillae. The orbits (eye sockets) were almost round to slightly oval and did not face directly sideways because the skull tapered towards the front", ". The braincase was short and robust, as in other ankylosaurines. Crests above the orbits merged into the upper squamosal horns (their shape has been described as \"pyramidal\"), which pointed backwards to the sides from the back of the skull. The crest and horn were probably separate elements originally, as seen in the related Pinacosaurus and Euoplocephalus. Below the upper horns, jugal horns were present, which pointed backward and down. The horns may have originally been osteoderms that fused to the skull", ". The horns may have originally been osteoderms that fused to the skull. The scale-like cranial ornamentation on the surfaces of ankylosaurs skulls is called \"\", and were the result of remodeling of the skull itself. This obliterated the sutures between skull elements, which is common for adult ankylosaurs. The caputegulum pattern of the skull was variable between specimens, though some details are shared", ". The caputegulae are named according to their position on the skull, and those of Ankylosaurus include a relatively large, hexagonal (or diamond-shaped) nasal caputegulum at the front of the snout between the nostrils, which had a loreal caputegulum on each side, an anterior and posterior supraorbital caputegulum above each orbit, and a ridge of nuchal caputegulae at the back of the skull.", "The snout region of Ankylosaurus was unique among ankylosaurs, and had undergone an \"extreme\" transformation compared to its relatives. The snout was arched and truncated at the front, and the nostrils were elliptical and were directed downward and outward, unlike in all other known ankylosaurids where they faced obliquely forward or upward", ". Additionally, the nostrils were not visible from the front because the sinuses were expanded to the sides of the premaxilla bones, to a larger extent than seen in other ankylosaurs. Large loreal caputegulae—strap-like, side osteoderms of the snout—completely roofed the enlarged opening of the nostrils, giving a bulbous appearance. The nostrils also had an intranarial septum, which separated the nasal passage from the sinus", ". The nostrils also had an intranarial septum, which separated the nasal passage from the sinus. Each side of the snout had five sinuses, four of which expanded into the maxilla bone. The nasal cavities (or chambers) of Ankylosaurus were elongated and separated by a septum at the midline, which divided the inside of the snout into two mirrored halves. The nasal chambers had two openings, including the choanae (internal nostrils), and the air passage was looped", ". The maxillae expanded to the sides, giving the impression of a bulge, which may have been due to the sinuses inside. The maxillae had a ridge that may have been the attachment site for fleshy cheeks; the presence of cheeks in ornithischians is controversial, but some nodosaurs had armor plates that covered the cheek region, which may have been embedded in the flesh.", "Specimen AMNH 5214 has 34–35 dental alveoli (tooth sockets) in the maxilla. The tooth rows in the maxillae of this specimen are about long. Each alveolus had a foramen (opening) near its side where a replacement tooth could be seen. Compared to other ankylosaurs, the mandible of Ankylosaurus was low in proportion to its length, and, when seen from the side, the tooth row was almost straight instead of arched", ". The mandibles are completely preserved only in the smallest specimen (AMNH 5214) and are about long. The incomplete mandible of the largest specimen (CMN 8880) is the same length. AMNH 5214 has 35 dental alveoli in the left dentary bone () and 36 in the right, for a total of 71. The predentary bone of the tip of the mandibles has not yet been found. Like other ankylosaurs, Ankylosaurus had small, phylliform (leaf-shaped) teeth, which were compressed sideways", ". The teeth were mostly taller than they were wide, and were very small; their size in proportion to the skull meant that the jaws of Ankylosaurus could accommodate more teeth than other ankylosaurines. The teeth of the largest Ankylosaurus skull are smaller than those of the smallest skull in the absolute sense. Some teeth from behind in the tooth row curved backwards, and tooth crowns were usually flatter on one side than the other", ". Ankylosaurus teeth are diagnostic and can be distinguished from the teeth of other ankylosaurids based on their smooth sides. The denticles were large, their number ranging from six to eight on the front part of the tooth, and five to seven behind.", "Postcranial skeleton", "The structure of much of the skeleton of Ankylosaurus, including most of the pelvis, tail, and feet, is still unknown. It was quadrupedal, and its hind limbs were longer than its forelimbs. In the holotype specimen, the scapula (shoulder blade) measures long and was fused with the coracoid (a rectangular bone connected to the lower end of the scapula). It also had entheses (connective tissue) for various muscle attachments. The humerus (upper arm bone) of AMNH 5214 was short, very broad and about long", ". The humerus (upper arm bone) of AMNH 5214 was short, very broad and about long. The femur (thigh bone), also from AMNH 5214, was long and very robust. While the feet of Ankylosaurus are incompletely known, the hindfeet probably had three toes, as is the case in advanced ankylosaurids.", "The cervical vertebrae had broad neural spines that increased in height towards the body. The front part of the neural spines had well-developed entheses, which was common among adult dinosaurs, and indicates the presence of large ligaments, which helped support the massive head. The dorsal vertebrae had centra (or bodies) that were short relative to their width, and their neural spines were short and narrow. The dorsal vertebrae were tightly spaced, which limited the downwards movement of the back", ". The dorsal vertebrae were tightly spaced, which limited the downwards movement of the back. The neural spines had ossified (turned to bone) tendons, which also overlapped some of the vertebrae. The ribs of the last four back vertebrae were fused to the and (the structures that articulated the ribs with the vertebrae), and the ribcage was very broad in this part of the body. The caudal vertebrae had centra that were slightly amphicoelous, meaning they were concave on both sides.", "Armor", "A prominent feature of Ankylosaurus was its armor, consisting of knobs and plates of bone known as osteoderms, or scutes, embedded in the skin. These have not been found in articulation, so their exact placement on the body is unknown, though inferences can be made based on related animals, and various configurations have been proposed. The osteoderms ranged from in diameter to in length, and varied in shape. The osteoderms of Ankylosaurus were generally thin walled and hollowed on the underside", ". The osteoderms of Ankylosaurus were generally thin walled and hollowed on the underside. Compared to Euoplocephalus, the osteoderms of Ankylosaurus were smoother. Many smaller osteoderms and ossicles probably occupied the space between the larger ones, as in other ankylosaurids. The osteoderms covering the body were very flat, though with a low keel at one margin. In contrast, the nodosaurid Edmontonia had high keels stretching from one margin to the other on the midline of its osteoderms", ". Ankylosaurus had some smaller osteoderms with a keel across the midline.", "Like other ankylosaurids, Ankylosaurus had (armor plates on the neck), but these are known only from fragments, making their exact arrangement uncertain. Carpenter suggested that when seen from above, the plates would have been paired, creating an inverted V-shape across the neck, with the midline gap probably being filled with small ossicles (round bony scutes) to allow for movement", ". He believed the width of this armor belt was too wide to have fitted solely on the neck, and that it covered the base of the neck and continued onto the shoulder region. Arbour and the Canadian paleontologist Philip J. Currie disagreed with Carpenter's interpretation in 2015 and pointed out that the cervical half-ring fragments of the holotype specimen did not fit together in the way proposed by Carpenter (though this could be due to breakage)", ". They instead suggested that the fragments represented the remains of two cervical half-rings, which formed two semi-circular plates of armor around the upper part of the neck, as in the closely related Anodontosaurus and Euoplocephalus. Arbour and Mallon elaborated on this idea, describing the shape of these half-rings as \"continuous U-shaped yokes\" over the upper part of the neck, and suggested that Ankylosaurus had six keeled osteoderms with oval bases on each half-ring.", "The first osteoderms behind the second cervical half-ring would have been similar in shape to those in the first half-ring, and the osteoderms on the back probably decreased in diameter hindwards. The largest osteoderms were probably arranged in transverse and longitudinal rows across most of the body, with four or five transverse rows separated by creases in the skin. The osteoderms on the flanks would probably have had a more square outline than those on the back", ". The osteoderms on the flanks would probably have had a more square outline than those on the back. There may have been four longitudinal rows of osteoderms on the flanks. Unlike some basal ankylosaurs and many nodosaurs, ankylosaurids do not appear to have had co-ossified pelvic shields above their hips. Some osteoderms without keels may have been placed above the hip region of Ankylosaurus, as in Euoplocephalus", ". Ankylosaurus may have had three or four transverse rows of circular osteoderms over the pelvic region, which were smaller than those on the rest of the body, as in Scolosaurus. Smaller, triangular osteoderms may have been present on the sides of the pelvis. Flattened, pointed plates resemble those on the sides of the tail of Saichania, and may have been distributed similarly on Ankylosaurus. Osteoderms with oval keels could have been placed on the upper side of the tail or the side of the limbs", ". Compressed, triangular osteoderms found with Ankylosaurus specimens may have been placed on the sides of the pelvis or the tail. Ovoid, keeled, and teardrop-shaped osteoderms are known from Ankylosaurus, and may have been placed on the forelimbs, like those known from Pinacosaurus, but it is unknown whether the hindlimbs bore osteoderms.", "The tail club (or tail knob) of Ankylosaurus was composed of two large osteoderms, with a row of small osteoderms at the midline, and two small osteoderms at the tip; these osteoderms obscured the last tail vertebra. As only the tail club of specimen AMNH 5214 is known, the range of variation between individuals is unknown. The tail club of AMNH 5214 is long, wide, and tall. The club of the largest specimen may have been wide", ". The club of the largest specimen may have been wide. The tail club of Ankylosaurus was semicircular when seen from above, similar to those of Euoplocephalus and Scolosaurus but unlike the pointed club osteoderms of Anodontosaurus or the narrow, elongated club of Dyoplosaurus. The last seven tail vertebrae formed the \"handle\" of the tail club. These vertebrae were in contact, with no cartilage between them, and were sometimes co-ossified, which made them immobile", ". Ossified tendons attached to the vertebrae in front of the tail club, and these features together helped strengthen it. The interlocked zygapophyses (articular processes) and neural spines of the handle vertebrae were U-shaped when seen from above, whereas those of most other ankylosaurids are V-shaped, which may be due to the handle of Ankylosaurus being wider", ". The larger width may indicate that the tail of Ankylosaurus was shorter in relation to its body length than those of other ankylosaurids, or that it had the same proportions but with a smaller club.", "Classification", "Brown considered Ankylosaurus so distinct that he made it the type genus of a new family, Ankylosauridae, typified by massive, triangular skulls, short necks, stiff backs, broad bodies, and osteoderms. He also classified Palaeoscincus (only known from teeth), and Euoplocephalus (then only known from a partial skull and osteoderms) as part of the family. Due to the fragmentary condition of the remains, Brown was unable to fully distinguish between Euoplocephalus and Ankylosaurus", ". Having for comparison only a few, incomplete members of the family, he believed the group was part of the suborder Stegosauria. In 1923 Osborn coined the name Ankylosauria, thereby placing the ankylosaurids in their own suborder.", "Ankylosauria and Stegosauria are now grouped together within the clade Thyreophora. This group first appeared in the Sinemurian age, and survived for 135 million years until disappearing in the Maastrichtian. They were widespread and inhabited a broad range of environments. As more complete specimens and new genera have been discovered, theories about ankylosaurian interrelatedness have become more complex, and hypotheses have often changed between studies", ". In addition to Ankylosauridae, Ankylosauria has been divided into the families Nodosauridae, and sometimes Polacanthidae (these families lacked tail clubs). Ankylosaurus is considered part of the subfamily Ankylosaurinae (members of which are called ankylosaurines) within Ankylosauridae. Ankylosaurus appears to be most closely related to Anodontosaurus and Euoplocephalus. The following cladogram is based on a 2015 phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosaurinae conducted by Arbour and Currie:", "Because Ankylosaurus and other Late Cretaceous North American ankylosaurids were grouped with Asian genera (in a tribe the authors named Ankylosaurini), Arbour and Currie suggested that earlier North American ankylosaurids had gone extinct by the late Albian or Cenomanian ages of the Middle Cretaceous", ". Ankylosaurids thereafter recolonized North America from Asia during the Campanian or Turonian ages of the Late Cretaceous, and there diversified again, leading to genera such as Ankylosaurus, Anodontosaurus, and Euoplocephalus. The theory explains a 30-million-year gap in the fossil record of North American ankylosaurids between the ages.", "Paleobiology\n\nFeeding", "Like other ornithischians, Ankylosaurus was herbivorous. Its wide muzzle was adapted for non-selective low-browse cropping, although not to the extent seen in some related genera, especially Euoplocephalus. Though ankylosaurs may not have fed on fibrous and woody plants, they may have had a varied diet, including tough leaves and pulpy fruits. Ankylosaurus probably fed on abundant ferns and low-growing shrubs", ". Ankylosaurus probably fed on abundant ferns and low-growing shrubs. Assuming it was endothermic, Ankylosaurus would have eaten of ferns per day, similar to the amount of dry vegetation a large elephant would consume. The requirements for nutrition could have been more effectively met if Ankylosaurus ate fruit, which its small, cusp-like teeth and the shape of its beak seem well adapted for, compared to for example Euoplocephalus", ". Certain invertebrates, which the small teeth may have been adapted for handling, could also have provided supplemental nutrition.", "Fossils of Ankylosaurus teeth exhibit wear on the face of the crown rather than on the tip of the crown, as in nodosaurid ankylosaurs. In 1982 Carpenter ascribed to baby Ankylosaurus two very small teeth that originate from the Lance and Hell Creek Formations and measure in length, respectively. The smaller tooth is heavily worn, leading Carpenter to suggest that ankylosaurids in general or at least the young did not swallow their food whole but employed some sort of chewing", ". Since adult Ankylosaurus did little chewing of its food, it would have spent less time in the day foraging than an elephant. Based on the broadness of the ribcage, the digestion of unchewed food may have been facilitated by hindgut fermentation like in modern herbivorous lizards, which have several chambers in their enlarged colon.", "In 1969, Austrian paleontologist Georg Haas concluded that despite the large size of ankylosaur skulls, the associated musculature was relatively weak. He also thought jaw movement was limited to up and down movements. Extrapolating from this, Haas suggested that ankylosaurs ate relatively soft non-abrasive vegetation. Later research on Euoplocephalus indicates that forward and sideways jaw movement was possible in these animals, the skull being able to withstand considerable forces", ". A 2016 study of the dental occlusion (contact between the teeth) of ankylosaur specimens found that the ability for backwards (palinal) jaw movement evolved independently in different ankylosaur lineages, including Late Cretaceous North American ankylosaurids like Ankylosaurus and Euoplocephalus.", "The retracted position of the nostrils of Ankylosaurus have been compared to those of fossorial (digging) worm lizards and blind snakes, and though it was probably not a burrowing animal, the snout of Ankylosaurus may indicate earth-moving behavior. These factors, as well as the low rate of tooth formation in ankylosaurs compared to other ornithischians, indicate that Ankylosaurus may have been omnivorous (eating both plant and animal matter)", ". It may also (or alternatively) have dug in the ground for roots and tubers.", "Airspaces and senses", "In 1977, the Polish paleontologist Teresa Maryańska proposed that the complex sinuses and nasal cavities of ankylosaurs may have lightened the weight of the skull, housed a nasal gland, or acted as a chamber for vocal resonance. Carpenter rejected these hypotheses, arguing that tetrapod animals make sounds through the larynx, not the nostrils, and that reduction in weight was minimal, as the spaces only accounted for a small percent of the skull volume", ". He also considered a gland unlikely and noted that the sinuses may not have had any specific function. It has also been suggested that the respiratory passages were used to perform a mammal-like treatment of inhaled air, based on the presence and arrangement of specialized bones.", "A 2011 study of the nasal passages of Euoplocephalus by the Japanese paleontologist Tetsuto Miyashita and colleagues supported their function as a heat and water balancing system, noting the extensive blood vessel system and an increased surface area for the mucosa membrane (used for heat and water exchange in modern animals)", ". The researchers also supported the idea of the loops acting as a resonance chamber, comparable to the elongated nasal passages of saiga antelope and the looping trachea of cranes and swans. Reconstructions of the inner ear suggest adaptation to hearing at low frequencies, such as the low-toned resonant sounds possibly produced by the nasal passages. They disputed the possibility that the looping is related to olfaction (sense of smell) as the olfactory region is pushed to the sides of the main airway.", "According to Carpenter, the shape of the nasal chambers of Ankylosaurus indicate that airflow was unidirectional (looping through the lungs during inhalation and exhalation), although it may also have been bidirectional in the posterior nasal chamber, with air directed past the olfactory lobes. The enlarged olfactory region of ankylosaurids indicates a well-developed sense of smell", ". The enlarged olfactory region of ankylosaurids indicates a well-developed sense of smell. Though hindwards retraction of the nostrils is seen in aquatic animals and animals with a proboscis, it is unlikely either possibility applies to Ankylosaurus, as the nostrils tend to be reduced or the premaxilla extended", ". In addition, though the widely separated nostrils may have allowed for stereo-olfaction (where each nostril senses smells from different directions), as has been proposed for the moose, little is known about this feature. The position of the orbits of Ankylosaurus suggest some stereoscopic vision.", "Limb movements", "Reconstructions of ankylosaur forelimb musculature made by Coombs in 1978 suggest that the forelimbs bore the majority of the animal's weight, and were adapted for high force delivery on the front feet, possibly for food gathering. In addition, Coombs suggested that ankylosaurs may have been capable diggers, though the hoof-like structure of the manus would have limited fossorial activity", ". Ankylosaurs were likely to have been slow-moving and sluggish animals, though they may have been capable of quick movements when necessary.", "Growth", "The squamosal horns of the largest Ankylosaurus specimen are blunter than those of the smallest specimen, which is also the case in Euoplocephalus, and this may represent ontogenetic variation (related to growth development). Studies of specimens of Pinacosaurus of different ages found that during ontogenetic development, the ribs of juvenile ankylosaurs fused with their vertebrae", ". The forelimbs strongly increased in robustness while the hindlimbs did not become larger relative to the rest of the skeleton, further evidence that the arms bore most of the weight. In the cervical half-rings, the underlying bone band developed outgrowths connecting it with the underlying osteoderms, which simultaneously fused to each other. On the skull, the middle bone plates first ossified at the snout and the rear rim, with ossification gradually extending towards the middle regions", ". On the rest of the body, ossification progressed from the neck backward in the direction of the tail.", "Defense", "The osteoderms of ankylosaurids were thin in comparison to those of other ankylosaurs, and appear to have been strengthened by randomly distributed cushions of collagen fibers. Structurally similar to Sharpey's fibres, they were embedded directly into the bone tissue, a feature unique to ankylosaurids. This would have provided the ankylosaurids with an armor covering that was both lightweight and highly durable, being resistant to breakage and penetration by the teeth of predators", ". The palpebral bones over the eyes may have provided additional protection for them. Carpenter suggested in 1982 that the heavily vascularized armor may also have had a role in thermoregulation as in modern crocodilians.", "The tail club of Ankylosaurus seems to have been an active defensive weapon, capable of producing enough of an impact to break the bones of an assailant. The tendons of the tail were partially ossified and were not very elastic, allowing great force to be transmitted to the club when it was used as a weapon", ". Coombs suggested in 1979 that several hindlimb muscles would have controlled the swinging of the tail, and that violent thrusts of the club would have been able to break the metatarsal bones of large theropods.", "A 2009 study estimated that ankylosaurids could swing their tails at 100 degrees laterally, and the mainly cancellous clubs would have had a lowered moment of inertia and been effective weapons. The study also found that while adult ankylosaurid tail clubs were capable of breaking bones, those of juveniles were not. Despite the feasibility of tail-swinging, the researchers could not determine whether ankylosaurids used their clubs for defense against potential predators, in intraspecific combat, or both", ". Other studies have found evidence of ankylosaurids using their tail clubs for intraspecific combat. One specimen of Tarchia showed signs of injury on both the pelvic and tail area and the club was found to be asymmetrical, a sign of being worn down by the strikes.", "In 1993, Tony Thulborn proposed that the tail club of ankylosaurids primarily acted as a decoy for the head, as he thought the tail too short and inflexible to have an effective reach; the \"dummy head\" would lure a predator close to the tail, where it could be struck. Carpenter has rejected this idea, as tail club shape is highly variable among ankylosaurids, even in the same genus.", "Paleoenvironment", "Ankylosaurus existed between 68 and 66 million years ago, in the final, or Maastrichtian, stage of the Late Cretaceous Period. It was among the last dinosaur genera that appeared before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The type specimen is from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana, while other specimens have been found in the Lance and Ferris Formations in Wyoming, the Scollard Formation in Alberta, and the Frenchman Formation in Saskatchewan, all of which date to the end of the Cretaceous.", "Fossils of Ankylosaurus are rare in the sediments it is known from, and the distribution of its remains suggests that it was ecologically rare, or restricted to the uplands of the formations, where it would have been less likely to fossilize, rather than the coastal lowlands. Another ankylosaur, a nodosaur referred to as Edmontonia sp., is also found in the same formations, but according to Carpenter, the range of the two genera does not seem to have overlapped", ". Their remains have so far not been found in the same localities, and the nodosaur appears to have inhabited the lowlands. The narrower muzzle of the nodosaur suggests it had a more selective diet than Ankylosaurus, further indicating ecological separation, whether their range overlapped or not.", "With its low center of gravity, Ankylosaurus would have been unable to knock down trees like modern elephants do. It was also incapable of chewing bark and thus unlikely to have practiced bark stripping. As an adult, Ankylosaurus does not appear to have congregated in groups (though some ankylosaurs appear to have congregated when young)", ". It is therefore improbable that Ankylosaurus was able to modify the landscape of its ecosystem in the way elephants do; hadrosaurids may instead have had such an \"ecosystem engineer\" role.", "The formations where Ankylosaurus fossils have been found represent different sections of the western shore of the Western Interior Seaway dividing western and eastern North America during the Cretaceous, a broad coastal plain extending westward from the seaway to the newly formed Rocky Mountains. These formations are composed largely of sandstone and mudstone, which have been attributed to floodplain environments", ". The regions where Ankylosaurus and other Late Cretaceous ankylosaurs have been found had a warm subtropical/temperate climate, which was monsoonal, had occasional rainfall, tropical storms, and forest fires. In the Hell Creek Formation, many types of plants were supported, primarily angiosperms, with less common conifers, ferns and cycads. An abundance of fossil leaves found at dozens of different sites indicates that the area was largely forested by small trees", ". Ankylosaurus shared its environment with other dinosaurs that included the ceratopsids Triceratops and Torosaurus, the hypsilophodont Thescelosaurus, the hadrosaurid Edmontosaurus, an indeterminate nodosaur, the pachycephalosaurian Pachycephalosaurus, and the theropods Struthiomimus, Ornithomimus, Pectinodon, and Tyrannosaurus.", "Cultural significance", "Carpenter noted in 2004 that Ankylosaurus has become the archetypal member of its group, and the best-known ankylosaur in popular culture, perhaps due to a life-sized reconstruction of the animal being featured at the 1964 World's Fair in New York City", ". Arbour and Mallon called Ankylosaurus an \"iconic\" dinosaur in 2017, and noted that the World's Fair sculpture, as well as the American artist Rudolph Zallinger's 1947 mural The Age of Reptiles and other later popular depictions, showed Ankylosaurus with a tail club, following the first discovery of the feature in 1910.", "Many traditional popular depictions show Ankylosaurus in a squatting posture and with a huge tail club being dragged over the ground. Modern reconstructions show the animal with a more upright limb posture and with the tail held off the ground. Likewise, large spines projecting sideways from the body (similar to those of nodosaurid ankylosaurs) are present in many traditional depictions, but are not known from Ankylosaurus itself", ". The armor of Ankylosaurus has often been conflated with that of Edmontonia (earlier referred to as Palaeoscincus); in addition to Ankylosaurus being depicted with spikes, Edmontonia has also been depicted with an Ankylosaurus-like tail club (a feature nodosaurids did not have), including in a mural by the American artist Charles R. Knight from 1930", ". Knight from 1930. Ankylosaurus has been featured in the Jurassic Park franchise, where they are depicted as attacking with their tails and running, abilities that have been criticized as unlikely by paleontologists.", "See also\n Timeline of ankylosaur research\n\nReferences\nNotes\n\nCitations\n\nExternal links\n\nAnkylosaurids\nLate Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America\nFossil taxa described in 1908\nTaxa named by Barnum Brown\nLance fauna\nHell Creek fauna\nScollard fauna\nPaleontology in Montana\nPaleontology in Wyoming\nPaleontology in Alberta\nMaastrichtian genus first appearances\nMaastrichtian genus extinctions\nOrnithischian genera" ]

[ "Mary was a first-century Judean woman of Nazareth, the wife of Joseph and the mother of Jesus. She is a central figure of Christianity, venerated under various titles such as virgin or queen, many of them mentioned in the Litany of Loreto. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Church of the East, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches believe that Mary, as mother of Jesus, is the Mother of God. Other Protestant views on Mary vary, with some holding her to have considerably lesser status.", "The New Testament describes Mary as a young virgin who was chosen by God to conceive Jesus through the Holy Spirit. After giving birth to Jesus in Bethlehem, she raised him in the city of Nazareth in Galilee, and was in Jerusalem at his crucifixion and with the apostles after his ascension", ". Although her later life is not accounted in the Bible, Catholic and Eastern Christian traditions believe that her body was raised into heaven at the end of her earthly life, which is known in Western Christianity as the Assumption of Mary and in Eastern Christianity as the Dormition of the Mother of God.", "Mary has been venerated since early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the holiest and greatest saint. There is a certain diversity in the Mariology and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas, namely her Immaculate Conception and her Assumption into heaven. Many Protestants minimize Mary's role, based on what they argue is lack of biblical support for any beliefs other than her status as the Mother of God and the virgin birth", ". She is mentioned numerous times in the Quran, including in a chapter named after her, and has the highest position in Islam among all women.", "The multiple forms of Marian devotions include various prayers and hymns, the celebration of several Marian feast days in liturgy, the veneration of images and relics, the construction of churches dedicated to Mary and pilgrimages to Marian shrines. Many Marian apparitions and miracles attributed to her intercession have been reported by believers over the centuries. She has been a traditional subject in arts, notably in Byzantine art, medieval art and Renaissance art.\n\nNames and titles", "Names and titles\n\nMary's name in the original manuscripts of the New Testament was based on her original Aramaic name , transliterated as or . The English name Mary comes from the Greek , a shortened form of the name . Both and appear in the New Testament.\n\nIn Christianity", "In Christianity, Mary is commonly referred to as the Virgin Mary, in accordance with the belief that the Holy Spirit impregnated her, thereby conceiving her first-born son Jesus miraculously, without sexual relations with her betrothed Joseph, \"until her son [Jesus] was born\". The word \"until\" has inspired considerable analysis on whether Joseph and Mary produced siblings after the birth of Jesus or not.", "Among her many other names and titles are the Blessed Virgin Mary (often abbreviated to \"BMV\" after the Latin ), Saint Mary (occasionally), the Mother of God (primarily in Western Christianity), the (primarily in Eastern Christianity), Our Lady (Medieval ), and Queen of Heaven (; see also here)", ". The title \"queen of heaven\" had previously been used as an epithet for a number of ancient sky-goddesses, such as Nin-anna, Astarte, Ishtar and Astoreth, the Canaanite sky-goddess worshipped during the Hebrew prophet Jeremiah's lifetime.", "Titles in use vary among Anglicans, Lutherans, Catholics, Orthodox, Protestants, Mormons, and other Christians.\n\nThe three main titles for Mary used by the Orthodox are ( or \"God-bearer\"), () which means ever-virgin, as confirmed in the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, and () meaning \"all-holy\". Catholics use a wide variety of titles for Mary, and these titles have in turn given rise to many artistic depictions.", "The title , which means \"God-bearer,\" was recognized at the Council of Ephesus in 431. The direct equivalents of title in Latin are and , although the phrase is more often loosely translated into Latin as (\"Mother of God\"), with similar patterns for other languages used in the Latin Church. However, this same phrase in Greek (), in the abbreviated form , is an indication commonly attached to her image in Byzantine icons", ". The Council stated that the Church Fathers \"did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God\".", "Some Marian titles have a direct scriptural basis. For instance, the title \"Queen Mother\" has been given to Mary, as she was the mother of Jesus, sometimes referred to as the \"King of Kings\" due to his ancestral descent from King David. This is also based on the Hebrew tradition of the \"Queen-Mother,\" the Gebirah or \"Great Lady.\" Other titles have arisen from reported miracles, special appeals, or occasions for calling on Mary.\n\nIn Islam", "In Islam, Mary is known as Maryam (), mother of Isa (). She is often referred to by the honorific title , meaning \"Our Lady\"; this title is in parallel to (\"Our Lord\"), used for the prophets. A related term of endearment is , meaning \"she who confirms the truth\" and \"she who believes sincerely completely\". Another title for Mary is , which signifies both constant submission to God and absorption in prayer and invocation in Islam", ". She is also called , meaning \"one who has been purified\" and representing her status as one of two humans in creation (and the only woman) to not be touched by Satan at any point. In the Quran, she is described both as \"the daughter of Imran and \"the sister of Aaron\".", "Life in ancient sources", "New Testament", "The canonical Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles are the primary sources of historical information about Mary. They are almost contemporary sources, as the synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles are generally considered dating from around AD 66–90, while the gospel of John would date from AD 90–110. They provide limited information about Mary, as they primarily focus on the teaching of Jesus and on his apostles", ". The historical reliability of the Gospels and historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles are subject to debate, as it was common practice in early Christian writings to mix historical facts with legendary stories.", "The earliest New Testament account of Mary is in the epistle to the Galatians, which was written before the gospels. She is referred to as \"a woman\" and is not named: \"But when the fullness of time had come, God sent his Son, born of a woman, born under the law\" (Galatians 4:4).", "Mary is mentioned several times in the canonical Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles:\nThe Gospel of Luke mentions Mary the most often, identifying her by name twelve times, all of these in the infancy narrative (Luke 1:27–2:34).\nThe Gospel of Matthew mentions her by name five times, four of these (1:16, 18, 20: 2:12) in the infancy narrative and only once (Matthew 13:55) outside the infancy narrative.", "The Gospel of Mark names her once (Mark 6:3) and mentions Jesus' mother without naming her in Mark 3:31–32.", "The Gospel of John refers to the mother of Jesus twice, but never mentions her name. She is first seen at the wedding at Cana (John 2:1–12). The second reference has her standing near the cross of Jesus together with Mary Magdalene, Mary of Clopas (or Cleophas), and her own sister (possibly the same as Mary of Clopas; the wording is semantically ambiguous), along with the \"disciple whom Jesus loved\" (John 19:25–26)", ". John 2:1–12 is the only text in the canonical gospels in which the adult Jesus has a conversation with Mary. He does not address her as \"Mother\" but as \"Woman\". In Koine Greek (the language that the Gospel of John was composed in), calling one's mother \"Woman\" was not disrespectful, and could even be tender. Accordingly, some versions of the Bible translate it as \"Dear woman\".", "In the Acts of the Apostles, Mary and the brothers of Jesus are mentioned in the company of the eleven apostles who are gathered in the upper room after the Ascension of Jesus (Acts 1:14).", "In the Book of Revelation, also part of the New Testament, the \"woman clothed with the sun\" (Revelation 12:1, 12:5–6) is sometimes identified as Mary.\n\nGenealogy", "The New Testament tells little of Mary's early history. The Gospel of Matthew does give a genealogy for Jesus by his father's paternal line, only identifying Mary as the wife of Joseph. John 19:25 states that Mary had a sister; semantically it is unclear if this sister is the same as Mary of Clopas, or if she is left unnamed. Jerome identifies Mary of Clopas as the sister of Mary, mother of Jesus", ". Jerome identifies Mary of Clopas as the sister of Mary, mother of Jesus. According to the early 2nd century historian Hegesippus, Mary of Clopas was likely Mary's sister-in-law, understanding Clopas (Cleophas) to have been Joseph's brother.", "According to the writer of Luke, Mary was a relative of Elizabeth, wife of the priest Zechariah of the priestly division of Abijah, who was herself part of the lineage of Aaron and so of the Tribe of Levi", ". Some of those who believe that the relationship with Elizabeth was on the maternal side, believe that Mary, like Joseph, was of the royal Davidic line and so of the Tribe of Judah, and that the genealogy of Jesus presented in Luke 3 from Nathan, is in fact the genealogy of Mary, while the genealogy from Solomon given in Matthew 1 is that of Joseph. (Aaron's wife Elisheba was of the tribe of Judah, so all their descendants are from both Levi and Judah.)", "Annunciation\n\nMary resided in \"her own house\" in Nazareth in Galilee, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal—the first stage of a Jewish marriage. Jewish girls were considered marriageable at the age of twelve years and six months, though the actual age of the bride varied with circumstances. The marriage was preceded by the betrothal, after which the bride legally belonged to the bridegroom, though she did not live with him till about a year later, when the marriage was celebrated.", "The angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and, after initially expressing incredulity at the announcement, she responded, \"I am the handmaid of the Lord. Let it be done unto me according to your word", ". Let it be done unto me according to your word.\" Joseph planned to quietly divorce her, but was told her conception was by the Holy Spirit in a dream by \"an angel of the Lord\"; the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife, which Joseph did, thereby formally completing the wedding rites.", "Since the angel Gabriel had told Mary that Elizabeth—having previously been barren—was then miraculously pregnant, Mary hurried to see Elizabeth, who was living with her husband Zechariah in \"the hill country..., [in] a city of Juda\". Mary arrived at the house and greeted Elizabeth who called Mary \"the mother of my Lord\", and Mary spoke the words of praise that later became known as the from her first word in the Latin version. After about three months, Mary returned to her own house.\n\nBirth of Jesus", "According to the gospel of Luke, a decree of the Roman Emperor Augustus required that Joseph return to his hometown of Bethlehem to register for a Roman census. While he was there with Mary, she gave birth to Jesus; but because there was no place for them in the inn, she used a manger as a cradle. From the age at which Jewish maidens became marriageable, it is possible that Mary gave birth to her son when she was about thirteen or fourteen years of age", ". No historical document tells us how old she actually was at the time of the Nativity. Most Jewish girls married in their mid to late teen years according to NRSV, or between 13 and 16 years old, according to CSB. After eight days, the boy was circumcised according to Jewish law and named \"Jesus\" (, ), which means \"Yahweh is salvation\".", "After Mary continued in the \"blood of her purifying\" another 33 days, for a total of 40 days, she brought her burnt offering and sin offering to the Temple in Jerusalem (Luke 2:22), so the priest could make atonement for her. They also presented Jesus \"As it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord\" (Luke 2:23; Exodus 13:2; 23:12–15; 22:29; 34:19–20; Numbers 3:13; 18:15)", ". After the prophecies of Simeon and the prophetess Anna in Luke 2:25–38, the family \"returned into Galilee, to their own city Nazareth\".", "According to the gospel of Matthew, magi coming from Eastern regions arrived at Bethlehem where Jesus and his family were living, and worshiped him. Joseph was then warned in a dream that King Herod wanted to murder the infant, and the family fled by night to Egypt and stayed there for some time. After Herod's death in 4 BC, they returned to Nazareth in Galilee, rather than Bethlehem, because Herod's son Archelaus was the ruler of Judaea.", "Mary is involved in the only event in Jesus' adolescent life that is recorded in the New Testament. At the age of 12, Jesus, having become separated from his parents on their return journey from the Passover celebration in Jerusalem, was found in the Temple among the religious teachers.\n\nMinistry of Jesus", "Ministry of Jesus\n\nMary was present when, at her suggestion, Jesus worked his first miracle during a wedding at Cana by turning water into wine. Subsequently, there are events when Mary is present along with James, Joseph, Simon, and Judas, called Jesus' brothers, and unnamed sisters. Following Jerome, the Church Fathers interpreted the words translated as \"brother\" and \"sister\" as referring to close relatives.", "The hagiography of Mary and the Holy Family can be contrasted with other material in the Gospels. These references include an incident which can be interpreted as Jesus rejecting his family in the New Testament: \"And his mother and his brothers arrived, and standing outside, they sent in a message asking for him […] And looking at those who sat in a circle around him, Jesus said, 'These are my mother and my brothers. Whoever does the will of God is my brother, and sister, and mother'.\"", "Mary is also depicted as being present in a group of women at the crucifixion standing near the disciple whom Jesus loved along with Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene, to which list Matthew 27:56 adds \"the mother of the sons of Zebedee\", presumably the Salome mentioned in Mark 15:40.", "After the Ascension of Jesus\nIn Acts 1:12–26, especially verse 14, Mary is the only one other than the eleven apostles to be mentioned by name who abode in the upper room, when they returned from Mount Olivet. Her presence with the apostles during the Pentecost is not explicit, although it has been held as a fact by Christian tradition.\n\nFrom this time, she disappears from the biblical accounts, although it is held by Catholics that she is again portrayed as the heavenly woman in the Book of Revelation.", "Her death is not recorded in the scriptures, but Orthodox tradition, tolerated also by Catholics, has her first dying a natural death, known as the Dormition of Mary, and then, soon after, her body itself also being assumed (taken bodily) into Heaven", ". Belief in the corporeal assumption of Mary is a dogma of the Catholic Church, in the Latin and Eastern Catholic Churches alike, and is believed as well by the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Church, and parts of the Anglican Communion and Continuing Anglican movement.", "Later writings\nAccording to the apocryphal Gospel of James, Mary was the daughter of Joachim and Anne. Before Mary's conception, Anne had been barren and was far advanced in years. Mary was given to service as a consecrated virgin in the Temple in Jerusalem when she was three years old. This was in spite of the patent impossibility of its premise that a girl could be kept in the Temple of Jerusalem along with some companions.", "While unproven, some apocryphal accounts state that at the time of her betrothal to Joseph, Mary was 12–14 years old. Her age during her pregnancy has varied up to 17 in apochyphal sources. In a large part, apocryphal texts are historically unreliable. According to ancient Jewish custom, Mary technically could have been betrothed at about 12, but most Jewish women in Palestine of her time married during their late teens or early twenties.", "Hyppolitus of Thebes says that Mary lived for 11 years after the death of her son Jesus, dying in 41 AD.\n\nThe earliest extant biographical writing on Mary is Life of the Virgin, attributed to the 7th-century saint Maximus the Confessor, which portrays her as a key element of the early Christian Church after the death of Jesus.\n\nReligious perspectives\n\nChristian", "Christian Marian perspectives include a great deal of diversity. While some Christians such as Catholics and Eastern Orthodox have well established Marian traditions, Protestants at large pay scant attention to Mariological themes. Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutherans venerate the Virgin Mary. This veneration especially takes the form of prayer for intercession with her Son, Jesus Christ", ". This veneration especially takes the form of prayer for intercession with her Son, Jesus Christ. Additionally, it includes composing poems and songs in Mary's honor, painting icons or carving statues of her, and conferring titles on Mary that reflect her position among the saints.", "Catholic", "In the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title \"Blessed\" (, ) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. There is a difference between the usage of the term \"blessed\" as pertaining to Mary and its usage as pertaining to a beatified person", ". \"Blessed\" as a Marian title refers to her exalted state as being the greatest among the saints; for a person who has been declared beatified, on the other hand, \"blessed\" simply indicates that they may be venerated despite not being canonized. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, but rather by God through her intercession", ". The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are: her status as , or Mother of God; her perpetual virginity; the Immaculate Conception; and her bodily Assumption into Heaven.", "The Blessed Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus has a more central role in Roman Catholic teachings and beliefs than in any other major Christian group. Not only do Roman Catholics have more theological doctrines and teachings that relate to Mary, but they have more feasts, prayers, devotional and venerative practices than any other group. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states: \"The Church's devotion to the Blessed Virgin is intrinsic to Christian worship.\"", "For centuries, Catholics have performed acts of consecration and entrustment to Mary at personal, societal and regional levels. These acts may be directed to the Virgin herself, to the Immaculate Heart of Mary and to the Immaculate Conception. In Catholic teachings, consecration to Mary does not diminish or substitute the love of God, but enhances it, for all consecration is ultimately made to God.", "Following the growth of Marian devotions in the 16th century, Catholic saints wrote books such as Glories of Mary and True Devotion to Mary that emphasized Marian veneration and taught that \"the path to Jesus is through Mary\". Marian devotions are at times linked to Christocentric devotions (such as the Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary).", "Major Marian devotions include: Seven Sorrows of Mary, Rosary and scapular, Miraculous Medal and Reparations to Mary. The months of May and October are traditionally \"Marian months\" for Roman Catholics; the daily rosary is encouraged in October and in May Marian devotions take place in many regions. Popes have issued a number of Marian encyclicals and Apostolic Letters to encourage devotions to and the veneration of the Virgin Mary.", "Catholics place high emphasis on Mary's roles as protector and intercessor and the Catechism refers to Mary as \"honored with the title 'Mother of God', to whose protection the faithful fly in all their dangers and needs\". Key Marian prayers include: , , , , , and the .", "Mary's participation in the processes of salvation and redemption has also been emphasized in the Catholic tradition, but they are not doctrines. Pope John Paul II's 1987 encyclical began with the sentence: \"The Mother of the Redeemer has a precise place in the plan of salvation.\"", "In the 20th century, both popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI emphasized the Marian focus of the Catholic Church. Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) suggested a redirection of the whole church towards the program of Pope John Paul II in order to ensure an authentic approach to Christology via a return to the \"whole truth about Mary,\" writing:\n\"It is necessary to go back to Mary if we want to return to that 'truth about Jesus Christ,' 'truth about the Church' and 'truth about man.", "There is significant diversity in the Marian doctrines attributed to her primarily by the Catholic Church. The key Marian doctrines held primarily in Catholicism can be briefly outlined as follows:\n Immaculate Conception: Mary was conceived without original sin.\n Mother of God: Mary, as the mother of Jesus, is the (God-bearer), or Mother of God.\n Virgin birth of Jesus: Mary conceived Jesus by action of the Holy Spirit while remaining a virgin.", "Virgin birth of Jesus: Mary conceived Jesus by action of the Holy Spirit while remaining a virgin.\n Perpetual Virginity: Mary remained a virgin all her life, even after the act of giving birth to Jesus.\n Dormition: commemorates Mary's \"falling asleep\" or natural death shortly before her Assumption. Dormition is part of accepted Eastern Catholic theology, but not part of Roman Catholic doctrine.\n Assumption: Mary was taken bodily into heaven either at, or before, her death.", "The acceptance of these Marian doctrines by Roman Catholics and other Christians can be summarized as follows:", "The title \"Mother of God\" () for Mary was confirmed by the First Council of Ephesus, held at the Church of Mary in 431. The Council decreed that Mary is the Mother of God because her son Jesus is one person who is both God and man, divine and human. This doctrine is widely accepted by Christians in general, and the term \"Mother of God\" had already been used within the oldest known prayer to Mary, the , which dates to around 250 AD.", "The Virgin birth of Jesus was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century. It is included in the two most widely used Christian creeds, which state that Jesus \"was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary\" (the Nicene Creed, in what is now its familiar form) and the Apostles' Creed", ". The Gospel of Matthew describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14, The authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consider Jesus' conception not the result of intercourse, and assert that Mary had \"no relations with man\" before Jesus' birth. This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit, and not through intercourse with Joseph or anyone else.", "The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to heaven. Roman Catholic Church has dogmatically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in . Whether Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, however, although a reference to the death of Mary is made in . In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed, and celebrated with her Dormition, where they believe she died.", "Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary, as proclaimed by Pope Pius IX in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin. The Latin Church has a liturgical feast by that name, kept on 8 December", ". The Latin Church has a liturgical feast by that name, kept on 8 December. Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin (the Greek term corresponding to the Latin \"original sin\") differs from the Augustinian interpretation and that of the Catholic Church.", "The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary's real and perpetual virginity even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man. The term Ever-Virgin (Greek ) is applied in this case, stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life, making Jesus her biological and only son, whose conception and birth are held to be miraculous", ". The Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the Protoevangelium of James that Jesus' brothers and sisters were Joseph's children from a marriage prior to that of Mary, which had left him widowed. Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father Jerome in considering them Jesus' cousins.", "Eastern Orthodox", "Eastern Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever-Virgin Mary, the . The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The (hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the in the most prominent place after Christ", ". Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: the , Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers and Martyrs, giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the \"Lady of the Angels\".", "The views of the Church Fathers still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly doxological, rather than academic: they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry, and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists (standing hymns) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn. Five of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary", ". Five of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary. The Sunday of Orthodoxy directly links the Virgin Mary's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration.", "A number of Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the .", "The Orthodox view Mary as \"superior to all created beings\", although not divine. As such, the designation of Saint to Mary as Saint Mary is not appropriate. The Orthodox does not venerate Mary as conceived immaculate", ". The Orthodox does not venerate Mary as conceived immaculate. Gregory of Nazianzus, Archbishop of Constantinople in the 4th century AD, speaking on the Nativity of Jesus Christ argues that \"Conceived by the Virgin, who first in body and soul was purified by the Holy Ghost, He came forth as God with that which He had assumed, One Person in two Natures, Flesh and Spirit, of which the latter defined the former.\" The Orthodox celebrate the Dormition of the Theotokos, rather than Assumption.", "The Protoevangelium of James, an extra-canonical book, has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary. The account of Mary's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three. The high priest Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generations. Zachariah placed Mary on the third step of the altar, whereby God gave her grace. While in the temple, Mary was miraculously fed by an angel, until she was 12 years old", ". While in the temple, Mary was miraculously fed by an angel, until she was 12 years old. At that point, an angel told Zachariah to betroth Mary to a widower in Israel, who would be indicated. This story provides the theme of many hymns for the Feast of Presentation of Mary, and icons of the feast depict the story", ". The Orthodox believe that Mary was instrumental in the growth of Christianity during the life of Jesus, and after his Crucifixion, and Orthodox theologian Sergei Bulgakov has written: \"The Virgin Mary is the centre, invisible, but real, of the Apostolic Church.\"", "Theologians from the Orthodox tradition have made prominent contributions to the development of Marian thought and devotion.\nJohn Damascene () was one of the greatest Orthodox theologians. Among other Marian writings, he proclaimed the essential nature of Mary's heavenly Assumption or Dormition and her meditative role.\n\nMore recently, Sergei Bulgakov expressed the Orthodox sentiments towards Mary as follows:\n\nProtestant", "Protestant\n\nProtestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints. They share the belief that Mary is the mother of Jesus and \"blessed among women\" (Luke 1:42) but they generally do not agree that Mary is to be venerated. She is considered to be an outstanding example of a life dedicated to God. As such, they tend not to accept certain church doctrines such as her being preserved from sin. Theologian Karl Barth wrote that \"the heresy of the Catholic Church is its Mariology\".", "Some early Protestants venerated Mary. Martin Luther wrote that: \"Mary is full of grace, proclaimed to be entirely without sin. God's grace fills her with everything good and makes her devoid of all evil.\" However, as of 1532, Luther stopped celebrating the feast of the Assumption of Mary and also discontinued his support of the Immaculate Conception. John Calvin remarked, \"It cannot be denied that God in choosing and destining Mary to be the Mother of his Son, granted her the highest honor", ".\" However, Calvin firmly rejected the notion that Mary can intercede between Christ and man.", "Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of Christ in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; however, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased", ". During the Age of the Enlightenment, any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her.", "In the 20th century, some Protestants reacted in opposition to the Catholic dogma of the Assumption of Mary. The tone of the Second Vatican Council began to mend the ecumenical differences, and Protestants began to show interest in Marian themes. In 1997 and 1998, ecumenical dialogues between Catholics and Protestants took place, but, to date, the majority of Protestants disagree with Marian veneration and some view it as a challenge to the authority of Scripture.\n\nAnglican", "Anglican\n\nThe various churches that form the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement have different views on Marian doctrines and venerative practices given that there is no single church with universal authority within the Communion and that the mother church (the Church of England) understands itself to be both \"Catholic\" and \"Reformed\". Thus unlike the Protestant churches at large, the Anglican Communion includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary.", "Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as \"God-bearer\" is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians. All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple. This feast is called in older prayer books the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on 2 February", ". The Annunciation of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin on 25 March was from before the time of Bede until the 18th century New Year's Day in England. The Annunciation is called the \"Annunciation of our Lady\" in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. Anglicans also celebrate in the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin on 31 May, though in some provinces the traditional date of 2 July is kept. The feast of the St. Mary the Virgin is observed on the traditional day of the Assumption, 15 August", ". Mary the Virgin is observed on the traditional day of the Assumption, 15 August. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin is kept on 8 September.", "The Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary is kept in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, on 8 December. In certain Anglo-Catholic parishes this feast is called the Immaculate Conception. Again, the Assumption of Mary is believed in by most Anglo-Catholics, but is considered a pious opinion by moderate Anglicans. Protestant-minded Anglicans reject the celebration of these feasts.", "Prayers and venerative practices vary greatly. For instance, as of the 19th century, following the Oxford Movement, Anglo-Catholics frequently pray the Rosary, the , , and other litanies and anthems of Mary reminiscent of Catholic practices. Conversely, low church Anglicans rarely invoke the Blessed Virgin except in certain hymns, such as the second stanza of Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones.", "The Anglican Society of Mary was formed in 1931 and maintains chapters in many countries. The purpose of the society is to foster devotion to Mary among Anglicans. High church Anglicans espouse doctrines that are closer to Roman Catholics, and retain veneration for Mary, such as Anglican pilgrimages to Our Lady of Lourdes, which have taken place since 1963, and pilgrimages to Our Lady of Walsingham, which have taken place for hundreds of years.", "Historically, there has been enough common ground between Roman Catholics and Anglicans on Marian issues that in 2005, a joint statement called Mary: grace and hope in Christ was produced through ecumenical meetings of Anglicans and Roman Catholic theologians. This document, informally known as the \"Seattle Statement\", is not formally endorsed by either the Catholic Church or the Anglican Communion, but is viewed by its authors as the beginning of a joint understanding of Mary.\n\nLutheran", "Despite Martin Luther's harsh polemics against his Roman Catholic opponents over issues concerning Mary and the saints, theologians appear to agree that Luther adhered to the Marian decrees of the ecumenical councils and dogmas of the church. He held fast to the belief that Mary was a perpetual virgin and Mother of God. Special attention is given to the assertion that Luther, some 300 years before the dogmatization of the Immaculate Conception by Pope Pius IX in 1854, was a firm adherent of that view", ". Others maintain that Luther in later years changed his position on the Immaculate Conception, which, at that time was undefined in the church, maintaining however the sinlessness of Mary throughout her life. For Luther, early in his life, the Assumption of Mary was an understood fact, although he later stated that the Bible did not say anything about it and stopped celebrating its feast. Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death", ". Important to him was the belief that Mary and the saints do live on after death. \"Throughout his career as a priest-professor-reformer, Luther preached, taught, and argued about the veneration of Mary with a verbosity that ranged from childlike piety to sophisticated polemics. His views are intimately linked to his Christocentric theology and its consequences for liturgy and piety.\"", "Luther, while revering Mary, came to criticize the \"Papists\" for blurring the line between high admiration of the grace of God wherever it is seen in a human being, and religious service given to another creature. He considered the Roman Catholic practice of celebrating saints' days and making intercessory requests addressed especially to Mary and other departed saints to be idolatry", ". His final thoughts on Marian devotion and veneration are preserved in a sermon preached at Wittenberg only a month before his death:", "Certain Lutheran churches such as the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church continue to venerate Mary and the saints in the same manner that Roman Catholics do, and hold all Marian dogmas as part of their faith.\n\nMethodist", "Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds. As such, Methodists generally accept the doctrine of the virgin birth, but reject the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. John Wesley, the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England, believed that Mary \"continued a pure and unspotted virgin\", thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary", ". Contemporary Methodism does hold that Mary was a virgin before, during, and immediately after the birth of Christ. In addition, some Methodists also hold the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary as a pious opinion.", "Nontrinitarian", "Nontrinitarians, such as Unitarians, Christadelphians, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Latter Day Saints also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ, but most reject any immaculate conception and do not recognize Marian titles such as \"Mother of God\". The Latter Day Saint movement's view affirms the virgin birth of Jesus and Christ's divinity, but only as a separate being than God the Father", ". The Book of Mormon refers to Mary by name in prophecies and describes her as \"most beautiful and fair above all other virgins\" and as a \"precious and chosen vessel.\"", "In nontrinitarian groups that are also Christian mortalists, Mary is not seen as an intercessor between humankind and Jesus, whom mortalists would consider \"asleep\", awaiting resurrection.", "Jewish", "The issue of the parentage of Jesus in the Talmud also affects Jewish views of Mary. However, the Talmud does not mention Mary by name, and is considerate rather than only polemic. The story about Panthera is also found in the , the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty, and given that it is unlikely to go before the 4th century, the time is too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus", ". The Blackwell Companion to Jesus states that the has no historical facts and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity. The tales from the did impart a negative picture of Mary to ordinary Jewish readers. The circulation of the was widespread among European and Middle Eastern Jewish communities since the 9th century. The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term (\"virgin\") and Raymond E", ". The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term (\"virgin\") and Raymond E. Brown considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus that includes very little historical evidence. Robert Van Voorst states that because is a medieval document with its lack of a fixed form and orientation towards a popular audience, it is \"most unlikely\" to have reliable historical information", ". Stacks of the copies of the Talmud were burnt upon a court order after the 1240 Disputation for allegedly containing material defaming the character of Mary.", "Islamic\n\nThe Virgin Mary holds a singularly exalted place in Islam, and she is considered by the Quran to have been the greatest woman in the history of humankind. The Islamic scripture recounts the Divine Promise given to Mary as being: \"\"O Mary! Surely Allah has selected you, purified you, and chosen you over all women of the world\" ().\n\nMary is often referred to by Muslims by the honorific title (\"Our Lady\"). She is mentioned in the Quran as the daughter of Imran.", "Moreover, Mary is the only woman named in the Quran and she is mentioned or referred to in the scripture a total of 50 times. Mary holds a singularly distinguished and honored position among women in the Quran. A (chapter) in the Quran is titled \"Maryam\" (Mary), the only in the Quran named after a woman, in which the story of Mary (Maryam) and Jesus (Isa) is recounted according to the view of Jesus in Islam.", "Birth", "In a narration of hadith from Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, he mentions that Allah revealed to Imran, \"I will grant you a boy, blessed, one who will cure the blind and the leper and one who will raise the dead by My permission. And I will send him as an apostle to the Children of Israel.\" Then Imran related the story to his wife, Hannah, the mother of Mary", ".\" Then Imran related the story to his wife, Hannah, the mother of Mary. When she became pregnant, she conceived it was a boy, but when she gave birth to a girl, she stated \"Oh my Lord! Verily I have delivered a female, and the male is not like the female, for a girl will not be a prophet,\" to which Allah replies in the Quran, \"Allah knows better what has been delivered\" (3:36). When Allah bestowed Jesus to Mary, he fulfilled his promise to Imran.", "Motherhood", "Mary was declared (uniquely along with Jesus) to be a \"Sign of God\" to humanity; as one who \"guarded her chastity\"; an \"obedient one\"; and dedicated by her mother to Allah whilst still in the womb; uniquely (amongst women) \"Accepted into service by God\"; cared for by (one of the prophets as per Islam) Zakariya (Zacharias); that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-Mihrab (understood to be the Holy of Holies), and was provided with heavenly \"provisions\" by God.", "Mary is also called a \"Chosen One\"; a \"Purified One\"; a \"Truthful one\"; her child conceived through \"a Word from God\"; and \"chosen you above the women of the worlds(the material and heavenly worlds)\".", "The Quran relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam (Mary) in two places, and . These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the virgin birth of Jesus. The account given in is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke, and both of these (Luke, Sura 19) begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya (Zecharias) and \"Good News of the birth of Yahya (John)\", followed by the account of the annunciation", ". It mentions how Mary was informed by an angel that she would become the mother of Jesus through the actions of God alone.", "In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan. According to the author Shabbir Akhtar, the Islamic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same topic.", "The Quran says that Jesus was the result of a virgin birth. The most detailed account of the annunciation and birth of Jesus is provided in Suras 3 and 19 of the Quran, where it is written that God sent an angel to announce that she could shortly expect to bear a son, despite being a virgin.", "Bahá'í Faith\nThe Bahá'í Faith venerates Mary as the mother of Jesus. The , the primary theological work of the Bahá'í religion, describes Mary as \"that most beauteous countenance,\" and \"that veiled and immortal Countenance.\" The Bahá'í writings claim Jesus Christ was \"conceived of the Holy Ghost\" and assert that in the Bahá'í Faith \"the reality of the mystery of the Immaculacy of the Virgin Mary is confessed.\"", "Biblical scholars", "The statement found in Matthew 1:25 that Joseph did not have sexual relations with Mary before she gave birth to Jesus has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word (\"until\") denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus", ". According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman, the Hebrew word , meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as , which often, though not always, refers to a young woman who has never had sex. In Isaiah 7:14, it is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23", ". While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus' father.", "Other biblical verses have also been debated; for example, the reference made by Paul the Apostle that Jesus was made \"of the seed of David according to the flesh\" (Romans 1:3) meaning that he was a descendant of David through Joseph.", "Pre-Christian Rome", "From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates, and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike", ". In the 2nd century, as part of his anti-Christian polemic The True Word, the pagan philosopher Celsus contended that Jesus was actually the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera. The church father Origen dismissed this assertion as a complete fabrication in his apologetic treatise Against Celsus. How far Celsus sourced his view from Jewish sources remains a subject of discussion.", "Christian devotions\n\nHistory\n\n2nd century\nJustin Martyr was among the first to draw a parallel between Eve and Mary. This derives from his comparison of Adam and Jesus. In his Dialogue with Trypho, written sometime between 155–167, he explains:\n\nIreneaus, bishop of Lyon, also takes this up, in Against Heresies, written about the year 182:", "Ireneaus, bishop of Lyon, also takes this up, in Against Heresies, written about the year 182:\n\nDuring the second century, the Gospel of James was also written. According to Stephen J. Shoemaker, ”its interest in Mary as a figure in her own right and its reverence for her sacred purity mark the beginnings of Marian piety within early Christianity”.", "3rd to 5th centuries", "Christian devotion to Mary predates the emergence of a specific Marian liturgical system in the 5th century, following the First Council of Ephesus in 431. In Egypt, the veneration of Mary had started in the 3rd century and the term was used by Origen, the Alexandrian Father of the Church. The earliest known Marian prayer (the , or Beneath Thy Protection) is from the 3rd century (perhaps 270), and its text was rediscovered in 1917 on a papyrus in Egypt", ". Following the Edict of Milan in 313, by the 5th century artistic images of Mary began to appear in public and larger churches were being dedicated to Mary, such as the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome.", "The Council of Ephesus itself was long thought to have been held at a church in Ephesus which had been dedicated to Mary about a hundred years before. Though, recent archeological surveys indicate that St. Mary's Church in Ephesus did not exist at the time of the Council or, at least, the building was not dedicated to Mary before 500. The Church of the Seat of Mary in Palestine was built shortly after the introduction of Marian liturgy at the council of Ephesus, in 456, by a widow named Ikelia.", "According to the 4th-century heresiologist Epiphanius of Salamis, the Virgin Mary was worshipped as a mother goddess in the Christian sect of Collyridianism, which was found throughout Arabia sometime during the 300s AD. Collyridianism had women performing priestly acts, and made bread offerings to the Virgin Mary. The group was condemned as heretical by the Roman Catholic Church and was preached against by Epiphanius of Salamis, who wrote about the group in his writings titled Panarion.", "Byzantium\nDuring the era of the Byzantine Empire, Mary was venerated as the virginal Mother of God and as an intercessor.", "Ephesus is a cultic centre of Mary, the site of the first church dedicated to her and the rumoured place of her death. Ephesus was previously a centre for worship of Artemis, a virgin goddess; the Temple of Artemis there is regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The cult of Mary was furthered by Queen Theodora in the 6th century. According to William E", ". The cult of Mary was furthered by Queen Theodora in the 6th century. According to William E. Phipps, in the book Survivals of Roman Religion, \"Gordon Laing argues convincingly that the worship of Artemis as both virgin and mother at the grand Ephesian temple contributed to the veneration of Mary.\"", "Middle Ages\n\nThe Middle Ages saw many legends about Mary, her parents, and even her grandparents. Mary's popularity increased dramatically from the 12th century, linked to the Vatican's designation of Mary as the mediatrix.\n\nPost-Reformation", "Post-Reformation\n\nOver the centuries, devotion and veneration to Mary has varied greatly among Christian traditions. For instance, while Protestants show scant attention to Marian prayers or devotions, of all the saints whom the Orthodox venerate, the most honored is Mary, who is considered \"more honorable than the Cherubim and more glorious than the Seraphim\".", "Orthodox theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote: \"Love and veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary is the soul of Orthodox piety. A faith in Christ which does not include his mother is another faith, another Christianity from that of the Orthodox church.\"", "Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. Similarly, Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as \"superior to all created beings\" and \"ceaselessly pray for her intercession\". However, she is not considered a \"substitute for the One Mediator\" who is Christ", ". However, she is not considered a \"substitute for the One Mediator\" who is Christ. \"Let Mary be in honor, but let worship be given to the Lord\", he wrote. Similarly, Catholics do not worship Mary as a divine being, but rather \"hyper-venerate\" her. In Roman Catholic theology, the term is reserved for Marian veneration, for the worship of God, and for the veneration of other saints and angels. The definition of the three level hierarchy of , and goes back to the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.", "Devotions to artistic depictions of Mary vary among Christian traditions. There is a long tradition of Catholic Marian art and no image permeates Catholic art as does the image of Madonna and Child. The icon of the Virgin with Christ is, without doubt, the most venerated icon in the Orthodox Church", ". Both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians venerate images and icons of Mary, given that the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 permitted their veneration with the understanding that those who venerate the image are venerating the reality of the person it represents, and the 842 Synod of Constantinople confirming the same. According to Orthodox piety and traditional practice, however, believers ought to pray before and venerate only flat, two-dimensional icons, and not three-dimensional statues.", "The Anglican position towards Mary is in general more conciliatory than that of Protestants at large and in a book he wrote about praying with the icons of Mary, Rowan Williams, former archbishop of Canterbury, said: \"It is not only that we cannot understand Mary without seeing her as pointing to Christ; we cannot understand Christ without seeing his attention to Mary.\"", "On 4 September 1781, 11 families of arrived from the Gulf of California and established a city in the name of King Carlos III. The small town was named (after our Lady of the Angels), a city that today is known simply as Los Angeles", ". In an attempt to revive the custom of religious processions within the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, in September 2011 the Queen of Angels Foundation, and founder Mark Anchor Albert, inaugurated an annual Grand Marian Procession in the heart of Downtown Los Angeles' historic core", ". This yearly procession, held on the last Saturday of August and intended to coincide with the anniversary of the founding of the City of Los Angeles, begins at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels and concludes at the parish of La Iglesia de Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles which is part of the Los Angeles Plaza Historic District, better known as \"La Placita\".", "Feasts\n\nThe earliest feasts that relate to Mary grew out of the cycle of feasts that celebrated the Nativity of Jesus. Given that according to the Gospel of Luke (Luke 2:22–40), 40 days after the birth of Jesus, along with the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple, Mary was purified according to Jewish customs. The Feast of the Purification began to be celebrated by the 5th century, and became the \"Feast of Simeon\" in Byzantium.", "In the 7th and 8th centuries, four more Marian feasts were established in Eastern Christianity. In the West, a feast dedicated to Mary, just before Christmas was celebrated in the Churches of Milan and Ravenna in Italy in the 7th century. The four Roman Marian feasts of Purification, Annunciation, Assumption and Nativity of Mary were gradually and sporadically introduced into England by the 11th century.", "Over time, the number and nature of feasts (and the associated Titles of Mary) and the venerative practices that accompany them have varied a great deal among diverse Christian traditions. Overall, there are significantly more titles, feasts and venerative Marian practices among Roman Catholics than any other Christians traditions. Some such feasts relate to specific events, such as the Feast of Our Lady of Victory, based on the 1571 victory of the Papal States in the Battle of Lepanto.", "Differences in feasts may also originate from doctrinal issues—the Feast of the Assumption is such an example. Given that there is no agreement among all Christians on the circumstances of the death, Dormition or Assumption of Mary, the feast of assumption is celebrated among some denominations and not others. While the Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on 15 August, some Eastern Catholics celebrate it as Dormition of the , and may do so on 28 August, if they follow the Julian calendar", ". The Eastern Orthodox also celebrate it as the Dormition of the , one of their 12 Great Feasts. Protestants do not celebrate this, or any other Marian feasts.", "Relics\nThe veneration of marian relics used to be common practice before the Reformation. It was later largely surpassed by the veneration of marian images.\n\nBodily relics \nAs Mary's body is believed by most Christians to have been taken up into the glory of heaven, her bodily relics have been limited to hair, nails and breast milk.\n\nAccording to John Calvin's 1543 Treatise on Relics, her hair was exposed for veneration in several churches, including in Rome, Saint-Flour, Cluny and Nevers.", "In this book, Calvin criticized the veneration of the Holy Milk due to the lack of biblical references to it and the doubts about the veracity of such relics:\n\nAlthough the veneration of Marian bodily relics is no longer a common practice today, there are some remaining traces of it, such as the Chapel of the Milk Grotto in Bethlehem, named after Mary's milk.", "Clothes \nClothes which are believed to have belonged to Mary include the Cincture of the Theotokos kept in the Vatopedi monastery and her Holy Girdle kept in Mount Athos.", "Other relics are said to have been collected during later marian apparitions, such as her robe, veil, and part of her belt which were kept in Blachernae church in Constantinople after she appeared there during the 10th century. These relics, now lost, are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic Churches as the Intercession of the Theotokos.", "Few other objects are said to have been touched or given by Mary during apparitions, notably a 1531 image printed on a tilma, known as Our Lady of Guadalupe, belonging to Juan Diego.\n\nPlaces \n\nPlaces where Mary is believed to have lived include the Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto, Marche, and the House of the Virgin Mary in Ephesus.\n\nHer burial place is believed by Eastern Christians to be the Tomb of the Virgin Mary in Jerusalem.", "The belief that Mary's house was in Ephesus is recent, as it was claimed in the 19th century based on the visions of Anne Catherine Emmerich, an Augustinian nun in Germany. It has since been named as the House of the Virgin Mary by Roman Catholic pilgrims who consider it the place where Mary lived until her assumption. The Gospel of John states that Mary went to live with the Disciple whom Jesus loved, traditionally identified as John the Evangelist", ". Irenaeus and Eusebius of Caesarea wrote in their histories that John later went to Ephesus, which may provide the basis for the early belief that Mary also lived in Ephesus with John.", "The apparition of Our Lady of the Pillar in the first century was believed to be a bilocation, as it occurred in Spain while Mary was living in Ephesus or Jerusalem. The pillar on which she was standing during the apparition is believed to be kept in the Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar in Zaragoza and is therefore venerated as a relics, as it was in physical contact with Mary.\n\nIn arts\n\nIconography", "In paintings, Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue. This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire, from AD, where blue was \"the colour of an empress\". A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli, a stone of greater value than gold, which was imported from Afghanistan", ". Beyond a painter's retainer, patrons were expected to purchase any gold or lapis lazuli to be used in the painting. Hence, it was an expression of devotion and glorification to swathe the Virgin in gowns of blue. Transformations in visual depictions of Mary from the 13th to 15th centuries mirror her \"social\" standing within the Church and in society.", "Traditional representations of Mary include the crucifixion scene, called . While not recorded in the Gospel accounts, Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, called a \"pietà\" or \"pity\".\n\nCinematic portrayals \n\nMary has been portrayed in various films and on television, including:", "The Miracle (1912) color silent film of the 1911 play The Miracle, a statue of Mary, played by Maria Carmi, comes to life\n (1912) silent film; a German version of the 1911 play The Miracle\n The Song of Bernadette (1943 film), played by Linda Darnell.\n The Living Christ Series (1951 non-theatrical, non-television film twelve-part series), played by Eileen Rowe.\n The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima (1952 film), played by Virginia Gibson.\n Ben-Hur (1959 film), played by José Greci.", "Ben-Hur (1959 film), played by José Greci.\n The Miracle (1959 film; a loose remake of the 1912 film )\n King of Kings (1961 film), played by Siobhán McKenna.\n The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965 film), played by Dorothy McGuire.\n Jesus of Nazareth (1977 two-part television miniseries), played by Olivia Hussey.\n The Last Temptation of Christ (1988 film), played by Verna Bloom.\n Mary, Mother of Jesus (1999 television film), played by Pernilla August.\n Saint Mary (2002 film), played by Shabnam Gholikhani.", "Saint Mary (2002 film), played by Shabnam Gholikhani.\n The Passion of the Christ (2004 film), played by Maia Morgenstern.\n Imperium: Saint Peter (2005 television film), played by Lina Sastri.\n Color of the Cross (2006 film), played by Debbi Morgan.\n The Nativity Story (2006 film), played by Keisha Castle-Hughes.\n The Passion (2008 television miniseries), played by Paloma Baeza.\n The Nativity (2010 four-part miniseries), played by Tatiana Maslany.\n Mary of Nazareth (2012 film), played by Alissa Jung.", "Mary of Nazareth (2012 film), played by Alissa Jung.\n Son of God (2014 film), played by Roma Downey.\n Mary Magdalene (2018 film), played by Irit Sheleg.\n Jesus: His Life (2019 TV series), played by Houda Echouafni.\n Fatima (2020 film), played by Joana Ribeiro.", "Music\n Claudio Monteverdi: (1610)\n Johann Sebastian Bach: (1723, rev. 1733)\n Franz Schubert: (1835)\n Charles Gounod: (1859)\n John Tavener: Mother and Child, setting a poem by Brian Keeble for choir, organ and temple gong (2002)\n\nSee also", "See also\n\n Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary\n Genealogy of Jesus\n History of Catholic Mariology\n Holy Name of Mary\n Madonna (art)\n Marian and Holy Trinity columns\n Marian apparition\n Maryamaweet\n May crowning\n Miraculous births\n Miriai; Mandaean heroine that many equate with Mary\n Mother of the Church\n New Testament people named Mary\n Shrines to the Virgin Mary\n Society of Mary (Marianists)\n List of St. Mary's Churches in the World\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading", "Brown, Raymond E., The Birth of the Messiah: A Commentary on the Infancy Narratives of Matthew and Luke: New and Updated Edition, Anchor Bible Reference Library/Doubleday, 1993, \n Brown, Raymond, E., Donfried, Karl, P., Fitzmyer, Joseph A., & Reumann, John, (eds.), Mary in the New Testament, Fortress/Paulist Press, 1978,", "Kugeares, Sophia Manoulian. Images of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary of the 13th, 14th and 15th Century. n.p.: 1991, University of South Florida Libraries Catalog. Web. 8 April 2016. Hahn, Scott, Hail, Holy Queen: The Mother of God in the Word of God, Doubleday, 2001,", "Pelikan, Jaroslav. Mary Through the Centuries: Her Place in the History of Culture, Yale University Press, 1998, hardcover, 240 pp.\n\nExternal links\n\n Marilogical Society of America\n University of Dayton – The Mary Page\n Church Fathers on the Sinless Nature of Mary\n Church Fathers on the Perpetual Virginity of Mary\n Mary (Biblical perspective)\n Apostolic exhortation of Paul VI. Marialis Cultus", "1st-century BC births\n1st-century deaths\n1st-century BCE Jews\n1st-century Jews\n1st-century BC women\n1st-century Christian female saints\nAncient Jewish women\nAngelic visionaries\nChristian saints from the New Testament\nChristianity and women\nGenealogy of Jesus\nFollowers of Jesus\nPeople from Nazareth\nProphets of the New Testament\nSaints from the Holy Land\nWomen in the New Testament\nThe Three Marys\nReputed virgins\nNew Testament people named Mary" ]

[ "Whitstable () is a town in the Canterbury district, on the north coast of Kent adjoining the convergence of the Swale Estuary and the Greater Thames Estuary in southeastern England, north of Canterbury and west of Herne Bay. The 2011 Census reported a population of 32,100.", "The town, formerly known as Whitstable-on-Sea, was famous for its 'Native Oysters' which were collected from beds beyond the low water mark from Roman times until the mid-20th century. The annual Whitstable Oyster Festival takes place during the summer.", "In 1830, one of the earliest passenger railway services was opened by the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway Company. In 1832 the company built a harbour and extended the line to handle coal and other bulk cargos for the City of Canterbury. The railway has closed but the harbour still plays an important role in the town's economy. The railway route, known as The Crab and Winkle Line, is now a cycle path which leads to the neighbouring city of Canterbury.", "History", "Archaeological finds indicate that the Whitstable area was inhabited during the Palaeolithic era, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Oysters were harvested in the area in Roman times. The remains of a Roman building have been found in the centre of the town. Charters indicate that there were Saxon settlements where salt production and coastal trade occurred", ". In the 19th century, extensive finds of Roman pottery were found in the sea around Whitstable during oyster dredging, and an offshore rock near the town has been associated with Caunos, an island mentioned by Ptolemy.", "The town was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086, under the name Witenestaple, meaning \"the meeting place of the white post\", a reference to a local landmark. At that time, Witenestaple was the administrative centre of the hundred of Witenestaple which stretched from the coast to the village of Blean, north of Canterbury. In addition to Witenestaple, the hundred contained three manors at Seasalter, Northwood and Swalecliffe. Whitstable hundred was located within the Lathe of St Augustine.", "The Seasalter and Swalecliffe manors were owned by the church, and the manor at Northwood was run by a noble family on behalf of the king. Fisheries were located at the Seasalter manor, saltworks were at the Northwood manor, and pigs were farmed at the forest in Blean. By 1226, the name of the area had evolved into Whitstaple. Saltworks were opened at the Seasalter manor around the turn of the 14th century, and a sea wall was built there in 1325 to prevent coastal flooding", ". The history and development of the town has determined and been determined by the shape and location of the coast which has changed over recorded history due to natural events and human interventions.", "By the late middle ages Whitstable had become a centre of Thames Esturary fishing, including for oysters, and was connected by road to Chestfield where archaeological finds evidence seafood consumption, as well as the Forest of Blean.", "By 1413, the three manors had combined to form the Whitstaple manor, and had been sold to a religious foundation in Essex. The manor was seized by King Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th century, and was given to the Minter family, originally from Ickham. Branches of the Minter family survive today in the same area)", ". Branches of the Minter family survive today in the same area). A royal patent was granted in 1574 to the manor owner for the fishing of its oyster beds, and in the same year, the lands at Tankerton were incorporated into the manor. A copperas works was established at Tankerton in 1588, which operated until about 1830. By 1610, the name Whitstaple had become Whitstable.", "Around the mid-18th century, goods and passengers began to be transported by ship between London and Whitstable, and a toll road was built to the cathedral city of Canterbury. These improvements in transport led to the town's development as a seaside resort; the first advertisements for bathing machines at Whitstable appeared in 1768", ". In 1790 the manor was sold to private landowners, and three years later the rights to harvest the oyster beds were bought by the newly established Company of Free Fishers and Dredgers of Whitstable, the successor to the Whitstable Company of Dredgers. Between roughly 1775 and 1875 the well smacks or early longliners out of Barking and other local fishing ports would collect lugworms and whelks from Whitstable's bait-diggers and dredgers before beginning their tour for prime fish north to Iceland", ". Whelks suspended in net bags in the well could live for a while due to circulating water. In the 1880s, Whitstable was described as having \"an unrivalled, and indeed unchallenged, position in the oyster world\".", "On 3 May 1830, the world's first entirely steam-hauled passenger and freight railway service was opened by the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway Company. Designed by William James, the line ran six miles (10 km) from Westgate in Canterbury to Whitstable town centre. The railway line's initials—C&WR—and Whitstable's shellfish industry eventually led to its nickname, the Crab And Winkle Railway", ". The line carried coal arriving by sea in Whitstable to Canterbury, delivered by colliers sailing from the north east of England. At this time, the town also had a thriving shipbuilding industry. In the mid nineteenth century, hoys also sailed regularly from London to Whitstable.", "Trains were driven by a locomotive for part of the journey, but on inclined planes were pulled on ropes by steam-driven stationary winding engines located at Tyler Hill and Clowes Wood. The locomotive used was the Invicta, an 0-4-0 inclined cylinder tender locomotive built by Robert Stephenson, the son of engineer George Stephenson", ". Whitstable harbour - also designed by Stephenson - was opened by the railway company in 1832, and the rail line was extended to enable goods, mainly coal, to be directly transferred from ships onto the trains. In 1834, the world's first season tickets were issued for the C&WR line", ". In 1834, the world's first season tickets were issued for the C&WR line. The harbour's size and positioning meant that it was the last place on England's east coast where barquentines, schooners and brigantines transporting coal could operate, with sailing colliers serving Whitstable Harbour until the 1920s.", "The Invicta locomotive was retired in 1840 and replaced by horses until a third winding engine was built at South Street. The Invicta was kept for scrap, but in 1898 work began on its restoration, which continued intermittently until its completion in 1977 by the National Railway Museum in York. On 3 May 1980 the locomotive was returned to Canterbury to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the line. On Sunday 16 June 2019 Invicta was returned to the Whitstable Museum & Gallery.", "Around the time of the construction of the Whitstable to Canterbury line, the local Gorrell stream was diverted into what was known as the Backwater reservoir, so as to prevent the railway needing to cross the estuary of the stream on damp and unstable land. The Gorrell Backwater was then filled through the stream itself as well as rain water drainage when the tide was in, and whilst out the water would be released into the newly built Whitstable Harbour", ". The reservoir unfortunately would contribute to the flooding of the town during years when the reservoir could not be drained, such as in 1897 and 1953 when weather conditions were exceptionally bad. This continued into the late 1960s, when fire engines were used to pump out large quantities of the water to prevent further flooding.", "In the early 1970s, the present Gorrell Tank was built underground, with the Gorrell Car Park being in service above ground since.", "In 1845, the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway Company was bought by the South Eastern Railway, who introduced steam locomotives capable of operating along the entire length of the railway. A direct rail route from Whitstable to London was established in 1860 when the London, Chatham and Dover Railway opened a station on what is now the Chatham Main Line. On 16 November 1869, 71 buildings in the town were destroyed by a fire which started at a shop near the harbour", ". In about 1856 the first branch of the Sea Cadet Corps, then known as the Naval Lads' Brigade, was established in the town by the Reverend Henry Barton.", "A plant to manufacture tarmacadam was built beside Whitstable Harbour in 1936. The harbour gradually fell into decay after the Second World War, but in 1958 the Whitstable Urban District Council purchased and repaired the harbour with the intention of rejuvenating the town's economy.", "The Crab and Winkle Line finally closed in 1953, but about a third of the line was reopened as a footpath and cycleway in 1999 under the stewardship of a local charity, the Crab and Winkle Line Trust. One of the main developments to the town in recent years was the Horsebridge project. Completed in 2005, it was designed to regenerate a dilapidated area of the town with the construction of new shops and houses, a town square, and a community centre with a performance space and art gallery.", "Oysters", "Whitstable became famous for its native oysters produced by the three companies in the area: The Faversham Oyster Fishery Company, the Seasalter and Ham Oyster Company and the Whitstable Oyster Fishery Company. Oysters have been farmed in Whitstable for centuries, but it was not until 1793 that the industry became highly regulated with the Act of Incorporation of the 'Company of Free Fishers and Dredgers of Whitstable' and are all unusual in that they own the freehold of the seabed", ". But Whitstable oysters go even further back, almost two thousand years, to when the Romans discovered them and, regarding them as a delicacy, shipped them back live to Rome. They are a registered Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) product. At these companies' peak in the 1850s, they were sending as many as 80 million oysters a year to Billingsgate fish market. By then the plentiful oyster had become the food of the poor", ". By then the plentiful oyster had become the food of the poor. Unfortunately the native oyster population drastically declined in the first half of the 20th century and a combination of pollution, disease, overfishing and the introduction of diseases proved fatal to the industry by the middle of the 20th Century. Pacific Oysters are now farmed on the foreshore at Whitstable, owned by the Whitstable Oyster Fishery Company on a commercial scale producing up to 300 tons of sustainable shellfish per year", ". The farm was the subject of an investigation by the Marine Management Organisation in 2016 after allegations about the racks causing safety issues and blocking navigation for watercraft and swimmers", ". This ended in two independent navigational risk assessments commissioned by the MMO that concluded that the risk posed by the presence of the oyster farm remains ALARP or lower (broadly acceptable) and that the oyster farm’s activities met the requirements of the exemption relating to shellfish propagation and cultivation under the Marine Licensing (Exempted Activities) Order 2011 as amended (Article 13).", "Governance\nSince 1918, Whitstable has been in the constituency of Canterbury. The Member of Parliament for the constituency is Rosie Duffield of the Labour Party, who was first elected in the 2017 general election after unseating long-serving Conservative MP Julian Brazier.", "Whitstable, along with Herne Bay and Canterbury, is in the City of Canterbury local government district. The town comprises the five electoral wards of Tankerton, Seasalter, Chestfield and Swalecliffe, Gorrell and Harbour. These wards have 12 of the 50 seats on the Canterbury City Council. Following the 2009 local elections, ten of those seats were held by the Conservatives and two by the Labour Party. Whitstable has no parish or town council", ". Whitstable has no parish or town council. In their lieu, the Official Planning Consultee was the Whitstable Society, membership of which is open to all, until Cllr. Ben Fitter-Harding removed it in 2020.", "Geography", "Whitstable is on the north-east Kent coast. The town lies to the east of the outlet of The Swale into the Greater Thames Estuary. The town is west of the seaside town of Herne Bay, north-east of the town of Faversham and north of the city of Canterbury; several small villages lie in between. The suburbs/villages of Tankerton, Swalecliffe and Chestfield are at the eastern end of the town, Seasalter at the west, and South Street at the south. Chestfield has its own parish council", ". Chestfield has its own parish council. An area of protected woodland and grassland called Duncan Down lies to the south-east.", "The geology of the town consists mainly of London Clay (which covers most of North Kent). Much of the centre of the town is built on low-lying marshland. Sea walls are in place to prevent coastal flooding. The land in the east is higher, with slopes down to the coast at Tankerton. The whole of the north-east Kent coast has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest.", "A very unusual (some say unique) shingle spit locally named \"The Street\" extends into the sea to the east of the harbour, formed by the local currents. A survey in 2019 discovered it is an especially heavy London clay, and is all that remains of the saltmarsh that once extended the length of the Swale. It is exposed at low tide, and visitors, ignoring the warning signs, are sometimes trapped by the advancing tide, needing to be rescued by the local RNLI lifeboat.", "Climate\nIn East Kent, the warmest time of the year is July and August, when maximum temperatures average around 22 °C (71.6 °F). The coolest time of the year is January and February, when minimum temperatures average around 2 °C (35.6 °F). East Kent's average maximum and minimum temperatures are around 1/2 °C higher than the national average. Whitstable is sometimes warmer than other parts of Kent due to it being backed by the North Downs to the south.", "East Kent's average annual rainfall is about 613 mm (24.1 in); October to January being the wettest months. The national average annual rainfall is about 870 mm (34 in). A recent drought caused Mid Kent Water to impose a hosepipe ban between August 2005 and February 2007.\n\nThe nearest Met Office average data for each month as well as the current data reported on the BBC web site are from recording stations approximately away to east and west and do not well represent Whitstable weather.\n\nDemography", "Demography\n\nAt the 2001 UK census, Whitstable area electoral wards had a population of 30,195 and a population density of 10.3 persons per hectare.", "The ethnicity of the town was 98.2% white, 0.8% mixed race, 0.2% Chinese, 0.4% other Asian, 0.2% black and 0.2% other. The place of birth of residents was 95.5% United Kingdom, 0.6% Republic of Ireland, 1.2% other Western European countries, and 2.7% elsewhere. Religion was recorded as 74.8% Christian, 0.3% Muslim, 0.3% Buddhist, 0.2% Jewish, 0.1% Hindu and 0.1% Sikh. 15.8% were recorded as having no religion, 0.4% had an alternative religion and 8.1% did not state their religion.", "The age distribution was 5% aged 0–4 years, 14% aged 5–15 years, 4% aged 16–19 years, 28% aged 20–44 years, 26% aged 45–64 years and 23% aged 65 years and over. The town has a high percentage of residents over 65, compared with the national average of 16%. As a seaside town, Whitstable is a popular retirement destination.", "Of the town's 13,155 households, 49.0% were married couples, 7.8% were cohabiting couples and 8.0% were lone parents. 30.7% of households were individuals, and 18.0% had someone living alone at pensionable age. 26.4% of households included children aged under 16, or a person aged 16 to 18 who was in full-time education.", "Economy", "According to the 2001 UK census, the economic activity of residents in the town aged 16–74 was 35.6% in full-time employment, 13.4% in part-time employment, 10.4% self-employed, 2.5% unemployed, 2.4% students with jobs, 3.4% students without jobs, 18.8% retired, 6.7% looking after home or family, 4.5% permanently sick or disabled and 2.3% economically inactive for other reasons. The percentage of retired people was significantly higher than the national figure of 13.5%. The unemployment rate of 2", ".5%. The unemployment rate of 2.5% was lower than the national rate of 3.3%. 12% of the town's residents aged 16–74 had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, compared to 20% nationwide.", "The main activities at the harbour are fishing, fish processing, cargo handling and boat storage. The harbour area is the site for other industries such as tarmac manufacturing and a maintenance port for an offshore windfarm. Business parks located on the outskirts of the town provide premises for large retailers, offices and light industries.", "The town's distinctive character and ambience has led to a strong tourist industry, which is promoted each year by the Oyster Festival. In early 2007, Canterbury City Council were planning to boost tourism by building retail developments in addition to the existing shopping centre.", "The 2001 UK census reported the industry of employment of residents of Whitstable as 18% retail, 13% health and social work, 12% manufacturing, 11% education, 10% real estate, 9% construction, 7% transport and communications, 5% public administration, 5% hotels and restaurants, 4% finance, 1% agriculture and 5% other community, social or personal services", ". Compared to national figures, the town had a relatively high number of workers in the construction, education, and health/social care industries and a relatively low number in manufacturing, finance, and real estate. Many residents commute to work outside the town; at the 2001 census, there were 13,260 employed residents, but only 9,725 jobs within the town.", "The high level of employees in teaching is possibly due to the town's proximity to Canterbury, which has three higher education establishments. The elderly population of the town has led to many health and social care jobs at local care homes and at the Whitstable and Tankerton Hospital. At the 2001 census, 1.3% of the town's population resided in a medical or care establishment, compared to the national average of only 0.8%.\n\nTransport", "Whitstable railway station is on the Chatham Main Line, which runs between Ramsgate in East Kent and London Victoria. Other stations on this line include Broadstairs, Margate Herne Bay, Faversham, Gillingham, Rochester and Bromley South. Whitstable is around 1 hour and 30 minutes from London Victoria, ten minutes more than in 2009 due to the introduction of HS1 services further up the line", ". On weekdays, during the morning and evening peaks, there is a direct service to London's Cannon Street station, provided primarily for business commuting; these trains run to Cannon Street in the morning and back in the evening. All services are operated by Southeastern.", "A National Express coach service runs between London Victoria and Ramsgate.\n\nThere is a Stagecoach bus service, branded as the Triangle, running about every fifteen minutes to neighbouring Herne Bay and Canterbury, where many Whitstable residents go to work and shop. Route 5 runs from the town to Canterbury.\n\nThe A299 road, known as the Thanet Way, runs between Ramsgate and Faversham via Herne Bay and Whitstable; it merges with the M2 motorway at Faversham.", "Education\nWhitstable's secondary school is The Whitstable School, formerly The Community College Whitstable. It is a secondary modern school which changed its name from Sir William Nottidge School in 1998. In 2009, 25% of its pupils gained at least five GCSEs at grades A*–C – this increased to 37% in 2011.\nThe School was rated 'Requires Improvement' by Ofsted in March 2015.", "Many pupils living in Whitstable commute to schools in other nearby towns, especially to the grammar schools in Faversham and Canterbury.", "The town's public primary schools are Whitstable Junior School, Whitstable and Seasalter Church of England Junior School, Westmeads Infant School, Swalecliffe Community Primary School, St Mary's Catholic Primary School, St Alphege C of E Primary School, Joy Lane Primary School. The voluntary controlled church schools are owned by the church, but like the other schools, are administered by Kent County Council.\n\nWhitstable Adult Education Centre runs adult learning courses.\n\nCulture", "Events and venues", "The longest established event is the Regatta, dating from a sailing contest between 26 boats from Whitstable and Faversham which was split into three classes (divisions) in 1792. A reporter at the scene wrote: \"Much nautical skill was displayed in the maneuvering of the various squadrons. Every hoy, smack, wherry etc. in the vicinity of Whitstable was crowded with company and formed quite a fair upon the ocean", ". in the vicinity of Whitstable was crowded with company and formed quite a fair upon the ocean.\" In addition, at least two of the spectating boats had bands aboard and tents were erected along the shore which was lined with spectators.", "The Regatta continued to become the biggest event on the North Kent Coast in the 19th century. It has moved from the original Whitstable to Tankerton for more land based events with fairground and fireworks on the elevated Slopes. For many years run by the council, the Whitstable and Herne Bay Lions Club have taken it on in the last 31 years. Future events will be more sea borne with yachting and rowing, and plans for swimming and even the traditional greasy pole.", "May Day is celebrated with the annual Jack-in-the-Green parade, with traditional English dancing throughout the town, a fair at Whitstable Castle and a maypole dance by local schoolchildren overlooking the sea. It has been run by Whitstable and Herne Bay Lions Club for 34 years.", "The importance of oysters to the tradition of Whitstable is celebrated with the Oyster Festival in July each year. The nine-day festival starts with an opening parade on the nearest Saturday to St James' Day. The parade starts with the official \"Landing of the Catch\", followed by the procession of the oysters in a horse-drawn dray through the town, stopping to deliver the catch to local restaurants, cafes and public houses", ". The rest of the festival consists of entertainment for both adults and children, with local art on display around the town, and many establishments offering local fish dishes.", "The Whitstable Museum and Gallery displays artefacts and portraits relating to the town's seafaring traditions, with special features on oysters, diving and shipping. In 2001, the Museum was awarded the international Nautiek Award for services to diving history.", "The Playhouse Theatre Whitstable is owned and administered by theatrical group, The Lindley Players Ltd. The theatre is regularly hired out to other local groups such as The Canterbury Players, Herne Bay Operatic Society, Theatrecraft & The Deborah Capon College. More recently Nick Wilty has adopted the venue to host the OyOyster Comedy nights, attracting stars including Harry Hill, Jo Brand and Paul Merton.", "The Horsebridge Arts and Community Centre opened in March 2004 as part of the Horsebridge redevelopment. Built with an \"upturned boat\" design, and three floors totalling , the centre contains an art gallery, a performance space, art workshops, a learning area, and conference rooms. The building in 2004 won the Kent Design Award in the Town and Village Renaissance category.", "There are monthly beach cleans carried out alone the Whitstable sea front. They are organised by the Canterbury Council Foreshore service in conjunction with the Marine Conservation Society. The location of the beach clean alternates each month between the beach by the Neptune pub and the Seasalter end. Times and dates can be obtained for the Fore shore services or the MCS South East Groups website, calendar page.\n\nAttractions and landmarks", "The town has shingle/sandy beaches flanking the harbour, where sunbathing, swimming and water sports are popular. The beaches east and west are unique amongst seaside towns in the south-east of England for having no promenade; making them generally peaceful. An exception is Long Beach to the immediate east of the harbour where there is a base for jet skis", ". An exception is Long Beach to the immediate east of the harbour where there is a base for jet skis. A notable feature of Whitstable is The Street, a natural strip of shingle on clay bank which runs out to sea at right angles to the coast, for a distance of about . It is the last remnant of the Swale river valley to the north of the town lost to sea erosion over millennia", ". Located to the east of the harbour, The Street is revealed only at low tide, when it is possible to walk out along it as well as swim either side in safe, sandy bottomed shallows. A view of The Street can be seen on the hilltop lawns of Tankerton Slopes. The Slopes are home to the largest population in England of the rare Hog's Fennel.", "Whitstable Castle is situated on the border of Whitstable and the suburb of Tankerton. It was originally built as an octagonal tower in 1789 by Charles Pearson, the owner of a copperas company in the town and a future investor in the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway. However, Pearson later added to the building, developing it into a manor house", ". However, Pearson later added to the building, developing it into a manor house. In 1836 the house, then known as Tankerton Tower, was bought by London businessman and Whig MP Wynn Ellis, who by 1842 had added a west wing, a bell tower and a lodge. The building had become known as Tankerton Castle by 1897, although it is now commonly referred to as Whitstable Castle. Now managed by the Whitstable Castle Trust, the castle grounds are a centre for community activity.", "Off the coast of Whitstable is Kentish Flats offshore windfarm, consisting of 30 wind turbines, each high, providing enough electricity to power 70,000 households. The now-redundant Shivering Sands and Red Sands offshore World War II sea forts are visible from the town's coast. Sailing trips are available from the harbour to the windfarm, the sea forts and a seal watching spot in the Thames Estuary.", "Island Wall, the closest street to the seafront, has numerous buildings dating from the mid-19th century including the Neptune and Wall Tavern pubs, and the Dollar Row cottages, which were built from the proceeds of a salvage operation on a ship carrying silver dollars. The street is home to the Favourite, one of the few remaining Whitstable oyster yawls. Built in 1890, it is now managed by the Favourite Trust, a charitable trust who undertake fund raising to maintain the historical vessel", ". A traditional windmill on Borstal Hill, built in 1815, is used as a motel.", "The town is criss-crossed by numerous small alleys, once used by fishermen to reach the beach. Many of these are now registered as public rights of way and are still in frequent use. Squeeze Gut Alley whose name suggests (erroneously) that most people have to walk sideways due to its narrowness, is one of the more notable.\n\nThe town claims to have the largest village green in England at Duncan Down ().", "The town claims to have the largest village green in England at Duncan Down ().\n\nSport\nThe town is a popular destination for watersport enthusiasts. Established in 1904, the Whitstable Yacht Club is one of the oldest yacht clubs in England and takes part in local and national competitions throughout the year. Each year, the town hosts the International Waterski Championships.", "In May 2007, Whitstable Town Football Club, based at the Belmont ground, won promotion from the Kent League to the Isthmian League Division One South. Whitstable Rugby Football Club 1st XV also won promotion in 2007, to the London League. The club has a 2nd XV team which play in the East Kent League 2.", "Whitstable has a council-owned swimming pool and sports centre with facilities for badminton, 5-a-side football, volleyball, cricket and tennis. A 10-pin bowling centre is located next door to the swimming pool. There is also an outdoor basketball court at the Rec near the swimming pool.", "Windsurfing is common off the West Quay, usually at low tide in southwesterly winds. Kite surfing has become popular in recent years usually taking place east of the Harbour, due to its flat water conditions and exposure to the open sea.\n\nLocal media\nThe four local newspapers are the KM Group owned Whitstable Gazette and KM Extra, YourCanterbury part of KOS Ltd. and the Northcliffe Media-owned Whitstable Times.", "During the 1960s, several pirate radio stations broadcast from the nearby Shivering Sands and Red Sands offshore sea forts. These included Radio Invicta, KING Radio, Radio Sutch (launched by Screaming Lord Sutch), Radio City, and Radio 390.\n\nLocal television news programmes are BBC South East Today and ITV News Meridian.\n\nBBC local radio station is BBC Radio Kent on 96.7 FM.", "BBC local radio station is BBC Radio Kent on 96.7 FM.\n\nWhitstable has a local radio station in KMFM Canterbury which also serves Canterbury and Herne Bay. It was previously known as CTFM, until it was taken over by the KM Group in September 2007. County-wide station Heart Kent (formerly Invicta FM) was based on the John Wilson business park in the town. In 2019, Heart Kent was rebranded under the Heart South banner.", "Whitstable also has a community radio station which broadcasts online and is known as Whitstable Bay Radio (WBR)", "Popular culture\nThe playwright and novelist W. Somerset Maugham was sent to live with his uncle in Whitstable, at age 10, after the death of his parents. His novels Of Human Bondage (1915) and Cakes and Ale (1930) are set in the fictional town of Blackstable. It is obvious that he based this town on Whitstable, as the names and description of places around Blackstable, including The Duke of Cumberland Inn and Joy Lane, are identical to places around Whitstable.", "Whitstable is the hometown of the narrator, Nancy Astley, in Sarah Waters' 1998 novel Tipping the Velvet. Whitstable also featured in the 2002 BBC drama adaptation. The Old Neptune Pub on the seafront was used as a filming location for the 2006 movie Venus, for which the actor Peter O'Toole earned an Academy Award nomination.", "Whitstable features prominently in the 2021 AcornTV series Whitstable Pearl, starring Kerry Godliman, in which a restaurateur fancies herself a private detective in the seaside town.", "Notable people\n Hervey Alan, operatic bass\n Peter Cushing, actor, lived in the town\n Alan Davies, comedian\n Brian Haw, protester\n Val Hennessy, journalist\n Harry Hill, comedian, has his primary residence in the town\n Matthew Holness, comedian and actor (Garth Marenghi's Darkplace, Man to Man with Dean Learner)\n Hugh Hopper (1945-2009), fusion jazz/rock bassist\n Paul Jewell, Liverpool born Premier League English football manager\n W. Somerset Maugham lived in Whitstable in his early years", "W. Somerset Maugham lived in Whitstable in his early years\n Fiona Reid, English-born Canadian actress\n Peter Shearing, former professional footballer\n Dawn Steele, Scottish actress\n Violet Wood (1899–2012), formerly the oldest documented living person in the United Kingdom, lived in the town.", "Twin towns\nWhitstable is twinned with the following towns:\n\n Dainville, France\n Borken, Germany\n Říčany, Czech Republic\n Albertslund, Denmark\n Mölndal, Sweden\n\nWhitstable has friendship links with:\n Grabow, Germany\n Sisimiut, Greenland\n Bolków, Poland\n Lviv, Ukraine\n East Renfrewshire, Scotland\n\nIn popular culture\n\nAuthor Russell Hoban repurposes Whitstable as \"Widders Bel\" in his 1980, post apocalyptic novel Riddley Walker.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n \nTowns in Kent\nSeaside resorts in England\nPopulated coastal places in Kent\nBeaches of Kent\nUnparished areas in Kent\nFormer civil parishes in Kent\nCity of Canterbury\nPorts and harbours of Kent" ]

[ "The action of 22 October 1917 was an attack during the Third Battle of Ypres in the First World War by the British Fifth Army and the French First Army against the German 4th Army. British attacks had been repulsed at Passchendaele by the 4th Army at the Battle of Poelcappelle (9 October) and the First Battle of Passchendaele (12 October)", ". While the British waited for another dry spell and the completion of plank roads up to the new front line, the Canadian Corps and fresh British divisions were transferred to Flanders by the British Expeditionary Force (BEF).", "The Fifth Army planned an attack to capture the rest of Polecappelle and to close up to Houthulst Forest, while the French on the left attacked simultaneously. The plan was for the Fifth Army to provide a defensive flank for the Second Army and to keep pressure on the defenders", ". It was important to prevent the Germans from transferring troops from Flanders against the French during the Battle of La Malmaison on the Aisne and to stop local redeployments before the Canadian attack towards Passchendaele, due on 26 October.", "On 22 October, the 18th (Eastern) Division attacked the east end of Polecappelle, the 34th Division attacked further north, between the Watervlietbeek and Broenbeek streams and the 35th Division attacked northwards into Houthulst Forest, supported by an attack by the right-hand regiment of the French 1st Division. Poelcappelle was captured but the attack at the junction between the 34th and 35th divisions was repulsed and German counter-attacks pushed back the 35th Division in the centre", ". The French regiment captured its objectives and later sent parties to scout the southern edge of Houthoulst Forest and take crossings over the Corverbeek on the left flank.", "Attacking on ground cut up by bombardments and soaked by rain, the British struggled to advance in places and lost the ability to move quickly to outflank pillboxes. Troops of the 35th Division reached the fringes of Houthulst Forest but were repulsed elsewhere. German counter-attacks after 22 October, at an equal disadvantage, resulted in equally costly failures", ". The 4th Army was prevented from transferring troops away from the Fifth Army and from concentrating its artillery-fire on the Canadians, as they prepared to begin the Second Battle of Passchendaele", "Background\n\nStrategic developments", "At a meeting on 13 October, Haig and the army commanders agreed that no more attacks could be made until the rain stopped and roads had been built to move forward the artillery and make bombardments more effective. Haig wanted to continue the offensive until Passchendaele Ridge as far as Westroosebeek had been captured and to support the forthcoming French attack at La Malmaison, by keeping the Germans pinned down in Flanders", ". Haig also mentioned an attack by the Third Army (General Sir Julian Byng) at Cambrai, to take place before winter; Byng wanted operations to continue in Flanders to increase the chance of success in Artois. Despite the dreadful state of the ground in the Ypres Salient, the offensive was to continue.", "Liaison, artillery and engineer staff officers and members of the BEF Operations Section flew over the battlefield to report on the state of the ground. The Fifth Army was to receive the 1st Division and the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division in time to attack on 22 October", ". XVIII Corps was to capture the rest of Poelcappelle; on the left of XVIII Corps, XIV Corps was to attack northwards into Houthulst Forest, to move the left flank of the Fifth Army onto higher ground in the southern fringe of the forest and to advance the line eastwards along the Vijfwegen Spur. The French First Army would guard the left flank of XIV Corps by attacking towards Houthulst Forest with two divisions", ". On the right flank of the Second Army, the I Anzac Corps and X Corps were to protect the right of the Canadian Corps with attacks down the Bassevillebeek and Gheluvelt spurs and towards Polderhoek Château, to force the Germans to spread their artillery-fire over a wider area.", "British tactics, late 1917", "After the Battle of the Menin Road Ridge on 20 September, British attack planning had reached a stage of development where orders were reduced to a formula. On 7 November, the written Second Army operation order for attacks needed less than a page of text. Corps staffs devised details and more discretion was granted to divisional commanders than in 1915 and 1916", ". The tactical sophistication of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) had increased during the battle but the chronic difficulty of communication between front and rear during an attack could not be resolved. Due to the German system of pillbox defence and the impossibility of maintaining linear formations on ground full of flooded shell-craters, waves of infantry had been replaced by a thin line of skirmishers leading small columns", ". The rifle was re-established as the primary infantry weapon and Stokes mortar fire was added to creeping barrages. \"Draw net\" barrages were introduced, where before an attack, field guns began a barrage behind the German front line, moved the barrage towards the German front line and back again several times.", "German defensive tactics", "Erich Ludendorff, the Quartermaster general () of the German armies, over-ruled Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, the commander of Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria () and General Sixt von Armin, the 4th Army commander, over the defensive tactics to be used after the disaster of the Battle of Broodseinde on 4 October. Ludendorff insisted on the establishment of an outpost line () in front of a (outpost area) deep, to be occupied by a few sentries and machine-guns", ". When the British attacked, the sentries were swiftly to retire from the to the main line of resistance () behind it and the artillery was quickly to bombard the . The tactic was expected to give rear battalions of the (ground holding divisions) and (specialist counter-attack divisions), time to get to the . If an immediate counter-attack () was not possible, a (methodical counter-attack) was to be conducted after a delay of to make time to prepare the artillery, infantry and supporting aircraft.", "A held a front to a depth of , half the area held in June, because of the difficulties caused by the weather, devastating British artillery-fire and German infantry casualties. For camouflage (the empty battlefield, ) shell-holes were occupied rather than trenches; battalions were relieved after two days and divisions every six days. Armin wrote an order for the new tactics on 11 October", ". Armin wrote an order for the new tactics on 11 October. The Battle of Poelcappelle (9 October) showed that where British attacks were limited, a could repulse the attack unaided or regain positions, when reinforced by its division. Where attacks had succeeded, even a fresh and its division were incapable of re-capturing all of the lost ground. Armin wrote that must not be left short of men and that divisions must be used sparingly", ". Armin wrote that must not be left short of men and that divisions must be used sparingly. After an attack, the foremost troops were reduced to a remnant with no command system or depth of defence, which could only be remedied by relieving them with fresh units. Between battles, casualties from the incessant British artillery-fire and the high rate of sickness caused almost as much wastage; formations had to be relieved quicker.", "The held sectors that were too wide for swift replacement, because of the tempo of British attacks; divisions had to be ready to swap places to enable frequent reliefs. A quicker rotation of divisions would limit the exhaustion of the infantry and make sure that the troops defending an area were familiar with the ground", ". The relief system could apply only to infantry and engineers because the artillery had been divided; two-thirds remained in emplacements and one third was kept mobile to support counter-attacks. Armin ordered that the new tactics were to apply to in the north, in the centre and the right flank division of to the south", ". Divisional reliefs should be accomplished in one night; divisions were to keep a third of their troops close to the front and the rest in reserve, only to advance to the battlefront after a British attack had started. If the troops were needed, then at the minimum, the battalions engaged were to be relieved by fresh troops. The new defence system was to be explained in detail to the troops before they went into action", ". The new defence system was to be explained in detail to the troops before they went into action. Armin concluded with a warning that more troops were straggling to the rear and that a cordon should be used to prevent soldiers from moving beyond without written authority. Punishments were to be inflicted for abandoning posts and announced to the troops.", "First Battle of Passschendaele", "On 12 October, the defensive effort of the 4th Army had been more effective than expected by the British, although the new tactic did not prevent the Germans from losing ground. The main attack on Passchendaele village had been another costly failure for the British and the ground from Broodseinde, northwards to Houthulst Forest, was strewn with their dead and wounded", ". The German divisions that fought on 9 October had not needed relief before the attack on 12 October and Fifth Army casualties from 9 to 14 October had been almost Opposite Poelcappelle, the German 18th Division had managed to hold most of its ground, after committing all of its reserves.", "The 4th Army HQ considered that the Allied advance in the north to be less dangerous than that towards , the defensive position between Passchendaele and Drogenbroodhoek but a fresh division was moved to the area from Westrozebeke. Ludendorff changed his mind about holding Passchendaele Ridge, believing that the British had only fourteen days before the autumn weather ended the battle and ordered Rupprecht to stand fast", ". At a conference on 18 October, Armin and his chief of staff, Colonel Fritz von Loßberg preferred to hold the remaining defences of and , rather than retire to .", "Prelude\n\nGerman defensive preparations", "On the nights of the Germans conducted gas bombardments on the Hanebeek, Zonnebeke and Steenbeek valleys. Blue Cross gas (sneezing gas, diphenyl chloroarsine) shells were fired to make men take off their gas masks, making them vulnerable to the following Yellow Cross shells (mustard gas, dichloroethyl sulphide) which caused blisters, throat and eye injuries", ". There were few Allied fatalities but thousands of infantry, gunners and men in working parties were contaminated by the mustard gas and needed medical treatment. Opposite XIV Corps, was (Group Staden, a corps headquarters) which administered the defence of the area and commanded the divisions holding it, which were moved into the area for a time and were then relieved by fresh divisions", ". In mid-October, the divisions in comprised the 58th Division, recently arrived from the Eastern Front, parts of the 3rd Division from (Admiral Ludwig von Schröder) and the 26th Reserve Division. Units of the 58th Division had begun to move up through Houthulst Forest to bolster the 119th Division on 13 October, under frequent British and French artillery and gas bombardment", ". On 20 October, the Allied preparatory bombardment shifted to the German support lines and two soldiers, trapped in an overturned pillbox since 15 October, were rescued. Next day, German artillery bombarded the front of to disrupt the massing of French and British troops for another attack.", "British offensive preparations", "The weather improved in mid-October, rainfall diminishing to an average of per day, which prevented the dreadful condition of the ground from deteriorating further. German artillery bombardments increased on plank roads and other attack preparations, which were easily visible from Passchendaele Ridge. From 14 October, the Germans bombarded the Steenbeek Valley almost nightly with gas shell and during the night German aircraft bombed targets behind Allied lines", ". Further back, British artillery positions and infantry bivouacs were covered in mustard oil and had to be quarantined. Despite the nightly gas bombardments and frequent day bombardments, new roads and artillery emplacements were built on time and from 21 October, British artillery began wire-cutting and destructive bombardments on German pillboxes and blockhouses. Daily preparatory barrages were fired deeper into the German defences.", "XVIII Corps", "After the First Battle of Passchendaele no man's land ran through the middle of Poelcappelle, where a few stones were still standing. From the west, the Langemarck road had almost disappeared and intelligence officers searched shell-holes for foundations to determine the route. Movement to the front line was via of duckboard track; up and down lines had been laid but congestion and German artillery-fire meant constant interruptions to movement", ". On 12 October, the 55th Brigade of the 18th (Eastern) Division had attacked Poelcappelle in snake formation and been repulsed after every piece of the attackers' equipment containing moving parts had been jammed by mud. Another downpour fell on the night of and some units received no food for two days. Experiments with Canadian Yukon packs, on which could be carried, revealed that the lack of footing made them useless", ". Exchanges of artillery-fire were continuous, increased in severity and on 17 October, German artillery bombarded the 18th (Eastern) Division positions for every hour, from until daybreak.", "XIV Corps", "The 34th Division (Major-General Sir Lothian Nicholson) relieved the 4th Division from the night of It was a two-hour walk to reach Langemarck through a morass of shell-holes, destroyed equipment and corpses, along duckboards which had been advanced within of the front line", ". Two battalions of the 102nd Brigade were bombed during the night of and lost The division took over the 19th (Western) Division front to the north and of the 35th Division front on the night of On 20 October, the 15th Battalion and 16th Battalion Royal Scots relieved the 101st Brigade, the 16th Battalion on the left, next to the right-flank battalion of the 35th Division, losing both commanding officers to gas poisoning in the process", ". Because of map discrepancies over the positions of the front line and the artillery barrage line, it was arranged that both battalions would fall back for before the attack, a difficult manoeuvre on ground with no landmarks, at night and under bombardment. The attacking troops continued to suffer losses to German artillery-fire for the day and the night previous to the attack.", "On 16 October, the 104th Brigade of the 35th Division (Major-General Reginald Pinney) took over from the 3rd Guards Brigade at the Ypres–Staden railway to south-east of the Faidherbe crossroads, with the French 2nd Division on the left. Movement towards the front line was via the Clarges Street and Hunter Street tracks, which wound around flooded shell-holes and the morasses of the Steenbeek and the Broenbeek stream", ". German artillery filled the depressions with high explosive (HE) and gas shell on most nights. A light railway built along the bed of the Ypres–Staden railway had reached Langemarck station and carried heavy artillery ammunition, equipment and engineer stores. Supplies were carried up the tracks and packhorses moving ammunition used a road further to the west. The area was so waterlogged that many German heavy shells failed to explode or were stifled by the mud", ". On 18 October, the 106th Brigade took over from the 104th Brigade on the right flank and on 20 October, the 104th Brigade took over from Aden House to the Cinq Chemins (Five Ways) crossroads; on the left, the 105th Brigade held the line from Cinq Chemins to a pillbox north of Louvois Farm, with the French 1st Division on its left flank. Houthulst Forest lay north of Pilckem, about ahead, an irregular-shaped wood of about , cut by tracks, ditches and fences into sections, much of which was overgrown", ". The British artillery bombarded German positions all day on 21 October, to which the German artillery replied; a soldier from the German 58th Division was captured, which was taken by the British to mean that the Germans had been reinforced. The night of was very cold; it began to rain at midnight and continued intermittently for the rest of the day.", "Air operations", "In the better weather before 22 October, the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) flew many reconnaissance and artillery-observation sorties. On 20 October, attacked Rumbeke airfield; eleven Sopwith Camels carried bombs, with eight more as close escort. A squadron of attacked from the east to catch any German aircraft in the air and seven Spad VIIs flew high above to cover the attackers", ". The Camels dropped from low altitude and then strafed the airfield from so low that two Camels touched the ground with their wheels. The escorts claimed seven German aircraft shot down out of control for the loss of two aircraft; as the Camels flew home, they attacked targets of opportunity. On the night of Ingelmunster railway station and airfield and Bisseghem aerodrome were bombed", ". On the night of Ingelmunster railway station and airfield and Bisseghem aerodrome were bombed. On 21 October, reconnaissance aircraft took and artillery-observation crews directed destructive bombardments on artillery batteries. Bombing raids were made on Abeele and Heule airfields and in dogfights with German fighters, ten aircraft were claimed shot down, for a loss of aircrew casualties", ". During the night, British bombers attacked Ingelmunster, Abeele, Marcke, Bisseghem and Moorslede aerodromes and the railway station at Roulers.", "British plan", "The artillery of the Second and Fifth armies were to open fire at zero hour, to mislead the Germans about the limited nature of the Fifth Army attack. At Poelcappelle, no man's land was through the middle of the village and was so narrow that a temporary withdrawal was necessary for the artillery to bombard the area", ". The 18th (Eastern) Division was to attack with the 53rd Brigade, one battalion to capture an intermediate objective (dotted blue line) and a second battalion to take the final objective (blue line)", ". The attack was to have three phases, in which three companies of the 8th Battalion, Norfolk Regiment were to advance into the village and capture the German pillboxes at the Brewery, as the fourth company attacked the Helles Houses pillboxes from the Brewery, by crossing into the 34th Division area and attacking from the north", ". After a two-hour pause, the second phase would begin, with three companies of the 10th Battalion Essex Regiment leap-frogging through the Norfolk positions, following a creeping barrage to the final objectives from Meunier House to Nobles Farm, beyond the Brewery. If the attack succeeded, the third phase would begin with the fourth Essex company near Gloster Farm on the right flank, advancing to capture the Beek House blockhouse.", "The 34th Division was to attack up the Watervlietbeek and Broenbeek valleys on a front, from the north end of Poelcappelle to the Ypres–Staden railway. The 102nd Brigade was to attack on the right flank from Poelcappelle to the Watervlietbeek and two battalions of the 101st Brigade were to attack north of the stream", ". On 21 October, the positions north of the Watervlietbeek had been hit by British artillery, causing The adjoining companies of the 15th and 16th Royal Scots had to assemble behind the front line shell-hole positions. With no landmarks and deep mud, assembling at night and under German artillery-fire, the two battalions managed to deploy on a two-company front about wide from Aden House to Gravel Farm, with two companies in support", ". The advance was to pivot on the right flank of the 15th Royal Scots, until the left flank of the 16th Royal Scots had swung forward to the (Five Ways) crossroads, in touch with the right flank of the 35th Division. The distance was about and on the right side of the 15th Royal Fusiliers, the next company held a front of about to Bower House and was to stay in position to fire on the Germans opposite in support of the troops on either flank.", "On the left flank, the 35th Division was to attack on a similar front forward into Houthulst Forest. The objective was about wide, requiring a divergent advance to the objective from the crossroads westwards to Maréchal Farm, thence to a position north of Panama House. The 104th Brigade was to attack on the right flank with two battalions, the other two battalions in support and a battalion from the 106th Brigade in reserve", ". On the left, the 105th Brigade was to attack with two battalions, one in support and one in reserve. The Canadian Corps was to support the attack with a gas bombardment on German artillery opposite the Fifth Army and a 4.5-inch howitzer gas bombardment on German shell-hole positions opposite XVIII Corps. In the 9th (Scottish) Division sector adjacent to the Canadians, the XVIII Corps Cyclist Battalion was to conduct a feint, using dummy figures, to assist the attack by the 18th (Eastern) Division.", "The French XXXVI Corps was to guard the left flank of XIV Corps with Operation B, in which the 201st Infantry Regiment of the 1st Division was to advance northwards on a line from the Faidherbe crossroads next to XIV Corps, to the Putois (Polecat) crossroads, the Belette (Weasel) crossroads and ferme Papagoed (Butterfly Farm), pivoting on the left to a farm at point 86.15 on the right and ferme Jean Bart on the left, a line facing roughly north-west", ".15 on the right and ferme Jean Bart on the left, a line facing roughly north-west. On the night of 13/14 October, the 133rd Division relieved the 51st and 2nd divisions; from 16 October, the 1st Division and 51st Division replaced the 133rd Division and two days later the 1st Division took over the line from the junction with XIV Corps at Point 83.08 and the Corverbeek on the left, with advanced posts at ferme Jean Bart and the Belette and Putois crossroads, ready to attack.", "Attack\n\nPoelcappelle", "The attacking troops moved up to the front line on the night of through the morass of the Steenbeek with respirators at the alert position on their heads, having already been bombarded with HE and gas shell. The 8th Norfolk took post in shell-holes marked with tapes by when it began to rain and the 10th Essex were ready by The British barrage began at and eight minutes later began to creep forward at per minute", ". The 8th Norfolk advanced through the village against slight resistance and captured the pillboxes at the Brewery. One hour later, the 10th Essex advanced, C Company on the right, A Company in the centre and B Company on the left. A machine-gun to the west of Helles House, pinned down B Company and part of A Company, until a party outflanked and captured the post. The Essex then advanced to the Norfolks and found cover amidst the ruins of the village and shell-holes", ". German artillery-fire had increased, the dreadful condition of the ground made it difficult to vacate the area being bombarded and C Company arrived at the jumping-off position severely depleted, their weapons already jammed by mud.", "At the barrage began to creep forward again and the 10th Essex companies leap-frogged the 8th Norfolk, suffering little machine-gun fire but under constant German artillery-fire. C Company was so diminished that it attacked only Meunier House, south-east of Poelcappelle, the German garrison retreating before the British arrived. In the centre, A Company captured its objective and B Company took Nobles Farm", ". In the centre, A Company captured its objective and B Company took Nobles Farm. At the troops were digging in from Meunier House to Nobles Farm but C and A companies were down to only most of the Lewis gun ammunition had been fired and weapons were still clogged with mud. Troops from the 11th Royal Fusiliers went forward to Meunier House at and others took over at Nobles Farm", ". On the right flank, D Company received the success signal from C Company and attacked at through much artillery-fire but little infantry opposition. By the company was consolidating posts in flooded shell-holes to the east of Beek House on the Lekkerboterbeek. A patrol went forward to Tracas Farm further on, which was empty but under British artillery-fire; a message to lift the fire was received quickly and a platoon occupied the position", ". At the German bombardment increased, particularly from Nobles Farm to the Westroosebeke road and infantry began to work down the road from Spriet. The Germans deployed to attack short of the new British positions and trickled forward from shell-hole to shell-hole but were repulsed by the small-arms fire of the 10th Essex.", "Houthulst Forest\n\n34th Division", "At the British barrage fell and appeared dense and accurate; in the 34th Division area, the composite Northumberland battalion captured Requette Farm about forward and the rest of the battalion closed up to the objective as far as Rubens Farm. The 15th Royal Scots advanced on a two-company front from Gravel Farm and Turenne Crossing on the Ypres–Staden railway, towards the first objective away, near huts along by the Vijfwegen road and the Broenbeek", ". The two support companies waited at Taube Farm, back and the attacking battalions were hit by machine-gun fire from several directions, particularly from pillboxes on the north bank of the Broenbeek. German artillery-fire began after ten minutes but only a few shells landed near the attackers, sending up water spouts but Taube Farm was hit accurately and half of the two support companies were unable to move forward", ". As A Company neared the first objective, machine-gun fire from the pillboxes along the Broenbeek surrounded by uncut barbed wire, became intense. The survivors struggled through the mud until driven under cover in shell-holes near the huts; attempts to cut through the wire and attack the position failed.", "The 16th Royal Scots were hit by the artillery of both sides as they assembled and had only enough men for one wave, which advanced at zero hour. The troops on the right flank were caught in machine-gun fire from the huts near the 15th Royal Scots, lost much of their firepower when weapons were jammed by mud and were forced back by a counter-attack, one party disappearing near Turenne Crossing", ". On the left flank, C and D companies reached the Six Roads pillboxes, where the advance was stopped by machine-gun fire. The troops returned fire to cover the Manchester battalion of the 35th Division on the left, as they tried to outflank the pillboxes. The attempt was also stopped by uncut wire but a party of the Royal Scots captured a pillbox and took six prisoners", ". At a German counter-attack was repulsed by rifle-fire but after holding on despite mounting casualties, the remaining 16th Royal Scots and Manchesters retreated to a point east of Egypt House. Communication with the rear had been almost impossible, unburied telephone cables being cut early on, runners being slowed to a crawl by the mud and the area being bombarded continuously all day with HE and gas shell", ". During the night, the 10th Battalion Lincolnshire Regiment and the 11th Battalion Suffolk Regiment relieved the attacking battalions.", "35th Division", "The 104th Brigade battalions moved forward to tapes laid out in no man's land at to evade the dawn bombardment by the German artillery of the British front line. The advance began at behind a creeping barrage moving at in eight minutes. The 23rd Manchester on the right flank lost touch with the 16th Royal Scots of the 34th Division because it had drawn back to avoid bombardment from both artilleries", ". The advance continued for about to the first objective, where machine-gun fire from huts on both flanks was received, all but fifty men of the leading waves becoming casualties. The survivors made a slow withdrawal to the start line. The 20th Lancashire Fusiliers were ordered forward and the 17th Royal Scots moved up to a line from Koekuit to Namur Crossing", ". On the left, the 17th Lancashire Fusiliers followed the barrage along a road from Colombo House to Maréchal Farm, with the 16th Battalion Cheshire Regiment on the left.", "The 17th Lancashire reached Colombo House and by had reached the final objective. A company of the 18th Lancashire which was to fill the gap created by the diverging advance of the attacking troops strayed to the left flank, which caused a delay as they moved across to the right. The company advanced into Houthulst Forest but was fired on by machine-guns on the right flank, which was unsupported and forced to retreat to the fringe of the woods", ". Other troops had reached their objective along Conter Drive, which ran through Houthulst Forest past Maréchal Farm to Vijfwegen, in touch with the 17th Lancashire. To cover the right flank, two companies of the 20th Lancashire went forward and at about took over from beyond angle Point to beyond Aden House on the right of the 17th Lancashire; no troops of the 34th Division could be found, except for five wounded men", ". By noon, the brigade held a line from Maréchal Farm, a short stretch of Conter Drive and back to some huts to the north-east of Angle Point and thence to Aden House.", "The 105th Brigade troops formed up with the support companies in the front line and the attacking companies in shell-holes further back. The advance began behind the creeping barrage but bad going immediately slowed the advance. On the right flank, the 16th Cheshire managed to advance faster and reached the objective at Maréchal Farm but the advance in the centre and on the left flank was stopped by machine-guns in pillboxes inside the forest, to the north-west of Colombo House", ". The pillboxes were captured but the advance was stopped again just beyond and the troops consolidated, in touch with the troops at Maréchal Farm and the 14th Gloucester on the left flank as other troops garrisoned Colombo House", ". The 14th Goucester on the left had reached the first objective and taken Panama House by except on the left flank, where a fortified farm had to be rushed; on the right flank a pillbox beyond the objective was captured at Touch was regained with the 16th Cheshire and a support platoon filled the gap. The 17th Battalion West Yorkshire Regiment moved up to Koekuit as a reserve for the 105th Brigade.", "French 1st Division", "The German 40th Division and elements of the 58th Division held the line opposite the French, north of Mangelaere, where the 201st Infantry Regiment (General Marindin) of the 1st Division, was to advance on a line from the Faidherbe crossroads next to the British to (Butterfly Farm). The regiment was to capture several redoubts towards the farm at point 86.15, north of the Faidherbe crossroads on the right, to the ruins of Jean Bart Farm on the left", ".15, north of the Faidherbe crossroads on the right, to the ruins of Jean Bart Farm on the left. The preliminary bombardment was so effective that the French objectives were quickly taken, despite machine-gun fire from on the left. The French joined in the British attack east of Veldhoek and helped to reduce a number of pillboxes; resistance was encountered at Panama Farm, north-east of Veldhoek but this was soon overrun", ". In the afternoon, patrols, often up to their waists in water, reached the fringes of Houthulst Forest, from the jumping-off point and captured two field guns and several prisoners. The two regiments of the 1st Division in reserve sent parties forward to capture crossings along the Corverbeek on the left", ". A British platoon had been provided for liaison with the 201st Infantry Regiment and when the French reached their objectives, Marindin sent two companies to form a defensive flank from Louvois Farm to Obtuse Bend.", "German counter-attacks", "After a lull from German troops attacked on the left side of the 16th Cheshire and overran the British defences. The survivors of the three Cheshire companies and a company of the 15th Sherwood Foresters were almost surrounded, retreated about from Houthulst Forest but were then pushed back to the start line. The retirement uncovered the left flank of the party in Maréchal Farm, which formed a defensive flank along the road back to Colombo House, with the right flank ahead of the farm", ". As the left flank of the Cheshires moved back, the left side of the 17th Lancashire Fusiliers conformed at moving back to the support line under the impression that they were being left exposed in a salient. The retirement of the 17th Lancashire Company did leave Z Company of the Cheshires beyond Maréchal Farm isolated and it withdrew to Colombo House; the 18th Lancashire prolonged the line closer to the huts on the right flank", ". After the German counter-attack and the confusion on the British right, only the 14th Gloucester on the left flank next to the French remained on the final objective, in this area, the German attack was caught in a British barrage and was repulsed.", "The 14th Gloucester refused its right flank (angled it backwards) to link with the 16th Cheshire and a party from the 15th Sherwood Foresters filled the gap. As the German counter-attack progressed, troops assembled opposite the 17th and 18th Lancashire, who called for an SOS bombardment; when the Germans attacked they were repulsed with many casualties", ". It became much harder to communicate with the rear because of German standing barrages behind the British front line and the methodical German bombardment of battalion headquarters. Units began to mingle, the attacking battalions began to tire and the weather deteriorated, which made movement even harder. Despite this, parties took tea and rum forward for the troops in the front line. The German counter-attacks ended and the 23rd Manchester was relieved by the 20th Lancashire Fusiliers", ". A battalion was sent forward to Koekuit and the attacking battalions of the 105th Brigade were also relieved, the line being held by the 15th Cheshire with the 15th Sherwood Foresters in support.", "23–24 October", "The machine-gun nests beyond Aden House were blamed for the collapse of the attack on the right flank of the 35th Division and the casualties in the 23rd Manchester. At on 23 October, a party of from the 20th Lancashire Fusiliers struggled through the mud to reach the position, which was beyond the wire that had blocked the advance of the 16th Royal Scots and the Manchester battalion, the day before", ". The party managed to surprise a machine-gun post but the noise alerted the Germans who sent up SOS flares, machine-gunned and bombarded the area, which caused many casualties in the raiding party as it retired. At a German counter-attack on the left flank at the junction of the 105th Brigade and the French 201st Regiment was repulsed by small-arms fire and an SOS barrage. About twenty prisoners were taken and it was thought that many more German soldiers were shot from behind before they could surrender", ". The British infantry had a shrapnel bombardment fired over the shell-holes where many German troops had taken cover and killed at least forty men. On the night of the 15th Cheshire returned to the first objective by advancing to the north of Colombo House on a line west of the Maréchal Farm road, which filled in part of the re-entrant caused by the British retirements during the first German counter-attack", ". At another German counter-attack began opposite the 19th Battalion Durham Light Infantry and the 15th Cheshire, which was being relieved. From infantry advanced behind a creeping barrage but the attack was repulsed by small-arms fire and artillery, being killed and several prisoners taken.", "Air support", "The attack on 22 October was conducted in a rainstorm which grounded many RFC aircraft until the afternoon but the advance of the British infantry was observed by contact-patrol aircraft crews. Especially in the afternoon and evening, fighter pilots attacked German troops in trenches and shell-holes. Machine-gun nests and artillery batteries were also attacked and two battalions of infantry moving along the Houthulst–Staden road were caught by a pair Camel pilots and scattered", ". A bomber squadron attacked Hooglede village, where many resting soldiers were billeted. German aircraft, flying at low altitude, attacked the positions of the 35th Division and one aircraft followed a British contact-patrol aircraft. When troops responded to a call for flares, the German pilot dropped signal lights on them, marking their position for the German artillery. The British sent forward an 18-pounder anti-aircraft gun to Koekuit, to engage German aircraft but it had little effect.", "Aftermath\n\nAnalysis", "The 18th (Eastern) Division objectives had been reached and another taken at Tracas Farm. Poelcappelle had mainly been defended by artillery and the 18th (Eastern) Division captured the east end of the village ruins, where the Germans had repulsed two previous attacks. In 1996, Prior and Wilson wrote that the attack had succeeded with of ground being gained but only because the Germans had already retired", ". In 2014, Robert Perry wrote that the weather and the deplorable condition of the ground had led to the British infantry having to lie down cold and wet, in waterlogged shell-holes, under German bombardment. Captured pillboxes and blockhouses were methodically bombarded by the German guns with HE and gas shell, making communication between the British front line and the rear almost impossible", ". Snipers and machine-gunners firing from concealed positions among trees in Houthulst Forest caused a stream casualties and counter-attacks from the forest showed that the German infantry would resist vigorously. The 34th Division attacked at the point where the British front line swung round from north–south to east–west; in the centre of the attack were five German pillboxes, which channelled the attack to either side", ". The Germans fought with skill and determination from well-fortified and camouflaged positions. Counter-attacks by the German 3rd Division and the 58th Division defeated the 34th Division attack, which was forced back to the start line.", "In 1921, the 35th Division historian, Harry Davson, wrote that the loss of contact with the 34th Division on the right had allowed German troops to retreat, then fire on the 35th Division troops from the flanks and from behind. German pillboxes near some huts beyond Aden House had a commanding view and caused many casualties. Despite the care taken in planning the creeping barrage, some units advancing through undergrowth found it too fast and others in the open thought it was too slow", ". The troops had either lost the barrage or plunged forward so quickly that they reached the objective in an exhausted state. Once the advance had reached its limit, German aircraft strafed the British troops from low altitude and German troops used the trees in Houthulst Forest beyond the British objective for cover, sniping at the British despite a shrapnel barrage, until the 35th Division was relieved", ". Potte Drief, a road running parallel to Conter Drive about away, had been camouflaged and the Germans could move along it unseen. Perry wrote that the XIV Corps attack had kept German troops in the area and prevented the German artillery from concentrating its fire on the Canadian Corps front.", "From 22 to 23 October, the 35th Division artillery and attached brigades fired about of ammunition. The weather deteriorated from 22 to 24 October with about of rain each day, which soaked the ground again. After 22 October, there was a lull until the Second Battle of Passchendaele began on 26 October. On 23 October, the German command system was altered to put the division under the authority of the commander, regardless of rank", ". Troops of the division were put under the commanding officer (, KTK) of the front battalion, which created a two-division unit. On 25 October, Rupprecht wrote that there was only one month of campaigning weather left but that if the weather held, the British attacks would be the most effective of all", ". In 2007, Jack Sheldon wrote that although the German troops defending Passchendaele, who managed to survive the massed British artillery-fire, had performed superlatively, their morale could not withstand the realisation that the British bite and hold system was irresistible. By the end of the month, the situation for the Germans on the flanks opposite Passchendaele had eased", ". The Fifth Army attack and attacks on the southern flank of the salient at Gheluvelt had been contained as the advance towards Passchendaele had continued. Rupprecht and Armin proposed to counter-attack the British north of Broodsende but the divisions of the 4th Army were rapidly being exhausted by the constant fighting, artillery bombardments, air attacks and the weather; the rapid sequence of British attacks made it impossible to accumulate a reserve to counter-attack.", "Casualties\n\nFifth Army casualties for 22 October were killed, and missing; approximately troops were captured. The 34th Division spent sixteen days in the line during October and had casualties of killed, and missing. From were evacuated sick. From the 35th Division had casualties of killed, and missing. The 35th divisional artillery and attached units lost killed, and missing; were taken from\n\nSubsequent operations", "After 23 October, the French prepared for Operation Y, to occupy all the ground from Houthoulst Forest to Blankaart Lake as the British advanced to Passchendaele and Westroosebeke. The 133rd Division moved into line between the 1st and 51st Divisions, from Martjewaart to Saint-Jansbeek and ferme Carnot", ". On 26 October, XVIII Corps attacked the defences of , a mixture of pillboxes, blockhouses and fortified farmhouses, with the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division and the 58th (2/1st London) Division, in support of the Canadian Corps to the right on Passchendaele Ridge. The divisions attacked up the Lekkerboterbeek towards Westrozebeke but deep mud reduced the advance to a crawl", ". The creeping barrage moved forward too fast, rifles clogged with mud and the British fell back to the start line where they could or were surrounded by the Germans and overrun. XIV Corps attacked with the 57th (2nd West Lancashire) Division and the 50th (Northumbrian) Division but the ground was in a dreadful condition; on the left flank the French 1st Division and the 133rd Division managed a short advance into the south-west corner of Houthulst Forest", ". The attacks cost the Fifth Army the 63rd Division, the 58th Division, the 57th Division and of the 50th Division.", "Notes\n\nFootnotes\n\nReferences\n\nBooks\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nEncyclopaedias\n \n\nTheses\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\nConflicts in 1917\n1917 in Belgium\nYpres Salient\nPasschendaele\nBattles of the Western Front (World War I)\nBattles of World War I involving the United Kingdom\nBattles of World War I involving Germany\nOctober 1917 events" ]

[ "Australian constitutional law is the area of the law of Australia relating to the interpretation and application of the Constitution of Australia. Legal cases regarding Australian constitutional law are often handled by the High Court of Australia, the highest court in the Australian judicial system. Several major doctrines of Australian constitutional law have developed.\n\nBackground", "Constitutional law in the Commonwealth of Australia consists mostly of that body of doctrine which interprets the Commonwealth Constitution. The Constitution itself is embodied in clause 9 of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act, which was passed by the British Parliament in 1900 after its text had been negotiated in Australian Constitutional Conventions in the 1890s and approved by the voters in each of the Australian colonies", ". The British government did, however, insist on one change to the text, to allow a greater range of appeals to the Privy Council in London. It came into force on 1 January 1901, at which time the Commonwealth of Australia came into being.", "The Constitution created a framework of government some of whose main\nfeatures, and sources of inspiration, were the following:", "constitutional monarchy (British and existing colonial models)\n federalism (United States model)\n parliamentary, or \"responsible\", government (British and existing colonial models)\ndistinct textual separation of powers (US model)\ndirect election to both Houses of Parliament (then a novelty)\nGovernor-General as a representative of a monarch (existing colonial models, notably Canada)\nrequirement of a referendum for amendment of the Constitution (Swiss model)", "requirement of a referendum for amendment of the Constitution (Swiss model)\nonly very limited guarantees of personal rights (rejection of the US model)\n judicial review (US model)", "The Constitution and the High Court", "The process of judicial review – the ability of The High Court of Australia to declare legislation unconstitutional and therefore invalid – has its origin in American experience, where the right of the Supreme Court of the United States to strike down legislation deemed incompatible with the Constitution was first asserted by the Supreme Court itself in the seminal case of Marbury v. Madison in 1803", ". Madison in 1803. Although completely foreign to both British and Australian colonial experience, the framers of the Australian Constitution clearly intended that the practice would take hold in Australia, and even expressly adverted to it in the Constitutional text (in section 76)", ". This power of judicial review of legislation for conformity with the Constitution has been exercised almost exclusively by the High Court of Australia, and almost invariably with a full bench of all its members, such as in the Communist Party case. Influence from American jurisprudence has occurred in specific cases.", "A brief overview of the other listed features will provide a background for the doctrinal developments examined below.\n\nConstitutional monarchy", "Australia is a constitutional monarchy. Although the term \"Head of State\" is not used in the Constitution, it was intended that the Commonwealth (like the colonies) would continue to recognise the British Sovereign. \"The Queen\" (meaning Queen Victoria, defined to include \"Her Majesty's heirs and successors in the sovereignty of the United Kingdom\"), was one of the three elements of Parliament, along with the Senate and the House of Representatives (section 1)", ". Today, the King of Australia has replaced the King of the United Kingdom within Australia's parliament, but they happen to be the same person. The Monarch is represented in Australia by an appointed Governor-General. The executive power is vested in the Governor-General \"as the Queen's representative\" (section 61), as is the command-in-chief of the armed forces (section 68).", "The Australian Constitution provides the Governor-General with a number of powers, including; the power to dissolve Parliament (Sections 5, 57), the power to refuse assent to bills presented to her (section 58) and the power to dismiss the government Ministers (section 64)., however, the practical use of such powers is restricted by constitutional convention, which mandate the Governor General to act on ministerial advice, except in exceptional circumstances", ". Because the conventions are not written in The Constitution, the limits of the Governor General's powers are unclear. Convention does, however, allow The Governor General to exercise some powers without ministerial advice in exceptional circumstances. These powers are known as reserve powers.", "The reserve powers allow The Governor General to commission a Prime Minister when no party, or coalition of parties has a majority of seats in The House of Representatives and the power to dismiss a Prime Minister, who has been subject to a vote of no confidence in the House of Representatives.", "The reserve powers may also include the power to dismiss a Prime Minister who is engaging in persistent illegal action (Governor Sir Philip Game of New South Wales dismissed Premier Jack Lang on this ground in 1932)", ". However, it remains controversial whether they include the power to dismiss a Prime Minister who, while retaining the confidence of the House of Representatives, is not able to get the annual supply Bill passed by the Senate, as happened during the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 when the Governor-General acted against the advice of Ministers.", "The role of the Monarch is today even more circumscribed and amounts only to appointing (and, in theory, dismissing) a Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister, as well as performing (by invitation) certain ceremonial functions when she is personally present in Australia. See Constitutional history of Australia for further details on the development of the monarch's role in relation to Australia.", "The importance of constitutional conventions in this area means that Australia cannot be said, strictly, to operate entirely under a written constitution, but has to some extent a system like the British unwritten constitution. However, it would be a mistake to exaggerate the importance of this aspect of Australia's constitutional arrangements:", "the reliance on constitutional convention is confined almost entirely to the relations between the Queen/Governor-General and the Ministers of State; and\nmore completely written constitutional systems also develop binding conventions: for instance, popular election to the Electoral College of the United States, though not mandated by the United States Constitution, has probably become a binding norm.\n\nFederalism\n\nDivision of powers", "The Constitution sets up the Commonwealth of Australia as a federal polity, with enumerated limited specific powers conferred on the Federal Parliament. The State Parliaments are not assigned specific enumerated powers; rather the powers of their predecessor colonial Parliaments are continued except insofar as they are expressly withdrawn or vested exclusively in the Federal Parliament by the Constitution", ". The framers rejected an alternative model, the Canadian, which has been described as \"an allocation of exclusive powers to both levels of government, not concurrent powers.\"", "The bulk of enumerated powers are contained in section 51 and section 52. Section 52 powers are 'exclusive' to the Commonwealth (although some section 51 powers are in practice necessarily exclusive, such as the power with respect to borrowing money on the public credit of the Commonwealth in paragraph (iv), and the power to legislate with respect to matters referred to the Commonwealth by a State in paragraph (xxxvii))", ". By contrast, the subjects in section 51 can be legislated on by both state and Commonwealth parliaments. However, in the event of inconsistency or an intention by the Commonwealth to cover the field the Commonwealth law prevails (section 109).", "Both concurrent (section 51) and exclusive (section 52) powers are stated to be \"subject to this Constitution\". As a result, the Commonwealth's law-making power is subject to the limitations and guarantees in the Constitution (both express and implied). For example, section 99 forbids the Commonwealth from giving preference to any State or part of a State \"by any law or regulation of trade, commerce, or revenue\"", ". And as discussed below, an implied guarantee of freedom of political communication has been held to limit the Commonwealth's power to regulate political discourse.", "The list of powers assigned to the Federal Parliament is quite similar to that assigned by the United States Constitution to the Congress, but is in some respects broader: for instance, it includes \"astronomical and meteorological observations\", marriage and divorce, and interstate industrial relations. The interpretation of similar heads of power – for instance the Trade and Commerce Power in Australia and the Commerce Clause in the US – has in some cases been different.", "The constitution also provides some opportunities for Federal-State co-operation: any State can \"refer\" a \"matter\" to the Commonwealth Parliament, and the Commonwealth Parliament can exercise, \"at the request or with the concurrence of the Parliaments of all the States directly concerned\", any power which, at the time of Federation, could be exercised only by the British Parliament.", "Parliamentary structures", "Representation in the House of Representatives is based on population and ‘original states’ have equal numbers in the Senate. The two houses are equal in power except for certain restrictions in financial matters", ". The two houses are equal in power except for certain restrictions in financial matters. For example, the Senate may not amend a supply Bill, although as the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 demonstrates, it may defer or refuse to pass such a Bill altogether; Bills to impose taxation or appropriate revenue may not originate in the Senate; and the Senate may not amend a Bill so as to increase taxation.", "Again, federalism is evident in the process of constitutional amendment, which requires that the Bill to amend the Constitution be approved by a majority of electors overall and a majority of electors in a majority of States (that is, four out of the six).\n\nAdditionally, amendments \"altering the limits\" of a State or diminishing its proportional representation in Parliament require the approval of electors in that State.", "Parliamentary government\nIt was assumed by the framers, in line with British and local colonial tradition, that the executive government would consist of Ministers who were members of Parliament and \"responsible\", that is, answerable, to it, and that the continued existence of the government would depend on it maintaining the confidence in the House of Representatives.", "These arrangements, however, are only hinted at in the text of the Constitution. There is a requirement (section 64) that the \"Queen's Ministers of State\", who are nominally appointed by the Governor-General, be or swiftly become members of either House of Parliament. The existence of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, and the requirement for them to have the confidence of the House of Representatives, are not mentioned", ". Nonetheless, these have been fundamental features of Australian constitutional practice from the start. More recently, the principle of responsible government was reinforced by the High Court of Australia which upheld orders for a Minister of the government to table documents in the NSW Legislative Council after he refused to do so.", "Separation of powers", "The Constitution features a distinct separation of powers. Legislative power is dealt with in Chapter I, and is vested in the Federal Parliament (section 1). Executive power is dealt with in Chapter II, and is vested in the Governor-General as the Queen's representative (section 61). The judicature is dealt with in Chapter III, and is vested in the Federal High Court and \"in such other federal courts as the Parliament creates, and in such other courts as it invests with federal jurisdiction\" (section 71).", "However, the Queen is an element of the Parliament as well as being head of the executive; and the Ministers of State who \"advise\" the Governor-General are actually required to be or become members of Parliament.\n\nWhile there is no significant separation of the legislative and executive powers (the \"political branches\"), the High Court has developed an increasingly stringent doctrine of the separation of the judicial power from the other two.", "Direct election to both Houses of Parliament", "The Constitution required direct election of members to both Houses of Parliament from the beginning (sections 7 and 24). This was a novelty at the time, since the national upper houses with which the framers were best acquainted were chosen by other means: indirect election by the State legislatures (United States Senate before the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913), executive appointment for life (Senate of Canada), or a combination of appointment for life and hereditary succession (British House of Lords).", "Referendum for constitutional amendment\n\nThe text of the Constitution was not presented to the British Parliament for formal enactment until it had been approved by the electors of the colonies.\n\nOn the same principle, any amendment to the Constitution requires approval at a referendum, by the process set out in section 128 of the Constitution. A double majority – a majority of electors and of a majority of states – is required.", "Constitutional referendums were based on the Swiss practice. However, the Swiss use of the popular initiative in constitutional amendment was not followed, so that constitutional alterations, although they must be approved by the people, can only be initiated by Parliament.", "The use of the referendum in initially adopting the Constitution, and its requirement for constitutional amendment, has been cited by justices of the High Court to argue that the Constitution is fundamentally based on popular sovereignty (rather than on the supremacy of the British Parliament, which is its technical legal foundation)", ". This doctrine has achieved greater prominence since the cessation, in 1986, of all authority of that Parliament over Australia: see Constitutional history of Australia for details.", "There have been 44 proposals for constitutional amendment put to the people since Federation. Of these, only 8 have passed.", "The growth of central power\nProbably the most obvious development in Australian constitutional law has been the steady growth in the power of the federal government relative to the states. Several factors could account for this, including:\ndoctrines of constitutional interpretation which favour a broad reading of Commonwealth powers\nthe \"fiscal imbalance\" between the Commonwealth and the States (see Constitutional basis of taxation in Australia)", "the development of new areas of competence which did not exist at Federation, and which have fallen to the Commonwealth\nthe growing importance of legislative areas that were always Commonwealth powers (for example, external affairs and trading corporations)\nconstitutional amendment or referral by the States\nthe willingness of Australian governments, including supporters of States' rights, to exercise their powers to the full", "Centralising interpretations\n\nReserved State powers doctrine and the Engineers case", "Reserved State powers doctrine and the Engineers case\n\nPrior to 1920 the \"reserved State powers\" doctrine and \"implied inter-governmental immunities\" were used to preserve state power. Reserved state powers holds that the Constitution should be read in a restrictive way so as to preserve as much autonomy as possible for the States. Implied intergovernmental immunities holds that Commonwealth and States are immune to each other's laws and cannot mutually regulate each other's governmental apparatus.", "In 1920, the Engineer's case (after changes in the composition of the Court) swept away this doctrine. The court now insisted on adhering only to interpreting a statute \"expounded according to the intent of the Parliament that made it; and that intention has to be found by an examination of the language used in the statute as a whole\". There was to be no reading in of implications by reference to the presumed intentions of the framers.", "As a result, the constitution is no longer read in a way which attempts to preserve the power of the states.\n\nBroad interpretation of Commonwealth powers\nEven before the Engineer's case, a line of judicial reasoning asserted that Commonwealth powers should be interpreted broadly rather than narrowly wherever possible.", "After Engineers, this approach was reinforced. For example, Section 109, regarding inconsistency between Commonwealth and State laws, was broadly interpreted. Commonwealth law prevails not only where inconsistent obligations are imposed, but where Commonwealth legislation evinces an intention to \"cover the field\" by being the whole law on a particular subject. The Commonwealth can \"manufacture\" inconsistency by expressly stating that its legislation is intended to cover the field", ". However, an issue that was raised, without being conclusively resolved, in the Workplace Relations Challenge was whether the Commonwealth can \"clear the field\" by stating an intention that State laws are not to apply even if the Commonwealth does not enact other laws in their place.", "The Commonwealth can only legislate with respect to an enumerated head of power, This does not mean that the law must be solely, or even predominantly, directed at that head of power. As long as it can be \"fairly characterized\" as a law with respect to an enumerated power, it is irrelevant that it could also be categorised as a law regarding some other subject matter.", "Likewise, Parliament's motivation in passing the law is irrelevant. An example is environmental legislation. The Constitution does not provide the Commonwealth Parliament with any power to control the environment or its use. Nonetheless, a very broad-ranging environmental protection Act could be passed relying on a combination of powers such as interstate and international trade, corporations, taxation, foreign affairs and so on", ". The law can be supported by those powers although Parliament intended it to be an 'environmental law'. Particularly in the last two decades, many Acts of very wide-ranging effect have been passed on just these bases, in fields as diverse as environment protection, privacy, and anti-discrimination, fields in which the Commonwealth has no direct power.", "Fiscal imbalance", "At the time of Federation, the colonies' main source of revenue consisted of customs and excise duties (income tax being still a newer notion). Since one of the main reasons for Federation was to create a common market, inevitably authority over these taxes was vested exclusively in the Commonwealth Parliament (section 90)", ". It was acknowledged that this would create a situation where the Commonwealth would raise much more money than it could spend, whereas the States, being still responsible for most areas of law and of social infrastructure, would need to spend much more money than they could raise (the problem now known as \"vertical fiscal imbalance\")", ". Although the framers were able to agree on a formula for distribution of the Commonwealth's surplus to the States in the first few years after Federation, they could not agree on a long-term formula. Accordingly, section 96 of the Constitution provides that the Commonwealth Parliament \"may grant financial assistance to any State on such terms and conditions as it thinks fit\".", "One result of this has been that the Commonwealth has been able to make grants to the States on terms so specific as to amount to the virtual takeover of particular fields of competence. For instance, although the Constitution gives the Commonwealth no express power over education, by means of \"tied grants\" it has in fact become paramount in the field of tertiary education. Although any state has the option to refuse a grant, the consequences of doing so make this unattractive", ". Similarly, the Commonwealth has become dominant in the field of public hospitals, and a major player in the field of roads and other major infrastructure.", "The Commonwealth has also come to monopolise income tax. Once the advantages of income tax were recognised, both the Commonwealth and the States levied income taxes. However, during World War II, the Commonwealth government decided to take over the collection of income taxes and return some proceeds to the States as grants. The Commonwealth passed legislation to levy income tax at a nationwide rate similar to the previous combination of Commonwealth tax and the various state taxes", ". Separate legislation then granted section 96 monetary grants to states if the State did not levy income taxes. In practice, it would be difficult for States to continue taxing.", "This arrangement was twice challenged by the States in the High Court and twice upheld. In the Second Uniform Tax case the taxation part of the scheme was held to be valid based on the taxation power, and the grants held to be valid on the basis of the words 'terms and conditions' of section 96.", "States are also at the mercy of the High Court's definition of an \"excise duty,\" which states cannot levy. The High Court has long stated the definition in terms such as \"an inland tax on a step in production, manufacture, sale or distribution of goods\". However, it does not include a mere fee for a licence to carry on a particular business or profession", ". Accordingly, the States had for a long time levied, with the compliance of the High Court, \"business franchise fees\" on retailers of products, particularly liquor and tobacco products.", "These \"franchise fees\" were mostly calculated according to the value of the retailer's sales in a specific preceding period, rather than on the value of goods currently being sold. Although these seem similar to excise duties, a series of High Court precedents had effectively \"quarantined\" such fees from disallowance in the areas of liquor retailing, tobacco retailing, and petrol distribution", ". In 1997, by a bare majority, the High Court decided that this area of doctrinal quarantine was incoherent with the rest of the law relating to excise duties and removed it.", "The immediate result was the loss of some $5 billion (Australian) in the annual revenues of the States and Territories.", "In 1999, the Commonwealth Parliament passed legislation introducing a new broad-based Federal indirect tax, the Goods and Services Tax; the revenue from this tax was to go entirely to the States and Territories in exchange for abolishing a range of other indirect taxes. By this stage, the financial dependence of the States on the Commonwealth had become almost complete.", "New areas of competence\nThe development of various technologies during the twentieth century also added to the power of the centre. Section 51(v) of the Australian Constitution gives the Commonwealth Parliament power over \"postal, telegraphic, telephonic, and other like services\". With little controversy, this power now covers radio, television, satellite, cable, and optic fibre technologies.", "A greater struggle occurred over Commonwealth legislation in the field of aviation. Commonwealth regulation is based on the interstate and international trade and commerce power. Prima facie, it does not cover intrastate aviation. However, a purely intrastate aviation industry is no longer economically feasible and separate systems of state regulation pose safety concerns. As a result, the High Court held that all aviation has an interstate character, placing it within Commonwealth legislative power", ". In 1937 a referendum was submitted to the people giving the Commonwealth power over aviation, and that the referendum was rejected by the people. The rejection of a power by the people has never persuaded the Court that the Commonwealth should not exercise the power.", "Another example concerns intellectual property. Although the Constitution gave the Commonwealth Parliament power over \"copyrights, patents of inventions and designs, and trade marks\", the enormous growth of electronic media content has given this power a much wider scope than could possibly have been envisaged at Federation.", "New powers\nThe Commonwealth power has been extended by four constitutional amendments. An amendment in 1910 and an amendment in 1928 allowed the Commonwealth to take over and manage state debts. An amendment passed in 1967 gave the Commonwealth power over Aboriginal affairs, which has had a significant effect particularly in the pastoral and central regions of Australia.", "An amendment passed in 1946 gave the Commonwealth power to provide a wide range of social services. This included unemployment and sickness benefits, maternity allowances, child endowment, and medical and dental services. Apart from defence, social services is the largest area of Commonwealth expenditure. Along with the grants power, it is the basis for the Medicare scheme of universal health insurance.", "The High Court decided that the corporations power was not broad enough to cover incorporation itself. This decision threatened the validity of Australian companies incorporated under commonwealth law. The states used 'the referral power' to refer the power over incorporation to the Commonwealth Parliament.\n\nThe external affairs power", "The external affairs power\n\nThe Constitution gives the Commonwealth Parliament power over \"external affairs\". Originally this power had little content, because Australia's foreign relations were managed by the United Kingdom. As Australia gained independence and international personality, so did the significance of this power.", "Australia's relations with other countries fall directly under the subject of external affairs. It includes relations with other British Dominions and further extends to relations with international organisations. The pursuit and advancement of friendliness with foreign governments is another vital aspect under the external affairs power", ". The High Court has held that the power covers the regulation of conduct that takes place outside Australia, suggesting that mere externality to Australia could enliven the power. In particular, Commonwealth legislation of 1998 that retroactively criminalised war crimes committed during World War II in Europe by Australian citizens was held a valid exercise of the external affairs power.", "The power has also been held to extend to the implementation of international treaties, even if the subject matter of the treaty is otherwise not within Commonwealth power. In the case of Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen, the High Court found that the Commonwealth had the power to implement the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination in the form of the Racial Discrimination Act", ". In the case of Tasmanian Dams Case, the High Court has upheld Commonwealth legislation forbidding the Tasmanian government from proceeding with a dam that would have submerged an area of Tasmanian government-owned land that had been declared a World Heritage Area under the World Heritage Convention to which Australia is a party. Land use is otherwise a State responsibility.", "More recently, the external affairs power has been used to remove the States' power to criminalise male homosexual activity. This followed an adverse report by the Human Rights Committee on Tasmanian provisions. The Human Rights Committee was established under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which Australia is a party. Rather than challenge the resulting Commonwealth Human Rights (Sexual Conduct) Act of 1994, the Tasmanian Parliament repealed the legislation in question.", "Although it would appear that there is an open-ended potential for the Commonwealth to encroach on areas of traditional State competence through the external affairs power, to date it has been used with some discretion, if only because the use of the power in this way inevitably excites considerable political controversy.\n\nThe corporations power", "The corporations power\n\nThe corporations power allows the Commonwealth to legislate on \"foreign corporations, and trading or financial corporations formed within the limits of the Commonwealth\". Although the width of the expression \"trading or financial corporations\" has never been authoritatively settled, it appears that it covers at least all commercial enterprises carried out under the corporate form.", "As corporations have come to dominate the economy, the practical scope the corporations power has increased. For example, in 2005 the Commonwealth Parliament enacted the WorkChoices legislation, which, relying primarily on the corporations power, seeks to create a uniform national industrial relations system to the exclusion of both the States' and the Commonwealth's own industrial relations systems. Previous systems were based on the 'conciliation and arbitration' power", ". Previous systems were based on the 'conciliation and arbitration' power. The new legislation applies to all employees of a \"constitutional corporation.\" A constitutional corporation is a corporation within the meaning of section 51(xx) of the Constitution. The legislation also applies to employees of the Commonwealth and its agencies, and some others. The expected coverage of this law is approximately 85% of the Australian workforce", ". The expected coverage of this law is approximately 85% of the Australian workforce. That proportion is likely to increase as employers who operate as sole traders or in partnerships incorporate to take advantage of the new legislation's relatively \"employer-friendly\" provisions.", "On 14 November 2006, the High Court by a 5-to-2 majority upheld the validity of the WorkChoices legislation against all the challenges that had been made to it in an action brought by each of the States and mainland Territories, as well as certain trade unions. The single majority judgment, while it did not expressly adopt, waved aside all the objections that had been argued against the \"object of command\" test for the validity of the exercise of the corporations power", ". Accordingly, the judgment suggests that, henceforth, it may be a sufficient basis of validity that Federal legislation be specifically addressed to constitutional corporations (\"A constitutional corporation must...\", \"A constitutional corporation must not...\"), without any additional requirement that the legislation also address some aspect of the status or activities of corporations which is specific to such entities", ". If this is correct, then given the preponderant role of corporations in the modern economy, the possibility exists for substantial Federal control of the greater part of the economy, with little if any regard to the traditional constitutional \"heads of power\".", "Protection of rights", "Access to the High Court", "To a very large extent, the Constitution leaves it to Parliament to determine both the High Court's original jurisdiction (section 76), and the exceptions to, and conditions on, its power to hear appeals (section 73). However, the Constitution grants the Court some original jurisdiction directly, without the possibility of Parliamentary limitation (section 75). This includes matters in which \"a writ of Mandamus or prohibition or an injunction is sought against an officer of the Commonwealth\".", "In recent years, the Parliament has all but eliminated the possibility of appeal against many decisions in the area of migration, especially in regard to applications for refugee status. However, since the Parliament is not constitutionally able to limit or abolish access to the High Court for the purpose of applying for one of these \"constitutional writs\", such applications have become a major means of challenging migration decisions", ". In 2014–15 94% of the applications for constitutional writs involved immigration matters.", "No Bill of Rights\nThe Constitution contains no comprehensive set of human rights guarantees. Factors sometimes cited for this include faith in the common law's protection of rights and a belief that a powerful Senate would effectively resist overzealous governments. The Constitution does contain protection for several specific rights. These include:\nright to vote in Commonwealth elections if one can vote in State ones (section 41)", "right to vote in Commonwealth elections if one can vote in State ones (section 41)\n freedom of religion, and prohibition of religious tests for Federal offices (section 116)\ntrial by jury in Federal cases tried on indictment (section 80)\n\"just terms\" for the compulsory \"acquisition\" of property by the Commonwealth (section 51(xxxi))\nan ambiguously worded prohibition on discrimination against residents of other States (section 117)", "All but the last of these have been read down by the High Court, at least relative to the content of the corresponding United States guarantees. On the other hand, since the 1990s the High Court has been developing a jurisprudence of rights said to be implied in the text and structure of the Constitution.", "In addition, a constitutional requirement that \"trade, commerce, and intercourse among the States ... shall be absolutely free\" (section 92) was, for a time, interpreted as a guarantee of some degree of freedom from economic regulation by either Commonwealth or State Parliaments. The reference to \"intercourse\", on the other hand, has always been understood as guaranteeing a right to movement across State boundaries.", "Although express protections for human and civil rights in the Constitution are scant, and have mostly been read down, some protections have been created by the High Court through its jurisprudence on the separation of powers and through its findings of rights implied by the text and structure of the constitutional document.", "Express rights", "As mentioned, there are five rights which the Constitution guarantees against the Commonwealth – religious freedom, trial by jury, \"just terms\" compensation, free trade between the states, and protection against discrimination based on the state an individual lives in. (A referendum proposal to amend the Constitution to clarify these rights and to make them good also against the States was defeated in 1988.) As will be seen, guaranteed access to the High Court can itself amount to an important right", ".) As will be seen, guaranteed access to the High Court can itself amount to an important right. And the guarantee of free trade and commerce was for a time interpreted as something like an individual right.", "Freedom of religion\n\nThe Constitution states that the Commonwealth \"shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth\" (section 116).\n\nIn determining what is considered a religion, the High Court has adopted a broad approach; demonstrating an unwillingness to create a limiting definition.", "The prohibition on establishing any religion has had nothing like the impact that the corresponding ban on making a law \"respecting an establishment of religion\" in the\nFirst Amendment to the United States Constitution has had in that country. The High Court, in rejecting a challenge to Federal funding of church schools,\n seemed to take the view that nothing less than an explicit establishment of a State Church as the official religion of the Commonwealth would come within the terms of the prohibition.", "Section 116 also protects the right of a person to have no religion by prohibiting the Commonwealth from \"imposing any religious observance\".\n\n\"Just terms\" compensation", "The Constitution gives the Commonwealth power \"with respect to ... the\nacquisition of property on just terms\" in Section 51(xxxi). By contrast, the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution", "contains a prohibition: \"nor shall private property be taken ... without just compensation\". The differences between acquisition and taking, and between terms and compensation, combined with the fact that the Australian provision is expressed as a positive grant of power coupled with a limitation, have been read so as to weaken the Australian guarantee relative to the American one.", "The use of the term \"acquisition\" has been interpreted so as to require that the Commonwealth (or some other party for a Commonwealth purpose) actually acquire possessory or proprietary rights over the property in question, or at least some benefit: the mere extinguishment of a person's proprietary rights by the Commonwealth (or a prohibition on effectively exercising them) is insufficient to amount to an acquisition", ". And \"just terms\" has been taken to mean something less than \"just compensation\"; in particular, it does not necessarily require payment to the owner of the value of the property when it was compulsorily acquired", "The Australian film The Castle addresses this issue.\n\nProtection against residency discrimination", "Trial by jury for indictable offences", "The constitutional guarantee that a trial on indictment for a federal offence must be by jury (section 80) has been rendered virtually worthless because the High Court has decided that it is applicable only to a trial that proceeds formally by way of indictment, and it is completely in Parliament's discretion to decide which offences are triable on indictment and which are not. This narrow view is confirmed in the majority judgement of Kingswell v the Queen", ". This narrow view is confirmed in the majority judgement of Kingswell v the Queen. Powerful dissents to the effect that the section must be given some substantive meaning (the trial of offences of some specific degree of gravity must be by jury) have not prevailed.", "On the other hand, where Parliament has prescribed jury trial, the Court has been willing to impose some content on that notion. In particular, it has insisted that conviction by a jury for a Federal offence must be by the unanimous agreement of the jurors – a majority verdict will not suffice.\n\nFreedom from economic regulation", "Freedom from economic regulation\n\nThe constitutional requirement that \"trade, commerce, and intercourse amongst the States ... shall be absolutely free\" (section 92) was for a considerable time interpreted as a guarantee of some degree of freedom from government regulation. A notable example of this line of jurisprudence was the High Court's disallowance of a Commonwealth Act which had the aim of nationalising the banking industry.", "In 1988 following the decision in Cole v Whitfield, which was notable also for the Court's willingness to use the transcripts of the Convention debates as an aid to interpretation, the Court unanimously decided that what the section prohibited, in relation to interstate trade and commerce, were only \"discriminatory burdens of a protectionist kind\". That is, the section did no more than guarantee \"free trade\" (in the conventional sense) among the States. But in relation to \"intercourse\" (i.e", ". But in relation to \"intercourse\" (i.e. personal movement between States), the Court suggested that the scope of the guarantee would be much wider, and may even, in relation to some forms of such intercourse, be truly absolute.", "Implied rights", "Implied rights are the political and civil freedoms that necessarily underlie the actual words of the constitution but are not themselves expressly stated directly in the constitution. The High Court has held that no implication can be drawn from the Constitution which is not based on the actual terms of the Constitution, or on its structure. Since the 1990s the High Court has discovered rights which are said to be implied by the very structure and textual form of the Constitution", ". Chief amongst these is an implied right to freedom of communication on political matters. In addition, some protections of civil liberties have been the result of the High Court's zealous attempts to safeguard the independence of, and confidence in, the Federal judiciary.", "Freedom of political communication", "Two cases decided in 1992 established a new implied right to freedom of communication on political matters. The first case, Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills, concerned a Federal provision criminalising the \"bringing into disrepute\" of members of an industrial relations tribunal, and a prosecution under that provision of a person who had published a", "newspaper article repeatedly describing such members as \"corrupt\" and \"compliant\". The second case, Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth, concerned a Federal attempt to ban political advertising on radio and television during election periods and to strictly control it at other times, via a system of \"free time\" entitlements.", "In both cases, the majority of the High Court reasoned that, since the Constitution required direct election of members of the Federal Parliament, and since moreover the Ministers of State were required to be or swiftly become members of that Parliament, the result was that \"representative democracy is constitutionally entrenched\"", ". That being so, freedom of public discussion of political and economic matters is essential to allow the people to make their political judgments so as to exercise their right to vote effectively. Furthermore, since \"public affairs and political discussion are indivisible\", it is impossible to limit this necessary freedom to purely Federal issues:", "it applies also to issues which might be the preserve of the State or local levels of government. Therefore, there is implied in the Constitution a guarantee of freedom of communication on all political matters.", "The Court stressed that this freedom is not absolute, but the result in both cases was that the relevant Federal legislation was struck down. In the latter case, some strong dissents to the effect that limiting expenditure on political advertising in the electronic media might actually enhance representative democracy did not prevail.", "Both these cases concerned the validity of Federal legislation. But two years later, the Court extended the implied guarantee into the area of private law, by holding that it also applied to limit the statutory and common law of defamation. A former chairman of a Commonwealth Parliamentary Committee on Migration claimed to have been defamed by a newspaper which had published a letter accusing him of bias, in his official capacity, towards people of his own ethnic background", ". By trial, it was conceded that the accusation was false. However the Court accepted a \"constitutional defence\" which was said (by three Justices) to operate when otherwise defamatory statements concerning the fitness of a public official to hold office were published without knowledge of, or recklessness as to, their falsity, and when publication was reasonable in the circumstances.", "This case, however, and a series of following cases, failed to produce a clear statement of the operative principle which commanded the support of a majority of the Court. But in 1997 in Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation which involved the alleged defamation of a former Prime Minister of New Zealand a unanimous Court did state the operative principle", ". It rejected the \"constitutional defence\" of the migration-bias case just discussed, and instead expanded the scope of \"qualified privilege\", requiring the defendant to have actively taken reasonable steps to verify the accuracy of the published material, and also, in most circumstances, to have given the defamed person an opportunity to respond", ". On the other hand, the Court made it clear that the qualified privilege may extend to discussion concerning the United Nations and other countries, even where there is no direct nexus with the exercise of political choice in Australia. In McCloy v New South Wales, the High Court further endorsed the view that a qualified freedom of political communication exists and provided an updated and more detailed legal test.", "The constitutional guarantee of freedom of political communication is, prima facie, far more restricted than the generalised guarantee of", "freedom of speech and of the press in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. But it remains to be seen whether a suitable expansion of the notion of \"political communication\" may not lead, in time, to a similar result. In the migration-bias case, some of the Justices, while being careful to quarantine \"commercial speech without political content\", seemed to imply that the scope of \"political speech\" may nevertheless be very broad indeed", ". Mitchell Landrigan goes as far as arguing that the exception to the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) permitting the exclusion of women from ordination as priests infringes the right of women to \"rise to positions from which they may take part in political speech as [politically persuasive] religious leaders", ".\" Any such constitutional protection would depend on a court finding that the anti-discrimination laws, first, effectively burdened political speech (as relevant to the Commonwealth Parliament) and, secondly, disproportionately burdened such speech.", "Right to vote", "The Constitution is silent as to many aspects of the democratic process, leaving these details to be provided by Parliament. The Constitution does however require in sections 7 and 24 that the members of Parliament be \"directly chosen by the people\". In 1975 two judges of the High Court suggested that these requirements may amount to a right to vote, holding \"the long established universal adult suffrage may now be recognized as a fact and as a result it is doubtful whether ..", "... anything less than this could be described as a choice by the people.\" In 1983 the High Court took a limited view of the right to vote in R v Pearson; Ex parte Sipka. The High Court Judge Michael Kirby, writing extrajudicially in 2000, said that \"...in Australia, there may be a basic right to vote implied in the text of the constitution itself\". Prior to 2006 prisoners were only disenfranchised if they were serving sentences of three years or more", ". 2006 legislation sought to disenfranchise all prisoners, regardless of the length of their sentence. The validity of the disenfranchisement was challenged by Vickie Roach who was serving a four-year gaol term for negligently causing serious injury in a car accident and her legal team comprised Ron Merkel, QC and Michael Pearce, SC.", "In 2007 the High Court held in Roach v Electoral Commissioner that the requirement that members be \"directly chosen by the people\" conferred a limited \"right to vote\". In principle, these words guaranteed qualified universal franchise, and limited the Federal government's legislative power to limit that franchise", ". The court held that removing right to vote for serious misconduct was acceptable and that the previous legislation was valid, however imprisonment failed as a method of identifying serious criminal misconduct such that the 2006 amendments were invalid.", "The 2006 legislation was again considered in Rowe v Electoral Commissioner, where the High Court held that amendments restricting the enrolment of voters once an election has been called were also invalid. * The High Court subsequently held that closing the electoral roles 7 days after the issuing of writs was not a burden on the constitutional mandate that members of Parliament be directly chosen by the people. The right to vote does not involve a corresponding right not to vote", ". The right to vote does not involve a corresponding right not to vote. The High Court rejected a challenge to the 2016 Senate voting changes holding that both above the line and below the line voting were constitutionally valid methods for the people to choose their Senators.", "Right to due process", "As mentioned above, the fact that the Constitution prescribes a system of \"responsible\", or parliamentary, government means that there can be no meaningful separation of the legislative and executive powers, despite their distinct textual separation in the Constitution. However, the same consideration does not militate against a separation of the judicial power from the other two, and in fact the High Court has come to insist on this with some force", ". It has also held that the separation of the judicial power implies that a body exercising that power must do so in a manner that is consistent with traditional notions of what constitutes judicial process. The result may be a limited constitutional guarantee of due process.", "The judicial power of the Commonwealth is vested, in Chapter III of the Constitution, in the High Court and such other courts as the Parliament creates or invests with Federal jurisdiction. In Australian constitutional jargon, such courts are called \"Chapter III courts\". The members of Chapter III courts may not be removed except by the Governor-General on an address from both Houses of Parliament on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity; they otherwise hold office until the age of 70.", "In separate cases in 1915, and 1918, the High Court held that \"judicial power\" (essentially, the power of interpretation of the law and enforcement of decisions) could not be invested in anything other than a Chapter III court, and specifically, in anything other than a body whose members have life tenure", ". In Kruger v Commonwealth (1997) the High Court considered claims by members of the Stolen Generation, including that their removal and subsequent detention without due process was in contravention of the Constitution. Dawson J, and McHugh J, held that the Constitution contained no general guarantee of due process of law. Toohey, Gaudron and Gummow JJ held that the removal of Indigenous children was not the exercise of judicial power, hence no question of due process arose.", "The converse of the separation of powers is the decision of the High Court in Boilermakers' Case in 1956, that Chapter III courts cannot be invested with anything other than judicial power. To some extent the rigour of the separation of powers doctrine was softened by the Court's subsequent acceptance that judges could, constitutionally, be assigned functions in their personal capacity as judges rather than as members of a Chapter III court", ". But this raised the question of which such functions were compatible with the simultaneous holding of Federal judicial office. The answers offered by the Court have been controversial and involved some very fine distinctions: for instance, it has held that a power to authorise telephone interceptions is compatible, while a power to make recommendations concerning the protection of land which might be of heritage significance to Aboriginals is not compatible", ". The most striking application (and extension) of this \"incompatibility\" doctrine, however, has involved the Supreme Court of the State of New South Wales, a court that may be invested with Federal jurisdiction. Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions (1996) concerned a criminal law passed by the New South Parliament and directed at a single named individual (somewhat in the manner of a Bill of attainder).", "The individual was a prisoner (under state law) whose sentence was about to expire but who was alleged to have made threats against the safety of various persons, to be carried out when released. The State Parliament enacted a law, applying only to him, which authorised the Supreme Court of New South Wales to make \"preventive detention orders\" for periods up to six months, with the possibility of renewal", ". The orders were to be made if the Court was satisfied, \"on the balance of probabilities\", that the person to whom the Act applied was \"more likely than not to commit a serious act of violence\".", "It is clear that, had the Federal Parliament passed such an Act, it would be found invalid, as it was in effect a legislative judgment and so violated of the constitutional separation of the judicial power. However, the High Court found that the separation of powers was not a feature of the New South Wales constitution, so the State Act was not invalid on that ground.", "The Act was found invalid, however, on the ground that since the Supreme Court of New South Wales had been invested with federal jurisdiction, it must not be required to perform a function \"incompatible\" with the exercise of the judicial power of the Commonwealth. To that extent, the States are not free to legislate as they please with respect to their own courts", ". A requirement to order the \"preventive detention\" of someone who has not been charged with any criminal offence was found \"incompatible\" with the exercise of Federal judicial power. In this rather circuitous manner, the High Court has found a limited constitutional guarantee of due process.", "See also\n\n Australian Constitution\n Constitutional history of Australia\n Separation of church and state in Australia\n Separation of powers in Australia\n Federalism in Australia\n Referendums in Australia\n Section 51 of the Australian Constitution – federal heads of power\n Trade and Commerce Power; Corporations Power; External Affairs Power\n Section 109 of the Australian Constitution – inconsistency between state and federal laws\n\nReferences", "References\n\nBibliography\n Tony Blackshield and George Williams, Australian Constitutional Law and Theory: Commentary and Materials (3rd ed., Federation Press, Annandale NSW, 2002)\n John Quick and Robert Garran, The Annotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth (LexisNexis Butterworths, Sydney, [1901] 2002)\n Leslie Zines, The High Court and the Constitution'' (4th ed., Butterworths, Sydney, 1997)\n Greg Craven, \"Conversations with the Constitution\" (1st ed, UNSW Press, Sydney, 2004)", "External links\nFull text of the Constitution from the Australian Attorney-General's Department" ]

[ "A USB flash drive (also called a thumb drive in the US, or a memory stick in the UK & pen drive or pendrive in many countries) is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface. It is typically removable, rewritable and much smaller than an optical disc. Most weigh less than . Since first appearing on the market in late 2000, as with virtually all other computer memory devices, storage capacities have risen while prices have dropped", ". , flash drives with anywhere from 8 to 256 gigabytes (GB) were frequently sold, while 512 GB and 1 terabyte (TB) units were less frequent. As of 2023, 2 TB flash drives were the largest currently in production. Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending on the exact type of memory chip used, and are thought to physically last between 10 and 100 years under normal circumstances (shelf storage time).", "Common uses of USB flash drives are for storage, supplementary back-ups, and transferring of computer files. Compared with floppy disks or CDs, they are smaller, faster, have significantly more capacity, and are more durable due to a lack of moving parts. Additionally, they are less vulnerable to electromagnetic interference than floppy disks, and are unharmed by surface scratches (unlike CDs)", ". However, as with any flash storage, data loss from bit leaking due to prolonged lack of electrical power and the possibility of spontaneous controller failure due to poor manufacturing could make it unsuitable for long-term archiving of data. The ability to retain data is affected by the controller's firmware, internal data redundancy, and error correction algorithms.", "Until about 2005, most desktop and laptop computers were supplied with floppy disk drives in addition to USB ports, but floppy disk drives became obsolete after widespread adoption of USB ports and the larger USB drive capacity compared to the \"1.44 megabyte\" (1440 kilobyte) 3.5-inch floppy disk.", "USB flash drives use the USB mass storage device class standard, supported natively by modern operating systems such as Windows, Linux, and other Unix-like systems, as well as many BIOS boot ROMs. USB drives with USB 2", ".0 support can store more data and transfer faster than much larger optical disc drives like CD-RW or DVD-RW drives and can be read by many other systems such as the Xbox One, PlayStation 4, DVD players, automobile entertainment systems, and in a number of handheld devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, though the electronically similar SD card is better suited for those devices, due to their standardized form factor, which allows the card to be housed inside a device without protruding.", "A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case, which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain, for example. Some are equipped with an I/O indication LED that lights up or blinks upon access. The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected", ". Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connection allowing connection with a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfaces also exist (e.g. micro-USB and USB-C ports). USB flash drives draw power from the computer via the USB connection. Some devices combine the functionality of a portable media player with USB flash storage; they require a battery only when used to play music on the go.", "History\nThe basis for USB flash drives is flash memory, a type of floating-gate semiconductor memory invented by Fujio Masuoka in the early 1980s. Flash memory uses floating-gate MOSFET transistors as memory cells.", "Multiple individuals have staked a claim to having invented the USB flash drive. On April 5, 1999, Amir Ban, Dov Moran, and Oron Ogdan of M-Systems, an Israeli company, filed a patent application entitled \"Architecture for a Universal Serial Bus-Based PC Flash Disk\". The patent was subsequently granted on November 14, 2000 and these individuals have often been recognized as the inventors of the USB flash drive", ". Also in 1999, Shimon Shmueli, an engineer at IBM, submitted an invention disclosure asserting that he had invented the USB flash drive. A Singaporean company named Trek 2000 International is the first company known to have sold a USB flash drive, and has also maintained that it is the original inventor of the device. Finally Pua Khein-Seng, a Malaysian engineer, has also been recognized by some as a possible inventor of the device.", "Given these competing inventor claims, patent disputes involving the USB flash drive have arisen over the years. Both Trek 2000 International and Netac Technology have accused others of infringing their patents on the USB flash drive. However, despite these lawsuits, the question of who was the first to invent the USB flash drive has not been definitively settled and multiple claims persist.", "Technology improvements", "Flash drives are often measured by the rate at which they transfer data. Transfer rates may be given in megabytes per second (MB/s), megabits per second (Mbit/s), or in optical drive multipliers such as \"180X\" (180 times 150 KiB/s). File transfer rates vary considerably among devices. Second generation flash drives have claimed to read at up to 30 MB/s and write at about half that rate, which was about 20 times faster than the theoretical transfer rate achievable by the previous model, USB 1", ".1, which is limited to 12 Mbit/s (1.5 MB/s) with accounted overhead. The effective transfer rate of a device is significantly affected by the data access pattern.", "By 2002, USB flash drives had USB 2.0 connectivity, which has 480 Mbit/s as the transfer rate upper bound; after accounting for the protocol overhead That same year, Intel sparked widespread use of second generation USB by including them within its laptops.\n\nBy 2010, the maximum available storage capacity for the devices had reached upwards of 128 GB. USB 3.0 was slow to appear in laptops. Through 2010, the majority of laptop models still contained only USB 2.0.", "In January 2013, tech company Kingston, released a flash drive with 1 TB of storage. The first USB 3.1 type-C flash drives, with read/write speeds of around 530 MB/s, were announced in March 2015. By July 2016, flash drives with 8 to 256 GB capacity were sold more frequently than those with capacities between 512 GB and 1 TB. In 2017, Kingston Technology announced the release of a 2-TB flash drive. In 2018, SanDisk announced a 1TB USB-C flash drive, the smallest of its kind.", "On a USB flash drive, one end of the device is fitted with a single Standard-A USB plug; some flash drives additionally offer a micro USB or USB-C plug, facilitating data transfers between different devices.\n\nTechnology\n\nOn a USB flash drive, one end of the device is fitted with a single USB plug; some flash drives additionally offer a micro USB plug, facilitating data transfers between different devices.", "Inside the casing is a small printed circuit board, which has some power circuitry and a small number of surface-mounted integrated circuits (ICs). Typically, one of these ICs provides an interface between the USB connector and the onboard memory, while the other is the flash memory. Drives typically use the USB mass storage device class to communicate with the host.", "Flash memory \nFlash memory combines a number of older technologies, with lower cost, lower power consumption and small size made possible by advances in semiconductor device fabrication technology. The memory storage is based on earlier EPROM and EEPROM technologies. These had limited capacity, were slow for both reading and writing, required complex high-voltage drive circuitry, and could be re-written only after erasing the entire contents of the chip.", "Hardware designers later developed EEPROMs with the erasure region broken up into smaller \"fields\" that could be erased individually without affecting the others. Altering the contents of a particular memory location involved copying the entire field into an off-chip buffer memory, erasing the field, modifying the data as required in the buffer, and re-writing it into the same field", ". This required considerable computer support, and PC-based EEPROM flash memory systems often carried their own dedicated microprocessor system. Flash drives are more or less a miniaturized version of this.", "The development of high-speed serial data interfaces such as USB made semiconductor memory systems with serially accessed storage viable, and the simultaneous development of small, high-speed, low-power microprocessor systems allowed this to be incorporated into extremely compact systems. Serial access requires far fewer electrical connections for the memory chips than parallel access, simplifying the manufacture of multi-gigabyte drives.", "Computers access flash memory systems very much like hard disk drives, where the controller system has full control over where information is actually stored. The actual EEPROM writing and erasure processes are, however, still very similar to the earlier systems described above.", "Many low-cost MP3 players simply add extra software and a battery to a standard flash memory control microprocessor so it can also serve as a music playback decoder. Most of these players can also be used as a conventional flash drive, for storing files of any type.\n\nEssential components\n\nThere are typically five parts to a flash drive:", "USB plug provides a physical interface to the host computer. Some USB flash drives use USB plug that does not protect the contacts, with the possibility of plugging it into the USB port in the wrong orientation, if the connector type is not symmetrical.\n USB mass storage controller a small microcontroller with a small amount of on-chip ROM and RAM.\n NAND flash memory chip(s) stores data (NAND flash is typically also used in digital cameras).", "NAND flash memory chip(s) stores data (NAND flash is typically also used in digital cameras).\n Crystal oscillator produces the device's main clock signal and controls the device's data output through a phase-locked loop.\n Cover typically made of plastic or metal, protecting the electronics against mechanical stress and even possible short circuits.", "Additional components\nThe typical device may also include:", "Jumpers and test pins – for testing during the flash drive's manufacturing or loading code into its microcontroller.\n LEDs – indicate data transfers or data reads and writes.\n Write-protect switches – Enable or disable writing of data into memory.\n Unpopulated space – provides space to include a second memory chip. Having this second space allows the manufacturer to use a single printed circuit board for more than one storage size device.", "USB connector cover or cap – reduces the risk of damage, prevents the entry of dirt or other contaminants, and improves overall device appearance. Some flash drives use retractable USB connectors instead. Others have a swivel arrangement so that the connector can be protected without removing anything.\n Transport aid – the cap or the body often contains a hole suitable for connection to a key chain or lanyard. Connecting the cap, rather than the body, can allow the drive itself to be lost.", "Some drives offer expandable storage via an internal memory card slot, much like a memory card reader.", "Size and style of packaging", "Most USB flash drives weigh less than . While some manufacturers are competing for the smallest size, with the biggest memory, offering drives only a few millimeters larger than the USB plug itself, some manufacturers differentiate their products by using elaborate housings, which are often bulky and make the drive difficult to connect to the USB port. Because the USB port connectors on a computer housing are often closely spaced, plugging a flash drive into a USB port may block an adjacent port", ". Such devices may carry the USB logo only if sold with a separate extension cable. Such cables are USB-compatible but do not conform to the USB standard.", "USB flash drives have been integrated into other commonly carried items, such as watches, pens, laser pointers, and even the Swiss Army Knife; others have been fitted with novelty cases such as toy cars or Lego bricks. USB flash drives with images of dragons, cats or aliens are very popular in Asia. The small size, robustness and cheapness of USB flash drives make them an increasingly popular peripheral for case modding.\n\nFile system", "File system\n\nMost flash drives ship preformatted with the FAT32, or exFAT file systems. The ubiquity of the FAT32 file system allows the drive to be accessed on virtually any host device with USB support. Also, standard FAT maintenance utilities (e.g., ScanDisk) can be used to repair or retrieve corrupted data. However, because a flash drive appears as a USB-connected hard drive to the host system, the drive can be reformatted to any file system supported by the host operating system.", "Defragmenting\nFlash drives can be defragmented. There is a widespread opinion that defragmenting brings little advantage (as there is no mechanical head that moves from fragment to fragment), and that defragmenting shortens the life of the drive by making many unnecessary writes. However, some sources claim that defragmenting a flash drive can improve performance (mostly due to improved caching of the clustered data), and the additional wear on flash drives may not be significant.", "Even distribution\nSome file systems are designed to distribute usage over an entire memory device without concentrating usage on any part (e.g., for a directory) to prolong the life of simple flash memory devices. Some USB flash drives have this 'wear leveling' feature built into the software controller to prolong device life, while others do not, so it is not necessarily helpful to install one of these file systems.", "Hard disk drive\nSectors are 512 bytes long, for compatibility with hard disk drives, and the first sector can contain a master boot record and a partition table. Therefore, USB flash units can be partitioned just like hard disk drives.", "Longevity", "The memory in flash drives was commonly engineered with multi-level cell (MLC) based memory that is good for around 3,000-5,000 program-erase cycles. Nowadays Triple-level Cell (TLC) is also often used, which has up to 500 write cycles per physical sector, while some high-end flash drives have single-level cell (SLC) based memory that is good for around 30,000 writes", ". There is virtually no limit to the number of reads from such flash memory, so a well-worn USB drive may be write-protected to help ensure the life of individual cells.", "Estimation of flash memory endurance is a challenging subject that depends on the SLC/MLC/TLC memory type, size of the flash memory chips, and actual usage pattern. As a result, a USB flash drive can last from a few days to several hundred years.\n\nRegardless of the endurance of the memory itself, the USB connector hardware is specified to withstand only around 1,500 insert-removal cycles.", "Counterfeit products", "Counterfeit USB flash drives are sometimes sold with claims of having higher capacities than they actually possess. These are typically low-capacity USB drives with modified flash memory controller firmware that emulates larger capacity drives (for example, a 2 GB drive being marketed as a 64 GB drive). When plugged into a computer, they report being the larger capacity they were sold as, but when data is written to them, either the write fails, the drive freezes up, or it overwrites existing data", ". Software tools exist to check and detect fake USB drives, and in some cases it is possible to repair these devices to remove the false capacity information and use its real storage limit.", "File transfer speeds\nTransfer speeds are technically determined by the slowest of three factors: the USB version used, the speed in which the USB controller device can read and write data onto the flash memory, and the speed of the hardware bus, especially in the case of add-on USB ports.", "USB flash drives usually specify their read and write speeds in megabytes per second (MB/s); read speed is usually faster. These speeds are for optimal conditions; real-world speeds are usually slower. In particular, circumstances that often lead to speeds much lower than advertised are transfer (particularly writing) of many small files rather than a few very large ones, and mixed reading and writing to the same device.", "In a typical well-conducted review of a number of high-performance USB 3.0 drives, a drive that could read large files at 68 MB/s and write at 46 MB/s, could only manage 14 MB/s and 0.3 MB/s with many small files. When combining streaming reads and writes the speed of another drive, the drive could read at 92 MB/s and write at 70 MB/s, was 8 MB/s. These differences differ radically from one drive to another; some could write small files 10% faster than for large ones", ". The examples given are chosen to illustrate extremes.", "Uses\n\nPersonal data transport\nThe most common use of flash drives is to transport and store personal files, such as documents, pictures and videos. Individuals also store medical information on flash drives for emergencies and disaster preparation.", "Secure storage of data, application and software files", "With wide deployment of flash drives in various environments (secured or otherwise), data and information security remain critical issues. Biometrics and encryption are becoming the norm as data security needs increase; on-the-fly encryption systems are particularly useful in this regard, as they can transparently encrypt large amounts of data. In some cases, a secure USB drive may use a hardware-based encryption mechanism that uses a hardware module instead of software for strongly encrypting data", ". IEEE 1667 is an attempt to create a generic authentication platform for USB drives. It is supported in Windows 7 and Windows Vista (Service Pack 2 with a hotfix).", "Computer forensics and law enforcement", "A recent development for the use of a USB Flash Drive as an application carrier is to carry the Computer Online Forensic Evidence Extractor (COFEE) application developed by Microsoft. COFEE is a set of applications designed to search for and extract digital evidence on computers confiscated from suspects. Forensic software is required not to alter in any way the information stored on the computer being examined", ". Other forensic suites run from CD-ROM or DVD-ROM, but cannot store data on the media they are run from (although they can write to other attached devices, such as external drives or memory sticks).", "Updating motherboard firmware", "Motherboard firmware (including BIOS and UEFI) can be updated using USB flash drives. Usually, new firmware is downloaded and placed onto a FAT16- or FAT32-formatted USB flash drive connected to a system which is to be updated, and the path to the new firmware image is selected within the update component of system's firmware", ". Some motherboard manufacturers also allow such updates without the need to enter the system's firmware update component, making it possible to easily recover systems with corrupted firmware.", "In addition, HP has introduced a USB floppy drive key, an ordinary USB flash drive with the capacity to emulate floppy drives, allowing it to be used for updating system firmware where direct use of USB flash drives is not supported. The desired mode of operation, regular USB mass storage device or floppy drive emulation, is selected via a sliding a switch on the device's housing.\n\nBooting operating systems", "Booting operating systems\n\nMost current PC firmware permits booting from a USB drive, allowing the launch of an operating system from a bootable flash drive. Such a configuration is known as a Live USB.", "Original flash memory designs had very limited estimated lifetimes. The failure mechanism for flash memory cells is analogous to a metal fatigue mode; the device fails by refusing to write new data to specific cells that have been subject to many read-write cycles over the device's lifetime. Premature failure of a \"live USB\" could be circumvented by using a flash drive with a write-lock switch as a WORM device, identical to a live CD", ". Originally, this potential failure mode limited the use of \"live USB\" system to special-purpose applications or temporary tasks, such as:", "Loading a minimal, hardened kernel for embedded applications (e.g., network router, firewall).\n Bootstrapping an operating system install or disk cloning operation, often across a network.\n Maintenance tasks, such as virus scanning or low-level data repair, without the primary host operating system loaded.", ", newer flash memory designs have much higher estimated lifetimes. Several manufacturers are now offering warranties of 5 years or more. Such warranties should make the device more attractive for more applications. By reducing the probability of the device's premature failure, flash memory devices can now be considered for use where a magnetic disk would normally have been required", ". Flash drives have also experienced an exponential growth in their storage capacity over time (following the Moore's Law growth curve). As of 2013, single-packaged devices with capacities of 1 TB are readily available, and devices with 16 GB capacity are very economical. Storage capacities in this range have traditionally been considered to offer adequate space, because they allow enough space for both the operating system software and some free space for the user's data.", "Operating system installation media\nInstallers of some operating systems can be stored to a flash drive instead of a CD or DVD, including various Linux distributions, Windows 7 and newer versions, and macOS. In particular, Mac OS X 10.7 is distributed only online, through the Mac App Store, or on flash drives; for a MacBook Air with Boot Camp and no external optical drive, a flash drive can be used to run installation of Windows or Linux.", "However, for installation of Windows 7 and later versions, using USB flash drive with hard disk drive emulation as detected in PC's firmware is recommended in order to boot from it. Transcend is the only manufacturer of USB flash drives containing such a feature.\n\nFurthermore, for installation of Windows XP, using a USB flash drive with a storage limit of at most 2 GB is recommended in order to boot from it.", "Windows ReadyBoost\nIn Windows Vista and later versions, ReadyBoost feature allows flash drives (from 4 GB in case of Windows Vista) to augment operating system memory.\n\nApplication carriers\nFlash drives are used to carry applications that run on the host computer without requiring installation. While any standalone application can in principle be used this way, many programs store data, configuration information, etc. on the hard drive and registry of the host computer.", "The U3 company works with drive makers (parent company SanDisk as well as others) to deliver custom versions of applications designed for Microsoft Windows from a special flash drive; U3-compatible devices are designed to autoload a menu when plugged into a computer running Windows. Applications must be modified for the U3 platform not to leave any data on the host machine. U3 also provides a software framework for independent software vendors interested in their platform.", "Ceedo is an alternative product that does not require Windows applications to be modified in order for them to be carried and run on the drive.\n\nSimilarly, other application virtualization solutions and portable application creators, such as VMware ThinApp (for Windows) or RUNZ (for Linux) can be used to run software from a flash drive without installation.", "In October 2010, Apple Inc. released their newest iteration of the MacBook Air, which had the system's restore files contained on a USB hard drive rather than the traditional install CDs, because the Air did not include an optical drive.\n\nA wide range of portable applications, which are all free of charge, and able to run off a computer running Windows without storing anything on the host computer's drives or registry, can be found in the list of portable software.", "Backup\nSome value-added resellers are now using a flash drive as part of small-business turnkey solutions (e.g., point-of-sale systems). The drive is used as a backup medium: at the close of business each night, the drive is inserted, and a database backup is saved to the drive. Alternatively, the drive can be left inserted through the business day, and data regularly updated. In either case, the drive is removed at night and taken offsite.", "This is simple for the end-user, and more likely to be done.\n The drive is small and convenient, and more likely to be carried off-site for safety.\n The drives are less fragile mechanically and magnetically than tapes.\n The capacity is often large enough for several backup images of critical data.\n Flash drives are cheaper than many other backup systems.", "Flash drives also have disadvantages. They are easy to lose and facilitate unauthorized backups. A lesser setback for flash drives is that they have only one tenth the capacity of hard drives manufactured around their time of distribution.\n\nPassword Reset Disk \nPassword Reset Disk is a feature of the Windows operating system. If a user sets up a Password Reset Disk, it can be used to reset the password on the computer it was set up on.\n\nAudio players", "Audio players\n\nMany companies make small solid-state digital audio players, essentially producing flash drives with sound output and a simple user interface. Examples include the Creative MuVo, Philips GoGear and the first generation iPod shuffle. Some of these players are true USB flash drives as well as music players; others do not support general-purpose data storage. Other applications requiring storage, such as digital voice or sound recording, can also be combined with flash drive functionality.", "Many of the smallest players are powered by a permanently fitted rechargeable battery, charged from the USB interface. Fancier devices that function as a digital audio player have a USB host port (type A female typically).\n\nMedia storage and marketing", "Digital audio files can be transported from one computer to another like any other file, and played on a compatible media player (with caveats for DRM-locked files). In addition, many home Hi-Fi and car stereo head units are now equipped with a USB port. This allows a USB flash drive containing media files in a variety of formats to be played directly on devices which support the format", ". Some LCD monitors for consumer HDTV viewing have a dedicated USB port through which music and video files can also be played without use of a personal computer.", "Artists have sold or given away USB flash drives, with the first instance believed to be in 2004 when the German punk band Wizo released the Stick EP, only as a USB drive. In addition to five high-bitrate MP3s, it also included a video, pictures, lyrics, and guitar tablature. Subsequently, artists including Nine Inch Nails and Kylie Minogue have released music and promotional material on USB flash drives. The first USB album to be released in the UK was Kiss Does..", ". The first USB album to be released in the UK was Kiss Does... Rave, a compilation album released by the Kiss Network in April 2007.", "Brand and product promotion\n\nThe availability of inexpensive flash drives has enabled them to be used for promotional and marketing purposes, particularly within technical and computer-industry circles (e.g., technology trade shows). They may be given away for free, sold at less than wholesale price, or included as a bonus with another purchased product.", "Usually, such drives will be custom-stamped with a company's logo, as a form of advertising. The drive may be blank, or preloaded with graphics, documentation, web links, Flash animation or other multimedia, and free or demonstration software. Some preloaded drives are read-only, while others are configured with both read-only and user-writable segments. Such dual-partition drives are more expensive.", "Flash drives can be set up to automatically launch stored presentations, websites, articles, and any other software immediately on insertion of the drive using the Microsoft Windows AutoRun feature. Autorunning software this way does not work on all computers, and it is normally disabled by security-conscious users.", "Arcades\nIn the arcade game In the Groove and more commonly In The Groove 2, flash drives are used to transfer high scores, screenshots, dance edits, and combos throughout sessions. As of software revision 21 (R21), players can also store custom songs and play them on any machine on which this feature is enabled. While use of flash drives is common, the drive must be Linux compatible.", "In the arcade games Pump it Up NX2 and Pump it Up NXA, a specially produced flash drive is used as a \"save file\" for unlocked songs, as well as for progressing in the WorldMax and Brain Shower sections of the game.\n\nIn the arcade game Dance Dance Revolution X, an exclusive USB flash drive was made by Konami for the purpose of the link feature from its Sony PlayStation 2 counterpart. However, any USB flash drive can be used in this arcade game.", "Conveniences\nFlash drives use little power, have no fragile moving parts, and for most capacities are small and light. Data stored on flash drives is impervious to mechanical shock, magnetic fields, scratches and dust. These properties make them suitable for transporting data from place to place and keeping the data readily at hand.", "Flash drives also store data densely compared to many removable media. In mid-2009, 256 GB drives became available, with the ability to hold many times more data than a DVD (54 DVDs) or even a Blu-ray (10 BDs).", "Flash drives implement the USB mass storage device class so that most modern operating systems can read and write to them without installing device drivers. The flash drives present a simple block-structured logical unit to the host operating system, hiding the individual complex implementation details of the various underlying flash memory devices. The operating system can use any file system or block addressing scheme. Some computers can boot up from flash drives.", "Specially manufactured flash drives are available that have a tough rubber or metal casing designed to be waterproof and virtually \"unbreakable\". These flash drives retain their memory after being submerged in water, and even through a machine wash. Leaving such a flash drive out to dry completely before allowing current to run through it has been known to result in a working drive with no future problems", ". Channel Five's Gadget Show cooked one of these flash drives with propane, froze it with dry ice, submerged it in various acidic liquids, ran over it with a jeep and fired it against a wall with a mortar. A company specializing in recovering lost data from computer drives managed to recover all the data on the drive. All data on the other removable storage devices tested, using optical or magnetic technologies, were destroyed.", "Comparison with other portable storage", "Tape", "The applications of current data tape cartridges hardly overlap those of flash drives: on tape, cost per gigabyte is very low for large volumes, but the individual drives and media are expensive. Media have a very high capacity and very fast transfer speeds, but store data sequentially and are very slow for random access of data", ". While disk-based backup is now the primary medium of choice for most companies, tape backup is still popular for taking data off-site for worst-case scenarios and for very large volumes (more than a few hundreds of TB). See LTO tapes.", "Floppy disk", "Floppy disk drives are rarely fitted to modern computers and are obsolete for normal purposes, although internal and external drives can be fitted if required. Floppy disks may be the method of choice for transferring data to and from very old computers without USB or booting from floppy disks, and so they are sometimes used to change the firmware on, for example, BIOS chips", ". Devices with removable storage like older Yamaha music keyboards are also dependent on floppy disks, which require computers to process them. Newer devices are built with USB flash drive support.", "Floppy disk hardware emulators exist which effectively utilize the internal connections and physical attributes of a floppy disk drive to utilize a device where a USB flash drive emulates the storage space of a floppy disk in a solid state form, and can be divided into a number of individual virtual floppy disk images using individual data channels.", "Optical media\nThe various writable and re-writable forms of CD and DVD are portable storage media supported by the vast majority of computers as of 2008. CD-R, DVD-R, and DVD+R can be written to only once, RW varieties up to about 1,000 erase/write cycles, while modern NAND-based flash drives often last for 500,000 or more erase/write cycles. DVD-RAM discs are the most suitable optical discs for data storage involving much rewriting.", "Optical storage devices are among the cheapest methods of mass data storage after the hard drive. They are slower than their flash-based counterparts. Standard 120 mm optical discs are larger than flash drives and more subject to damage. Smaller optical media do exist, such as business card CD-Rs which have the same dimensions as a credit card, and the slightly less convenient but higher capacity 80 mm recordable MiniCD and Mini DVD", ". The small discs are more expensive than the standard size, and do not work in all drives.", "Universal Disk Format (UDF) version 1.50 and above has facilities to support rewritable discs like sparing tables and virtual allocation tables, spreading usage over the entire surface of a disc and maximising life, but many older operating systems do not support this format. Packet-writing utilities such as DirectCD and InCD are available but produce discs that are not universally readable (although based on the UDF standard)", ". The Mount Rainier standard addresses this shortcoming in CD-RW media by running the older file systems on top of it and performing defect management for those standards, but it requires support from both the CD/DVD burner and the operating system. Many drives made today do not support Mount Rainier, and many older operating systems such as Windows XP and below, and Linux kernels older than 2.6.2, do not support it (later versions do)", ".6.2, do not support it (later versions do). Essentially CDs/DVDs are a good way to record a great deal of information cheaply and have the advantage of being readable by most standalone players, but they are poor at making ongoing small changes to a large collection of information. Flash drives' ability to do this is their major advantage over optical media.", "Flash memory cards", "Flash memory cards, e.g., Secure Digital cards, are available in various formats and capacities, and are used by many consumer devices. However, while virtually all PCs have USB ports, allowing the use of USB flash drives, memory card readers are not commonly supplied as standard equipment (particularly with desktop computers). Although inexpensive card readers are available that read many common formats, this results in two pieces of portable equipment (card plus reader) rather than one.", "Some manufacturers, aiming at a \"best of both worlds\" solution, have produced card readers that approach the size and form of USB flash drives (e.g., Kingston MobileLite, SanDisk MobileMate) These readers are limited to a specific subset of memory card formats (such as SD, microSD, or Memory Stick), and often completely enclose the card, offering durability and portability approaching, if not quite equal to, that of a flash drive", ". Although the combined cost of a mini-reader and a memory card is usually slightly higher than a USB flash drive of comparable capacity, the reader + card solution offers additional flexibility of use, and virtually \"unlimited\" capacity. The ubiquity of SD cards is such that, circa 2011, due to economies of scale, their price is now less than an equivalent-capacity USB flash drive, even with the added cost of a USB SD card reader.", "An additional advantage of memory cards is that many consumer devices (e.g., digital cameras, portable music players) cannot make use of USB flash drives (even if the device has a USB port), whereas the memory cards used by the devices can be read by PCs with a card reader.", "External hard disk", "Particularly with the advent of USB, external hard disks have become widely available and inexpensive. External hard disk drives currently cost less per gigabyte than flash drives and are available in larger capacities. Some hard drives support alternative and faster interfaces than USB 2.0 (e.g., Thunderbolt, FireWire and eSATA)", ".0 (e.g., Thunderbolt, FireWire and eSATA). For consecutive sector writes and reads (for example, from an unfragmented file), most hard drives can provide a much higher sustained data rate than current NAND flash memory, though mechanical latencies seriously impact hard drive performance.", "Unlike solid-state memory, hard drives are susceptible to damage by shock (e.g., a short fall) and vibration, have limitations on use at high altitude, and although shielded by their casings, are vulnerable when exposed to strong magnetic fields. In terms of overall mass, hard drives are usually larger and heavier than flash drives; however, hard disks sometimes weigh less per unit of storage. Like flash drives, hard disks also suffer from file fragmentation, which can reduce access speed.", "Obsolete devices\nAudio tape cassettes and high-capacity floppy disks (e.g., Imation SuperDisk), and other forms of drives with removable magnetic media, such as the Iomega Zip drive and Jaz drives, are now largely obsolete and rarely used. There are products in today's market that will emulate these legacy drives for both tape and disk (SCSI1/SCSI2, SASI, Magneto optic, Ricoh ZIP, Jaz, IBM3590/ Fujitsu 3490E and Bernoulli for example) in state-of-the-art Compact Flash storage devices – CF2SCSI.", "Encryption and security\n\nAs highly portable media, USB flash drives are easily lost or stolen. All USB flash drives can have their contents encrypted using third-party disk encryption software, which can often be run directly from the USB drive without installation (for example, FreeOTFE), although some, such as BitLocker, require the user to have administrative rights on every computer it is run on.\n\nArchiving software can achieve a similar result by creating encrypted ZIP or RAR files.", "Archiving software can achieve a similar result by creating encrypted ZIP or RAR files.\n\nSome manufacturers have produced USB flash drives which use hardware-based encryption as part of the design, removing the need for third-party encryption software. In limited circumstances these drives have been shown to have security problems, and are typically more expensive than software-based systems, which are available for free.", "A minority of flash drives support biometric fingerprinting to confirm the user's identity. As of mid-, this was an expensive alternative to standard password protection offered on many new USB flash storage devices. Most fingerprint scanning drives rely upon the host operating system to validate the fingerprint via a software driver, often restricting the drive to Microsoft Windows computers", ". However, there are USB drives with fingerprint scanners which use controllers that allow access to protected data without any authentication.", "Some manufacturers deploy physical authentication tokens in the form of a flash drive. These are used to control access to a sensitive system by containing encryption keys or, more commonly, communicating with security software on the target machine. The system is designed so the target machine will not operate except when the flash drive device is plugged into it. Some of these \"PC lock\" devices also function as normal flash drives when plugged into other machines.\n\nControversies\n\nCriticisms", "Failures", "Like all flash memory devices, flash drives can sustain only a limited number of write and erase cycles before the drive fails. This should be a consideration when using a flash drive to run application software or an operating system. To address this, as well as space limitations, some developers have produced special versions of operating systems (such as Linux in Live USB) or commonplace applications (such as Mozilla Firefox) designed to run from flash drives", ". These are typically optimized for size and configured to place temporary or intermediate files in the computer's main RAM rather than store them temporarily on the flash drive.", "When used in the same manner as external rotating drives (hard drives, optical drives, or floppy drives), i.e. in ignorance of their technology, USB drives' failure is more likely to be sudden: while rotating drives can fail instantaneously, they more frequently give some indication (noises, slowness) that they are about to fail, often with enough advance warning that data can be removed before total failure. USB drives give little or no advance warning of failure", ". USB drives give little or no advance warning of failure. Furthermore, when internal wear-leveling is applied to prolong life of the flash drive, once failure of even part of the memory occurs it can be difficult or impossible to use the remainder of the drive, which differs from magnetic media, where bad sectors can be marked permanently not to be used.", "Most USB flash drives do not include a write protection mechanism. This feature, which gradually became less common, consists of a switch on the housing of the drive itself, that prevents the host computer from writing or modifying data on the drive. For example, write protection makes a device suitable for repairing virus-contaminated host computers without the risk of infecting a USB flash drive itself", ". In contrast to SD cards, write protection on USB flash drives (when available) is connected to the drive circuitry, and is handled by the drive itself instead of the host (on SD cards handling of the write-protection notch is optional).", "A drawback to the small physical size of flash drives is that they are easily misplaced or otherwise lost. This is a particular problem if they contain sensitive data (see data security). As a consequence, some manufacturers have added encryption hardware to their drives, although software encryption systems which can be used in conjunction with any mass storage medium will achieve the same result. Most drives can be attached to keychains or lanyards", ". Most drives can be attached to keychains or lanyards. The USB plug is usually retractable or fitted with a removable protective cap.", "Robustness", "Most USB-based flash technology integrates a printed circuit board with a metal tip, which is simply soldered on. As a result, the stress point is where the two pieces join. The quality control of some manufacturers does not ensure a proper solder temperature, further weakening the stress point. Since many flash drives stick out from computers, they are likely to be bumped repeatedly and may break at the stress point", ". Most of the time, a break at the stress point tears the joint from the printed circuit board and results in permanent damage. However, some manufacturers produce discreet flash drives that do not stick out, and others use a solid metal or plastic uni-body that has no easily discernible stress point. SD cards serve as a good alternative to USB drives since they can be inserted flush.", "Security threats\n\nUSB killer\n\nIn appearance similar to a USB flash drive, a USB killer is a circuit that charges up capacitors to a high voltage using the power supply pins of a USB port then discharges high voltage pulses onto the data pins. This completely standalone device can instantly and permanently damage or destroy any host hardware that it is connected to.", "\"Flash Drives for Freedom\"\nThe New York-based Human Rights Foundation collaborated with Forum 280 and USB Memory Direct to launch the \"Flash Drives for Freedom\" program. The program was created in 2016 to smuggle flash drives with American and South Korean movies and television shows, as well as a copy of the Korean Wikipedia, into North Korea to spread pro-Western sentiment.\n\n\"Handmade\" USB drives \n\"Handmade\" USB drives, containing movies and other related content, have also been reported.", "Current and future developments\n\nSemiconductor corporations have worked to reduce the cost of the components in a flash drive by integrating various flash drive functions in a single chip, thereby reducing the part-count and overall package-cost.\n\nFlash drive capacities on the market increase continually. High speed has become a standard for modern flash drives. Capacities exceeding 256 GB were available on the market as early as 2009.", "Lexar is attempting to introduce a USB FlashCard, which would be a compact USB flash drive intended to replace various kinds of flash memory cards. Pretec introduced a similar card, which also plugs into any USB port, but is just one quarter the thickness of the Lexar model. Until 2008, SanDisk manufactured a product called SD Plus, which was a SecureDigital card with a USB connector.", "SanDisk has also introduced a new technology to allow controlled storage and usage of copyrighted materials on flash drives, primarily for use by students. This technology is termed FlashCP.\n\nSee also\n\n Glossary of computer hardware terms\n Memristor\n Microdrive\n Nonvolatile BIOS memory\n Portable application\n ReadyBoost\n Sneakernet\n Solid-state drive (SSD)\n USB dead drop\n USB Flash Drive Alliance\n Windows To Go\n Disk enclosure\n External storage\n BadUSB\n\nNotes\n\nReferences", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\n2000 in computing\n2000 in technology\nComputer-related introductions in 2000\nSolid-state computer storage\nFlash drive\nOffice equipment" ]

[ "\"NASCAR realignment\" refers to changes in the schedule of the NASCAR Cup Series, NASCAR Xfinity Series and NASCAR Camping World Truck Series.", "First Cup schedule in 1949", "The first season in 1949 consists of 8 races, exclusively on dirt tracks. The season began on June, 19 at Charlotte Speedway, a 3/4-mile short track in the Charlotte area in North Carolina The second race took place on the first Sunday after Independence Day (July 10) at Daytona Beach in Florida. The third race was run at Occoneechee Speedway (Hillsboro, North Carolina) on the first Sunday in August", ". In September, there were three races, first at Langhorne Speedway in Pennsylvania, second at Hamburg Speedway in New York and third at Martinsville Speedway in Virginia. The last two races, one at Heidelberg Raceway near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and one at North Wilkesboro Speedway in North Carolina, was run in October, with the last race run at Sunday the 16th.", "2003 announcement", "In a January 2003 press conference, NASCAR's chairman of the board, Bill France Jr., caused a stir when he interrupted the conference to announce big changes for 2004. France said that many tracks were under fire and being looked at as having race dates taken from them, and given to other facilities. Among the scenarios being looked at by France were how tracks did with ticket sales, and how the weather affected those races", ". Two tracks immediately looked at by the media were the North Carolina Speedway and Darlington Raceway. Both tracks' events at the time almost never sold out, and the weather, especially at the North Carolina Speedway, had been a major problem, as rain forced many races to be postponed until the next day, typically Monday, which caused attendance to be even worse.", "Realignment 2004", "\"Realignment 2004\" was announced in June 2003 at the Winston Cup race weekend at the Michigan International Speedway. While there were only a few changes, they were major. In June 1997, Auto Club Speedway began hosting a Winston Cup race. The track is located in Fontana, California, just outside Los Angeles, and so many fans flocked to the first race, and very quickly, the Los Angeles area became NASCAR's largest market", ". So, it was announced that Darlington's Mountain Dew Southern 500, held on Labor Day weekend for 54 years, would be moved to November for 2004, alienating the fan base of long time NASCAR fans. In the process, Rockingham's November date, the Pop Secret Microwave Popcorn 400, would move to Fontana, become the Pop Secret 500, and be run from the late evening into the night on the West Coast on the day before Labor Day, while also being shown live on NBC in primetime", ". The move of the race to September left Rockingham with just one race to run in 2004 — its February date, the Subway 400.", "Realignment 2005", "\"Realignment 2004\" was unpopular with many, but unlike \"realignment 2005\", the previous realignment in the schedule was not tied in with a lawsuit. In April 1997 the Winston Cup Series began racing at the newly built Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth. Bruton Smith's Speedway Motorsports, Inc", ". Bruton Smith's Speedway Motorsports, Inc. (which also oversees operations of tracks in Bristol, Tennessee, Hampton, Georgia, Loudon, New Hampshire, and Concord, North Carolina, all of which have two race dates a year) thought that the first race at Texas was popular enough to warrant another date. Soon, the company began pressing NASCAR to give them another date, but NASCAR refused to grant the track a second race.", "Early in the 2000s, SMI shareholder Francis Ferko filed a lawsuit against NASCAR, saying that it failed to come through on a promise to give Texas a second date. NASCAR denied making any promise of any kind. (Ferko filed the suit on his own; Smith did not want any part of the it.)", "In May 2004, NASCAR announced that they and Texas Speedway had reached a settlement. As part of the settlement ISC sold North Carolina Speedway to SMI, who in turn gave the race to Texas. This not only cost Rockingham its Nextel Cup date, but left it with no dates in any of NASCAR's national racing series in 2005 (the track's remaining Busch Series date was removed, and at the time the track had never had a Truck series date)", ". However, the loss of a NASCAR presence would ultimately prove a blessing in disguise for Rockingham; it is now one of the most heavily used venues for testing by NASCAR teams now that testing is prohibited at any track that hosts races in any NASCAR touring series.", "The second track to lose a race was Darlington, whose slot in the Chase for the Nextel Cup was given to Texas. Darlington was then left with its spring date, which was moved to Mother's Day weekend (a traditional off-weekend for the Cup Series) and lengthened to 500 miles.\n\nIn addition to Texas gaining a second race, for the first time since its debut on the Cup schedule in 1988 Phoenix was granted a second date, this one in an early season slot following the spring race at Texas.", "NASCAR also moved the Auto Club 500, the spring race at Fontana, into Rockingham's slot on the schedule (the race immediately following the Daytona 500.)\n\nRealignment 2006–2007\nAfter its Cup Series realignment plans, NASCAR turned to its second tier series, the Busch Series, for realignment in 2006. ISC purchased Pikes Peak International Raceway in Fountain, Colorado and immediately took its race from the Busch schedule, replacing it with an event at Martinsville Speedway.", "As quickly as the race at Martinsville was added to the schedule, it was removed in favor of a race in Canada at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, adding a third road course to the series schedule.\n\nThe Nextel Cup Series schedule was left untouched during this time.", "The Nextel Cup Series schedule was left untouched during this time.\n\nReasons for Rockingham and Darlington losing their races\nNASCAR has stated that Rockingham and Darlington lost their dates because they were not selling all the tickets for those events, and that giving Darlington only one date would make a sellout more likely since it would be the only race taking place there the following year.", "Also, races at both tracks had been affected by rain many times over the past few years. Even if there was no rain, it was usually overcast. Darlington's only race taking place in May also put the scheduling of the race in the peak tornado season in the Southeast.", "However, Darlington's future seems secure, with a total sellout for the lone race from 2005 through 2008, and with many major projects being planned or done at the speedway. Due to the sellouts the track owners have considered adding more seats.", "Realignment 2009–10", "The 2009 season, announced on August 19, 2008, went under a realignment once again after a long break. The fall race at Talladega Superspeedway was moved to a later date on the schedule around Halloween (the first Sunday in November or the final Sunday in October), one previously occupied by Atlanta Motor Speedway's fall event", ". That race was moved to Labor Day weekend, where California Speedway's inherited autumn event from Darlington had been, and that date was switched to Talladega's old date on the first weekend of October. In addition, the Nationwide Series dropped Mexico City's road course race for a new race in August at the Iowa Speedway, and moved the Montreal event to an open weekend on the Sprint Cup schedule (August 30) with their lone Atlanta race moving to the Labor Day weekend from March", ". The Camping World Truck Series replaced the spring Milwaukee Mile race with a race at Iowa Speedway to be run on August 26, and also replaced the Memorial Day weekend race at Mansfield Motorsports Park with a race later in the season at Pocono Raceway for the first time in the series' history. In 2010, the NCWTS also got rid of its second race at Auto Club Speedway", ". In 2010, the NCWTS also got rid of its second race at Auto Club Speedway. This moved all races back one weekend in the season until the first weekend of August, where a race was added at Darlington Raceway, which was put in place after an absence on the series' schedule in the previous season. Other changes included a race at Kentucky Speedway being moved from the summer to the fall.", "Realignment 2011\nMajor schedule changes were announced to combat poor attendance and poor television ratings, both of which had dropped considerably since the introduction of the Generation-5 car and for other reasons.\n\nSprint Cup", "Atlanta Motor Speedway's spring date was discontinued in favor of the Labor Day weekend date.\nKentucky Speedway hosted its first Sprint Cup Series race, the Quaker State 400, with room being made for it by dropping the spring Atlanta race. The formal announcement was made on August 10, 2010, and the race took the post-Coke Zero 400 slot held by Chicagoland Speedway.\nChicagoland became the opening race to the 2011 Chase for the Sprint Cup.", "Chicagoland became the opening race to the 2011 Chase for the Sprint Cup.\nNew Hampshire Motor Speedway hosted the second race in the Chase for the Sprint Cup, as the Sylvania 300 was moved back one week due to Chicagoland gaining the opening Chase race.\nKansas Speedway gained a spring race date. The race was run in early June immediately following the Coca-Cola 600.", "Auto Club Speedway lost its fall race and Chase for the Sprint Cup date, the Pepsi Max 400. The spring race, the Auto Club 500, was moved from February to March and shortened to 400 miles/200 laps.\nThe spring race at Texas Motor Speedway was run on Saturday night, after having been a Sunday afternoon race.", "The Subway Fresh Fit 600 at Phoenix International Raceway was moved to the second week of the season and returned to its previous distance, and is run during the day for the first time (the awarding of the second race date to Phoenix coincided with the installation of lights at the track and resulted in the race being run at night from its debut).\nDover International Speedway maintained both of its Sprint Cup weekends and with the move of Chicagoland to the Chase, Dover's Chase race moved back one week.", "In addition to these developments, Las Vegas Motor Speedway bid for a second date for its track and failed to get it. Track management and ownership want to move the final races of the year from Homestead-Miami Speedway (Ford Championship Weekend) to Las Vegas as all three of the major series now hold their end-of-season awards banquets there.\n\nNationwide Series", "Nashville Superspeedway's second date moved to late July and replaced the date held by Gateway International Raceway, which was closed by track owner Dover Motorsports following the 2010 racing season.\nChicagoland Speedway gained a second Nationwide Series date, run on June 4.\nIowa Speedway gained a second Nationwide Series date, run on May 22.\nMichigan International Speedway's date moved to the weekend of the June Sprint Cup race.", "Michigan International Speedway's date moved to the weekend of the June Sprint Cup race.\nCircuit Gilles Villeneuve's date moved to the weekend of the August Sprint Cup race at Michigan.\nAuto Club Speedway's fall date was removed from the schedule and not replaced by another track, condensing the schedule from 35 races in 2010 to 34 races in 2011.", "Camping World Truck Series", "Phoenix International Raceway's truck series date, which had been run near the end of the season for years, moved to February as part of the realignment of the Cup Series race.\nDarlington Raceway's truck series date, which was run in August in 2010, moved to March.", "Darlington Raceway's truck series date, which was run in August in 2010, moved to March.\nKentucky Speedway gained a second truck series date, to be run on the same weekend as the July Nationwide Series event, and the track's inaugural Cup race in early July. The track now hosts a triple header weekend, and the second race was moved to October.\nKansas Speedway's date moved to June as part of the Sprint Cup Series weekend.", "Kansas Speedway's date moved to June as part of the Sprint Cup Series weekend.\nMichigan International Speedway's date moved to the weekend of the August Sprint Cup race.", "Although Atlanta has had major attendance issues in recent years, with less than 100,000 fans at the last two Kobalt Tools 500 races, its new Labor Day weekend race in 2009 was a huge success.\n\nKentucky Speedway has demanded a race for years, with its owners selling the track to Speedway Motorsports, Inc. and filing a lawsuit (which was dismissed) in efforts to get a Sprint Cup Series race. Improvements had to be made but were expected to be completed in time.", "Chicagoland has had major attendance issues and its TV ratings have been some of the lowest of the season in recent years. NASCAR is hoping to save the race in a major market by moving it to the Chase. Some were worried about a conflict with the IndyCar Series, which had its race there during the Labor Day weekend. However, IndyCar officials did schedule realignment of their own eliminating the conflict altogether.", "Kansas has also demanded a second race for years especially since the building of a casino near the track. Despite the closure of Nashville Superspeedway, which is owned by Dover International Speedway, Dover maintained two race dates.", "Since the addition of the second race at Auto Club Speedway, attendance for both races has dropped considerably, even with a Chase race. Because NASCAR scheduled the first race at the track to immediately follow the Daytona 500 on the schedule, teams were forced to travel across the continent for the second week, hurting them financially and eventually leading to the discontinuation of the truck race there in 2010", ". The February race was also inconveniently scheduled on the same night as the Academy Awards ceremony (except in 2006 and 2010, when the ceremony was rescheduled to avoid conflict with the Winter Olympics), preventing major stars from appearing at the race. By returning the race to April, officials are once again hoping for a sellout.", "Martinsville Speedway has also had attendance issues. However, it maintained two dates for 2011.", "Realignment 2012–2014", "NASCAR announced on September 29, 2011, that some schedule realigning would take place for the 2012 season. Although the realignment was not as drastic as past years, both of the Kansas races were affected. The spring race, which was added to the schedule for the 2011 campaign, was moved from June to April, and the spring race at Dover International Speedway returned to its traditional early June date", ". Kansas's fall race, a part of the Chase for the Cup, was switched with Talladega's Chase date and moved to late October. NASCAR said this realignment was due to a repaving project at the track which was scheduled to begin following the race.", "In addition, the race at Kentucky Speedway moved to June preceding the Coke Zero 400 at Daytona International Speedway.\n\nRockingham returned to NASCAR as part of the Truck Series and K&N Pro Series.\n\nThe 2013 realignment did not see any significant changes, other than switching back the Talladega and Kansas Chase races to their original dates.", "The 2014 realignment also had few changes. The dates were swapped for the spring races at Darlington and Kansas, turning Kansas's spring race into a night race. The spring race at Texas Motor Speedway was moved from Saturday night to Sunday afternoon so as not to interfere with the NCAA Men's Tournament, which began the same weekend in nearby AT&T Stadium. Texas and Martinsville were moved up a week. The Darlington date moved to Texas's original spot on the schedule", ". The Darlington date moved to Texas's original spot on the schedule. The Easter off-week moved to Kansas's original date.", "Realignment 2015\nThe 2015 alignment saw several drastic changes:\nOnce again, Darlington was moved, this time returning to its original Labor Day weekend for the first time in 12 years. \nThe Food City 500, Bristol's spring race, was moved to Darlington's 2014 position on the schedule, in hopes of running it in warmer weather conditions as opposed to the cold and sometimes rainy conditions that had plagued the mid-March date. \nAtlanta's race was moved to the post-Daytona 500 date.", "Atlanta's race was moved to the post-Daytona 500 date. \nThe spring Phoenix race was moved to what had been Bristol's spring date. Because Las Vegas and Auto Club stayed in their original positions, the series now had an uninterrupted streak of three races on the West Coast, nicknamed the \"West Coast swing\". This was done not only to please the fans, but it also meant that drivers and their teams would not have to make as many cross-country treks back to their shops in Charlotte.", "The off-weeks were relocated: the traditional Easter off-weekend now fell between Martinsville and Texas, and the summer off-week that originally took place between New Hampshire and the Brickyard 400 was repositioned to the week between Michigan's Quicken Loans 400 and Sonoma's Toyota/Save Mart 350.", "Sonoma took Kentucky's original date, and Kentucky took New Hampshire's July date. New Hampshire's summer date was moved to the original summer off-weekend. Due to 2015 being the first year of a new broadcasting contract between NASCAR, Fox and NBC, these changes to the summer schedule were done so that both networks started their coverage of the NASCAR season with a Daytona race, with FOX getting the Daytona 500 and NBC getting the Coke Zero 400", ". Additionally, for 2015 only, the Coke Zero 400 was run as a Sunday night race, since July 4 was on a Saturday when many NBC affiliate networks broadcast fireworks displays.", "The season also received an additional off-weekend on the weekend prior to Labor Day weekend, making the regular season 40 weeks long (with three off-weekends and the off-weekend for the All-Star race). \nThe Chase dates at Charlotte and Kansas were flipped, with Charlotte becoming the opening race in the Contender Round of the Chase.", "Realignment 2016\nThe 2016 alignment saw some changes to the schedule\nThe Easter off-week is placed late-March between Fontana and Martinsville.\nThe Coke Zero 400 at Daytona will return to its usual Saturday night date.\nMichigan and Bristol swap their August race dates.", "Michigan and Bristol swap their August race dates.\nThe third off-week was moved to mid-August between Watkins Glen and Bristol, instead of the late-August break between Bristol and Darlington. This was done to avoid a scheduling conflict with the 2016 Summer Olympics being hosted on NBC. The aforementioned Olympics conflict forced the race at Watkins Glen to be moved to USA Network", "The first race at Dover and the Memorial Day week swapped dates, so the last race before the All-Star Race was Dover instead of Kansas, because of Memorial Day being very late similar to 2011.", "Realignment 2017\nThe final calendar for the 2017 season was released on May 5, 2016.", "Key changes from 2016 include:\n The Daytona 500 was moved back a week.\n The Texas spring race was moved from Saturday night to Sunday afternoon.\n Dover's spring race was moved back to the slot between the Coca-Cola 600 and the June Pocono race.\n Bristol and Michigan swapped back their August race dates.\n Talladega and Kansas swapped their October race dates, making Talladega the second race in the Round of 12 and turning Kansas into an elimination race.", "The summer off week moves back between Bristol and Darlington.\n The start times for several races, including the Daytona 500, were adjusted so as to have the event end during primetime.", "Realignment 2018\nThe 2018 Cup Series season schedule was released on May 23, 2017, and saw some notable changes, which were how:", "The Advance Auto Parts Clash was moved back to Sunday afternoon (a week before the Daytona 500 after being held on the Saturday night before that for many years.\n The 60th running of the Daytona 500 would be moved one week earlier to be held on President's Day weekend (in 2018, falling on Sunday, February 18), how it was until after 2011 and many years before that.", "Dover International Speedway's spring race, was moved one month early to precede the KC Masterpiece 400 at Kansas Speedway and the Coca-Cola 600 at Charlotte Motor Speedway.", "There was an additional off-week for the Cup Series in the schedule for 2018 on the Father's Day weekend. That provided some flexibility for Fox so they could broadcast the U. S. Open and the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The other off weekends remained being on Easter weekend (as it always has been) and in late-summer between the Bristol night race and the race at Darlington on Labor Day weekend.", "The race at Chicagoland was moved off of the playoffs and back to early in the summertime before the Coke Zero Sugar 400 (how it was like until after 2010). This change resulted in NBC's portion of the TV schedule beginning at Chicago and not Daytona.\n The Brickyard 400 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway moved to September to become the final race of the regular season after years of being in late July or early August.", "New Hampshire Motor Speedway's fall race was eliminated and replaced with a new second race at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, the South Point 400, replaced on the schedule and will be the playoffs opener.\n The Federated Auto Parts 400 at Richmond Raceway moved from being the final race of the regular season to the second race in the playoffs, replacing the New Hampshire/Las Vegas race, which was bumped back a week to become the first race of the playoffs.", "Charlotte Motor Speedway's fall race moved a week earlier into late September from early October and for the first time utilized the track's road course layout instead of its quad-oval, becoming the Bank of America Roval 400, and it also became the closing race to the Round of 16 in the playoffs.\n The fall race at Dover was moved one week later in the season to become the first race of the Round of 12 in the playoffs, flip-flopping places with Charlotte.", "Realignment 2020\n\nCup Series\nThe 2020 schedule for the NASCAR Cup Series will undergo a series of significant changes.", "The Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500 at Atlanta Motor Speedway will move behind the West Coast swing to March 15, 2020, returning to its pre-2010 date of mid-March.\nThe race at Homestead–Miami Speedway will no longer serve as the final race of the season ending a tradition that dated back to 2002 and bringing an end to Ford Championship Weekend. The race date will move to March 22, 2020, following the race at Atlanta, and become known as the Dixie Vodka 400.", "After 21 years of being NASCAR's Fourth of July weekend event (and 60 of 61 years overall), the Coke Zero Sugar 400 at Daytona International Speedway will move to August and become the final race of NASCAR's \"regular season\". The Brickyard 400, run at Indianapolis Motor Speedway, will switch race weekends with Daytona.\nThe Blu-Emu Maximum Pain Relief 500 at Martinsville Speedway will be run under the lights for the first time on May 9, Mother's Day Weekend.", "Kansas Speedway's spring race, the Super Start Batteries 400 that has been run under the lights on Mother's Day Weekend will move from Saturday night to Sunday afternoon and be held on May 31, 2020, after the Coca-Cola 600.\nBoth events at Pocono Raceway will be run on consecutive days the weekend of June 27–28.\nDover International Speedway's second date moves to late August, marking the first time the race has not been in NASCAR's postseason.", "The Southern 500 at Darlington Raceway and the Bass Pro Shops NRA Night Race at Bristol Motor Speedway will both become Playoff races in place of Dover and Homestead. This will mark the first time since the inaugural Chase for the NEXTEL Cup in 2004 that Darlington will host a postseason event (that race was given to Texas in the Ferko lawsuit in 2005) and the first postseason race of any kind for Bristol.", "The Championship Round of the Playoffs will be conducted at Phoenix Raceway on November 8. This will be the first Phoenix race to close out the season. Due to this and the consolidation of the Pocono doubleheader, the 2020 season will actually end one week earlier than in the past. Usually the season finale is held on third weekend in November. Those dates being anywhere from November 16 to November 22.", "The Toyota Owners 400 at Richmond will move back to Sunday afternoon, similar to 2015-2017 when it was run on a Sunday afternoon. This was done because the two Martinsville Speedway races will be night races in 2020, as both races will start in the day and end at night.", "There will be two off weeks between Loudon and Michigan to accommodate the NBC networks coverage of the 2020 Summer Olympics, meaning the off week for the U.S. Open Golf Championship that Fox instituted will be removed. This prevents a conflict that happened at the 2016 Olympics, when NBC moved the Watkins Glen race to their USA Network. NBC's half starts on the weekend of that golf championship.", "Xfinity Series\n Atlanta will no longer be the second race of the season and moves a month later to become the fifth race of the season, and also the first race after the West Coast swing.", "The order of races in the West Coast swing changes, with the series now going to Auto Club Speedway (Fontana) before Phoenix Raceway (Phoenix) instead of the other way around as it had been in the past. Because there will be no race in between Daytona and the West Coast swing, Las Vegas will now be the second race of the season (instead of the third) and the flip-flop of California and Phoenix will be the third and fourth races", ". (Phoenix had been the fourth race previously and now is still the fourth race after this switch.)", "After being the season-finale for the Xfinity Series since 1995 and all three national series since 2002, Homestead-Miami Speedway lost its place as the last race of the season and will instead have its race in March between Atlanta and Texas on a weekend that had previously been an off weekend which will now be in April the week after Bristol.", "After previously having two races on the schedule, Richmond lost its spring date in favor of a race at Martinsville in October, which marks the series' first trip to the track in 14 years, when it hosted a race for one year in 2006 (in between when the series stopped going to Pikes Peak after 2005 and started going to Montreal in 2007). The race at Martinsville in October will be the second-to-last race of the season and the last race of the Round of 8 in the playoffs.", "After being held sometime in August every year it has been on the schedule, Mid-Ohio moves earlier in the season to become the first race held after Charlotte on Memorial Day weekend, replacing Pocono.", "Pocono's race will be held on the last week of June, replacing Chicagoland. The race will be held on a Sunday afternoon instead of Saturday afternoon as part of the new \"doubleheader-weekend\" where the Cup Series will run both of their races at the track on the same weekend on consecutive days (on Saturday in addition to the Truck Series and Sunday in addition to the Xfinity Series).", "Chicago's race moves a week earlier than it was in 2019. It now falls on Father's Day weekend, which had previously been an off-weekend for the series, and that off-weekend was moved to July after the race at New Hampshire.\n After having hosted a night race on the Fourth of July weekend since 2002 in the Xfinity Series, Daytona's summer race will now be in August, trading places with Indianapolis.\n Iowa's second race moves back a week, on the weekend where Watkins Glen had been.", "Iowa's second race moves back a week, on the weekend where Watkins Glen had been.\n After Mid-Ohio's race moved back to late May/early June, Road America's race moved into that weekend in August from where it had been previously later in the month.\n Watkins Glen moved two weeks later in place of the Bristol Night Race, which will now be a month later and part of the playoffs.", "Dover’s second race was knocked out of the playoffs and into the regular seasons as a result of Bristol being put in. That race at Dover will now be held on August 22 (the weekend where Road America had been).\n Since Labor Day falls later in the year in 2020, the race at Daytona (Indy in 2019) will now be held before Darlington instead of after so Darlington can remain on Labor Day weekend.", "The race at Richmond will now be earlier in September and become the last race before the start of the playoffs based on how the schedule works and Las Vegas Motor Speedway moves later in the month and into the playoffs.\n The Charlotte Roval race is now later in the fall and in October instead of September.", "The Charlotte Roval race is now later in the fall and in October instead of September.\n After being the second-to-last race of the season for many years, Phoenix Raceway (Phoenix) will be the last race of the season after Homestead was bumped back to March. However, because of how the schedule works (only one off-weekend in the playoffs instead of two), it will remain on the same weekend in early November, and the season will end a week earlier than in the past.", "Additionally, because of the schedule changes, Homestead and Mid-Ohio will now be Fox races and Pocono as well as the new Martinsville race will be NBC races. It will be the first time Fox has ever broadcast a NASCAR Xfinity race at Homestead. Mid-Ohio will mark Fox's first broadcast of a road course race in the Xfinity Series since Mexico City in 2006 (which was under the old 2001-2006 TV contract).", "Truck Series\n After being the season-finale for the Truck Series since 2002, Homestead–Miami Speedway lost its place as the last race of the season and will instead have its race in March between Atlanta and Texas \n The Truck Series will return to Richmond Raceway for the first time since 2005\n Michigan International Speedway will serve as the final race of the regular season\n World Wide Technology Raceway at Gateway will host the Playoff opener for the Gander Trucks", "World Wide Technology Raceway at Gateway will host the Playoff opener for the Gander Trucks \n The Round of 10 will end at Bristol Motor Speedway\n The Round of 8 will end at Martinsville Speedway\n The Championship Round of the Playoffs will be conducted at Phoenix Raceway on November 6. This will be the first Phoenix race to close out the season", "2020 coronavirus pandemic changes", "Cup Series\nThe Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500 at Atlanta Motor Speedway and the Dixie Vodka 400 at Homestead–Miami Speedway were originally announced on March 12, 2020, due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic to take place without fans in attendance, but one day later on March 13, 2020, NASCAR announced that the two Cup races (including support races) would be postponed.\n On March 16, 2020, NASCAR announced all race events through May 3 have been postponed due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "On April 17, 2020, NASCAR announced that Martinsville Speedway race weekend on May 8–9 had been postponed, although the sanctioning body affirmed its commitment to running a full 36-race schedule.", "On April 30, 2020, NASCAR announced a revised schedule for the month of May, with two Cup races at Darlington Raceway and two points-paying races at Charlotte Motor Speedway, including the Coca-Cola 600 that will be run behind closed doors. The Charlotte races, however, began a new policy that track owner Sonic Automotive, parent of Speedway Motorsports, would implement at all events behind closed doors", ". Owners of condominiums and office space at the respective circuits were allowed to attend the races in their respective buildings, which at Charlotte meant spectators would be allowed in condominiums above Turn 1. Darlington's newly added spring date would become permanent in 2021.", "On May 8, 2020, NASCAR announced that Sonoma Raceway and Chicagoland Speedway would not host Cup races in 2020, and that Richmond Raceway's postponed spring date would not be rescheduled. Eventually, on September 29, 2020, NASCAR closed Chicagoland Speedway.", "On May 14, 2020, NASCAR announced another revised schedule, this time to show the races planned for the end of May through June 21. These tracks include Bristol Motor Speedway, Atlanta Motor Speedway, Martinsville Speedway, Homestead-Miami Speedway, and Talladega Superspeedway. NASCAR also announced a continuation of its empty stands policy for those races", ". NASCAR also announced a continuation of its empty stands policy for those races. As was the policy in Charlotte, spectators were allowed in Atlanta at the Turn 4 condominiums (a similar rule was used in INDYCAR at Texas for their Turn 2 units). NASCAR invited guests for Homestead, and began limited spectators at Talladega.", "With the exception of the Coca-Cola 600, all races starting with NASCAR's return at Darlington through the Homestead race at minimum will feature no practice or qualifying. Teams will unload, have cars inspected, and race. The Coca-Cola 600 will feature qualifying only a few hours before the race but no practice.", "On July 8, NASCAR announced the next phase of revisions to the schedule through the conclusion of the regular season in August; this includes twin race weekends at Dover and Michigan (with the races shortened to 500 kilometers each), and the Go Bowling at The Glen being replaced by the Daytona Grand Prix — NASCAR's first ever road course race at Daytona International Speedway", ". It was reported that the replacement of the Watkins Glen race was necessitated by travel restrictions imposed by the state of New York, which currently require 14 days self-isolation for anyone entering the state from areas designated as having large numbers of recent COVID-19 cases (including North Carolina, where the majority of NASCAR teams and staff are based). Fans may be admitted at events on a case-by-case basis depending on local health orders.", "Xfinity Series\nThe EchoPark 250 at Atlanta Motor Speedway and the United States Census Bureau 300 at Homestead–Miami Speedway were originally announced on March 12, 2020, due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic to take place without fans in attendance, but one day later on March 13, 2020, NASCAR announced that the two Cup races (including support races) would be postponed.\n On March 16, 2020, NASCAR announced all race events through May 3 were postponed due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "On April 30, 2020, the sanctioning body announced an updated schedule for the month of May that included Xfinity races at Darlington Raceway and Charlotte Motor Speedway.\n On May 8, 2020, NASCAR announced that Chicagoland Speedway will not host an Xfinity Series race in 2020. A 2nd event at Darlington Raceway will replace the Chicagoland's race. That will be the first time since 2004 that Darlington hosts 2 Xfinity Series events in the same year.", "On May 14, 2020, NASCAR announced that Iowa Speedway will not host an Xfinity Series race in 2020. A second event at Homestead-Miami Speedway will replace the first Iowa's race. That will be the first time ever that Homestead hosts two Xfinity Series events in the same year.", "On May 27, 2020, it was announced that the rescheduled Bristol race, scheduled for Saturday, May 30, would be rescheduled again to Monday, June 1 as a result of the Cup race at Charlotte originally scheduled for May 27 being delayed by a day due to rain. The reason for moving the Xfinity Bristol race was because the Fox NASCAR TV equipment would not be set up and ready in time.", "The Dash 4 Cash races were supposed to be at Texas Motor Speedway, Bristol Motor Speedway, Talladega Superspeedway and Dover International Speedway, but after all the COVID-19 schedule changes, they changed to Atlanta, Homestead, and Talladega with Bristol now serving as the qualification race for the Dash 4 Cash. Despite being in the middle of the races that do have it, the Saturday Homestead race will not be a Dash 4 Cash race.", "On July 8, 2020, NASCAR announced the series' schedule in the month of August. This included the move of the Watkins Glen race to the Daytona infield road course as a result of failing to get a waiver of Governor Andrew Cuomo's 14 day quarantine rule for anyone entering the state of New York from states that are COVID-19 hot spots, which includes North Carolina, where NASCAR teams are based", ". In that announcement, it was also made official that the standalone race at Mid-Ohio race would be cancelled and replaced, and the same would go for the June Michigan race, which had been scheduled in June but when the Cup Series races became a doubleheader, the date clashed with Road America, despite being a standalone race.", "On August 6, 2020, NASCAR announced that an additional race at Talladega would replace the cancelled Mid-Ohio race and will be part of the Xfinity Series playoffs. An additional race at Richmond would replace the cancelled Michigan event. In that announcement, it was also revealed that the Xfinity Series playoff opener has been moved to Las Vegas Motor Speedway.", "Truck Series\n On March 12, 2020, it was announced that the Vet Tix/Camping World 200 at Atlanta Motor Speedway and the Baptist Health 200 at Homestead–Miami Speedway would take place without fans in attendance due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the following day, NASCAR announced that those races (along with the Cup and Xfinity races on those same weekends, also at Atlanta and Homestead) would be outright postponed instead.", "On March 16, 2020, NASCAR announced all race events through May 3 would be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\n On May 8, 2020, NASCAR announced that Chicagoland Speedway would not host their Truck race, the Camping World 225, for this season only as part of the COVID-19 schedule changes.\n On May 14, 2020, NASCAR announced that Iowa Speedway would not host a Truck race, the M&M's 200, for this season only as part of the COVID-19 schedule changes.", "On July 8, 2020, NASCAR announced the series' schedule in the month of August. This included the addition of a race at the Daytona infield road course which replaced the cancelled Iowa race. In that announcement, it was also made official that the standalone race at Eldora would be cancelled and replaced and the same would go for the Canadian Tire Motorsport Park playoff race. Gateway remained on the schedule despite being a standalone race", ". Gateway remained on the schedule despite being a standalone race. Additionally, because of the loss of these two races, the Gateway race became part of the regular season instead of the first race of the playoffs, and Kansas and Texas will be in the playoffs.", "On August 6, 2020, NASCAR announced that a race at Darlington would replace the cancelled Canadian Tire Motorsports Motorsport Park race and will be part of the regular season. It marks the series’ first event at the historic track in more than nine years. A third race at Kansas would replace the cancelled Eldora event and will be part of the playoffs. In that announcement, it was also revealed that the series’ playoff opener has been moved to Bristol Motor Speedway.", "In NASCAR's first races back since the pandemic hit, there would be no practice or qualifying held so that teams would not need to bring additional crew members to the track and would not need to bring backup cars. (Crew members would be in contact with each other when repairing a primary car damaged in practice or qualifying or to prepare a backup car if a team had to utilize it).", "In the Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series and Xfinity Series races that will be held without practice and qualifying, NASCAR announced that the field size temporarily will be expanded to a maximum of 40 vehicles each. The field will be set by a random draw, similar to NASCAR Cup Series.\n\nRealignment 2021", "Cup Series", "The Busch Clash will be moved from the Sunday before the Daytona 500 to the Tuesday before (on February 9), in an effort to condense Speedweeks down to one week and also because of Super Bowl LV scheduling in nearby Tampa. The race will also be moved from the oval to the infield road course for the first time. The original intent of the change was a cost savings move to allow sixth-generation chassis for road course events to be used", ". NASCAR had intended to launch the new seventh-generation chassis from Technique at the Daytona 500, and with an insufficient number of chassis available, teams would use the sixth-generation chassis for the Daytona race. However, because of the pandemic, the release of the new chassis will be delayed to 2022, but the use of a road course chassis would save costs", ". For reference, there was one crash-related safety car at the Daytona road course round, while at the 2020 Busch Clash, four incidents occurred, each between 3 and 11 cars involved during the event, with only five cars finishing on the lead lap, and the winner, Erik Jones, doing so with a damaged car. The Daytona 500 will be held on Sunday, February 14.", "Phoenix Raceway will host Cup races on March 7 and November 7, the latter being the championship date.\nNashville Superspeedway will host a Cup race, scheduled for Sunday, June 20 (Father's Day). It will be the first time the speedway will host a NASCAR Cup Series event, and the first time the track has hosted any NASCAR events since 2011. In order to put the track on the schedule, its owner, Dover Motorsports, moved one of their two Cup races at Dover (a track which they also own) to Nashville.", "On September 29, it was reported that Kentucky Speedway and Chicagoland Speedway would not be on the 2021 schedule, \nOn September 30, NASCAR announced that Atlanta Motor Speedway would expand to two races, picking up the Quaker State 400 from Kentucky.\nOn the same day, Road America was added back to the schedule for the first time since a Grand National race 65 years prior. The race is scheduled for July 4, replacing the race weekend at Indianapolis Motor Speedway.", "With the release of the 2021 schedule, NASCAR announced that its race at Indianapolis would be run on the track's road course configuration.\nThe Cup Series will also race on dirt for the first time since 1970 as the spring race at Bristol Motor Speedway will have the concrete half-mile covered in dirt.", "The All-Star Weekend, traditionally held at Charlotte Motor Speedway, moves to Texas Motor Speedway and becomes the last race weekend telecast by NASCAR on Fox. The open weekend has its slot filled by a new race at Circuit of the Americas. As a consequence of gaining the All-Star race, Texas goes down to one points race.", "Xfinity Series\n Circuit of the Americas (in Austin, Texas) is added for the first time.\n Nashville Superspeedway returns for the first time since 2011.\n Auto Club Speedway, Chicagoland Speedway, Iowa Speedway and Kentucky Speedway are removed from the schedule.\n Auto Club Speedway was initially on the schedule, but was replaced by an event at the Daytona Road Course due to COVID-19 regulations.", "Atlanta and Martinsville will go from hosting one race to two. This is the first time Atlanta has hosted two races, while Martinsville will host two races for the first time since 1994.\n Bristol and Dover will go from having two races on the schedule to one as the Bristol race will be the paved event. (The Xfinity Series will not race on the Bristol dirt weekend.)\n The Darlington (spring) and Talladega (fall) races added during COVID-19 schedule changes will be kept.", "The fall Texas and Kansas weekends swapped spots, with Texas being the Round of 8 opener and Kansas being the middle race.", "Truck Series\nThere is one less race on the schedule, as it now contains 22 races instead of 23. This is also the first time since 2000 that the Truck Series has had more than one road course race (when Watkins Glen and Portland were on the schedule), and the first time since 1999 that there have been three road courses on the schedule (when it had those two races plus Topeka).", "Eldora Speedway, the series' original dirt race which had been on the schedule since 2013 (except for 2020 when it was removed due to COVID-19), was replaced by a race at Knoxville Raceway in Iowa, home of the Knoxville Nationals, which will be run on Friday, July 9.", "The series has two dirt races for the first time with the addition of a spring race at Bristol, which will see dirt temporarily put onto the track's surface. The Cup Series will also be running with the Truck Series on that weekend. This race replaces the race at Kentucky Speedway, which will not host any NASCAR races in 2021.\n Circuit of the Americas replaces the spring race at Texas, as is the case with the Cup and Xfinity Series. This gives the series a second road course race.", "After a 20-year absence, Watkins Glen returns to the schedule for the first time since 2000, giving the series a third road course race. The race will be in August on the same weekend as the Cup and Xfinity races there. This race replaces the race at Michigan, which will not host a Truck race for the first time since 2001.", "Nashville Superspeedway is added to the schedule, replacing Dover, as is also the case with the Cup and Xfinity Series. This is the first race for the series at Nashville since 2011. The series will not race at Dover at all this season. It is the first time since 1999 where the track has not been on the schedule.\n Iowa Speedway is permanently taken off the schedule after its race on the 2020 schedule was removed as part of the COVID-19 schedule changes.", "Darlington Raceway, which was not originally on the 2020 schedule but added on as part of the COVID-19 schedule changes, becomes a permanent event for the first time since 2011. It will be run on Mother's Day weekend along with the new second race dates for Cup and Xfinity at the track added this year. This race replaces the race at Chicagoland Speedway, which will not host any NASCAR races in 2021.", "Canadian Tire Motorsport Park was initially back on the schedule after being taken off of the 2020 schedule during the season as part of the COVID-19 schedule changes. Due to the continuance of Canadian restrictions, the race was moved to Darlington.\n Homestead-Miami Speedway is being removed in favor of the Daytona road course race. This was made for logistics reasons, as Homestead was moved back a week in order for Daytona's road course to replace the Auto Club Speedway Cup and Xfinity weekend.", "References\n\nNASCAR terminology" ]

[ "Dungeons & Dragons is a 2000 fantasy adventure film directed by Courtney Solomon and written by Carroll Cartwright and Topper Lilien. It is based on the role-playing game of the same name. The film follows an empress who wishes to get hold of a mythical rod that will help her fight an evil wizard, and enlists two thieves for help. Parts of the film were made on location at Sedlec Ossuary.", "Despite it being a box office bomb, and a critical failure, a made-for-TV sequel, Wrath of the Dragon God, was released in 2005. It was not a direct continuation of the storyline of the previous film, though Bruce Payne's character, Damodar, makes a return. A third film, The Book of Vile Darkness, was shot in 2011 and released direct-to-DVD in the United Kingdom on August 9, 2012.", "Plot\nIzmir's young Empress, Savina, rules with the power of a scepter that allows her to control gold dragons. When she wants to give rights to the common people, she's opposed by the Council of Mages, led by the evil Profion. They demand that she hand over the scepter. She refuses and, anticipating a conflict, both sides try to get their hands on the legendary Rod of Savrille, which would let them control red dragons.", "Teenage thieves Ridley and Snails try to rob the Sumdall magic school. They're caught by a young apprentice named Marina, just as Profion's assistant Damodar attacks the library wizard, to get his map to the Rod of Savrille. Marina, Ridley, and Snails manage to escape with the map, and join with a dwarf named Elwood.", "They discover that to enter the tomb with the Rod, they need a ruby key called the \"Eye of the Dragon.\" Ridley finds it in a deadly maze in the thieves' guild in Antius, but Damodar arrives and captures Marina and the map before they can flee. The rest of the group escape, only to be captured by the elf Norda, a paladin who is working for the Empress. Realizing they are fighting for the same cause, they free Marina and get the map back, although Snails dies in the attempt.", "They get the Rod of Savrille, although Damodar takes it from them and gives it to Profion. He and the other mages fight against the Empress, with dragons on both sides, until Ridley kills Damodar, and gets the Rod of Savrille back from Profion. Marina encourages Ridley to use the Rod to bring Profion down, but Ridley, realizing the Rod's power will corrupt him, refuses and destroys it. Then the Empress has a gold dragon kill Profion.", "Ridley later visits Snails' grave with Marina, Elwood, and Norda. When he places the Eye of the Dragon on the grave, the ruby starts to glow, and Snails' name disappears. The group is then transported away.\n\nCast", "Justin Whalin as Ridley Freeborn, a rogue/thief\n Marlon Wayans as Snails, a rogue/thief\n Zoe McLellan as Marina Pretensa, a young mage\n Lee Arenberg as Elwood, a dwarf fighter\n Kristen Wilson as Norda, an elven ranger\n Jeremy Irons as Mage Profion\n Bruce Payne as Damodar\n Thora Birch as Empress Savina\n Edward Jewesbury as Vildan Vildir \n Richard O'Brien as Xilus, leader of a thieves guild\n Tom Baker as Halvarth the Elf\n Robert Miano as Azmath\n Tomas Havrlik and Stanislav Ondricek as Mages", "Robert Miano as Azmath\n Tomas Havrlik and Stanislav Ondricek as Mages\n Martin Astles and Matthew O'Toole as Orcs\n David O'Kelly as Three Eyes\n Kia Jam, Nicolas Rochette, and David Mandis as thieves\n Robert Henny as Crimson Brigade \n Roman Hemala as Council Mage\n Andrew Blau and Marta Urbanová as elves\n Jirí Machácek as Loyalist General", "Dave Arneson, the co-creator of the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game, makes a cameo appearance in deleted scenes.\n\nDevelopment", "Background", "The earliest attempt at a feature-length adaptation of a Dungeons & Dragons property by the major film industry date to the early 1980s, as there was a strong interest in producing a film based on Advanced Dungeons & Dragons; Gary Gygax had several discussions with producers and agents about the idea, and a screenplay by James Goldman received eyeballs from major studios. However, nothing came about this due to conflicts between TSR and the studios", ". However, nothing came about this due to conflicts between TSR and the studios. Dungeons & Dragons player Courtney Solomon, who had personal experience with the entertainment industry as a child because his mother was a production coordinator on television series filmed in Toronto, wanted to produce a film based on the game since 1990.", "Negotiations and funding\n\n1990–1997: TSR and studio deals", "In 1990, Solomon contacted staff from Dungeons & Dragonss publisher, TSR, Inc., under the guise of working on a school economics project; they informed him about studios in the past failing to produce a film based on the game due to having too little of an understanding of the RPG's X-factor", ". It took him 18 months to convince TSR to set up negotiations, but TSR finally agreed to it because of his upfront royalty being better than other studios the company worked with, according to vice president Ryan Dancey. Solomon obtained an option from TSR after writing a 30-page proposal showing how he would adapt the game and going through three months of \"intense\" broker dealing with the game publisher.", "Solomon went on an 18-month-long trip across the world funding the film once a draft of the screenplay was completed, and most of the financing depended on foreign distribution rights. During the trip, he met a leading businessman in Asia named Allan Zeman, who viewed the 24-year-old as a \"young, ambitious, artistic person\" as well as a \"convincing salesman\" of a project based on an enterprise with a huge fanbase", ". In early 1992, Zeman and Solomon formed Sweetpea Entertainment to fund Dungeons & Dragons and sell it to other investors.", "Originally, Solomon planned to have Dungeons & Dragons be a $100 million studio project with a big name in the director's chair; during development, Francis Ford Coppola, James Cameron, Renny Harlin, and Stan Winston were attached for directing the film at one point but dropped out", ". In addition to the script receiving positive coverage from the magazine Movieline, Premiere also announced the project in a 1995 issue when Winston was still signed on, revealing plot details such as a rogue lead, a magical dragon-controlling device, 14 creatures from the original game, and an effects-heavy final battle.", "A majority of studios and directors loved the screenplay, but turned away due to a lack of recent successes in the big-budget fantasy genre and Justin Whalin's lack of star power. Solomon and the studios he encountered constantly conflicted with TSR, which wanted a direct-to-video release instead of the big-budget theatrical film the Canadian dreamed of", ". Cameron considered the project just before he did Titanic (1997), but the deal did not suffice due to TSR's failure to come up with a merchandising deal that appealed to 20th Century Fox, where Cameron worked. Potential deals with Paramount Pictures and Lightstorm Entertainment were also destroyed due to strong disagreements on how to finance the film. Solomon's amount of focus on getting the film green-lit caused the relationship with his girlfriend to break apart.", "1997–1998: Joel Silver and Wizards of the Coast", "Joel Silver, an executive producer most notable for action films such as the Die Hard movies, joined the Dungeon & Dragons project in April 1997, and the screenplay was finalized in June 1997. Silver came in with the vision to make it a television series instead of a film", ". Silver came in with the vision to make it a television series instead of a film. Solomon thus tried to incorporate that plan in his project; however, TSR sold the rights of the original game property to Wizards of the Coast, and despite TSR leader Lorraine Williams telling Solomon Wizards would allow a TV series, that ultimately was not the case.", "The plan changed to a $3.5 million direct-to-video film, as the $100 million budget appeared too risky and TSR's set filming deadline was nearing; what allowed for the change was technological advancements decreasing required effects money, and the availability of Prague as a shooting location, which had several medieval-era-looking places and thus lessened the need of costly studio sets. Solomon became director and started test shooting a three-minute scene battle in Los Angeles in August 1997", ". Silver was so roused by it that he stayed on the project as executive producer and thus increased the project's credibility to the point where investors raised up to $30 million. This now made the production a theatrical one and also saved the producers from legal action by Wizards of the Coast, who argued it was not a \"real\" film. Zeman put the money up for the project, in addition to Solomon and his grandfather Joe Smuckler co-signing a $25,000 bank loan, to begin pre-production on February 9, 1998.", "Due to filming in a Czech Republic location, Dungeons & Dragons props and sets cost five times less than if shot in the United States. Although the final budget totaled to $35 million, the film was made with $21 million in cash during production, as there were several deferments in effects crew and actors' pay to meet its intended large scale. To maximize the quality of the film's effects with a limited budget, Solomon made equity deals between the effects houses involved so that less money was paid", ". At the time of its release, Dungeons & Dragons was the biggest-budget independent film ever produced.", "Writing \nSolomon began writing the script in 1991 based on the rules of the second edition of the basic Dungeons & Dragons game; he planned Dungeons & Dragons to be a film trilogy, his goal being to create \"the Star Wars of the fantasy genres\" using the original trilogy as a template for the story arcs. Two Miramax script doctors, Carroll Cartwright and Topper Lilien, were interviewed to be additional writers in April 1992, thanks to an executive's connection with Solomon.", "To give the writers an idea of the quality expected in the screenplay, Solomon first required them to view 1980s fantasy films he felt showed the bad state of the genre at the time, and then adventure productions like Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and Ben-Hur (1959). The first draft of the film took eighteen months to complete. Solomon claimed the final product is a collection of different scenes from 16 drafts.", "Although the class of characters and rules of Dungeons & Dragons are brought over to the film, Solomon decided to create a generic setting only loosely based on one of the lesser-known game settings, Mystara; he felt using specific campaign settings heavily dependent on player interpretation would confuse viewers", ". He also had to risk the combat actions not reflecting how players would use them; for example, \"somebody could be casting one of those spells and standing there for ten minutes until the spell is ready to go,\" explained Solomon. Spells were occasionally altered if their original descriptions were not \"visual\" enough to be present on screen; for instance, a Mind Flayer in the film controls another character by going inside him rather than controlling him from a distance", ". Another small creative liberty was the red dragons being more powerful than the gold dragons.", "Casting", "The cast of Dungeons & Dragons was a mixture of established film actors and up-and-comers in Hollywood. Most of the casting took place in London starting April 21, 1999, due to the Prague shooting location; this resulted in the inclusion of actors like the Fourth Doctor actor Tom Baker and Richard O'Brien, whom Solomon cast with knowledge of his performance as Riff Raff in The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), a film released the same year as the first Dungeons & Dragons game", ". A-list actors were mostly avoided for leads in order for the characters to look like \"normal\" players of a Dungeons & Dragons match.", "For the part of Ridley, in particular, Solomon looked for \"someone who wasn't a movie star but who could be.\" Whalin, a Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman star who had disinterest in most fantasy films, became a part of the project due to a strong friendship between him and Solomon; he was the only one to join the project before the start of pre-production, entering in December 1997, and had to reject several other acting offers to make himself available", ". Thora Birch was cast for the project shortly after she finished filming American Beauty (1999) and before she became a breakthrough actress once it was released; she chose to play the positive-minded empress Savina to get herself out of the somber psyche she put herself in for her role in American Beauty. Birch, Whalin, and Kristen Wilson were cast before the start of principal photography.", "Mark Leahy, a producer who was involved in the writing for a year and a half working on revisions of Solomon, Cartwright and Lilien's original script that were mostly rejected, was the one who conceived the cast being as ethnically diverse as possible; as he explained, \"I thought this film had (and has) a chance to really be something special, and knowing that I hated the thought of a bunch of kids watching a great story in another world-where there are only white people", ".\" Leahy originally wrote the elf Liana (later named Norda) to be a black elf, but after contention from his peers, he changed her race to Asian; she was a black elf in the final cut. Leahy wrote what would become Snails as an African-American half-orc in his versions, although this was considered poor taste by his colleagues. He also wrote all members of the mage empire to be Asians.", "Wilson, after reading the script, wanted to play Norda specifically due to the character's enigma; as she elaborated, \"her position within the royal court world....the power that she has, certainly psychologically ..and she's a mystic...and then she's this incredible warrior. And she doesn't really let on too much.. but you can look in her eyes.. and you can see that she's not somebody to be trifled with", ".. but you can look in her eyes.. and you can see that she's not somebody to be trifled with.\" In fact, she was so committed to being cast as the elf that when calling the casting director, Wilson demanded to meet Solomon in person and tell him, \"I'm Norda.\" The meeting happened, with Solomon and the other producers agreeing with Wilson. The director claimed to have cast Wilson as Norda for the same reasons she liked the character: \"She's serious and mysterious and very, very cool [..", "...] But when you look at her she doesn't look like some sort of prosthetic elf, she looks like she's another race. When you see her in the film, she's got these wild eyes, this wild exotic look, and she looks like a Dark Elf, which is great, because it's what she's supposed to be.\"", "Lee Arenberg and Irons joined during filming, with Irons the last actor to get on board; he did so through the connection of Silver, who previously worked with him on Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995). He initially rejected the opportunity as he was overseeing the renovation of a Ballydehob castle he purchased named Kilcoe", ". However, Silver then sent a package to Irons made for him by Solomon, which included the script and sketches of the look of the film; this plus his desire to try out a commercial fantasy production and Solomon's decade-long tenacity to get the screenplay produced made Irons get on board during filming on July 14, 1999.", "The trickiest characters to cast were Elwood and Savina. As Solomon explained the dwarf, \"The way I saw the D&D; dwarf was not like a hobbit, they're sort of in-between a human and a hobbit. They're smaller than an elf, too, so it was hard finding somebody with the height requirements, but also somebody who's going to be bulky like a dwarf as well.\" Arenberg was chosen to portray Elwood, although before he was cast American Job (1996) star Charlie Smith was a contender for the role", ". The producers originally look for an actor under five feet, but Arenberg went in the audition room and told them, \"I have a few more inches but a foot more talent than the other short people.\" When looking for the empress Savina, according to Solomon, \"that was one of the toughest characters to cast because I was looking to find somebody that young to play the role, because that's what that character called for, but I also needed somebody with a depth to her and understanding that's beyond her years.\"", "Production\n\nFilming location", "Shooting of Dungeons & Dragons took place from May 28 to the middle of August 1999 in Prague, with a two-week rehearsal period that included eight days of a cast read-through at Solomon's apartment just before. 2,000 extras were provided by Prague's casting agency Sagitarius, with each battle consisting of around 35 stuntmen and five of the leads at most", ". While working on Dungeons & Dragons, Snails actor Marlon Wayans was also filming Requiem for a Dream (2000), meaning he had to go back and forth from Prague to New York and deadlines for fight scenes involving the character became very strict.", "While real places were leased for sets, work of the film was also done at Barrandov Studios. Dungeon & Dragons was the first feature-length film to use the Sedlec Ossuary, which serves as the interior for Profion's lair, as a location; the church was decorated by František Rint with 40,000 skeletons of people who died as the result of the Black Death", ". The Magic Council meetings were filmed at the city's State Opera house, and Irons described them as the most difficult to shoot due to the amount of blue screen work and dialogue involved. Other sites used for sets included Kacina Castle, Rabi Castle, Svaty Mikulas church, Lipnice Castle, the Alkazar Quarry, St. Nicholas' Cathedral, the Doksany Crypt, the Strahov Library and the Dejvice Sewers.", "Directing", "Solomon tried to make Dungeons & Dragons unlike other big-budget films that focused the most on effects and not on plot, and was especially careful to make the battle scenes with the dragons not too \"cheesy.\" Producer Kia Jam described Solomon's method of directing and producing as different from how other major studios would create fantasy productions: \"they never seem to get it right because I think they replace a true fantasy feel with exorbitant amounts of money in order to achieve it superficially", ". The feeling has to come from a central source and here that's Corey.\" One major deviation from other fantasy films was the otherworldliness of the setting, whereas similar products would take place or be heavily inspired by the Middle Ages.", "At the same time, the director still went for a strong \"wow factor\" with the film, where \"you have to be able to say 'wow' at least ten times in the first 30 minutes.\" The two toughest scenes for the cast and crew to film were the maze scene and the concluding battle", ". The battle is eleven minutes long, required more than 280 shots, and was filmed on a 360-degree panoramic blue screen stage due to it involving more than 150 computer-generated dragons; it was tough for the actors as they had to fight while imagining dragons were around them, and it was tough for the director because the actors could not interact with the dragons that would be imposed in post-production later.", "Despite playing a dwarf, Arenberg was a 5'8\" actor, which meant he had to stoop his head, squat while still, move with his legs apart, and have extensive costuming in order to look short. He described his role as the hardest he'd ever done, primarily due to having to perform actions scenes while wearing a red beard that \"itched like crazy\" and \"about 50 pounds of clothing complete with padding", ".\" When directing Wayans' improvisational method of acting, Solomon offered him the ability to perform three ad-libs in exchange for properly saying three lines in the script. O'Brien also improvised lines, such as \"oh, what a romantic notion\" in a scene after Ridley goes through the Thieve's Maze; the line was scripted as \"honor is for fools, my friend,\" but the actor dismissed it as \"cliched swords-and-sworcery kind of dialog.\"", "Fight choreography", "Apart from Wayans, who played the game during his high school years, and Arenberg who was a casual player, none of the leads were familiar with the original game; Jeremy Irons learned a bit about it from his sons who were fans, and Whalin prepared for his role by watching Dungeons & Dragons games in person, but then \"realized that it seemed to be mostly about arguing\" and \"just put my trust in the script", ".\" While not a player, Wilson's knowledge of the game came from groups of her high school peers playing it: \"I remembered stories that I heard about kids committing suicide, and all this other nutty stuff. But I didn't really know anything about it. I knew that it was a fantasy game ..a roleplaying game and THAT interested me.\" When working on the battle sequences, Solomon and the actors had a strong emphasis on making sure they followed the rules of the original game.", "Solomon and the producers intended Dungeons & Dragons to be a \"fun\" film that would appeal to younger audiences and fans of the game, which explains the over-the-top performances by actors such as Irons; however, the director also tried to push the PG-13 rating with the violence in the battle sequences. In trying to make the fight scenes have as much realism as possible, Solomon and the choreographers not only used blood and gore, but also had the actors use real swords", ". Due to the long amount of time a fight scene would be choreographed and filmed, several \"repeat blades\" of swords were built and used; a total of six repeat blades were made for Damodar's sword, two of them broken during shooting.", "Most of the principal actors did the stunts themselves, with choreographer Graeme Crowther recalling only \"two or three\" times a double was required; in fact, when shooting the Thief's Maze sequence on the film's last day of principal photography, Whalin intentionally wanted the first 300-pound steel axe as close as possible to him in the frame, which Solomon agreed. Instances where Whalin was doubled by Theo Kypri consist mostly of acrobatic shots", ". Instances where Whalin was doubled by Theo Kypri consist mostly of acrobatic shots. The actors' fighting styles varied from Ridley's \"quick and dirty\" yet \"smooth\" movements to Elwood's hardcore methods to Norda's artsy \"fluid,\" art-like maneuvering, which Wilson attributed to her background in dancing. Whalin's experience in taekwondo also aided in his fighting skills.", "Practical effects", "Given that Dungeons & Dragons was filmed in Prague, some of the special effects work also took place there, with computer-generated work done in Britain and Germany. The special effects team consisted of George Gibbs, Martin Astles, and Matthew O'Toole of Bob Keen's company Image Effects. Given that the city's local sites were extremely cheap, with Solomon hyperbolizing that \"sometimes our daily budget was like 15 US dollars,\" that made room for a high effects budget of $13 million", ". However, the effects team had some difficulties. Most of the conception process involved members coming up with various concepts but never agreeing to final designs, meaning compromises had to be determined under deadlines during filming; Astles suggested more time could've been saved if the crew simply borrowed from Dungeons & Dragons books instead of trying to \"cleverly expand\" the game's universe.", "According to Gibbs, the workflow was made even more burdensome by the \"communist\" nature of the Czech Republic's film industry, especially for a big-scale fantasy film. The country's recently passed importing laws prevented the makeup people from using the glue specifically designed for the elf ears, meaning the elf actors had to wear more incompatible adhesives", ". There were also scheduling delays due to properties such as weapons and castle walls made by the Czech crew being poorly manufactured and having to be redone.", "Human-crafted special effects included the steel axes in the maze scene, the Corridor of Eyes made all out of stones, and the poly-glass crystals on the balustrade walls of the Magic school, the most challenging one being to reproduce the crystals into breakaway glass", ". For creating the quicksand carpet, a water tank that made up two meters of the floor was used; it was filled with 6,000 liters of Quaker Oats (the only thickening substance available that did not sink to the ground) on a platform lifted up and down by a scissor lift. There were issues the effects crew did not foresee with the use of the porridge, such as it bubbling away into the air as a reaction to a preservative used to keep it from being moldy", ". With the carpet scene requiring three takes, Wayans described it as \"probably the worst thing I've ever had to do in a movie. I grew up in the projects eating oatmeal, and I didn't want to ever eat it again, anyway. Now I really want to stay away from it.\"", "Post-production", "Digital effects", "The computer effects were done by Station X and Blankety Blank. Station X's founder, Grant Boucher, had experience in writing for Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game and offered free advice to the crew despite not officially considered part of the production. When filming began, Boucher predicted a total of around 200 shots with digital effects and 75 dragons in the film's climax", ". After filming finished, Solomon claimed the number of shots with digital effects to be 550 and computer-generated settings and characters to be 15, with more than 150 dragons in the climatic showdown. Allen Crawford, a Station X animator, declared four months of computer effects work was spent on the movie's first minute", ". There were also concepts originally planned to be practical effects but were computer-generated in the final edit; this included the gyroscope that holds the scepter, which was initially a machine-controlled device where all attempts for the motors to control it properly failed, and Dexter the pocket dragon which was planned to be an animatronic dragon.", "For the dragons, the animators focused the most on their flying and diving cycles, using hawks and eagles as references, as well as their skin, where reptiles such as crocodiles were observed in producing the textures. While the dragons were computer-generated, the fire they blew was done using practical effects, and to be digitally incorporated, the flame throwers were filmed outside during the night time and blown into a steel set hanging on its side.", "Music", "Justin Burnett was hired as Dungeons & Dungeons composer, beginning with scoring the test sequence Solomon filmed to convince Silver to become executive producer; the director ordered Burnett to create a John Williams-esque score, specifically in the style of Raiders of the Lost Ark, which was a change of the rock orchestral rock style he used when composing for German television series", ". It was the composer's third full-length film and his first to use live symphonic orchestra arrangements, with samples for percussion and a few ethnically-tinged instruments; with a \"mock-up\" score written in a digital sequencer, it was then performed by the Perth Symphony Orchestra in seven recording sessions engineered by Mal Luker", ". Themes in the score include those for Savina, Profion, Damodar, Ridley and Marina's relationship, Ridley and Snails' friendship, and a \"payoff\" theme for Ridley inspired by Williams' one for Indiana Jones.", "Promotion and release", "Production, release and plot information about the film, as well as original game creator Dave Arneson's time on set, were all discussed at the August 1999 Gen Con seminar \"History of Roleplaying Games,\" hosted by Boucher and Arneson. Role-playing supplements of the film were also announced in development at the same convention. The film's official website went online in September 1999. Another unofficial website of information about the project, Dndmovie.com, run by Donald C", ". Another unofficial website of information about the project, Dndmovie.com, run by Donald C. Whetsell, went online in November 1999, garnering more than 1.5 million hits by August 2000 and \"unusual levels of press and consumer interest,\" claimed a New Line Cinema press release. On February 10, 2000, DnDmovie posted two photographs: a screenshot of the meeting between the mages, and a behind-the-scenes photo of Robert Miano waiting on a chair to act in a scene. On May 19, 2000, it revealed a teaser poster.", "When principal photography finished, the release date was planned at the earliest to be August 2000, which would coincide with the publication of the third edition of the game, or Halloween 2000 at the latest if post-production went on longer than expected.\n\nThe trailer was presented at the 2000 Dragon Con event, where Whalin and Solomon was also at the event to discuss the film.", "On August 14, 2000, New Line Cinema, a distributor with prior success in genre films and game adaptations like Mortal Kombat (1995), bought the American distribution rights of Dungeons & Dragons, as well as option rights for a prequel and sequel and television syndication rights, for $5 million", ". New Line set the domestic release date sometime near the end of the year; the producers originally wanted the release to be in the spring or summer of 2001 to open up more time for setting up licensing and tie-in deals, but none of Warner Bros' divisions agreed to it. Ain't It Cool News writer Harry suggests New Line made the deal to excite the fantasy film fanbase into a much larger production of the genre, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001).", "Neal Barrett Jr. wrote the novel Dungeons & Dragons: The Movie, based on the film.\n\nReception\n\nBox office \nThe film opened at #5 at the North American box office making US$7,237,422 in its opening weekend. The film went on to gross $15,220,685 in the domestic box office, short of the film's $45 million budget, and with an international gross of $18,586,724, coming up with a worldwide total of $33,807,409.", "Critical response", "The film was panned by critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 9% of 93 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 3.2/10. The website's consensus reads: \"Critics say this movie has a cheap look and is badly directed. Despite the presence of talented actors, the performances are really bad, and additionally, some people are offended at Marlon Wayans' character, calling it a racist throwback to black stereotypes", ".\" Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of \"C+\" on a scale of A to F.", "Geoff Pevere of the Toronto Star called the film \"A wheezy quest story steeped in hobbity gibberish and second-hand Star Wars costumery, featuring a cast so uniformly uncharismatic you may pine for the methody depths of Kerwin Mathews (apart, of course, from the reversely charismatic Irons), the movie has the cheap software look of something found on the Space channel at 4 a.m.\". Steve Biodrowski of mania", ".m.\". Steve Biodrowski of mania.com comments: \"Let's just say that if it weren't for Lost Souls (also a New Line release, coincidentally), this would be a strong contender for the Worst Film of the Year.\" In February 2010, the readers of Empire voted Dungeons & Dragons the 39th worst film of all time.", "A. O. Scott panned the fight choreography, computer-generated effects, and Birch's acting, and compared the dialogue and pacing to that of the Pokémon films.", "Solomon blamed the quality of the film on its investors and license-holders' interference, as well as his own inexperience in filmmaking. He states that he had only intended to produce the film, but was forced to direct by his investors after nearly a decade of complications dealing with TSR and Wizards of the Coast. He also claims that he was forced to use an older script despite having written an updated version that fit the Dungeons and Dragons license better.\n\nAwards and nominations", "Awards and nominations\n\nRoleplaying game\nWizards of the Coast released a Fast-Play Game based on the movie called \"The Sewers of Sumdall\". It is a DVD-ROM feature on the DVD as a printable PDF file.\n\nReboot", "Starting in 2015, a new Dungeons & Dragons film began development at Warner Bros. Pictures with the film reportedly starring Ansel Elgort and Rob Letterman directing. In December 2017, after varying degrees of progression the film was moved to Paramount Pictures, Sweetpea Entertainment, and Allspark Pictures, scheduled for release date of July 23, 2021. That same year, Joe Manganiello, an avid fan of the role-playing game, took it upon himself to revitalize the progression of a film adaptation", ". The actor revealed that he had been negotiating the rights to make the film, while Manganiello and John Cassel were hired to co-write the script for the project.", "By February 2018, the project had reentered development as a co-production with Brian Goldner and Stephen Davis producing from Paramount Pictures, and Allspark Pictures. Negotiations began with Chris McKay to serve as director. David Leslie Johnson-McGoldrick had completed a draft of the script. In March 2019, it was revealed that Michael Gillio had completed a rewrite of Johnson-McGoldrick's work with studio executives expressing excitement for the film", ". The studio began negotiations to casting for the roles.", "In July 2019, John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein entered early negotiations to direct the film. By January 2020, the filmmaking duo announced that they had co-written a new draft of the script.\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links", "2000 directorial debut films\n2000 fantasy films\n2000 films\n2000s fantasy adventure films\nAmerican fantasy adventure films\nAmerican high fantasy films\nAmerican sword and sorcery films\nFilms based on Hasbro toys\nCzech fantasy adventure films\nDungeons & Dragons films\n2000s English-language films\nFilms about dragons\nFilms about wizards\nFilms directed by Courtney Solomon\nFilms scored by Justin Burnett\nFilms set in castles\nFilms shot in the Czech Republic\nNew Line Cinema films\nSilver Pictures films", "Films set in castles\nFilms shot in the Czech Republic\nNew Line Cinema films\nSilver Pictures films\n2000s American films" ]

[ "Shane Brandon McMahon ( ; born January 15, 1970) is an American businessman and professional wrestler. He is signed to WWE.", "The son of Vince McMahon, he is a fourth-generation wrestling promoter as a member of the McMahon family. He began working in WWE at age 15, starting in their warehouse, where he filled merchandise orders. McMahon was a referee, producer, announcer, and eventually a wrestler, while becoming WWE's Executive Vice President of Global Media behind the scenes. As a wrestler, he has won the European Championship once, the Hardcore Championship, the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, and the WWE World Cup in 2018.", "In 2004 he founded Seven Stars Cloud Group, which became Ideanomics where he serves as executive chairman. On January 1, 2010, McMahon announced his resignation from WWE. Later that year, he became CEO of entertainment service company YOU On Demand. On July 12, 2013, McMahon stepped down as CEO of YOU On Demand and appointed Weicheng Liu as his successor, while remaining the company's principal executive officer and Vice Chairman of the Board until 2021, when McMahon was promoted to Executive Chairman", ". In 2016, he returned to WWE and appeared as a prominent figure for the next four years. Since 2020, McMahon appears and wrestles part time with his most recent appearance being at WrestleMania 39 in 2023.", "Early life \nShane Brandon McMahon was born on January 15, 1970, in Gaithersburg, Maryland to Vince and Linda McMahon. He has one younger sister, Stephanie McMahon. After graduating from Greenwich High School in 1987, he attended Boston University and in 1993 earned a degree in communications.\n\nProfessional wrestling career\n\nWorld Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (1988–2010)", "Early years (1988−1997) \nMcMahon began his on-screen career as a referee named Shane Stevens. As Shane Stevens, McMahon refereed during the inaugural 1988 Royal Rumble match, and in 1990 he was the first performer to walk out to greet the audience at WrestleMania VI. McMahon stopped as a referee and became a backstage official at WrestleMania VIII in an attempt to break up a storyline brawl between Randy Savage and Ric Flair. McMahon mainly worked behind the scenes, launching WWF.com in 1997.", "The Corporation (1998–2000)", "McMahon made his first appearances as a regular on-air character in early 1998 during the Attitude Era, when he was one of the main WWF executives negotiating with Mike Tyson during Tyson's heavily-hyped involvement in WrestleMania. He became a recurring part of his father's on-air feud with Stone Cold Steve Austin. In the early days of that angle, McMahon offered support for his father in cameo roles, but he did not become an enforcer like Gerald Brisco and Pat Patterson", ". McMahon was a color commentator on Sunday Night Heat alongside Jim Cornette and later Kevin Kelly, and announced with Jerry Lawler on the 1999 video game WWF Attitude. Concurrently with this, Shane took on the role as a regular character, turning on his father by signing Austin to a contract after Vince demoted him to the position of referee. At Survivor Series, Shane turned heel by turning on Austin and became an official member of The Corporation.", "In February 1999, McMahon moved away from the commentary role on Heat and became a key component in the Corporation angle, winning the European Championship from X-Pac. The two met in a rematch at WrestleMania XV; McMahon got help from his childhood friends the Mean Street Posse and Triple H, who turned on X-Pac during the match, to retain the championship. McMahon retired the title, wanting to retire as an \"undefeated champion\"", ". McMahon retired the title, wanting to retire as an \"undefeated champion\". McMahon later gave the title to Mideon, who found it in McMahon's duffel bag, thus reactivating it.", "After WrestleMania, Vince briefly made his second face run and Shane took control of the Corporation. With wrestlers such as Triple H in this new faction, Shane feuded with his father and a new faction made up of former Corporation members, The Union. On the UPN pilot for SmackDown!, Shane joined forces with The Undertaker and the Ministry of Darkness to form the Corporate Ministry", ". Eventually, Vince was revealed to be the mastermind behind this faction, and his face turn was explained to be a plot to get the WWF Championship off Austin. Austin met Shane and Vince in a ladder match at the King of the Ring for ownership of the WWF, as in the storyline, Austin had 50%, which was assigned to him by Linda and Stephanie McMahon, upset by Vince and Shane's complicity in the storyline kidnapping of Stephanie by the Corporate Ministry, while Vince and Shane each had 25%", ". Shane and Vince won the match when a mystery associate raised the briefcase out of Austin's reach when he climbed the ladder, allowing Vince and Shane to grab the case and regain 100% ownership of the WWF. In 1999, McMahon was awarded the Pro Wrestling Illustrated Rookie of the Year award but he declined to accept it stating “These are for the boys, not me”.", "With his ownership reinstated, McMahon shifted his sights to, then babyface, Test, who was kayfabe dating Shane's sister, Stephanie. Shane disapproved of the relationship, feeling Stephanie was dating \"beneath the family's standards\", and wound up feuding with Test. With help from the Mean Street Posse, McMahon made Test's life a living hell", ". With help from the Mean Street Posse, McMahon made Test's life a living hell. At SummerSlam, McMahon met Test in a \"Love Her or Leave Her\" match, with the stipulation being that if McMahon won the match, Test and Stephanie could no longer see each other, and if he lost, McMahon would give his blessings to the pair. Test was able to get the win, and McMahon eventually settled his differences with Test, thus making his second face run by becoming his ally", ". As his father, Vince, feuded with Triple H, Shane was attacked in early December 1999 by Triple H and D-Generation X (DX). He was thrown off the stage in a gang-style attack, in which Billy Gunn and Road Dogg prevented members of the Corporation from saving Shane. Later in the year, Stephanie turned heel, siding with her new kayfabe husband then-heel, Triple H (the two began their off-screen relationship around this time, but did not marry in real life until 2003)", ". With that, the McMahon-Helmsley Faction began, and all of the other McMahons disappeared from television.", "At No Way Out, Shane made his return as a heel again by trying to help Big Show defeat The Rock; these efforts failed as Vince returned the next Monday night on Raw Is War, when the Rock got a rematch against Big Show and helped The Rock win the match. This started the road to WrestleMania 2000, wherein the four-way main event each wrestler had a McMahon in his corner. The Rock had Vince, Big Show had Shane, Triple H had Stephanie, and Mick Foley had Shane's mother, Linda McMahon", ". Big Show was the first man eliminated, and soon after he and Shane went their separate ways. This led to a match between the two at Judgment Day, which McMahon won after receiving help from Test and Albert, amongst others. Over the course of the next several months, McMahon allied himself with other heel wrestlers, specially Chris Benoit in his feud over the WWF Championship with The Rock. He was also aligned with Edge and Christian, who helped him win the Hardcore Championship from Steve Blackman", ". McMahon met Blackman in a rematch at SummerSlam, losing the title after falling through the stage. McMahon climbed up the set and tried to run away from Blackman, who gave chase and hit Shane with a Singapore cane, knocking him off. McMahon disappeared from television, making occasional cameo appearances.", "The Alliance (2001–2002)", "In 2001, Shane made his third face run by once again feuding with his father, Vince. The feud with Vince was due to the elder McMahon's (kayfabe) affair with Trish Stratus and Vince's spite and demand to divorce Linda McMahon. As fate would have it, rival World Championship Wrestling (WCW) was sold to the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) one week before the Father versus Son match at WrestleMania X-Seven. In terms of the storyline, Vince demanded that Ted Turner sign the contract at WrestleMania X-Seven", ". With Vince's ego getting the best of him, Shane was able to seize the opportunity and purchase WCW himself, to the shock of Vince. McMahon defeated his father at WrestleMania X-Seven, in a Street Fight. At Backlash, McMahon debuted his theme song \"Here Comes The Money\" and was in a Last Man Standing match against Big Show. McMahon performed the Leap of Faith (from the top of the scaffolding), knocking himself and Show out. Test helped McMahon to his feet, causing McMahon to get the victory.", "McMahon began a feud with Kurt Angle. By the King of the Ring, on June 24, McMahon's feud with Angle had culminated. After already participating in two tournament matches that night, Angle wrestled McMahon in a Street Fight. After a suplex on the hard floor, Angle was thought to have cracked his tailbone. Angle also delivered an overhead belly to belly suplex through the plated glass stage set, but McMahon did not break through on the first attempt, causing him to fall head-first onto the concrete floor", ". After a successful second attempt, Angle was to put him through a second plate back out to the stage and again failed two more times. Angle proceeded to bodily hurl him through the plate glass. The match also had Shane missing a shooting star press and landing on a trash can, and ended with Angle performing the Angle Slam off the top rope before scoring the victory over a bloodied McMahon.", "McMahon began to lead his WCW wrestlers against his father and the WWF wrestlers, turning heel by joining forces with Paul Heyman and his brand of Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) wrestlers, along with their new owner, McMahon's sister Stephanie McMahon-Helmsley. Calling themselves The Alliance, they pledged to finally run the WWF (and specifically their father) out of business. Ultimately, The Invasion came to a head at Survivor Series in a match to determine which power would ultimately have control", ". The team, each respectively representing The Alliance and the WWF, of McMahon, Stone Cold Steve Austin, Kurt Angle, Rob Van Dam, and Booker T lost to the team of The Rock, Chris Jericho, The Undertaker, Kane, and Big Show. The following night on Raw, Vince publicly fired both Shane and Stephanie, which Shane took in stride, admitting that he lost to the better man, while Stephanie pleaded with her father before being forcefully removed from the arena", ". Aside from a brief appearance on the July 15, 2002 episode of Raw, McMahon would not be seen on television for almost two years.", "Feud with Kane and hiatus (2003–2005)", "McMahon made his first on-screen appearance in two years on an episode of SmackDown! before WrestleMania XIX, watching his father's training in the gym to prepare his match against Hulk Hogan. At WrestleMania XIX, he went to check on his father's welfare following a Street Fight with Hulk Hogan, with Hogan welcoming Shane in the ring and walking out", ". He returned as a face in the summer of 2003 by getting involved in a feud with Eric Bischoff, who had made improper remarks and gestures to Shane's mother Linda. He defeated Bischoff in a Falls Count Anywhere match at SummerSlam. McMahon also got involved in a bitter rivalry with Kane after Kane gave Linda a Tombstone Piledriver because she did not name him the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship", ". Their feud culminated in McMahon losing a Last Man Standing match at Unforgiven and an Ambulance match at Survivor Series.", "After Survivor Series, McMahon left Raw to focus his attention on the executive creative staff and his new family. At WrestleMania XX, McMahon appeared briefly on camera during the opening of the event with Vince and his newborn son, Declan. On a special 3-hour episode of Raw in October 2005, billed as WWE Homecoming, all four members of the McMahon family were given a Stone Cold Stunner by Stone Cold Steve Austin", ". The following week, Vince demanded an apology from ringside commentators for not coming to his family's aid, which developed into a new feud. McMahon also appeared at Survivor Series, though he did not appear on television. He can be seen on the DVD extra backstage talking to Theodore Long, when The Boogeyman tried to scare off McMahon, who made no deal about it.", "Feud with D-Generation X and Bobby Lashley (2006–2007)", "McMahon returned in 2006 as a heel by again siding with his father to help in the feud with Shawn Michaels. At the 2006 Royal Rumble, Shane (despite not competing in the match) eliminated Michaels from the Royal Rumble match by throwing him over the top rope. After weeks of attacks from behind by Shane, one of which saw him force an unconscious Michaels to kiss Vince's rear end, Shane and Michaels faced each other in a Street Fight on the March 18, 2006 Saturday Night's Main Event XXXII", ". In a fashion similar to the real-life Montreal Screwjob, Shane put Michaels in the Sharpshooter as Vince called for the bell and gave Shane the victory. The McMahons' feud with Michaels took a religious turn after WrestleMania 22, where Michaels defeated Vince McMahon. Vince claimed that Michaels's victory was a result of \"divine intervention\" and booked himself and his son in a match at Backlash against Michaels and his tag team partner \"God\"", ". Around this time, Vince began to act strangely and at one point considered himself a god. Shane, who at this time was referred to by Vince as \"the product of his semen\", teamed with Vince to defeat Michaels and \"God\" at Backlash, due to help from the Spirit Squad.", "This feud later enveloped Triple H, who the McMahons had enlisted to take out Michaels. Triple H was getting frustrated with this, as it was distracting from his quest to regain the WWE Championship. Triple H wound up bashing Shane with his signature weapon, the sledgehammer, in what was considered to be an accident that put Shane out of the ring for a while. Vince (and later Shane, who had recovered) sought to humble Triple H and get some retribution", ". Vince (and later Shane, who had recovered) sought to humble Triple H and get some retribution. Triple H began a feud with the McMahons shortly after, leading to his siding with Shawn Michaels and the reformation of D-Generation X (DX). At SummerSlam, the McMahons were defeated by DX. About a month later at Unforgiven, The McMahons and then ECW World Champion Big Show faced DX in a Hell in a Cell match. Shane was injured after Michaels' elbow dropped a chair which was around Shane's neck", ". Shane was injured after Michaels' elbow dropped a chair which was around Shane's neck. D-X emerged victorious at Unforgiven, and Shane disappeared from television.", "On the March 5 episode of Raw, McMahon came back to inform his father, Vince, about the \"guest referee\" for the \"Battle of the Billionaires.\" He told him that their opponents on the Board of Directors had won the vote, 5–4. The McMahons had intended for Shane to be the referee. Instead, the guest referee turned out to be the McMahons' old rival, the Texas rattlesnake Stone Cold Steve Austin", ". During the \"Battle of the Billionaires\" match at WrestleMania 23, Shane's attempt to interfere on his father's behalf was stopped by Austin. During the match, Shane was able to hit the Coast to Coast dive with a trash can into Bobby Lashley's face. On April 9, Shane officially joined the Vince/Umaga/Lashley feud when he faced Lashley for the ECW World Championship in a Title vs. Hair match which ended in Shane getting disqualified on purpose by punching the referee", ". Hair match which ended in Shane getting disqualified on purpose by punching the referee. After the match, Umaga, Vince, and Shane all attacked Lashley. At Backlash in a handicap match for the ECW World Championship, Shane along with Vince and Umaga defeated Lashley for the title. Vince gained the pin making him the ECW World Champion. At Judgment Day, Lashley faced Shane, Vince, and Umaga again, in a rematch for the ECW World Championship", ". This time, Lashley won the match, but since he pinned Shane rather than Vince, Vince remained the champion. At One Night Stand, Shane and Umaga tried to help Vince retain the ECW World Championship against Lashley, but failed when Lashley speared Vince and pinned him for the win.", "On the taped episode of Raw that aired on September 3, Shane, along with his mother Linda and his sister Stephanie, made appearances to confront Vince about his illegitimate child. Shane returned at Survivor Series to accompany Hornswoggle, alongside his father, in his match against The Great Khali. After that, he was only seen on WWE's pay per view, No Way Out in 2008 talking to Big Show after the latter had his nose legitimately broken going by the plan to push Mayweather's speed by Floyd Mayweather Jr", ". before again not being seen until June 2008.", "Feud with The Legacy and departure (2008–2010)", "After the severe injury that Vince McMahon sustained on the June 23 episode of Raw when a sign fell on top of him during his hosting of the \"Million Dollar Mania\" sweepstakes, Shane requested for the Raw roster to stand together during what was a turbulent time. Shane's plea, however, was ignored and subsequently, Shane and his sister Stephanie urged the roster to show solidarity", ". On the July 28 episode of Raw, Shane made an appearance to announce Mike Adamle as his and Stephanie's choice to be the new Raw general manager. After Adamle stepped down as general manager, he and Stephanie became the interim on-screen authority figures for the Raw program. On the November 24 episode of Raw, Shane and Stephanie argued over who was in charge, leading to Stephanie telling him that Raw is her show", ". After being slapped by Stephanie, Shane finished the segment by telling her that from that day onwards, he was going to watch Stephanie run Raw \"right into the ground\".", "At the start of 2009, Randy Orton began a feud with the McMahon family. On the January 19 episode of Raw, Orton punted Mr. McMahon in the head, after he had tried to fire Orton from the company for previous comments made about Stephanie. The following week, Shane returned to television and attacked Orton for his actions, turning face for the first time since 2006", ". On the February 2 episode of Raw, it was revealed that Orton challenged Shane to a No Holds Barred match at No Way Out, to which he accepted, but was defeated by Orton in the match. The following night on Raw, Shane challenged Orton to a match for that episode's main event. The match ended with Orton punting Shane in the head, as well as performing an RKO on Stephanie McMahon.", "Shane returned on the March 30 episode of Raw, alongside Triple H and his father Vince McMahon, to confront and attack The Legacy (Randy Orton, Ted DiBiase, and Cody Rhodes)", ". On the April 6 episode of Raw, it was announced that Shane would compete in a six-man tag team match against The Legacy at Backlash alongside Triple H and Batista, the latter of whom had returned from injury, where the stipulation was that if any member of Orton's team pinned any member of Triple H's team, Orton would win Triple H's WWE Championship; however, if any member of Orton's team was counted out or disqualified, Triple H would retain the title", ". On the May 4 episode of Raw, Shane's character suffered a broken leg and ankle at the hands of Orton and Legacy as a way to write him out of the story. On January 1, 2010, Shane announced his resignation from WWE.", "Return to WWE (2016–present)", "Commissioner of Smackdown and various feuds (2016–2017)", "On the February 22, 2016 episode of Raw, Shane returned to WWE as a face for the first time in nearly seven years, interrupting his sister, Stephanie McMahon, receiving the \"Vincent J. McMahon Legacy of Excellence\" Award from their father, Vince McMahon", ". McMahon Legacy of Excellence\" Award from their father, Vince McMahon. Shane announced that the reason he had returned was that he wanted control of Raw, leading to Vince placing Shane in a Hell in a Cell match at WrestleMania 32 against The Undertaker, adding the stipulation that Shane would get control of Raw and Undertaker would no longer be a participant in future WrestleMania events if Shane were to win the match", ". At WrestleMania, Shane attempted a Leap of Faith off the top of the cell, but Undertaker moved out of the way, and Shane fell through an announce table. Shane was defeated by Undertaker soon after.", "Despite losing at WrestleMania, Shane controlled Raw for a month, firstly by his father, Vince, on the Raw after WrestleMania, then for the following three weeks after \"popular demand on social media\". This led to Stephanie confronting Shane, telling him that their father will decide who will control Raw at Payback, where Vince announced that both Shane and Stephanie would be Co-general managers and have joint control of WWE.", "In July, after the announcement of the return of the brand extension with SmackDown moving to Tuesday, Vince appointed Shane as the storyline commissioner of the SmackDown brand and Stephanie as the commissioner of Raw before tasking them to name a general manager for their respective shows. Shane appointed Daniel Bryan as the general manager of SmackDown", ". Shane appointed Daniel Bryan as the general manager of SmackDown. At SummerSlam on August 21, Brock Lesnar won his match against Randy Orton by technical knockout and continued to assault Orton as he was being tended to. Shane confronted Lesnar, which resulted in Shane being attacked by Lesnar with an F-5. On the November 8 episode of SmackDown, Shane agreed to replace an injured Baron Corbin in the traditional Survivor Series tag team elimination match between the two brands", ". At Survivor Series, Team SmackDown defeated Team Raw. McMahon suffered a legitimate concussion following a spear from Roman Reigns, resulting in his elimination. In December, McMahon would take over host duties for Talking Smack with Daniel Bryan taking time off for family reasons.", "On the February 21, 2017 episode of SmackDown, after AJ Styles and Luke Harper simultaneously eliminated each other in a number one contender's battle royal as the final two entrants, McMahon made singles match between the two for the February 28 episode of SmackDown with the winner going on to face Bray Wyatt for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania 33. Styles would originally go on to win the match before McMahon would restart the contest due to Harper having his foot on the rope during the pinfall", ". After McMahon accidentally distracted Harper, Styles would capitalize and pin Harper once again. That same week, after Randy Orton turned on Wyatt and cashed in his Royal Rumble winning opportunity, McMahon would go on to book a number one contender's match and the now even more infuriated Styles lost to Orton on the March 7 episode of SmackDown. After losing the match, Styles would confront McMahon in the Gorilla position with things getting physical between the pair", ". The following week, Styles attacked McMahon inside the parking lot, which caused McMahon to be busted open and suffer a storyline concussion. Due to this, Styles was (kayfabe) \"fired\" from SmackDown. However, as McMahon was about to leave, he went back to the arena and announced that he will face Styles at WrestleMania 33. On April 2, at WrestleMania 33, McMahon lost to AJ Styles in a singles match", ". On April 2, at WrestleMania 33, McMahon lost to AJ Styles in a singles match. On April 4; the first episode of SmackDown after WrestleMania, McMahon and Styles shook hands, ending the feud.", "Feud with Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn (2017–2018)", "On the August 1 episode of SmackDown, McMahon had a serious argument with Kevin Owens due to losing to AJ Styles for the United States Championship. Owens demanded a competent referee, so Daniel Bryan chose McMahon to become the special guest referee. The following week on SmackDown, McMahon was accidentally attacked by Styles during a brawl between Styles and Owens", ". Following the incident, on the August 15 episode of SmackDown, McMahon warned Styles that if he puts his hands on him, he will put his hands on Styles. The warning later came to Owens after he accidentally attacked McMahon. At SummerSlam, McMahon was about to count the pin and declare Owens the winner, however after seeing Styles' foot on the bottom rope, McMahon continued the match. A frustrated Owens pushed McMahon, causing McMahon to push Owens back", ". A frustrated Owens pushed McMahon, causing McMahon to push Owens back. This caused a distraction for Styles to win back the United States Championship. On the August 22 episode of SmackDown, McMahon allowed a rematch between Styles and Owens. During the match, McMahon made himself referee after seeing the poor officiating from guest referee Baron Corbin, which caused a confrontation from Owens. This allowed Styles to take advantage and pin Owens to retain the championship", ". This allowed Styles to take advantage and pin Owens to retain the championship. On the September 5 episode of SmackDown, after a brief confrontation with Owens, McMahon proceeded to beat down Owens after warning him not to talk about his family. Soon after, Daniel Bryan came out to announce that Shane had been \"suspended indefinitely\" by Vince McMahon, who would be returning to SmackDown next week", ". On the September 12 episode of SmackDown, CEO and Chairman of WWE, Vince announced that Shane would be facing Owens at Hell in a Cell, in a Hell in a Cell match. At Hell in a Cell, Owens won after being saved by Sami Zayn from McMahon's Leap of Faith from the top of the cell to the announcer's table, was dragged by Zayn to pin McMahon.", "On the October 23 episode of Raw, McMahon fired the first shot in the build of the SmackDown-Raw feud for Survivor Series when he appeared with most of the SmackDown roster to attack the Raw roster, after initially being friendly with Kurt Angle earlier on in the same night. They proceeded to beat up wrestlers part of the Raw roster and bring Angle back to the ring", ". They proceeded to beat up wrestlers part of the Raw roster and bring Angle back to the ring. McMahon told Angle to bring his gold medal and the remains of the roster to Survivor Series and that at Survivor Series, they would finish what they started", ". However, several weeks later, on the November 14 edition of SmackDown, during the main event between The New Day vs Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn, The Shield announced their presence and came down to the ring to face The New Day in payback for The New Day's distraction on the November 6 episode of Raw costing Seth Rollins and Dean Ambrose the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship", ". Worse was to come, as when The Usos tried to help, they were attacked by Cesaro and Sheamus, the Raw women's locker room attacked the SmackDown women's locker room, and when the rest of the SmackDown male roster came down with McMahon to the ring to help, they were attacked in turn by the rest of the Raw male roster, including Angle and Braun Strowman", ". Shane was given two triple powerbombs by The Shield, and an Angle Slam by Angle, as retribution for the trouble the SmackDown roster pulled on Raw the last couple of weeks, and to prove that come to the pay-per-view, Team Raw would be victorious over Team SmackDown. At Survivor Series, Shane was the last man to be eliminated by Triple H, meaning Team SmackDown lost.", "On March 11, 2018, at Fastlane, Shane McMahon pulled the referee out of the ring when Kevin Owens covered Dolph Ziggler and pulled Sami Zayn out of the ring when he covered Kevin Owens. On the March 13 episode of SmackDown, Shane McMahon announced his indefinite leave of absence as SmackDown's commissioner. Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn proceeded to attack Shane McMahon in the ring and behind the entrance. Shane (kayfabe) suffered a laryngeal contusion, trapezius, and rhomboid strains", ". Shane (kayfabe) suffered a laryngeal contusion, trapezius, and rhomboid strains. He was taken to a local medical facility. On March 26, 2018, WWE.com reported that Shane legitimately had acute diverticulitis while resting with his family in the Caribbean on March 14, and was hospitalized in Antigua for a few days before he was moved to a hospital in New York where doctors also found that Shane has an umbilical hernia that required surgery once the infection was eradicated", ". McMahon posted the below message to his Instagram account: \"Thank you, everyone, for the get well wishes. It truly helps. I'm healing up, and I have the best medicine in the world with me.\" It was announced that Shane would team up with Daniel Bryan against Owens and Zayn at WrestleMania 34. McMahon returned on the April 3 episode of SmackDown, to address his WrestleMania match, saying that Owens and Zayn would never be seen in a SmackDown arena again", ". At WrestleMania, Bryan and McMahon defeated Zayn and Owens.", "He competed at the Greatest Royal Rumble, where he entered the namesake match at #47 before being eliminated after getting choke slammed off the top rope through a table by Braun Strowman. He took time off to heal from the injuries he suffered two months prior, returning on the 1000th edition of SmackDown on October 16 alongside Stephanie McMahon and Vince McMahon on the Truth TV segment hosted by R-Truth and Carmella", ". Following TLC: Tables, Ladders, & Chairs in December, The McMahon Family (Vince, Stephanie, Shane, and Triple H) appeared on Raw and announced that they would be running both Raw and SmackDown as a group with no general managers.", "Best in the World (2018–2019)", "At the Crown Jewel event in November, he replaced The Miz after the latter suffered a (kayfabe) injury in the finals of the WWE World Cup, and won by defeating Dolph Ziggler in under three minutes, winning the tournament. The Miz began a pursuit to form a tag team with Shane, who finally agreed, and the duo faced SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Bar (Cesaro and Sheamus) at the Royal Rumble pay-per-view, winning the titles", ". At Elimination Chamber the following month, however, they lost the titles to The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso), and failed to regain them at Fastlane, after which, McMahon attacking The Miz and taunting Miz's father, turning heel for the first time since 2009. McMahon began proclaiming himself as the \"Best in the World\" and scheduled a match between himself and Miz at WrestleMania 35, which Miz requested to be a Falls Count Anywhere match, and Shane agreed", ". At WrestleMania, McMahon narrowly defeated Miz after being superplexed off a 15-foot platform and landing on top of Miz for the 3 counts although both men were unconscious. On the April 29 edition of Raw, McMahon helped Bobby Lashley defeat Miz, who was drafted to Raw, and McMahon attacked Miz. Later that night, Miz challenged McMahon to a Steel Cage Match at Money in the Bank, which Shane accepted.", "While simultaneously feuding with Miz on Raw, over on SmackDown, Elias and Roman Reigns were drafted to the brand. Shane's father Vince introduced Elias as SmackDown's biggest acquisition on the April 16 episode of SmackDown. The two were confronted by Reigns, who attacked Elias and attacked Vince with the Superman Punch. The following week, Shane called out Reigns for a fight for attacking his father, but Reigns was attacked from behind by Elias, who was assisted by Shane, allying Elias and Shane", ". Shane forced Reigns to face The B-Team (Bo Dallas and Curtis Axel) in a handicap match with Elias as the special referee enforcer that Reigns won. The following week on SmackDown, Shane teamed with Elias, Daniel Bryan, and Rowan in a seven-man handicap match and defeated the team of Reigns and The Usos. At Money In The Bank, Shane once again defeated The Miz this time by escaping the cage ending their feud", ". The following night on RAW, Shane confronted Roman Reigns with Reigns challenging Shane to a match at Super ShowDown which Shane accepted. At Super ShowDown, Shane defeated Roman Reigns after interference from Drew McIntyre. Shane and McIntyre lost to Reigns and The Undertaker in a No Holds Barred tag team match at Extreme Rules.", "Following this, McMahon re-ignited his feud with Kevin Owens, after Owens stated his distaste in McMahon's constant dominance on television and began to hit him with the Stunner on countless occasions. McMahon lost to Owens at SummerSlam where had Owens lost he would have quit WWE", ". McMahon lost to Owens at SummerSlam where had Owens lost he would have quit WWE. McMahon later replaced an injured Elias in a semi-final match against Chad Gable for the 2019 King of the Ring tournament, and Owens was made the referee, and despite McMahon's promise to consider dropping a fine for Owens damaging expensive equipment, Owens allowed Gable to win, and Owens was hereby fired", ". However, Owens continued to appear on television to issue legal threats, until October 4's WWE SmackDown's 20th Anniversary episode, where McMahon was fired after losing a ladder match against Owens.", "Part time appearances (2020–present) \nAfter a ten-month hiatus from television, McMahon returned, as a face, on the August 3, 2020, episode of Raw as the host of Raw Underground, a segment presented as an unsanctioned fight club. It was canceled after the September 21 episode. On November 22, 2020, he made an in-ring appearance at Survivor Series during The Undertaker's retirement ceremony.", "In February, incensed at being left out of Raw's Elimination Chamber match, Braun Strowman started to take issue with McMahon. After a failed attempt to rectify things with Strowman, McMahon began to insult Strowman's intelligence, thus turning heel in the process. Strowman challenged McMahon to a match on the March 15 episode of Raw, in which McMahon won. Strowman challenged McMahon to a Steel Cage match at WrestleMania 37 and McMahon accepted. At the event, McMahon was defeated by Strowman.", "McMahon returned at the 2022 Royal Rumble event in the namesake match at number 28, as a face, lasting until the final three, but was eliminated by the eventual winner Brock Lesnar. McMahon received intense criticism by fans, critics, and employees for his role in and the booking of the rumble match for trying to make himself look stronger than the full time wrestlers. Amidst the controversy and backstage heat on February 2, McMahon had been quietly \"let go\" by the company.", "McMahon returned over a year later in April 2023 at WrestleMania 39 alongside Snoop Dogg, in an impromptu match against The Miz, however; he tore his quad muscle early in the match and was unable to continue. Snoop Dogg replaced him and won the match in his place.", "Professional wrestling style and persona", "McMahon uses a move named \"Coast to Coast\", where he jumps from the top rope and cross the ring, delivering a dropkick to an opponent, usually with a trash can situated in between the opponent's face. Though with the WWE's concerns over concussions he does not utilize a trash can, instead dropkicking the opponent with no weapon in place. He started using the move after Paul Heyman showed him a video of Rob Van Dam performing the move", ". He started using the move after Paul Heyman showed him a video of Rob Van Dam performing the move. He also styles his punches and footwork after Muhammad Ali, and often (in high-risk spots) utilizes a diving elbow drop named the \"Leap of Faith.\"", "Business career", "WWE", "Shane McMahon began working in WWE at age 15, starting in their warehouse, where he filled merchandise orders. McMahon was a referee, producer, announcer, and eventually a wrestler on-screen, while becoming WWE's Executive Vice President of Global Media behind the scenes. In 1992, McMahon was already backstage official and working behind the scenes for the company. In 1997, McMahon helped launch WWE's official website", ". In 1997, McMahon helped launch WWE's official website. By the year 2000, McMahon was very much a part of the decision process in WWE, and that included creative.", "On October 21, 2006, McMahon attended Pride 32 at the Thomas & Mack Center in Paradise, Nevada resulting in speculation that WWE were considering promoting MMA events. On November 17, 2006, WWE and Dream Stage Entertainment officials, the parent company of Pride Fighting Championships, held a meeting at WWE global headquarters in Stamford, Connecticut. The meeting focused on the possibility of the two groups doing some form of business together in the future", ". Yet on March 27, 2007, Nobuyuki Sakakibara, president of DSE, announced that Station Casinos, Inc. magnate Lorenzo Fertitta, also one of the co-owners of Zuffa, the parent company of the Ultimate Fighting Championship, had made a deal to acquire all the assets of Pride FC from DSE after Pride 34 in a deal worth about US$70 million, thereby ceasing any prospective business between Pride and WWE.", "Later in November 2006, McMahon and WWE Canada President Carl De Marco traveled to South America to finalize a major TV deal in Brazil, which allowed their television station to air Raw and SmackDown.\n\nIn September 2008, McMahon finalized another major TV deal, this time in Mexico, which allowed WWE programming to air on Mexico's two biggest television networks, Raw on Televisa and SmackDown on TV Azteca.", "On October 16, 2009, WWE published a statement from Shane McMahon announcing his resignation from his position as WWE's Executive Vice President of Global Media, and also issued an official press release stating that the resignation was tendered effective January 1, 2010. No specific reason was given for the resignation", ". No specific reason was given for the resignation. McMahon stated in the WWE press release, \"Having been associated with this organization for the majority of my life, I feel this is the opportune time in my career to pursue outside ventures.\" thus ending his 20-year stint with the company on January 1, 2010. McMahon's resignation left only two original members of the McMahon family activities within the company; his father Vince, and his sister, Stephanie.", "As of late 2019, McMahon began working as a producer for WWE once again.", "In May 2020, it was revealed that the reasons for Shane McMahon's resignation from his role as Executive Vice President of WWE in 2009, was because \"he realized that his father Vince, saw his sister Stephanie and her husband Triple H as the heirs to the throne\" and \"was tired of his father Vince, overlooking his ideas\" for what he envisioned for the company", ". In 2022, however, It was reported that despite having a part time WWE contract and no major production role with his family's company, McMahon had in fact had a history with booking Royal Rumble matches, with Sean Ross Sapp of Fightful even stating following the controversy surrounding the 2022 Royal Rumble that \"Though he wasn't listed as a producer internally for the Royal Rumble, he helped put the match together, which he's done before in the past.\"", "Other business ventures", "Outside of his WWE business ventures, McMahon founded a financial technology company called China Broadband Inc, on October 19, 2004 On August 3, 2010, McMahon became the CEO of China Broadband Inc., a provider of cable broadband services, as well as other digital and analog related services, in Shandong province of China. The company is based in Boulder County, Colorado. Also in 2010, McMahon became the CEO of You On Demand, the first video-on-demand and pay-per-view service in China", ". In July 2013, McMahon stepped down as CEO of You On Demand. McMahon remained Executive Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors of the company until August 2, 2021, when McMahon was promoted to Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors of the company, which has undergone several name changes since that time, including Wecast Holdings Inc., Seven Stars Cloud Group, Inc., and ultimately, Ideanomics. The company is headquartered in New York City.", "As of April 2011, McMahon sits on the Board of Directors for International Sports Management.\n\nMcMahon is a part owner of the Indian Larry Motorcycle Shop in Brooklyn, New York.\n\nPersonal life \nMcMahon is married to Marissa Mazzola. They have three sons. His sons appeared at WrestleMania 32, accompanying him to the ring in his match against The Undertaker; they have been seen in the crowd for some of his more recent matches.", "McMahon usually wears baseball jerseys for his matches, with the front saying \"Shane O Mac\" and the back reserved for \"McMahon\", the name of the pay-per-view in which he's participating, or some other phrase relating to the match and/or his opponent. When his father, Vince, was interviewed in Playboy, he mentioned that although Shane is right-handed, he often throws left-handed punches. McMahon's football jersey number was 61, the same as his father", ". McMahon's football jersey number was 61, the same as his father. On July 19, 2017, McMahon was involved in a helicopter crash, but was relatively unharmed.", "McMahon is an avid fan of mixed martial arts. He trains in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Renzo Gracie, as well as Muay Thai under Phil Nurse.\n\nOther media \nIn September 2006, he was named one of Detail magazine's \"50 Most Powerful Men Under 42\" in the annual \"power issue\".\n\nFilmography\n\nVideo games", "Championships and accomplishments \n The Baltimore Sun\n WWE Non-Match Moment of the Year (2016) \n Pro Wrestling Illustrated\n Feud of the Year (2001) \n Rookie of the Year (1999)\n Ranked No. 245 of the 500 top singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999\n Wrestling Observer Newsletter\n Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic (2003) McMahon family all over WWE products\n Worst Feud of the Year (2003) \n Worst Feud of the Year (2006) \n WWE/World Wrestling Entertainment/Federation\n WWF European Championship (1 time)", "WWE/World Wrestling Entertainment/Federation\n WWF European Championship (1 time)\n WWF Hardcore Championship (1 time)\n WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with The Miz\n WWE World Cup (2018)", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links", "1970 births\nLiving people\n21st-century American businesspeople\nAmerican male professional wrestlers\nAmerican people of Irish descent\nBusinesspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut\nBusinesspeople from Maryland\nBusinesspeople from New York City\nGreenwich High School alumni\nMcMahon family\nPeople from Gaithersburg, Maryland\nPeople from Fire Island, New York\nProfessional wrestlers billed from Connecticut\nProfessional wrestlers from Connecticut\nProfessional wrestlers from Maryland", "Professional wrestlers from Connecticut\nProfessional wrestlers from Maryland\nProfessional wrestlers from New York (state)\nProfessional wrestling announcers\nProfessional wrestling managers and valets\nProfessional wrestling referees\nSportspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut\nWWE executives\nWWF European Champions\nWWF/WWE Hardcore Champions\nWWE SmackDown Tag Team Champions" ]

[ "The Montana State Bobcats football program competes in the Big Sky Conference of the NCAA's Division I Football Championship Subdivision for Montana State University. The program began in 1897 and has won three national championships (1956, 1976, and 1984). It is the only college football program in the nation to win national championships on three different levels of competition, NAIA, NCAA Division II, and NCAA Division I-AA (now FCS)", ". Through the 2022 season, the Bobcats had played in 1,049 games with an all-time record of 525–492–32.", "The first championship came in Montana State's last season in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference, which moved to NAIA in 1952. The national championship was the first ever for the RMAC and was also the first time the NAIA had a football champion. The Bobcats were members of the RMAC from 1917 to 1956, after being an independent from 1897 to 1916", ". MSC rejoined the NCAA (College Division) in 1957, and had one of its most successful runs as an independent from 1957 to 1962 with six straight winning seasons, including an 8–2 mark in 1957 and 8–1 in 1958. In 1963, Montana State became a charter member of the Big Sky Conference and has since won two national championships.", "Montana State has won 22 conference titles, including 17 in the Big Sky Conference and five in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference. The Bobcats have won conference titles in eight of the past nine decades and have won multiple conference titles in seven of the last eight decades. MSU finished the 1926 season undefeated in RMAC conference games, but was not awarded a conference title", ". They have qualified for the NCAA playoffs thirteen times, once (1976) as a Division II member and eleven times (1984, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2018, 2019, 2021, and 2022) as a Division I-AA/FCS member. Through the 2016 season, the Bobcats are 13–9–2 in postseason play.", "Their primary rival are the Montana Grizzlies, whom they meet in the annual Brawl of the Wild, more commonly referred to as the Cat-Griz game by MSU students, alumni and supporters.\n\nHistory", "1946", "Before World War II, Montana State football tasted success often, but in small doses. The Bobcats did not record a winning season between 1931 and 1941, MSC's last pre-war squad. The 'Cats were 1–10 in that stretch against Montana, and were shut out for eight consecutive years. In 1946, however, things began to change. Composed of war-hardened veterans, Clyde Carpenter and the Bobcats rolled up a 5–3–1 regular season record, impressive enough to land the team its first-ever bowl bid", ". The Bobcats tied New Mexico, 13–13. Although it would be seven more seasons until Montana State would again win more than it lost, that season helped chart the course into what would become an unbelievably successful period in Montana State's football history as the Bobcats would take 22 of the next 30 games from 1956 to 1985 from the Grizzlies and would win all three of their national championships during that same span.", "The 1946 team was special for more than its accomplishments, however. When it reassembled following World War II, its special mission was to carry the Bobcat banner after 14 members of Montana State's previous team, the 1941 squad, were killed during World War II. The only pre-war regular to play in the Harbor Bowl was Bill Zupan, whose brother Al was among those 'Cat gridders making the ultimate sacrifice", ". Others were Orin Beller, Newell Berg, Dana Bradford, John Burke, Bernard Cluzen, William Coey, Karl Fye, John Hall, Joseph McGeever, John Phelan, Richard Roman, Wendell Scabad and Alton Zempel, according to the outstanding centennial history of MSU, \"In the People's Interest\".", "1956", "In 1956, the Bobcats, led by freshman captain and two-way (center and middle linebacker) starter Sonny Holland, won a share of the NAIA title at the Aluminum Bowl in Little Rock, Arkansas, playing to a scoreless tie with the Pumas of St. Joseph's College from Rensselaer, Indiana. The game was nationally aired on CBS television and radio. It was played on a rain-soaked field that thwarted MSU's offense, which had run for an average of 323.1 yards rushing and 31.2 points per game", ".1 yards rushing and 31.2 points per game. The championship was the first for the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference and the 1956 Montana State football team is a member of the RMAC Hall of Fame. The 1956 Bobcats of head coach Tony Storti were the fourth, and last, Montana State football team to go undefeated. The game is the only blemish on the record of the team as it finished at 9–0–1.", "1964", "Behind head coach Jim Sweeney in 1964, Montana State won the NCAA Western Regional College Division Championship, which existed from 1964 to 1972, with a 28–7 win over Sacramento State in what was also known as the Camellia Bowl. The NCAA Western Regional was one of four regionals that led up to the selection of the NCAA College Division champion by poll", ". However, neither MSU nor any of the other regional winners—Northern Iowa (Midwest), Middle Tennessee State (Mideast), or East Carolina (East)—were awarded the national championship. That distinction went in split fashion to Los Angeles State (UPI/Coaches) and Wittenberg (AP). Upon the establishment of Division II in 1973, a full playoff system was introduced to determine the national champion", ". MSU is one of three Big Sky Conference schools, along with Boise State and North Dakota, to win a Camellia Bowl game. The Bobcats finished the 1964 season at 7–4.", "1976 \nMontana State won the 1976 NCAA Division II championship at the Pioneer Bowl in Wichita Falls, Texas, beating the Akron Zips 24–13. The Bobcats were led by head coach Sonny Holland and sophomore quarterback Paul Dennehy. MSU led 17–0 in the third quarter before Akron cut the lead to 17–13. Running back Tom Kostrba scored from seven yards out in the fourth quarter to seal the win.", "The Bobcats advanced to the championship game with a 17–16 quarterfinal win over the New Hampshire in Bozeman. The extra-point attempt to tie the game with seven minutes remaining missed wide right, and the remainder of the game was scoreless. That was followed by a 10–3 semifinal win in the Grantland Rice Bowl over North Dakota State, after trailing 3–0 at halftime on the road in Fargo. Kostrba ran for 100 yards in both playoff games and Don Ueland ran for 94 in the championship game", ". Montana State finished the 1976 season with ten consecutive wins and a 12–1 record; the lone loss at Fresno State came in September.", "1984 \nEight years later, the Bobcats defeated Louisiana Tech 19–6 in the Division I-AA Championship Game in Charleston, South Carolina, for their third national championship. Led by second-year head coach Dave Arnold, MSU was seeded third in the twelve-team playoffs, which meant a first-round bye and a home game in the quarterfinals, in which the Bobcats rallied from a 0–14 deficit to eliminate Arkansas State 31–14.", "In the semifinals, also in Bozeman, Montana State trailed second-seeded Rhode Island 12–20 entering the fourth quarter, then scored twenty unanswered points to win 32–20. MSU took the lead on a 97-yard interception return for a touchdown by safety Joe Roberts Jr. Quarterback Kelly Bradley threw for over 300 yards in each playoff game and had eight touchdown passes in the postseason. Tight end Joe Bignell hauled in 10 passes for 130 yards and two touchdowns in the championship game.", "After a 2–2 start, the Bobcats won ten straight to end at 12–2 in 1984, which followed a 1–10 season in 1983, and preceded a 2–9 record in 1985.", "Three Titles in three divisions", "Montana State holds the distinction of being the only college football program with national championships in three levels of college football. The Bobcats of head coach Tony Storti claimed a share of the 1956 NAIA title when it finished in a scoreless tie with St. Joseph's (Indiana). In 1976, Sonny Holland's MSU team downed Akron 24–13 for the NCAA Division II championship, and the Bobcats won the NCAA Division I-AA (FCS) championship in 1984 under Dave Arnold with a 19–6 win over Louisiana Tech.", "10,000 passing; 1,000 rushing quarterbacks", "In the history of college football, including the NAIA, there have been just 11 quarterbacks that have gone over 10,000 yards passing and 1,000 yards rushing for their career. Two of those quarterbacks were produced by Montana State. Travis Lulay accomplished the feat in 2005 when he finished with 10,746 passing and 1,459 rushing. DeNarius McGhee hit those milestones on consecutive weeks in 2013 when he went over 1,000 rushing against Northern Arizona, then hit 10,000 passing against Weber State", ". He finished his career with 1,133 yards rushing and 11,203 yards passing. Both quarterbacks began playing their freshman season at Montana State. Lulay started the sixth game of his freshman year against Idaho State. After a 2–4 start, he led the Bobcats to the Big Sky regular season championship and their first trip to the playoffs in 18 years. McGhee started the first game of his frosh season and has only missed two games – both in his senior year", ". He led MSU to Big Sky titles and the FCS playoffs the first three years of his career.", "Back-to-back Bucks \nMSU is one of just three schools to have repeat winners of the Buck Buchanan Award, which is given out annually by The Sports Network to the most outstanding defensive player in the Football Championship Subdivision.\n\nIn 2012 Caleb Schreibeis became the first Bobcat to win the award followed by Brad Daly in 2013. Both players manned the defensive end (Bandit) position for MSU and racked up big numbers playing in defensive line coach Bo Beck's system.", "The two players took completely different routes to the award as Schreibeis, a walk-on out of Billings West, didn't get on the list until the last week of the season and Daly, a highly touted prospect out of Helena Capital, was on the list all season.", "The Miracle in Missoula", "On November 17, 2018, at approximately 3:19 in the afternoon at Washington-Grizzly Stadium in Missoula with Montana State clinging to a 29–25 lead after rallying from a 22–0 deficit and rival Montana sitting within one foot of the Bobcats goal line with 14 seconds to play, defensive tackle Tucker Yates of Colstrip, Mont. jarred the ball loose from UM's Adam Eastwood and Grant Collins of Bozeman, Mont. sent the ball rolling into the UM backfield where Derek Marks of Belgrade, Mont", ". sent the ball rolling into the UM backfield where Derek Marks of Belgrade, Mont. pounced on the ball to seal the win for the Bobcats. MSU's other defensive tackle Chase Benson of Helena, Mont. knocked his man so far into the UM backfield that Eastwood had to alter his course causing him to collide with Yates. Bobcat fans have since referred to the play as The Stuff or The Montana Stuff in reference to the four Montana natives who played key roles in the play.", "Earlier in the quarter Collins had forced and recovered a fumble in UM territory to set up the go-ahead touchdown. The Bobcats trailed by 15 points in the fourth quarter and outscored the Grizzlies 29–3 after falling behind 22–0. The overall comeback is the greatest in Cat-Griz Game history and the fourth quarter comeback matched the comeback from a 24–9 deficit by the 1968 Bobcats, which ended in a 29–24 win over UM.", "Conference affiliations\n Independent (1897–1916, 1957–1962)\n Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (1917–1956)\n Big Sky Conference (1963–present)\n\nChampionships\n\nNational championships\n\nConference championships\nMontana State has won 22 (five in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (per RMAC website); 17 in the Big Sky Conference) conference championships through the 2022 season.\n\n† Co-champions\n‡ Montana and Montana State tied for the 2011 championship, which Montana subsequently vacated", "Postseason results\n\nBowl results\n\nNCAA Division II playoff results\n\nNCAA Division I FCS playoff results\nNCAA Division I FCS playoff results (known as \"Division I-AA\" from 1978 through 2005)\n\nMontana State is 14–11 all time in the FCS playoffs and has won the national championship once, in 1984.\n\n† 1984 final game held on neutral site at Johnson Hagood Stadium in Charleston, South Carolina. 2021 final game held on neutral site at Toyota Stadium in Frisco, Texas.\n\nHead coaches\n\nRivalries\n\nMontana", "Head coaches\n\nRivalries\n\nMontana \n\nThe Brawl of the Wild is the game between MSU and their primary rival, the University of Montana Grizzlies. Both teams play for The Great Divide Trophy. As of 2016, Montana holds a healthy 73–42–5 lead in the series, but the series has been tight since 1956 with UM holding just a 33–32 lead; however, there was a notable losing record in the 1990s where MSU failed to win a single game.", "The series has three distinct periods. From 1897 to 1916 the teams didn't belong to a conference and at times would play twice per year. Early seasons had seven games or less with one season seeing the Grizzlies play just one game. Four of the five ties in the series came during this era. Montana won 12 games to Montana State's 7.", "In 1917 Montana State joined the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference and in 1924 Montana joined the Pacific Coast Conference, the predecessor of today's Pac-12. The RMAC included several teams that would become Mountain West members. When MSU joined the RMAC it included Colorado, Colorado State, Utah, Utah State, and Brigham Young. The RMAC would drop down to the small college division of NCAA football in 1939 and remained there until 1952 when it joined the NAIA.", "UM joined the PCC after spending 22 years as part of the Northwest Intercollegiate Athletic Association with league members Washington, Oregon, Washington State, Oregon State, Idaho and Wittman College in 1924. By then the PCC included Stanford, California, UCLA, USC, Oregon, Oregon State, Washington, Washington State, and Idaho", ". The Bobcats remained in the RMAC through 1956, while the Grizzlies continued in the PCC through 1949 and joined the Skyline (aka Mountain States) Conference, which also competed in the NCAA University (large) Division, from 1951 to 1961. MSU was a NAIA independent from 1957 to 1962 and UM was an NCAA University Division (large) independent in 1950 and 1962. During this period UM enjoyed a 30–8–1 edge in Cat-Griz games.", "Both schools entered the Big Sky Conference as charter members in 1963 with Montana holding a 42–15–2 series lead, but the Bobcats winning five of the previous seven. From 1963 to 1985 Montana State enjoyed its most successful period of the Cat-Griz rivalry. MSU won 17 games to just six for UM. Following that Montana started \"The Streak\" when it won 16 straight games from 1986 to 2001. MSU ended the drought by winning three of four, MSU (as of 2022) leads the series 10–9 * after \"The Streak", ".\" The Big Sky era shows Montana with a 31–28 lead.", "Since MSU won its first national championship in 1956, the series shows UM with a 33–32 edge. Prior to that UM had a 40–10–5 advantage.\n\nBobcat Stadium\n\nThe Bobcats play their home games at Bobcat Stadium, located at the south end of campus in Bozeman. The stadium and area around the stadium have been under vast renovations and improvements with approximately $14.3 million invested over the past five years.", "In 2013, the stadium's parking lots were paved, landscaped, and had lighting installed to enhance the pre-game tailgating experience. During and following the 2011 season, stadium lighting was added and its first night game was in 2012 against Chadron State on Thursday, August 30. MSU renovated the south end zone in 2011, adding 5,277 seats to bring the official seating capacity to 17,777. The Cat-Griz game against Montana in 2022 set a stadium record with an attendance of 22,047", ". The Cat-Griz game against Montana in 2022 set a stadium record with an attendance of 22,047. The new end zone seating holds over 7,200 fans. Included in the 2011 upgrades were an 18' x 37' LED video board, two scoreboards, and sound system. In 2008, the natural grass playing surface was replaced with FieldTurf. In the late fall of 2011, Montana State raised funds for stadium lighting in order to extend the hours it can practice and play night games. Seven light standards were erected around the stadium", ". Seven light standards were erected around the stadium. MSU currently has plans to renovate the east grandstand to include matching sky suites of the west grandstand and erect seating in the north end zone. These additions would increase seating capacity to approximately 24,000. Fund-raising isn't expected to go public until 2015.", "Prior to the 2011 addition, Bobcat Stadium was renovated in 1997 when the west grandstand was removed and replaced with a new grandstand with luxury sky suites, indoor stadium seating, press box, and club room. The north bleachers were also removed at this time and replaced with locker rooms for visitors, game officials, and an auxiliary locker room for the Bobcats. The name of the stadium was changed from Reno H. Sales Stadium to Bobcat Stadium at this time", ". The name of the stadium was changed from Reno H. Sales Stadium to Bobcat Stadium at this time. The stadium capacity dropped from 15,000 to 12,500 due to the reconfiguration.", "Reno H. Sales Stadium was erected in 1973 and replaced Gatton Field. Through the 1971 football season, the Bobcats played home games for four decades at Gatton Field. It was located directly south of the Romney Gym, across Grant Street and northeast of the Brick Breeden Fieldhouse, which opened in 1957. The playing field ran east–west and had lighting as far back as the 1940s. It was razed in early 1972 and is the site of the Marga Hosaeus Fitness Center, opened in 1973", ". It was razed in early 1972 and is the site of the Marga Hosaeus Fitness Center, opened in 1973. Bobcat Stadium is approximately a half mile (0.8 km) due south.", "The field was named for Cyrus J. Gatton (1894–1918), a former Montana State football player from 1913 to 1916. A native of Iowa who was raised in Bozeman, Gatton enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Service during World War I and was killed while flying for the French on November 4, 1918, just a week before the Armistice. The class of 1917 voted in 1920 that when the school built a new football field it should be named for Cyrus Gatton, and the request was honored ten years later.", "MSU played its 1972 season at Bozeman High School's Van Winkle Stadium, with expanded temporary seating. Despite the temporary relocation, the Bobcats still won the Big Sky Conference title that season.\n\nNational Award Winners\n\nAFCA Coach of the Year\nDave Arnold (1984) Division I-AA\n\nLiberty Mutual Coach of the Year\nRob Ash (2011) FCS", "Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year\nRob Ash (2011) FCS\n\nFirst Team All Americans\nMontana State has seen 29 players receive First Team All-America recognition, with 22 of those earning consensus All-America status based on being selected to the first team of three or more recognized All-America teams.", "In 1954, Jim Argeris became the first player selected as a first team All-America. Center Sonny Holland is the only three-time honoree and running back Don Hass the only two-time honoree. MSU had seven first team selections from 2009 to 2012, which is the most of any four-year span in school history.", "In 2012 quarterback DeNarius McGhee, outside linebacker Jody Owens, and defensive end Caleb Schreibeis were selected to one or more of the various 2012 All-America first teams. McGhee is the first quarterback, Owens is the third linebacker, and Schreibeis the fifth defensive end in MSU history to receive the honor. 2012 marked the second time that MSU has had three All-America selections in one season", ". 2012 marked the second time that MSU has had three All-America selections in one season. The other time it occurred was when 1984's national championship team saw defensive end Mark Fellows, punter Dirk Nelson, and offensive tackle Bill Schmidt selected.", "In 2013, Brad Daly became the seventh defensive lineman to earn All-America status. Daly joined Bill Kollar, Les Leininger, Mark Fellows, Neal Smith, Dane Fletcher, and Caleb Schreibeis. Daly also joined punter Matthew Peot as the only unanimous All-America selections in school history.\n\nNotable players\n\nFirst Team All-Americans\n\n(*)unanimous selection\n\nOther All-Americans\n Wayne Purdon, LB, 1966 (CP-2nd Team)\n\nRetired numbers", "Sonny Holland is considered the greatest Bobcat football player in school history. The Butte native joined the program in 1956, and starting at center as a true freshman, helped lead Montana State to its first national title when it tied St. Joseph's in the first NAIA championship game 0–0. He would earn first team All-America honors in 1957, 1958 and 1959 and is the only MSU player to do so three times", ". As a player, his teams never lost to rival Montana beating the Grizzlies 33–14, 22–13, 20–6, and 40–6, with Holland manning both the center and middle linebacker positions in most of those games.", "Holland returned to MSU as an assistant coach and became the head coach in 1971. After a disappointing 2–7–1 first season that included his only loss to Montana as a player or head coach, he went on to finish .500 or better in each of the next six years, and set a school record with 47 wins. After a humiliating 30–0 loss to UM in 1971, Holland's teams rattled off wins of 21–3, 33–7, 43–29, 20–3, 21–12, and 24–19 against their rivals", ". The highlight of his coaching career was the 1976 team, which won the NCAA Division II national championship with a 24–13 victory over the Akron Zips. In 11 games against Montana as a player and head coach Holland went 10–1 outscoring the Grizzlies 277–142. Holland's No. 52 football jersey is one of four retired by Montana State University.", "A running back from 1964 to 1967 nicknamed the Iron Tumbleweed, Don Hass is one of only two players in MSU history to receive first team All-America status twice, and is the only MSU player to be named a first team NCAA All-America twice. Hass set the game (298), season (1,460), and career (2,954) rushing records for the Bobcats during his four years. His 298 yards in a single game in 1966 against Weber State is still the top single game performance in school history.", "While that game stands out, his best performances were against the Grizzlies. He led them to wins in 1965 and 1966. In 1965, he ran for 100 yards for the first time in his career, and finished with 129 yards in a 24–7 win. In 1966 he ran for 142 yards in a 38–0 rout in Missoula. He ran for a Cat-Griz record 209 yards against Montana in 1967, leading the Bobcats to a 14–8 win. All told he had 480 yards rushing in three games against Montana, all wins.", "The Montana State football jersey with number 21 is retired in his honor and hangs inside Bobcat Stadium.\n\nDennis Erickson was a MSU quarterback from 1966 to 1968. He was also a head coach in college and professional football from 1982 to 2011.", "In 1968, Erickson engineered the greatest comeback, in what is considered by many as the most exciting game in the Cat-Griz series. In all, 34 points were scored in the final quarter. Erickson, flanker Ron Bain, and running back Paul Schafer led the comeback, as the Bobcats clinched a tie for the Big Sky championship—their third straight. Bain's brother, Doug of the Grizzlies, gave Montana a 17–9 lead early in the quarter on a pass from Ray Brum", ". After another UM touchdown made the score 24–9 with just over 10 minutes to go it looked as if the Grizzlies would win going away, but the Bobcats weren't done. Schaefer scored on a short run with 8:15 to play and Erickson hit Bain for a touchdown with five minutes left cutting the lead to two at 24–22. The Grizzlies appeared to have the winning drive stopped at the MSU 32, but a facemask penalty gave the Cats new life on the 17", ". Scoring 20 points in the last nine minutes, Montana State won 29–24 when Schafer, who had 58 carries for 234 yards in the game, dove into the end zone with 12 seconds left.", "After Schafer's go-ahead touchdown with 12 seconds to play, the Grizzlies nearly spoiled things for MSU. After a touchback on the kickoff, UM takes over at the 20 with speedy receiver Ron Baines at quarterback. He gains 15, and another 15 are tacked on by an unnecessary roughness penalty to stop the clock with three seconds to go. Baines then makes a circus run of 37 yards from midfield before he's dragged down at the MSU 13 after time expires.", "Bobcat QB Dennis Erickson was the difference. \"Erickson killed us,\" UM head coach Jack Swarthout said.\n\nErickson led Montana State to three straight (1966, 1967, 1968) Big Sky Conference championships, and a spot in the 1966 College Division Western Regional (Camellia Bowl), where the Bobcats lost to the San Diego State Aztecs 28–7.", "He went on to coach the Miami Hurricanes to two NCAA Division I-A national championships. He also had college head coaching stints with the Idaho Vandals, Wyoming Cowboys, Washington State Cougars, Oregon State Beavers and Arizona State Sun Devils. Professionally, he was the head coach of the NFL's Seattle Seahawks and San Francisco 49ers.", "One Montana State Bobcat has been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame: Jan Stenerud. After coming to MSU from Norway on a ski jumping scholarship, Stenerud starred on the varsity team, having a then-NCAA record 59-yard field goal against rival Montana in 1965. Stenerud scored 82 points as a senior in 1965. He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the third round of the AFL's 1966 draft. In 1970, he kicked a then-Super Bowl record 48-yard field goal in Kansas City's 23–7 Super Bowl IV win", ". He would later go on to play for the Green Bay Packers and Minnesota Vikings earning seven All-Pro and three All-AFL selections, and four trips to the Pro Bowl in his 19 seasons as a professional. He was inducted in 1991 and is the only pure kicker in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Stenerud's name is in the Kansas City Chiefs' ring of honor, and he is one of just four MSU players to have his number, \"78\" retired.", "Super Bowl players", "Six Montana State graduates have played in a Super Bowl. The most recent is Mike Person. Dane Fletcher, who was a linebacker for the New England Patriots, in Super Bowl XLVI. The first was Stenerud in Super Bowl IV, followed by Ron East, who played defensive tackle the following year in Super Bowl V for the Dallas Cowboys. Sam McCullum was a wide receiver for the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IX against the Oakland Raiders. Running back Tony Boddie played in Super Bowl XXII for the Denver Broncos", ". Running back Tony Boddie played in Super Bowl XXII for the Denver Broncos. Travis Jonsen earned a Super Bowl ring as a practice squad player for Tampa Bay.", "Travis Lulay", "In 2011, quarterback Travis Lulay was named the Most Outstanding Player in the Canadian Football League and led the British Columbia Lions to the Grey Cup title, garnering the game's Most Valuable Player award in the 34–23 win over Winnipeg. The Lions started the season 0–5 before winning 13 of their last 15 games to win the championship. Lulay threw for a league-high 32 touchdowns and passed for 4,815 yards to finish with the second best passer rating in the CFL. He also ran for 391 yards (8", ". He also ran for 391 yards (8.3 per carry), which was good for 12th in the CFL and was the most by a quarterback.", "Lulay was the quarterback at MSU from 2002 to 2005 leading the Bobcats to three Big Sky Conference titles and two NCAA Division I-AA playoff appearances. All three Big Sky Conference championships were taken in the last game of the season with wins over rival Montana. As a true freshman, Lulay engineered MSU's 10–7 win over the Grizzlies in Missoula, ending UM's 16-game winning streak over the Bobcats, and was named the Big Sky Conference's Newcomer of the Year", ". Lulay led Montana State in rushing his senior year with 611 yards. He left with school records for career passing yards (10,746–11th in NCAA Division I-AA history), single-season total offense, and total offense in a career. He graduated with a 3.91 GPA.", "He played briefly for the Seattle Seahawks and New Orleans Saints of the NFL and also played in the NFL Europa for two seasons.", "Bill Kollar", "In 1974 Kollar became the first small college (non-FBS) player to win the Senior Bowl MVP, and is one of only two (Portland State's Neil Lomax being the other) small college players to win the award in that game's history. Kollar became one of just four Big Sky Conference players ever selected as an NFL first round draft choice when he was taken by the Cincinnati Bengals in 1974. He went on to play eight seasons in the NFL, including five with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers", ". He went on to play eight seasons in the NFL, including five with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He has been an NFL defensive line coach since 1990 and currently coaches in that capacity for the Denver Broncos. He is a member of the Senior Bowl and MSU Hall of Fames, and his number \"77\" is one of only four football numbers retired by MSU. Don Haas, Holland and Stenerud are the others.", "Caleb Schreibeis \nFollowing the completion of the 2012 NCAA FCS regular season, Schreibeis was named the winner of Buck Buchanan Award given annually by The Sports Network to the most outstanding defensive player in the FCS. It was the first such distinction for a Montana State player. He was also a consensus All-America in 2012, the 20th Bobcat to attain that status.", "Schreibeis came to Montana State as a walk-on in 2008, and after red-shirting for one season, eventually worked his way into a starting position for one game as a sophomore in 2010. He became a full-time starter in 2011 and was selected as an honorable mention to the All-Big Sky team.", "The 2012 season was a breakout campaign for Schreibeis. In 10 regular-season games, the team captain collected 51 tackles and led the Big Sky with 12 sacks. He ranked first on his team in tackles for loss (14.5), quarterback hurries (seven) and forced fumbles (seven), which was also the top mark in the nation. The Bobcats also won their third straight Big Sky Conference title that season.", "Brad Daly \nBrad Daly garnered the 2013 Buck Buchanan Award and the FCS Athletics Directors Association Award, and is perhaps the best pure pass rusher in MSU history. Along with the two defensive player of the year awards, he was also a finalist for the Ted Hendricks Award, given to the best defensive end in all divisions of college football. He finished fifth in the final voting.", "He made an immediate impact as a true-freshman, despite playing sparingly, as he recorded two sacks and blocked two kicks, leaving observers to speculate that he would have a great career. Daly left football after that season, only to return a year later with a renewed vigor.", "In his sophomore year, he proved his worth by leading the Big Sky Conference with 12.5 sacks as a situational pass rusher. As a junior he became a full-time defensive end, but suffered a severely sprained ankle, and dropped to just 5.5 sacks. A year later he bounced back, despite nagging injuries, to lead the nation in sacks with 14 sacks and 20.5 tackles for loss.", "For his career Daly finished with 34 sacks. He was also a unanimous first team All-America selection and the Big Sky Conference defensive player of the year as a senior. He was voted a team captain prior to his senior season, joining his father J and brother Bobby as MSU team captains and All-Americans. Bobby Daly was sixth in the 2007 Buck Buchanan Award voting.\n\nBobcats in the pros", "National Football League\nKen Amato, Carolina Panthers (2002–2003), Tennessee Titans (2003–2011)\n Troy Andersen, Atlanta Falcons (2022– )\n Bob Banaugh, Minnesota Vikings (1972)\n Tony Boddie, Denver Broncos (1986–1987)\n Jon L. Borchardt, Buffalo Bills (1979–1984), Seattle Seahawks (1985–1987)\n Ron East, Dallas Cowboys (1967–1970), San Diego Chargers (1971–1973), Cleveland Browns (1975), Atlanta Falcons (1976), Seattle Seahawks (1977)", "Dane Fletcher, New England Patriots (2010–2014, 2015) Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2014)\n Daniel Hardy, Los Angeles Rams (2022), Chicago Bears (2023)\nSean Hill, Miami Dolphins (1994–1996), Detroit Lions (1997)\nTravis Jonsen, Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2020–2021) Detroit Lions (2021)\n Kevin Kassis, Seattle Seahawks (2022)\n Lewis Kidd, New Orleans Saints (2022), Indianapolis Colts (2023)\n Bill Kollar, Cincinnati Bengals (1974–1976), Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1977–1981)", "Bill Kollar, Cincinnati Bengals (1974–1976), Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1977–1981)\nSam McCullum, Minnesota Vikings (1974–1975, 1982–1983), Seattle Seahawks (1976–1981)\n Lance McCutcheon, Los Angeles Rams (2022), Houston Texans (2023), New York Jets (2023)\n Mark McGrath, Seattle Seahawks (1980–1981), Washington Redskins (1983–1985)\nZach Minter, Chicago Bears (2013), Cincinnati Bengals (2014), Dallas Cowboys (2014)\nTy Okada, Seattle Seahawks (2023)", "Ty Okada, Seattle Seahawks (2023)\nMike Person, San Francisco 49ers (2011, 2018–2020), Indianapolis Colts (2012, 2017–2018), Seattle Seahawks (2012–2013), St. Louis Rams (2013–2014), Atlanta Falcons (2015–2016), Kansas City Chiefs (2016–2017), Indianapolis Colts (2017–2018)\nFrosty Peters, Providence Steam Roller (1930), Portsmouth Spartans (1930), Brooklyn Dodgers (1931) and Chicago Cardinals (1932)\nLarry Rubens, Green Bay Packers (1982–1983), Chicago Bears (1986–1987)", "Larry Rubens, Green Bay Packers (1982–1983), Chicago Bears (1986–1987)\nBeau Sandland, Carolina Panthers (2016), Green Bay Packers (2016–2017), Arizona Cardinals (2018), Oakland Raiders (2019)\nAlex Singleton, Seattle Seahawks (2015), New England Patriots (2015), Minnesota Vikings (2015), Philadelphia Eagles (2019 – 2021, 2021 team captain), Denver Broncos (2022- )\n Jan Stenerud, Kansas City Chiefs (1967–1979), Green Bay Packers (1980–1983), Minnesota Vikings (1984–1985)", "Joey Thomas, Green Bay Packers (2004–2005), New Orleans Saints (2005), Dallas Cowboys (2007), Miami Dolphins (2008–2009), Oakland Raiders (2010)\n Corey Widmer, New York Giants (1992–1999)\nTravis Lulay, Seattle Seahawks (2006, 2008), New Orleans Saints (2008)\nMike McCleod, Green Bay Packers (1984–1985)", "NFL Europe \n\n Travis Lulay, Berlin Thunder (2007)\n\nAmerican Football League\n Bob Cegelski, C Denver Broncos (1962)\n Curt Farrier, DT Kansas City Chiefs (1963–1965)\n Cliff Hysell, OT Denver Broncos (1966)\n Ron Warzeka, DT Oakland Raiders (1960)\n\nUnited States Football League\n Tony Boddie, RB Los Angeles Express (1983–1985)\n Phil Bruneau, DT Oklahoma Outlaws (1984), Arizona Outlaws (1985)\n Jim Kalafat, LB San Antonio Gunslingers (1983)\n Larry Rubens, C Memphis Showboats (1985)", "World Football League\n Ron East, DT The Hawaiians (1974)\n\nUnited Football League \n\n Bob Cegelski, C Louisville Raiders (1962)", "Canadian Football League\n Reggie Carthon, Shreveport Pirates (1995), BC Lions (1996, 1999), Winnipeg Blue Bombers (1997–1998)\nLes Kaminski, Hamilton Tiger-Cats (1984), Calgary Stampeders (1984)\n Bob Lubig, Calgary Stampeders (1978–1981, 1982–1985), Toronto Argonauts (1981), Montreal Alouettes (1986)\n Travis Lulay, BC Lions (2009–2018)\n Mike McCleod, Edmonton Eskimos (1980–1984)\n Zach Minter, BC Lions (2015), Calgary Stampeders (2016), Saskatchewan Roughriders (2017–present)", "Zach Minter, BC Lions (2015), Calgary Stampeders (2016), Saskatchewan Roughriders (2017–present)\nDakota Prukop, Toronto Argonauts (2017–2019), Calgary Stampeders (2020), Edmonton Elks (2021–present)\n Alex Singleton, Calgary Stampeders (2016–2018)\n Brian Strong, Calgary Stampeders (1983–1985), Hamilton Tiger-Cats (1986)\n Tre Webb DB BC Lions (2023)\n Al Wilson, BC Lions (1972–1986)\n Harvey Wylie, Calgary Stampeders (1956–1964)", "XFL\n Travis Jonsen, San Antonio Brahmas (2023)\n Kevin Kassis, Seattle Sea Dragons (2023)\n Cam Sutton, Las Vegas Vipers (2023)\n Callahan O’Reilly, St Louis Battlehawks (2024)\n\nHall of Fame inductees\n\nPro Football Hall of Fame", "One Montana State Bobcat has been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame; this was Jan Stenerud. After coming to MSU from Norway on a ski jumping scholarship, Stenerud starred on the varsity team with a then-NCAA record 59-yard field goal against rival Montana and 82 points scored as a senior in 1965. He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the third round of the AFL's 1966 draft", ". He was drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the third round of the AFL's 1966 draft. Stenerud scored 11 points, including a then-Super Bowl record 48-yard field goal, in Kansas City's 23–7 Super Bowl IV win in 1970. He would later go on to play for the Green Bay Packers and Minnesota Vikings earning four trips to the Pro Bowl in his 19 seasons as a professional. He was inducted in 1991 and is one of only two pure kickers in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, the other being Morten Andersen", ". Stenerud's name is in the Kansas City Chiefs' ring of honor and he is one of just four MSU players to have his number \"78\" retired.", "Canadian Football Hall of Fame\nAl Wilson\nWilson was elected to the Canadian Football Hall of Fame on September 20, 1997, following a long career as an offensive lineman with the British Columbia Lions. The guard and center was awarded All-Western All-Star and All-Canadian All-Star honors for seven years, 1975–81. He was voted the Schenley Most Outstanding Offensive Lineman in 1977. He played in two Grey Cup games (1983 and 1985), and was a key member of B.C.'s 1985 championship team.", "Harvey Wylie\nWylie was elected to the Canadian Football Hall of Fame on May 24, 1980. The former Bobcat All-America was a standout defensive back and kick return specialist for nine years with Calgary. He played for the Calgary Stampeders from 1956 to 1964, and for five straight years was an All-Western All-Star and twice was an All-Canadian All-Star.\n\nFuture non-conference opponents \nAnnounced schedules as of December 7, 2022\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\n \n1897 establishments in Montana\nAmerican football teams established in 1897" ]

[ "Bintan Island or Negeri Segantang Lada is an island in the Riau archipelago of Indonesia. It is part of the Riau Islands province, the capital of which, Tanjung Pinang, lies in the island's south and is the island's main community.", "Bintan's land area is (total area is including 96% sea area). Its administrative region is designated the Bintan Regency, one of the six administrative regencies of the Riau Islands province. The city of Tanjung Pinang is an autonomous area geographically within Bintan Island but not included in the Regency.", "Bintan's history is traced to the early 3rd century. The island flourished as a trading post on the route between China and India, and over the centuries it came under the control of the Chinese, the British, and then the Dutch when it was declared part of the Dutch East Indies through the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. In the 12th century, the Bintan island in the Strait of Malacca was known as the \"Pirate Island\" since the Malay pirates used to loot trading ships sailing in these waters.", "Singapore, the closest major city, is a 45-50 minute trip by motorised catamaran across the Singapore Strait from Bintan Resort area in the northwest of the island. The island has beaches with beach-front hotels and resorts; the most prominent of these beaches is the Bintan Resorts set over an area of of tropical environment. The archipelago of the Riau islands is right opposite to this resort across the South China Sea. Indonesia is promoting Bintan as the next best tourist destination after Bali.", "History", "On account of Bintan Island's strategic location and size on the India-China trade route, it has a rich history. Along with the local ethnic Malays and the Bugis, domination by the Portuguese, the Dutch, the Arabs, and the British at different times has been a part of Bintan's rich history. Many local internal feuds between the Malays and Bugis, and battles in the sea, with and between foreign invasion forces, have been part of Bintan's history and its straits", ". From the mid-16th century, the Sultan of Johor-Riau kingdom had moved their kingdom between Johor, Riau and Lingga.", "The earliest history of Bintan is linked to the history of Nagoya Hills, which is integral with Batam, near Bintan island and other islands of the Riau archipelago. The Chinese chronicles have mentioned that Batam was inhabited by 231 AD when Singapore island was still called Pulau Ujung (Ujung Island). Bintan came under the control of the Malacca kingdom from the 13th century. Later, the Sultan of Johor ruled from here and his reign lasted till the 18th century.", "Riau Islands were central to the greater Malay kingdoms or Sultanates, known as the 'Malay World', which had its control from eastern Sumatra to Borneo. For centuries, Riau was the home of Malay and Orang Laut people. They had settled in Bintan. These two communities were the backbone of most Malay kingdoms from the time of Srivijaya to the Sultanate of Johor. They had full control of trade routes going through the straits", ". They had full control of trade routes going through the straits. Migrants from China and Indo-China, though came here later, settled in large area of Asia. After the fall of Melaka in 1511, Riau islands became the centre of political power of the mighty Sultanate of Johor or Johor – Riau, based on Bintan island. They were considered the centre of Malay culture.", "From the 12th to 13th centuries, the Srivijaya Empire of Sumatra held sway over Bintan island. Sri Tri Buana, a member of the royal family of Palembang had visited Riau Islands in 1290. The Queen of Bintan met him and made a strategic alliance. They moved with a \"flotilla of 800 vessels to Bintan\" where Sri Tri Buana became the king", ". They moved with a \"flotilla of 800 vessels to Bintan\" where Sri Tri Buana became the king. However, Bintan and its straits got the reputation as a pirate island due to the Malay pirates who seized many ships by forcing them to the port to trade and or loot the cargo carried by them. Hundreds of ships of Malays forced Chinese ships returning from the Indian Ocean to their ports in Bintan. Those who resisted were attacked", ". Those who resisted were attacked. Large quantities of Chinese ceramics were recovered on Bintan, some traced to the early Song dynasty (960–1127). The Arabian chronicler, Ibn Battuta, writing on the Riau islands in the 13th century states: \"Here there are little islands, from which armed black pirates with poised arrows emerged, possessing armed warships; they plunder people but do not enslave them.\" Log records of Chinese ships testify these incidents in the 12th century", ".\" Log records of Chinese ships testify these incidents in the 12th century. Even after several centuries, Bintan is still referred by many by the epithet \"Pirate Island\".", "According to historical records, Sri Tri Bhuvana occupied Singapore and then declared himself as the King of Singapore. Before that he renamed Temasek, the island he had occupied, as Singapore. Another explanation mooted to the naming of Singapore is that the king spotted an animal, which he presumed to be a lion, and hence called Temasek as Singapore (Lion City). The reign of Srivijaya empire lasted till the 16th century.", "In the year 1521, the Portuguese who were on pepper hunt, had the intention of building strongholds in the form of forts during their sea voyages in the East, on Sunda Island in Java after they had received instructions from their King to destroy four forts in India, Sri Lanka and Sumatra. However, they initially failed to capture Bentan, the stronghold of the former Sultan of Malaca on the south east of the Singapore Strait and Atjeh (the capital of a new Sultanate, which was emerging in North Sumatra)", ". At this time, they were successful in establishing a fort at Pasai though were unsuccessful in establishing a fortress at Canton in China and suffered defeat at the hands of the Chinese. In 1524, Malays of Bintan attacked Malacca, which was under the control of the Portuguese.", "Bintan first became politically important when Sultan Mahmud of the fallen Sultanate of Malacca fled to Bintan and created a resistance base there after Malacca was taken by the Portuguese forces in 1511. The Portuguese eventually destroyed the stronghold in 1526, and after a few years the Sultanate founded a new capital back on the Malay Peninsula and developed from there.", "At the beginning of the 18th century the Sultanate of Johor entered into political turmoil and the capital moved back to Bintan as the Bugis took control of the Sultanate. At the hands of the Bugis, Bintan became a powerful trading port, attracting regional, Western, Indian and Chinese traders as well as migrants including Chinese much in the same way Malacca had developed into a regional power three centuries earlier.", "European powers wanted to take control of the port, which had a flourishing trade. During this period the British, who controlled Penang, were aggressively looking towards expanding their control to the south of the Straits of Malacca, as they wished to contain the Dutch expansions. They considered Bintan as a possible location. During this period the Dutch had defeated the Bintan rulers and taken control of the island by the end of the 18th century; this had brought to an end the local trading supremacy", ". This also resulted in checkmating the British ambition to occupy the area. However, an internal power struggle within the Sultanate of Riau-Johor ensued. The British seized this opportunity and occupied the island of Singapore. With this, the importance of Bintan island as a trading port also declined. A new cultural centre developed on Penyengat Island and it got established as the stronghold of Malay and Islamic culture.", "However the history changed the fate of Riau as a political, cultural or economic centre when European powers took control of the regional trade routes by taking advantage of political weaknesses within the Sultanate. Singapore Island, that had been for centuries part of the same greater Malay kingdoms and sultanates, and under direct control of Sultan of Johor, came under British control", ". The creation of a European-controlled territory in Johor-Riau heart broke the sultanate into two parts, destroying the cultural and political unity that had existed for centuries.", "The Anglo-Dutch treaty of 1824 consolidated this separation, with the British controlling all territories north of the Singapore Strait and Dutch controlling territories from Riau to Java. Till the independence of Indonesia in 1945, Bintan was under the control of the Netherlands East Indies. However, the Riau Archipelago remained a fairly borderless territory till recently. During the World War II Japanese had occupied the Malay world and Singapore was their headquarters", ". During the World War II Japanese had occupied the Malay world and Singapore was their headquarters. During this period, many Malays including the upper strata of society had to join the Imperial Army. After the war, from 1950 the Archipelago was a duty-free zone till the revolution Konfrontasi in 1963. During this period, the Straight dollar of British Malaya was the principal currency. Visa free movement of people, which existed then is now no more prevalent.", "Geography and climate", "Bintan, is the largest among the 3,200 islands of Riau Archipelago and is located east of the Batam Island. It has a coast line of and has rolling topography in its landform. The Riau Islands are a province of Indonesia, which encompassed the Riau Archipelago, Natuna Islands, Anambas, and Lingga Islands; in July 2004 the islands of Riau were divided from the existing Riau Province to form the new province with its capital at Tanjung Pinang", ". The archipelagos of Anambas and Natuna, located between mainland Malaysia and Borneo, are now part of this province", "In the Tanjung Pinang city, the low tide reach or the mud flat part was built with stilts and were mosquito and rat infested. Above these mud flat reaches, narrow piers or pelantars were built at higher elevations and the old city of Tanjung expanded with a maze of streets and alleys. The old pier with the name Pelantar II thrives as the fish market", ". The old pier with the name Pelantar II thrives as the fish market. The town has a large population of the Chinese, whose presence is seen around three Buddhist Pagodas with the 'Citiya Bodhi Sasana' overlooking the ocean at the end of Pelantar II pier.", "The Indonesian sea route through the Bintan straits has been considered very safe for sailing of small freighters. The island has developed over the centuries in two distinct zones, namely, the southern and the northern zones, which are clearly differentiated from the prevalent life styles of people living there.", "The highest hill on the island is Bintan Besar, which is in height and has thick forest cover. It is formed by old volcanic eruptions. The summit of this peak can be reached through a forest track and the climb takes about 3 hours. The top of this peak provides a panoramic view of Bintan. It is approached from a hamlet at the foot of the hill, known as Kampung Sekuning, which is from Tanjung Pinang. Despite being larger than Batam, it is less populated.", "Several daily ferries run between Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal of Singapore to the Bandar Bentan Telani Ferry Terminal on the northern part of the Island in Bintan resorts and also at the Sri Bintan Pura Ferry Terminal at Tanjung Pinang, the capital of the Indonesian province of Riau Islands covering a distance of in about 45 minutes. The airport is domestic only (no international flights) - Bintan's Raja Haji Fisabilillah Airport (IATA: TNJ, ICAO: WIDN).", "Bintan is very close to the Equator. Hence, tropical climate is dominant all through the year with two distinct seasons namely the northeast monsoon from November to March and a dry southwest monsoon from June to October with the annual rainfall precipitation incidence varying in the range . The island has an \"insular character\" with a constant temperature averaging at . The temperatures reported vary between and . March to early November is the dry and the quiet season with clear sunny days", ". March to early November is the dry and the quiet season with clear sunny days. Winter season lasts from late November to March.", "Demographics", "Though a large island compared to all other islands in the Riao archipelago, it is sparsely populated. As the Dutch ruled over the islands for a long period, their influence is distinctly discerned in the island. The population of Bintan Island is about 371,270 in 2020 (excluding the population of neighbouring island groups lying within Bintan Regency), with the citizens mostly belonging to the Malay, Bugis, Chinese and the Orang Laut ethnicity", ". An observation made on the distribution of different ethnic groups in Bintan is that Indonesians have migrated in large numbers to the island and as result Malays, the original settlers of the region, are now a minority in Riau Archipelago as a whole. This is attributed to the fact that the island is close to Malaysia and Singapore in particular and Indonesians flock to the place to get a foothold to go to Singapore", ". In the capital city of Tanjung Pinang, the urban population had jumped from 98,871 in 1998 to 187,359 in 2010, and by 2020 had reached 227,663.", "Economy and development", "In 1824, the Treaty of London finally settled that the islands south of Singapore are Dutch Territories. Bintan was again under the control of the Dutch. Bintan's power and central role disappeared with the regional political changes and the island's past fortune was now overshadowed by neighbouring Batam and Singapore. Following its founding by the British in 1819, Singapore became a new regional trading centre", ". Following its founding by the British in 1819, Singapore became a new regional trading centre. Due to its limited size, Singapore initiated the Sijori Growth Triangle in 1980 and 1990s, and signed agreements with the Indonesian government to invest in Batam and Bintan.", "The economy of Bintan island is centred on tourism, given its close proximity to Singapore. In the year 1990, according to a Presidential Decree (25 July 1990), a coordinating team was set up for the Riao Province Development with the mandate to plan and develop development projects within the framework of Indonesia-Singapore cooperation", ". Investment plans, similar to that of Batam, were evolved with basic intention to provide leisure space to Singaporeans on the white beaches of Bintan and this approach also conformed to the Indonesian Policy of declaring the 1990s as the \"decade of Visit Indonesia\". In 1991, Bintan Management Resort for establishing a resort with intent to develop resorts, industrial parks and water projects was planned", ". In December 1994, partial opening of Bintan Resort Development was agreed under a Memorandum of Understanding signed by trade ministers of Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia", ". As per the Master Plan prepared for Bintan, the emphasis was on tourism, industrial projects and agricultural products, all under private-sector initiative, involving formation of a consortium of the Singapore Technologies Industrial Corporation, Wah Chang International (whose specialisation is development of resorts), the Keppel group and the local banks", ". Thus, the once wild and deserted Bintan island has now become an industrial \"hinterland\" for Singapore and a special investment zone for world industrial companies, also attracting thousands of workers from the entire country. This industrial estate agreement is in partnership with Batamlndo Industrial Park. The Bintan industrial estate has been allotted and is designed as a \"One-stop investment centre\" providing all services essential for the investing companies to devote exclusively towards production", ". It targets industries such as textiles, garments and wood processing, unlike the Batam industrial estates. This functions as a supplement to Singapore's economy by way of manufacturing low-value goods here.", "Earlier, Singapore's Batam Industrial Park had signed an agreement with Indonesia to lease its northern coast and develop it into a resort (\"Bintan Resort\") for Singaporeans. An area of had been allocated to this project, which was further divided to 20–30 projects – for hotels and resorts and sports facilities. Further, the Bintan Lagoon and Beach Resorts, designed exclusively for wealthy tourists, have been planned with \"two 18-hole championship golf courses with superlative accommodation\"", ". This resort area has an exclusive approach from Singapore that bypasses the capital city. It has modern facilities of museums, handicraft shops, artists' villages and other eco-tourism related attractions.", "The agribusiness venture planned under the Master Plan for Bintan envisages pig rearing for export to Singapore and seafood processing plants. Fishery cultivation of grouper fish, Napoleon, kakap and bream are also planned in the island.", "Under the industrial sector, the identified fields for development are mining of Bauxite (Bauxite reserve is 15.88 million tons), kaolin, granite, white sand and tin. The government of Indonesia has also planned the petroleum industry with its subsidiary industry of manufacture of plastics in Bintan.", "Bintan Eco-Tourism Venture Project has been launched to generate better income avenues for the low-income families. The eco-tourism destinations identified are all within approachable distances that could be covered in about 30 to 90 minutes from the starting point by car. Village handicrafts made from the local pandanus plants are a popular attraction during the eco-tour to villages in Bintan", ". Private operators are meanwhile succeeding in putting Bintan on the world map for Eco-tourism, with both Nikoi and LooLa Adventure Resort being amongst the four finalists of WildAsia's highly respected 2012 award for \"Asia's most inspiring responsible tourism operators\", which LooLa went on to win. LooLa furthermore is one of three finalists in the 2013 WTTC's \"Tourism for tomorrow, community benefits\" awards", ". In 2016, newly opened Cempedak cemented the island's aspirations as a sustainability hero by winning the award for Sustainable Design in the HICAP 2017 Sustainable Hotel Awards.", "The Integrated resort management is highly dependent on the International tourism industry. Tourist footfalls, as recorded till 2016, have been reported to be on the increase and reached over 600,000 just to the Bintan Resorts area.", "Thus, the massive and ambitious economic development plan envisaging \"10 golf courses, 20 hotels, 10 condominiums, three village clusters, a township, several marine and eco-tourism attractions\" launched in 1995 with a gestation period of 20 years, was according to the leisure industry analyst of Singapore: \"Bintan has better prospects because of the people behind its development. They are big names who will have to maintain their reputation", ". They are big names who will have to maintain their reputation. But there have been some delays in the construction of the Bintan Lagoi residential area.", "In 2016, over 600,000 tourists visited Bintan Island and most of them came from Singapore, Korea and Japan. 75 percent of foreign tourists came by ferry from Singapore, while domestic tourists mainly came by airplanes to the recently opened Raja Haji Fisabilillah Airport 35 minutes from Bintan Resort, whereas the current Tanjung Pinang airport is 90 minutes away.", "Water resources\nWater resources of the Bintan have been exclusively planned by identifying an area of for the purpose which also includes the catchment of the water source and its forest areas.\n\nInfrastructure", "To meet the large developmental programme launched for the Bintan island, creation of modern infrastructure facilities began in 1991 itself with an investment of US$170 million. Since the island was approachable only by ferrying, priority was given to develop the Ferry terminal at Bandar Bentan Telani. There are now three Ferry Terminals (Sea Ports) and two Cargo Sea Ports with capacity of 10,000 to 12000 gross weight ton. Bintan now has an airport known as Raja Haji Fisabilillah Airport", ". Bintan now has an airport known as Raja Haji Fisabilillah Airport. Garuda Indonesia has plans to build a new airport hub on the island as a stop gap measure for Jakarta, and to compete with Lion Air's new hub at Hang Nadim Airport on neighboring Batam. One issue however is the region is saturated with airport capacity while land is scarce, as Singapore Changi Airport and Johor Bahru Senai Airport are nearby.", "Road within the island was also started and the first stretch of the , the east west arterial road was completed (out of the stretch planned in the ultimate stage). Branch roads were also built to land parcels allotted for resort development. Within each land area allocated, the resort agencies constructed their own internal road network. Drinking water facilities were also created by constructing a reservoir of 5 million litres and a service reservoir of 1", ".5 million litres for supply to a water treatment plant. From this plant, potable water supply system has been created to all the resort areas. Electricity supply is also ensured through a Power generating plant of 18 MW plant with capacity to upgrade to 24 MW. Within each resort area water and power supply connections to the resorts are done by the resort agencies. The potable water that is supplied meets the WHO standards. Sewage Treatment is done in all the resorts through modular Sewage treatment plants", ". Sewage Treatment is done in all the resorts through modular Sewage treatment plants. The recycled effluent is put to use for irrigation. Another important civic amenity attended is the disposal of solid waste. The solid waste is collected from the resorts. It is systematically disposed in a centralized sanitary landfill site. There are 15 banks, 7 hotels and 6 golf courses. Telecommunication Service facility available is the International Net Work.", "Flora and fauna", "Flora", "In Bintan, the primary forest cover was in a limited area on the hills. There was extensive deforestation done mostly for the cultivation of gambier (Uncaria gembieri). The plantation size of each gambier plantation was . For processing of gambier leaves firewood was essential. This requirement was met by cutting forests of as much as the sized gambier plantations. With this amount of forest degradation, the gambier processing could be sustained for 12 years only", ". Forest was not available for use for the processing, and production of gambier was discontinued, while efforts continued to find new stocks of firewood. Inevitably, Gambier was totally abandoned. In the 20th century rubber plantation replaced gambier. Even the rubber plantations were abandoned due to water logging problems. Now, on the higher reaches of the hills secondary forests have developed in those areas where water logging is not prevalent. The abandoned land is also now put to other uses", ". The abandoned land is also now put to other uses. In the rain forests of the island on the trek to the Gunung Bintan peak, now vegetation consists of tall trees of dipterocarp (which bears two winged fruits) and many other plants.", "Fauna\n\nVarious species of sea animals and plants are found underwater. From squids to snails, from various fish to oyster – several marine species including sea turtles are found here. Dolphins are also sighted. The variety and diversity of sea life is very attractive. Wild animals seen on this forest trek are silver leaf monkeys, sunbirds, eagles and kites.", "Sea turtles\nSea turtles, in particular, are the special species of Indonesia and its many islands, including Bintan; six species out of seven found in the world are recorded in Indonesia. The Indonesian law protection Act. no. 5 1990 re Conservation of Nature Resource and its Ecosystem; Government Regulation no. 7 1990 re Conservation Species of Flora & Fauna and the international trade by CITES (Convention of International Trade on Endangered Species) provide protection to these species.", "Bintan Island was one of the locations where turtles were found in large numbers; in the 1950s, during the nesting season, at least 2 nests used to be found every day on the coastline of Bintan Resorts. Now, the nests are not found as frequently as in the past. Turtle tracks, nests, eggs, and egg shells have been recorded during patrol surveys conducted during specified periods, not only in Bintan but also in the Pasir Pasan beach", ". In the Bintan Resort's nestling beaches hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and green turtles (Chelonia mydas) have been recorded. Research and Development Department and Environmental & Health Division of Bintan Resort are encouraged by their patrolling efforts and they are confident that sea turtle nests would be protected on Bintan and also conserved in local villages.", "Historical places", "At Bintan and in its close vicinity of its capital city of Tanjung Pinang, there are a number of historical monuments linked to its ancient history and modern developments. Its closeness to Singapore has resulted in development of beaches as popular resorts with hotels and other paraphernalia to attract tourists", ". Some of the well-known sites of attractions are the Penyengat, Tanjung Pinang city, Raja Ali Haji Monument, the Colonial Graveyard, Chinese Pagodas, Banyan Tree Temple, and its many beaches and resorts. Natural Maritime Culture is also part of the historical nature's heritage of mangroves, many species of animals and birds and the rich and exotic maritime nature of the sea life.", "Penyengat", "Penyengat is a historical small island (about in area) located about offshore of Tanjung Pinang, which was a religious, cultural and administrative centre of the region in the 19th century of the Riao-Johor sultanate. The Sultan had shifted to this place after Melaka was taken over by the Portuguese and he made it the capital of his kingdom, which was in decline at the time. On the northeast end of the island many ancient Islamic relics are seen", ". On the northeast end of the island many ancient Islamic relics are seen. The Malay and the Bugis, to attain peace in the region, had cemented their relationship by establishing marital ties. Raja Ali Haji, who was the Bugis commander of Bintan and acclaimed as the hero of his people, married his daughter to Sultan Mahmud Shah of Malacca. The island was gifted to his daughter, Raja Hamidah. This union established peace between the Malay and the Bugis", ". This union established peace between the Malay and the Bugis. Following this, a grand mosque (see infobox) called the Masjid Raya was built on the island (over 170 years old), which can be seen from Tanjung Pinang. A monument by the seaside that commemorates Raja Ali Haji, who sacrificed his life for his people against the Dutch, is also seen on the beach. Hakka ethnic people and Indo-Malays reside here", ". Hakka ethnic people and Indo-Malays reside here. Another historical fact is that in 1819 the Penyangat-based sultanate cooperated with Sir Stamford Raffles to handover Singapore in exchange for British Military protection.", "Masjid Raya Sultan Riau", "Masjid Raya Sultan Riau built in 1818, is an exquisitely kept yellow mosque, also called the sulfur-coloured mosque. It has many domes and minarets. The unique feature of the mosque is that the mortar used was the special egg-white mortar as the cementing material; eggs were presented to the Sultan by his subjects on the occasion of his wedding. The mosque houses a rare 150-year-old hand written Koran in its Islamic library. A formal dress code is observed for entry into the mosque.\n\nTanjung Pinang", "Tanjungpinang is located on the southwestern part of Bintan island and is the capital and largest town of the Indonesian province of Riau Islands. It is a port town and a trade centre with ethnic diversity and with traditional villages and temples. It has an area of and is an autonomous region within the Bintan Island. It is a trading port between islands in the Riau archipelago. Tanjungpinang has ferry and speedboat connections to Batam, Singapore, and Johor Bahru", ". Tanjungpinang has ferry and speedboat connections to Batam, Singapore, and Johor Bahru. The city is the backyard for the Singaporeans to get away from their sanitized city to indulge in a spot of anarchy In the central commercial district there is a small Chinese temple in the interior of the old town at Lorong Gambir II, called the Cetiya Satya Dharma.", "Within the town of Tanjungpinang, there is a Dutch Colonial Graveyard (mostly in ruins), which reflects the life of the seamen (Europeans) in the old days. The town also has a museum at the crossing of the Jalan Kamboja road with Jalan Bakar batu. The museum has display of many eccentric historical artifacts, ceramics, kris and guns. It is a culturally happening place with cultural centres for stage performances of Malay music and dance festivals", ". Renowned Buddhist temples are located outside central Tanjungpinang in a small town named Senggarang. A Palace and royal tombs, among them the grave of the Raja Ali Haji's and also tombs of other royals, are located here. The old ruler was the creator and author of the first Malay Language grammar book, which is a rich legacy of the Riau sultanate", ". Another vintage site of interest is the \"Old Stilt\" village (in the mud flat low tide region near the jetties), known as \"Tanjungpinang's Kampung ayer or Kampung Bugis\".", "Raja Haji Fisabillah Monument\nRaja Haji Fisabilillah died during the battle of Malacca against the Dutch in 1784. A 28-metre tall Monument was erected in his memory as the national hero of Bintan. He was a famous Malayan king and had his palace (istana) on the island Penyengat, off Tanjungpinang. This monument is being considered to be put on the World Heritage list of sites which have \"outstanding universal value\" to the world.", "Banyan Tree Temple", "Banyan Tree Temple, a temple about 100 years old, is visited by the local Chinese community and Singaporeans. It is located in Senggarang town. Apart from this temple, there are several Chinese Pagodas in Singgarang near the jetty. One temple is in ruins and the other three temples, each about 100 years old, are located within a courtyard facing the sea. The interior of these temples depicts colourful paintings and wood carvings", ". The interior of these temples depicts colourful paintings and wood carvings. Chinese devotees from Singapore are seen around these temples offering prayers.", "Beaches and resorts\n\nThe Trikora group of beaches is situated on the easternside of Bintan and are numbered from 1 to 4 from south to north. The approach road from the capital city is to its northeast and passes through a locals town called Kangka Kawal and a picturesque fishing town called Teluk Kawal.", "Bintan Resorts, located at the northern part of Bintan is delimited between and and covers an area of . Many of the resorts are Internationally (e.g. ClubMed) or Singaporean owned as the island is marketed to Singaporeans for whom Bintan is a short ferry trip away, an easy weekend trip and a golf mecca with prices significantly cheaper than in Singapore. There are many other resorts around the main island of Bintan in private islands that can be booked as a unit for groups or individually", ". Hotels and shops are priced in Singapore or US dollars at similar prices you would pay in Singapore.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\nBintan Directory\n\n \nRiau Archipelago\nLandforms of the Riau Islands\nIslands of Sumatra" ]

[ "ASEAN, an abbreviation for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, is a political and economic union of 10 states in Southeast Asia. Together, its member states represent a population of over 600 million over a land area of . The bloc generated a purchasing power parity (PPP) gross domestic product (GDP) of around trillion in 2022, constituting approximately 6.5% of global GDP (PPP). ASEAN member states include some of the fastest growing economies in the world.", "The primary objectives as stated by the association are \"to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region\", and \"to promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries in the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter", ".\" The bloc has broadened its objectives beyond economic and social spheres, aiming to emulate the European Union by establishing a shared security regime.", "ASEAN engages with other supranational entities in the Asia-Pacific region and beyond: it is a major partner of the UN, SCO, PA, GCC, MERCOSUR, CELAC, and ECO, It hosts diplomatic missions throughout the world, maintaining a global network of relationships, and is considered by many to be a global powerhouse, and even the central forum for cooperation in the region. Its success has become the driving force of some of the largest trade blocs in history, including APEC and RCEP.\n\nHistory\n\nFounding", "The predecessor of ASEAN was the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), formed on 31 July 1961 and consisting of Thailand, the Philippines, and the Federation of Malaya. ASEAN itself was created on 8 August 1967, when the foreign ministers of five countries—", "Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand—signed the ASEAN Declaration. According to the Declaration, ASEAN aims to accelerate economic, social, and cultural development in the region, as well as promoting regional peace, to collaborate on matters of shared interest, and to promote Southeast Asian studies and maintain close cooperation with existing international organisations.", "The creation of ASEAN was initially motivated by the desire to contain communism, which had taken a foothold in mainland Asia after World War II, with the formation of communist governments in Korea, China, and Vietnam, accompanied by the a so-called communist \"emergency\" in British Malaya, and unrest in the recently decolonized Philippines.", "These events also encouraged the earlier formation of the South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), led by the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia, with several Southeast Asian partners in 1954 as an extension of \"containment\" policy, seeking to create an Eastern version of NATO", ". However, the local member states of ASEAN group achieved greater cohesion in the mid-1970s following a change in the balance of power after the fall of Saigon and the end of the Vietnam War in April 1975 and the decline of SEATO.", "ASEAN's first summit meeting, held in Bali, Indonesia, in 1976, resulted in an agreement on several industrial projects and the signing of a Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, and a Declaration of Concord. The end of the Cold War allowed ASEAN countries to exercise greater political independence in the region, and in the 1990s, ASEAN emerged as a leading voice on regional trade and security issues.", "On 15 December 1995, the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty was signed to turn Southeast Asia into a nuclear-weapon-free zone. The treaty took effect on 28 March 1997 after all but one of the member states had ratified it. It became fully effective on 21 June 2001 after the Philippines ratified it, effectively banning all nuclear weapons in the region.", "Expansion \nOn 7 January 1984, Brunei became ASEAN's sixth member and on 28 July 1995, following the end of the Cold War, Vietnam joined as the seventh member. Laos and Myanmar (formerly Burma) joined two years later on 23 July 1997. Cambodia was to join at the same time as Laos and Myanmar, but a coup in 1997 and other internal instability delayed its entry. It then joined on 30 April 1999 following the stabilization of its government.", "In 2006, ASEAN was given observer status at the United Nations General Assembly. In response, the organization awarded the status of \"dialogue partner\" to the UN.\n\nCommonality", "Commonality\n\nBesides their close geographic proximity, political scholars consider Southeast Asian nations a cultural crossroads between East Asia and South Asia, located at critical junctions of the South China Sea as well as the Indian Ocean, and as a result received much influence from Islamic and Persian influences prior to the European colonial ages.", "Since around 100 BCE, the Southeast Asian archipelago occupied a central position at the crossroads of the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea trading routes, which stimulated the economy and the influx of ideas. This included the introduction of abugida scripts to Southeast Asia as well as the Chinese script to Vietnam. Besides various indigenous scripts, various abugida Brahmic scripts were widespread in both continental and insular Southeast Asia", ". Historically, scripts such as Pallava, Kawi (from ancient Tamil script) and Rencong or Surat Ulu were used to write Old Malay, until they were replaced by Jawi during Islamic missionary missions in the Malay Archipelago.", "European colonialism influenced most ASEAN countries, including French Indochina (present-day Vietnam, Laos & Cambodia), British Burma, Malaya and Borneo (present-day Myanmar, Malaysia & Singapore, and Brunei), Dutch East Indies (present day Indonesia), Spanish East Indies (present-day Philippines and various other colonies), and Portuguese Timor (present-day Timor-Leste), with only Thailand (then Siam) not formed from a prior European colony", ". Siam served as a convenient buffer state, sandwiched between British Burma and French Indochina, but its kings had to contend with unequal treaties as well as British and French political interference and territorial losses after the Franco-Siamese War in 1893 and the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909. Under European colonization, Southeast Asian nations were introduced to European religions and technologies, as well as the Latin alphabet.", "The Japanese Empire, in the vein of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere concept, sought to unite and create a pan-Asian identity against Western colonial occupation, but Japan's alliance with the Axis powers in World War II soured relations between many colonies of Europe and the United States. Atomic bombings of Japan eventuated in decolonization movements throughout Southeast Asia, resulting in the independent ASEAN states of today.\n\nThe ASEAN Charter", "On 15 December 2008, the member states met in Jakarta to launch the charter signed in November 2007, to move closer to \"an EU-style community\". The charter formally established ASEAN as a legal entity, aiming to create a single trade bloc for a region encompassing 500 million people. Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono stated: \"This is a momentous development when ASEAN is consolidating, integrating, and transforming itself into a community", ". It is achieved while ASEAN seeks a more vigorous role in Asian and global affairs at a time when the international system is experiencing a seismic shift\". Referring to climate change and economic upheaval, he concluded: \"Southeast Asia is no longer the bitterly divided, war-torn region it was in the 1960s and 1970s\".", "The financial crisis of 2007–2008 was seen as a threat to the charter's goals, and also set forth the idea of a proposed human rights body to be discussed at a future summit in February 2009. This proposition caused controversy, as the body would not have the power to impose sanctions or punish countries which violated citizens' rights and would, therefore, be limited in effectiveness. The body was established later in 2009 as the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR).", "In November 2012, the commission adopted the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration. However, their human rights declaration has been critiqued widely by the international community, with the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights stating that the declaration was worded in problematic ways that do not easily align with international norms. Likewise, the Human Rights Watch in the United States noted several important fundamental rights were omitted or not clearly established.", "The ASEAN chair is a rotating position, currently held by Indonesia; Laos is set to take over the chair in 2024. Recent ASEAN chairs are as follows:\n\nPublic health \nIn response to pandemics, ASEAN has coordinated with ASEAN+3 and other actors to create a regional public health response.", "SARS outbreak", "During the SARS outbreak, ASEAN and ASEAN+3 worked together to devise a response to the outbreak. Immediate and short-to-medium term measures were devised. The parties agreed to enhance sharing of best practices against the disease while also agreeing to bolster collaboration between their respective health authorities and harmonize travel procedures to ensure that proper health screening would occur. In addition, China offered to contribute $1", ". In addition, China offered to contribute $1.2 million to the ASEAN SARS fund, made both to show that it was willing to cooperate with the rest of the region and make amends for its withholding of information during the initial stages of the outbreak.", "H1N1 pandemic \nASEAN held a special meeting between ASEAN and ASEAN+3 health ministers on May 8, 2009, on responding to the H1N1 pandemic. At this meeting, it was agreed that hotlines would be established between public health authorities, joint response teams would be formed, and ongoing research efforts would be bolstered.", "Myanmar crisis \nSince 2017, political, military and ethnic affairs in Myanmar have posed unusual challenges for ASEAN, creating precedent-breaking situations and threatening the traditions and unity of the group, and its global standing—with ASEAN responses indicating possible fundamental change in the nature of the organization.\n\nRohingya genocide", "Rohingya genocide \n\nThe Rohingya genocide erupting in Myanmar in August 2017—killing thousands of Rohingya people in Myanmar, driving most into neighboring Bangladesh, and continuing for months—created a global outcry demanding ASEAN take action against the civilian-military coalition government of Myanmar, which had long discriminated against the Rohingya, and had launched the 2017 attacks upon them.", "As the Rohingya were predominantly Muslim (in Buddhist-dominated Myanmar), and the ethnic cleansing was framed in religious terms, other largely-Muslim ASEAN nations (particularly Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, and Brunei) objected, some strongly—and also objected to the burden of Rohingya refugees arriving on their shores (as did ASEAN neighbors Buddhist-dominated Thailand and Muslim-dominated observer-nation Bangladesh.", "Myanmar's civilian leader, Aung San Suu Kyi, also reportedly asked ASEAN for help with the Rohingya crisis, in March 2018, but was rebuffed by ASEAN's chair, who said it was an \"internal matter.\"\n\nASEAN had a longstanding firm policy of \"non-interference in the internal affairs of member nations,\" and was reluctant, as an organization, to take sides in the conflict, or act materially.", "Internal and international pressure mounted for ASEAN to take a firmer stance on the Rohingya crisis, and by late 2018, the group's global credibility was threatened by its inaction.\n\nIn response, ASEAN began to put pressure on Myanmar to be less hostile to the Rohingya, and to hold accountable those responsible for atrocities against them.", "However ASEAN's positions on the issue largely divided on religious lines, with Muslim nations siding more with the Rohingya, while Buddhist nations initially sided more with Myanmar's government, threatening a sectarian division of ASEAN. Authoritarian ASEAN nations, too (mostly Buddhist), were less enthusiastic than democratic ASEAN nations (mostly Muslim), about holding Myanmar officials accountable for crimes against their Rohingya minority.", "But, by late-2018, most ASEAN nations had begun to advocate for a more forceful ASEAN response to the Rohingya crisis, and a harder line against Myanmar—breaking with the group's traditional policy of \"non-interference\" in members' \"internal affairs\"—a break emphasized by the Rohingya crisis being formally placed on the December 2018 ASEAN summit agenda.", "In early 2019, Bangladesh suggested that Myanmar create a safe haven for the Rohingya within its borders, under ASEAN supervision (later expanding that idea to include India, China and Japan among the supervisors).\n\nIn mid-2019, ASEAN was heavily criticized by human rights organizations for a report, which ASEAN commissioned, which turned out to praise Myanmar's work on Rohingya repatriation, while glossing over atrocities and abuses against the Rohingya.", "The June 2019 ASEAN summit was shaken by the Malaysian foreign minister's declaration that persons responsible for the abuses of the Rohingya be prosecuted and punished—conduct unusually undiplomatic at ASEAN summits", ". ASEAN pressed Myanmar for a firm timeline for the repatriation of Rohingya refugees who fled Myanmar—pressuring Myanmar to provide \"safety and security for all communities in Rakhine State as effectively as possible and facilitate the voluntary return of displaced persons in a safe, secure and dignified manner.\"", "In August 2019, the annual ASEAN Foreign Ministers' meeting concluded with a joint communique calling on Myanmar's government to guarantee the safety of all Rohingya—both in Myanmar and in exile—and pushed for more dialogue with the refugees about their repatriation to Myanmar. But later that month ASEAN's Inter-Parliamentary Assembly (AIPA) supported Myanmar's \"efforts\" on repatriation, with aid, restraining some members' desire for more intrusive proposals.", "By January 2020, ASEAN had made little progress to prepare safe conditions for the Rohingyas' return to Myanmar.\n\n2021 Myanmar coup", "2021 Myanmar coup \n\nOn 1 February 2021, the day before a newly elected slate of civilian leaders was to take office in Myanmar, a military junta overthrew Myanmar's civilian government in a coup d'etat, declaring a national state of emergency, imposing martial law, arresting elected civilian leaders, violently clamping down on dissent, and replacing civilian government with the military's appointees.", "Widespread protests and resistance erupted, and elements of the civilian leadership formed an underground \"National Unity Government\" (NUG). Global opposition to the coup emerged, and global pressure was brought on ASEAN to take action.\n\nInitially, ASEAN remained detached from the controversy, though Muslim-dominated members (mostly democracies, already vocal against the Rohingya genocide) expressed strong objection to the coup, while the mostly-Buddhist authoritarian members of ASEAN remained quiet.", "In April 2021, in the first-ever ASEAN summit called to deal primarily with a domestic crisis in a member state, ASEAN leaders met with Myanmar's coup leader, Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, and agreed to a five-point consensus solution to the crisis in Myanmar:\nThe immediate cessation of violence in Myanmar;\nConstructive dialogue among all parties concerned... to seek a peaceful solution in the interests of the people;", "Mediation facilitated by an envoy of ASEAN's Chair, with the assistance of ASEAN's Secretary-General;\nHumanitarian assistance provided by ASEAN through its AHA Centre; and\nA visit to Myanmar, by the special envoy and delegation, to meet with all parties concerned.", "The ASEAN agreement with Myanmar drew strong criticism from over 150 human rights organizations for its lax approach, yet the Myanmar junta did not comply with any of the points of the plan.", "On 18 June 2021, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) — in a rare move, with a nearly unanimous resolution — condemned Myanmar's coup, and called for an arms embargo against the country. The UNGA consulted with ASEAN and integrated most of ASEAN's 5-point consensus into the resolution (adding demands that the junta release all political prisoners)", ". But, while Communist Vietnam voted \"yes,\" along with the ASEAN democracies (Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines), most authoritarian ASEAN states (Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Brunei) abstained.", "In October 2021, despite its consensus agreement with ASEAN, Myanmar's junta refused to allow ASEAN representatives to speak with Myanmar's deposed and imprisoned civilian leader Aung San Suu Kyi.", "Following lobbying by the United Nations, United States, European Union, United Kingdom, and other nations, ASEAN declined to invite Myanmar's Gen. Hlaing to represent Myanmar at ASEAN's October 2021 summit — the first time in ASEAN's history that it did not invite a political leader from a member nation to one of its summits", ". Nor did ASEAN invite a representative of Myanmar's underground National Unity Government, saying it would consider inviting a non-political representative of the country, instead, (though none was actually invited).", "The unusual ASEAN action was widely seen as a major setback for the Myanmar junta's attempt to achieve global recognition as the legitimate government of Myanmar, and a sign of broader change in the behavior and role of ASEAN.\n\nMember states\n\nList of member states", "Member states\n\nList of member states\n\nObservers\n \nThere are currently two states seeking accession to ASEAN: Papua New Guinea and East Timor. \nAccession of Papua New Guinea to ASEAN (observer status since 1976) \nAccession of East Timor to ASEAN (since 2002, observer status since 2022)\n\nDemographics", "Demographics \n\n, the population of the ASEAN was about 655 million people (8.5% of the world population). In 2019, 55.2 million children were age 0-4 and 46.3 million were older than 65 in the ASEAN. This corresponds to 8.4% and 7.1% of the total ASEAN population. The region's population growth is 1.1% per year with Thailand being the smallest at 0.2% per year, and Cambodia being the largest at 1.9% per year. ASEAN's sex ratio is 99.6, with 326.4 million males and 327.8 million females.\n\nUrban", "Urban\n\nAn urban area, built-up area or urban agglomeration is a human settlement with a high population density and an infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas originate through urbanization, and researchers categorize them as cities, towns, conurbations or suburbs. The 20 largest metropolitan areas within ASEAN are as follows.", "The ASEAN Way", "The \"ASEAN Way\" refers to a methodology or approach to solving issues that respect Southeast Asia's cultural norms. Masilamani and Peterson summarise it as \"a working process or style that is informal and personal. Policymakers constantly utilise compromise, consensus, and consultation in the informal decision-making process... it above all prioritises a consensus-based, non-conflictual way of addressing problems", "... it above all prioritises a consensus-based, non-conflictual way of addressing problems. Quiet diplomacy allows ASEAN leaders to communicate without bringing the discussions into the public view. Members avoid the embarrassment that may lead to further conflict.\" It has been said that the merits of the ASEAN Way might \"be usefully applied to global conflict management\".", "However, critics have argued that such an approach can be only applied to Asian countries, to specific cultural norms and understandings notably, due to a difference in mindset and level of tension.", "Critics object, claiming that the ASEAN Way's emphasis on consultation, consensus, and non-interference forces the organization to adopt only those policies which satisfy the lowest common denominator. Decision-making by consensus requires members to see eye-to-eye before ASEAN can move forward on an issue. Members may not have a common conception of the meaning of the ASEAN Way. Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos emphasize non-interference while older member countries focus on co-operation and co-ordination", ". These differences hinder efforts to find common solutions to particular issues, but also make it difficult to determine when collective action is appropriate in a given situation.", "Structure", "Beginning in 1997, heads of each member state adopted the ASEAN Vision 2020 during the group's 30th anniversary meeting held in Kuala Lumpur. As a means for the realization of a single ASEAN community, this vision provides provisions on peace and stability, a nuclear-free region, closer economic integration, human development, sustainable development, cultural heritage, being a drug-free region, environment among others", ". The vision also aimed to \"see an outward-looking ASEAN playing a pivotal role in the international fora, and advancing ASEAN's common interests\".", "ASEAN Vision 2020 was formalized and made comprehensive through the Bali Concord II in 2003. Three major pillars of a single ASEAN community were established: Political-Security Community (APSC), Economic Community (AEC) and Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC). To fully embody the three pillars as part of the 2015 integration, blueprints for APSC and ASCC were subsequently adopted in 2009 in Cha-am, Thailand", ". The ASEAN Community, initially planned to commence by 2020, was accelerated to begin by 31 December 2015. It was decided during the 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu in 2007.", "At the 23rd ASEAN Summit in November 2013, leaders decided to develop a post-2015 Vision and created the High-Level Task Force (HLTF) that consists of ten high-level representatives from all member states. The Vision was adopted at the 27th Summit in November 2015 in Kuala Lumpur. The ASEAN community would revise and renew its vision every ten years to provide a framework for continuous development and further integration.", "The terms in the post-2015 Vision are divided into four subcategories, namely APSC, AEC, ASCC, and Moving Forward. APSC issues are covered under articles 7 and 8. The former generally states the community's overall aspiration to aim for a united, inclusive and resilient community. It also puts human and environmental security as crucial points. Deepening engagement with both internal and external parties are also stressed to contribute to international peace, security and stability", ". The \"Moving Forward\" subcategory implies the acknowledgement of weaknesses of the institution's capacity to process and coordinate ASEAN work. Strengthening ASEAN Secretariat and other ASEAN organs and bodies is therefore desired. There is also a call for a higher level of ASEAN institutional presence at the national, regional and international levels.", "Additionally, ASEAN institutional weakness has been further amplified by the ineffectiveness of its initiatives in fighting against COVID-19. ASEAN has been making painstaking efforts to combat the pandemic by establishing both intra and extra-regional ad hoc agencies such as theASEAN-China Ad-Hoc Health Ministers Joint Task Force, the Special ASEAN Summit on the COVID-19, COVID-19 ASEAN Response Fund, and the Special ASEAN Plus Three Summit on COVID-19", ". These mechanisms aim to facilitate senior discussions among regional actors on how to contain the pandemic's spread and reduce its negative impacts. However, their practical implementations are still insignificant when the cooperation among member states is insubstantial, as illustrated by the polarization of their COVID-19 policies and the high number of cases and deaths in the region.", "AEC Blueprint", "The AEC aims to \"implement economic integration initiatives\" to create a single market for member states. The blueprint that serves as a comprehensive guide for the establishment of the community was adopted on 20 November 2007 at the 13th ASEAN Summit in Singapore. Its characteristics include a single market and production base, a highly competitive economic region, a region of fair economic development, and a region fully integrated into the global economy", ". The areas of cooperation include human resources development, recognition of professional qualifications, closer consultation economic policies, enhanced infrastructure and communications connectivity, integrating industries for regional sourcing, and strengthening private sector involvement. Through the free movement of skilled labor, goods, services and investment, ASEAN would rise globally as one market, thus increasing its competitiveness and opportunities for development.", "APSC Blueprint", "During the 14th ASEAN Summit, the group adopted the APSC Blueprint. This document is aimed at creating a robust political-security environment within ASEAN, with programs and activities outlined to establish the APSC by 2016. It is based on the ASEAN Charter, the ASEAN Security Community Plan of Action, and the Vientiane Action Program. The APSC aims to create a sense of responsibility toward comprehensive security and a dynamic, outward-looking region in an increasingly integrated and interdependent world", ".", "The ASEAN Defense Industry Collaboration (ADIC) was proposed at the 4th ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting (ADMM) on 11 May 2010 in Hanoi. It has the purpose, among others, to reduce defense imports from non-ASEAN countries by half and to further develop the defense industry in the region. It was formally adopted on the next ADMM on 19 May 2011, in Jakarta, Indonesia", ". It was formally adopted on the next ADMM on 19 May 2011, in Jakarta, Indonesia. The main focus is to industrially and technologically boost the security capability of ASEAN, consistent with the principles of flexibility and non-binding and voluntary participation among the member states", ". The concept revolves around education and capability-building programs to develop the skills and capabilities of the workforce, production of capital for defense products, and the provision of numerous services to address the security needs of each member state. It also aims to develop an intra-ASEAN defense trade. ADIC aims to establish a strong defense industry relying on the local capabilities of each member state and limit annual procurement from external original equipment manufacturers (OEMs)", ". Countries like the US, Germany, Russia, France, Italy, UK, China, South Korea, Israel, and the Netherlands are among the major suppliers to ASEAN. ASEAN defense budget rose by 147% from 2004 to 2013 and is expected to rise further in the future. Factors affecting the increase include economic growth, ageing equipment, and the plan to strengthen the establishment of the defense industry", ". ASEANAPOL is also established to enhance cooperation on law enforcement and crime control among police forces of member states.", "However, the unequal level of capabilities among the member states in the defense industry and the lack of established defense trade pose challenges. Before the adoption of the ADIC concept, the status of the defense industry base in each of the member states was at a different level. Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand are among the top member states with an established defense industry base, but they possess different levels of capacity", ". The remaining member states have yet to develop and enhance their capabilities. Indonesia and Singapore are among the most competitive players; the former is the only one recognized as one of the top 100 global defense suppliers from between 2010 and 2013. ASEAN member states purchase virtually no defense products from within ASEAN. Singapore purchases products from Germany, France, and Israel. Malaysia purchased only 0.49% from ASEAN, Indonesia 0.1%, and Thailand 8.02%.", "The ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism (ACCT) serves as a framework for regional cooperation to counter, prevent, and suppress terrorism and deepen counter-terrorism cooperation. It was signed by ASEAN leaders in 2007. On 28 April 2011, Brunei ratified the convention and a month later, the convention came into force. Malaysia became the tenth member state to ratify ACCT on 11 January 2013.", "ASCC Blueprint", "The ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) was also adopted during the 14th ASEAN Summit. It envisions an \"ASEAN Community that is people-centered and socially responsible with a view to achieving enduring solidarity and unity among the countries and peoples of ASEAN by forging a common identity and building a caring and sharing society which is inclusive and harmonious where the well-being, livelihood, and welfare of the peoples are enhanced\"", ". Among its focus areas include human development, social welfare and protection, social justice and rights, environmental sustainability, building the ASEAN identity, and narrowing the development gap.", "To track the progress of the AEC, a compliance tool called the AEC Scorecard was developed based on the EU Internal Market Scorecard. It is the only one in effect and is expected to serve as an unbiased assessment tool to measure the extent of integration and the economic health of the region. It is expected to provide relevant information about regional priorities, and thus foster productive, inclusive, and sustainable growth", ". It makes it possible to monitor the implementation of ASEAN agreements, and the achievement of milestones indicated in the AEC Strategic Schedule. The scorecard outlines specific actions that must be undertaken collectively and individually to establish AEC by 2015. To date, two official scorecards have been published, one in 2010, and the other in 2012. However, the scorecard is purely quantitative, as it only examines whether a member state has performed the AEC task or not", ". The more \"yes\" answers, the higher the score.", "While Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand have eliminated 99.65% of their tariff lines, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam have decreased tariffs on 98.86% of their lines to the 0-5% tariff range in 2010, and are projected to eliminate tariffs on these goods by 2015, with the ability to do so for a few import duty lines until 2018", ". A recent study by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited has projected that five of the top fifteen manufacturing locations in the world will be in ASEAN by 2018. Furthermore, by 2050, ASEAN is expected to be the fourth-largest economy in the world (after the European Union, the US, and China).", "The AEC envisions the free flow of overseas labor. However, receiving countries may require would-be workers to take licensing examinations in those countries regardless of whether or not the worker has a professional license from their home country. Singapore is a major destination for skilled migrants from other ASEAN countries, mostly from Malaysia and the Philippines. Total employment there doubled between 1992 and 2008 from 1", ". Total employment there doubled between 1992 and 2008 from 1.5 million to three million, and the number of foreign workers almost tripled, from fewer than 400,000 to nearly 1.1 million. High-skilled foreign talents (customer service, nursing, engineering, IT) earn at least several thousand US dollars a month and with a credential (usually a college degree) receive employment passes", ". In recent years, Singapore has been slowly cutting down the number of foreign workers to challenge companies to upgrade their hiring criteria and offer more jobs to local residents.", "Narrowing the Development Gap (NDG) is the framework for addressing disparities among, and within, member states where pockets of underdevelopment exist. Under NDG, ASEAN has continued to coordinate closely with other sub-regional cooperation frameworks (e.g", ".g., BIMP-EAGA, IMT-GT, GMS, Mekong programs), viewing them as \"equal partners in the development of regional production and distribution networks\" in the AEC, and as a platform to \"mainstream social development issues in developing and implementing projects\" in the context of the ASCC.", "The six-year Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) Work Plans have been developed to assist Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, as well as other sub-regions to ensure quick growth. The First IAI Work Plan was implemented from 2002 to 2008", ". The First IAI Work Plan was implemented from 2002 to 2008. The second plan (2009-2015) supports the goals of the ASEAN Community and is composed of 182 prescribed actions, which includes studies, training programs, and policy implementation support, conducted through projects supported by older ASEAN member states, and ASEAN's Dialogue partners and external parties. The IAI Work Plan is patterned after and supports the key program areas in the three ASEAN Community Blueprints: ASPC, AEC, and ASCC", ". The IAI Task Force, composed of representatives of the Committee of Permanent Representatives and its working group from all member states, is in charge of providing general advice and policy guidelines and directions in the design and implementation of the plan. All member states are represented in the IAI Task Force, chaired by representatives of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam", ". The ASEAN Secretariat, in particular through the IAI and NDG Division, supports the implementation and management of the IAI Work Plan and coordinates activities related to sub-regional frameworks. The division works closely with the Dialogue Partners, and international agencies, to develop strategies and programs to assist in promoting and implementing IAI and NDG activities in ASEAN.", "ASEAN's planned integration has challenged its citizens to embrace a regional identity. It delivers a challenge to construct dynamic institutions and foster sufficient amount of social capital. The underlying assumption is that the creation of a regional identity is of special interest to ASEAN and the intent of the 2020 Vision policy document was to reassert the belief in a regional framework designed as an action plan related to human development and civic empowerment", ". Accordingly, these assumptions will be the basis for recommendations and strategies in developing a participatory regional identity.", "APAEC blueprint \nPart of the work towards the ASEAN Economic Community is the integration of the energy systems of the ASEAN member states. The blueprint for this integration is provided by the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC). APAEC is managed by the ASEAN Center for Energy.", "2020 ASEAN Banking Integration Framework", "As trade is liberalized with the integration in 2015, the need arises for ASEAN banking institutions to accommodate and expand their services to an intra-ASEAN market. Experts, however, have already forecast a shaky economic transition, especially for smaller players in the banking and financial services industry. Two separate reports by Standard & Poor's (S&P) outline the challenges that ASEAN financial institutions face as they prepare for the 2020 banking integration", ". The reports point out that overcrowded banking sector in the Philippines is expected to feel the most pressure as the integration welcomes tighter competition with bigger and more established foreign banks. As a result, there needs to be a regional expansion by countries with a small banking sector to lessen the impact of the post-integration environment", ". In a follow-up report, S&P recently cited the Philippines for \"shoring up its network bases and building up capital ahead of the banking integration – playing defense and strengthening their domestic networks\".", "Financial integration roadmap", "The roadmap for financial integration is the latest regional initiative that aims to strengthen local self-help and support mechanisms. The roadmap's implementation would contribute to the realization of the AEC. Adoption of a common currency, when conditions are ripe, could be the final stage of the AEC. The roadmap identifies approaches and milestones in capital market development, capital account and financial services liberalization, and ASEAN currency cooperation", ". Capital market development entails promoting institutional capacity as well as the facilitation of greater cross-border collaboration, linkages, and harmonization between capital markets. Orderly capital account liberalization would be promoted with adequate safeguards against volatility and systemic risks. To expedite the process of financial services liberalization, ASEAN has agreed on a positive list modality and adopted milestones to facilitate negotiations", ". Currency cooperation would involve the exploration of possible currency arrangements, including an ASEAN currency payment system for trade in local goods to reduce the demand for US dollars and to help promote stability of regional currencies, such as by settling intra-ASEAN trade using regional currencies.", "In regards to a common currency, ASEAN leaders agreed in November 1999 to create the establishment of currency swaps and repurchase agreements as a credit line against future financial shocks. In May 2000, ASEAN finance ministers agreed to plan for closer cooperation through the Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI). The CMI has two components, an expanded ASEAN Swap Arrangement (ASA), and a network of bilateral swap arrangements among the ASEAN Plus Three", ". The ASA preceded the 1997 Asian financial crisis and was originally established by the monetary authorities of the five founding member states to help meet temporary liquidity problems. The ASA now includes all ten member states with an expanded facility of US$1 billion", ". The ASA now includes all ten member states with an expanded facility of US$1 billion. In recognition of the economic interdependence of East Asia, which has combined foreign exchange reserves amounting to about US$1 trillion, a network of bilateral swap arrangements and repurchase agreements among the ASEAN Plus Three has been agreed upon. The supplementary facility aims to provide temporary financing for member states with balance-of-payments difficulties", ". In 2009, 16 bilateral swap arrangements (BSAs) were concluded with a combined amount of about US$35.5 billion. The CMI was signed on 9 December 2009 and took effect on 20 March 2014 while the amended version, the multilateralization of CMI (CMIM), was on 17 July 2014. The CMIM is a multilateral currency swap arrangement governed by a single contractual agreement", ". The CMIM is a multilateral currency swap arrangement governed by a single contractual agreement. In addition, an independent regional surveillance unit called the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic and Research Office (AMRO) was established to monitor and analyze economies and to support the CMIM decision-making process. The amendments would allow access for the auction of a crisis prevention facility", ". The amendments would allow access for the auction of a crisis prevention facility. These amendments are expected to fortify CMIM as the region's financial safety net in the event of any potential or actual liquidity difficulty.", "During peacetime, the AMRO would conduct annual consultations with individual member economies and prepare quarterly-consolidated reports on the macroeconomic assessment of the ASEAN+3 region and individual member countries. In a time of crisis, the AMRO would prepare recommendations on any swap request based on macroeconomic analysis of a member state and monitor the use and impact of funds once an application is approved", ". AMRO was officially incorporated as a company limited by guarantee in Singapore on 20 April 2011. Governance of AMRO is being exercised by the executive committee (EC) and its operational direction by the Advisory Panel (AP). AMRO is currently headed by Dr Yoichi Nemoto of Japan, who is serving his second two-year term until 26 May 2016.", "Food security\nMember states recognize the importance of strengthening food security to maintain stability and prosperity in the region. As ASEAN moves towards AEC and beyond, food security would be an integral part of the community-building agenda. Strengthened food security is even more relevant in light of potentially severe risks from climate change with agriculture and fisheries being the most affected industries.", "Part of the aim of ASEAN integration is to achieve food security collectively via trade in rice and maize. Trade facilitation measures and the harmonization/equivalency of food regulation and control standards would reduce the cost of trade in food products. While specialization and revealed comparative and competitive indices point to complementarities between trade patterns among the member states, intra-ASEAN trade in agriculture is quite small, something that integration could address", ". The MARKET project would provide flexible and demand-driven support to the ASEAN Secretariat while bringing more private-sector and civil-society input into regional agriculture policy dialogue. By building an environment that reduces barriers to trade, ASEAN trade would increase, thereby decreasing the risk of food price crisis.", "Economy", "The group sought economic integration by creating the AEC by the end of 2015 that established a single market. The average economic growth of member states from 1989 to 2009 was between 3.8% and 7%. This was greater than the average growth of APEC, which was 2.8%. The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), established on 28 January 1992, includes a Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) to promote the free flow of goods between member states. ASEAN had only six members when it was signed", ". ASEAN had only six members when it was signed. The new member states (Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia) have not fully met AFTA's obligations, but are officially considered part of the agreement as they were required to sign it upon entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames to meet AFTA's tariff reduction obligations", ". The next steps are to create a single market and production base, a competitive economic region, a region of equitable economic development, and a region that is fully integrated into the global economy. Since 2007, ASEAN countries have gradually lowered their import duties to member states, with a target of zero import duties by 2016.", "ASEAN countries have many economic zones (industrial parks, eco-industrial parks, special economic zones, technology parks, and innovation districts) (see reference for comprehensive list from 2015).\nIn 2018, eight of the ASEAN members are among the world's outperforming economies, with positive long-term prospect for the region. ASEAN's Secretariat projects that the regional body will grow to become the world's fourth largest economy by 2030.", "The ASEAN Centre for Energy publishes the ASEAN Energy Outlook every five years, analysing and promoting the integration of national energy systems across the region. The sixth edition was published in 2020.", "Internal market\nASEAN planned to establish a single market based upon the four freedoms by the end of 2015, with the goal of ensuring free flow of goods, services, skilled labour, and capital. The ASEAN Economic Community was formed in 2015, but the group deferred about 20% of the harmonization provisions needed to create a common market and set a new deadline of 2025.", "Until the end of 2010, intra-ASEAN trade was still low as trade involved mainly exports to countries outside the region, with the exception of Laos and Myanmar, whose foreign trade was ASEAN-oriented. In 2009, realised foreign direct investment (FDI) was US$37.9 billion and increased two-fold in 2010 to US$75.8 billion. 22% of FDI came from the European Union, followed by ASEAN countries (16%), and by Japan and the United States.", "The ASEAN Framework Agreement on Trade in Services (AFAS) was adopted at the ASEAN Summit in Bangkok in December 1995. Under the agreement, member states enter into successive rounds of negotiations to liberalise trade in services with the aim of submitting increasingly higher levels of commitment. ASEAN has concluded seven packages of commitments under AFAS.", "Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs) have been agreed upon by ASEAN for eight professions: physicians, dentists, nurses, architects, engineers, accountants, surveyors, and tourism professionals. Individuals in these professions will be free to work in any ASEAN states effective 31 December 2015.", "In addition, six member states (Malaysia, Vietnam (2 exchanges), Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Singapore) have collaborated on integrating their stock exchanges, which includes 70% of its transaction values with the goal to compete with international exchanges.", "Single market will also include the ASEAN Single Aviation Market (ASEAN-SAM), the region's aviation policy geared towards the development of a unified and single aviation market in Southeast Asia. It was proposed by the ASEAN Air Transport Working Group, supported by the ASEAN Senior Transport Officials Meeting, and endorsed by the ASEAN Transport Ministers", ". It is expected to liberalise air travel between member states allowing ASEAN airlines to benefit directly from the growth in air travel, and also free up tourism, trade, investment, and service flows. Since 1 December 2008, restrictions on the third and fourth freedoms of the air between capital cities of member states for air passenger services have been removed, while from 1 January 2009, full liberalisation of air freight services in the region took effect", ". On 1 January 2011, full liberalisation on fifth freedom traffic rights between all capital cities took effect. This policy supersedes existing unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral air services agreements among member states which are inconsistent with its provisions.", "Monetary union", "The concept of an Asian Currency Unit (ACU) started in the middle of the 1990s, prior to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. It is a proposed basket of Asian currencies, similar to the European Currency Unit, which was the precursor of the Euro. The Asian Development Bank is responsible for exploring the feasibility and construction of the basket. Since the ACU is being considered to be a precursor to a common currency, it has a dynamic outlook of the region", ". The overall goal of a common currency is to contribute to the financial stability of a regional economy, including price stability. It means lower cost of cross-border business through the elimination of currency risk. Greater flows of intra-trade would put pressure on prices, resulting in cheaper goods and services", ". Greater flows of intra-trade would put pressure on prices, resulting in cheaper goods and services. Individuals benefit not only from the lowering of prices, they save by not having to change money when travelling, by being able to compare prices more readily, and by the reduced cost of transferring money across borders.", "However, there are conditions for a common currency: the intensity of intra-regional trade and the convergence of macroeconomic conditions. Substantial intra-ASEAN trade (which is growing, partly as a result of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and the ASEAN Economic Community.) and economic integration is an incentive for a monetary union. Member states currently trade more with other countries (80%) than among themselves (20%)", ". Member states currently trade more with other countries (80%) than among themselves (20%). Therefore, their economies are more concerned about currency stability against major international currencies, like the US dollar. On macroeconomic conditions, member states have different levels of economic development, capacity, and priorities that translate into different levels of interest and readiness", ". Monetary integration, however, implies less control over national monetary and fiscal policy to stimulate the economy. Therefore, greater convergence in macroeconomic conditions is being enacted to improve conditions and confidence in a common currency", ". Other concerns include weaknesses in the financial sectors, inadequacy of regional-level resource pooling mechanisms and institutions required to form and manage a currency union, and lack of political preconditions for monetary co-operation and a common currency.", "Free trade\n\nIn 1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme was adopted as a schedule for phasing out tariffs to increase the \"region's competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market\". This law would act as the framework for the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), which is an agreement by member states concerning local manufacturing in ASEAN. It was signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore.", "Free trade initiatives in ASEAN are spearheaded by the implementation of the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) and the Agreement on Customs. These agreements are supported by several sector bodies to plan and to execute free trade measures, guided by the provisions and the requirements of ATIGA and the Agreement on Customs. They form a backbone for achieving targets of the AEC Blueprint and establishing the ASEAN Economic Community by the end of 2015.", "On 26 August 2007, ASEAN stated its aim of completing free trade agreements (FTA) with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, and New Zealand by 2013, which is in line with the start of the ASEAN Economic Community by 2015. In November 2007, ASEAN states signed the ASEAN Charter, a constitution governing relations among member states and establishing the group itself as an international legal entity", ". During the same year, the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security was signed by ASEAN and the other members of the EAS (Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea), which pursues energy security by finding energy alternatives to fossil fuels.", "On 27 February 2009, an FTA with Australia and New Zealand was signed. It is believed that this FTA would boost combined GDP across the 12 countries by more than US$48 billion over the period between 2000 and 2020. The agreement with China created the ASEAN–China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), which went into full effect on 1 January 2010. In addition, ASEAN was noted to be negotiating an FTA with the European Union", ". In addition, ASEAN was noted to be negotiating an FTA with the European Union. Bilateral trade with India crossed the US$70 billion target in 2012 (target was to reach the level by 2015). Taiwan has also expressed interest in an agreement with ASEAN but needs to overcome diplomatic objections from China.", "ASEAN, together with its six major trading partners (Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea), began the first round of negotiations on 26–28 February 2013, in Bali, Indonesia on the establishment of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), which is an extension of ASEAN Plus Three and Six that covers 45% of the world's population and about a third of the world's total GDP.", "In 2017, ASEAN and Canada initiated exploratory discussions for an ASEAN-Canada free trade agreement.\n\nIn 2019, Reuters highlighted a mechanism used by traders to avoid the 70% tariff on ethanol imported into China from the United States, involving importing the fuel into Malaysia, mixing it with at least 40% ASEAN-produced fuel, and re-exporting it to China tariff-free under ACFTA rules.", "Electricity trade \nCross-border electricity trade in ASEAN has been limited, despite efforts since 1997 to establish an ASEAN Power Grid and associated trade. Electricity trade accounts for only about 5% of the generation, whereas trades in coal and gas are 86% and 53% respectively.\n\nTourism", "With the institutionalisation of visa-free travel between ASEAN member states, intra-ASEAN travel has escalated. In 2010, 47% or 34 million out of 73 million tourists in ASEAN member-states were from other ASEAN countries. Cooperation in tourism was formalised in 1976, following the formation of the Sub-Committee on Tourism (SCOT) under the ASEAN Committee on Trade and Tourism. The 1st ASEAN Tourism Forum was held on 18–26 October 1981 in Kuala Lumpur", ". The 1st ASEAN Tourism Forum was held on 18–26 October 1981 in Kuala Lumpur. In 1986, ASEAN Promotional Chapters for Tourism (APCT) were established in Hong Kong, West Germany, the United Kingdom, Australia/New Zealand, Japan, and North America.", "Tourism has been one of the key growth sectors in ASEAN and has proven resilient amid global economic challenges. The wide array of tourist attractions across the region drew 109 million tourists to ASEAN in 2015, up by 34% compared to 81 million tourists in 2011. As of 2012, tourism was estimated to account for 4.6% of ASEAN GDP—10.9% when taking into account all indirect contributions. It directly employed 9.3 million people, or 3.2% of total employment, and indirectly supported some 25 million jobs", ".3 million people, or 3.2% of total employment, and indirectly supported some 25 million jobs. In addition, the sector accounted for an estimated 8% of total capital investment in the region. In January 2012, ASEAN tourism ministers called for the development of a marketing strategy. The strategy represents the consensus of ASEAN National Tourism Organisations (NTOs) on marketing directions for ASEAN moving forward to 2015", ". In the 2013 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) report, Singapore placed 1st, Malaysia placed 8th, Thailand placed 9th, Indonesia placed 12th, Brunei placed 13th, Vietnam placed 16th, Philippines placed 17th, and Cambodia placed 20th as the top destinations of travellers in the Asia Pacific region.", "1981 The ASEAN Tourism Forum (ATF) was established. It is a regional meeting of NGOs, Ministers, sellers, buyers and journalists to promote the ASEAN countries as a single one tourist destination. The annual event 2019 in Ha Long marks the 38th anniversary and involves all the tourism industry sectors of the 10 member states of ASEAN: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. It was organized by TTG Events from Singapore.", "Foreign relations", "ASEAN maintains a global network of alliances, dialogue partners and diplomatic missions, and is involved in numerous international affairs. The organisation maintains good relationships on an international scale, particularly towards Asia-Pacific nations, and upholds itself as a neutral party in politics", ". It holds ASEAN Summits, where heads of government of each member states meet to discuss and resolve regional issues, as well as to conduct other meetings with countries outside the bloc to promote external relations and deal with international affairs. The first summit was held in Bali in 1976. The third summit was in Manila in 1987, and during this meeting, it was decided that the leaders would meet every five years", ". The fourth meeting was held in Singapore in 1992 where the leaders decided to meet more frequently, every three years. In 2001, it was decided that the organisation will meet annually to address urgent issues affecting the region. In December 2008, the ASEAN Charter came into force and with it, the ASEAN Summit will be held twice a year", ". The formal summit meets for three days, and usually includes internal organisation meeting, a conference with foreign ministers of the ASEAN Regional Forum, an ASEAN Plus Three meeting and ASEAN-CER, a meeting of member states with Australia and New Zealand.", "ASEAN is a major partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, developing cooperation model with the organisation in the field of security, economy, finance, tourism, culture, environmental protection, development and sustainability", ". Additionally, the grouping has been closely aligned with China, cooperating across numerous areas, including economy, security, education, culture, technology, agriculture, human resource, society, development, investment, energy, transport, public health, tourism, media, environment, and sustainability. It is also the linchpin in the foreign policy of Australia and New Zealand, with the three sides being integrated into an essential alliance.", "ASEAN also participates in the East Asia Summit (EAS), a pan-Asian forum held annually by the leaders of eighteen countries in the East Asian region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. Initially, membership included all member states of ASEAN plus China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, and New Zealand, but was expanded to include the United States and Russia at the Sixth EAS in 2011", ". The first summit was held in Kuala Lumpur on 14 December 2005, and subsequent meetings have been held after the annual ASEAN Leaders' Meeting. The summit has discussed issues including trade, energy, and security and the summit has a role in regional community building.", "Other meetings include the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting that focus mostly on specific topics, such as defence or the environment, and are attended by ministers. The (ARF), which met for the first time in 1994, fosters dialogue and consultation, and to promote confidence-building and preventive diplomacy in the region", ". As of July 2007, it consists of twenty-seven participants that include all ASEAN member states, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, China, the EU, India, Japan, North and South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, East Timor, the United States, and Sri Lanka. Taiwan has been excluded since the establishment of the ARF, and issues regarding the Taiwan Strait are neither discussed at ARF meetings nor stated in the ARF Chairman's Statements.", "ASEAN also holds meetings with Europe during the Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM), an informal dialogue process initiated in 1996 with the intention of strengthening co-operation between the countries of Europe and Asia, especially members of the European Union and ASEAN in particular. ASEAN, represented by its secretariat, is one of the forty-five ASEM partners", ". ASEAN, represented by its secretariat, is one of the forty-five ASEM partners. It also appoints a representative to sit on the governing board of Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF), a socio-cultural organisation associated with the meeting. Annual bilateral meetings between ASEAN and India, Russia and the United States are also held.", "On 12 November 2022, Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba urged ASEAN countries to abandon their neutrality and condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine.\n\nTerritorial disputes\n\nSouth China Sea", "With perceptions that there have been multiple incursions into the South China Sea by the PRC (China) and ROC (Taiwan), with land, islands and resources all having had previous overlapping claims between Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, and various other countries, the PRC and ROC's claim into the region is seen as intrusive by many Southeast Asian countries as of 2022, potentially a reflection of the threat of Chinese expansionism into the region", ". This follows the infamous 11 dash line that was produced by the Republic of China (ROC, Taiwan), followed by the infamous 9-dash line by the People's Republic of China (PRC). ASEAN sought for a more unified response against what it perceived to be Chinese penetration and hegemony into the region. There have been attempts to counterbalance this sway by attempting to align with other military alliances such as the nations in the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD).", "Both the PRC (China) and the ROC (Taiwan) have employed several strategies in an attempt to wrestle hold of South China Sea islands, such as the salami slicing strategy and cabbage tactics from the PRC. There has also been calls to end the ROC (Taiwan)'s illegal military actions in the South China Sea, especially on Taiping Island (Itu Aba), which is referred to the East Sea in Vietnamese", ". Additionally, China passed a law in January 2021 allowing its coast guard to fire on foreign vessels, causing greater concern amongst ASEAN states. It is considered that the Cham people, an Austronesian people indigenous to Central and South Vietnam, were the \"ancient rulers of the South China Sea\", having had conducted extensive trade and maritime routes throughout the Southeast Asian region.", "Bilateral", "There have been territorial disputes between ASEAN member states such as the Cambodian–Thai border dispute between Cambodia and Thailand, Cambodian–Vietnamese border dispute between Cambodia and Vietnam, and the North Borneo dispute between the Philippines and Malaysia,. The Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978, backed by the Soviet Union, was not accepted by ASEAN. They rejected it as a violation of the principles of regional integration", ". They rejected it as a violation of the principles of regional integration. ASEAN cooperated with US and Australia to oppose Vietnam's move and it sponsored a Cambodian resolution in the United Nations General Assembly. ASEAN played a major role starting in 1980 in the peace process, leading to the 1991 Paris Agreement.", "Relations with other blocs", "ASEAN Plus Three \nIn 1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an East Asia Economic Caucus composed of the members of ASEAN, China, Japan, and South Korea. It intended to counterbalance the growing US influence in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and Asia as a whole. However, the proposal failed because of strong opposition from the US and Japan. Work for further integration continued, and the ASEAN Plus Three, consisting of ASEAN, China, Japan, and South Korea, was created in 1997.", "ASEAN Plus Three is a forum that functions as a coordinator of co-operation between the ASEAN and the three East Asian nations of China, South Korea, and Japan. Government leaders, ministers, and senior officials from the ten members of the ASEAN and the three East Asian states consult on an increasing range of issues. The ASEAN Plus Three is the latest development of Southeast Asia-East Asia regional co-operation", ". The ASEAN Plus Three is the latest development of Southeast Asia-East Asia regional co-operation. In the past, proposals, such as South Korea's call for an Asian Common Market in 1970 and Japan's 1988 suggestion for an Asian Network, have been made to bring closer regional co-operation.", "The first leaders' meetings were held in 1996, and 1997 to deal with Asia–Europe Meeting issues, and China and Japan each wanted regular summit meetings with ASEAN members afterwards. The group's significance and importance were strengthened by the Asian Financial Crisis. In response to the crisis, ASEAN closely cooperated with China, South Korea, and Japan", ". In response to the crisis, ASEAN closely cooperated with China, South Korea, and Japan. Since the implementation of the Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation in 1999 at the Manila Summit, ASEAN Plus Three finance ministers have been holding periodic consultations. ASEAN Plus Three, in establishing the Chiang Mai Initiative, has been credited as forming the basis for financial stability in Asia, the lack of such stability having contributed to the Asian Financial Crisis.", "Since the process began in 1997, ASEAN Plus Three has also focused on subjects other than finance such as the areas of food and energy security, financial co-operation, trade facilitation, disaster management, people-to-people contacts, narrowing the development gap, rural development, and poverty alleviation, human trafficking, labour movement, communicable diseases, environment and sustainable development, and transnational crime, including counter-terrorism", ". With the aim of further strengthening the nations' co-operation, East Asia Vision Group (EAVG) II was established at the 13th ASEAN Plus Three Summit on 29 October 2010 in Hanoi to stock-take, review, and identify the future direction of the co-operation.", "ASEAN Plus Six", "ASEAN Plus Three was the first of attempts for further integration to improve existing ties of Southeast Asia with East Asian countries of China, Japan and South Korea. This was followed by the even larger East Asia Summit (EAS), which included ASEAN Plus Three as well as India, Australia, and New Zealand. This group acted as a prerequisite for the planned East Asia Community which was supposedly patterned after the European Community (now transformed into the European Union)", ". The ASEAN Eminent Persons Group was created to study this policy's possible successes and failures.", "The group became ASEAN Plus Six with Australia, New Zealand, and India, and stands as the linchpin of Asia Pacific's economic, political, security, socio-cultural architecture, as well as the global economy. Codification of the relations between these countries has seen progress through the development of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, a free-trade agreement involving the 15 countries of ASEAN Plus Six (excluding India)", ". RCEP would, in part, allow the members to protect local sectors and give more time to comply with the aim for developed country members.", "The economies in this region that have not joined the RCEP are: Hong Kong, India, Macau, North Korea and Taiwan.", "Hong Kong is actively seeking to join. Hong Kong itself has signed free trade agreements with ASEAN, New Zealand, Mainland China, and Australia. Mainland China welcomes Hong Kong's participation. According to the 2018 policy address of the Special Chief Executive, the Special Chief Executive She will start negotiations with RCEP member states after the signing of RCEP. \nAs Asia's financial center and Asia's trading hub, Hong Kong can provide member countries with high-quality financial services.", "India temporarily does not join the RCEP for the protection of its own market, but Japan, China, and ASEAN welcomes India's participation. The members stated that \"the door will always be open\" and promised to create convenient conditions for India to participate in RCEP. And India itself has signed free trade agreements with ASEAN, Japan and South Korea.", "As a free trade port, Macau's tax rate itself is very low. Macau's economy does not depend on import and export trade. Tourism and gaming are the main economic industries in Macau. The Macau government did not state whether to join RCEP. Macau still has room for openness in the service industry.", "Taiwan has been excluded from participating with the organization owing to China's influence on the Asia Pacific through its economic and diplomatic influence. Because Taiwan itself has a New Southbound Policy, the inability to join the RCEP is expected to have little impact on Taiwan. At the same time, Taiwan is also considering whether to cancel ECFA to counter China.\n\nEnvironment", "At the turn of the 21st century, ASEAN began to discuss environmental agreements. These included the signing of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002 as an attempt to control haze pollution in Southeast Asia, arguably the region's most high-profile environmental issue. Unfortunately, this was unsuccessful due to the outbreaks of haze in 2005, 2006, 2009, 2013, and 2015.", "As of 2015, thirteen years after signing the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution, the situation with respect to the long term issue of Southeast Asian haze had not changed for 50% of the ASEAN member states, and still remained as a crisis every two years during summer and fall.", "Trash dumping from foreign countries (such as Japan and Canada) to ASEAN has yet to be discussed and resolved", ". Important issues include deforestation (with Indonesia recorded the largest loss of forest in the region, more than other member states combined in the 2001-2013 period), plastic waste dumping (5 member states were among the top 10 out of 192 countries based on 2010 data, with Indonesia ranked as second worst polluter), threatened mammal species (Indonesia ranked the worst in the region with 184 species under threat), threatened fish species (Indonesia ranked the worst in the region)", ", threatened fish species (Indonesia ranked the worst in the region), threatened (higher) plant species (Malaysia ranked the worst in the region)", ".", "ASEAN's aggregate economy is one of the fastest growing in the world. It is expected to grow by 4.6% in 2019, and 4.8% in 2020, but at the cost of the release about 1.5 billion tonnes of CO2 to the atmosphere every year. That makes ASEAN a greater source of greenhouse gas emissions than Japan (1.3 billion tonnes per year) or Germany (796 million tonnes per year). It is the only region in the world where coal is expected to increase its share of the energy mix", ". It is the only region in the world where coal is expected to increase its share of the energy mix. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), \"Since 2000 [ASEAN's] overall energy demand has grown by more than 80% and the lion's share of this growth has been met by a doubling in fossil fuel use,... Oil is the largest element in the regional energy mix and coal, largely for power generation, has been the fastest growing", ".\" ASEAN has been criticized for not doing enough to mitigate climate change although it is the world's most vulnerable region in terms of climate impact.", "ASEAN has many opportunities for renewable energy. With solar and wind power plus off river pumped hydro storage, ASEAN electricity industry could achieve very high penetration (78%–97%) of domestic solar and wind energy resources at a competitive levelised costs of electricity range from 55 to 115 U.S. dollars per megawatt-hour based on 2020 technology costs. Vietnam's experience in solar and wind power development provides relevant implications for the other ASEAN countries.", "Education", "To enhance the region's status in education, ASEAN education ministers have agreed four priorities for education at all levels, promoting ASEAN awareness among ASEAN citizens, particularly youth, strengthening ASEAN identity through education, building ASEAN human resources in the field of education strengthening the ASEAN University Network", ". At the 11th ASEAN Summit in December 2005, leaders set new direction for regional education collaboration when they welcomed the decision of the ASEAN education ministers to convene meetings on a regular basis. The annual ASEAN Education Ministers Meeting oversees co-operation efforts on education at the ministerial level. With regard to implementation, programs, and activities are carried out by the ASEAN Senior Officials on Education (SOM-ED)", ". SOM-ED also manages co-operation on higher education through the ASEAN University Network (AUN). It is a consortium of Southeast Asian tertiary institutions of which 30 currently belong as participating universities", ". Founded in November 1995 by 11 universities, the AUN was established to: promote co-operation among ASEAN scholars, academics, and scientists, develop academic and professional human resources, promote information dissemination among the ASEAN academic community, enhance awareness of a regional identity and the sense of \"ASEAN-ness\" among member states.", "The Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (SEED-Net) Project was established as an autonomous sub-network of AUN in April 2001. It is aimed at promoting human resource development in engineering. The network consists of 26 member institutions selected by higher education ministries of each ASEAN member state, and 11 supporting Japanese universities selected by the Japanese government", ". This network is mainly supported by the Japanese government through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and partially supported by the ASEAN Foundation. SEED-Net activities are implemented by the SEED-Net secretariat with the support of the JICA Project for SEED-Net now based at Chulalongkorn University.", "ASEAN also has a scholarship program offered by Singapore to the 9 other member states for secondary school, junior college, and university education. It covers accommodation, food, medical benefits and accident insurance, school fees, and examination fees. Its recipients, who perform well on the GCE Advanced Level Examination, may apply for ASEAN undergraduate scholarships, which are tailored specifically to undergraduate institutions in Singapore and other ASEAN member countries.", "'Australia for ASEAN' scholarships are also offered by the Australian Government to the 'next generation of leaders' from ASEAN member states. By undertaking a Master's degree, recipients are to develop the skills and knowledge to drive change, help build links with Australia, and also participate in the Indo-Pacific Emerging Leaders Program to help develop the ASEAN Outlook for the Indo-Pacific. Each ASEAN member state is able to receive ten 'Australia for ASEAN' scholarships.", "Culture\nThe organization hosts cultural activities in an attempt to further integrate the region. These include sports and educational activities as well as writing awards. Examples of these include the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, ASEAN Heritage Parks and the ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award. In addition, the ASEAN region has been recognized as one of the world's most diverse regions ethnically, religiously and linguistically.", "Media", "Member states have promoted co-operation in information to help build an ASEAN identity. One of the main bodies in ASEAN co-operation in information is the ASEAN Committee on Culture and Information (COCI). Established in 1978, its mission is to promote effective co-operation in the fields of information, as well as culture, through its various projects and activities", ". It includes representatives from national institutions like the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministries of Culture and Information, national radio and television networks, museums, archives and libraries, among others. Together, they meet once a year to formulate and agree on projects to fulfil their mission. On 14 November 2014, foreign ministers of member states launched the ASEAN Communication Master Plan (ACPM)", ". It provides a framework for communicating the character, structure, and overall vision of ASEAN and the ASEAN community to key audiences within the region and globally. The plan seeks to demonstrate the relevance and benefits of the ASEAN through fact-based and compelling communications, recognising that the ASEAN community is unique and different from other country integration models.", "ASEAN Media Cooperation (AMC) sets digital television standards and policies in preparation for broadcasters to transition from analogue to digital broadcasting. This collaboration was conceptualised during the 11th ASEAN Ministers Responsible for Information (AMRI) Conference in Malaysia on 1 March 2012 where a consensus declared that both new and traditional media were keys to connecting ASEAN peoples and bridging cultural gaps in the region. Several key initiatives under the AMC include:", "The ASEAN Media Portal was launched 16 November 2007. The portal aims to provide a one-stop site that contains documentaries, games, music videos, and multimedia clips on the culture, arts, and heritage of the ASEAN countries to showcase ASEAN culture and the capabilities of its media industry.", "The ASEAN NewsMaker Project, an initiative launched in 2009, trains students and teachers to produce informational video clips about their countries. The project was initiated by Singapore. Students trained in NewsMaker software, video production, together with developing narrative storytelling skills", ". Dr Soeung Rathchavy, Deputy Secretary-General of ASEAN for ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community noted that: \"Raising ASEAN awareness amongst the youth is part and parcel of our efforts to build the ASEAN Community by 2015. Using ICT and the media, our youths in the region will get to know ASEAN better, deepening their understanding and appreciation of the cultures, social traditions and values in ASEAN.\"", "The ASEAN Digital Broadcasting Meeting, is an annual forum for ASEAN members to set digital television (DTV) standards and policies, and to discuss progress in the implementation of the blueprint from analogue to digital TV broadcasting by 2020. During the 11th ASEAN Digital Broadcasting Meeting members updated the status on DTV implementation and agreed to inform ASEAN members on the Guidelines for ASEAN Digital Switchover", ". An issue was raised around the availability and affordability of set-top boxes (STB), thus ASEAN members were asked to make policies to determine funding for STBs, methods of allocation, subsidies and rebates, and other methods for the allocation of STBs. It was also agreed in the meeting to form a task force to develop STB specifications for DVB-T2 to ensure efficiency.", "The ASEAN Post was launched on 8 August 2017 to commemorate ASEAN's 50th Anniversary. It is an independent regional digital media company that is headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was founded by former investment banker Rohan Ramakrishnan.", "National public/state-owned radio and television networks of ASEAN\n :Radio Television Brunei\n :National Television of Cambodia\n :Televisi Republik Indonesia and Radio Republik Indonesia\n :Lao National Radio and Lao National Television\n :Radio Televisyen Malaysia\n :Myanmar Radio and Television\n :People's Television Network, Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation, and Presidential Broadcast Service\n :Mediacorp\n :National Broadcasting Services of Thailand and Thai Public Broadcasting Service", ":Mediacorp\n :National Broadcasting Services of Thailand and Thai Public Broadcasting Service\n :Vietnam Television and Voice of Vietnam", "Music\nMusic plays a significant role in ASEAN affairs, as evidenced by the new music composed for, and to be performed at, the 34th ASEAN Summit in Bangkok in June 2019.\n\nSince ASEAN's founding, a number of songs have been written for the regional alliance:", "\"The ASEAN Way\", the official regional anthem of ASEAN. Music by Kittikhun Sodprasert and Sampow Triudom; lyrics by Payom Valaiphatchra.\n \"ASEAN Song of Unity\" or \"ASEAN Hymn\". Music by Ryan Cayabyab.\n \"Let Us Move Ahead\", an ASEAN song. Composed by Candra Darusman.\n \"ASEAN Rise\", ASEAN's 40th anniversary song. Music by Dick Lee; lyrics by Stefanie Sun.", "\"ASEAN Rise\", ASEAN's 40th anniversary song. Music by Dick Lee; lyrics by Stefanie Sun.\n \"ASEAN Spirit\", ASEAN's 50th anniversary song. Composed by Chino Toledo. Lyrics by National Artist for Literature, Rio Alma. Performed by Christian Bautista; video directed by Joaquin Pedro Valdes.", "Sports\nThe main sporting event of ASEAN is the Southeast Asian Games, a biennial meet of athletes from the ten member-states. A non-member state Timor Leste (also known as East Timor) is now participating the SEA Games.\n Southeast Asian Games\n ASEAN University Games\n ASEAN School Games\n ASEAN Para Games\n AFF Championship\n SEABA Championship", "Global influence and reception", "ASEAN has been credited by many as among the world's most influential organisations and a global powerhouse. The organisation plays a prominent role in regional and international diplomacy, politics, security, economy and trade. The ASEAN Free Trade Area also stands as one of the largest and most important free trade areas in the world, and together with its network of dialogue partners, drove some of the world's largest multilateral forums and blocs, including APEC, EAS and RCEP", ". Being one of the world's forefront political, economic and security meetings, the ASEAN Summit serves as a prominent regional (Asia) and international (worldwide) conference, with world leaders attending its related summits and meetings to discuss about various problems and global issues, strengthening cooperation, and making decisions.", "Critics have charged ASEAN with weakly promoting human rights and democracy, particularly in junta-led Myanmar. Some scholars think that non-interference has hindered ASEAN efforts to handle the Myanmar issue, human rights abuse, and haze pollution in the area. Despite global outrage at the military crack-down on unarmed protesters in Yangon, ASEAN has refused to suspend Myanmar as a member and also rejects proposals for economic sanctions", ". This has caused concern as the European Union has refused to conduct free trade negotiations at a regional level for these political reasons. During a UN vote against the ethnic cleansing of Rohingya, most member states voted to either abstain or against the condemnation. Only the Muslim-majority countries Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei voted to condemn the cleansing of Rohingya", ". Some international observers view ASEAN as a \"talk shop\", stating that the organisation is: \"big on words, but small on action\". \"ASEAN policies have proven to be mostly rhetoric, rather than actual implementation\", according to Pokpong Lawansiri, a Bangkok-based independent analyst of ASEAN. \"It has been noted that less than 50% of ASEAN agreements are actually implemented, while ASEAN holds more than six hundred meetings annually\".", "The head of the International Institute of Strategic Studies, Tim Huxley, cites the diverse political systems present in the grouping, including many young states, as a barrier to far-reaching co-operation beyond economics. He also asserts that, without an external threat to rally against after the Cold War ended, ASEAN has less successfully restrained its members and resolved such border disputes as those between Myanmar and Thailand or Indonesia and Malaysia", ". During the 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu, several activist groups staged anti-globalisation protests, arguing that the agenda of economic integration would negatively affect industries in the Philippines and would deprive thousands of Filipinos of their jobs.", "Corruption remains a widespread issue, as \"tea money\" remains an important requirement to grease business transactions and to receive public services", ". Following the release of the Corruption Perceptions Index 2015 by Berlin-based graft watchdog Transparency International on 27 January, its Asia Pacific director, Srirak Plipat, noted that: \"if there was one common challenge to unite the Asia-Pacific region, it would be corruption\", noting that: \"from campaign pledges to media coverage to civil society forums, corruption dominates the discussion. Yet despite all this talk, there's little sign of action.\"", "Economic integration", "The group's integration plan has raised concerns, in particular, the 2015 deadline. Business and economy experts who attended the Lippo-UPH Dialogue in Naypyidaw cited unresolved issues relating to aviation, agriculture, and human resources. Some panelists, among them, Kishore Mahbubani, warned against high expectations at the onset. He stated: \"Please do not expect a big bang event in 2015 where everything is going to happen overnight when the ASEAN Economic Community comes into being", ". We've made progress in some areas and unfortunately regressed in some areas.\"", "Some panelists enumerated other matters to be dealt with for a successful launch. Among them were the communications issues involving the 600 million citizens living in the region, increasing understanding in business, current visa arrangements, demand for specific skills, banking connections, and economic differences. Former Philippine National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) Secretary General Romulo A", ". Former Philippine National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) Secretary General Romulo A. Virola, said in 2012 that the Philippines seems unready to benefit from the integration due to its \"wobbly\" economic performance compared to other member states. According to Virola, the Philippines continues to lag behind in terms of employment rate, tourism, life expectancy, and cellular subscriptions. Nestor Tan, head of BDO Unibank Inc", ". Nestor Tan, head of BDO Unibank Inc., said that while some businesses see the Asian Economic Blueprint (AEC) as an opportunity, the integration would be more of a threat to local firms. Tan added that protecting the Philippines' agricultural and financial services sectors, as well as the labour sector, would be necessary for the implementation of AEC by 2015", ". Standard & Poor's also believed that banks in the Philippines are not yet prepared for the tougher competition that would result from the integration. In one of its latest publications, S&P said banks in the country, although profitable and stable, operate on a much smaller scale than their counterparts in the region.", "The US Chamber of Commerce has highlighted widespread concern that the much-anticipated AEC could not be launched by the 2015 deadline. In January 2014, former ASEAN Secretary-General Rodolfo C. Severino, wrote: \"while ASEAN should not be condemned for its members' failure to make good on their commitments, any failure to deliver will likely lead to a loss of credibility and could mean that member states fall further behind in the global competition for export markets and foreign direct investment (FDI)\"", ". This is not the first time that AEC faces a probable delay. In 2012, the commencement of the AEC was postponed to 31 December 2015 from the original plan of 1 January. Despite Secretary-General Surin Pitsuwan's firm reassurance that \"[t]here will be no more delays and that all ten ASEAN countries will participate\", even the most fervent proponents of AEC worried that AEC would not be delivered on time as December 2015 neared.", "An article published by Vietnam News echoed some of the challenges and opportunities that Vietnam faces in preparation for the AEC. The article said that the deputy head of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, Tran Thanh Hai, was concerned about local enterprises' lack of knowledge of the AEC. It was said that 80% of local enterprises surveyed acknowledged that they have little information about the interests and challenges available for them in the ASEAN market", ". The article also noted that the general secretary of the Vietnam Steel Association, Chu Duc Khai, said that most of the local steel making enterprises lack information about doing business in the ASEAN market; they have not had a chance to study it, and have only exported small amounts of steel to ASEAN countries. Another challenge is the need to compete with other countries in the ASEAN market to export raw products since the country had mainly exported raw products", ". The Asian Development Bank also has doubts about Cambodia's ability to meet the AEC deadline. The leading economist of ADB, Jayant Menon, said that Cambodia needs to speed up its customs reform and to press ahead with automating processes to reduce trade costs and minimise the opportunities for corruption and be ready for the implementation of its National Single Window by 2015.", "Despite an ASEAN Economic Community goal of significant economic integration as laid out in the AEC Blueprint 2025, ASEAN continues to face challenges towards integration. A report published by the Asian Trade Centre in 2019 identified multiple sectors that face challenges towards integration due to non-tariff barriers that still exist in the region", ". The report stated that the goals of the AEC 2025 would not be accomplished if ASEAN fails to address the issues of non-tariff measures and eliminate non-tariff barriers in the region.", "Security", "ASEAN is recognized by its members to be one of the main forums to discuss security issues; based on the principles in its charter, its main aim is to provide an environment of common understanding and cooperation between the member states to \"respond effectively to all forms of threats, transitional crimes and transboundary challenges\"", ". Accordingly, ASEAN has embraced the idea of cooperative security which means that ASEAN's approach to security issues is through confidence-building measures and transparency for reducing the tension and conflict between its members", ". Security policies and plans are concerted by the ASEAN Political-Security Community to envision \"a concert of Southeast Asian nations, outward looking, living in peace, stability and prosperity, bonded together in partnership in dynamic development and in a community of caring societies.\"", "Piracy", "Piracy in the strait of Malacca and in the Sulu and Celebes Sea is one of the main non-traditional security threats for the region, it has challenged the capacity of its members to ensure coordination of effective policy actions to reduce this phenomenon. As highlighted by the ReCAAP report of 2020: \"The increase of incidents (in Asia) during January–June 2020 occurred in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, South China Sea and Singapore Strait", ".\" The increment of incidents during 2020, have raised alerts in the region as the phenomenon of piracy could be fostered by the social consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, in their Fourteenth Asean Ministerial Meeting On Transnational Crime the ministers agreed that ASEAN should embrace a greater commitment to strengthen the measures in combating transnational crime in the context of the pandemic", ". Despite this statement, ASEAN has not updated their plans for combating piracy, although member states created and enforced the Maritime Security Plan of Action 2018-2020, to address the national legal enforcement capacities and creating a common protocol of action to counter piracy allowing the region to cooperate for ensuring the security of the Pacific Ocean, new discussions and agendas for new measures has not been enforced yet.", "Accordingly, this plan reinforces the necessity to secure the seas due to the importance of this region geographical and economically, its strategic position as the main link between the Indian and the Pacific Ocean and the region serving as the main passage that connects middle east economies and India with China, Japan, South Korea and Australia. This plan is mainly focused in three priorities:", "Shared Awareness and exchange of best practices. \n Confidence building measures based on international and regional legal frameworks, arrangements and cooperation.\n Capacity building and enhancing cooperation of maritime law enforcement agencies in the region.", "In this sense, spread all over the countries of Southeast Asia, criminal organizations with complex structures pose a challenge to ASEAN's coordination capacity to solve the problem despite the plans created within its institutional framework. Although some measures have been implemented by ASEAN, still the complexity of the problem requires deep solutions of cooperation that might alter the balance of its framework", ". The maritime security plans for the region are based on the ASEAN idea of political-security community; the two main objectives of the APSC are: \"to accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development by promoting an identity of equality and partnership as the main foundations of peace and prosperity\"", ". Additionally, the APSC promotes \"regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter\".", "Nonetheless, the institutional framework and decision-making procedures in ASEAN make difficult to reach agreements on piracy. ASEAN has struggled to deliver a coordinated response to solve this problem in the region mainly by two reasons: the first one, could be related to the focalized nature of the problem in subregions rather than the whole region", ". Consequently, this focalization generates that the discussions in the main forums (The ASEAN maritime forum (AMF) and Maritime Security Expert Working Group (MSEWG)) have not resulted in actual measures that tackle piracy and involve all member states as major consensus should be reached to enforce them", ". One example of this, is the possibility discussed by the 10 ASEAN member states to create a joint ASEAN navy in 2015 to carry on operations in one of the piracy hotspots in the region, the strait of Malacca, this proposal ended up being enforced by bilateral/sub-regional efforts rather than in the ASEAN framework (see ReCAAP for further information)", ".  The second one, consensus on non-traditional security issues has been difficult to reach due to contradictory interest between member states, particularly in joint operations between navies and the reach of these joint operations. These issues are generated mainly by unresolved territorial disputes, specially in the maritime domain, at some extent they pose a challenge to ASEAN members in their capacity to cooperate in regards to the maritime security approach.", "Consequently, a greater multilateral cooperation has been pushed by the members to solve the piracy challenges on economy, trading and security. Members of the ASEAN, have addressed the necessity for the regional organization to make some concessions and rearrangements to respond to the challenges that non-traditional security (specifically piracy) issues posse to the security of the ASEAN members", ". Despite the efforts and plans made by the ASEAN, this organization is expected to overcome the image of being regarded solely as a forum to discuss security issues. Two possible solutions has been proposed by some member states for this purpose: 1. Promoting relationships with other major actors regionally to overcome the short-time challenges and 2", ". Rearrange the institutional framework to \"avoid contention and seek cooperation to maximize the aggregate ability in order to benefit from making the sea fulfil its economic, security and other goals\".", "See also", "ASEAN Smart Cities Network\nASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women\n ASEAN Common Time\n ASEAN-India Car Rally 2012\n ASEAN Sculpture Garden\n Asian Monetary Unit\n Asia Pacific Forum\n Blue card system – ASEAN motor insurance scheme\n Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia\n List of ASEAN countries by GDP (nominal)\n List of country groupings\n List of the largest trading partners of the ASEAN\n List of multilateral free-trade agreements\n Mekong-Ganga Cooperation", "List of multilateral free-trade agreements\n Mekong-Ganga Cooperation\n Pan-Asianism\n Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership\n Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n Taiwan ASEAN Studies Center; ASEAN Outlook Magazine; May 2013. Myanmar's Overlooked Industry Opportunities and Investment Climate, , by David DuByne\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Seah, Daniel (2015) Problems Concerning the International Law-Making Practice of ASEAN Asian Journal of International Law (Cambridge University Press)\n \n Amador III J, Teodoro J. (2014), A united region: The ASEAN Community 2015\n\nExternal links", "External links\n\nOrganisations\n ASEAN Secretariat, retrieved 13 March 2007.\n ASEAN Regional Forum, retrieved 13 March 2007.\n BBC Country Profile/ASEAN, retrieved 13 March 2007.", "ASEAN Summits\n 24th ASEAN Summit (archived 21 October 2014)\n 23rd ASEAN Summit (archived 21 October 2014)\n 14th ASEAN Summit\n 13th ASEAN Summit official site. Retrieved 16 September 2007 (archived 14 October 2007)\n 12th ASEAN Summit, retrieved 13 March 2007.\n 11th ASEAN Summit (official site) 12–14 December 2005 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved 13 March 2007 (archived 21 June 2018)", "ASEAN organisations\n ASEAN's official directory of ASEAN organisations\n ASEAN Architect (archived 7 August 2009)\n ASEAN Law Association\n ASEAN Ports Association (archived 27January 2013)\n US-ASEAN Business Council\n ASEAN-China Free Trade Area\n\nASEAN related websites\n ASEAN Economic Community\n Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN); U.S. State Department\n ASEAN Story", "Intergovernmental organizations\nUnited Nations General Assembly observers\nOrganizations based in Jakarta\nOrganizations established in 1967\nRamon Magsaysay Award winners\nSoutheast Asia" ]

[ "The month of November 2019 in the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests started with protesting in malls and police getting into homes and malls to arrest protesters. The death of Chow Tsz-lok in Sheung Tak, Tseung Kwan O had led to more protests. In mid November, there were city-wide strikes which lasted for more than a week. Hong Kong Police officers fired tear gas in Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), and nearby areas", ". In late November, the District Council elections were held. The pro-democracy camp in conjunction with the localist groups got more than 80 per cent of the seats and gained control of 17 out of 18 District Councils.", "Events\n\n1 November \nMore than 100 people staged a flash mob protest in Central despite being confronted by police officers who warned the group they risked being prosecuted. They carried a huge yellow banner calling for an end to \"police brutality\", as they occupied one side of the road.\n\n2 November\nProtests took place in Causeway Bay, Wan Chai, Central and Tsim Sha Tsui on 2 November, each of which is described below:", "Causeway Bay election rally", "128 pro-democracy candidates organised election rallies on the central lawn of Victoria Park, although the police had earlier banned rallies at that location. The candidates argued that, according to Chapter 9.11 of the Guidelines on Election-related Activities in respect of the District Council Election, the police would not need to be informed if pre-election meetings consisted of fewer than 50 supporters. In the early afternoon, thousands of people entered Victoria Park", ". In the early afternoon, thousands of people entered Victoria Park. At 3:15 pm, the police declared that the people were participating in an illegal assembly and warned them to leave immediately. Most of the people ignored the police warning, and continued to walk to Victoria Park.", "Subsequently, some protesters built road blocks nearby. In response, the police fired multiple rounds of tear gas into the Park. Tear gas was also fired outside Hong Kong Central Library and Sogo Hong Kong. After that, protesters left Causeway Bay for Tin Hau and Wan Chai. Police used tear gas and water cannon to disperse the crowd in Wan Chai. Some protesters set up road blocks in Wan Chai and vandalised the Queen's Road East branch of state-run Xinhua News Agency.", "Central rally", "Two rallies, to which the police did not object, took place in the afternoon at Edinburgh Place and Chater Garden in Central. Soon after both rallies had begun, the police ordered the organisers to end the rallies immediately at 5:10 pm and to ask all participants to leave by 5:30 pm. By evening violence in Causeway Bay had spread to Central: Protesters threw Molotov cocktails on Lung Wo Road, and set up barricades on Connaught Road Central, blocking traffic; Police fired tear gas to disperse protesters", ". A Yoshinoya branch was trashed, and Central MTR station was closed after protesters vandalised several exits. An argument started between a firefighter and police when the former accused police of hitting his firetruck with a tear gas projectile. Amidst the tension, the police pushed the firefighter, then pepper sprayed journalists filming the scene and pushed them away. A first-aider suffered severe back burns after reportedly being hit by a tear gas canister.", "Tsim Sha Tsui rally\nA rally at 4 pm in Park Lane Shopper's Boulevard, attended by a hundred participants sang protest songs. Some protesters shouted slogans and wore face masks. A large squad of riot police arrived at the rally from Tsim Sha Tsui Police Station. They threatened to arrest those on face masks and disperse the crowds. After quarrels with protesters, the police stood down and returned to the police station. This happened in November 2019.\n\n3 November mall sit-ins", "Several sit-in protests were held at shopping malls across Hong Kong. One took place around Cityplaza, a mall in the eastern part of Hong Kong Island, early in the evening. Entrances of two restaurants were spray painted. Outside Cityplaza, a Mandarin-speaking man slashed several people with a knife. The police stormed into the plaza. Outside the mall, Andrew Chiu, a Democratic Party district councillor representing Tai Koo Shing West, had his left ear bitten off by the man", ". A crowd then punched and kicked the man in retaliation. Joey Kwok, a freelance photojournalist working for Stand News, and Tang Chak-man, a journalism student at Hong Kong Baptist University and a member of its Students' Union Editorial Board, were both arrested while reporting at the scene. Stand News described the arrest as unreasonable, saying in a statement that Kwok was wearing a press vest, filming the police from a distance when he was surrounded and subdued by riot officers", ". Roland Chin, the head of Baptist University, said he was \"deeply concerned\" with the well-being of Tang, noting that university staff and a lawyer had been sent to assist the student.", "Private details of a police officer's wedding in Tseung Kwan O were leaked. Protesters set up road blocks and threw objects at the police. Police attempted to disperse the crowd by firing tear gas rounds. Chow Tsz-lok, a 22-year-old student at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, was later found unconscious on the second floor of a nearby car park after plunging from the third floor in the early hours of 4 November.", "4 November", "Six reporters staged a silent protest at a routine police press conference. They each wore a safety helmet with one Chinese character, which, when combined, read \"investigate police violence, stop police lies\" (). The police stopped its online live stream two minutes later and cancelled the entire press conference 20 minutes later. Bon Ko, Police Public Relations Branch superintendent, suspended the conference as the reporters refused to either take off their helmets or leave the venue", ". Later that day, the police staged a live broadcast on Facebook to express their views on the protests over the weekend.", "Five defendants, aged between 19 and 24, were charged with possessing explosive substances after Molotov cocktails were found in a flat in Wan Chai. Three attended the hearing at the Eastern Magistrates' Courts while two remained hospitalised. Charges had to be dropped due to a spelling error by the Department of Justice", ". Charges had to be dropped due to a spelling error by the Department of Justice. Upon the release of the trio, they were immediately re-arrested by a dozen officers in riot gear who had entered the court building, while more than 100 police officers were waiting outside the premises. The defence counsel argued that the arrests inside court premises without the magistrate's approval constituted contempt of court. The judiciary responded that the ground floor was a public area and not under its management.", "5 November Tsim Sha Tsui rally", "Over a thousand people in Guy Fawkes masks attended a flash gathering at 8 pm at the Urban Council Centenary Garden, Tsim Sha Tsui to mark the one month anniversary of the introduction of the Hong Kong's anti-mask law. The exact venue of the gathering was only announced thirty minutes before the start. The crowd occupied roads around the gardenand a few shops vandalised; Hunghom Café, a restaurant seen as pro-government, was targeted", ". At 9 pm, the police deployed a water cannon truck to the area, firing tear liquid at the crowd, some of which were reporters.", "Crowds gathered near Kwong Ming Court and Sheung Tak Estate in Tseung Kwan O late at night to express dissatisfaction over the severe injuries suffered by a 22-year-old Chow Tsz-lok two days before. Police fired tear gas at protesters in response to the blockade of roads started by protesters.\n\n8 November", "Chow Tsz-lok died at 8:09 am at the age of 22, after succumbing to a cardiac arrest, as a result of fall injuries sustained on 4 November. The police were criticised for intentionally obstructing the paramedics from attending to him, causing a delay in treatment, as it took the ambulance 19 minutes to reach Chow, seven minutes longer than their service pledge of 12 minutes; however, the police denied that they obstructed paramedics", ". Leung Kwok-lai, the Fire Services Department Assistant Chief Ambulance Officer (Kowloon East) stated that the ambulance assigned to Chow was blocked by buses and private vehicles but that the ambulance did not come in contact with the police that were on duty.", "During the 2020 Coroner's Court inquest, Lai Wai-kit, a firefighter who administered first aid to Chow, testified that anti-government protesters delayed their arrival by blocking a road leading to Chow's location, but believed this to have been unintentional", ". In another testimony, Cheng Kwun-ming, a senior ambulanceman and the team leader for ambulance A344 assigned to Chow, clarified that he had asked the team to drive another route to the parking lot due to a traffic jam on Tong Ming Street, but that they were blocked by an illegally-parked vehicle at the Kwong Ying House and thus walked over 100 metres into the parking lot with their equipment. He said that they did not see the police nearby when they arrived at the Kwong Ying House.", "Angered and saddened by the news of the death, students from HKUST vandalised several stores perceived to be pro-Beijing and the residence of HKUST president Wei Shyy, demanding him to condemn police brutality. Shyy later released an open letter demanding the government to conduct \"thorough and independent investigation\" regarding Chow's death. Flash mob rallies mourning the death of Chow were held in various districts including Kwun Tong and Central during lunch hours.", "At night, thousands of mourners returned to the car park of Sheung Tak Estate and laid down flowers and origami for the deceased student. Meanwhile, protesters began clashing with the police in Causeway Bay and Mong Kok. At the junction of Hamilton Street and Nathan Road in Yau Ma Tei, the police fired a warning shot to the sky.\n\n9 November vigil", "9 November vigil\n\nThousands of people gathered in Tamar Park at night to mourn \"martyrs\" who had died for the protests. They prayed for the deceased and chanted slogans urging Hong Kong people to take revenge. The organiser claimed that 100,000 people attended the vigil, while the police put the figure at 7,500.", "10 November", "Protesters gathered in various shopping malls in Hong Kong including New Town Plaza in Sha Tin, and Festival Walk in Kowloon Tong, responding online calls to \"shop\" in these malls. Conflicts first erupted in Sha Tin when protesters vandalised the Sha Tin station and trashed a Maxim restaurant. Inside Festival Walk, protesters vandalised the branch of SimplyLife (which was under Maxim's operation). The police then stormed the mall and beat the protesters with police batons and pepper-sprayed them", ". The police also indiscriminately pushed and beat people who were retreating down an elevator, and shot pepper balls at people who have verbally insulted them. Journalists and shoppers were then forced to leave the mall.", "The police and protesters also clashed with each other in Tsuen Wan, as the Tsuen Wan riot police officers faced allegations that they have gang raped a young girl. During the confrontation between the police and the protester, the police shot a tear gas canister at the arm of a reporter from Now TV. The protesters then retreated to Citywalk in Tsuen Wan. Scuffles between the police and the protesters also occurred in Tuen Mun, Mong Kok, Tai Po, and Tseung Kwan O, near the car park where Chow fell", ". The Northern District saw the first usage of tear gas by the police after residents disgruntled by the police's search on teenagers who were playing basketball attempted to argue with officers near Ching Ho Estate, Sheung Shui. Riot police climbed over a 3-meter gate of Kingswood Villas, Tin Shui Wai, and conducted arrests inside. Disgruntled residents later then confronted with the police.", "11–15 November city-wide strike\nProtesters disrupted the morning commute on 11 November as part of a plan for a city-wide strike, calling for students, business owners and employees to skip work and boycott classes, as a response to HKUST student Alex Chow's mysterious fall to his death in a multi-storey car park. The protesters continued the strike over the following five days.", "Carrie Lam labelled the protesters as the enemy of the people and criticised the violence used by the protesters, which she said had \"exceeded\" their demands for democracy. On the next day, she praised the citizens who insisted on going to work or to school despite the protests. Chinese leader Xi Jinping, speaking at a Brazil summit, voiced his support for the police, and added that \"persistent radical and violent crimes\" had undermined the rule of law in Hong Kong.", "Taiwanese president Tsai Ing-wen criticised the Hong Kong government on Facebook, stating they should not shoot unarmed people, while the mainland and Hong Kong governments should honor the commitment to democracy and freedom, in reference to the Hong Kong Basic Law. She later called on the international community to stand with Hong Kong after the police confronted the protesters at CUHK", ". The United States expressed \"grave concerns\" for the situation in Hong Kong and urged both sides to \"exercise restraints\". It urged the Beijing government to honour the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Hong Kong government and the protesters to engage in dialogue to resolve the conflict. UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson released a statement urging both sides to exercise restraint and stating that the UK government was deeply disturbed by the events", ". Like the US, he urged both camps to engage in dialogue.", "11 November", "Protesters began to gather at 6:30 am and then began disrupting both MTR operations and surface transports starting from 7 am. Objects were thrown onto the train tracks of the East Rail line, and later, molotov bottles were thrown onto a Central-bound train in Kwai Fong station. Tung Chung station was the first stations closed by the MTR Corporation, citing an \"escalation\" of events. MTR then shut down Whampoa station at 8:18 am, and Kwai Fong station at 8:53 am", ". MTR then shut down Whampoa station at 8:18 am, and Kwai Fong station at 8:53 am. Kwun Tong line, Tung Chung line, East Rail line, Ma On Shan line and Light Rail services were all disrupted.", "Protesters also made makeshift roadblocks in major thoroughfares in Kowloon and New Territories, including in districts such as Sha Tin, near the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Yuen Long, Hung Hom and Tsuen Wan. In Kwai Fong, protesters set up a roadblock near the Metroplaza mall. A police officer riding a motorcycle charged into a crowd of demonstrators and zig-zagged across the road in an attempt to hit the protesters", ". The officer appeared not to hit any protesters straight on, but came very close to slamming straight into one. The police motorcycle was accused of deliberately ramming into the protesters, while the police claimed that he was trying to \"separate\" the protesters and the police and that the officer in question has been forced to take a sabbatical from work", ". The video quickly went viral in the Internet, and pro-democracy activist Joshua Wong responded to the incident and stated that the police officer had gone 'berserk' and his behaviour was 'disturbing'.", "Later that day in Ma On Shan, a protester poured flammable liquid onto a man and lit him on fire during an argument between the man and the protesters. The incident happened as the 57-year-old man confronted the group of protesters who were vandalising Ma On Shan station. The man was afterwards transported to the Prince of Wales Hospital at Sha Tin in critical condition, with head trauma and severe burns", ". A spokeswoman for the Fire Services Department said that the victim had second-degree burns on 28 per cent of his body. The police classified the incident as an attempted murder case. In response to the incident, the Chief Executive Carrie Lam said that the fire attack was an inhumane act.", "Amidst online calls to facilitate a general strike, protesters near Hong Kong Polytechnic University constructed makeshift roadblocks and barricades with various furniture outside the school campus. The riot police then entered the university and shot tear gas canisters inside the school campus. Student protesters, in return, set up barricades and threw petrol bombs", ". Student protesters, in return, set up barricades and threw petrol bombs. Similar incidents also happened in University of Hong Kong and Chinese University of Hong Kong where the police shot tear gas into the campuses and student protesters confronted with the police for several hours. The major universities in Hong Kong and institutions organised by the Vocational Training Council have suspended their classes on that day.", "The police shot numerous canisters of tear gas to disperse the protesters in regions including Choi Hung and Tseung Kwan O, where a tear gas canister landed next to a secondary school. In response to the shooting, office workers in Central, Hong Kong's central business district, marched on Pedder Street and briefly occupied Des Voeux Road Central and shouted out slogans, condemning the police as \"murderers\" during the lunchtime in a \"Lunch with You\" march", ". Riot police were deployed at 12:30 pm to warn the crowd that they would use force to disperse the protesters. At 12:47 pm. the police shot fire tear gas to disperse the crowd. A man's head was hit by a tear gas canister. The Hang Seng Index dropped 2.6% after tear gas was fired in Central. The police reported that protesters have set up roadblocks in more than 120 locations in Hong Kong, and have arrested 266 people, whose age ranges from 11 to 74 years old. At least 60 people were injured", ". At least 60 people were injured. 255 canisters of tear gas, 204 shots of rubber bullets, 45 shots of beanbag rounds and 96 shots of sponge grenades were used by the police.", "Shooting incident", "Before 7:30 am on Monday 11 November 2019, a group of protesters had gathered in Sai Wan Ho at the intersection of Shau Kei Wan Road and Tai On Street. While they were trying to block the road, policemen arrived and tried to disperse the crowd. A traffic policeman rushed forward to clear the roadblock and raised his gun to make the crowd disperse", ". At this moment, a young man in a white hoodie and mask walked past the crowd, looked at the policeman, and raised his hands to the policeman to show that he did not have any weapons. The traffic police officer drew his revolver and pointed it at the chest of the man in the white hoodie, pressing the barrel into his chest. The policeman then grabbed him in a chokehold and the two began to grapple and struggle", ". The policeman then grabbed him in a chokehold and the two began to grapple and struggle. As they struggled while the policeman was still holding his gun, a man in black approached in the direction where the two were entangled. The 21-year-old man in black was shot once in the abdomen after approaching the policeman and making a swiping motion toward his gun. He fell on the zebra crossing between MTR Exit B and Tai On Building", ". He fell on the zebra crossing between MTR Exit B and Tai On Building. A third young man, dressed in black, approached and was also shot at but not hit. In total, the traffic policeman fired three live rounds.", "The first man in black fell onto the ground after being shot, while another man in black was shot at twice when approaching the first wounded man who had tried to steal the gun. The man in white escaped right after the shots were fired. Another policeman arrived at the scene and control the first man who was shot. The police officer who opened fire continued to point his gun around, while another police officer used his baton to warn the bystanders and protesters", ". After that, some riot police arrived and sprayed pepper spray at rioters. They also arrested two people. After the man was shot and lost consciousness, a police officer pulled him up to sit, in an attempt to handcuff him and shook his body, exacerbating the bleeding from his abdomen and dangerously reducing blood supply to his brain", ". Police and the wide public later defended the officer who had moved the unconscious injured man, stating that the officer had been \"unaware of the injury\" and that security concerns had played a role.", "The men were sent to the hospital. At 9:15 am, the Hong Kong Hospital Authority revealed that one of the men was undergoing surgery in Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital. The abdomen of that man was shot, which resulted in damage to the right kidney and right-side liver with injury to the portal vein. The man remained in critical condition after surgery which removed a bullet, his right kidney, and part of the liver.", "The Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (IVE) issued a declaration confirming the man as a student of their Chai Wan campus. In a statement, the Vocational Training Council, the IVE's parent organization, said they were distressed and sad over the man's injury and had written to the Security Bureau asking for a complete investigation of the incident", ". Salesian English School, the injured protester's alma mater, issued a statement condemning the police's use of excessive violence and fatal weapons, arguing that they chased citizens away indiscriminately and were indifferent to life. They expressed serious concern and urged the government to set up an independent commission of inquiry. They also highlighted their distress and urged youngsters to express their demands peacefully, protecting themselves and others", ". In its press conference, the police confirmed that a traffic officer fired three live rounds; they claimed that one of the officers attempted to fire warning shots in response to protesters trying to grab the officer's gun, with one shot hitting one of the protesters at the scene.", "Amnesty International condemned the police's operations on 11 November. It called for the police officer who shot the teens at a point blank range to be suspended from duty immediately and called the officer who rammed into the crowd of protesters \"out of control with a mindset of retaliation\".", "By the evening of 11 November 2019, the shooting incident had caused an outcry at Good Hope School, the school of the traffic officer's two daughters. He resigned from the PTA the same day. He was doxed and received death threats against his daughters soon after the shooting.\n\n12 November", "In Central, a few thousand people, including office workers and protesters dressed in black, occupied streets at midday; tear gas was fired in the afternoon to clear out the remaining crowd. Some universities and schools closed, but the government ruled out an official suspension of classes to avoid being seen as submitting to protesters", ". The police also confronted with the protesters outside City University of Hong Kong, who threw objects from the footbridge in an attempt to block the traffic in Kowloon Tong. The police and the protesters also clashed briefly at the University of Hong Kong. In HKU, protesters blocked the entrance of the HKU station. Several professors, including the Dean of the Science Faculty, attempted to persuade the students to stop the blockade, though most black-clad protesters ignored them.", "For the entire day, the police clashed with the protesters in Chinese University of Hong Kong. At night, protesters marched into the Festival Walk mall in Kowloon Tong after the mall closed early and set a giant Christmas tree on fire; some glass guard rails and doors were also smashed. A China Mobile shop was set on fire in Causeway Bay. In Sheung Shui, a train was firebombed and objects were thrown onto the train track", ". In Sheung Shui, a train was firebombed and objects were thrown onto the train track. In Mong Kok, police fired multiple tear gas rounds as protesters blocked roads and vandalised public infrastructure, such as traffic lights and switch boxes. In Tin Shui Wai, protesters besieged and started a fire inside the police station. In Sha Tin, a police van was set on fire.", "Government published figures indicated that the police fired a record 2,330 canisters of tear gas that day all over Hong Kong, in particular at the Chinese University – the highest number in a single day since the protests began in June.", "On 5 October 2023, jail sentences of up to four years for rioting were handed out to ten people who had protested in Central. They had damaged buses, thrown petrol bombs and bricks at police, and vandalized restaurants perceived to be opposing the protests, the judge said.", "13 November", "Protesters obstructed train services at multiple stations. At one point in the morning, the MTR suspended services on the Tsuen Wan, East Rail and Kwun Tong lines entirely, though partial service on the Kwun Tong line resumed later. A section of the West Rail line was also closed, along with a few other individual stations in the MTR network and parts of the Light Rail. The Tolo Highway, which connects parts of the New Territories to Kowloon and Hong Kong Island, was shut down", ". The Transport Department reported that many bus routes were out of operation due to road conditions, with only 108 routes still running by 11 am. Oxfam announced it was cancelling its annual Trailwalker charity event, due to take place the coming weekend, due to an inability to guarantee the safety of participants.", "The Educational Bureau announced that all schools would be suspended on 14 November, after criticism following Carrie Lam's statement the previous day which suggested that suspending classes would cause the government to fall into the \"protesters' trap\". More than 100 schools already suspended classes individually that day, while at least ten higher educational institutions suspended classes for the rest of the week", ". The Bureau was criticised for the delay in class suspension, with school management staff calling for an extension of the school closure until the end of the week. Both the Hong Kong Association of the Heads of Secondary Schools and the Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union noted the Bureau's failure to protect the safety of students in their late decision to suspend classes.", "Lunchtime protests occurred in Central again. Protesters blocked the junction of Des Voeux Road Central and Pedder Street with bricks and bamboo poles; riot police responded by firing tear gas. A person with his head bleeding was tied up and flipped over by riot police; he remained conscious, while nearby protesters chanted for his release. At night, protesters set the toll gates of the Cross-Harbour Tunnel on fire", ". At night, protesters set the toll gates of the Cross-Harbour Tunnel on fire. Protesters clashed with the police in Sha Tin, and one tear gas canister was shot into a fifth-floor apartment in Chuk Lam Court. Flower troughs outside the Shatin Law Courts Building was also set on fire; the next day, both the Hong Kong Bar Association and the Law Society of Hong Kong condemned the arson as an attack on the city's rule of law. A man died after allegedly falling from a tall building in Tsuen Wan", ". A man died after allegedly falling from a tall building in Tsuen Wan. A 15-year-old boy, who was suspected to be stricken by a tear gas canister in Tin Shui Wai, remained in a critical condition after undergoing four hours of brain surgery at Tuen Mun Hospital overnight.", "Death of Luo Changqing", "In Sheung Shui, a violent clash erupted between anti-government protesters and pro-government residents, which saw both groups hurling bricks at each other. The confrontation between the two groups occurred when the latter group tried to clear bricks from the street and were confronted by over 20 black-clad protesters who began throwing objects at the group", ". A 70-year-old man, Luo Changqing, who was using his mobile phone to record the conflict in the area of the fighting, was hit in the head by a brick thrown by a protester. The victim fell to the ground immediately and remained in an unconscious state. He was first transported to the North District Hospital and then to the Prince of Wales Hospital in a critical and life-threatening condition, before dying there at 10:51 pm on the following day", ". The man was identified as an outsourced worker of the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department. At a regular briefing, the police stated that they have identified several suspects and that investigations were ongoing. They classified his death as a murder, believing the attacker to have \"maliciously [and] deliberately\" carried out the act", ". The Prince of Wales hospital said it would transfer the case to the Coroner's Court for investigation, while the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department expressed \"profound sadness\" over the death. On 14 December, the Hong Kong Police released a statement stating they had arrested three males and two females aged 15 to 18 the previous day on suspicion of his murder, as well as rioting and wounding.", "14 November – Twilight action", "The fourth day of the city-wide strike was named Twilight Action (). Early in the morning, police fired tear gas into the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU) campus in Hung Hom. One arrow was suspected to be shot from the university towards a group of police officers patrolling nearby, though no police officer was injured. In a press conference, police condemned the action, saying that the shot could have been lethal", ". In a press conference, police condemned the action, saying that the shot could have been lethal. The Education Bureau announced that schools would suspend classes from Friday to Sunday. At lunchtime, hundreds of people protested on the streets in Central like the previous three days, while a few hundred also rallied on the streets in Taikoo Place in eastern Hong Kong Island.", "At noon in Sheung Shui, a group of around twenty middle-aged men used steel tubes to attack two young women who were setting up road blocks. The two women were unable to escape and were grabbed at the same time by a large man wearing a white shirt and jeans. One of the women was able to escape but the other was grabbed and dragged away quickly; she only escaped by taking off her jacket and backpack", ". She said she was not going to report the incident to police for fear of retribution from police, being concerned that she may instead be treated as a perpetrator. The group of men also attacked other young people dressed in black at the same time. In an interview, the two women expressed their frustration at people fleeing the scene instead of going back to help them escape.", "At night, around a thousand people gathered at Edinburgh Place to express support towards firefighters and paramedics in Hong Kong for their work during the protests. Participants contrasted their work with that of the police, praising firefighter and ambulance teams for treating people equally and helped injured people regardless of their political views. The rally was authorised by police and no incidents occurred.\n\n15 November – Sunrise Action", "The fifth day of the city-wide strike was named Sunrise Action (). Thousands of people, mainly office workers, protested on the streets in Central, chanting the slogan \"Stand with Hong Kong\" and raising an open hand, with the five fingers referencing the \"five demands\" associated with the protests. The CBD protests spread to more areas including Tai Koo Shing and Wong Chuk Hang. Two German exchange students at Lingnan University were arrested for unlawful assembly. At night, a car was set on fire at CUHK", ". At night, a car was set on fire at CUHK. Magnetic Asia, the organisers of Clockenflap, an annual music and arts festival in Hong Kong, announced the cancellation of the 2019 event, originally set to take place the following week. Hundreds of runners proceeded with the original Oxfam Trailwalker course despite its official cancellation.", "16 November\n\nAll lanes of the Tolo Highway reopened to traffic, and the MTR's East Rail line returned to normal service, though the university and Sheung Shui stations remained closed.", "Thousands of people participated in the annual Hong Kong Pride Parade. The event was held at Edinburgh Place in Central in the form of a rally instead of a march like previous years, due to the police rejecting the organiser's application for a march due to safety concerns. Organisers estimated a turnout of 6,500 people, halved from previous years, while police estimated 850.", "The People's Liberation Army (PLA) soldiers have appeared publicly for the first time in the streets, in plain clothes and unarmed, to help clear roadblocks and other debris left during protests alongside local residents, firefighters, and police officers before marching back to the Kowloon East barracks around 5 pm. That night, the government confirmed that it had not requested any assistance from the PLA. The move was slammed by both the pro-democracy camp and by protesters", ". The move was slammed by both the pro-democracy camp and by protesters. In a joint statement, 24 pro-democracy lawmakers condemned the PLA garrison for allegedly breaching the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Garrison Law, which state that the garrison \"shall not interfere in local affairs\" and must notify the Hong Kong government before conducting activities involving public interests. Civic Party lawmaker Dennis Kwok said he filed an urgent question at LegCo", ". Civic Party lawmaker Dennis Kwok said he filed an urgent question at LegCo. The Citizens' Press Conference, a platform for protesters, described the incident as illustrating the \"boiling frog syndrome\" and setting a precedent to \"violently suppress\" Hongkongers in the future.", "17 November", "Clashes occurred at the Polytechnic University. Protesters set fire to debris on a footbridge connecting the university campus to MTR Hung Hom station, and used catapults to launch objects at police. Police used a Long Range Acoustic Device to \"issue warnings\" at protesters, and deployed two water cannon trucks; the top of one of the trucks was set alight by protesters who threw petrol bombs at them. One police officer was hit in the leg with an arrow, piercing through his calf", ". One police officer was hit in the leg with an arrow, piercing through his calf. At midnight, police warned that live rounds may be used at protesters because police officers were targeted.", "Police locked down the PolyU campus at night by surrounding the main entrances to the university, and thoroughly searched everyone, including journalists, who wanted to leave. The police force issued a warning that anyone remaining on campus may be treated as taking part in a riot, ordering people to leave from an exit by the university's Lee Shau Kee Building. Protesters called upon supporters to \"rescue\" those who remained at PolyU and were unable to leave; cars headed to the area early Monday morning.", "18 November", "Police entered the PolyU campus at 5:30 am. A number of protesters were quickly arrested; some protesters threw Molotov cocktails at the police officers, while some police officers were seen kicking people on the ground. In a statement, the police denied \"raiding\" the campus, stating instead that they were conducting an operation on Cheung Wan Road", ". In a press conference, PolyU student representative Owan Li said police prevented anyone from leaving the university, while Student Union President Derek Liu criticised the police for using \"unequal force\" and \"weapons\" to prevent anyone from escaping, saying that the union did not want a Tiananmen Square-like crackdown in Hong Kong. At around 9:30 am, at least 40 people were detained outside Hotel Icon, PolyU's teaching hotel", ". At around 9:30 am, at least 40 people were detained outside Hotel Icon, PolyU's teaching hotel. Student Union vice-president Ken Woo told RTHK that in the morning, at least 500 people remained on campus, while 70 to 100 people attempted to leave but were dispersed by tear gas and had to retreat back to the campus. At 11 am, the Hong Kong Police Force shot tear gas towards Queen Elizabeth Hospital, forcing the hospital to suspend specialist services and to use plastic tape to seal its windows and doors", ". In Central, lunchtime protests continued, with many showing support for students at PolyU.", "The Court of First Instance ruled that the Emergency Regulations Ordinance was partly unconstitutional in encroaching on the Legislative Council's power to make laws, while the government's anti-mask law was unconstitutional in that it \"goes further than necessary\" in restricting fundamental rights. In response, the police announced that they would suspend enforcing the anti-mask law", ". In response, the police announced that they would suspend enforcing the anti-mask law. The ruling was condemned by mainland Chinese authorities, which said it alone had authority to rule on constitutional matters in Hong Kong.", "An estimated 100 secondary school students remained at PolyU in the afternoon. Some of their parents organised a sit-in near the university urging police to allow their children to leave, and about 20 school principals asked the government to allow them to enter the campus to meet their students inside and bring them out. At night, some injured people left the campus with the help of paramedics, though they had to provide their personal information to police before leaving", ". Another group of protesters escaped the campus by climbing down ropes from a footbridge. These protesters were then driven away with motorbikes on a road below.", "Thousands of people gathered on main roads in Kowloon at night, in solidarity with those who remained trapped at PolyU. Protesters threw petrol bombs, while police officers responded with tear gas rounds and water cannon. Footage showed the police allegedly driving a van at high speed into protesters on Nathan Road during their clearance operation", ". Police arrested 51 people who \"claimed to be medics or journalists\" at the university, saying that twelve of the purported medics did not have first aid qualifications; the police added that anyone walking out of the university campus would be charged with rioting.", "After midnight, more than 100 people left the PolyU campus, after a delegation of secondary school principals negotiated with police to allow minors to leave the campus and return home. Those under 16 were released after having their identities taken, though police reserved the right to prosecute them in the future; whereas, those who were 16 or above were arrested immediately.", "Court cases\nIn the evening of 18 November, police arrested 213 people in a dispersal operation in the Yau Ma Tei district of Kowloon who had tried to reach PolyU. The operation was directed against what a judge in October 2023 called one of the most violent riots in the history of Hong Kong. All cases in the following paragraph relate to that mass arrest.", "On 4 February 2023, eleven people were convicted of rioting, with two of them, who had been carrying cable ties, also convicted of possessing instruments with purpose to damage property. On 11 March 2023 they were sentenced to between 51 and 55 months in jail. Two of those convicted had their bids for leave to appeal rejected on 20 October 2023. On 20 May 2023, 13 people were convicted of rioting", ". On 20 May 2023, 13 people were convicted of rioting. On 26 July 2023, ten people were convicted of rioting, and one in addition for possession of offensive weapon in public place. On 31 October, six of the ten were sentenced to five years in prison for rioting; three others who had previously pleaded guilty received sentences of three years and nine months.", "19 November\n\nA number of protesters who remained at PolyU attempted to exit the campus through underground sewers. Some of them fell ill and were treated by medics. Divers under the Fire Services Department searched the pipes, but failed to find anyone after two hours of searching.", "20 November\nPrimary and secondary school resumed classes. Protesters disrupted MTR train services in the morning, with the Kwun Tong, Island, Tsuen Wan, East and West Rail lines experiencing delays of ten to fifteen minutes. Protesters disrupted the Island line by opening the emergency doors on trains.", "21 November", "Hundreds attended a sit-in at the Yoho Mall in Yuen Long at night, marking four months since the 2019 Yuen Long attack. Other sit-ins were held at MTR stations across Hong Kong. At Heng Fa Chuen, protesters folded origami cranes and told passersby to vote in the district elections. The MTR closed Yuen Long station at 2 pm that day, much earlier than usual and ahead of the planned protest at Yoho Mall. Police arrested at least six people after their dispersal operation in Yuen Long", ". Police arrested at least six people after their dispersal operation in Yuen Long. Organisers announced it was cancelling singer Eason Chan's series of Fear and Dreams concerts, Chan's first concerts held at the Hong Kong Coliseum in six years, due to concerns with public safety. The concerts were originally scheduled over the end of 2019.", "22 November \nSix protesters left PolyU, holding hands, while some others continued to stay in PolyU, saying they have no plans to surrender.\n\n24 November", "24 November \n\nThe Hong Kong local elections, which were heavily influenced by the protests, took place. The elections were widely described as a proxy referendum over the protest movement's demands. The elections had a record turnout of over 71 per cent and resulted in a landslide victory for the pro-democracy camp, with them taking control of 17 of the 18 district councils and tripling their seats from about 124 to around 388.", "25 November \nHundreds of protesters gathered near PolyU trying to get in, but they were blocked by riot police.\n\n26 November", "26 November \n\nOffice workers in Central protested, with the rallies spreading over to Kowloon Bay. Workers in office attire, along with other protesters took over some roads near the MegaBox Mall in Kowloon Bay as they shouted slogans accusing police of brutality, as well as in support of the people who've been holed up in Polytechnic University. They chanted slogans such as \"five demands, not one less\" and \"save the students, enter PolyU\" as they occupied roads and disrupted traffic.", "28 November\nIn response to the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act being passed by the United States Congress one week prior and signed by President Donald Trump earlier that day, a rally was held at Edinburgh Place to celebrate the Act's enactment. Many participants waved American flags and shouted various slogans. According to the organisers, 100,000 people took part in the rally.", "29 November \nHundreds protested on the streets of Cheung Sha Wan and Central with posters of Donald Trump after he signed bills on Hong Kong this week. Meanwhile, in Central, hundreds gathered on the pavements of Pedder Street demanding an end to \"police brutality\". A smaller crowd also gathered in Taikoo.\n\n30 November", "Hundreds of people of all ages protested in Kowloon Bay in support of the protesters at PolyU. Protesters made makeshift barricades at Prince Edward in the middle of roads. Hundreds of young and old protesters filled Chater Garden in support of the protests. Hundreds of people gathered in Wong Tai Sin to celebrate the results of the election. A civilian was hit in the head with a drain cover while removing the makeshift barricades in Prince Edward after midnight, 1 December", ". While it sparked a manhunt, no arrest was made.", "References\n\n2019 in Hong Kong\nTimeline of the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests\n2019-related lists\nHong Kong politics-related lists\nNovember 2019 events in China\nLists of protests" ]

[ "The Christian tradition has generally proscribed any and all noncoital genital activities, whether engaged in by couples or individuals, regardless of whether they were of the same or different sex. The position of the Roman Catholic Church with regards to homosexuality developed from the writings of Paul the Apostle and the teachings of the Church Fathers. These were in stark contrast to contemporary Greek and Roman attitudes towards same-sex relations which were more relaxed.", "Canon law regulating homosexual activity has mainly been shaped through the decrees issued by a number of synods, starting from the 4th century Council of Elvira. Initially, proscriptions against \"sodomy\" were aimed simply at ensuring clerical or monastic discipline; and were only later widened in the Middle Ages to include laymen", ". By the Middle Ages, the Catholic clergy increasingly encouraged the pious to hunt out those committing homosexual acts, and to hand them over to secular authorities for punishment. The Spanish Inquisition tried nearly a thousand individuals for sodomy, where near 500 cases were of sodomy between persons, with only a few cases where the couple were consenting homosexual adults", ". The relationship between the Catholic church and the modern day LGBT community has been difficult, especially during the height of the AIDS crisis.", "Early Church\n\nInfluence of the Church Fathers\n\nThe Catholic Church's position on homosexuality built on scripture and developed in substance from the teachings of the Church Fathers. This was in stark contrast to Greek and Roman attitudes towards same-sex relations including the \"(usually erotic) homosexual relationship between an adult male and a pubescent or adolescent male\" that is called pederasty.", "The early 2nd century treatise the Didache (which influenced thinking by early theologians) includes in a list of commandments: \"You shall not corrupt boys.\" David F. Greenberg cites it as an example of early Christian writings that were \"unequivocably opposed to male prostitution and pederasty—probably the most visible forms of homosexuality in their time\".", "Clement of Alexandria (c. 150–c. 215) rebuked heathens for worshipping gods who indulged in debauching of boys. Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260/265–339/340) wrote of God \"having forbidden all unlawful marriage, and all unseemly practice, and the union of women with women and men with men\".", "The Apology of Aristides of Athens, presented to Emperor Hadrian around 117–138 CE (himself homosexual), scorned the practices and acts of the Greek pagans who worshiped gods some of whom \"polluted themselves by lying with males\".", "Basil of Caesarea (c.329 or 330–379) was among the first to talk about penalties, advising in a letter that \"He who is guilty of unseemliness with males will be under discipline for the same time as adulterers.\" Taking Basil's lead, Gregory of Nyssa's Canonical Letter to Letoius of Mytilene (Epist. canonica 4, 390 CE) also prescribes the same period of penance for adultery and for \"craving for the male\".", "John Chrysostom (c. 347–407), the Archbishop of Constantinople, was particularly vocal on the subject—loathing homosexuality. His most notable discourse in this regard is his fourth homily on , where he argued that those who have sex with the same gender must do so because they are insane: \"All of these affections then were vile, but chiefly the mad lust after males; for the soul is more the sufferer in sins, and more dishonored than the body in diseases. ...[The men] have done an insult to nature itself", ". ...[The men] have done an insult to nature itself. And a yet more disgraceful thing than these is it, when even the women seek after these intercourses, who ought to have more shame than men.\" He went on to describe homosexuality as a worse sin than murder. Punishment will be found in hell for such transgressors. He noted that women could also be guilty of the sin as much as men (although the former additionally disrupted the patriarchal hierarchy through such as act)", ". Chrysostom believed that the male passive partner had effectively renounced his manhood and become a woman; such an individual deserved to be killed, \"driven out and stoned\"", ". Chrysostom was particularly influential in shaping early Christian thought that same-sex desire was an evil that ultimately resulted in social injustice, altering the traditional interpretation of Sodom as a place of inhospitality, to one where the sexual transgressions of the Sodomites became paramount [note: this claim is highly contested. Second Temple Jewish literature is replete with references to the sexual sins of Sodom and Gomorrah (see \"Testament of Levi\" 14:6, \"Testament of Naphtali\" 3:4, 5; 4", ".1, \"Testament of Benjamin\" 9.1, \"Jubilees\" 16:15-16, Philo's \"Quaestiones Et Solutiones in Genesin,\" 4:37, 38; \"De Abraham\" 26:134-6; see also \"2Enoch\" (Slavonic) 10:4, 34:0, 34:2), as is earlier Christian literature].", "Early Church Councils\n\nCanon law regulating same-sex sexual activity has mainly been shaped through the decrees issued by a number of ecclesiastical councils. Initially, canons against sodomy were aimed at ensuring clerical or monastic discipline, and were only widened in the medieval period to include laymen.\n\nThe early 4th-century Council of Elvira (305-306) was the first church council to deal with the issue directly, excluding from Holy Communion anyone who had sexual intercourse (stuprum) with a boy:", "Canons 16 and 17 of the Council of Ancyra (c.e", ".e. 314), which \"became the standard source for medieval ecclesiastical literature against homosexuality\", imposed on \"those who have been or who are guilty of bestial lusts\" penances whose severity varies with the age and married status of the offender, allowing access to communion only at death for a married man over fifty years old (canon 16); and imposed a penance also on \"defilers of themselves with beasts, being also leprous, who have infected others [with the leprosy of this crime]\".", "There are examples of punishments. In the sixth century, the Greek chronicler John Malalas recorded that a certain Isaiah (the Bishop of Rhodes) and Alexander (Bishop of Diopolis) had been punished by the Prefect of Thrace for \"homosexual practices\". Isaiah was tortured severely and exiled, while Alexander had his genitals amputated and paraded around the city on a litter to humiliate him. As a result, the Christian Emperor Justinian (c", ". As a result, the Christian Emperor Justinian (c.e 482–565) decreed that all caught for pederasty should have their genitals amputated. Many gay men were arrested in the wake of this, and died from their injuries. An atmosphere of fear followed.", "In Iberia, the Visigothic ruler Egica of Hispania and Septimania demanded that a church council confront the occurrence of homosexuality in the kingdom. In 693, the Sixteenth Council of Toledo issued a canon condemning guilty clergy to degradation and exile and laymen to a hundred lashes. Egica added an edict imposing the punishment of castration.", "The matter was also dealt with at the Council of Paris (AD 829) in canons 34 and 69. These went beyond Elvira and Ancyra in explicitly endorsing the death penalty for sodomy—claiming that it had led God to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah and send the Great Flood. The concern at Paris was that toleration of sodomy might provoke God to give victory to the enemies of Christianity (with particular concerns about the growth of Islam at this time)", ". At about the same time, the set of (forged) capitularies produced by the deacon Benedict Levita implied that Charlemagne had likewise supported the death penalty. Finally, canon 15 of the Council of Trolsy (AD 909) warned against \"pollution with men or animals\".", "Alongside this, penances for such sexual transgressions may increasingly be found in a few of the penitential books which first emerged in the 6th century in monastic communities in Ireland (including for women having sex with other women).", "Medieval and Early Modern period", "By the late Middle Ages, the term \"sodomy\" had come to cover copulation between males, bestiality, non-vaginal heterosexual intercourse, coitus interruptus, masturbation, fellatio and anal sex (whether heterosexual or homosexual); and it increasingly began to be identified as the most heinous of sins by authorities of the Catholic Church", ". In Italy, Dominican friars would encourage the pious to \"hunt out\" sodomites and hand them to the Inquisition to be dealt with accordingly: \"These clerical discourses provided a language for secular authorities to condemn sodomy, ...By persecuting sodomites as well as heretics, the Church strengthened its authority and credibility as a moral arbiter\".", "Pope Leo IX labeled homosexuality in the 11th century as \"filthy,\" an \"execrable vice,\" and \"obscene.\" Likewise around 1051, Peter Damian penned the Liber Gomorrhianus in which he argued for stricter ecclesiastical punishment for clerics guilty of \"sins against nature\".", "Klaits writes: \"From the twelfth century on, outsiders came under increasing verbal and physical attack from churchmen, allied secular authorities, and, particularly in the case of Jews, from the lower strata of the population\"; and Jews, heretics, homosexuals, and magicians were among the most significant \"outsiders\".", "The Council of London in 1102, called at the urging of English Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury, explicitly denounced homosexual behavior as a sin for the first time at an English council. Anselm felt that sodomy was widespread and not condemned strongly enough or regarded with the seriousness that it should have", ". Confessors were urged to take account of such ignorance when hearing confessions, but take into account mitigating factors such as age and marital status before prescribing penance; and counselling was generally preferred to punishment. In Canons 28 and 29 the Council decreed that the people should be informed of the gravity of the sin and their obligation to confess (particularly if they derived pleasure from it)", ". Nevertheless, Anselm deferred publication of the proceedings, arguing that further time was needed to clarify certain matters. Boswell argues the decrees were never published at all.", "In 1179, Pope Alexander III presided over the Third Lateran Council in Rome which decreed (canon 11) that all those guilty of sodomy be removed from office or confined to penitential life in a monastery, if clergy; and be strictly excommunicated, if laity: \"Let all who are found guilty of that unnatural vice for which the wrath of God came down upon the sons of disobedience and destroyed the five cities with fire", ", if they are clerics be expelled from the clergy or confined in monasteries to do penance; if they are laymen they are to incur excommunication and be completely separated from the society of the faithful", ".\" The French theologian Alain de Lille complained in 1202 that \"such a great body of foul men roam and riot along the breadth of the whole earth\", spreading perversion and impurity with \"monstrous acts\" endangering the wider community.", "At the same time, the German Abbess Hildegard of Bingen in her Liber divinorum operum described homosexuality as the \"supreme offence against God.\" In her book Scivias, she describes a vision of God, and quotes him condemning homosexual acts, saying \"a man who sins with another man as if with a woman sins bitterly against God\" and therefore is \"guilty of death.\"", "Canon 14 of the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215 stated that if a priest suspended for unchastity of any kind—especially the vice that \"on account of which the anger of God came from heaven upon the children of unbelief\" (sodomy)—dared to celebrate Mass then he was to be deposed permanently from the priesthood.", "By the early 13th century (time of the Fourth Lateran Council) the Church determined that \"secular authorities, as well as clergy, should be allowed to impose penalties on 'sodomites' for having had sexual relations\", and by the end of this period, \"Sodomites were now [regarded as] demons as well as sinners.\" Civil authorities were in parallel trying the crime of sodomy in their own courts, although in practice applying even more severe punishments", ". Roman civil law, for example, had prescribed death by burning for those found guilty of sodomy.", "Around 1230, Pope Gregory IX argued that sodomites were \"abominable persons despised by the world, ... more unclean than animals\".\n\nThomas Aquinas", "In the Summa Theologica, Thomas Aquinas stated that \"the unnatural vice\" is the greatest of the sins of lust", ". In his Summa contra Gentiles, traditionally dated to 1264, he argued against what he called \"the error of those who say that there is no more sin in the emission of the semen than in the ejection of other superfluous products from the body\" by saying that, after murder, which destroys an existing human being, disordinate emission of semen to the preclusion of generating a human being seems to come second.", "Alongside this, the German Dominican Albertus Magnus described homosexuality as a foulness that was marked by an uncontrollable frenzy as well as contagious.\n\nIn 1424, Bernardino of Siena preached for three days in Florence, Italy, against homosexuality and other forms of lust, calling for sodomites to be ostracized, and these sermons alongside measures by other clergy of the time strengthened opinion against homosexuals and encouraged the authorities to increase the measures of persecution.", "The Inquisition and homosexuality\n\nIn 1451, Pope Nicholas V enabled the Inquisition to prosecute men who practiced sodomy. Handed over to the civil authorities, those condemned were frequently burned in accordance with civil law.", "In 1478, with the Papal Bull Exigit Sinceras Devotionis Affectus, Pope Sixtus IV acceded to the request of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, granting them exclusive authority to name the inquisitors in their kingdoms. The Spanish Inquisition thus replaced the Medieval Inquisition which had been set up under direct papal control, and transferred it in Spain to civil control", ". In 1482, in response to complaints by relatives of the first victims, Sixtus wrote that he had not intended his grant to be abused in that way. However, strong pressure brought to bear on him prevented him from revoking it.", "The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Spain, as the Spanish Inquisition was formally known, was therefore under the control of its monarchs. The Dominicans became formidable through their control of that Inquisition under the direction of the friar Tomas de Torquemada", ". At first it seems to have been reluctant to take on responsibility for trying those accused of sodomy, and the Suprema (the governing body) ruled in 1509 that such cases were for the secular courts (which already punished sodomy with death). However, in 1524 the Suprema requested papal authorisation to also prosecute sodomites", ". However, in 1524 the Suprema requested papal authorisation to also prosecute sodomites. Pope Clement VII granted permission but only within the Kingdom of Aragon and on condition that trials be conducted according to the civil laws, not the standard inquisitorial procedure. The Pope refused the request of King Philip II of Spain to extend the authority of the Spanish Inquisition to conducting such trials in the rest of Spain.", "Within Aragon and its dependent territories, the number of individuals that the Spanish Inquisition tried for sodomy, between 1570 and 1630 was over 800 or nearly a thousand. Nearly all of almost 500 cases of sodomy between persons concerned the relationship between an older man and an adolescent, often by coercion, with only a few cases where the couple were consenting homosexual adults. About 100 of the total involved allegations of child abuse", ". About 100 of the total involved allegations of child abuse. In Spain, those whom the Spanish Inquisition convicted and had executed \"by burning without the benefit of strangulation\" were about 150. The Inquisition was harsh to sodomizers (more so for those committing bestiality than homosexuality), but tended to restrict death by burning only to those aged over twenty-five. Minors were normally whipped and sent to the galleys", ". Minors were normally whipped and sent to the galleys. Mildness was also shown to clergy, who were always a high proportion of those arrested. In fact, conviction and execution for sodomy was easier to obtain from the civil courts in other parts of Spain than from the tribunals of the Inquisition in Aragon, and there executions for sodomy were much more numerous", ". After 1633, where the Spanish Inquisition had jurisdiction for sodomy, it ceased treating it as requiring execution, and imposed lesser penalties in cases brought before it.", "The Portuguese Inquisition was established in 1536; and in 1539 Henry, Archbishop of Braga (later cardinal and king of Portugal) became Grand Inquisitor. (An earlier appointment as Portuguese Grand Inquisitor was Friar Diogo da Silva", ". (An earlier appointment as Portuguese Grand Inquisitor was Friar Diogo da Silva.) It received 4,419 denunciations against individuals accused of sodomy, of whom 447 were subjected to a formal trial, and thirty were burnt at the stake, in accordance with the pre-1536 civil laws enacted under Kings Afonso V and Manuel I, and many others were sent to the galleys or to exile, temporary or permanent.", "Council of Trent\n\nAlthough homosexuality was not directly discussed at the 16th century Council of Trent, it did nevertheless commission the drawing up of a catechism (following the successful lead of some Protestants) which stated: \"Neither fornicators nor adulterers, nor the effeminate nor sodomites shall possess the kingdom of God.\"", "In Malta, governed by the Catholic military order the Knights Hospitaller, there was harsh prejudice and laws towards those who were found guilty or spoke openly of being involved in same-sex activity. English voyager and author William Lithgow, writing in March 1616, described how a Spanish soldier and a Maltese teenage boy were publicly burnt to ashes for confessing to having practiced sodomy together. As a consequence, about a hundred men involved sailed to Sicily the following day to escape the regime.", "Modern Age\n\nVatican Councils\n\nNeither the First Vatican Council nor the Second Vatican Council directly discussed the issue of homosexuality, but nor did they alter the judgement of earlier councils. However, homosexual activity frequently remained referenced in general church documents where appropriate as crimen pessimum (the worst crime), including that codified in 1917.\n\nModern-day popes\n\nPope Paul VI", "In 1976, Pope Paul VI became the first pontiff in modern history to deny the accusation of homosexuality against him. In January 1976, he had published a homily, Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics, that outlawed premarital and extra-marital sex, condemned homosexuality, and forbade masturbation", ". In response, Roger Peyrefitte—who had already written in two of his books that Paul VI had engaged in a longtime homosexual relationship—repeated his charges in an interview with a French gay magazine. When reprinted in Italian, this interview brought the rumors to a wider public and caused an uproar. Peyrefitte asserted that Paul VI was a hypocrite who had participated in a long-term sexual relationship with a movie actor", ". Widespread rumors identified the actor as Paolo Carlini, who had played a small part in the Audrey Hepburn film Roman Holiday (1953). In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St. Peter's Square on 18 April, Montini called the charges \"horrible and slanderous insinuations\" and appealed for prayers on his behalf. Special prayers for Pope Paul VI were said in all Italian Roman Catholic churches in \"a day of consolation\". The charges have resurfaced periodically", ". The charges have resurfaced periodically. In 1994, Franco Bellegrandi, a former Vatican honour chamberlain and correspondent for the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano, alleged that Paul VI had been blackmailed and had promoted fellow homosexuals to positions of power within the Vatican", ". In 2006, the newspaper L'Espresso reported that the private papers of police commander General Giorgio Manes accepted the blackmail story as true, and that they claimed Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro had been asked to help.", "Pope John Paul II\n\nHomosexuality received no mention in papal encyclicals until Pope John Paul II's Veritatis Splendor of 1993, which \"specifically proclaims the intrinsic evil of the homosexual condition\" and rejected the view of some theologians who had begun to publicly question the basis upon which the Church had condemned homosexuality as morally unacceptable.", "John Cornwell believes that the pontificate of John Paul II increasingly saw sexual morality as a paramount concern, and homosexuality, (alongside contraception, divorce and illicit unions), as a dimension of \"the 'culture of death' against which he taught and preached with increasing vehemence\".", "In John Paul II's teaching, gay sex is regarded as a utilization of another's body, not a mutual self-giving in familial love, physically expressed by the masculine and feminine bodies; and such intercourse is also performed by a choice of the will, unlike homosexual orientation, which he acknowledged is usually not a matter of free choice.", "On 5 October 1979, John Paul publicly praised the bishops of the United States for stating that \"homosexual activity ... as distinguished from homosexual orientation, is morally wrong\". He argued that, instead of \"[holding] out false hope\" to homosexuals facing hard moral problems, they had upheld \"the true dignity, the true human dignity, of those who look to Christ's Church for the guidance which comes from the light of God's word\".", "In 2000, he criticized the inaugural WorldPride event scheduled for Rome in that year as \"an affront to the Great Jubilee of the year 2000\" and as \"an offence to the Christian values\" of Rome. He also spoke of his \"bitterness\" after church officials had lobbied and failed to cancel the festival. He also cited the Catholic catechism that \"homosexual acts go against natural law\" but \"every sign of unjust discrimination in their regard should be avoided\".", "In response, the Dutch gay magazine Gay Krant and its readership initiated a case against him in the Dutch law courts, arguing that his comment that gay sex is contrary to the laws of nature \"give rise to hatred against, and discrimination of certain groups of people\" in violation of Dutch law. This came to an end when the court ruled that he was immune from prosecution as a head of state (the Vatican).", "In his last personal work, Memory and Identity, published in 2005, John Paul II referred to the \"pressures\" on the European Parliament to permit \"homosexual 'marriage'\". He wrote: \"It is legitimate and necessary to ask oneself if this is not perhaps part of a new ideology of evil, perhaps more insidious and hidden, which attempts to pit human rights against the family and against man\".\n\nBenedict XVI", "On 9 March 2012, Pope Benedict XVI, denouncing \"the powerful political and cultural currents seeking to alter the legal definition of marriage\", currents that the Washington Post described as a \"cultural shift toward gay marriage in U.S", ".S.\", told a group of United States bishops on their ad limina visit to Rome that \"the Church's conscientious effort to resist this pressure calls for a reasoned defense of marriage as a natural institution consisting of a specific communion of persons, essentially rooted in the complementarity of the sexes and oriented to procreation. Sexual differences cannot be dismissed as irrelevant to the definition of marriage.\"", "An essay by the French Chief Rabbi Gilles Bernheim taking a clear position against gay marriage and denouncing the theory of acquired gender was quoted at length by Pope Benedict XVI in his 2012 Christmas address to the Roman Curia.", "The BBC reported that shortly before the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI in February 2013, the Italian media in particular used unsourced reports to suggest that there was a \"gay lobby\" of clergy inside the Vatican who had been collaborating to advance personal interests, thereby opening the Holy See to potential blackmail, and even to suggest that this may have been one of the factors influencing Benedict's decision to resign.\n\nFrancis", "Francis\n\nPope Francis has repeatedly spoken about the need for the church to welcome and love all people, regardless of their sexual orientation. Speaking about gay people in 2013, he said that \"the key is for the church to welcome, not exclude and show mercy, not condemnation.\" In July of that year, he said \"If a person is gay and seeks God and has good will, who am I to judge?\" \"The problem,\" he said, \"is not having this orientation. We must be brothers.\"", "Several LGBT groups welcomed the comments, noting that this was the first time a pope had used the word \"gay\" in public, and had also accepted the existence of gay people as a recognizable part of the Catholic Church community. The Pope's attitude towards homosexuality earned him a place on the cover of the US gay news magazine The Advocate. In October 2016, Francis said that \"When a person (who is gay) arrives before Jesus, Jesus certainly will not say, 'Go away because you are homosexual'\".", "Francis has also spoken of the importance of education in the context of the difficulties now facing children, indicating that the Church had a challenge in not being welcoming enough of children brought up in a multiplicity of household arrangements, specifically including the children of gay couples", ". Francis presided over the 2014 Synod on the Family, where the working document called for less judgment towards people that are gay and more understanding towards same-sex couples in civil unions or marriages, as well as an equal welcome for children of such couples (including conferring baptism), while still rejecting the validity of same-sex marriage itself.", "In the post-synodal apostolic exhortation Amoris Laetitia, issued in 2016, Francis encouraged better understanding from all members of the Church on the acceptance of gay people, without suggesting any specific doctrinal changes. He reiterated the need for every person to be respected regardless of their sexual orientation, and to be free from threats of aggression and violence. During Pope Francis's visit to Ireland in August 2018 he built on this theme", ". During Pope Francis's visit to Ireland in August 2018 he built on this theme. The pontiff made clear that gay people had always been present throughout human history, and that it was essential for parents to remember that gay children remained part of the families and it was important for them to engage positively. In an accompanying press statement, he made clear that homosexuality should not be viewed by Catholics as an illness.", "In 2019, during an interview with Spanish journalist Jordi Evole, Pope Francis brought up how Catholic teaching states that homosexual tendencies \"are not a sin,\" while also saying that young children who exhibit unusual behaviors should see a professional as it may be for other reasons than them being gay.\n\nHIV/AIDS", "HIV/AIDS\n\nThe Catholic Church's opposition to homosexuality and to safe sex measures drew negative attention during the AIDS crisis, although some Catholic hospitals also treated HIV/AIDS patients, and Catholic hospitals are currently a major provider of AIDS care.", "Catholic hospitals were among the first to treat HIV/AIDS patients, in part due to the location of hospitals like St. Vincent's in New York near to gay districts. Early hospital security and policies that prevented partners of patients from visiting their loved ones, as well as the broader perception that the church's opposition to safe sex practices such as condom use were exacerbating the crisis, led ACT UP to hold protests such as Stop the Church.", "The Catholic Church is a now world leader in the provision of care to victims of AIDS and, with over 117,000 health centers, it is also one of the largest providers. Catholic Church-related organizations also provide social services to people with AIDS. However, their opposition to safe sex measures such as condoms is a source of controversy, since condoms are impermeable to HIV and can prevent transmission.\n\nDevelopment of pro-gay movements within the Church\n\n1960s", "DignityUSA was founded in the United States in 1969 as the first group for gay and lesbian Catholics shortly after the Stonewall riots. It developed from the ministry of Father Patrick Xavier Nidorf, an Augustinian priest. It set out the belief that gay Catholics can \"express our sexuality physically, in a unitive manner that is loving, life-giving, and life-affirming", ".\" It also seeks to \"work for the development of sexual theology leading to the reform of [the Church's] teachings and practices regarding human sexuality, and for the acceptance of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender peoples as full and equal members of the one Christ.\" Meetings were initially held in San Diego and Los Angeles, before the organization ultimately became headquartered in Boston. It later spread to Canada.", "1970s\n\nFollowing the US Bishops’ 1976 Call To Action conference in Detroit, a group called Call to Action (CTA) was established to advocate a variety of changes in the Catholic Church, including in the church's teaching on sexual matters such as homosexuality. In addition to the US bishops' conference, it drew its mission from the Second Vatican Council, and in particular to its challenge to lay Catholics who had tended to defer initiatives entirely to the clergy.", "New Ways Ministry was set up in 1977 in the United States of America by the Salvatorian priest Robert Nugent and the School Sisters of Notre Dame sister Jeannine Gramick. This was in response to Bishop Francis Mugavero of Brooklyn who had invited them to reach out in \"new ways\" to lesbian and gay Catholics. As early as February 1976, Mugavero issued a pastoral letter entitled \"Sexuality: God's Gift,\" defending the legitimate rights of all people, including those who were gay and lesbian", ". He said that they had been \"subject to misunderstanding and at times unjust discrimination.\" In addition to gay and lesbian Catholics, the letter also spoke to the widowed, adolescents, the divorced, and those having sexual relations outside of marriage, stating: \"we pledge our willingness to help you ... to try to find new ways to communicate the truth of Christ because we believe it will make you free.", "1980s", "In 1980, the Association of Priests in the Archdiocese of Chicago honored the Chicago branch of Dignity as the organization of the year", ". With the publication in 1987 of \"On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons,\" which instructed bishops not to provide facilities for organizations that did not uphold official Catholic teaching on homosexuality, Catholic bishops in Atlanta, Buffalo, Brooklyn, Pensacola and Vancouver immediately excluded Dignity chapters, and \"within a few months the organization was unwelcome on church property anywhere.\"", "In 1981, New Ways Ministry held its first national symposium on homosexuality and the Catholic Church, but Archbishop James Hickey of Washington, D.C., wrote to Catholic bishops and communities, asking them not to support the event. Despite this, more than fifty Catholic groups endorsed the program.\n\n1990s", "1990s\n\nIn 1996, the bishop of Lincoln, Fabian Bruskewitz, excommunicated all members of Call to Action within his diocese. An appeal by the Nebraska Chapter was rejected by the Congregation for Bishops in 2006.", "The Rainbow Sash Movement was established in Australia in 1998 and has been active in the United States, England, and Australia. The Rainbow Sash itself is a strip of a rainbow-colored fabric, which is worn over the left shoulder and is put on at the beginning of the Mass as a symbol of sexuality. At the appropriate time, members go up to receive communion", ". At the appropriate time, members go up to receive communion. If denied, they return to their pew and remain standing, but if the Eucharist is received, then they return to their pew and kneel in the traditional way. The Catholic Church teaches that the Eucharist is a sign of unity, and that it can be denied when receiving it would be seen as an act of division or a display of opposition to the Church's teaching.", "Both Nugent and Grammick of New Ways Ministry were formally disciplined in 1999 when the Vatican imposed lifetime bans on any pastoral work involving gay people, declaring that the positions they advanced \"do not faithfully convey the clear and constant teaching of the Catholic Church\" and \"have caused confusion among the Catholic people.\" The move made Nugent and Gramick \"folk heroes in liberal circles,\" where official teaching was seen as outdated and lacking compassion", ". Similarly, the American bishops Thomas Gumbleton of Detroit and Matthew Clark of Rochester, New York, were criticized for their association with New Ways Ministry, and their \"distortion\" of the theological concept of the \"Primacy of Conscience\" as an alternative to the teaching of the Catholic Church.", "2010s\n\nIn 2013, members of the Rainbow Sash Movement in Illinois planned to hold a prayer service in a cathedral for legalization of same-sex marriage, an initiative that Bishop Paprocki of Springfield called blasphemous.", "In 2018, Fr. Paul Kalchik in Avondale, Chicago, burned a banner depicting a lavender cross superimposed over a rainbow, which he described as \"propaganda,\" following a prayer of exorcism. He had previously destroyed rainbow vestments left behind by the three priests that served the parish prior to his arrival in 2007. The banner had originally been displayed at the altar by one of those predecessors in 1991 to welcome LGBTQ worshipers", ". However, Kalchik believed that his predecessors had erroneously promoted the \"gay lifestyle\" and that the sexual abuse crisis in the Catholic church was \"definitely a gay thing.\" Cardinal Blase J. Cupich intervened but failed to stop the burning.", "2020s", "In October 2020, the documentary film Francesco, which contains an earlier 2019 interview Pope Francis did for the Mexican broadcaster Televisa, is released and shows the pope endorsing for same-sex couples \"convivencia civil\" (in Spanish); this remark, aired only later for the film, was translated to \"civil union\" in the subtitles of the film. This has been picked up by the media as Pope Francis supporting same-sex civil union. Some Spanish-speaking Catholic priests said the translation was inaccurate", ". Some Spanish-speaking Catholic priests said the translation was inaccurate. Archbishop Víctor Manuel Fernández of La Plata, long-time theological advisor of Pope Francis, has defended that the two expressions \"unión civil\" and \"ley de convivencia civil\" are often used interchangeably in Argentina when speaking about laws, and designate a civil union.", "In May 2021 and May 2022 in over hundred Roman Catholic churches in Germany blessing of same-sex marriages were celebrated for example in the cathedral of Magdeburg or in Essen, where German Roman Catholic bishop Ludger Schepers was at place.", "In January 2023 in an interview with the Associated Press Pope Francis stated laws that criminalise homosexuality as “unjust”, saying God loves all his children just as they are. Pope Francis later clarified this interview saying in reference to it \"As you can see, I was repeating something in general. I should have said, 'It is a sin, as is any sexual act outside of marriage'\" he wrote", ". I should have said, 'It is a sin, as is any sexual act outside of marriage'\" he wrote. In February 2023, Pope Francis said, that criminalization of same-sexual acts in several countries in Africa/in Asia is wrong, a sin and an injustice.", "On March 11, 2023, the Synodal Path with support of over 80 percentage of German Roman Catholic bishops allowed blessing ceremonies for same-sex couples in all 27 German Roman Catholic diocese in contradiction and contravention of the ruling from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in the Vatican in 2021 which expressly forbid this, stating that the Catholic Church won’t bless same-sex unions since God “cannot bless sin.”", ".”. The process underpinning this pathway has however been described as \"neither helpful nor serious\" by Pope Francis. In further comments by Pope Francis in reference to the German Synodal path, he has also warned that \"the danger is that something very, very ideological trickles in\" and describes the process as \"elite\" because it doesn’t involve \"all the people of God.\"", "See also\n\nHistory of Christianity and homosexuality\nCatholic teaching on homosexuality\nPastoral care for gay Catholics\nDissent from Catholic teaching on homosexuality\nHomosexuality and Roman Catholic priests\nGay bishops\nPolitical activity of the Catholic Church on LGBT issues\nList of LGBT Catholics\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\n \nSexuality in Catholicism\nCatholic theology of the body\nLGBT history\nHomosexuality" ]

[ "The Danture campaign comprised a series of encounters between the Portuguese and the Kingdom of Kandy in 1594, part of the Sinhalese–Portuguese War. It is considered a turning point in the indigenous resistance to Portuguese expansion. For the first time in Sri Lanka a Portuguese army was essentially annihilated, when they were on the verge of the total conquest of the island. A 20,000-strong Portuguese army, led by Governor Pedro Lopes de Sousa, invaded Kandy on 5 July 1594", ". After three months, severely depleted by guerilla warfare and mass desertions, what remained of the Portuguese army was annihilated at Danture by the Kandyans under King Vimaladharmasuriya. With this victory, the Kingdom of Kandy emerged as a major military power; it was to retain its independence, against Portuguese, Dutch, and British armies, until 1815.", "Victory at Danture notwithstanding, only the mobile section of the Portuguese army in Ceylon was annihilated, while their strongholds remained intact, and so Kandy was unable to follow up with an advance into the lowlands. The Portuguese would in the future renew their offensive against Kandy under the reorganized forces of captain-general Dom Jerónimo de Azevedo, devastating Kandy in the process.\n\nBackground", "Background\n\nBy the time of King Mayadunne's death in 1581, his Sitawaka kingdom controlled almost all the Sri Lankan lowlands except for a narrow stretch of territory along the west coast, which was ruled by King Dom João Dharmapala under the protection of the Portuguese. After Mayadunne's death, his son Tikiri Bandara succeeded to the Sitawaka throne as Rajasinha I of Sitawaka, also known as Sitawaka Rajasinghe.", "Sitawaka Rajasinghe turned his attention to the Kingdom of Kandy, ruled by King Karaliyadde Bandara, whose daughter was married to Dom João Dharmapala. In 1582 Rajasinghe defeated the Kandyan army at Balana, with the assistance of a Kandyan chieftain, Virasundara Mudiyanse of Peradeniya. The Kandyan king, with his queen, son, infant daughter Kusumasana Devi, and nephew Yamasinghe Bandara, fled to Trincomalee under the protection of the Portuguese.", "Soon King Karaliyadde Bandara and queen died of smallpox, after entrusting his infant daughter and nephew to the Portuguese. The king had named Yamasinghe Bandara as the heir to the throne of Kandy on condition that he marry Kusumasana Devi once she came of age. Yamasinghe Bandara was baptized Dom Filipe. Kusumasana Devi, baptized Dona Catarina, was educated by Catholic priests and brought up according to Portuguese customs.", "Soon after the conquest, Kandy rose in rebellion against Sitawaka rule under Virasundara Mudiyanse, Rajasinghe's viceroy in the area. Summoned to Sitawaka under a parley, he was treacherously assassinated by Rajasinghe, who then crushed the rebellion with an iron fist. Hearing of his father's death, Konappu Bandara, son of Virasundara Mudiyanse, fled to Colombo and entered the service of King Dharmapala", ". He was baptized as Dom João of Austria, became a Lascarin leader and married the daughter of Tammita Bandara, by whom he had a son. He distinguished himself in battles against Rajasinghe, specially during the Siege of Colombo, soon rising to the rank of Mudali.", "In 1588 Kandy revolted again, this time under Dom Francisco Mudali, a Christian grandson of Gampola Devi. They expelled the agents of Sitawaka and sent a message to Dom Filipe (Yamasinghe Bandara, now the legitimate heir to the throne) requesting his return. Dom Filipe arrived in Kandy in 1592 with an army of 400 Portuguese under Captain João de Melo and a force of Lascarins under Dom João of Austria (Konappu Bandara).", "A few days after his coronation, Dom Filipe died under suspicious circumstances, presumably by poisoning. The Portuguese blamed Dom João of Austria, but Dom João and the Kandyan chieftains in turn accused the Portuguese of poisoning the king. Soon Kandy revolted and the Portuguese army retreated to Mannar. Dom João of Austria became the king of Kandy as Vimaladharmasuriya I.", "In 1593 Sitawaka Rajasinghe attempted to retake Kandy, but his army was defeated at Balana. While returning from the battle he died from an injury caused by a bamboo splinter. On Rajasinghe's death, his general Mannamperuma Mohottila (a Vaduga mercenary leader named Aditta Kee-Vendu Perumal, who had risen in rank by winning the king's favour) deserted to the Portuguese and changed his name to Jayavira Bandara Mudali. With his assistance, the Portuguese conquered Sitawaka in 1594", ". With his assistance, the Portuguese conquered Sitawaka in 1594. During the looting of Sitawaka, Jayavira Bandara Mudali managed to secure a vast treasure, making him rich and influential.", "As the Jaffna kingdom was already subjugated (since 1591), with the fall of Sitawaka only the Kingdom of Kandy stood in the way of the Portuguese in completing their conquest of Sri Lanka. Although Vimaladharmasuriya ruled with the support of the inhabitants, being a son of a chieftain made him a usurper while the last legitimate heir to the throne, the princess Dona Catarina, remained with the Portuguese.\n\nPrelude", "Prelude\n\nPlanning\nThe campaign was masterminded by Francisco da Silva, captain of the fort at Colombo. His original plan was to enter Kandy with an expeditionary force in order to establish the princess Dona Catarina, then aged ten or twelve, on the Kandyan throne. Once Kandy was secured, she was expected to rule the kingdom as a vassal of the Portuguese king.", "Pedro Lopes de Sousa, a highly respected fidalgo from Trancoso, happened to call at Colombo on his way to Goa from Malacca, in order to pick up provisions and fresh water. Francisco da Silva received him well at the fort, and casually broached his plan. Silva also expressed a desire to lead the expedition, citing his long experience of fighting in Ceylon. He further requested Souza to pursue the matter in Goa, in order to obtain additional troops and other resources for the expedition.", "Sousa reached Goa in a few days and, as promised, he submitted the plan to the council of state. The council received the proposal enthusiastically, and unanimously approved its execution. They made three decisions, however, which were to have a crucial impact on the final outcome", ". They made three decisions, however, which were to have a crucial impact on the final outcome. First, instead of appointing either Francisco da Silva or Pedro Homem Pereira, Captain-Major of Portuguese Ceylon, both of whom were veterans in warfare with the Sinhalese, the council entrusted the leadership of the expedition to Sousa", ". Reluctant to accept the task, Sousa made two demands on behalf of a nephew of his (name unknown): that he, instead of Pereira, be appointed Captain-Major of the Field, and that he be given Dona Catarina's hand in marriage. The council granted both requests, the latter under the condition that the marriage would be postponed until the Kingdom of Kandy was completely subjugated", ". They further granted Sousa the title of General Conquistador, the first ever created in Ceylon, with the administrative title of Governor and the field rank of Captain-General.", "Preparation", "Before the end of April 1594, a ship under Dom Bernardo Coutinho sailed in advance from Goa, with ammunition and provisions. But the ship, being old and unseaworthy, was sunk by a storm in Colombo harbor. The Portuguese managed to unload the munitions, but the other provisions were lost, leaving them with low supply reserves by the time of the campaign", ". (Charges were later laid against Matias de Albuquerque, viceroy of India 1591–1597, for negligence and lack of support for the expedition, holding him largely responsible for its eventual defeat.)", "A fleet of eighteen ships and a galley followed the supply ship, carrying Sousa with six or seven hundred Portuguese soldiers. They were at Negombo when they encountered the storm which sank the supply ship. They were forced to anchor there and travel to Colombo over land. By the time Sousa reached Colombo, Captain Francisco da Silva had left for Mannar to command the garrison there", ". Instead, he found a resentful Pedro Homem Pereira, who denied assistance to the expedition in protest of the Sousas' having been preferred over him.", "Sousa managed to muster a force of eight hundred Portuguese soldiers, including the troops brought from Goa and a hundred soldiers obtained from the Sitawaka garrison. Meanwhile, Jayavira Bandara Mudali arrived in Colombo, after his southern campaigns, with a force of nine thousand Lascarins and offered his assistance. Against the advice of veteran soldiers, Sousa made up his mind to proceed with his expedition at once, disregarding the low supply reserves and the upcoming monsoon season", ". He sent a message to Silva at Mannar, where Princess Dona Catarina was staying, announcing his intentions. Silva gathered a force of two hundred Portuguese and four hundred Lascarins in order to rendezvous with Sousa's army. As they were about to depart, the bamboo pole of Dona Catarina's royal palanquin gave way. The princess considered it a bad omen, saying \"... Wada, forebear and remove me not thus, for it portends a great calamity ...\"", "... Wada, forebear and remove me not thus, for it portends a great calamity ...\". Francisco da Silva calmed her down, and after repairing the palanquin they left towards the Kandyan border, delayed by eight days.", "In June 1594 the Portuguese and Lascarins (now 15,000 strong) marched out from Sitawaka. Their first stop was Attanagalla. After three days they reached Menikkadawara, but the monsoon rains delayed them there for fourteen days. Then they advanced towards Galbodagama (which stood at the site of the current-day Polgahawela railway station), burning and destroying the countryside of Seven Korale. The prince of Seven Korale, uncommitted thus far, became a Christian and declared his allegiance to the Portuguese", ". Leaving Seven Korale, the army camped in the vicinity of Balana Pass, gateway to the Kingdom of Kandy, to await the princess and the force from Mannar. Once these had arrived, Sousa advanced toward the pass.", "Opposing forces and the effect of terrain", "Portuguese army", "The strength of the Portuguese army amounted to 20,000 men and 47 elephants (used to carry supplies). Captain-General Pedro Lopes de Sousa was in command, with his nephew as Captain-Major of the Field. His 1000 Portuguese soldiers included 600–700 from Goa, in twenty companies; 100 from Sitawaka; 200 from Mannar, in six companies; and some drawn from other garrisons", ". Jayavira Bandara Mudali commanded 15,400 Lascarins, comprising 15,000 from Sitawaka and Colombo and 400 from Mannar, with an unknown number of Vaduga mercenaries.", "The army was supported by coolies, oxen, and transport elephants. To feed this host of 20,000 men the Portuguese had provisions sufficient only for a month, but Sousa was confident of supplying his forces from the Kandyan countryside once the territory had been secured.", "Kandyan army \nThe Kandyan army consisted of forces raised from the five divisions of the kingdom. None of the muster rolls from this era has survived, from which to accurately determine the initial strength of the Kandyan army, but a reasonable estimate of 10,000 men has been made from studies of revenue registers.\n\nTerrain and the Balana pass", "The Kandyan kingdom, comprising five divisions surrounding the capital, Kandy (also known as Senkadagalapura), is situated on a plateau 1500 feet (450 m) above sea level, largely surrounded by an impregnable mountain wall. The only access to the central plateau was through gaps in the mountains. Of these passes, the most important was the Balana pass, the one closest to Colombo, which was called \"the door to the Kandy Realm\"", ". It was steep and difficult to traverse, and during wartime the usual paths were obstructed with felled trees and \"elephant thorn\" (Acacia tomentosa). Invading armies often required scaling ladders to climb near-perpendicular rocks. The Kandyans, using this terrain to their advantage, fortified the pass with felled trees and stockades mounted with cannon", ". At the summit of the Balana pass a fortalice functioned as a lookout post that could give early warning of an approaching enemy (hence the name Balana, which means \"lookout\"). Sentinels gave warning signals by blowing a conch shell; alarms were relayed to inland hills at Diyakelinavella and Gannoruwa.", "Most of the Kandyan kingdom was mountainous and thickly forested, inhabited by snakes and leeches. The cold, wet climate compounded the difficulties of the terrain. Invaders were forced to march in single file along narrow paths, stretching an army over long distances. The Kandyans often used these narrow paths to set up ambuscades, trapping advancing columns by suddenly felling trees to the front and rear.\n\nInvasion\n\nBattle for the Balana pass", "On 5 July 1594, Captain-General Pedro Lopes de Sousa began the invasion of Kandy with the battle for the Balana pass. A combined force of Portuguese and Lascarins from the advance guard mounted the assault. They were commanded by the captains Rui Dias Pinheiro, Alexandre de Abreu and Assenco Fernandes. Encountering stiff resistance at the first level of fortifications, after heavy fighting the Portuguese stormed the stockades with their battle cry, \"Santiago\"", ". Pinheiro, Fernandes, fifteen other Portuguese soldiers, and many Lascarins were killed in this battle. After securing the fortifications the Portuguese continued their ascent through the pass. To their surprise the Kandyan forces began to retreat rapidly, even abandoning easily defendable positions. Veterans were concerned, but Sousa saw the retreat as evidence of Kandyan weakness and pressed the assault.", "The Portuguese vanguard ascended the Balana pass, capturing stockades at every turn. Despite being separated from the main body of the army, they continued to advance and soon entered an area of relatively flat land called the Danture tract. By nightfall they had reached Gannoruwa, where they spent the night on the western bank of the Mahaveli River—still separated from the main army, which lagged behind in order to bury the dead and because of its slow baggage train.", "On the following day the main body caught up with the advance guard, and forded the Mahaveli River at Gatambe. They entered Kandy, without encountering any resistance, to find the Royal Palace abandoned and partly burned. King Vimaladharmasuriya had retreated to Wellassa with his followers, but some of the chieftains loyal to the Gampola dynasty had remained at Kandy.\n\nCoronation of Dona Catarina", "Coronation of Dona Catarina\n\nSousa rapidly organized a raiding party, which consisted of a hundred Portuguese soldiers under Francisco da Silva and a large number of Lascarins under Jayavira Bandara. He sent them to Wellassa and Uva in order to capture the King. Additionally he placed a bounty of 10,000 pagodas (equal to 20,000 rixdollars) on the life of King Vimaladhrmasuriya.", "Meanwhile, Dona Catarina entered Kandy in a grand procession. Captain-General Sousa, accompanied by Kandyan princes and chieftains, welcomed her at the city gates and escorted her into the Palace. Gold and silver coins were scattered in the streets for the inhabitants to gather. After three days she was crowned as Empress of Kandy in a large celebration attended by many people from the countryside, including local princes and nobles", ". King Vimaladharmasuriya's men used the festivities as cover to infiltrate Kandy in the night, disguised as beggars, and set fires at various locations around the city. As soon as one fire was extinguished the Portuguese found another place in flames, in a completely different direction. The fires lasted all night, as the Portuguese tried fruitlessly to apprehend the infiltrators.", "Fearing a rebellion, Sousa decided to keep Empress Dona Catarina closely guarded. Kandyans were not allowed to visit her and were asked to meet Portuguese officials for state matters. Acts of lawlessness and harassment of civilians by Portuguese soldiers further complicated matters and strained the relationship between Kandyans and Portuguese.", "Soon the Kandyans realized that the Portuguese were not the liberators they claimed to be. Rumors that the Empress was to marry a Portuguese convinced some to join King Vimaladharmasuriya; the Portuguese gradually lost the support of the Kandyan chieftains and population.", "Plans for Dona Catarina’s marriage\nFrancisco da Silva and Jayavira Bandara Mudali met little resistance in Wellassa and Uva. Although they failed to capture King Vimaladharmasuriya, they did manage to take the Prince of Uva, who was King Vimaladharmasuriya's uncle. They brought him back to Kandy, where he was later publicly executed—over Jayavira's objections.", "For reasons unknown, Sousa changed his earlier plans and offered the empress's hand in marriage to the Captain Francisco da Silva, who was considered by his men to be the \"most good looking man in Portuguese Asia\". But he refused the honor, and with Sousa's permission returned to Mannar with several soldiers from his company. (He died soon after, shipwrecked at Kaffraria on his way back to Lisbon.)", "After Silva's departure, Jayavira Bandara Mudali approached Pedro Lopes de Sousa and requested permission to let the empress marry his brother-in-law. (According to Baldaeus, Jayavira himself asked for permission to marry the empress.) But the Captain-General refused the proposal, saying he was unable to give consent without obtaining the prior approval of the emperor. He also raised the matter of Jayavira's not being of noble birth. Disappointed, Jayavira expressed his dissatisfaction: \"..", ". Disappointed, Jayavira expressed his dissatisfaction: \"... you who are but a stranger have with my assistance accomplished all your schemes of ambition and now endeavor to trample me underfoot ...\" But they ended their conversation on good terms, Sousa agreeing to consider the proposal on his return to Colombo.", "Logistical problems and guerrilla attacks", "With growing support from the country's inhabitants, the Kandyans prevented Portuguese supply caravans from reaching Kandy. Desperate for food, the Portuguese soon began to scour the countryside. Kandyans frequently ambushed these foraging parties and cut down the stragglers. So Pedro Lopes de Sousa decided to organize a large raiding party instead of small foraging groups, and Jayavira Bandara persuaded him to send out Luís Moro Mudali, with a force of 3000 men, to the Principality of Uva.", "On the fourth day of the raid, men of Uva ambushed the party, annihilating it and capturing Luís Moro Mudali. He was executed on orders from King Vimaladharmasuriya, to Sousa's great grief. Jayavira Bandara requested permission to invade Uva in order to avenge his death, but Sousa decided to remain at Kandy. Since Luís Moro Mudali was known to be more devoted to the Portuguese than to Jayavira, the ambush raised suspicions of treachery on Jayavira's part.", "Encouraged by the success at Uva, the Kandyans grew bolder. They infiltrated nearby hills and raised battle cries at night in order to demoralize the enemy. A body of 150 Portuguese under Francisco de Brito and 300 Lascarins under Pedro Afonso were sent to drive them away. Leaving without a guide they soon got lost, and wandered in the hills for almost two days. On the third day, they sent a detachment of Lascarins to find the way back to the camp", ". On the third day, they sent a detachment of Lascarins to find the way back to the camp. The Lascarins surprised a group of Kandyans, whom they killed; some of them were identified as household servants of Jayavira Bandara Mudali.", "On further inspection, they found a present of inlaid firelocks, velvet and jewels, with a message containing information on the strengths of Brito and Afonso's forces and a request to attack them. The Captain-General's routine of visiting a tower for recreational activities, accompanied by just a few guards, was also described. (Queiroz says there was a promise to assassinate the General in this letter, but according to Baldaeus this was added by the Portuguese in order to justify their later actions.)", "These items of evidence were secretly brought back to the camp and presented to the war council, which concluded that they had been sent by Jayavira Bandara Mudali to the Kandyan king. Pedro Afonso Mudali declared that he had previously intercepted messages of similar nature, supposedly sent by King Vimaladharmasuriya to Jayavira Bandara, promising him the kingdoms of Sitawaka and Kotte if he rose against the Portuguese", ". A Franciscan priest further disclosed a confession made by a Badaga mercenary, who happened to be a relative of Jayavira's, regarding an impending betrayal. The council was divided in their opinion, but Sousa decided to wait until they returned to Colombo to hold an inquiry, as it would be dangerous to seize Jayavira in the middle of the campaign.", "Forged letter and the death of Jayavira", "Meanwhile, King Vimaladharmasuriya devised a plan to drive a wedge between the Lascarins and the Portuguese. The local chronicle Rajavaliya and Captain Ribeiro both confirm its existence. A letter was forged, purporting to be written by Jayavira Bandara Mudali to King Vimaladharmasuriya. The king entrusted the letter to a carefully chosen, loyal Kandyan and instructed him,", "... Do not try to avoid them (Portuguese), but as soon as you meet their scouts, let them see you and immediately flee into the forest and there pretend to fall, so that they may seize and take you to their General; and always appear as if you were anxious to hide this ola (letter)—and this is the sole object of your errand—so that it may reach their general’s hands ...", "The Kandyan spy succeeded in his mission and the letter was brought to the General. It contained a message to King Vimaladharmasuriya requesting that he attack Kandy on the following night, when Jayavira Bandara's men would set fire to a part of the Portuguese camp. It also indicated that Jayavira had a group of mercenaries disguised as yogis, who would attack the Portuguese from within during the assault", ". The Captain-General alerted his men and appointed extra patrols to guard the compound, but on the following night the Portuguese waited for an attack that never came. Sousa even claimed to have seen signals from the Kandyans, just as suggested in the letter. Convinced that the letter was genuine, Sousa went to Jayavira's house to confront him, accompanied by his captains", ". Jayavira denied all the allegations as fabrications of his enemies, but requested to be held under guard until an inquiry could be convened. Sousa was inclined to agree, but his captains D. Gastão Coutinho, António Barbosa the Draque, Francisco de Brito and Francisco Dalium saw it as a stalling tactic that would allow Jayavira to alert his men. The latter three fell on him with daggers and killed him, along with his brother-in-law and household guards.", "Other Portuguese soldiers also joined the affray, and about fifty Badaga mercenaries were killed during the night. Meanwhile, Jayavira's house was looted, and the Portuguese found there 14 paras (about 9 bushels) of gold coins and gems, with letters indicating locations of other hidden treasures. These were secured by the order of General; among them was the far-famed \"Washerman’s Stone\"", ". These were secured by the order of General; among them was the far-famed \"Washerman’s Stone\". (It is believed that this gem was presented to King Sitawaka Rajasinghe by Mutukon Sinha Vidane Henaya from the caste of washers and, as documented in an undated manuscript at Sabaragamu Saman Dewale, it was equal in size to a wild cucumber or kekiri fruit.)", "Retreat\n\nMass desertions\nSoon word of Jayavira's murder spread through the Lascarin camp. Shouts of Rajadore Jayavire marapue! (\"King Jayavira is murdered!\") echoed from all directions and many Lascarins fled in panic to the Kandyans, along with the remaining Badaga mercenaries. By the morning of the following day most of the Lascarins, excepting those from Colombo and Mannar, had deserted.", "Morale was low in the Portuguese camp as the gravity of the situation became apparent. Even those captains who had demanded Jayavira's death now blamed Sousa for not having seized him for return to Colombo. The Captain-General appointed Panikki Mudali, a Sitawakan chieftain who had twice defected to the Portuguese during the lowland campaign, to command the remaining Lascarins, less than a thousand in number.", "Adding to their problems, the Portuguese were running out of provisions. As all Kandy was now in rebellion, nobody was willing to sell them any. Even if they managed to get a message through to Colombo, they could not expect resupply from that quarter: Pedro Homem Pereira did not have enough soldiers to escort a caravan, even if he was willing to cooperate. Goa was too far away; with the remaining supplies they could not expect to hold Kandy until help arrived.", "In order to keep the remaining Lascarins content, Sousa paid them on the spot, and again after a few days, on 4 October 1594. But after receiving this payment, all but three hundred deserted. Unable to hold Kandy with his remaining forces, the Captain-General decided to fall back to the fortalice at Balana, expecting to keep it until reinforcement should arrive from Colombo or Goa.\n\nAmbush at Halloluwa", "Ambush at Halloluwa\n\nOn 5 October 1594 the Portuguese abandoned Kandy, and with the Empress they began their retreat towards the Balana fortalice. The remaining few supplies, Jayavira's treasure and the ammunition reserves were loaded on elephants. Their first day's march was uneventful: they forded the Mahaveli River at Gatambe and made their camp at Gannoruwa. On the following day, for reasons unknown, the Portuguese army remained at Gannoruwa instead of recommencing the retreat.", "On 7 October the food supplies ran out. In a last-ditch attempt to replenish themselves before retiring to the Balana fortalice; the Portuguese sent a raiding party to the village of Halloluwa, on the west bank of the Mahaveli River, several kilometers north of the encampment. This force consisted of 150 Portuguese soldiers under António Barbosa the Draque, Francisco Correia, and Álvaro de Sousa, with the 300 Lascarins under Pedro Afonso Mudali and Miguel Monteiro Mudali.", "They successfully raided the village and managed to capture a large quantity of rice. Not being content with this, they wasted time plundering the village and setting fire to the temples and houses. This provided the Kandyans, numbering some 7000, with an opportunity to set up an ambush, cutting down trees to block the return route. The Portuguese, already exhausted by days of fighting, were forced to fight for each step along rough paths through thick forests. One by one they fell", ". One by one they fell. Captain Álvaro de Souza and a few Lascarins managed to escape and brought the news of the defeat to the Portuguese camp.", "Battle of Danture", "At dawn on 8 October, after receiving the sacraments of confession and communion, the Portuguese prepared themselves for the retreat. The remaining 368 Portuguese, with a few Lascarins, formed themselves into three equal columns. D. Gastão Coutinho led the first column as a vanguard. With the second column came Empress Dona Catarina, mounted on an elephant, and the Captain-General's small son, Diogo Lopes de Sousa", ". Other transport elephants bearing munitions and the treasure of Jayavira Bandara were in this column as well. The rearguard was led by Pedro Lopes de Sousa himself. The Captain-General made a speech to boost the morale of his men, calling upon their loyalty and honor. Then, after worshiping the crucifix held by the Jesuit priest Father António Esquipano, they began their march towards the Balana fortalice.", "Strengthened by defecting Lascarins and men from all regions of Kandy Kingdom, King Vimaladharmasuriya's army now numbered somewhere between ten and twenty thousand. He sent a small body of men to cut down trees in order to block the narrow, winding path to Balana known as the Danture tract. He then sent an army under Ekanayake Mudali to occupy Balana and cut off the Portuguese retreat. Determined to avoid an engagement in the open, he waited for the Portuguese columns to leave the Gannoruwa plain", ". Once they entered the Danture tract he surrounded them.", "At seven in the morning the Kandyans appeared, covering the slopes that lined the Danture tract. They waited for the Portuguese to come within range, then opened fire with muskets, gingals, arrows and medium-sized cannons. The brunt of the attack fell on the advance guard; its commander, D. Gastão Coutinho, and several captains including Simão Pereira and Francisco de Brito were killed. This attack slowed the retreat, and the columns came to a halt", ". This attack slowed the retreat, and the columns came to a halt. The forest concealed the Kandyans, who were able to cause casualties while remaining largely unseen. So the Portuguese decided to charge the enemy in front of them, in order to clear a path.", "This charge was successful and the Kandyans were driven off, allowing the columns to resume their retreat. The fighting soon evolved into a march-and-fight battle. The Portuguese repeatedly repulsed Kandyan missile attacks by charging and dispersing the enemy, using the resulting lull to advance until the Kandyans returned. Although slow, and costly in terms of casualties, this tactic allowed the Portuguese to retreat halfway to Balana", ". As a result of the running battle, the Portuguese columns gradually became disorganized, reducing the formations to a long straggling line.", "Last Stand", "Now the Kandyans concentrated their attack on the middle column. After heavy fighting they were repulsed, but this took some time during which the middle column became separated from the vanguard, who were continuing their running battle. In the confusion the elephants carrying Dona Catarina and other valuables, including the ammunition reserves, left the column and wandered into the forest. Meanwhile, the advance guard, now proceeding without a guide, took a wrong turn and stumbled into a marshy field", ". Here the Kandyans surrounded and overwhelmed them. Following them in, the second column mounted a better resistance, managing to hold out for three hours, but they were eventually annihilated after their captains Henrique Pinto and Diogo Borges were killed.", "With the destruction of the first two columns, only the rearguard under Pedro Lopes de Sousa remained as an effective fighting force. Leaving the path to avoid the marsh, the Captain-General advanced up a slope and occupied a hilltop. Here the Portuguese made their last stand. Since the ammunition reserves had been lost with the elephants, they soon ran out of gunpowder. But they continued to fight with spears until nightfall, when darkness brought a lull to the fighting.", "Surrender\nOnly 93 Portuguese remained, and almost all of them were wounded. Sousa himself had suffered two critical wounds and six minor ones. They had been fighting without food since the morning of the 7th. Exhausted and demoralized, they surrendered to the Kandyans in the morning of 9 October 1594. Meanwhile, Ekanayake Mudali's men came across the elephant carrying the empress Dona Catarina. She and the Captain-General's small son were brought to King Vimaladharmasuriya, who granted them protection.", "In a departure from the normal post-battle conduct of Sinhala troops, the Portuguese soldiers were subjected to torture and mutilation. Both Portuguese and local sources provide vivid details of the brutality inflicted on the captives. Their noses, ears and sometimes even their privy parts were cut off. Not even the Captain-General or the military chaplains were spared. This deviation from traditional chivalry has not been fully explained", ". This deviation from traditional chivalry has not been fully explained. \"In revenge for the atrocities of Portuguese\", \"as a warning to others\" and \"simply in rage and to humiliate\" are some of the reasons given in various sources. Notably a provision within the Kandyan Convention later stated that \"All forms of physical torture and mutilations are abolished.\".", "At Dona Catarina's request, the wounded Captain-General was nursed and treated well by King Vimaladharmasuriya. But three days later he succumbed to his injuries, after entrusting his small son to the King. (Diogo Lopes was sent back to Colombo three years later, in fulfillment of the King's promise.) There were five Portuguese captains among the captives: Francisco Pereira Deca, the brothers Vicente and Luís Sobrinho, Filipe Toscano, and Rui Deca. The latter two were executed during their captivity", ". The latter two were executed during their captivity. Of the priests who were among the prisoners—three Franciscans and one Jesuit—two were released later. Enough of another group of captives were blinded so as to leave only one eye for each five men, and these were sent back to Colombo holding one another by the hand. The rest were forced to build fortifications, which were to be tested in the Campaign of Balana from 1602 to 1603.", "Not all who fought with the Portuguese underwent harsh treatment. Manuel Dias, the Captain-General's footboy, joined the service of King Vimaladharmasuriya. He served as a double agent for the Kandyans (notably in an assassination attempt against King Vimaladharmasuriya in 1602), giving up his opportunity to be crowned and later rose to the rank of Maha Mudali.", "Casualties\nExcept for the handful that escaped or returned to Mannar with Captain Francisco, all of the 1000 Portuguese soldiers were killed or captured. In addition to the soldiers, six Franciscan priests died in the battle, including Fr. Simão de Liz and Fr. Manuel Pereira who were killed in the last stand. Only three soldiers are known to have escaped from the Battle of Danture.", "The captive Francisco Correia managed to escape through the forest with some Lascarins from Colombo. Pedro Veloso, a native of Amarante, was wounded and left to die with his nose cut off. He was found by his friend Domingos Carvalho, a native of Vila Real, who carried Veloso back to friendly territory on his back. Domingos was promoted to captain and later became the Dissawe (an administrative title) of Matara", ". Domingos was promoted to captain and later became the Dissawe (an administrative title) of Matara. Pedro Veloso became the first Captain appointed by the King of Portugal to the newly built fort at Galle, Santa Cruz de Gale.", "The exact numbers of Lascarin and Kandyan casualties are not known. Although Fernão de Queiroz states that the Kandyans lost 5000 men (5% of the entire Kandyan population) during the fight on 8 October alone, secondary sources dismiss these high figures as an exaggeration. The Kandyan preference for long-range attacks from hidden positions, and their reluctance to engage in melee without assurance of victory, limited the casualties they suffered as well as those they could inflict.", "Aftermath\nSoon after the battle, King Vimaladharmasuriya married Dona Catarina with a festival that lasted for 110 days. He also granted lands, offices and titles to warriors who had distinguished themselves in the campaign. He began to reinforce the Balana pass with three new forts, which were to prove their effectiveness during the Balana Campaign in 1602.", "Political consequences", "Just before the Campaign of Danture, Kandy was a politically unstable state, ruled by a usurper with insignificant military power. After the battle, with his marriage to Dona Catarina, Vimaladharmasuriya's claim to the throne was secured and marked the beginning of a new dynasty", ". The victory at Danture saved Kandy from subjugation by the Portuguese at a time when they had already conquered the rest of Sri Lanka; it remained an independent state till 1815, effectively resisting the Portuguese, Dutch and British.", "Military consequences\nThe tactics the Kandyans used in this campaign served as a model for their future repeated successes against three major European powers. They had captured as spoils of war a large stock of Portuguese weapons and the treasure of Jayavira, further strengthening Kandy's arsenal and its treasury.", "This was the first time that a Portuguese army had been so completely defeated during their military operations in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese were determined to avenge the Kandyan victory, and in 1602, after many years of preparation, another army was to invade Kandy, under Dom Jerónimo de Azevedo. But the Kandyans would defeat them at Balana, leading to a desperate retreat across the country", ". But the Kandyans would defeat them at Balana, leading to a desperate retreat across the country. After this setback, the Portuguese dropped any plans of capturing Kandy intact and Dom Jerónimo instead switched to a systematic campaign of raids, twice every year, using smaller detachments of troops, aimed at crops, cattle and villages, that ravaged Kandy in the coming years.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography", "B. Gunasekara, The Rajavaliya. AES reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1995. \n C. Gaston Perera, Kandy fights the Portuguese – a military history of Kandyan resistance. Vijithayapa Publications: Sri Lanka, June 2007. \n Captain Joao Ribeiro, The historic tragedy of the island of Ceilao. AES Reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1999.", "Channa Wickramasinghe, Kandy at war: indigenous military resistance to European expansion in Sri Lanka 1594–1818. Vilithayapa Publications: Sri Lanka, 2004. \n Fernao de Queyroz, The temporal and spiritual conquest of Ceylon. (SG Perera, Trans.) AES reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services; 1995. \n Paul E. Peiris, Ceylon the Portuguese Era: being a history of the island for the period, 1505–1658, Volume 1. Tisara Publishers Ltd.: Sri Lanka, 1992.", "Phillipus Baldaeus, \"A True and Exact Description of the Great Island of Ceylon\", The Ceylon Historical Journal, Volume III, No 1–4. Published in co-operation with the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, July 1958 to April 1959.\n S. G. Perera, A history of Ceylon for schools – The Portuguese and Dutch period. The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd.: Sri Lanka, 1942.", "External links\n The Historic Battle of Danthure\n\n \n\nDanture 1594\nDanture 1594\nDanture 1594\nConflicts in 1594\nWars involving Sri Lanka\n1594 in Asia\n16th century in Sri Lanka" ]

[ "The 2011 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 65th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. The original calendar for the 2011 Formula One World Championship consisted of twenty rounds, including the inaugural running of the Indian Grand Prix before the cancellation of the Bahrain Grand Prix. Pirelli returned to the sport as tyre supplier for all teams, taking over from Bridgestone, marking their return to Formula One for the first time since the 1991 season", ". Red Bull Racing was the reigning Constructors' Champion. Red Bull Racing's Sebastian Vettel was the defending Drivers' Champion, one of five World Champions appearing on the grid. Vettel won his second World Championship at the 2011 Japanese Grand Prix, becoming the youngest driver, at 24 years and 98 days, to do so. Red Bull Racing won the Constructors' Championship.", "Teams and drivers", "After a dispute between the Formula One Teams Association (FOTA) and the FIA in the first half of , a new Concorde Agreement was signed on 1 August 2009 by the then FIA president Max Mosley and all of the existing teams at the time. The new agreement provides for a continuation of the terms of the 1998 agreement, and runs until 31 December 2012. The FIA published a provisional entry list on 30 November 2010, which was revised on 2 December 2010. All teams competed with tyres supplied by Pirelli.", "Free practice drivers\nSix constructors entered free practice only drivers over the course of the season.", "New entries process", "Following USF1's inability to make the grid in , the FIA opened a new selection process to find an additional team to occupy the empty slot, as well as possible reserve entrants for the event of other withdrawals", ". Fifteen entry bids were reported to have been received, including ART Grand Prix, winners of several championships in feeder series; previous 2010 applicants Stefan Grand Prix and World Series by Renault team Epsilon Euskadi; and a joint effort by World Champion Jacques Villeneuve with Durango, the former Italian GP2 team that had encountered financial difficulties", ". However, the number of applicants declined, as ART Grand Prix and Cypher, the renamed USF1 operation, withdrew their entries, and the FIA decided ahead of the 2010 Italian Grand Prix that none of the prospective entrants met the minimum funding or engineering requirements, leaving the grid slot vacant.", "Following the confirmation that there would be no new additions to the grid for 2011, Joan Villadelprat of Epsilon Euskadi and Jacques Villeneuve of the combined Villeneuve-Durango teams both announced that they would still attempt to join the grid for 2011, exploring the possibilities of taking over an existing team", ". Villeneuve later admitted to considering possibilities outside of Formula One, including extending his NASCAR Nationwide Series campaign, or moving to Australia to pursue opportunities in the V8 Supercars.", "Team changes", "At the British Grand Prix, Scuderia Ferrari announced they would remove Marlboro from their official team name in response to what they described as \"recent concerns\" regarding their association with the tobacco brand.\n In the week before the Korean Grand Prix, Force India announced that the Lucknow-based Sahara India Pariwar conglomerate had purchased a 42.5% stake in the team, giving them co-ownership with team principal Vijay Mallya. The team was subsequently renamed Sahara Force India", "Hispania announced several major partnerships in November 2010. Chief among these was an arrangement that saw Williams supply the Murcia-based team with transmission systems for the 2011 season, whilst forming a partnership with Spanish businessman Juan Villalonga, who was previously affiliated with Minardi as CEO of Telefónica. In July 2011, Thesan Capital, a Madrid-based investment company purchased a controlling stake in the team from owner José Ramón Carabante", ". Thesan Capital announced the team's operations would continue as they had before the purchase, and that they had no plans to change the team name or alter its operational structure", ". In a statement released to the media, Thesan Capital described their intentions as making the team \"more Spanish\" and settling the team within Spain; the team had previously been supported by a complex ownership arrangement that saw team principal Colin Kolles control the physical team, with Carabante owning the rights to the team's entry.", "Lotus Racing team principal Tony Fernandes purchased the rights to the Team Lotus name from David Hunt, with the intention of renaming the team to reflect its historical counterpart for the 2011 season. The use of the Team Lotus name led to a naming dispute with Lotus Cars. The team announced that they had terminated their three-year contract with engine supplier Cosworth; and used Renault engines from 2011.", "On 8 December 2010, Lotus Cars announced a partnership with Renault F1 that saw the British sports car manufacturer become title sponsor of the team, with a view to taking full control over the next few years. Confusion over the exact status over ownership of the team led team principal Éric Boullier to clarify that Genii Capital has full ownership of the team, with former owners Renault retreating to a position as engine supplier", ". The team was then known as Lotus Renault GP, and the chassis and constructor still known as Renault for reasons related to the Concorde Agreement, similar to Sauber retaining the \"BMW Sauber\" name in despite the departure of BMW at the end of . Following team's ownership change, the team also switched their French licence to a British one.", "In March 2011, it was announced that Infiniti, the luxury brand of Japanese car manufacturer Nissan of whom Renault own a 44% stake, would become a major sponsor of Red Bull Racing. However, contradictory to early reports, the arrangement with Infiniti had not extended to an engine re-branding.", "BMW Sauber announced in July 2010 that it will revert to the name Sauber in 2011. The team was forced to retain the BMW naming for 2010 due to issues involving television rights money that would not have been paid had the team changed their name.", "After a Williams demonstration run in Caracas, it was confirmed that Venezuelan state-controlled oil company PDVSA would enter into a long-term sponsorship deal with the team, replacing outgoing sponsors RBS, Philips and AirAsia. AirAsia officially left Williams F1 to concentrate on Team Lotus.", "After sponsoring the team for the season, Russian sports car manufacturer Marussia acquired what they termed a \"significant stake\" of Virgin Racing, with the team changing its name to Marussia Virgin Racing. Further reports confirmed that Marussia had purchased a controlling stake in the team, securing their future until 2014. The team split with Wirth Research mid-season after a technical review by former Renault F1 Team engineering director Pat Symonds found that Virgin's CFD-only approach had failed", ". In the week before the , Virgin announced a technical partnership with McLaren that granted them access to McLaren's testing facilities as well as the purchase of Wirth Research facilities.", "Driver changes\n DAMS GP2 driver Jérôme d'Ambrosio replaced Lucas di Grassi at Virgin Racing, having previously driven for the team during Friday practice sessions at selected events in . Di Grassi did not have his contract with Virgin Racing renewed. With only a handful of vacant racing seats available ahead of the winter testing period, he announced that would concentrate on a return to the sport in rather than attempt to secure a seat in 2011.", "DTM champion Paul di Resta replaced Vitantonio Liuzzi at Force India, having previously driven for the team during Friday practice sessions at selected events in .", "Nico Hülkenberg was dropped by Williams on the eve of the 2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. After turning down offers from several teams, including HRT and Virgin, Hülkenberg joined Force India as test and reserve driver. As a part of his arrangement with the team, Hülkenberg drove a VJM04 in the Friday morning free practice session of each Grand Prix.", "Narain Karthikeyan returned to Formula One with Hispania after last racing with Jordan Grand Prix in , which was run at the time by Hispania team principal Colin Kolles. Karthikeyan also collaborated with Kolles on an unsuccessful attempt at the 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans, and he competed in the 2010 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series in a limited campaign. He also competed in an A1GP season for India.", "Robert Kubica was injured while competing in the Ronde di Andora rally during the winter off-season, leaving him with multiple fractures to his arm, hand and leg. The nature of his injuries were serious enough to prevent him from starting the season, while the surgeon who operated on Kubica has said that his recovery could take up to an entire year. His former BMW Sauber teammate Nick Heidfeld was later confirmed as his replacement at Lotus Renault GP.", "After being released from his contract with Force India one year in advance of its expiration, Vitantonio Liuzzi officially joined Hispania Racing as their second driver at the final test of the season, filling the last vacant racing seat on the grid. As a result of this, Hispania's part-time racing drivers Karun Chandhok, Christian Klien and Sakon Yamamoto were all unable to secure contracts to race.", "2010 GP2 Series champion Pastor Maldonado was signed by Williams after testing for the team in the young driver tests in Abu Dhabi.", "Sergio Pérez, runner-up in the GP2 Series for Barwa Addax, was signed by Sauber to partner Kamui Kobayashi. His signing coincided with the announcement of a partnership between Carlos Slim's telecommunications group Telmex and the Sauber team. Pérez would become the first Mexican driver to race in Formula One since Héctor Rebaque last raced for Brabham at the 1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix.", "Bruno Senna left Hispania Racing after a single season. Comments made by team principal Colin Kolles suggested that the nephew of three-time World Champion Ayrton Senna had a strained relationship with the team. Senna was later confirmed to have joined Lotus Renault GP as a part of their test and reserve team, and is the first in line to take over driving duties should either of the team's established drivers be unable to race.", "Sakon Yamamoto moved from Hispania Racing as a full-time driver to become a test driver for Virgin Racing for the first three races after he was unable to secure a contract to continue racing with Hispania.", "Mid-season changes\n Pedro de la Rosa replaced Sergio Pérez at the due to Pérez feeling unwell after the first practice session, following a heavy crash at the previous round in Monaco.", "On 30 June, Hispania Racing announced that Australian Daniel Ricciardo – at the time testing and reserve driver for Scuderia Toro Rosso and racing for ISR in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series – would be replacing Narain Karthikeyan for the remainder of the 2011 season in what was described as an audition for a future race seat with Scuderia Toro Rosso.", "Karun Chandhok returned to Formula One, replacing Jarno Trulli at Team Lotus for the , having previously fulfilled a Friday testing role in Melbourne, Istanbul, Valencia and Silverstone. Chandhok's last race meeting had been the 2010 British Grand Prix when he raced for Hispania. Trulli returned to the car for the .", "On 24 August, it was announced that Bruno Senna would replace Nick Heidfeld at Renault for the Belgian and Italian Grands Prix, leading to uncertainty over the status of the seat from the onwards. The team cited Heidfeld's failure to deliver speed to take on the role of a strong leader as the reason for his dismissal, rather than financial reasons. Renault indicated that they wished for Senna to race for the rest of the season, but \"legal issues\" threatened Senna's contract with the team", ". On 2 September, Renault confirmed that Heidfeld's contract had been legally terminated and Senna would drive alongside Vitaly Petrov for the remainder of the season.", "Narain Karthikeyan returned to Hispania for the , replacing Daniel Ricciardo in the 22 car which meant Ricciardo replaced Liuzzi in the 23 car. Liuzzi returned to the team for the .", "Season calendar\n\nOn 16 April 2010, Bernie Ecclestone confirmed that there would be twenty races in 2011; all the races from the 2010 season and the addition of the Indian Grand Prix. A provisional calendar was announced on 8 September 2010, which was confirmed on 3 November 2010. This was later revised to nineteen races with the postponement and later cancellation of the .", "Calendar changes\n The Yas Marina Circuit was to be reconfigured for the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix following heavy criticism over a lack of overtaking in the 2010 race. The organisers of the race elected to postpone the circuit modifications for one year in the face of rule changes – the introduction of Pirelli tyres and the Drag reduction system – that they felt directly addressed the criticisms levelled at the circuit.", "The was originally scheduled to be the opening race of the season on 13 March, but was called off by the organisers in light of anti-government protests in the country. A final decision on whether the race was to be rescheduled for later in the year or cancelled outright had to be made by 3 June. At this meeting the World Motor Sport Council (WMSC) voted unanimously to reinstate the race to the calendar, rescheduling it for 30 October 2011", ". The inaugural Indian Grand Prix would have moved to be the final race of the season in December to accommodate the change. However, the Formula One Teams Association (FOTA) opposed the rescheduling. One week after the WMSC voted to return the race to the calendar, organisers for the Bahrain Grand Prix officially abandoned their bid to return to the calendar. The Indian Grand Prix was restored to its original date.", "The German Grand Prix moved from the Hockenheimring to the Nürburgring, in keeping with the event-sharing arrangement between the two circuits.\n The 2011 season saw the addition of the Indian Grand Prix to the calendar. Originally known as the Jaypee Group Circuit, the venue was officially renamed the Buddh International Circuit in April 2011. Airtel was subsequently announced as title sponsor for the inaugural race.", "The Malaysian Grand Prix changed its name to the Malaysia Grand Prix as part of efforts to promote the country.", "Rule changes", "2011 saw the return of the 107% rule in qualifying. Under this arrangement, any driver who fails to set a time within 107% of the fastest lap in Q1 may not be permitted to take part in the race; for instance, if the fastest lap is 1 minute 40 seconds (100 seconds), a driver must set a time faster than 1 minute 47 seconds (107 seconds) in order to make it to the grid", ". However, if a driver who fails to set an appropriate lap time can show cause for his inclusion in the race – for example, if a driver failed to set a lap time in qualifying due to a mechanical fault, but had previously set a lap time within 107% of the pole-sitter's time in free practice – the stewards may allow that driver to take part in the race.", "The ban on team orders – the practice of teams ordering a driver to follow instructions that would be advantageous to their teammate (for example, ordering them to move aside and allow their teammate to pass them) – was lifted after the 2010 German Grand Prix, with the practice to be \"regulated\" on the race track. The practice of coding instructions to conceal the nature of the order would be banned to prevent deception to the spectators and stewards", ". The FIA increased the maximum allowable penalty which racing stewards can issue to teams from $100,000 to $250,000.", "Sole tyre partner Bridgestone announced that it would not renew its contract with Formula One at the end of the season. After spending three seasons as an official tyre partner for both Grand-Am Rolex Sports Car Series and World Rally Championship auto racing tournaments respectively from 2008 to 2010, Pirelli was officially chosen as the tyre partner for 2011 by the FIA World Motor Sport Council. The Pirelli logo on each tyre was colour-coded to identify each compound and tread pattern being used", ". Cars had a mandatory weight distribution to provide Pirelli with a technical specification, and preventing teams making changes to the internal configuration of their cars should they prove not to suit the cars. At the final test in Barcelona, it was revealed that drivers would need to make three pit stops at most races, in line with Pirelli's mandate to design a higher wearing tyre.", "The Belgian Grand Prix saw a small controversy when several teams discovered their tyres had blistered during qualifying, but were not permitted to change their tyres ahead of the race because the damage was the result of the car set-up rather than an accident", ". Pirelli pointed to Red Bull Racing's practice of running camber settings that were outside their recommended parameters as the cause of the blistering, and said they would be more cautious with their recommendations for Monza to prevent the problem from arising again. Pirelli stated that they were willing to turn to the FIA to enforce camber limits if there was any evidence of blistering after the Free Practice sessions in Italy", ". The FIA later announced that Pirelli's camber limits were mandatory and that any team who failed to observe them would be reported to the stewards under Article 2.3 of the sport's technical regulations for dangerous construction and would risk exclusion from the race.", "The maximum height of the diffuser was cut from to and the double diffuser designs, introduced in the season, were excluded, in order to reduce aerodynamic downforce and turbulent air. Banned with this are double exhaust-blown diffusers, which use exhaust gases re-routed over the diffuser to increase downforce, although single blown diffusers are still allowed", ". Controversy emerged over the use of \"off-throttle blown diffusers\" early in the season, with the FIA first banning the concept and then repealing the ban pending discussion with the teams. The off-throttle blown diffuser increases downforce by keeping the engine spinning while the car is under braking, channelling hot exhaust gasses over the diffuser and allowing for higher cornering speeds", ". The FIA announced that the ban would be reintroduced from the , limiting the amount of throttle that can be applied during braking. Tighter restrictions were to be introduced for the season. At the – two weeks before the British Grand Prix – a further ban was introduced, prohibiting teams from using \"extreme\" engine maps in qualifying that they would not normally use in races, effectively forcing teams to use the same engine maps in both qualifying and the race", ". The FIA estimated that the clampdown on extreme engine maps would cost some teams up to half a second per lap in qualifying alone. The mid-season ban was later repealed when several teams applied for concessions to the ban, which were granted and subsequently revoked following protests from other teams. An agreement signed after the British Grand Prix abandoned the ban for the 2011 season entirely, restoring the pre-Valencia rules.", "The \"F-duct\" system developed by McLaren and copied by other teams was banned, as the system relying on drivers blocking a gap in the cockpit was judged unsafe. The Drag reduction system (DRS), an adjustable rear wing designed to increase straight line speed, was introduced in the 2011 rules. The system operates under a similar principle to the \"F-duct\", and is designed to aid overtaking by negating all downforce flowing over the rear wing", ". The rules dictate that the DRS is only available to a driver within one second of the car in front on a marked designated area of the circuit, after the first two laps of a race. Use of the DRS is unlimited in free practice and qualifying, but prohibited in wet conditions. The system is expected to offer drivers an additional when passing, and deactivates when the driver first touches the brakes after using the rear wing", ". At the , the FIA announced plans for a secondary DRS zone to be included on a circuit from the onwards.", "The number of wheel tethers – the load-bearing cables connecting the wheel hubs to the bodywork – was doubled for 2011, in response to an increasing number of accidents where wheels have been torn free of their mountings, including the death of Henry Surtees in a Formula Two race at Brands Hatch in 2009.", "Several smaller aerodynamic devices introduced for 2010 were also banned, including aerodynamic wheel spokes, flexible front splitters designed to lower front ride height, and modifications to the monocoque that create a V-shaped channel running the length of the car's nose. The maximum aspect ratio of the \"bladed\" rollbar structure – pioneered by Mercedes to decrease the obstruction of air to the rear wing – was also reduced", ". The 2011 Lotus T128 and Force India VJM04 cars were both launched with a similar device, based on the same principle as the Mercedes device, but the Lotus and Force India variants are legal under the rules because the blade structure is thicker than the one developed by Mercedes.", "KERS units were optional for all teams, after not being utilised in 2010 following a team agreement banning the devices, and the minimum car weight increases from to , compensating for the extra weight required. Gearboxes must also last for five races instead of four, with an additional gearbox available without penalty for the purposes of completing an event.", "At the Hungarian Grand Prix, the FIA introduced new software to track the cars in order to better spot racing incidents and provide the stewards with real-time information about drivers breaking rules. The software was introduced in response to an incident at the German Grand Prix that saw Sébastien Buemi and Nick Heidfeld collide on the tenth lap of the Grand Prix, ending Heidfeld's race, but no penalty was issued to Buemi until after the race had ended.", "The FIA tightened its driving standards, moving to prevent overly aggressive driving and driving beyond the boundaries of the circuit to gain an advantage by implementing stricter penalties for drivers observed to be doing so. Drivers are limited in the number of blocking moves they can make on track, to allow easier overtaking.", "At the Korean Grand Prix, the FIA announced plans to introduce a stricter version of the \"one move\" defensive driver rule, in light of a protracted on-track battle between Michael Schumacher and Lewis Hamilton at the Italian Grand Prix", ". Under the original set of rules, a defending driver would be entitled to make one move across the circuit to select their racing line into an approaching corner; under the regulations introduced for the Korean Grand Prix, a defending driver would be obligated to leave enough space – defined as \"one car's width\" – on the outside of a corner for an attacking driver to occupy, preventing the defending driver from forcing his rival off the circuit.", "Further rule amendments granted greater powers to the race stewards. This was reported as a response to a series of on-track incidents involving Lewis Hamilton that culminated in several drive-through penalties; Hamilton received six driver penalties over the course of the 2011 season, setting a new record for the most penalties in a season. From the Korean Grand Prix on, the stewards had the power to issue reprimands alongside penalties, with a grid penalty being awarded after three reprimands.", "A curfew was implemented for team personnel, barring them from accessing the circuit in the nine hours before the first session of the day The rule was introduced following concerns over mechanics spending all night in the pit garage before spending the day in the busy pit lane, with four exceptions allowed for the season. In the event that this rule is broken after all four exceptions have been used, both cars for the offending team must start the race from pit lane", ". The rule attracted criticism at the Singapore Grand Prix when several teams inadvertently broke curfew, using up one of their four exceptions when members of the teams' marketing divisions arrived early at the circuit.", "Team members deemed to be in key roles were required to undergo accreditation for a \"competitors' staff licence\" in order to maintain their positions within their teams. This is seen as a reaction to the actions of disgraced former Renault team principal Flavio Briatore at the controversial 2008 Singapore Grand Prix and applies to key staff in all FIA-sanctioned World Championships including Formula One.", "Pre-season\n\nThe pre-season testing season began immediately after the 2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix with a three-day 'Young Driver Test' (for drivers with fewer than three Formula One race starts to their name) at the Yas Marina Circuit. Formula Renault 3.5 runner-up Daniel Ricciardo consistently set the fastest times over the three days, driving for new champions Red Bull Racing.", "The Young Driver Tests were followed by another testing session – also held at Yas Marina – for the teams to test the tyres developed by new tyre supplier Pirelli. Ferrari's Felipe Massa was the fastest during the tests, with many drivers declaring their satisfaction with the new tyres, particularly given Pirelli's short development window", ". Sebastian Vettel experienced an explosive puncture on the final day, though an investigation by Pirelli attributed the incident to debris on the circuit rather than a critical error with the build of the tyre.", "The final test of the season was originally scheduled to be held in Bahrain, but was cancelled by the Bahraini Crown Prince due to a political uprising in the island nation. It was instead rescheduled to the Circuit de Catalunya in Barcelona from 8–12 March.\n\nReport", "Defending World Champion Sebastian Vettel won the opening race of the season in Melbourne after qualifying on pole position by eight-tenths of a second. Lewis Hamilton finished in second place, and Russian driver Vitaly Petrov attained his maiden podium in third, with Renault hailing his dramatic off-season turn-around after a difficult debut season in 2010", ". At the opposite end of the grid, the Hispania F111 cars driven by Narain Karthikeyan and Vitantonio Liuzzi both failed to qualify as their qualifying times were both outside 107% of Vettel's fastest time in the first qualifying session. The Saubers of Sergio Pérez and Kamui Kobayashi were disqualified for a technical infringement when their cars failed a post-race scrutineering inspection.", "Vettel continued his title defence in Malaysia, taking pole from Hamilton in the dying moments of the session by just one tenth of a second. Vettel went on to win the race by three seconds from Jenson Button, who also claimed second place in the points standings; with two wins, Vettel left Malaysia with twice as many points as the McLaren driver", ". Nick Heidfeld took Renault's second successive podium and Fernando Alonso made a mistake, making contact with Lewis Hamilton and forcing him to pit for a new front wing, and costing him a potential podium. Hamilton himself slipped down the order after changing to the harder prime tyres and struggling with grip.", "Vettel once again took pole in China, whilst teammate Webber made a poor tyre choice and was eliminated from the first qualifying period for the first time since the 2009 Bahrain Grand Prix. Vettel made a poor start in the race and was quickly overcome by the McLarens of Button and Hamilton. Button and Vettel pitted together, but Button made a bizarre mistake, mistakenly pulling up in the Red Bull pits, and allowing Vettel to get back out onto the circuit in front of him", ". The lead changed several times as the race progressed before Vettel settled into position, but on deteriorating tyres, he was caught and passed by Hamilton four laps from the end. Having started in eighteenth position, Mark Webber recovered to achieve the third podium place.", "Sebastian Vettel earned his fourth pole of the season in Turkey, becoming the first person to start the first four races on pole since Mika Häkkinen in . Vettel led the race from the lights to the flag, ahead of Mark Webber and Fernando Alonso, who gained Ferrari's first podium finish of the year. McLaren struggled with a series of slow pit stops, whilst the promise shown by Mercedes in qualifying was lost in the race when their cars were fuel-heavy and running on the harder prime tyre compound.", "Mark Webber ended Vettel's run of consecutive pole positions at the Spanish Grand Prix, but it was fourth-starting Fernando Alonso that led the field into the first corner and through much of the early phase of the race. He was eventually overtaken in the pits by Vettel, and slipped down the order to finish a lap behind as Ferrari struggled with Pirelli's brand-new \"extra hard\" compound, which was specifically designed for endurance, but was two seconds per lap slower than the softer compounds used", ". Vettel went on to win the race, but Red Bull's one-second advantage in qualifying was gone by the race as Lewis Hamilton spent most of the final stint within one second of the lead. After making a poor start and slipping down to tenth place, Jenson Button used a three-stop strategy to recover to third place.", "The was marred by a string of accidents throughout the weekend that saw two drivers hospitalised; Sergio Pérez crashed heavily at the Nouvelle Chicane in the final qualifying period and suffered a concussion, while Vitaly Petrov was briefly knocked unconscious in a five-car pile-up late in the race that saw the red flags waved and the race stopped for the first time since the 2010 Korean Grand Prix", ". Sebastian Vettel achieved both pole position and the race win ahead of Fernando Alonso and Jenson Button, who had been rapidly catching the race leaders at the time of the race stoppage.", "Vettel took his sixth pole of the season in Montreal, with the race severely affected by rain. The early stages of the race saw Jenson Button and Lewis Hamilton collide on the pit straight, and Button earning a drive-through penalty for speeding behind the safety car after it was deployed to retrieve the stricken McLaren of Hamilton. On lap twenty-five, the race was stopped for two hours in the face of a torrential downpour that made the circuit undriveable", ". When the race was finally resumed, a narrow dry line began to appear around the circuit, and Button began to work his way through the field, having run as low as twenty-first and last place after his penalty. With four laps to go, Button had passed Mark Webber and Michael Schumacher for second place and was catching Vettel at a rate that meant he would only catch the championship leader on the final lap. Vettel ran wide and off the dry line of the final lap of the race, handing Button the race win", ". Vettel ran wide and off the dry line of the final lap of the race, handing Button the race win. Schumacher matched his best race result since returning to the sport, with a fourth place. At Sauber, Sergio Pérez elected not to compete after reporting that he felt unwell during the first practice session, and he was replaced by Pedro de la Rosa.", "Pirelli's medium-compound tyre made its race debut in Valencia, which once again saw Vettel on pole. There was much speculation about the potential for the field to be shaken up by the introduction of engine mapping bans, but the reigning champion led for most of the race, ceding the lead only when called in to pit", ". He comfortably gained his sixth victory of the season when the leaders moved onto the medium compound tyres, with second-placed Fernando Alonso demonstrating that the Ferrari 150º Italia was unable to use the medium tyres as efficiently as the Red Bull RB7", ". With all twenty-four cars finishing the race, Hispania Racing's Narain Karthikeyan became the first man in the sport's history to finish a Grand Prix in twenty-fourth position as the race broke the record for the most classified finishers; the 2011 Chinese Grand Prix had previously seen twenty-three classified finishers.", "Uncertainty over rule changes and exemptions concerning the use of off-throttle blown diffusers dominated off-track discussion at the British Grand Prix, though consensus within the media was that the issue did not directly affect the sport. Mark Webber started from pole position in the race; however, Sebastian Vettel took the lead on the first lap", ". A mistake from Red Bull Racing in the pits allowed Fernando Alonso to take control of the race, which he went on to win by sixteen seconds, his first victory since the 2010 Korean Grand Prix. Webber caught Vettel in the dying stages of the race, but was given a late team order to maintain his position, and the Australian finished third behind his teammate", ". Felipe Massa was similarly catching Lewis Hamilton, whose progress had been hampered by an order to conserve fuel, for fourth position and the two made contact in the penultimate corner on the last lap, forcing Massa to run wide over the finish line. Jenson Button fell from second to fifth place in the championship when a wheel nut was improperly attached to his car during his final stop, forcing his retirement from the race.", "Webber achieved his second successive pole position in Germany, while Hamilton denied Red Bull a front-row lock-out by qualifying second. Vettel was third, the first time he had qualified outside the front row since the 2010 Italian Grand Prix almost one year previously. Hamilton took the lead going into the first corner of the race, and the early stages of the Grand Prix were marked by the drivers attempting to find grip on an unusually cold circuit", ". As Hamilton, Alonso and Webber pulled away, Vettel struggled to match their pace following a spin at turn ten. Michael Schumacher had an identical episode at the same corner a few laps later, whilst Sébastien Buemi and Nick Heidfeld collided at the chicane, ending Heidfeld's race. There were multiple lead changes between Hamilton, Webber and Alonso, with Hamilton capitalising on a slow in-lap by Alonso and a strategy error from Red Bull to secure victory", ". Alonso placed second, with Webber third, while Sebastian Vettel stole fourth away from Felipe Massa when the two drivers pitted on the final lap.", "Vettel returned to pole position in Hungary; however, Lewis Hamilton qualified second and was able to save an extra set of softer option tyres for the race. After mixed conditions wreaked havoc in the support races, the Grand Prix started with a wet surface. Vettel established an early lead, but was soon passed by Hamilton and Jenson Button as a dry line appeared", ". The positions remained constant through the halfway point of the race while Team Lotus experienced their second double-retirement in three races and Nick Heidfeld's Renault exploded after a prolonged pit stop. A mid-race shower on the fortieth lap led to Hamilton spinning, forcing Force India's Paul di Resta off the circuit and allowing Button to close the gap", ". The two McLaren drivers traded places several times in the greasy conditions, with Hamilton leading long enough to give him the first strategy call within the team. He opted to swap to the intermediate tyres, but the track started to dry out and he was given a drive-through penalty for forcing di Resta off the circuit, taking him out of contention for a podium finish", ". Jenson Button went on to win the race, his 200th Grand Prix start and the scene of his maiden victory ahead of Vettel in second and Fernando Alonso. Hamilton recovered from his penalty to take fourth position from Mark Webber, whilst Felipe Massa – who had out-qualified Alonso for the first time since the 2010 Belgian Grand Prix – was the final car classified on the lead lap in sixth place.", "The marked twenty years since Michael Schumacher's Formula One debut, but Schumacher had a difficult start to the weekend when he lost a wheel on his out-lap in qualifying, sending him to the back of the grid. Bruno Senna replaced Nick Heidfeld at Renault, qualifying seventh in variable conditions on his return to Formula One. However, his success was short-lived when he crashed into Jaime Alguersuari on the first lap, ending Alguersuari's race and earning himself a penalty", ". Nico Rosberg led the early stages of the race, but was powerless to defend against Sebastian Vettel once the DRS was activated. The lead changed several times in the first half of the race, but Vettel eventually established a comfortable lead and would remain unchallenged. With Vettel winning the race and Webber finishing second, Red Bull secured their first one-two victory since Istanbul", ". Despite leading the race at one point, Fernando Alonso struggled with his tyres, and slipped down the running order, being passed by Mark Webber and Jenson Button, who had recovered from thirteenth on the grid. Michael Schumacher also recovered; having started twenty-fourth on the grid, he was fifth at the end of the race, behind Alonso and ahead of Rosberg. Lewis Hamilton crashed out of the race early on, making contact with Kamui Kobayashi at Les Combes", ". Lewis Hamilton crashed out of the race early on, making contact with Kamui Kobayashi at Les Combes. Both Senna and Hamilton admitted responsibility for their respective incidents.", "At the , Vettel took once again pole position, beating Hamilton by half a second, but it was the fourth-starting Fernando Alonso who led the race going into the first corner. Vitantonio Liuzzi made contact with Kovalainen and lost control, sliding off the grass and crashing heavily into Rosberg and Petrov and triggering the safety car. Vettel took the lead from Alonso one lap after the restart, while Schumacher overtook Hamilton", ". Vettel took the lead from Alonso one lap after the restart, while Schumacher overtook Hamilton. Mark Webber attempted to pass Felipe Massa, but the two made contact, pitching Massa into a spin. Webber continued with a broken front wing, crashing at Parabolica as he attempted to return to pit. Further down the order, Schumacher received several carefully worded instructions from team principal Ross Brawn, reminding him not to cut across the track to defend against Hamilton", ". Schumacher's duel with Hamilton slowed them down enough for Jenson Button to catch up; where Hamilton took thirty laps to pass Schumacher, Button passed him on his first attempt and started catching the second-placed Alonso. Vettel went on to win the race, extending his lead enough that he would need just one more win to win his second World Championship", ". Webber's failure to finish meant that he fell to fourth in the drivers' standings, behind Alonso and Button, while Hamilton's fourth place meant he fell further behind in the championship.", "Sebastian Vettel obtained his eleventh pole of the season in Singapore, and spent most of the race unchallenged. Jenson Button attempted a late push, but was held up by traffic in the final laps of the race and fell behind. Button's podium meant that the championship would remain unresolved for the time being, but with his ninth victory of the season, Sebastian Vettel closed to within one point of securing his second World Drivers' Championship and becoming the sport's youngest-ever double World Champion", ". Mark Webber completed the podium in third, while Fernando Alonso finished fourth, over a minute behind Vettel. An early collision with Felipe Massa meant Lewis Hamilton was handed a drive-through penalty – his sixth of the season – and slipped out of the points, but a mid-race safety car for a collision involving Michael Schumacher and Sergio Pérez helped Hamilton recover to fifth. However, the result meant that Webber, Alonso and Hamilton were all eliminated from the championship fight.", "The championship came to a head in Japan, with Sebastian Vettel out-qualifying championship rival Jenson Button by just nine thousandths of a second. Vettel forced Button wide at the start, but the McLaren driver was able to recover, under-cutting Vettel in the pits during the second round of stops. Button went on to win the race, his third victory of the season, while Fernando Alonso finished second. Vettel completed the podium, securing his second World Drivers' Championship", ". Vettel completed the podium, securing his second World Drivers' Championship. Mark Webber finished the race fourth, with Lewis Hamilton fifth and Michael Schumacher defending from Felipe Massa to finish sixth. Nico Rosberg secured the final World Championship point in by finishing tenth, having started twenty-third on the grid.", "Lewis Hamilton and McLaren ended Red Bull's monopoly on pole position at the Korean Grand Prix, with Hamilton edging out Champion-elect Vettel by two-tenths of a second. Vettel seized the lead early in the race, and remained unthreatened for the rest of the race. Hamilton engaged in a race-long duel with Mark Webber, with the Australian following an unusual strategy choice. He was unable to pass Hamilton, who collected his first podium position since his victory in the German Grand Prix", ". Jenson Button finished the race fourth ahead of Fernando Alonso. In finishing first and third, Red Bull secured their second consecutive World Constructors' Championship.", "Vettel claimed his first \"Grand Chelem\" at the inaugural Indian Grand Prix, claiming pole position, the fastest lap and leading every lap of the race. The race saw several incidents on the first lap, with contact between several drivers at the first corner, and again at Turn 3. Jenson Button tightened his grasp on second place in the championship, finishing eight seconds behind Vettel, whilst Fernando Alonso completed the podium ahead of Mark Webber", ". Lewis Hamilton fell further behind after making contact with Felipe Massa at the halfway point, the third time the two had come together in four races. Narain Karthikeyan became the first Indian driver to compete in the Indian Grand Prix, finishing seventeenth ahead of Hispania teammate Daniel Ricciardo and Jarno Trulli, a victim of the first-lap contact.", "Sebastian Vettel equalled Nigel Mansell's record of fourteen pole positions in a season when he was fastest in qualifying at the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. Vettel however – despite maintaining the lead into the first corner – spun off at Turn 2 with a right rear puncture. He pitted at the end of the lap and had to retire with suspension damage. Hamilton led the whole race, except the pit stop phases, and won the race ahead of Fernando Alonso and teammate Jenson Button", ". This meant that Red Bull's podium streak came to an end, despite Webber finishing fourth.", "At the final race of the season in Brazil, Vettel broke Mansell's record for most pole positions in a season, taking his fifteenth. Webber emerged victorious, scoring his first race win since the 2010 Hungarian Grand Prix. Hamilton retired on lap 48 with a gearbox problem, joining Pastor Maldonado, Timo Glock, and later Vitantonio Liuzzi on the list of race retirements", ". Felipe Massa, finishing fifth in his home race, became the first Ferrari driver since Ivan Capelli in who failed to finish on the podium all season. Meanwhile, Paul di Resta finished the season as the best rookie in 13th place for Force India.", "Results and standings\n\nGrands Prix\n\nScoring system\n\nPoints were awarded to the top 10 classified finishers.\n\nWorld Drivers' Championship standings\n\nNotes:\n – Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.\n\nWorld Constructors' Championship standings", "World Constructors' Championship standings\n\nNotes:\n  – Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.\n Official FIA results list the Constructors' Championship placings as Red Bull Racing, Vodafone McLaren Mercedes, Scuderia Ferrari etc.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n On cloud Shoes sponsorship for World Championship Cup\n The official website of The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile\n\nFormula One seasons\n \nFormula 1" ]

[ "The 2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series was the 68th season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 45th modern-era Cup series season. The season began at Daytona International Speedway with the Sprint Unlimited, the Can-Am Duel and the Daytona 500. The season ended with the Ford EcoBoost 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway. Jimmie Johnson of Hendrick Motorsports won his seventh drivers' championship, tying Richard Petty and Dale Earnhardt for most all-time", ". Toyota won the manufacturer's championship, becoming the first manufacturer to win the manufacturer's championship other than Chevrolet since 2002.", "The season also marked the second season of a new television contract. During the season, races were broadcast in the United States by Fox Sports and NBC Sports.", "2016 marked the final full season for three-time NASCAR Cup Series champion Tony Stewart, 2000 season champion Bobby Labonte (at the time he was a restrictor plate ringer), 28-time race winner Carl Edwards, and 19-time race winner Greg Biffle, and the final Cup race starts for Brian Scott, Josh Wise, Brian Vickers, Michael Annett, Patrick Carpentier, Eddie MacDonald, Robert Richardson Jr., and Alex Kennedy", "., and Alex Kennedy. Four-time NASCAR Cup Series champion Jeff Gordon also came out of retirement mid-season as a relief driver for Dale Earnhardt Jr., who sat out the second half of the season with a concussion. Gordon made his final start at Martinsville Speedway in October, sharing driving duties with Alex Bowman. 2016 also marked the first season that Joe Nemechek did not start a Cup race since his career began in 1993, as well as Sam Hornish Jr", "., who did not make any starts for the first time since 2006.", "The season also marked the final season with Sprint as the series sponsor as Monster Energy took over the title sponsorship starting in 2017.\n\nTeams and drivers\nThis was the first season that featured the NASCAR charter system. There were only 36 charters in total with one representing one car regardless of what team it belonged to.\n\nChartered teams\nThere were 37 full-time teams in 2016.\n\nNon-chartered teams\n\nComplete schedule\n\nLimited schedule\n\nChanges", "Teams\n Michael Waltrip Racing ceased its operations after 2015, shutting down the No. 15 and No. 55 teams. Waltrip made plans to run the Daytona 500 with sponsor Maxwell House. Waltrip ran the No. 83 for BK Racing in the Daytona 500 with DiBenedetto moving to the No. 93 in a third BK Racing car for the race. Waltrip also ran the Talladega race in May in his old No. 55 now running under the Premium Motorsports banner. This car had been the No. 62 in 2015.", "Wood Brothers Racing returned to full-time racing in 2016 for the first time since 2008. Ryan Blaney remained as driver, marking the first time the team would full-time with one driver since 2006. The team ran 19 races in 2015.", "Front Row Motorsports downsized to two full-time teams in 2016, shutting down the No. 35 team. The team also received technical support as part of an alliance with Roush Fenway Racing. The team fielded the No. 35 car for David Gilliland in the Daytona 500 and the other 3 plate races. He failed to qualify for the Daytona 500 and the Talladega October events (but made Talladega in May and Daytona in July).", "BK Racing downsized to two full-time teams in 2016, shutting down the No. 26 team. The team fielded the No. 26 car for Robert Richardson Jr. in the Daytona 500.", "Circle Sport and Leavine Family Racing merged to form Circle Sport – Leavine Family Racing. The team ran the full 36-race schedule with the No. 95 in a Chevrolet, forming a technical alliance with Richard Childress Racing. The No. 33 team was shut down. Ty Dillon ran five races with crew chief Todd Parrott, including the Daytona 500 with Michael McDowell driving the other 31 with crew chief Dave Winston. The team fielded a second car, the No. 59, in the Daytona 500 and Ford EcoBoost 400 for McDowell.", "Premium Motorsports hired Mike Hillman to head up its operations in 2016, bringing over Mark Hillman – who served as the No. 40's crew chief – and most of the staff from the No. 40 team, therefore shutting that team down on a full-time basis. Premium Motorsports ran only one full-time team with Cole Whitt in the No. 98 in 2016, shutting down the No. 62. Whitt drove for Front Row Motorsports in the now defunct No. 35 in 2015. Hillman still ran the No. 40 with Reed Sorenson in the Daytona 500", ". 35 in 2015. Hillman still ran the No. 40 with Reed Sorenson in the Daytona 500. The second Premium team was reactivated at Martinsville as the No. 55, with Sorenson driving.", "Premium Motorsports leased their charter to HScott Motorsports No. 46 for the 2016 season.", "Drivers\n Chase Elliott moves up from the Xfinity Series to the Sprint Cup Series for Hendrick Motorsports, replacing Jeff Gordon in the No. 24, who retired after the 2015 season.\n Clint Bowyer replaced Justin Allgaier in the HScott Motorsports No. 15 (renumbered from No. 51) for 2016, before replacing the retiring Tony Stewart in the No. 14 for Stewart-Haas Racing in 2017. Bowyer ran the No. 15 for the now closed Michael Waltrip Racing team in 2015.", "Brian Scott replaced Sam Hornish Jr. in the Richard Petty Motorsports No. 44 (renumbered from No. 9). Scott ran for Richard Childress Racing in the Xfinity Series in 2015.", "Chris Buescher moved up from the Xfinity Series to the Sprint Cup Series for Front Row Motorsports, replacing Brett Moffitt and other various drivers in the No. 34. Buescher ran six races in the No. 34 in 2015 and won the 2015 Xfinity Series Championship with Roush Fenway Racing in the No. 60. He is on loan from Roush Fenway Racing, with Roush providing additional technical support for him in 2016.", "Landon Cassill replaced David Gilliland in the Front Row Motorsports No. 38. Cassill ran for Hillman Racing in the No. 40 in 2015.\n Jeffrey Earnhardt ran at least 20 races in the No. 32 for Go FAS Racing. Bobby Labonte continued to run the four restrictor plate races. The team had multiple drivers in 2015.", "David Ragan replaced J. J. Yeley and Jeb Burton in the BK Racing No. 23. Ragan drove full-time for various teams – mostly in a substitute role due to injuries – in 2015, mostly for the now defunct Michael Waltrip Racing No. 55.\n Regan Smith replaced Alex Bowman in the Tommy Baldwin Racing No. 7. Smith ran for JR Motorsports in the Xfinity Series in 2015.", "On February 1, 2016, Tony Stewart was sent to the hospital after he injured his back in a non-racing accident in the desert. Stewart-Haas Racing announced on February 4 that Stewart would miss the beginning of the season. Nine days later, former Michael Waltrip Racing driver Brian Vickers was hired to take Stewart's place for the Daytona 500. Vickers and Ty Dillon shared the car until Bristol. Stewart returned to the 14 car at Richmond", ". Vickers and Ty Dillon shared the car until Bristol. Stewart returned to the 14 car at Richmond. For Talladega, Stewart practiced and qualified the car, and then switched with Ty Dillon in the first opportunity during the race. Afterwards, Stewart returned full-time at Kansas.", "Dale Earnhardt Jr. suffered from concussion like symptoms following the race in Kentucky and was replaced by Alex Bowman at New Hampshire and Michigan. Jeff Gordon came out of retirement to replace Dale Jr. at Indianapolis, Pocono, Watkins Glen, and Bristol. It was announced on August 30, 2016, that Earnhardt would miss the rest of the season and that Bowman and Gordon would share the car for the final 12 races of the season", ". Gordon drove at Darlington, Richmond, Dover, and Martinsville while Bowman drove at Chicagoland, New Hampshire, Charlotte, Kansas, Talladega, Texas, Phoenix, and Homestead.", "Crew chiefs\n Brian Pattie took over crew chief duties on the No. 16 Roush Fenway Racing Ford with Greg Biffle, replacing Matt Puccia. Pattie was the crew chief for the Michael Waltrip Racing No. 15 and No. 55 cars in 2015.\n Matt Puccia took over crew chief duties on the No. 6 Roush Fenway Racing Ford with Trevor Bayne, replacing Bob Osborne. Puccia was the crew chief on the No. 16, driven by Greg Biffle in 2015.", "Bob Osborne took over crew chief duties on the No. 34 Front Row Motorsports Ford with Chris Buescher, replacing Derek Finley. Osborne was the crew chief for Trevor Bayne in 2015.\n Chad Johnston took over crew chief duties on the No. 42 Chip Ganassi Racing Chevrolet with Kyle Larson, replacing Chris Heroy. Johnston was the crew chief for Tony Stewart in 2015.", "Mike Bugarewicz took over crew chief duties on the No. 14 Stewart-Haas Racing Chevrolet with Tony Stewart, replacing Chad Johnston. Bugarewicz was the race engineer on the No. 4, driven by Kevin Harvick, the previous two years.\nBilly Scott took over crew chief duties on the No. 10 Stewart-Haas Racing Chevrolet with Danica Patrick, replacing Daniel Knost. Scott was the crew chief for the Michael Waltrip Racing No. 15 and No. 55 cars in 2015.", "Randall Burnett took over crew chief duties on the No. 47 JTG Daugherty Racing Chevrolet with A. J. Allmendinger, replacing Brian Burns. Burnett was the team engineer on the No. 42, driven by Kyle Larson, in 2015.\n Mike Wheeler took over crew chief duties on the No. 11 Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota with Denny Hamlin, replacing Dave Rogers. Wheeler was the crew chief for the Joe Gibbs Racing No. 20 in the NASCAR Xfinity Series in 2015.", "Dave Rogers took over crew chief duties on the No. 19 Joe Gibbs Racing Toyota with Carl Edwards, replacing Darian Grubb. Rogers was the crew chief on the No. 11, driven by Denny Hamlin, in 2015.\n Chris Heroy took over crew chief duties on the No. 44 Richard Petty Motorsports Ford with Brian Scott, replacing Kevin Manion. Heroy was the crew chief for Kyle Larson in 2015.", "Patrick Donahue took over crew chief duties on the No. 23 BK Racing Toyota with David Ragan, replacing Joe Williams. Donahue was the crew chief for the third BK Racing car, the No. 26, in 2015.\n Wally Rogers took over crew chief duties on the No. 32 Go FAS Racing Ford, replacing Clint Cram. Rogers was the crew chief for the part-time Leavine Family Racing No. 95 in 2015.", "Manufacturers\n Furniture Row Racing changed its manufacturer to Toyota with a technical alliance with Joe Gibbs Racing after being with Chevrolet since the team's inception in 2005.\n Circle Sport - Leavine Family Racing changed its manufacturer to Chevrolet with a technical alliance with Richard Childress Racing after being with Ford since the team's inception in 2011.", "Rule changes\n2016 saw the introduction of a charter system in a deal reached between NASCAR and the Race Team Alliance. Thirty-six teams would hold a charter, which guarantees them a spot in the field for all 36 races. To be eligible for a charter, a team had to be running full-time since the 2013 season. Charter owners may transfer their Charter to another team, for one full season, once over the first five years of the agreement.", "Charter teams are held to a minimum performance standard. If a Charter team finishes in the bottom three of the owner standings among all 36 Charter teams for three consecutive years, NASCAR has a right to force the sale of the charter.\nNASCAR also reduced the size of the Cup field from 43 to 40 cars.\nTeams may sell their Charters on the open market before each season.", "Teams may sell their Charters on the open market before each season.\nOrganizations had a hard cap of four cars; prohibiting a fifth car for rookie drivers. For example, Joe Gibbs Racing had planned to run Erik Jones on a limited Cup schedule in addition to the full Xfinity Series schedule; if they wanted to run Jones in any Cup races, under this new rule they would have had to farm him out to another team, likely Furniture Row Racing, who was seeking to add a second team in 2017.", "Due to the charters and reduction of field size, the qualifying procedures were revised. The final four spots for non-chartered teams are determined by qualifying results. If qualifying was rained out, practice speeds were used. If practice and qualifying are rained out, owner points were used. For the Daytona 500 only, the final four teams are the highest non-charter finisher in each duel plus the two highest qualifiers that did not clinch a spot in the duel.", "Due to the field shortening from 43 to 40 cars, the point system was revised to 1 point for 40th place up to 40 points for 1st place. All other bonuses points, including the win bonus and laps lead bonus points, are the same.", "2016 also introduced the \"Overtime Line\" as a modification for the green–white–checker finish rule. After taking the green flag, if a caution appears before the leader has reached the overtime line, the restart was waved off and another attempt would be made. There were an unlimited number of attempts for this, however once the leader reaches the line, the next flag ended the race. The placement of the overtime line varied from track to track.", "Starting at Kentucky, if qualifying gets rained out the field would be set by the point standings. If the field was over 40 cars, the drivers who were on open teams that are further up in points made the race while the drivers low in standings failed to make the race.\nOn July 7, 2016, it was announced that any driver that was part of an open team that made the Chase was guaranteed a spot in all 10 Chase races.", "Technical changes\nAll cars began using a digital dashboard starting in 2016.The dashboard only provided information that was available on manual gauges and lap times, but there were plans to work in tire pressure readings and other telemetry to drivers, teams, and fans at home.", "At all tracks except Daytona and Talladega:\nThe rear spoiler height was reduced from 6 inches to 3.5 inches.\nThe front splitter leading edge was reduced from 2 inches to 0.25 inches.\nThe radiator pan width was reduced from 38 inches to 33 inches.\nRear gear ratios were adjusted to maintain 9,000 RPM maximum.\nFor tracks shorter than 1.25 miles in length, the third gear ratio was 1.38.", "At Daytona and Talladega:\nEngine roller lifters replaced solid lifters, adding around 10 horsepower to each car.\nRestrictor plates had the openings reduced from 29/32 inches to 57/64 inches to counter the horsepower increase.\nStarting at the July Daytona race, each car ran a standardized radiator and oil cooler system.", "Safety enhancements at all tracks:\nThere must be an on-board fire suppression system activation cable routed to the dash or right-hand side leg board.\nThere must be a right-hand side double NACA duct to cool drivers at tracks where the side window is used.\nSeat belt restraint systems must meet increased specifications.", "Other changes:\nAll track bar and wedge wrenches must be painted yellow.\nNASCAR changed inspection methods, reducing pre-race inspection time but increasing the amount of time teams have to present their cars for pre-qualifying inspection. In addition, NASCAR utilized new inspection methods aided by Microsoft Surface tablets to further increase efficiencies.", "Beginning at the May Talladega race, NASCAR began enforcing lug nuts again, a practice which was discontinued after the 2013 season. The rule now required all 5 lug nuts on all 4 wheels must be \"installed in a safe and secure manner.\" If during post-race inspection a wheel is found to be missing a lug nut or a lug not is not secured, it was an automatic P3 penalty resulting in the crew chief, tire changer, and tire carrier each receiving a one race suspension and fine", ". The change comes after mass criticism, particularly from owner-driver Tony Stewart, about poor safety practices occurring from lack of enforcement.", "Starting at the fall Talladega race, NASCAR allowed teams to run additional anti-intrusion panels at superspeedway races. The components are optional for 2016, required at superspeedway races in 2017, and required at all races in 2018. The changes come as a result of the investigation into the horrific last lap crash suffered by Austin Dillon in the 2015 Coke Zero 400.", "Schedule\nThe final calendar – comprising 36 races, as well as exhibition races, which are the Sprint Unlimited, Can-Am Duel qualifying duel races for the Daytona 500 and the Sprint All-Star Race – was released on October 26, 2015. With the schedule announcement also came the announcement of NASCAR securing a five-year contract with each track to continue to host races over the next five seasons.\nKey changes from 2015 include:", "Key changes from 2015 include:\n The Easter off-week was placed late-March between Fontana and Martinsville, instead of the mid-April break between Martinsville and Texas as in recent years.\n The Coke Zero 400 at Daytona returned to its usual Saturday night date.\n The spring race at Richmond moved from Saturday night to Sunday afternoon.\n Michigan and Bristol swap their August race dates to avoid a scheduling conflict with the 2016 Summer Olympics being hosted on NBC.", "The third off-week has been moved to mid-August between Watkins Glen and Bristol, instead of the usual late-August break between Bristol and Darlington. This has been done so as to avoid a scheduling conflict with the 2016 Summer Olympics being hosted on NBC. The aforementioned Olympics conflict forced one race occurring during the games (Watkins Glen) to be moved to USA, marking the first time USA has broadcast a NASCAR Cup race since the 1984 UNO Twin 125s", ". (The other race occurring during the games, at Bristol, aired on NBCSN.)", "The first race at Dover and the Memorial Day week swapped dates, so the last race before the All-Star Race is Dover instead of Kansas.\nIn the Chase for the Sprint Cup, the three rounds preceding the final race, originally named the Challenger, Contender and Eliminator rounds, were simply renamed the Round of 16, the Round of 12 and the Round of 8 respectively.", "Season summary\n\nRace reports\nSpeedweeks 2016\n\nSpeedweeks 2016 started with the Sprint Unlimited. Denny Hamlin led the most laps and won his third career Sprint Unlimited, followed by Joey Logano, Paul Menard, Kyle Larson, and Casey Mears. The race saw several multicar crashes, including one that sent the race into overtime. During the overtime period, a clean restart occurred before another multicar crash caused the race to end under yellow.", "Qualifying for the front row of the Daytona 500 took place the following day. Rookie Chase Elliott won the pole, becoming the youngest Daytona 500 pole winner ever at the age of 20 years, 2 months, and 17 days. Matt Kenseth joined Elliott on the front row by qualifying second.", "The following Thursday, the Can-Am Duels took place to set the remainder of the starting lineup for the Daytona 500. Dale Earnhardt Jr. led the most laps and won the first duel race. The second duel race was won by Kyle Busch ahead of a last-lap crash that involved multiple drivers including Jimmie Johnson, Martin Truex Jr., and polesitter Kenseth.\n\nRound 1: Daytona 500", "Elliott started on pole, but was taken out of contention by an early spin through the grass that destroyed the front end of his car. Several other small wrecks occurred throughout the race including a spin by Brian Vickers that caused Trevor Bayne and Carl Edwards to make contact, a single-car wreck that sent Earnhardt into the wall, and a wreck between Danica Patrick and Greg Biffle, but the big crash that the event usually sees was never triggered in the race", ". Denny Hamlin led the most laps, with the four Joe Gibbs Racing drivers and Truex Jr. up front for most of the race. On the last lap, Hamlin passed Kenseth for the lead and beat Truex Jr. to the line in a photo-finish, which was the closest margin in Daytona 500 history.", "Round 2: Folds of Honor QuikTrip 500", "Kurt Busch started on pole after his younger brother Kyle Busch's pole-winning qualifying time was disallowed, resulting in him starting in the rear. The race used the new low downforce package and saw few caution flags. Kenseth led several laps but went two laps down after a miscommunication following a pit road penalty. Kevin Harvick led the most laps but Johnson took the lead after pitting early during the final round of green-flag pit stops", ". After a cut tire from Ryan Newman sent the race into overtime, Johnson would win the race under caution after a multicar wreck involving Aric Almirola and 3 others occurred following a clean restart. The win was the 76th career win for Johnson, tying Dale Earnhardt.", "Round 3: Kobalt 400", "Kurt Busch led the field to green after a brief delay due to rain showers. The race was plagued by high winds, with a sandstorm hitting the track at one point from laps 202–205. Jimmie Johnson led the most laps in the race. A few wrecks occurred including one involving Regan Smith and Kyle Larson and a multicar wreck that took Matt Kenseth and Chase Elliott out of contention. Kyle Busch had the lead in the closing laps, but was passed by Brad Keselowski, who went on to win the race", ". Keselowski was followed by Joey Logano, Johnson, Kyle Busch, and Austin Dillon.", "Round 4: Good Sam 500", "Kyle Busch started from the pole and led the early part of the race. Dale Earnhardt Jr., Carl Edwards, and Kevin Harvick also led throughout the race, with Harvick leading the most laps. The race saw several drivers have tire issues from melted tire beads including Ryan Newman, Paul Menard, Ricky Stenhouse Jr., Brad Keselowski, and Kasey Kahne. Kahne's crash into the wall sent the race into overtime, where Harvick beat Edwards in a photo-finish, followed by Denny Hamlin, Kyle Busch, and Earnhardt Jr", ". Harvick won his 8th career race at Phoenix.", "Round 5: Auto Club 400", "Austin Dillon started the race from the pole. A number of drivers had tire issues throughout the race, including Kyle Larson, who crashed into the inside wall hard. Another incident occurred with Kasey Kahne and Danica Patrick got together, sending Patrick into the wall. Kevin Harvick led the most laps in the race. The race went into overtime after Kyle Busch got into the wall from a blown tire", ". The race went into overtime after Kyle Busch got into the wall from a blown tire. In the overtime finish, Jimmie Johnson scored his 77th career win, ahead of Harvick, Denny Hamlin, Joey Logano, and Ricky Stenhouse Jr.", "Round 6: STP 500\n\nJoey Logano started on the pole and led early before fading. A few incidents occurred during the race including an early spin by Dale Earnhardt Jr. and Denny Hamlin getting into the wall. Kyle Busch led the most laps and went on to win the race, his first career win at Martinsville and completing the weekend sweep as he won the Camping World Truck Series race the day before. Kyle Busch was followed by A. J. Allmendinger, Kyle Larson, Austin Dillon, and Brad Keselowski.", "Round 7: Duck Commander 500", "Carl Edwards led the field to green after a two-hour delay from rain. Martin Truex Jr. led the most laps in the race. Late in the race, a 13-car wreck occurred when Austin Dillon spun and caused a chain reaction that collected several drivers including Paul Menard, Ryan Newman, Trevor Bayne, Brian Vickers, and Brian Scott. During the final caution, Truex Jr. stayed out while several other drivers came to pit road for fresh tires. On the restart, Kyle Busch was able to get around Truex Jr", ". On the restart, Kyle Busch was able to get around Truex Jr. and win the race, his second straight Cup win and second consecutive weekend sweep as he won the Xfinity Series race the night before. Kyle Busch was followed across the finish line by Dale Earnhardt Jr., Joey Logano, Jimmie Johnson, and Chase Elliott.", "Round 8: Food City 500", "Carl Edwards started the race from pole position as Dale Earnhardt Jr. went two laps down early after not being able to get going at the initial start. Matt Kenseth led several laps in the early part of the race. Kyle Busch experienced tire issues, a spin, and pit-road speeding penalties before a cut right-front tire sent him hard into the wall a little past halfway, ending his race. Kenseth also had a right-front tire issue that sent him into the wall and knocked him out of contention", ". Kyle Larson experienced a broken track bar that left him multiple laps down. Denny Hamlin and Aric Almirola both got into the wall late in the race in separate crashes. Edwards would go on to lead the most laps and win the race, his first of the season. Edwards was followed by Earnhardt Jr. (who rebounded from his early issues), Kurt Busch, Chase Elliott, and Trevor Bayne. BK Racing driver Matt DiBenedetto recorded a career best finish of 6th.", "Round 9: Toyota Owners 400", "Kevin Harvick started from pole after qualifying was rained out and the field was set by practice speeds. The race saw long green-flag runs in the early part of the race. Several drivers rotated the lead throughout the race, including Harvick, Jimmie Johnson, Carl Edwards, Kyle Busch, and Kurt Busch", ". In the later part of the race, a few incidents occurred including a cut tire from Tony Stewart, who made his first start of the season after missing the first eight races due to an offseason back injury, and a wreck from Brian Scott. In the closing laps, Kyle Busch held the lead with Edwards close behind. On the final lap, Edwards did a \"bump and run\" move to take the lead from Kyle Busch and score his second straight win. Kyle Busch finished second, followed by Johnson, Kasey Kahne, and Harvick.", "Round 10: GEICO 500", "Chase Elliott was on pole position for the race. The race was threatened by rain and featured intense racing and numerous multicar wrecks. Early in the race, Dale Earnhardt Jr. got loose and collected Kasey Kahne. Under this caution, Ty Dillon relieved Tony Stewart, who made his second start of the season since returning from a back injury. Near the middle of the race, a 7-car wreck occurred that saw Chris Buescher flip multiple times. Carl Edwards got into Earnhardt Jr", ". Carl Edwards got into Earnhardt Jr., causing serious damage to both cars. Kahne would also be involved in a second wreck. Toward the later part of the race, several crashes occurred, including \"The Big One\", which involved 21 cars, and a hard wreck involving Danica Patrick and Matt Kenseth that saw Kenseth go airborne and ride along the infield wall upside down. Brad Keselowski won the race as a multicar wreck occurred coming to the checkered flag that involved Kevin Harvick and Ricky Stenhouse Jr", "., among others.", "Round 11: Go Bowling 400", "Martin Truex Jr. started on pole and dominated the race, leading 172 laps. However, a loose wheel following a green-flag pit stop took him out of contention for the win. Late in the race, Denny Hamlin, Joey Logano, Brad Keselowski, and Kyle Larson were involved in a wreck battling for position near the front of the field. Under this caution, Kyle Busch stayed out while other drivers came to pit road for fresh tires", ". Under this caution, Kyle Busch stayed out while other drivers came to pit road for fresh tires. In the closing laps, Kyle Busch was able to hold off Kevin Harvick on older tires and win the race, his third win of the season and first career win at Kansas. Harvick finished second, followed by Kurt Busch, Matt Kenseth, and Ryan Blaney.", "Round 12: AAA 400 Drive for Autism", "Kevin Harvick won the pole after qualifying was rained out and the starting order was set by first practice speeds. Harvick led before and after the competition caution on lap 40. Others such as Kyle Larson and Martin Truex Jr. led during the race. Early in the race, several single-car wrecks occurred that involved drivers including Matt DiBenedetto, Austin Dillon, and Michael Annett. The race was nerve rattling towards the end", ". The race was nerve rattling towards the end. Brad Keselowski ran into the lapped car of Austin Dillon while leading, cutting down his tire. Tony Stewart broke a track bar and spilled rear end grease on the track. On a restart with 46 laps to go, leader Jimmie Johnson could not get going and bunched up the field, causing a large wreck which involved 18 cars. Carl Edwards crashed into the inside wall on the following restart", ". Carl Edwards crashed into the inside wall on the following restart. The race restarted again with 35 laps to go and the end came down to a battle between Matt Kenseth and Kyle Larson. Larson came close numerous times to get the lead, but Kenseth put the block on Larson and won his first race of the season.", "Exhibition: NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race", "In the Sprint Showdown, which was postponed from Friday evening to Saturday morning due to rain, Ryan Blaney was black flagged for jumping a restart near the end of the first 20-lap segment, allowing Trevor Bayne and Chase Elliott to battle to the finish, with Bayne edging Elliott at the line to advance to the All-Star race. Austin Dillon started off leading the second 20-lap segment, but Greg Biffle took the lead five laps in and pulled away from the field to win and advance", ". Kyle Larson led the final 10-lap segment and battled with Chase Elliott before edging out Elliott to win and advance. Elliott and Danica Patrick finished first and second in the Fan Vote to advance, bringing the field up to 20 cars.", "Kevin Harvick won the pole for the All-Star Race after the field was set by owner points due to qualifying being rained out. Harvick led much of the first 50-lap segment but gave up the lead to make the required green-flag pit stop. Everyone made the stop except Matt Kenseth, who was leading when Jamie McMurray spun out with five laps left in the segment and was unable to make his stop", ". He was penalized one lap for failing to stop, creating a scoring confusion that occurred when NASCAR allowed cars trapped one lap down by Kenseth, who were now on the tail-end of the lead lap, to pit in front of new leader Carl Edwards. Some of those cars came off pit road behind the leaders, one lap down, and were originally scored on the lead lap. However, the issue was corrected and those cars were sent to the rear", ". However, the issue was corrected and those cars were sent to the rear. Brad Keselowski lead to green on the start of the second 50-lap second, which required a green-flag pit stop before lap 85 (lap 35 of segment 2). A few laps into the segment, a caution came out for water in turn two, and Kevin Harvick made several pit stops due to what appeared to be fuel pump problems", ". When the race restarted, Chase Elliott attempted to make his required pit stop, causing Matt Kenseth to slow up and get turned into the wall, collecting Tony Stewart and Kasey Kahne. Greg Biffle's car was also damaged after clipping Elliott's right rear. After the restart, everyone else made the required green-flag stops, and Kyle Busch, who assumed the lead after pit stops, received a speeding penalty and dropped to 13th", ". Keselowski assumed the lead, but lost it to Kyle Larson took the lead from Keselowski, who won the second segment. A random draw of 9, 10, or 11 at the end of the segment determined that the top 11 cars had to pit for four tires. This gave the lead to 12th-place Jimmie Johnson for the final segment, with Kyle Busch lining up alongside. On the restart for the final segment, Kyle Larson took the lead back from Johnson and began to pull away from the field, but was caught by Joey Logano", ". Larson and Logano ran side by side until the two made contact sending Larson into the wall. Logano continued on to win ahead of teammate Brad Keselowski.", "Round 13: Coca-Cola 600", "Martin Truex Jr. started the race from the pole. Truex dominated, leading 392 of 400 laps. A few incidents happened during the race including a cut tire from Kasey Kahne early in the race, a pit-road penalty for Joey Logano, and a cut tire that sent Kyle Busch into the wall late in the race.", "Truex won the race to set the record for most laps led in a race at Charlotte and most miles led in a NASCAR race by leading for 588 miles. Truex was followed across the finish line by Kevin Harvick, Jimmie Johnson, Denny Hamlin, and Brad Keselowski.", "Round 14: Axalta \"We Paint Winners\" 400", "Brad Keselowski won the pole for the race. The race was postponed from Sunday afternoon to Monday afternoon due to persistent rain. Joey Logano got a jump on teammate Keselowski on the start and led early. A competition caution for rain from the day before. Matt Kenseth got the lead off of pit road and led until Chase Elliott got by on a restart after Kenseth and Kyle Busch battled for the lead. Elliott dominated the race and was able to pull away from the field on the next several restarts", ". Elliott dominated the race and was able to pull away from the field on the next several restarts. Tony Stewart got loose in turn two and crashed into Danica Patrick. Michael Annett also hit the wall hard in turn two. At one point, Kyle Busch hit the wall and had to go to the garage; on the pit stops under that caution, teams executed differing pit strategies, allowing Martin Truex Jr. to get the lead off pit road. However, Truex's right-rear tire went down, and he had to return to the pits", ". However, Truex's right-rear tire went down, and he had to return to the pits. On the restart, Jimmie Johnson got loose and crashed into the wall, sending him to the garage. On the restart, Kurt Busch got the lead from Dale Earnhardt Jr. and pulled away from Earnhardt while saving fuel to win the race for his third career win at Pocono, ahead of Earnhardt, Keselowski, Elliott, and Logano.", "This was Dale Earnhardt Jr's last second place finish.", "Round 15: FireKeepers Casino 400", "Joey Logano won the pole for the race. Logano, who has not scored a win this season, dominated the race leading 139 laps. Chase Elliott led for the second week in a row and led a bunch of laps, but fell back after failing on a restart. There were 8 cautions during the race including Martin Truex Jr. spinning after contact with Clint Bowyer, Kyle Busch blowing an engine and hitting the wall, Dale Earnhardt Jr. hit the wall and crashed along with A. J", ". hit the wall and crashed along with A. J. Allmendinger, and Denny Hamlin hitting the wall hard after blowing a tire. Logano pulled away from the field on the final restart and held off Chase Elliott, who almost did not have enough fuel to make it to the end, to score his first win of 2016 and second at Michigan.", "Round 16: Toyota/Save Mart 350", "Carl Edwards started the race from pole position. Early in the race, Clint Bowyer suffered an electrical fire in his car that sent him to the garage. Denny Hamlin led the most laps in the race. Late in the race, Tony Stewart made a green-flag pit stop right before a caution came out for debris. The rest of the field came to pit road under the caution while Stewart stayed out and inherited the lead", ". On the last lap, Hamlin passed Stewart for the lead in turn 7, but Stewart was able to regain the lead from Hamlin in the final turn and win the race, his first win of the season, first since 2013 and the final win of his career. With this win, Stewart pulled within nine points from making the top 30 in order to be eligible for the Chase.", "Round 17: Coke Zero 400", "Greg Biffle won the pole for the race. The first half of the race was calm. On lap 90, \"The Big One\" occurred when teammates Jamie McMurray and Kyle Larson got together, sending McMurray into Jimmie Johnson and it involved 19 other cars including Brian Scott's car coming to rest on top of Kevin Harvick's car. Brad Keselowski dominated, leading 115 laps. Late in the race, Tony Stewart wrecked and collected Carl Edwards and Casey Mears", ". Late in the race, Tony Stewart wrecked and collected Carl Edwards and Casey Mears. Edwards would again be involved in a wreck with 5 laps to go that sent the race into overtime. Keselowski held off Kyle Busch to win for his first victory at Daytona as Kurt Busch went for a slide through the infield grass after getting tapped by Joey Logano.", "Round 18: Quaker State 400", "Kevin Harvick won the pole after the field was set by owner points due to qualifying being rained out. Harvick dominated the race and led the most laps. The repaved track proved to be a problem for multiple drivers. Jimmie Johnson spun and hit the wall, taking him to the garage. Joey Logano blew a tire and smacked the wall, ending his day early. Rookies Chase Elliott and Ryan Blaney crashed out of the race together. A big wreck happened, involving 8 cars. A. J", ". A big wreck happened, involving 8 cars. A. J. Allmendinger hit the wall and destroyed the front end of his car. Multiple drivers tried to make it to the end on fuel. Brad Keselowski led the final 65 laps and saved enough fuel to hold off Carl Edwards to get his fourth win of the season and third at Kentucky.", "Round 19: New Hampshire 301", "Jimmie Johnson won the pole. Kyle Busch took the lead from Johnson at the start. Busch led until lap 87 when Martin Truex Jr. took over the top spot. Truex led until lap 172 when Kyle Busch retook the lead. Busch led until Truex won the race off of pit road during a caution for debris. Matt Kenseth took the lead from Truex in lap 257. The caution came out for debris in turn three and Denny Hamlin stayed on the track as Kenseth kept the lead coming off pit road", ". Truex reported to his team that he was stuck in fourth gear and fell back on the restart. Kenseth took the lead from Hamlin and then a caution came out for Alex Bowman, who was filling in for Dale Earnhardt Jr., cut a tire down. Kenseth continued to lead off the restart until Kurt Busch cut a tire, bringing out the caution. Kenseth led off at restart until Kyle Larson brought the caution out after sliding through the grass", ". Kenseth continued to lead off the restart and was able to hold off Tony Stewart to get his second win of the season.", "Round 20: Crown Royal presents the Combat Wounded Coalition 400 at the Brickyard", "Defending race winner Kyle Busch started on pole. Busch led most of the race. Several accidents took place during the race. Matt DiBenedetto blew his engine on lap 3. After three straight top 10 finishes since July 2, Greg Biffle smacked the wall on lap 52 and knocked himself out of the race. During that caution, Joey Logano stayed out and led the field back to green. Kyle Busch retook the lead on lap 63 and continued leading, other than temporary changes during pit stop cycling", ". A caution came out with 7 laps to go. On the restart, Carl Edwards and Ryan Newman made contact and wrecked with Brad Keselowski and Ryan Blaney. The red flag was displayed to clean up the track. On the restart, Trevor Bayne and Clint Bowyer made contact. On the following restart, which took place in overtime, Jamie McMurray spun into Austin Dillon and Brian Scott also spun", ". On the second restart of overtime, Kyle Busch pulled away from teammate Matt Kenseth to win his second consecutive Sprint Cup Brickyard event and sweeping the weekend for the second year in a row. This was Busch's fourth win of 2016. Competing in his final Sprint Cup Brickyard event, Tony Stewart came home eleventh and Jeff Gordon, who came out of retirement to fill in for Dale Earnhardt Jr., finished thirteenth.", "Round 21: Pennsylvania 400", "Martin Truex Jr. won the pole. The race was scheduled for Sunday but was postponed to Monday due to rain. Truex led early until he had a right-front tire go down. Logano dominated the early part of the race. Austin Dillon and Kyle Larson was battling for the lead as rain was approaching the track. The two got together allowing Logano to regain the lead. After a restart, Chase Elliott got loose and spun and ran into Logano, ending both drivers' chances for a win", ". Pit strategy allowed Larson and Dillon to get back out front. Chris Buescher was in the lead trying to win the race as fog and rain hit the track. The red flag was displayed as fog continued to come and thicken. During the fog delay, rain moved into the area causing the cars to be covered. After a long red flag display, the race was called official and Buescher got his first career victory and the first for Front Row Motorsports since the 2013 Aaron's 499.", "Round 22: Cheez-It 355 at The Glen", "Carl Edwards won the pole to sweep the road course poles. Brad Keselowski led the most laps in the race. Multiple drivers received penalties on pit road. There were a couple of big wrecks. On lap 53, Jimmie Johnson, Austin Dillon, Greg Biffle, and Ricky Stenhouse Jr. got into a big wreck that brought out the red flag. On the restart, there was another wreck involving Clint Bowyer, David Ragan, Alex Kennedy, and polesitter Edwards", ". Another wreck took place with seven laps to go as Kevin Harvick, Matt DiBenedetto, Chris Buescher, and David Ragan got together. The wreck brought out the red flag once again. On the restart, Denny Hamlin, despite back pain, held off Joey Logano after Martin Truex Jr. spun after making contact with Brad Keselowski to pick up his second win of the season and his first career victory on a road course. Jeff Gordon, still substituting for Dale Earnhardt Jr., made his 800th start.", "Round 23: Bass Pro Shops NRA Night Race", "Spring Bristol winner Carl Edwards started on pole with a new track record. Denny Hamlin took the lead from Edwards at the start. Hamlin led until Chase Elliott took the lead. Kyle Busch took the lead from Elliott and began to pull away from the field until the caution came out for rain. The race was red flagged until the track was dried and the field was brought out under caution. It began to rain again and the red flag was displayed. The race was then postponed until the following day in the afternoon", ". The race was then postponed until the following day in the afternoon. The race was delayed due early morning rain. The race would resume and Kyle Busch continued to lead. Busch led 256 laps, but was taken out of the race when he spun and Justin Allgaier ran into him. Kurt Busch and Brad Keselowski crashed and took out some of the field. Joey Logano, who won the last two summer Bristol races, lost the lead to Kevin Harvick and had to go to pit road to tape up the front end of his car", ". Denny Hamlin led off the restart and lost the lead to Harvick. It began to rain and field circled around the track under caution. Harvick pulled away from the field on the restart and held off Ricky Stenhouse Jr. to receive his second win of the season and his first at Bristol since 2005.", "Round 24: Pure Michigan 400", "June Michigan winner Joey Logano started on pole. Chris Buescher had trouble early and fell four laps down. Logano led early, but fell back after the competition caution. Kevin Harvick got the lead and led until Martin Truex Jr. was able to take the lead when they came up on lapped traffic. Kyle Busch spun out into the grass early. Jimmie Johnson got the lead after green flag pit stops, but lost the lead on the next round of pit stops after his team took extra time to fill the car with fuel", ". Chase Elliott got the lead due to Johnson's misfortune. Kyle Larson was able to get the lead on a restart and pull away from the field as a rainstorm was nearing the track. Elliott was able to get off pit road ahead of Larson. On a restart, leader Elliott spun the tires and it allowed Larson to take the lead and pull away from the field and held off Elliott to get his first career Sprint Cup series win.", "Round 25: Bojangles' Southern 500", "Kevin Harvick won the pole due to qualifying being cancelled due to local rainfall from Tropical Storm Hermine. Harvick dominated the race, but had a few pit road problems, costing him a few positions. Kyle Larson, Brad Keselowski, Denny Hamlin, and Matt Kenseth also led during the race", ". Kyle Larson, Brad Keselowski, Denny Hamlin, and Matt Kenseth also led during the race. Several accidents took place including Brian Scott getting into the wall after contact with Tony Stewart, Jimmie Johnson spun and hit the wall, Stewart blew his engine while running thirteenth, and Kurt Busch got into the wall after contact with Paul Menard. A few drivers such as Brad Keselowski and Ryan Newman had pit strategy. Newman was able to pull away from the field, trying to win to get into \"The Chase\"", ". Newman was able to pull away from the field, trying to win to get into \"The Chase\". Martin Truex Jr. was able to get by Newman and pull away from the field. A caution came out for Aric Almirola crashing into the wall after contact with Clint Bowyer. On the restart, Truex Jr. pulled away from the field and held off Harvick for his second win of the season.", "Round 26: Federated Auto Parts 400", "Denny Hamlin won the pole. The race was mostly dominated by Hamlin and Martin Truex Jr. Chase Elliott got into the wall after contact with Jeff Gordon. Jimmie Johnson made contact with the wall after he had a left-rear go down. A. J. Allmendinger spun three times during the race. A big wreck caused the red flag to be displayed involving Tony Stewart, Ryan Newman, Carl Edwards, and others when Stewart and Newman made contact", ". On the restart, Hamlin pulled away from the field until a caution came out with two laps to go when Regan Smith hit the wall. The race went into overtime with Kasey Kahne in position to get a win to make \"The Chase.\" On the restart, Hamlin pulled away from the field to score his third win of the season and third at Richmond. Chris Buescher, Chase Elliott, Austin Dillon, and Jamie McMurray filled the remaining spots in \"The Chase.\"", "Round 27: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 400", "Kyle Busch was awarded the pole after qualifying was rained out and the field was set by points. Busch was able to get the pole due to him being the first seed in \"The Chase.\" At the start of the race, Busch led the first few laps. Martin Truex Jr. then took the lead from Busch and led for a while. After a caution, Jimmie Johnson stayed off of pit road and assumed the race lead. On the next caution, Johnson was able to get off pit road first and continued to lead. He led the most laps, 119 of the 270", ". He led the most laps, 119 of the 270. Johnson's Hendrick Motorsports teammate Chase Elliott took the lead from Johnson. The final round of green flag pit stops began with 35 laps to go. Johnson was penalized for speeding on pit road. Elliott regained the lead and was pulling away to victory until Michael McDowell had a tire go down, sending the race into overtime. Ryan Blaney, Kasey Kahne, and Carl Edwards all stayed off pit road", ". Ryan Blaney, Kasey Kahne, and Carl Edwards all stayed off pit road. On the restart, Truex took the lead from Blaney and held off Joey Logano to score his third win of the season and advancing to the next round of \"The Chase.\"", "Round 28: Bad Boy Off Road 300", "Carl Edwards started on pole. Martin Truex Jr. dominated the race, leading 141 laps. It was green for most of the race. Defending race winner Matt Kenseth also led a bunch of laps. Only one caution took place in the first place half of the race and only four cautions in the second half. One of them saw Trevor Bayne hit the wall hard. On that restart, Truex dropped a few spots. The next caution saw Ricky Stenhouse Jr. and Reed Sorenson make contact", ". The next caution saw Ricky Stenhouse Jr. and Reed Sorenson make contact. On that restart, Kevin Harvick took the lead from Kenseth and held off the rest of the field to score his third win of the season, his first at New Hampshire since 2006, and advance to the next round of \"The Chase.\"", "Round 29: Citizen Soldier 400", "Brad Keselowski was awarded the pole after qualifying was rained out and the field was set by points. Keselowski led the first few laps until he lost it to Martin Truex Jr. Kyle Busch then found his way to the lead. Kevin Harvick had trouble early after he suffered a broken track bar and had to go to the garage. Kyle Larson had problems with his entry after losing power. Larson's Chip Ganassi Racing teammate Jamie McMurray began having problems and his engine finally expired", ". Jimmie Johnson took the lead and led about 90 laps until he received a pit road penalty for his crewmen over the wall to soon. Due to this, Truex regained the lead and had a 9-second lead over Kyle Busch. Truex continued on to score his fourth win of the season and second at Dover. McMurray, Tony Stewart, Chris Buescher, and Larson were eliminated from \"The Chase.\"", "Round 30: Bank of America 500", "Kevin Harvick started on pole. Due to rain from Hurricane Matthew, the race was postponed from Saturday night until Sunday afternoon. Multiple Chase drivers had problems during the race. Pole-sitter Harvick had electrical problems, which took him out of the race. Joey Logano would hit the wall hard and have to go to the garage, but was able to get back on the track 78 laps down", ". Chase Elliott had a dominant car until he was taken out of the race from a wreck on a restart when Austin Dillon couldn't get going and spun out taking out Elliott, Brian Scott, and Paul Menard. Denny Hamlin also had a dominant car, but blew an engine late in the race. Martin Truex Jr. couldn't accelerate off pit road and lost some spots", ". Martin Truex Jr. couldn't accelerate off pit road and lost some spots. Jimmie Johnson had a dominant car as well and he was able to hold off Matt Kenseth to get his eighth career win at Charlotte and his third win of the season to advance to the \"Round of 8\" in \"The Chase.\"", "Round 31: Hollywood Casino 400", "Matt Kenseth started on pole. Kenseth led early until he got into the wall. Kevin Harvick took the lead and led until Chase Elliott took the lead. Elliott had a tire rub and lost the lead. Martin Truex Jr. had a great race until his team didn't get enough fuel in the car and then began experiencing fuel cell issues. Brad Keselowski was running in the top 10 when he made contact with Denny Hamlin and went spinning in the grass, destroying the front end of his car. Carl Edwards got the lead and led some laps", ". Carl Edwards got the lead and led some laps. Keselowski was able to get back on the track, but his engine expired when he returned to the race. Austin Dillon took two tires on pit road and getting off before Edwards. Regan Smith slammed into the wall, bringing out the caution. On the restart, Harvick took the lead from Edwards and held him off to score his fourth win of the season and advance to the next round in \"The Chase.\"", "Round 32: Hellmann's 500", "Martin Truex Jr. started on pole. Truex didn't last long in the race because his engine expired early. A wreck took place which involved Greg Biffle, Jeffrey Earnhardt, and Casey Mears. Brad Keselowski, who was in a must win situation, dominated the race. However, debris on the grille caused Keselowski to overheat and his engine finally expired. After Keselowski was taken out, his teammate Joey Logano took control over the race. Kasey Kahne crashed late in the race, setting up a restart", ". Kasey Kahne crashed late in the race, setting up a restart. On the restart, Alex Bowman spun, sending the race into overtime. On the restart, Logano held off Brian Scott to win get his second win of the season and his second consecutive Chase Talladega victory. Keselowski, Austin Dillon, Chase Elliott, and Martin Truex Jr. were eliminated from \"The Chase.\"", "Round 33: Goody's Fast Relief 500", "Martin Truex Jr. started on pole. Truex led 144 laps of the race. During the race, Chase contenders Jimmie Johnson and Denny Hamlin made contact sending Johnson to pit road with left-front damage. Matt Kenseth found his way to the lead and led the most laps. Carl Edwards had a tire go down and it brought out the caution, creating scoring issues", ". Carl Edwards had a tire go down and it brought out the caution, creating scoring issues. On the restart, Johnson took the lead from Hamlin and led the rest of the race and got his fourth win of the season and advance to the \"Championship 4\" at Homestead.", "This was Jeff Gordon's final start.\n This was also Jeff Gordon's final top ten.\nRound 34: AAA Texas 500", "Austin Dillon won the pole. The race was delayed due to rain, but it would eventually start over six hours late. Joey Logano dominated the race and led the most laps. Martin Truex Jr. and Carl Edwards also ran up front. Both had problems with their cars and almost took each other out on pit road. Dillon crashed into the wall after contact with Kevin Harvick and it also involved Brian Scott and Casey Mears", ". Edwards was able to get off pit road ahead of Truex and was holding off Logano as rain was heading towards the track. It began to rain and the race was called official and Edwards was awarded his third win of the season and give him a spot in the \"Championship 4\" at Homestead.", "Round 35: Can-Am 500", "Alex Bowman, who was still filling in for Dale Earnhardt Jr. won his first career pole. Bowman dominated the race by leading 193 laps. Chase contenders Jimmie Johnson, Joey Logano, and Matt Kenseth all led throughout the race. Johnson was penalized, which knocked him out of the lead and put him a lap down, but a wreck with Austin Dillon took him out of the race. Kenseth was on his way to a victory, but Michael McDowell wrecked and the caution came out with two laps to go", ". On the restart, Kyle Busch got in to Bowman and spun Kenseth, which knocked him out of the lead. On the restart, Logano pulled away from Kyle Busch to grab his third win of the season and to advance to the championship race at Homestead. With their wins Logano, Johnson, and Edwards made it to the championship race while Kyle Busch made it in on points. Kevin Harvick, Denny Hamlin, Kenseth, and Kurt Busch were eliminated.", "Round 36: Ford EcoBoost 400", "Jimmie Johnson started form tail end of the field. Kevin Harvick won the pole. Harvick had the dominant car early in the race. Chase contenders Joey Logano and Carl Edwards had led during the race. Kyle Busch had a tire go down and had to make an unscheduled pit stop and went a lap down, but gained the lap back. Kyle Larson had the dominant car in the second half of the race and led the most laps. Edwards and Kyle Busch were battling for the championship lead until Dylan Lupton brought out the caution", ". On the restart, Logano got a great restart and Edwards blocked Logano and caused Edwards to crash into the wall and end his championship hopes in a multicar wreck that brought out the red flag. It brought the championship race down to Kyle Busch and Jimmie Johnson. On the restart, Logano got up to third and the caution came out for Ricky Stenhouse Jr", ". On the restart, Logano got up to third and the caution came out for Ricky Stenhouse Jr. In an overtime finish, Johnson took the lead from Larson and won the race for his first career victory at Homestead and his seventh Sprint Cup series championship, tying Dale Earnhardt and Richard Petty for most championships all-time.", "This was Carl Edwards and Brian Scott's Final Start", "Results and standings\n\nRaces\n\nDrivers' Championship\n\n(key) Bold – Pole position awarded by time. Italics – Pole position set by final practice results or owner's points. * – Most laps led.\n. – Eliminated after Round of 16\n. – Eliminated after Round of 12\n. – Eliminated after Round of 8\n\nManufacturers' Championship", "Media coverage", "2016 marked the second year of NASCAR's broadcast deal with Fox and NBC. The first 16 events were broadcast on either Fox or FS1, and the final 20 events were shared between NBC and NBCSN. However, the Cheez-It 355 at Watkins Glen International was aired on USA Network due to NBC's coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics. In Canada, TSN televised each race, including the qualifying races for the Daytona 500 and exhibition races, under the name NASCAR on TSN", ". TSN also had coverage of practice and qualifying for each race. In Latin America, except Brazil, all races were broadcast by Fox Sports, on their Fox Sports 3 channel (previously known as SPEED Latin America). In Brazil, most races were broadcast by Fox Sports, on their Fox Sports 2 channel.", "See also\n\n 2016 NASCAR Xfinity Series\n 2016 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series\n 2016 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East\n 2016 NASCAR K&N Pro Series West\n 2016 NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour\n 2016 NASCAR Whelen Southern Modified Tour\n 2016 NASCAR Pinty's Series\n 2016 NASCAR Whelen Euro Series", "Notes\n The Sprint Showdown at Charlotte Motor Speedway was postponed from May 20 to May 21 because of inclement weather.\n The Axalta \"We Paint Winners\" 400 at Pocono Raceway was postponed from June 5 to June 6 because of inclement weather.\n The Pennsylvania 400 at Pocono Raceway was postponed from July 31 to August 1 because of inclement weather.\n The Bass Pro Shops NRA Night Race at Bristol Motor Speedway began on August 20, but was postponed to finish on August 21 due to inclement weather.", "The Bank of America 500 at Charlotte Motor Speedway was postponed from October 8 to October 9 because of Hurricane Matthew.", "References \n\n \nNASCAR Cup Series seasons" ]

[ "Simultaneous bilingualism is a form of bilingualism that takes place when a child becomes bilingual by learning two languages from birth. According to Annick De Houwer, in an article in The Handbook of Child Language, simultaneous bilingualism takes place in \"children who are regularly addressed in two spoken languages from before the age of two and who continue to be regularly addressed in those languages up until the final stages\" of language development. Both languages are acquired as first languages", ". Both languages are acquired as first languages. This is in contrast to sequential bilingualism, in which the second language is learned not as a native language but a foreign language.", "Prevalence\n\nIt is estimated that half of the world is functionally bilingual, and the majority of those bilinguals are 'native speakers' of their two languages. Wölck has pointed out that there are many \"native bilingual communities\", typically in South America, Africa, and Asia, where \"monolingual norms may be unavailable or nonexistent\".", "Beliefs about simultaneous bilingualism", "Some popular misconceptions about bilingualism include the ideas that bilingual children will not reach proficiency in either language and that they will be cognitively disadvantaged. Many studies in the early 20th century found evidence of a \"language handicap\" in simultaneously bilingual children, linking bilingualism with a lower intelligence. However, many of these studies had serious methodological flaws", ". However, many of these studies had serious methodological flaws. For example, several studies relating bilingualism and intelligence did not account for socioeconomic differences among well-educated, upper class monolingual children and less-educated (often immigrant) bilingual children.", "Recent research has found evidence that simultaneous bilinguals have a cognitive advantage over their monolingual counterparts, particularly in the areas of cognitive flexibility, analytical skill, and metalinguistic awareness. However, most studies agree that simultaneous bilinguals do not have any definitive cognitive advantage over monolinguals.", "Despite these findings, many therapists and other professionals maintain that simultaneous bilingualism can be harmful for a child's cognitive development. One side argues that only one language should be spoken until fluently spoken and then incorporate the second language. The other side argues that the child, whether simultaneously bilingual or not, would still have speech issues", ". Some bilingual families have chosen to stop speaking a language after hearing about the supposed negative developmental effects of child bilingualism from people in authority.", "People were once concerned that being exposed to more than one language would be confusing and cause bilinguals to lag behind their monolingual peers in language development, but multiple researchers have refuted this claim. Bilinguals appear to acquire the same milestones—including when they say their first word, when they say their first telegraphic phrase, and when they obtain a vocabulary of fifty words—within the \"normal range of variation\" of monolingual development in each language", ". This is an analysis of overall vocabulary in bilinguals, as this is the more accurate and appropriate measure of language development in bilinguals. Analyzing only one of a bilingual individual's languages would seriously underestimate their true vocabulary knowledge. Note that any vocabulary deficits in one language are likely filled by knowledge in the other language, suggesting a likelihood that bilinguals know more vocabulary words than monolinguals in general", ". To this effect, researchers emphasize the importance of assessing overall vocabulary in bilinguals because assessing only one is an underestimation of their true knowledge, and when assessed in overall vocabulary bilingual children were no different from monolingual children in terms of language development.", "Importance", "Studying bilingual acquisition is important because it may have real effects on academic performances for bilingual children in school. Research has shown that vocabulary size is an indicator of academic performance and literacy. As we know, different contexts can cause differences in vocabulary in each language", ". As we know, different contexts can cause differences in vocabulary in each language. Despite these differences, have suggested that bilingual children are not necessarily disadvantaged in academic performance or academic spoken language because they have a good grasp on the language used for their academics. Regardless, home vocabulary is still relevant to academic life, and it is important to get a better balance in vocabulary acquisition to be able to effectively communicate in both languages.", "Due to the effects of environment on language acquisition, it is important that all languages are valued and have support for proper bilingual growth. This includes having proper resources to encourage learning and use of multiple languages. This is especially difficult in the United States where there are not many resources available to support bilingual growth, especially to people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds who do not have access to special bilingual schools.", "As researchers have shown, context is also incredibly important to the acquisition of bilingual vocabulary. Speaking with children in different languages in different contexts will allow them to gain a more full vocabulary in each language. Furthermore, increasing the number of people children interact with in each language will provide them with more opportunities to learn in varied contexts", ". Study has provided evidence against the popular \"one-parent-one-language\" approach, as it restricted the contexts a child had for interactions and use of that language.", "Bilingual acquisition\nAccording to De Houwer, there is no established normal development pattern for simultaneous bilinguals. However, similar language development patterns have been seen in bilingual and monolingual children. Language acquisition in simultaneous bilinguals generally takes two common forms of exposure to a second language:\n\nA one-person–one-language pattern, where each parent communicates in only one of the two languages to the child or\nboth parents speak both languages to the child.", "Language input in bilingual acquisition", "The most influential factor in bilingual language acquisition is the languages spoken by parents to their children, and the languages spoken by others with whom the child comes into contact. This language exposure is called comprehensible input. In a 1984 edition of Bilingual Education Paper Series, Carolyn Kessler claimed that \"children develop faster in the language which is used most in their environment\", which may or may not reflect the language of the surrounding community", ". However, bilingual acquisition can also be affected by the amount of input, the separation of input, and the stability of input, as well as attitudes about bilingualism.", "Amount of language input\nIt is important to consider amount of input, because not only do the languages of each person affect bilingualism; the amount of time each main input carrier spends with the child also has an effect.", "It may be the amount of exposure to each language that is the factor for whether or not a bilingual child develops similarly to a monolingual child in each of those languages. Research has shown that children who are exposed less to a language will have \"significantly lower receptive vocabulary scores for\" that language. By contrast, the receptive vocabulary of bilingual children does not appear to be different from that of monolingual children when 40% to 60% of their language exposure is to that language", ". Vocabulary size in each language appears to be affected by both the \"frequency of exposure\" and the \"differences in context of exposure\" to that language. Varying contexts of exposure provide more opportunities for bilingual children to learn more words. Bilinguals who are exposed to more of one language than another will perform similarly on tasks to monolinguals of that language, but they will lag behind in vocabulary of the other language.", "In addition to exposure, research has shown that the context of the language exposure and language use also affects vocabulary. Particularly, studies have shown that vocabularies seem to be separated by a \"home context\" versus a \"school context\", depending on what language input they are getting in each", ". Because this pattern was seen across children with different language backgrounds, this suggests the differences in receptive vocabulary could not be attributable to the different cultural contexts, which has been suggested as an alternative explanation.", "Separation of language input", "There is a spectrum ranging from zero to total separation of language by person. Usually, a simultaneous bilingual child's situation is somewhere in the middle. Some linguistic experts, dating from the early 20th century, have maintained that the best way to facilitate bilingual acquisition is to have each main input carrier (usually parents) use one and only one language with the child", ". By having each parent speak one of the two languages, this method (known as the [[\"one person, one language\" approach]]) attempts to prevent the child from confusing the two languages.", "However, the lack of language separation by person does not necessarily lead to failure to communicate effectively in two languages. Further studies have shown that a \"one person, one language\" approach may not be necessary for the early separation of language systems to occur. Children appear to be able to disentangle the two languages themselves.", "There has been little research done on other methods of language separation. De Houwer points out that input may be separated by situation: for example, \"Finnish spoken by all family members inside the home but Swedish once they are outside.\"", "Input stability\nA change in a child's linguistic environment can trigger language attrition. Sometimes, when input for one language is lost before the final stage of development, children may lose their ability to speak the \"lost\" language. This leaves them able to speak only the other language, yet fully capable of understanding both.", "Attitudes\nThe parents' expectations and knowledge about language development can be instrumental in raising simultaneously bilingual children. Parental attitudes toward \"their roles and linguistic choices\" also play a part in the child's linguistic development. The attitudes of the child's extended family and friends have been shown to affect successful bilingualism.", "The extent to which a language is valued also has an effect on language acquisition in bilingual children. Languages that are deemed more useful or more important will dominate the bilingual mental lexicon while the less valued ones will not be acquired as fully. Studies have shown that children showed slower receptive vocabulary development in what they termed the 'minority' language while the children showed monolingual-like development in the 'majority' language", ". This has been attributed to the lack of opportunities bilinguals had available for the acquisition and development of their 'minority' language.", "Other studies have found that in a context where both languages are valued, the acquisition of the languages is not affected. This may be because there are more opportunities to use both languages.\n\nTheories of simultaneous bilingual acquisition", "Theories of simultaneous bilingual acquisition\n\nUnitary language system hypothesis\nVirginia Volterra and Traute Taeschner put forth an influential study in 1978, positing that bilingual children move from a stage where the two languages are lexically mixed into eventual structural differentiation between the languages. They theorized that until age two, a child does not differentiate between languages. There are 3 main stages identified by this hypothesis:", "Stage One – L1 and L2 comprise one language system until approximately 3 years of age.\n\nStage Two – L1 vocabulary separates from L2 but the grammar remains as one language\n\nStage Three – The language systems become differentiated. The child is fully bilingual\n\nThis \"unitary language system hypothesis\" has been the subject of much debate in the linguistic world. Since its publication, this system has been discredited, and current linguistic evidence now points to two separate language systems.", "Dual language system hypothesis", "In contrast, the dual language system hypothesis states that bilinguals have a separate system for the L1 and L2 which they learn right from the start, so both languages can be acquired simultaneously. Research on vocabulary development have generally provided strong support for this theory", ". Research on vocabulary development have generally provided strong support for this theory. Monolingual children in early language development learn one term for each concept, so does a bilingual child, just that the bilingual child does so for both L1 and L2, and hence they know two language terms of the same concept that has similar meaning, which is also known as translational equivalents. The awareness of synonyms do not appear till a much later age", ". The awareness of synonyms do not appear till a much later age. For example, they know that both 'two' in English and 'dos' in Spanish refer to the numerical number '2'.", "This theory has been further supported by research on the acquisition of the grammatical and morphological components of language. By analyzing the speech of bilingual children where elements of the two languages differ, studies have revealed that children tend to incorporate the appropriate word order and agreement morphemes when speaking each language. Furthermore, research indicates that children form separate phonemes and phonological rules for different languages.", "Research studying the acquisition of both spoken and sign language also lends support to this theory. A study examining the acquisition of both spoken and sign language by children of deaf parents indicated that the children acquired both languages in the same manner as children learning two spoken languages", ". Moreover, the study indicated that bilingual children, including those learning both spoken and sign language, were able to acquire various linguistic concepts at the same rate as monolinguistic children. While bilingual children tend to include mixed language in their speech, children acquiring both spoken and sign language have shown indications of simultaneous language mixing by both speaking and signing certain words together", ". Though it is only possible to observe this type of language mixing when the child is learning both spoken and sign language, it provides support for the Dual Language System Hypothesis, indicating that the simultaneous operation of separate two language systems could be a cause of language mixing by bilingual children.", "Bilingual acquisition versus monolingual acquisition\nThe study of simultaneous bilingualism supplements general (monolingual) theories of child language acquisition. It particularly illuminates the critical role of the nature of language input in language development. This indicates that the form of language input must be similarly influential in monolinguals.", "Difficulties\nHowever, it has proven difficult to compare monolingual and bilingual development, for a number of reasons:\nMany languages have little data\nThe data that exist may not represent the normal population of children\nThere are contradictions in the literature concerning normal monolingual development\nThere are a large number of variables between bilingual and monolingual children besides the number of languages they speak", "It can be difficult to differentiate between universal developmental processes and cases of language transfer", "Findings", "Meisel claims \"there is no reason to believe that the underlying principles and mechanisms of language development [in bilinguals] are qualitatively different from those used by monolinguals.\" Döpke has hypothesized that communication styles that facilitate monolingual development are a major variable in successful bilingual development", ". Meisel proposed in a 1990 article that \"bilinguals tend to focus more on formal aspects of language and are therefore able to acquire certain grammatical constructions faster than many or most monolinguals.\"", "One area of language acquisition that has been studied extensively is the use of the disambiguation heuristic, which is the tendency by children to \"associate a novel word with a novel object\". This tendency has been observed in numerous studies conducted with monolingual children; however, it appears that bilingual children either somewhat use it or don't use it at all.", "Byers‐Heinlein & Werker (2009) studied 48 17 and 18-month-old monolingual (English), bilingual, and trilingual (22 diverse languages) infants to compare their patterns on disambiguation. They studied infants at this age because this is when the heuristic has been shown to appear in monolingual infants. Additionally, they studied bilinguals from multiple diverse language backgrounds to show that the patterns were not language-specific but rather characteristic of bilingualism in general", ". they found that monolinguals showed disambiguation, bilinguals somewhat, and trilinguals did not. Byers‐Heinlein & Werker (2009) hypothesized that this was particularly an effect of translation equivalents (knowing the name for something in more than one language), as \"they represent a departure from the one-to-one mapping between word and concept that is typical of monolingual vocabularies\" (p 820)", ". Indeed, in a later study conducted by Byers-Heinlein & Werker (2013) in 17–18 month-old Chinese-English bilingual infants, results showed that disambiguation did not occur in the infants who \"understood the translation equivalents for more than half of the words in their vocabularies\" (p. 407), while disambiguation occurred in those who knew fewer translation equivalents", ". 407), while disambiguation occurred in those who knew fewer translation equivalents. They also suggested that the reverse could be possible—that infants who employed the heuristic were the ones that did acquire the translation equivalents because of the high level of one-to-one mapping. also say that disambiguation and language exposure are not correlated, but the presence or absence of translation equivalents could be attributed by the amount of exposure in each language the child gets", ". Particularly, if children receive more exposure in both languages, they are likely to have both words for a given object or concept, but if they have less exposure in one language they will likely lack the appropriate amount of translation equivalents, thereby exhibiting disambiguation.", "Bilingual lexical representations", "One particularly fascinating aspect is determining how lexical structures are represented in the brains of bilinguals versus monolinguals, as bilinguals must map two different languages. Particularly, researchers have been interested in determining if a bilingual individual has two separate lexicons for each language or one containing both. found that the language input children received was important in \"determining how independent one language will be from the other in the child's mind\" (p. 646)", ". 646). Research on how lexical items are accessed in a bilingual brain has tended toward a mixed representation, where there is interconnectivity and some overlapping of the two lexicons but other items stay separated.", "Spreading activation, a process where similar concepts are activated when their neighbors are activated, is a widely accepted model of lexical access. It has been shown in both bilingual and monolingual individuals, with bilinguals showing activation in both languages during language research tasks. Multiple studies have shown that bilinguals recognize cognate words more quickly than non-cognate words, especially identical cognates, which produce the strongest effect", ". These effects occurred even when the participants knew ahead of time what language the target words would be in. Despite the specific language contexts, both languages are activated, showing that lexical access is not language-specific and that top-down processing is important in lexical access. Findings suggest that the amount of activation that occurred cross-linguistically was related to the similarity between the translation equivalents of the languages.", "These findings suggest that when bilinguals read sentences, the language of the sentence does not necessarily act as an early cue for the restriction of the individual's lexical search to one language or the other. Rather, this decision is made later. This is similar to semantic priming in monolinguals", ". Rather, this decision is made later. This is similar to semantic priming in monolinguals. When monolinguals read a sentence that is semantically ambiguous (for example, in the sentence He saw the bug \"bug\" could mean insect or could mean a spy device), they will prime both meanings of the word and then later narrow it down to one. It is first a parallel process and then a serial process", ". It is first a parallel process and then a serial process. When bilinguals read sentences, they go through a similar process with which language they should interpret the sentence.", "This interconnectivity of both languages in the bilingual brain can also have effects on the way concepts are represented in the bilingual mind. There is a mutual influence that seems to occur in the bilingual brain. Studies of categorization by bilinguals show that categories are simplified in the brains of bilinguals compared to monolinguals. Specifically, the corresponding category centers (examples of typical category exemplars) were closer together for bilinguals than monolinguals", ". Additionally, bilinguals showed a pattern of having \"less complex category boundaries\" (p. 270), which is where atypical exemplars would be placed, and \"more similar centers of corresponding categories\" (p. 288) than monolinguals. This shows the mutual influence that two languages can have on the representation of concepts in the brain.", "Many have suggested that bilinguals have weaker connections in their lexical representations than monolinguals (Bialystok, Luk, Peets, & Yang, 2010; Ameel, Malt, Storms, & Van Assche, 2009). It is believed that this is because bilinguals get less practice with each language because they use each less often than a monolingual person uses their language, giving them half of the opportunity \"to receive feedback in each language\" and deepen their \"mappings between words and objects in each language\" (p. 272).", "The findings of cross-lingual activation can be used as support for a model of interconnectivity of a bilingual individual's languages in their mental lexicon. The two languages are \"not separate and encapsulated\", but rather \"interrelated and subject to interaction\" (p. 272).\n\nPossible models for lexical representation\nVan Holzen relates the following:", "Possible models for lexical representation\nVan Holzen relates the following:\n\nBilingual Model of Lexical Access (BIMOLA)\nThis model suggests there are two \"separate but interconnected lexicons\" in the bilingual brain (p. 583). This, however, was discredited by a study done by Von Holzen & Mani (2012) because it does not provide a possible mechanism to explain the cross-language activation seen in studies of lexical access.", "Processing Rich Information from Multidimensional Interactive Representations (PRIMIR)\nThis model suggests one integrated phono-lexical system that is organized based on the different characteristics of language input. This model \"allows for both cross-language effects while also noting stronger within-language effects\" (Von Holzen & Mani, 2012, p. 583)", "Revised Hierarchical Model", "This model suggests that first language words are linked to concepts while second language words are linked directly to first language words, not concepts, but the greater proficiency and skill a person has in the second language, the greater the link will be to the actual concepts themselves", ". This model can also be supported by research done on second language acquisition because when people learn new languages later in life they will learn translation equivalents and learn what certain words mean based on their first language words.", "Bilingual Interactive Activation + Model", "This model is similar to the revised hierarchical model and suggests the lexicon of a bilingual individual is integrated, containing the words for both languages. This accounts for the simultaneous parallel activation of both languages during language tasks, the late activation of language in semantic processing, and the lack of effects of code switching", ". This lack of cost for code switching is especially used because they argue that separate lexicons would cause a slower reaction time, which was not indicated in the findings.", "Language dominance", "Though simultaneous bilingual children learn two languages at once, this does not mean that they speak both with identical competence", ". It is common for young simultaneous bilinguals to be more proficient in one language than the other, and this is probably related to each child's relative exposure to each language; for example, many bilingual children are more proficient in the mother's than the father's language, arguably because their mothers assume most of the childcare responsibilities and/or simply spend more time with their children", ". The dominant language is almost always the language spoken by the greatest number of the people the child interacts with (generally the language they are educated in). The child sees this language as more effective and begins to favor it. However, their dominant language need not be their L1. In addition, it is possible to show language dominance in one language for one domain and dominance in the other language for another domain", ". For example, a child may be dominant in their L1 at home, but in the school context, their L2 becomes the dominant language being used.", "Research has suggested that a child's language dominance can shift over time due to the change in their language environment.", "There are multiple ways to measure the language dominance of a simultaneous bilingual child. Researchers approaching dominance as \"relative language proficiency\" adopt measures such as mean length of utterance (MLU), upper bound (UB), percentage of multimorphemic utterances (MMUs), lexical access, and lexicon size. Those researchers who emphasise dominance as \"language use\" tend to adopt experience-based variables, such as the child’s language input and output", ". Some studies have suggested that the measurement choice should be guided by the purpose of investigation because there is no single ‘best’ measure that suits all groups and purposes. Since language dominance is a multifaceted construct, adopting several measurements in a single study may not always be the best decision if the researcher does not have a good understanding regarding the extent to which their measurement choices correspond to their dependent variables", ". Instead, it is vital for the researcher to select the right measurement tool(s) from the beginning. The measurement choices may be well justified by considerations, such as the typological compatibility of the language pair (e.g., Cantonese-English compatibility) in the child's profile.", "Code-switching\n\nCode-switching occurs when a child combines more than one language in a single utterance. This phenomenon is also seen in bilingual adults. Bilingual children most often engage in intra-sentential code-switching, switching languages in the middle of a sentence. There are also studies focusing on bilingual children's inter-sentential code-switching behaviour. Bilingual children code-switch for several reasons, including the following:", "Equivalency problems\nBilingual children often interject words from the other language when they do not know or cannot remember the equivalent, and when one language has no suitable equivalent in the other. Taeschner found that bilingual children prefer to insert elements of the other language rather than use simplified forms.", "Social norms\nCode-switching has also been tied to the bilingual child's socialization process. According to Poplack, a bilingual child code-switches based on the perceived linguistic norms of the situation and the perceived bilingual ability of the hearer.\n\nParental interaction\nChildren will mirror their parents in this aspect of speech. If a child's parents engage in code-switching in their own speech, this will affect the child's perception of the appropriateness of mixing languages.", "Language dominance \nWhether and how a child's code-switching behaviour is shaped by their language dominance is a controversial issue. Some research has indicated that in societies where intra-sentential (but not inter-sentential) code-switching is a common social practice, inter-sentential code-switching may serve as signs of a bilingual child’s language-dominance status.\n\nFurther research\nThere is currently no differentiation of normal and deviant bilingual development.", "Further study into the effects of changing a child's linguistic environment could uncover the minimal language input required to maintain \"active use potential\" in a particular language.\n\nSimultaneous trilingualism is also possible. There is significantly less research in this area than in simultaneous bilingualism. However, trilingual language acquisition in young children has been shown to generally mirror bilingual acquisition.", "See also\nSequential bilingualism\nMultilingualism\nMonolingualism\nLanguage acquisition\nSecond-language acquisition\nComprehensible input\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography", "Ameel, E., Malt, B. C., Storms, G., & Van Assche, F. (2009). Semantic convergence in the bilingual lexicon. Journal of memory and language, 60(2), 270–290.\nArnberg, Lenore. Raising Children Bilingually: The Preschool Years. Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters, 1987.\nBarron-Hauwaert, Suzanne. \"The One-Parent-One-Language Approach. What Is It?\" The One-Parent-One-Language Approach. Ebrary. Web. 10 Dec. 2010.", "Bialystok, E., Luk, G., Peets, K. F., & Yang, S. (2010). Receptive vocabulary differences in monolingual and bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(04), 525–531.\nByers‐Heinlein, K., & Werker, J. F. (2009). Monolingual, bilingual, trilingual: infants' language experience influences the development of a word‐learning heuristic. Developmental science, 12(5), 815–823.", "Byers-Heinlein, K., & Werker, J. F. (2013). Lexicon structure and the disambiguation of novel words: Evidence from bilingual infants. Cognition, 128(3), 407–416.\nDe Houwer, Annick. \"Bilingual Language Acquisition.\" The Handbook of Child Language. Ed. Paul Fletcher and Brian MacWhinney. Blackwell, 1996. Blackwell Reference Online. Web. 09 Dec. 2010.\nDiaz, Rafael M. \"Bilingualism.\" Review of Research in Education 10 (1983): 23–54. JSTOR. Web. 10 Dec. 2010.", "Duyck, W., Assche, E. V., Drieghe, D., & Hartsuiker, R. J. (2007). Visual word recognition by bilinguals in a sentence context: evidence for nonselective lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(4), 663.\nGarcia, Eugene E. \"Bilingual Development and the Education of Bilingual Children during Early Childhood.\" American Journal of Education 95.1 (1986): 96–121. JSTOR. Web. 10 Dec. 2010.", "Genesee, F., & Nicoladis, E. (2007). Bilingual first language acquisition. Handbook of language development, 324–342.\nGoodz, Naomi S. \"Parental Language Mixing in Bilingual Families.\" Infant Mental Health Journal 10.1 (1989): 25–44. EBSCO. Web. 10 Dec. 2010.\nGullifer, J. W., Kroll, J. F., & Dussias, P. E. (2013). When language switching has no apparent cost: Lexical access in sentence context. Frontiers In Psychology, 4", "Hoff, E., Core, C., Place, S., Rumiche, R., Señor, M., & Parra, M. (2012). Dual language exposure and early bilingual development. Journal of child language, 39(01), 1–27.\nHoffman, Charlotte. \"Towards a Description of Trilingual Competence.\" International Journal of Bilingualism 5.1 (2001): 1–17. SAGE Journals Online. Web. 10 Dec. 2010.\nKennison, Shelia M. (2013). Introduction to language development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.", "MacLeod, A. A., Fabiano-Smith, L., Boegner-Pagé, S., & Fontolliet, S. (2013). Simultaneous bilingual language acquisition: The role of parental input on receptive vocabulary development. Child language teaching and therapy, 29(1), 131–142.\nMcCardle, Peggy D., and Erika Hoff. Childhood Bilingualism: Research on Infancy through School Age. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2006. Print.", "Meisel, Jürgen M. \"The Weaker Language in Early Child Bilingualism: Acquiring a First Language as a Second Language?\" Applied Psycholinguistics 28 (2007): 495–514. Cambridge Journals Online. Cambridge University, 2007. Web. 10 Dec. 2010.\nPearson, B. Z., & Fernandez, S. C. (1994). Patterns of interaction in the lexical growth in two languages of bilingual infants and toddlers. Language learning, 44(4), 617–653.\nRomaine, Suzanne. Bilingualism. Oxford, OX, UK: B. Blackwell, 1989. Print.", "Romaine, Suzanne. Bilingualism. Oxford, OX, UK: B. Blackwell, 1989. Print.\nSaunders, George. Bilingual Children: From Birth to Teens. Philadelphia: Clevedon Avon, 1988. Print.\nTaeschner, Traute. The Sun Is Feminine: a Study on Language Acquisition in Bilingual Children. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983. Print.\nUmbel, V. M., Pearson, B. Z., Fernández, M. C., & Oller, D. K. (1992). Measuring bilingual children's receptive vocabularies. Child development, 63(4), 1012–1020.", "Volterra, Virginia, and Traute Taeschner. \"The Acquisition and Development of Language by Bilingual Children.\" Journal of Child Language 5.2 (1978): 311–26. Print.\nVon Holzen, K., & Mani, N. (2012). Language nonselective lexical access in bilingual toddlers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 113(4), 569–586. \nWölck, Wolfgang. \"Types of Natural Bilingual Behavior: A Review and Revision.\" Bilingual Review 14.3 (1987): 2–16. Periodicals Archive Online. Web. 10 Dec. 2010.", "Language acquisition\nBilingualism" ]

[ "The volcanic history of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province presents a record of volcanic activity in northwestern British Columbia, central Yukon and the U.S. state of easternmost Alaska. The volcanic activity lies in the northern part of the Western Cordillera of the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Extensional cracking of the North American Plate in this part of North America has existed for millions of years", ". Continuation of this continental rifting has fed scores of volcanoes throughout the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province over at least the past 20 million years (see Geology of the Pacific Northwest) and occasionally continued into geologically recent times.", "Eruptive activity in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province throughout its 20 million year history has been mainly the production of alkaline lavas, including alkaline basalts. A range of alkaline rock types not commonly found in the Western Cordillera are regionally widespread in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. These include nephelinite, basanite and peralkaline phonolite, trachyte and comendite lavas", ". These include nephelinite, basanite and peralkaline phonolite, trachyte and comendite lavas. The trachyte and comendite lavas are understood to have been created by fractionation of mainly alkali basalt magma in crustal reservoirs. An area of continental rifting, such as the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, would aid the formation of high-level reservoirs of capable size and thermal activity to maintain long-lived fractionation.", "In the past 15 million years, at least four large volcanoes have formed their way through dense igneous and metamorphic composed bedrock of this part of North America. This includes Hoodoo Mountain, the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, Level Mountain and Heart Peaks, which are primarily located in northwestern British Columbia. Most notable of these is the 7.5 million year old Mount Edziza volcanic complex, which has had more than 20 eruptions in the past 10,000 years", ". The only activity present in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province has been occasional earthquakes and constant boiling of hot springs. However, a high potential exists for renewed eruptive activity that could threaten life and property in the volcanic zone.", "Production and rates in volcanism", "More than 100 eruptions have occurred in the past 20 million years with a broad range of eruptive styles. These volcanic processes have created a range of different volcanic landforms, including stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, lava domes and cinder cones, along with a few isolated examples of rarer volcanic forms such as tuyas", ". Large persistent volcanoes of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province can remain dormant for hundreds or thousands of years between eruptions and therefore the greatest risk caused by volcanic activity is not always readily apparent. Volcanics older than 14 million years are mainly found in the northern portion of the volcanic province while volcanics ranging from nine to four million years old exist only in the middle of the volcanic province", ". At least three types of volcanic zones are present in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, including large persistent lava plateaus like those found at the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, polygenetic volcanoes such as Hoodoo Mountain and monogenetic volcanoes like the basaltic cinder cones found throughout the volcanic province", ". When Northern Cordilleran volcanoes do erupt, pyroclastic flows, lava flows and landslides can devastate areas away and mudflows of volcanic ash and debris can inundate valleys downstream. Falling ash from explosive eruptions can disrupt human activities hundreds of kilometres downwind, and drifting clouds of fine volcanic ash can cause severe damage to jet aircraft even hundreds of kilometres away", ". Volcanic deposits in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province include lava flows, welded and unwelded pyroclastic deposits, hydroclastic deposits and other ice-contact volcanic deposits. The variety of different volcanic deposits is partly due to changes in eruption characteristics from mainly subaerial eruptions to broadly subglacial eruptions throughout the history of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province.", "There is evidence of a decline in volcanic activity over the past few million years. This decline in volcanic activity can be grouped into two phases. From eight to four million years ago, volcanism rates were higher than they are at present. Magma production during this volcanic phase was most active from seven to five million years ago and was related to a period of rifting along the Pacific and North American Plate boundary", ". Between four and three million years ago in the Pliocene epoch, a pause in volcanic activity began to happen. The most recent magmatic phase ranging from two million years ago to present resulted from nearby areas of rifting during a period of compression between the Pacific and North American plates", ". Volcanism rates during this volcanic phase was most active from two to one million years ago with the construction of 25 volcanic zones then decreased one million years ago with the construction of 11 volcanic zones. To date, the most recent volcanic phase has produced of volcanic material whereas the first phase produced of volcanic material", ". Even though the rate in volcanism throughout the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province has changed considerably, there is no correlation between the rate in magma production and the number of active volcanoes during any interval of time. The present day volcanism rate for the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is considerably lower than the Cascade Volcanic Arc and Hawaiian volcanism rates", ". However, geologists are aware the temporal volcanic patterns known for the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province should be looked at carefully because volcanics that pre-date the last glacial period have been eroded by glacial ice and many of the volcanics have not been directly dated or have not been dated in significant detail to identify more individual temporal patterns. Lava fountains can occur in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province roughly every 100 years.", "Large basaltic shield volcanoes throughout the central Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province form large lava plateaus and are the largest volcanoes of the volcanic zone. These extensive volcanoes are generally larger and more long-lived than volcanoes of adjacent volcanic zones, including the stratovolcanoes of the Cascade and Aleutian arcs", ". Mount Shasta, the largest stratovolcano in the Cascade Arc and Mount Veniaminof, one of the largest and most active volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc, have volumes of at least , less than half of that of the Level Mountain and Edziza shield complexes. The massive Level Mountain shield, occupying an area of and a volume of more than , is the most voluminous and most long-lived volcano of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province", ". Further south, the Mount Edziza volcanic complex resides as the seconed most voluminous volcano with an area of and a volume of . Just west of Level Mountain lies Heart Peaks, the third most voluminous volcano of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province with an area of . However, remains of a shield volcano that once covered an area of more than are present in the western Cassiar Mountains as Maitland Volcano.", "All of the known most recent eruptions have occurred in British Columbia, although there is evidence for volcanic activity in Yukon in the past thousand years. The two most recent were lava flow eruptions at Tseax Cone in the 18th century and at The Volcano in 1904. Reports of an eruption south of Gladys Lake in northern British Columbia were made by placer miners at the end of the 19th century, but no evidence for this eruption has been found, leading researchers to speculate the eruption as uncertain.", "Volcanic activity begins", "The first volcanic activity in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province 20 million years ago was infrequent, creating small amounts of volcanic material. This infrequent volcanic activity was interrupted when considerable volcanism began to form the large Level Mountain shield volcano 15 million years ago. The shield volcano forms a broad cliff-bounded lava plateau long and wide, with an average thickness of", ". Ropy pāhoehoe lava flows predominate over blocky ʻaʻā lava flows, breccias and tuffs, attesting to a fluid and effusive character for the volcanism.", "When the Mount Edziza volcanic complex began to form 7.5 million years ago, volcanism rates in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province increased again. Early volcanic activity of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex seven million years ago constructed Armadillo Peak, the oldest and most central of the four central volcanoes comprising the complex", ". Its summit is capped by thick fine-grained silica-rich trachyte lava flows that ponded inside the caldera to produce a lava lake six million years ago during its final stage of activity. A massive stratovolcano was also formed on top of the Level Mountain shield volcano 7.1 to 5.3 million years ago during this increased period of volcanism when viscous peralkaline trachyte and comendite lavas were erupted", ". The stratovolcano has a volume of and comprises several volcanic vents, some of which were formally more than in elevation. Glacial ice and streams have since dissected the stratovolcano into a series of valleys with intervening ridges, forming the so-named Level Mountain Range on the central summit of Level Mountain.", "More Miocene age volcanics of and years are present at the Anderson and Moose bays of Atlin Lake in northern British Columbia that represent remnants of columnar-jointed basalt lava flows. This indicates these volcanics are older than the Edziza and Level Mountain shields and they might represent the oldest volcanic events in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province", ". However, their distinctive chemical characteristics and apparent large age differences compared to other volcanics in the Atlin area could also indicate that these columnar-jointed basalt lava flows are not part of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province assemblage. In northern Yukon, similar aged volcanics can be found, including million year old volcanics at Forty Mile and million year old volcanics at Sixty Mile. However, the type of volcanic landforms these volcanics represent are unknown.", "Volcanism 5.3 to 1.6 million years ago\nIn northern British Columbia, remnants of a shield volcano are found throughout the western Cassiar Mountains. This prehistoric shield volcano, known as Maitland Volcano, was erupted from five to four million years ago on a mature eroded surface as thin hawaiite and basaltic lava flows engulfed the surrounding landscape. Remnants of this prehistoric shield volcano include a cluster of 14 volcanic plugs and scattered cliff-bounded basaltic lava flows.", "At the southern end of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, volcanism constructed the Spectrum Range three to 2.5 million years ago. Named for its extensive colouration, this nearly circular lava dome is up to thick and more than wide with a basaltic shield volcano forming its broad base. Since its formation, the Spectrum Range lava dome has been deeply cut by erosion, forming an extensive valley system", ". This valley system exposes large comendite and trachyte lava flows of the dome, including faults of a hidden wide caldera.", "A series of lava domes were constructed in the Level Mountain Range alpine valley system 4.5 to 2.5 million years ago. These domes intrude the glacially eroded core of the stratovolcano and headward erosion has further modified the Level Mountain shield by incising youthful V-shaped stream canyons into the lava plateau margin.", "Volcanism 1.6 million to 10,000 years ago", "Throughout the Pleistocene epoch 1.6 million to 10,000 years ago, volcanism in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province was broadly associated with glacial ice and ice sheets during glacial periods, including the large Cordilleran Ice Sheet. This volcano-ice association can be recognized in three different physiographic settings, each displaying unique relationships between topography, volcanism and glacial ice", ". The first volcano-ice interaction is displayed as tuyas, including Tuya Butte, on the Tanzilla Plateau in the Northern Interior of British Columbia. This sub-section of the Stikine Plateau consists of large flatlands with hills of low relief, and might have been one of the areas of ice accumulation for the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. Tanzilla Plateau volcanism throughout the Pleistocene epoch was basaltic subglacial eruptions", ". Tanzilla Plateau volcanism throughout the Pleistocene epoch was basaltic subglacial eruptions. The most generally known subglacial volcanoes are distinctive tuyas, which commonly reach more than in elevation. Other volcanic forms also exist, some of which are basic and others that are probably the products of weathering. The subdued relief on the Tanzilla Plateau strongly influenced edifice morphologies, favoring broad-based tuyas", ". The hydrological conditions in these areas likely were controlled by relatively uniform ice thickness and gentle topography.", "The seconed type of volcano-ice interaction is located only to the east, south and southwest of the Tanzilla Plateau, in the Cassiar Mountains, Skeena Mountains and in the Boundary Ranges. Volcanic activity in these locations is also largely mafic in composition, but the extensive elevations of these areas had a much more impressive influence on glaciation and subglacial volcanism", ". High altitude glaciation took over when the Cordilleran Ice Sheet was not present and even when buried by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, basal ice movement was strongly influenced by the deep, pre-glacial drainages. Accordingly, the erosional remnants of subglacial volcanoes are minor and intermittent", ". Accordingly, the erosional remnants of subglacial volcanoes are minor and intermittent. In the Skeena Mountains, separated outcrops of pillow lava and volcanic breccia are generally found side by side on the summits of sharp rugged mountain ridges, with presumably temporally-associated pyroclastic rocks having collected downslope.", "The third type of volcano-ice interaction is geographically restricted to three volcanoes, including Level Mountain, the Mount Edziza volcanic complex and Hoodoo Mountain. All three volcanoes are broad enough to hold ice caps that likely altered regional ice flow while still being altered by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet at individual periods", ". The Mount Edziza and Level Mountain complexes have shelves of older lava with elevations more than and have been zones of volcanic activity long enough that their geothermal activities might have had effects on movements of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet much like the Grímsvötn caldera in Iceland, which has been a significant heat source beneath the vast Vatnajökull icecap", ". At the Edziza complex, most of the subglacial products were formed on top of the main lava plateau, which now rises at least in elevation above adjacent stream valleys. The Edziza complex consists of a collection of mafic subglacial products, but more unusually, including Hoodoo Mountain and Level Mountain, comprises some of the largest deposits of peralkaline felsic subglacial volcanics known", ". At the Edziza and Level Mountain complexes, glacier hydrology of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet was possibly dominated by a complicated interaction between drainage on the flat plateaus under relatively thinner ice and drainage within nearby steep valleys filled with much thicker ice.", "Just northwest of Level Mountain, the Heart Peaks shield volcano rises with a topographic prominence of above the Nahlin Plateau with rhyolitic lava domes capping its summit. Heart Peaks is made of flat-lying basaltic and trachybasaltic lava flows and pyroclastic rocks. The most recent eruption at the shield is of dominantly Pleistocene age and late-stage Holocene activity is uncertain.", "On the divide between the head of the Omineca and Bear rivers, The Thumb rises with a topographic prominence of above gently sloping benchland near the crest of the Connelly Range. It is the largest among a cluster of seven steep-sided volcanic plugs associated with dikes, lava flows and remnants of cinder cones.", "Ne Ch'e Ddhawa, an extinct volcano in the Fort Selkirk Volcanic Field of central Yukon, reaches a height of near the junction of the Pelly and Yukon rivers. It was erupted subglacially under the Cordilleran Ice Sheet between 0.8 and one million years ago, depositing hyaloclastite tuffs, breccias and pillow breccias that now form the volcano.", "In the Boundary Ranges of northwestern British Columbia, Hoodoo Mountain began its formation at least 100,000 years ago mostly under glacial ice of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. More than 90% of Hoodoo Mountain was formed during this eruptive period and interlayed peralkaline phonolitic and trachytic lava flows and hyaloclastites are the main volcanics comprising the volcano. On the northern flank of Hoodoo Mountain lies the smaller Little Bear Mountain, a tuya which also formed in the Pleistocene epoch.", "Ice Peak, which overlaps the northern flank of Armadillo Peak, began to form when the regional Cordilleran Ice Sheet began retreating from the Mount Edziza volcanic complex 1,600,000 years ago. It is a stratovolcano that was constructed when large areas of the Edziza lava plateau were free from glacial ice, but additional parts of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex were likely still covered by glacial ice", ". Volcanic activity at Ice Peak during this period produced lava flows and pyroclastic rocks, which mixed with meltwater to produce debris flows. As Ice Peak began to form, basic lava spread to the flanks of Ice Peak where it formed meltwater lakes and combines with and forms part of the adjacent shield volcano", ". Mount Edziza, a steep-sided stratovolcano overlapping the northern flank of Ice Peak and the most northerly of the four central volcanoes comprising the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, began to form a million years ago when the Cordilleran Ice Sheet retreated from the upper flanks of the Edziza lava plateau. Its smooth northern and western flanks are only slightly channeled by erosion and they curve up to a circular summit ridge which surrounds a central ice-filled caldera in diameter", ". Active cirques on Edziza's eastern flank have breached the caldera rim, exposing the remnants of several lava lakes that ponded in the caldera 900,000 years ago. As well, subglacial eruptions around the flanks of Mount Edziza and Ice Peak constructed piles of pillow lava and hyaloclastite.", "Prindle Volcano, the northernmost volcano of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province and one of the most isolated volcanoes in Alaska, was formed on the Yukon-Tanana upland during the Pleistocene epoch. It is a small cinder cone made of basanite with a deep breached volcanic crater at its summit. Extending from Prindle's breached volcanic crater is a long basanite lava flow that flowed southeast of the cone then flowed southwest into a river valley.", "The Cassiar Mountains and Tanzilla Plateau in northern British Columbia are dominated by tuyas of the broad Tuya Volcanic Field. These flat-topped, steep-sided subglacial volcanoes were formed when magma intruded into and melted a vertical pipe in the overlying Cordilleran Ice Sheet. At least six volcanoes formed beneath glacial ice close to Tuya Lake, including Ash Mountain, South Tuya, Tuya Butte, Mathews Tuya", ". Ash Mountain at the head of Parallel Creek consists of pillow lava and hyaloclastite, South Tuya consists of loose volcanic debris with basaltic dikes intruding into the volcano and Tuya Butte and Mathews Tuya consist of pillow lava and hyaloclastite on its lower flanks with subaerially erupted lava flows at their flat-topped summits.", "Volcanism in the past 10,000 years\nNumerous eruptions have occurred since the beginning of the Holocene epoch 10,000 years ago, when the vast Cordilleran Ice Sheet retreated rapidly at the end of the last glacial period. The majority of volcanic eruptions throughout the Holocene have occurred in British Columbia while fewer Holocene eruptions have occurred in Yukon.", "In the early Holocene epoch, volcanism at Hoodoo Mountain produced lava flows with well-preserved lava channels on its northwestern and southwestern flanks and are largely unglaciated, suggesting the last eruptive activity at Hoodoo Mountain occurred in an ice-free environment. These lava flows originated from the mountain's flat-topped summit and volcanic vents on its flanks", ". Geologists do not always agree on the dates of these more recent eruptions, some dating them to nice thousand years ago, others to as recently as seven thousand years ago.", "At the southern end of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province near the border between British Columbia and the Alaska Panhandle, lava flows and eight small volcanoes form a volcanic field known as the Iskut-Unuk River Cones. Lava flows date back 70,000 years ago during the Pleistocene epoch, but the eight volcanoes were likely formed between nine thousand and a few hundred years ago. At least five volcanoes sent lava down the Iskut and Unuk River valleys and their tributaries", ". At least five volcanoes sent lava down the Iskut and Unuk River valleys and their tributaries. The other three volcanoes were formed when glacial ice existed adjacent to the associated volcanic vents, creating scoria, pillow lava and hyaloclastite breccia. Volcanism in the Iskut River area has created at least ten lava flows and Lava Fork at least three", ". Volcanism in the Iskut River area has created at least ten lava flows and Lava Fork at least three. The most recent eruption of the Iskut-Unuk River Cones at The Volcano (also called Lava Fork volcano) in 1904 is also the most recent volcanic eruption in Canada.", "Immediately north of the junction of the Pelly and Yukon rivers, Volcano Mountain in central Yukon consists of a cinder cone and a series of lava flows. It is the youngest volcano in the Fort Selkirk Volcanic Field and lava flows originated from fractures in the volcano's flank. These lava flows extend northeast and southwest of the volcano. The northeastern lava flow extends from Volcano Mountain whereas the southwestern lava flow extends from the volcano", ". These lava flows are composed of olivine nephelinite, a type of lava not commonly found on Earth. Nephelinite lavas are usually interpreted to have originated much deeper in the Earth's mantle unlike the typical basaltic lava found throughout the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. The nephelinite lava flows at Volcano Mountain remain clear from vegetation and seem to be only a few hundred years old", ". However, dating of sediments in a lake dammed by the nephelinite lavas suggest the lava flows could not be younger than mid-Holocene and could be early Holocene or older. Therefore, the exact age for the most recent eruptions at Volcano Mountain are unknown.", "At the southernmost end of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, Tseax Cone lies in a valley above and east of the Tseax River. It is a young Holocene age cinder cone that was the source for a major basalt lava flow eruption around the years 1750 and 1775 that travelled into the Tseax River, damming it and forming Lava Lake. The lava flow subsequently travelled north to the Nass River, where it filled the flat valley floor for an additional , making the entire lava flow long", ". Native legends from Nisga'a people in the area tell of a prolonged period of disruption by the volcano, including the destruction of two Nisga'a villages known as Lax Ksiluux and Wii Lax K'abit. Nisga'a people dug pits for shelter but at least 2,000 Nisga'a people were killed due to volcanic gases and poisonous smoke (most likely carbon dioxide). This is Canada's worst known geophysical disaster and is the only eruption in Canada for which legends of First Nations people have been proven true", ". As of 1993, the Tseax Cone quietly rests in Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park.", "More than 20 eruptions have occurred at the Mount Edziza volcanic complex in the past 10,000 years, including Mess Lake Cone, Kana Cone, Cinder Cliff, Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone, Williams Cone, Walkout Creek Cone, Moraine Cone, Sidas Cone, Sleet Cone, Storm Cone, Triplex Cone, Twin Cone, Cache Hill, Camp Hill, Cocoa Crater, Coffee Crater, Nahta Cone, Tennena Cone, The Saucer and the well-preserved Eve Cone", ". These cinder cones were formed no more than the year 700 based on the age of burnt plant stems still rooted in former soil under of loose basaltic fragments. The cones were built on the basaltic fragments and blocky lava fields surrounding the cones", ". The cones were built on the basaltic fragments and blocky lava fields surrounding the cones. The Snowshoe Lava Field on the southern end of the Big Raven Plateau is one of the areas of young lava flows in the region while the Desolation Lava Field on the northern end of the Big Raven Plateau is the largest area of young lava flows, covering an area of . The longest lava flow is . This volcanic activity was followed by at least two younger, but still undated eruptions.", "Two well-preserved reddish-brown basaltic cinder cones cap a small shield volcano of the Alligator Lake volcanic complex in southcentral Yukon. These cinder cones are likely younger than the adjacent Holocene glaciation and both cones were erupting at the same time. These cinder cones produced alkaline olivine basalt to basanitic lava flows that extend to the north. Lava flows from the northeast cone are the largest, extending from the cone and expanding to a width of at the end", ". Sections of the lava flows comprise spinel lherzolite, xenoliths composed of granite and megacrysts of olivine, pyroxene and spinel.", "An eruption was reported in the Atlin Volcanic Field by placer miners on November 8, 1898. Miners working in the area reportedly were able to work during the dark nights due to the glow of the eruption. A news report published on December 1, 1898 by the American newspaper publisher The New York Times stated:", "In 1898 the Atlin area was in dispute with the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, leading American news broadcasters stating the Atlin area was in Alaska rather than in northwestern British Columbia. This Alaska-British Columbia boundary dispute was eventually resolved by arbitration in 1903 and no evidence for the 1898 eruption has been found, leading researchers to speculate the eruption and report as uncertain", ". However, given the location of the placer operations from which the eruption was supposedly visible (Pine, Birch, Discovery, and McKee creeks) and the reported location of the volcano south of Gladys Lake, the vent might possibly be in the very rugged and inaccessible Coast Mountains south or southwest of Atlin Lake.", "On the south side of the Khutzeymateen Inlet north of Prince Rupert, thick basaltic Plinian eruption tephra deposits are recognized at Crow Lagoon. These volcanics originated from a volcanic vent that remains unidentified. However, existence of volcanic bombs at the Plinian tephra deposits indicates the volcanic vent of its origin is located nearby. The age of these volcanics is unknown but they were deposited throughout the Holocene epoch.", "In the Pleistocene Tuya Volcanic Field, small subaerial shield volcanoes and postglacial cinder cones and lava flows can be recognized. At least one of these volcanoes is of Holocene age. Gabrielse Cone near the headwaters of Iverson Creek in the Stikine Ranges rises with an elevation of and a diameter of . It is mostly made of loose basaltic scoria with a volcanic crater deep at its summit. The northeastern flank of Gabrielse Cone is ruptured where remnants of a basaltic lava flow exists", ". The northeastern flank of Gabrielse Cone is ruptured where remnants of a basaltic lava flow exists. This basalt lava flow extends more than from the volcano and there is no proof Gabrielse Cone was formed during or before the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. As a result, Gabrielse Cone is unmistakably younger than 11,000 years and it was formed in the Holocene epoch.", "Recent activity and hazards", "At least five volcanoes have had seismic activity since 1985, including the Mount Edziza volcanic complex (eight events), Castle Rock (two events), Hoodoo Mountain (eight events), Crow Lagoon (four events) and The Volcano (five events). Seismic data suggests that these volcanoes still contain living magma chambers, indicating possible future eruptive activity", ". Although the available data does not allow a clear conclusion, these observations are further indications that some Northern Cordilleran volcanoes are potentially active and that their associated hazards may be significant. The seismic activity correlates both with some of Canada's most youthful volcanoes and with long-lived volcanoes with a history of significant explosive activity, such as Hoodoo Mountain and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex", ". To date, Edziza and Hoodoo pose the greatest threats in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. A large pumice deposit scattered throughout the Edziza complex highlights one of the significant volcanic hazards associated with the complex, including the possibility of a large explosive eruption", ". This large pumice deposit indicates that the Mount Edziza volcanic complex has a history of producing not only fluid and passive basaltic lava flows, but also more silica-rich trachytic and rhyolitic lava flows and explosive eruptions. The silica-rich compositions are similar to those associated with the most catastrophic eruptions on Earth. A large explosive eruption at the Edziza complex could produce an eruption column that would affect parts of the Pacific Northwest", ". Similarly, high eruption columns from Hoodoo Mountain would disrupt air traffic between Canada, Alaska and Asia. The flat summit of Hoodoo Mountain is also covered by an ice cap more than thick. An eruption from Hoodoo's summit would cause considerable melting of the ice cap to create large floods and lahars, which would have significant effects on adjacent river valleys", ". This includes the Iskut River just on the southern flank of Hoodoo Mountain, which is the host for a large amount of salmon, logging operations and a large mining and mineral exploration camp", ". Edziza and Hoodoo Mountain are two of the three most hazardous volcanoes in Western Canada that have been active in the past 10,000 years, the other being the Mount Meager massif in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt of southwestern British Columbia which produced a large-scale eruption 2,350 years ago that sent ash as far as central Alberta.", "Lava flows in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province are among the least hazardous, even though they can be enormously destructive to property in their path. This is because lava generally moves slowly enough for people to get out of their way, though this is dependent on the viscosity of the lava. Lava flows typically have secondary hazards, including the destruction of buildings and ejection of volcanic gases. Forest fires started by lava flows are also a possibility in this part of Canada", ". Forest fires started by lava flows are also a possibility in this part of Canada. The typical lava fountains in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province are commonly associated with lava flows, but these do not normally reach heights more than a few hundred metres. Therefore, the dangers caused by lava fountains are only adjacent to the erupting volcano.", "Currently, no volcanoes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province are monitored closely enough by the Geological Survey of Canada to ascertain how active their magma chambers are. An existing network of seismographs has been established to monitor tectonic earthquakes and is too far away to provide a good indication of what is happening beneath them. It may sense an increase in activity if a volcano becomes very restless, but this may only provide a warning for a large eruption", ". It might detect activity only once a volcano has started erupting. The Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan, Canada's volcanic emergency notification program, was established to outline the notification procedure of some of the main agencies that would be involved in response to a volcanic eruption in Canada, an eruption close to Canada's borders, or an eruption significant enough to have an effect on Canada and its people", ". It focuses primarily on aviation safety because jet aircraft can quickly enter areas of volcanic ash. The program notifies all impacted agencies that have to deal with volcanic events. Aircraft are rerouted away from hazardous ash and people on the ground are notified of potential ash fall.", "See also\nVolcanology of Canada\nVolcanology of Northern Canada\nVolcanology of Western Canada\n\nReferences\n\nV\nVolcanism of Alaska\nVolcanism of British Columbia\nVolcanism of Yukon\nCenozoic geology of North America\nV\nNatural history of British Columbia\nNatural history of Yukon\nNatural history of Alaska\nNatural hazards in British Columbia\nCenozoic Alaska\nCenozoic British Columbia\nCenozoic Yukon" ]

[ "The Opera Nova is an opera house located in Bydgoszcz and established in 1956, which also plays the role of a musical theater. It is one of the 10 opera houses in Poland and the only one of this size in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. Opera Nova also welcomes the scene of the Bydgoszcz Buratino Puppet Theatre.", "Location\nOpera Nova building is located in a bend of the Brda river between Old Town and Downtown Bydgoszcz. The opera House is connected with a footbridge over the Brda river to Mill Island (): from the surrounding terrace it overlooks Bydgoszcz Cathedral, and Mill Island's granaries and mills.", "Characteristics\nOpera Nova is a cultural institution co-administrated by Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage & Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. It realizes artistic activities comprising operas, operettas, ballets and musicals. Its activities also include educational projects, such as introducing opera and ballet to children.", "The Opera Nova company performs in Bydgoszcz, but also in other opera festivals in Poland and abroad. Since 1989, the ensemble has made numerous tours to Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Malta and Italy.", "Opera Nova extends its cultural influence out of Kuyavia-Pomerania, reaching audience and artists to neighboring provinces (Piła, Koszalin, Olsztyn).\n\nThe repertoire includes operettas, musicals, opera galas; it attracts a very enthusiastic and popular public. Financial sponsors of the Opera Nova, critical for such an institution, come from many financial and industrial tycoons in the area.\n\nMaciej Figas is since 1992 the director of the Opera Nova, he is also the conductor of the opera orchestra.", "In 2014 more than 82,000 people came to the Opera Nova.\n\nHistory", "First times", "The history of the theater in Bydgoszcz dates back to the 17th century, when was built a special theatre hall in the city Jesuit College, able to accommodate approximately 300 people. In the 19th century, operas and operettas were played in the Prussian Municipal Theatre; from 1896 to 1920, opera companies from Gdańsk, Poznan or Rostock performed in Bromberg. In the years 1920-1939, a cultural institution run by the German minority called Deutsche Bühne () was located in the backyard of 66/68 Gdanska", ". It was a professional theatre, which displayed opera ensembles and orchestra performances based on the local Bydgoszcz Conservatoire located at 9 Mickiewicz Alley. Its popularity matched Municipal Theatre. Deutsche Bühne staged operas, operettas, musicals and vaudeville, hosting German companies (Berlin, Hamburg, Königsberg). On May 3, 1930, to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Jan Kochanowski's birth, the theatre premiered \"The Dismissal of the Greek Envoys\" (), as a tribute to the Polish community", ". After 1933, its repertoire followed the cultural Nazi propaganda diktats.", "The first Polish opera in Bydgoszcz was founded in 1919. On October 3, 1921, members of Bydgoszcz Municipal Theatre presented the Polish national opera, Stanislaw Moniuszko's Halka. From 1921 to 1923, the Municipal Theatre organized summer opera seasons, with companies from Poznan and Warsaw opera houses. There were also recital singers with eminent artists from the world of Polish opera and operetta", ". There were also recital singers with eminent artists from the world of Polish opera and operetta. Between 1923 and 1926, series of concerts in Bydgoszcz starred among others, Stanisław Gruszczyński, Ignacy Dygas, Jadwiga Dębicka, Victoria Kawecka. In 1926, the first recital of New York's Metropolitan Opera's bass Adamo Didur had a huge success in the city. The Municipal Theatre invited several times in the 1920s and 1930s Ada Sari for recital performances with piano.", "For the season 1925/1926, an institution was created, the Pomeranian Opera Theatre of Bydgoszcz-Torun-Grudziadz directed by Karol Benda. The company included a 36-musician orchestra, a 22-singer chorus, a small ballet and external individuals from Warsaw, Poznan and Lviv. In addition, operetta guests were outstanding Polish artists of the time (Matilda Lewińska-Polińska, Ignacy Dygas, Stanisław Gruszczyński, Jan Kiepura, Lucyna Messal)", ". The Pomeranian Opera performed in the Municipal Theatre 15 premieres and 69 operas and operettas, such as Halka, Rigoletto, Tosca, Carmen, Madama Butterfly, Aida, Countess Maritza, The Gay Hussars, The Merry Widow.", "During 11 seasons (1927-1938), the director Wladyslaw Stoma enlarged the repertoire of operas and operettas performed in the Bydgoszcz Municipal Theatre. In many instances, new pieces from Berlin and the Vienna have been specially translated for the Bydgoszcz institution. Wladyslaw Stoma hired professional singers and the orchestra acquired military professionals from the 61st Infantry Regiment () billeted in Pomorska Street", ". In the 1930s, the theatre staged with its own company forces (soloists, orchestra, choirs) operas Halka, La Traviata (1930), The Tales of Hoffmann, Madama Butterfly (1931), Carmen (1932), in addition to host every year Warsaw Opera performances. The last musical premiere before the outbreak World War II was Susanna, on April 4, 1939. Throughout the interwar period, performances were staged in the Municipal Theatre: Bydgoszcz did not possess yet any opera house.", "In German occupation times, the Municipal Theatre was intended \"only for Germans\" and manned by a German-Latvian troupe from Riga under the direction of Heinrich Voit. The inaugural session on October 1, 1940, staged von Weber's opera Der Freischütz. The repertoire of the theater until 1944 included several musical performances (opera, operetta, ballet evenings), and also Municipal Symphony Orchestra performances. In 1944, the German scene gave way to a decorated cinema building showing propaganda films.", "After the end of World War II, efforts were made to create a permanent Opera facility in Bydgoszcz, but despite large popular audience, the initiative did not get approval from the authorities, which did not believed in the success of the project. To overcome the situation, opera sessions were held by the Pomeranian Symphony Orchestra, together with Bydgoszcz Choirs, to perform opera overtures, fragments of orchestral and choral opera.", "Opera Studio\nOpera Studio (), created on December 15, 1955, at the initiative of the Music Society. \"I. J. Paderewski\", was the first step towards a professional opera theater in Bydgoszcz. The initiator of the project was Felicia Krysiewicz, a singer, pianist and animator of musical life in Bydgoszcz.", "In January 1956, an agreement for a working structure was reached with the cooperation of Pomeranian Philharmonic, Arion choir in Bydgoszcz and the Social Music and Ballet department: orchestra was directed by Zdzislaw Wendyński, the choir by Antoni Rybka and the ballet by Raymond Sobiesiak. In May 1956, the Citizens' Committee for the Creation of Musical Theatre was established under the lead of Kazimierz Maludziński.", "On September 21, 1956, the inauguration of the Opera Studio premiered Stanisław Moniuszko's Flis and Verbum nobile, and Karol Kurpiński's ballets The Marriage Fathers (), with 150 people, including 20 solo-singers, 30 ballet dancers, 40 orchestra players and 60 chorus singers. In 1958 was created an institution called Bydgoszcz Comedy Music () which aim was to perform in summer time operettas and musical pieces with tailored ensembles", ". Led by Józef Szurka, it had realized by the end of the 1980s around 1500 performances throughout the country, mainly in small towns.", "Opera Studio repertoire gave the lion's share to comic opera and operetta classics. Performances were held in the building of the Polish Theatre in Mickiewicz Alley, in various clubs and occasionally in the hall of the Pomeranian House of Art. During its four-year activity, Opera Studio gave 10 premieres and around 400 performances, including 34 outside Bydgoszcz (Torun, Grudziadz, Inowrocław, Świecie) which attracted an audience of 22 000.", "In 1958, thanks to minister credits, full-time soloists were engaged, as well as half-time choir, ballet and administration individuals. On April 10, 1958, the first ballet was played, The Nutcracker by Tchaikovsky, and on July 2, Offenbach's operetta Orpheus in the Underworld.", "Opera Studio was renamed on March 3, 1959, Musical Theatre of Opera and Operetta (), so as to meet cultural expectations of the inhabitants of the entire Bydgoszcz Voivodeship. A year later, on March 1, 1960, the institution was nationalized. In 1963, the Musical Theatre of Opera and Operetta had then its own orchestra established, putting an end to the use of musicians from the Pomeranian Philharmonic.", "State Opera and Operetta in Bydgoszcz", "Bydgoszcz musical scene, once nationalised, changed its name several times: Opera and Operetta (1964), National Opera (1980), Opera Nova (1990), and from 1996, Opera Nova - State Opera in Bydgoszcz. Until the mid-1990s, the institution did not have its own facility: it used the Pomeranian Art House building and three times a week staged in Polish Theatre in Bydgoszcz", ". In spite of these unusual conditions, the company gained there its first experience and several artists who started here, appeared later on national stages in Warsaw, Lodz or Poznan: Barbara Zagórzanka (soprano), Lidia Skowron, Bożena Kinasz-Mikołajczak, Bożena Betley, Elżbieta Hoffmann, Monika Olkisz-Chabros (soprano) Henryk Kłosiński (tenor), Bronisław Pekowski (bass-baritone), and others", ". Besides, the troupe hosted the greatest opera artists: Maria Foltyn (1960), Antonina Kawecka (1962), Bogna Sokorska (1960), Krystyna Szczepańska (1964), Teresa Żylis-Gara (1959), Wiesław Ochman (1965), Bernard Ładysz (1960), Bogdan Paprocki (1962), Ryszard Tarasiewicz (1970) Marcin Bronikowski (1994, 2012).", "The Bydgoszcz opera executed works by contemporary composers, who had their world premieres: musicals Hel of Jerzy Lawiny-Świętochowski and Ryszard Damrosz (1965), opera Przemysław II by Henryk Swolkień (1986), ballets Anna Karenina by Radion Shchedrin (1979), Bernadett Matuszczak's Wild swans (1992) and Bogdan Pawlowski's Puss in boots (1997)", ". Many companies from East and West countries came to Bydgoszcz stage and Opera Nova ensembles toured abroad, mainly to Western Europe (France, Germany, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg), performing at numerous opera festivals. These foreign contacts resulted in an enhanced cooperation with opera music centers in Europe.", "In the 1960s, operas and operettas were performed far out Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, in places like Piła, Wałcz, Zielona Góra, Konin, Płock, Żary. Most popular couple on stage was then Barbara Zagórzanka and Henryk Herdzin. \nIn 1971, Bydgoszcz Opera and Operetta had cumulated 2200 performances watched by 1.2 million people. Guest soloists from socialist countries and outstanding Polish artists were invited, such as: Bernard Ładysz, Bogdan Paprocki, Antonina Kawecka, Krystyna Szczepańska and Wieslaw Ochman.", "The idea to build a new seat for the Opera company in Bydgoszcz appeared in 1960 and was strongly supported by the then director of Pomeranian Philharmonic, Andrzej Szwalbe. It was the only solution to avoid performances being scattered in several smaller stages all around the city (Polish Theatre, Chamber Theatre, Pomeranian House of Arts or movie theatre). These scenes were not fitted at all for soloists, choir, ballet and orchestra.", "In 1973, building started in a picturesque bend of the Brda river. Completion of the facility kept being delayed by high costs of construction and the deficit in materials and contractors. In the 1980s, facing budget cuts for culture, work came to a halt: some attempts were made to use the unfinished building, and realize cultural activities, like the first Bydgoszcz Opera Festival in 1994.", "Bydgoszcz Opera Festival was a good omen for the future Opera Nova. Staged operas, operettas and ballets helped to appreciate the capabilities of exposing the great forms of stage in a new building, the acoustic qualities of the auditorium, the technical capacities of the scene and the skills of the orchestra, choir and ballet. In 1996, the Opera Nova employed 170 people, including 23 soloists, 30 ballet dancers, 44 chorus singers, 56 musicians and others (conductors, directors...)", "...). The repertoire comprised 18 pieces: 8 operas, 4 operettas, 4 ballets and 2 musicals. After 1996, the company realised about 200 performances, including 110 Bydgoszcz and more than 90 abroad (mainly in Germany, Austria, Netherlands and Belgium). Since 1996-1997, Opera Nova performances attract approximately 40 000 per season.", "On October 21, 2006, the Bydgoszcz Opera House celebrated the 50th anniversary of the opera company in the city, together with the official completion of the Opera Nova building.", "Performances\nIn May 2016, Opera Nova had staged the most famous works of opera, operetta, ballet and musical since its inception, among others:\n \n Carmen (1964,1991,1999)\n Faust (1960,2015)\n The Tales of Hoffmann (1959,1998)\n Manon (1979)\n La Bohème (1978,2011)\n Tosca (1966,1984,2004)\n Madama Butterfly (1961,1981)\n Suor Angelica (1992)\n Gianni Schicchi (1992)\n Turandot (1996)\n The Barber of Seville (1957,1972,1987,2002)\n La Cenerentola (1967,1985,2009,2015)\n The Magic Flute (1971,1994)", "La Cenerentola (1967,1985,2009,2015)\n The Magic Flute (1971,1994)\n Don Giovanni (1997)\n The Marriage of Figaro (1979)\n Der Schauspieldirektor (1970,1991)\n Eugene Onegin (1962,1980)\n Prince Igor (1975)\n Nabucco (1995)\n La Traviata (1964,1981,1998,2015)\n Rigoletto (1967,1986,2014)\n Il trovatore (1973)\n Un ballo in maschera (1984)\n Aida (1968,1985)\n Don Carlos (1972,2016)\n Otello (1989)\n The Flying Dutchman (1977)\n The Haunted Manor (1958,1976,1994)\n Halka (1961,1981,2013)\n The Countess (1960,1982)", "The Haunted Manor (1958,1976,1994)\n Halka (1961,1981,2013)\n The Countess (1960,1982)\n Swan Lake (1972)\n The Nutcracker (1958,1986,2015)\n The sleeping Beauty (1994)\n Don Quixote (1996)\n The Gypsy Baron (1957,1980,1991)\n Die Fledermaus (1961,1982,1995)\n Eine Nacht in Venedig (1985)\n The Land of Smiles (1970,1978,1994)\n The Merry Widow (1966,1988)\n Orpheus in the Underworld (1958,1983,1991 - adaptation under the title \"Who wanted to kidnap Euridice?\")\n Fiddler on the Roof (1992)", "Fiddler on the Roof (1992)\n My Fair Lady (1993,2008,2016).", "Opera House\n\nHistory", "The idea of a building dedicated to the Bydgoszcz Opera dates back to the 1950s and 1960s, soon after the nationalization of the institution. The first initiative came from Andrzej Schwalbe, then director of the Pomeranian Philharmonic: for him it was clear from the start that the co-existence in the long run under one roof of two companies and orchestras could not achieve the needed artistic stability", ". Rationale was the successful attendance at opera performances and the lack of large auditoriums in the city, capable of satisfying the growing artistic aspirations of the public.", "In 1961, a meeting between representatives of Bydgoszcz Music Society, Musical Theatre, Pomeranian Philharmonic, administrative authorities and architects, agreed to launch the project of a musical theater with two scenes and an art café. Different locations were considered for the future opera house: the place of the former Municipal Theatre, or Ludowy Park on Jagiellońska street, or again on the heights of Bydgoszcz. Finally the area chosen was the one between Focha street, Theatre square and Brda river", ". Finally the area chosen was the one between Focha street, Theatre square and Brda river. There have been standing large granaries -\"Royal granaries\" ()- which burnt down in the 1960s. Only buildings left in the 1960s were military facilities (warehouses, mess, garrison command).", "In May, the Association of Polish Architects announced a national contest to \"develop the architectural design of the building of Musical Theatre and Drama in Bydgoszcz\". Jury comprised architects of Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk, Poznan, Warsaw, and representatives from the Ministry of Culture and Art and the Pomeranian Philharmonic in Bydgoszcz. The prize winner was a young architect, Joseph Chmiel, who was also the author of the project for the Musical Theatre in Gdynia", ". The project presented an edifice composed of four intersecting circles, integrated into the meander of the Brda river.", "In 1962, the design phase of the building started, supported by the Gdańsk University of Technology. The investment was planned in two steps, the first one from 1966 to 1971, the second stage after 1972. Contrary to expectations, construction did not start immediately, due to the delaying design work.", "The building has been planned to use of all modern technical capacities: extended stage depth and proscenium, designed trapdoor and an external platform, which could lift the stage up to height meters. A panoramic scene portal was designed, with a fireproof front curtain, allowing, if necessary, an increased stage space. In this manner, the auditorium could be able function as a theatre scene and a conference stage", ". In this manner, the auditorium could be able function as a theatre scene and a conference stage. The auditorium itself has been designed on the model of a theatre of ancient Greece, without any partition between loges and balconies, so that the audience could feel closer to the artists.", "In 1973, building permits were issued and handed over to Budopol, the municipal firm in charge of the work. From 1973 to 1976, National Company \"Hydrobudowa 9\" from Poznan dug into the soil 1100 concrete piles. In the following years, design assumptions changed: from four intersecting rings, plans went down to two then eventually three", ". Issues to get building materials were recurrent and in 1977, at the time to secure the investment Polish Prime Minister Piotr Jaroszewicz canceled the project for economical reasons. However, local First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party in Bydgoszcz, Józef Majchrzak, decided to overrule Warsaw's decision by continuing the construction.", "Although works were expected to end in 1982, the economic crisis of the 1980s reduced severely state funds allocated for culture, interrupting the construction. Building became a symbol of \"eternal investments\" and few people believed in its completion. It is only in 1985, thanks to an increased effort of provincial administrative authorities and cultural lobbies, that the continuation of the construction was insured through the National Culture Development Fund", ". In 1986, former military warehouses and Headquarters Garrison were at last demolished, getting the work accelerated. Between 1990 and 1994, the main body of the edifice housing the auditorium and the main stage was glazed, and the work moved to dressing rooms and rehearsal rooms, all of which was carried out by a specialized Company, \"Teatr\" from Warsaw. With the end of communist era, the Fund for the Development of Culture was liquidated, putting another threat to postpone the completion of the building", ". Construction was then focusing on the third circle, planned to host offices (TVP3 Bydgoszcz), a convention center and restaurants. Around this date, initiative was taken to use the raw building to organize the first Bydgoszcz Opera Festival: main points were to draw attention of the public and decision makers on this important project and to raise funds for its achievement.", "The first Bydgoszcz Opera Festival took place from 17 to 30 April 1994, in the harsh surroundings of the building.", "The second half of 1990s brought a major positive change in the socio-political climate, helping out with investment, mainly from the provincial authorities. The construction of the Opera Nova in Bydgoszcz gained modern architectural solutions, new technologies, materials and theatrical capacities", ". The final stage of the investment occurred in the years 2002 to 2008: government of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship decided to change the function of the third circle (originally, the area planned for production and decorations storage), so as to create a large convention center, where could be organized symposiums, meetings and congresses. Rationale behind such a decision was money related since the convention center approximately cost 20 million zł against 60 million zł for the initial project.", "The building officially started operating on October 21, 2006, with a gala celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Opera activity in Bydgoszcz. Construction of Bydgoszcz opera house lasted 34 years and 5 months and is considered one of the longest building projects for a theater in post-war Poland. The Lublin Musical theater, however, is second to none in this contest, since its project started in 1974 and has only been completed on November 22, 2015.", "In the years following its achievement, the Opera Nova has been used as a Regional Convention Center, organizing a number of cultural events and festivals. Since 2010, it houses the international Film festival Camerimage.\n\nTo be able to accommodate the growing success of Camerimage, a project of extension is currently underway. A fourth lobe to the actual building will be added, comprising a projection room for about 350 seats and an exhibition centre.", "Architecture", "The building, by its own size, stands out in the architectural environment of the city centre: it has 6 levels, covers an area of 24 432 m2, has a volume of 120 700 m3 and a height of 34.19 m. Its location along the Brda river provides an opening to the Mill Island. The building, with its three connecting circles, affords optimal conditions for the realization of opera, operetta, ballet and musicals", ". Because of its original shape and position by the water, Opera Nova is often compared to the Sydney Opera House. The building has an illumination light system, one of Bydgoszcz hallmark by night.", "The First Circle hosts the main auditorium for 803 people, a large stage, two rehearsal rooms - for ballet and chorus, costumes storing area and a chamber hall with 189 seats (beneath the auditorium). It also houses workshops (clothing, hairdressing, wigs...)\n\nThe Second circle houses a ventilation chamber in the basement, on the ground floor an actor club, a large orchestra hall and a ballet rehearsal area, two floors for dressing rooms (choir and ballet), and on the top floor administration offices.", "The Third circle is devoted to the Opera Nova Convention Center, with two conference rooms (more than 200 seats each), allowing the organization of large symposiums or seminars. There are also the Department of Promotion (entrance from Focha Street) and the restaurant \"Maestra\".", "Interiors\nThe large auditorium has a capacity of 803 seating places and 6 seats for disabled, the scene covers an area of 420 m2 (22 m wide and 25 m deep), and houses theatre equipment and lighting, and a revolving stage (11,80 m diameter). The scene portal is 9,5 m high and 18 m wide. The front curtain is steel and textile made, comprising 6 layers (10 m high and 21 m wide). The hall has an appreciated acoustic; it gives onto the lobby and two mezzanines.", "The Chamber hall named after professor Felicia Krysiewicz, has 189 seats and 3 places for disabled. This Hall is generally used for chamber music, recitals, concerts and cinema projection.\n\nMain hall and foyer are spaces for the audience to wander during breaks. They house painting, sculpture and photography exhibitions.\n\nBehind the scenes are a number of workshops, warehouses, rehearsal rooms, dressing rooms. There is also Poland's largest elevator for transporting decorations and set pieces.", "The Restaurant Maestra is located in the third circle of the building. Its interior is decorated with pictures from Opera Nova performances and a poster collection of the Bydgoszcz Opera Festival.", "Surroundings\nOpera Nova close neighborhood includes:\n an observation deck connected to the bank of Brda river;\n a footbridge joining Mill Island in Bydgoszcz, through which you can reach Venice of Bydgoszcz or the Old market ();\n at the bottom of Opera Nova, a summer amphitheater for 200 people giving onto the river. In 2016, a stage will be built on the river from the quay.", "On April 19, 2013, to celebrate the 667th anniversary of the city charter, a modern sculpture of The archer has been unveiled in front of the opera house, called the \"New Archer\" ().", "Conference Center\nCongress Centre Opera Nova, occupying the third circle of the building, provides professional support for symposia, conferences, trade shows, conventions, exhibitions, anniversaries and performances of small theatrical plays. The Center houses two conference rooms (\"Manru\" and \"Fidelio\") for 300 and 220 people, five seminar rooms and a restaurant, \"Maestro\" with catering facilities.", "Both rooms are equipped with electrically folding stands, electro-acoustic and simultaneous translation boothes. In addition, equipment includes: \n audio-visual capacities managed by touch panels \n multimedia kiosks with Internet access \n multimedia presentations capabilities.\n\nCombined use of the large Auditorium and the conference centre allow hosting very large gathering (up to 1,500 people).\n\nMusical ensembles", "Musical ensembles\n\nSoloists\nOpera Nova company includes more than 50 solo singers: \n 15 sopranos, \n 8 mezzo-sopranos, \n 15 tenors \n 10 baritones, \n 7 basses,\nalong with actors, assistants, tutors and other staff personnel.", "Orchestra\nFrom 1956 to 1963, 40 musicians from Bydgoszcz Pomeranian Philharmonic were playing for each opera performance. A professional Opera Nova orchestra was established in 1963, comprising initially 36 musicians, the majority of whom were graduates from the Bydgoszcz Music Academy - \"Feliks Nowowiejski\". Several conductors led this group:", "Zbigniew Chwedczuk\n Zdzislaw Wendyński\n Zygmunt Szczepanski\n Zbigniew Droszcz\n Włodzimierz Ormicki\n Joseph Klimanka\n Stanisław Renz\n Adam Palka\n Mieczyslaw Dondajewski\n Jerzy Katlewicz\n Mieczyslaw Nowakowski\n Zygmunt Rychert\n Boguslaw Madey\n Vadim Perevoznikov\n Włodzimierz Szymanski\n Jerzy Wołosiuk\n Ruben Silva\n Maciej Figas\n Piotr Wajrak\n Andrzej Straszyński\n Tadeusz Wojciechowski \n Andrzej Knap", "Today, Opera Nova orchestra is 68 musicians strong, and its main conductor is the director of the Opera, Maciej Figas. Its yearly repertoire includes 32 pieces, mainly operas, operettas, ballets, oratorios, musicals from contemporary, popular and classical music. The orchestra always performs to accompany Opera Nova singers, as well as guest stars during galas in Poland and abroad.", "Choir\nThe Opera Nova Choir was established in 1956, under the leadership of Antoni Rybka. Most of its members were recruited from the \"Arion\" choir in Bydgoszcz. Consecutive Choir directors of the Choir have been Czeslaw Kaczmarek (1982-1984), Maciej Banach (1991-1992) and Henryk Wierzchoń (1984-1991 and since 1993). Over the years the choir mastered most of the works of world literature, opera, operetta, musicals and oratorios. Currently, choir band reaches approximately 80 people.", "Choir is augmented to stage performances of musical works with symphony orchestras: Pomeranian Philharmonic (for Bydgoszcz Music Festival), Koszalin Philharmonic and foreign. It is also involved in tours.", "Ballet\nOpera Nova Ballet was founded in 1956, initially with 40 dancers, in majority graduated students from Bydgoszcz ballet music center. Between 1959 and 1989, the ballet ensemble had a training room in the Chamber Theatre, then in the Pomeranian Arts House. Since the 1990s, the ballet working room is located in the building of the Opera Nova. Ballet repertoire includes around 30 works.", "Since its creation, the ballet premiered 6 times in Poland for The Nutcracker (1958), The King of the winds () by Feliks Nowowiejski (1963), Legend of love () by Melikov (1967), The Tale of the Stone Flower () by Sergei Prokofiev (1970), Anna Karenina by Rodion Shchedrin (1979) and a world premiere, the fairy tale ballet Puss in boots by Bogdan Pawlowski (1997). In 2011, ballet company was about 50 people strong, led by Ilona Jaświn-Madejska.", "From 1995, with the creation of the Opera Nova Ballet Studio, children and youth groups follow shortened course ballet school. Some of their members are involved in performances of ballet and musicals.\n\nBydgoszcz Opera Festival", "History\nBydgoszcz Opera Festival was born in 1994, associated with the difficulties to achieve the project of the Opera Nova building started in 1973. From 17 to 30 April 1994, the best troupes of Polish opera performed on the unfinished opera stage - Poznan, Lodz and Warsaw, Warsaw Chamber Opera, but also Askold Makarov Theatre Ballet of Saint Petersburg.", "All sessions were held in a harsh scenery of bare walls, and the audience was set in 500 wooden chairs borrowed from the military. The numerous audience which came to this unusual event rewarded the artists and the direction, creating a sublime festival. The almost eerie musical environment became one of the main strength of the event. It received a positive welcome from the artists and the audience, and provided a nationwide publicity for Bydgoszcz opera stage", ". The festival had reached its main goal: to stop a 20-year long procrastination in the construction of the opera house.", "The success of subsequent editions exceeded organizers' expectations: tickets were sold out long before the first day. With such possibilities, added to the new scene of Bydgoszcz opera house, it was possible to create large-scale performances of opera and ballet. For instance:\n Giuseppe Verdi's Macbeth performed by company from the Warsaw Grand Theatre (2nd edition, 1995);\n Giuseppe Verdi's La forza del destino presented by the Grand Theatre of Poznań (8th edition, 2001);", "Modest Mussorgsky's opera Boris Godunov performed by the National Opera of Kyiv (3rd edition, 1996);\n Turandot by Giacomo Puccini, presented by Opera Nova troupe at the opening of the 3rd edition (1996).\nFor the first time in Bydgoszcz were presented the following ballets:\n Aram Khachaturian's Spartacus performed by the Grand Academic Ballet Theatre of Belarus in Belarus Minsk (2nd edition, 1995);\n Prokofiev's Cinderella executed by the Royal ballet of Antwerp (6th edition, 1999);", "Prokofiev's Cinderella executed by the Royal ballet of Antwerp (6th edition, 1999);\n Léo Delibes's Coppélia performed by the Latvian National Opera in Riga (7th edition, 2000).", "Through the Festival occurrences, other famous companies performed: troupe from Chicago (7th edition, 2000) or the Cullberg Ballet from Sweden which executed a modern choreography of the Sleeping Beauty (7th edition, 2001).", "Characteristics\nOpera Festival Bydgoszcz is the biggest Polish review of diverse musical genres in the area of opera, operetta, musical and ballet, both classic and modern. Various opera companies present here their latest artistic achievements. It is a tradition to invite, in addition to the main Polish troupes, at least one company from abroad. The troupe from the Opera Nova, at the inauguration of each festival always premieres. The festival is held annually in the spring season: April or May.", "For the 2016 edition, the Opera Nova premiered Don Carlos. Polish scenes invited to perform are Łódź Grand Theatre, Wrocław Opera, the ballet School of Poznan, Polish National Ballet. Foreign guests are the Czech National Theatre in Brno and the Chinese Shanghai Ballet Company.\n\nThe festival is funded by the Marshal Office of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, the city of Bydgoszcz, the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage and private sponsors.", "The festival is accompanied by exhibitions, a review of music videos on DVD and an Opera Youth Forum, as a review of chamber operas performed by students of Polish and foreign music academies.", "Miscellaneous\n Bydgoszcz prima donna were, among others: Lidia Skowron (1960s and 1970s), Barbara Zagórzanka and Barbara Nitecka (1980s), Katarzyna Rymarczyk and Magdalena Krzyńska.\n During Polish People's Republic, the most successful turnout at Opera Nova has been musicals: Winged lover and Thank you, Eve in the second half of the 1970s.\n Until 1976, bass-baritone soloist [Bronisław Pekowski, was chief director of the Regional Geodesy and Cartography Company while staging at the Opera Nova.", "Opera Nova soloists have been invited abroad, including Georgia, Russia, Romania, Hungary, Japan, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Germany and former Soviet Republics.\n Since 1989, the opera company has been holding an annual tour abroad to perform operas, ballets and operettas: \n Italy and Malta in 1989 (Rigoletto, Otello, Madama Butterfly);\n Netherlands in 1990;\n Belgium in 1992.", "Directors\nList of the Directors of Bydgoszcz Opera:", "1956: Zdzisław Wendyński (Opera Studio)\n 1956-1960: Felicja Krysiewicz \n 1960-1963: Feliks Kłodziński ( Musical Theatre of Opera and Operetta)\n 1963-1964: Zygmunt Szczepański\n 1964-1969: Zdzisław Wendyński\n 1969-1970: Maurycy Leszczycki \n 1970-1973: Mieczysław Rak\n 1973-1977: Tadeusz Kłobucki\n 1977-1979: Stanisław Renz\n 1979-1980: Adam Pałka\n 1981-1990: Alicja Weber (State Opera and Operetta in Bydgoszcz)\n 1990: Rafał Delekta\n 1990-1991: Andrzej Jurkiewicz (Opera Nova)", "1990: Rafał Delekta\n 1990-1991: Andrzej Jurkiewicz (Opera Nova)\n 1991-1992: Andrzej Maria Marczewski \n Since 1992: Maciej Figas", "Gallery\n\nSee also\n\n Marshal Ferdinand Foch Street in Bydgoszcz\n Bydgoszcz\n Gdańska Street, Bydgoszcz\n Pomeranian Philharmonic\n Opera house\n Bydgoszcz Music Academy - \"Feliks Nowowiejski\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Website of the Opera Nova\n Opera Nova Congress center\n Buratino Puppet Theatre\n Camerimage Film Festival\n Restaurant located in the Opera Nova\n\nBibliography", "Bibliography\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nOpera houses in Poland\nBuildings and structures in Bydgoszcz\nCulture of Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship" ]

[ "Henry James ( – ) was an American-British author. He is regarded as a key transitional figure between literary realism and literary modernism, and is considered by many to be among the greatest novelists in the English language. He was the son of Henry James Sr. and the brother of philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James.", "He is best known for his novels dealing with the social and marital interplay between émigré Americans, the English, and continental Europeans, such as The Portrait of a Lady. His later works, such as The Ambassadors, The Wings of the Dove and The Golden Bowl were increasingly experimental", ". In describing the internal states of mind and social dynamics of his characters, James often wrote in a style in which ambiguous or contradictory motives and impressions were overlaid or juxtaposed in the discussion of a character's psyche. For their unique ambiguity, as well as for other aspects of their composition, his late works have been compared to impressionist painting.", "His novella The Turn of the Screw has garnered a reputation as the most analysed and ambiguous ghost story in the English language and remains his most widely adapted work in other media. He wrote other highly regarded ghost stories, such as \"The Jolly Corner\".", "James published articles and books of criticism, travel, biography, autobiography, and plays. Born in the United States, James largely relocated to Europe as a young man, and eventually settled in England, becoming a British citizen in 1915, a year before his death. James was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1911, 1912, and 1916", ". James was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1911, 1912, and 1916. Jorge Luis Borges said \"I have visited some literatures of East and West; I have compiled an encyclopedic compendium of fantastic literature; I have translated Kafka, Melville, and Bloy; I know of no stranger work than that of Henry James.\"", "Life\n\nEarly years, 1843–1883", "James was born at 21 Washington Place in New York City on 15 April 1843. His parents were Mary Walsh and Henry James Sr. His father was intelligent and steadfastly congenial. He was a lecturer and philosopher who had inherited independent means from his father, an Albany banker and investor. Mary came from a wealthy family long settled in New York City. Her sister Katherine lived with her adult family for an extended period of time. Henry Jr", ". Her sister Katherine lived with her adult family for an extended period of time. Henry Jr. was one of four boys, the others being William, who was one year his senior, and younger brothers Wilkinson (Wilkie) and Robertson. His younger sister was Alice. Both of his parents were of Irish and Scottish descent.", "Before he was a year old, his father sold the house at Washington Place and took the family to Europe, where they lived for a time in a cottage in Windsor Great Park in England. The family returned to New York in 1845, and Henry spent much of his childhood living between his paternal grandmother's home in Albany, and a house on 14th Street in Manhattan", ". His education was calculated by his father to expose him to many influences, primarily scientific and philosophical; it was described by Percy Lubbock, the editor of his selected letters, as \"extraordinarily haphazard and promiscuous.\" James did not share the usual education in Latin and Greek classics", ".\" James did not share the usual education in Latin and Greek classics. Between 1855 and 1860, the James household travelled to London, Paris, Geneva, Boulogne-sur-Mer, and Newport, Rhode Island, according to the father's current interests and publishing ventures, retreating to the United States when funds were low. Henry studied primarily with tutors, and briefly attended schools while the family travelled in Europe", ". Their longest stays were in France, where Henry began to feel at home and became fluent in French. He had a stutter, which seems to have manifested itself only when he spoke English; in French, he did not stutter.", "In 1860, the family returned to Newport. There, Henry became a friend of painter John La Farge, who introduced him to French literature, and in particular, to Balzac. James later called Balzac his \"greatest master\", and said that he had learned more about the craft of fiction from him than from anyone else.", "In the autumn of 1861, James received an injury, probably to his back, while fighting a fire. This injury, which resurfaced at times throughout his life, made him unfit for military service in the American Civil War.", "In 1864, the James family moved to Boston, Massachusetts, to be near William, who had enrolled first in the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard and then in the medical school. In 1862, Henry attended Harvard Law School, but realised that he was not interested in studying law. He pursued his interest in literature and associated with authors and critics William Dean Howells and Charles Eliot Norton in Boston and Cambridge and formed lifelong friendships with Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr", "., the future Supreme Court justice, and with James T. Fields and Annie Adams Fields, his first professional mentors.", "His first published work was a review of a stage performance, \"Miss Maggie Mitchell in Fanchon the Cricket\", published in 1863. About a year later, \"A Tragedy of Error\", his first short story, was published anonymously. James's first literary payment was for an appreciation of Sir Walter Scott's novels, written for the North American Review. He wrote fiction and nonfiction pieces for The Nation and Atlantic Monthly, where Fields was editor", ". In 1871, he published his first novel, Watch and Ward, in serial form in the Atlantic Monthly. The novel was later published in book form in 1878.", "During a 14-month trip through Europe in 1869–70, he met John Ruskin, Charles Dickens, Matthew Arnold, William Morris, and George Eliot. Rome impressed him profoundly. \"Here I am then in the Eternal City\", he wrote to his brother William. \"At last—for the first time—I live!\" He attempted to support himself as a freelance writer in Rome and then secured a position as Paris correspondent for the New York Tribune through the influence of its editor, John Hay", ". When these efforts failed, he returned to New York City. During 1874 and 1875, he published Transatlantic Sketches, A Passionate Pilgrim and Roderick Hudson. During this early period in his career, he was influenced by Nathaniel Hawthorne.", "In the fall of 1875, he moved to the Latin Quarter of Paris. Aside from two trips to America, he spent the next three decades—the rest of his life—in Europe. In Paris, he met Zola, Daudet, Maupassant, Turgenev and others. He stayed in Paris only a year before settling in London, where he established relationships with Macmillan and other publishers, who paid for serial installments that they published in book form", ". The audience for these serialized novels was largely made up of middle-class women, and James struggled to fashion serious literary work within the strictures imposed by editors' and publishers' notions of what was suitable for young women to read. He lived in rented rooms, but was able to join gentlemen's clubs that had libraries and where he could entertain male friends", ". He was introduced to English society by Henry Adams and Charles Milnes Gaskell, the latter introducing him to the Travellers' and the Reform Clubs. He was also an honorary member of the Savile Club, St James's Club and, in 1882, the Athenaeum Club.", "In England, he met the leading figures of politics and culture. He continued to be a prolific writer, producing The American (1877), The Europeans (1878), a revision of Watch and Ward (1878), French Poets and Novelists (1878), Hawthorne (1879), and several shorter works of fiction. In 1878, Daisy Miller established his fame on both sides of the Atlantic. It drew notice perhaps mostly because it depicted a woman whose behavior is outside the social norms of Europe", ". He also began his first masterpiece, The Portrait of a Lady, which appeared in 1881.", "In 1877, he first visited Wenlock Abbey in Shropshire, home of his friend Charles Milnes Gaskell, whom he had met through Henry Adams. He was much inspired by the darkly romantic abbey and the surrounding countryside, which feature in his essay \"Abbeys and Castles\". In particular, the gloomy monastic fishponds behind the abbey are said to have inspired the lake in The Turn of the Screw.", "While living in London, James continued to follow the careers of the French realists, Émile Zola in particular. Their stylistic methods influenced his own work in the years to come. Hawthorne's influence on him faded during this period, replaced by George Eliot and Ivan Turgenev. The period from 1878 to 1881 had the publication of The Europeans, Washington Square, Confidence and The Portrait of a Lady.", "The period from 1882 to 1883 was marked by several losses. His mother died in January 1882, while James was in Washington, D.C., on an extended visit to America. He returned to his parents' home in Cambridge, where he was together with all four of his siblings for the first time in 15 years. He returned to Europe in mid-1882, but was back in America by the end of the year following the death of his father. Emerson, an old family friend, died in 1882. His brother Wilkie and friend Turgenev both died in 1883", ". His brother Wilkie and friend Turgenev both died in 1883.", "Middle years, 1884–1897", "In 1884, James made another visit to Paris, where he met again with Zola, Daudet, and Goncourt. He had been following the careers of the French \"realist\" or \"naturalist\" writers, and was increasingly influenced by them. In 1886, he published The Bostonians and The Princess Casamassima, both influenced by the French writers that he had studied assiduously. Critical reaction and sales were poor", ". Critical reaction and sales were poor. He wrote to Howells that the books had hurt his career rather than helped because they had \"reduced the desire, and demand, for my productions to zero.” During this time, he became friends with Robert Louis Stevenson, John Singer Sargent, Edmund Gosse, George du Maurier, Paul Bourget, and Constance Fenimore Woolson. His third novel from the 1880s was The Tragic Muse", ". His third novel from the 1880s was The Tragic Muse. Although he was following the precepts of Zola in his novels of the '80s, their tone and attitude are closer to the fiction of Alphonse Daudet. The lack of critical and financial success for his novels during this period led him to try writing for the theatre; His dramatic works and his experiences with theatre are discussed below.", "In the last quarter of 1889, \"for pure and copious lucre,\" he started translating Port Tarascon, the third volume of Daudet's adventures of Tartarin de Tarascon. Serialized in Harper's Monthly from June 1890, this translation – praised as \"clever\" by The Spectator – was published in January 1891 by Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.", "After the stage failure of Guy Domville in 1895, James was near despair and thoughts of death plagued him. His depression was compounded by the deaths of those closest to him, including his sister Alice in 1892; his friend Wolcott Balestier in 1891; and Stevenson and Fenimore Woolson in 1894. The sudden death of Fenimore Woolson in January 1894, and the speculations of suicide surrounding her death, were particularly painful for him", ". Leon Edel wrote that the reverberations from Fenimore Woolson's death were such that \"we can read a strong element of guilt and bewilderment in his letters, and, even more, in those extraordinary tales of the next half-dozen years, \"The Altar of the Dead\" and \"The Beast in the Jungle\".", "The years spent on dramatic works were not entirely a loss. As he moved into the last phase of his career, he found ways to adapt dramatic techniques into the novel form. In the late 1880s and throughout the 1890s, James made several trips through Europe. He spent a long stay in Italy in 1887. In that year, he published the short novel The Aspern Papers and The Reverberator.\n\nLate years, 1898–1916", "Late years, 1898–1916\n\nIn 1897–1898, he moved to Rye, Sussex and wrote The Turn of the Screw; 1899–1900 had the publication of The Awkward Age and The Sacred Fount. During 1902–1904, he wrote The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors, and The Golden Bowl.", "In 1904, he revisited America and lectured on Balzac. In 1906–1910, he published The American Scene and edited the \"New York Edition\", a 24-volume collection of his works. In 1910, his brother William died; Henry had just joined William from an unsuccessful search for relief in Europe, on what turned out to be Henry's last visit to the United States (summer 1910 to July 1911) and was near him when he died.", "In 1913, he wrote his autobiographies, A Small Boy and Others, and Notes of a Son and Brother. After the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, he did war work. In 1915, he became a British citizen and was awarded the Order of Merit the following year. He died on 28 February 1916, in Chelsea, London, and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium. A memorial was built to him in Chelsea Old Church. He had requested that his ashes be buried in Cambridge Cemetery in Massachusetts", ". He had requested that his ashes be buried in Cambridge Cemetery in Massachusetts. This was not legally possible, but William's wife smuggled his ashes onboard a ship and sneaked them through customs, allowing her to bury him in their family plot.", "Sexuality", "James regularly rejected suggestions that he should marry, and after settling in London, proclaimed himself \"a bachelor\". F. W. Dupee, in several volumes on the James family, originated the theory that he had been in love with his cousin, Mary (\"Minnie\") Temple, but that a neurotic fear of sex kept him from admitting such affections: \"James's invalidism ... was itself the symptom of some fear of or scruple against sexual love on his part", "... was itself the symptom of some fear of or scruple against sexual love on his part.\" Dupee used an episode from James's memoir, A Small Boy and Others, recounting a dream of a Napoleonic image in the Louvre, to exemplify James's romanticism about Europe, a Napoleonic fantasy into which he fled.", "Between 1953 and 1972, Leon Edel wrote a major five-volume biography of James, which used unpublished letters and documents after Edel gained the permission of James's family. Edel's portrayal of James included the suggestion he was celibate, a view first propounded by critic Saul Rosenzweig in 1943. In 1996, Sheldon M. Novick published Henry James: The Young Master, followed by Henry James: The Mature Master (2007)", ". Novick published Henry James: The Young Master, followed by Henry James: The Mature Master (2007). The first book \"caused something of an uproar in Jamesian circles\" as it challenged the previous received notion of celibacy, a once-familiar paradigm in biographies of homosexuals when direct evidence was nonexistent. Novick also criticized Edel for following the discounted Freudian interpretation of homosexuality \"as a kind of failure", ".\" The difference of opinion erupted in a series of exchanges between Edel (and later Fred Kaplan filling in for Edel) and Novick, which were published by the online magazine Slate, with Novick arguing that even the suggestion of celibacy went against James's own injunction \"live!\"—not \"fantasize!\"", "A letter James wrote in old age to Hugh Walpole has been cited as an explicit statement of this. Walpole confessed to him of indulging in \"high jinks\", and James wrote a reply endorsing it: \"We must know, as much as possible, in our beautiful art, yours & mine, what we are talking about—& the only way to know it is to have lived & loved & cursed & floundered & enjoyed & suffered—I don't think I regret a single ‘excess’ of my responsive youth\".", "The interpretation of James as living a less austere emotional life has been subsequently explored by other scholars. The often intense politics of Jamesian scholarship has also been the subject of studies. Author Colm Tóibín has said that Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's Epistemology of the Closet made a landmark difference to Jamesian scholarship by arguing that he be read as a homosexual writer whose desire to keep his sexuality a secret shaped his layered style and dramatic artistry", ". According to Tóibín, such a reading \"removed James from the realm of dead white males who wrote about posh people. He became our contemporary.\"", "James's letters to expatriate American sculptor Hendrik Christian Andersen have attracted particular attention. James met the 27-year-old Andersen in Rome in 1899, when James was 56, and wrote letters to Andersen that are intensely emotional: \"I hold you, dearest boy, in my innermost love, & count on your feeling me—in every throb of your soul\". In a letter of 6 May 1904, to his brother William, James referred to himself as \"always your hopelessly celibate even though sexagenarian Henry\"", ". How accurate that description might have been is the subject of contention among James's biographers, but the letters to Andersen were occasionally quasierotic: \"I put, my dear boy, my arm around you, & feel the pulsation, thereby, as it were, of our excellent future & your admirable endowment.\"", "His numerous letters to the many young homosexual men among his close male friends are more forthcoming. To his homosexual friend Howard Sturgis, James could write: \"I repeat, almost to indiscretion, that I could live with you. Meanwhile, I can only try to live without you.\" In another letter Sturgis, following a long visit, James refers jocularly to their \"happy little congress of two\"", ". In letters to Hugh Walpole, he pursues convoluted jokes and puns about their relationship, referring to himself as an elephant who \"paws you oh so benevolently\" and winds about Walpole his \"well-meaning old trunk\". His letters to Walter Berry printed by the Black Sun Press have long been celebrated for their lightly veiled eroticism.", "However, James corresponded in equally extravagant language with his many female friends, writing, for example, to fellow novelist Lucy Clifford: \"Dearest Lucy! What shall I say? when I love you so very, very much, and see you nine times for once that I see Others! Therefore I think that—if you want it made clear to the meanest intelligence—I love you more than I love Others.\" To his New York friend Mary Cadwalader Rawle Jones: \"Dearest Mary Cadwalader", ".\" To his New York friend Mary Cadwalader Rawle Jones: \"Dearest Mary Cadwalader. I yearn over you, but I yearn in vain; & your long silence really breaks my heart, mystifies, depresses, almost alarms me, to the point even of making me wonder if poor unconscious & doting old Célimare [Jones's pet name for James] has 'done' anything, in some dark somnambulism of the spirit, which has ... given you a bad moment, or a wrong impression, or a 'colourable pretext' ..", "... given you a bad moment, or a wrong impression, or a 'colourable pretext' ... However these things may be, he loves you as tenderly as ever; nothing, to the end of time, will ever detach him from you, & he remembers those Eleventh St. matutinal intimes hours, those telephonic matinées, as the most romantic of his life ..", ". matutinal intimes hours, those telephonic matinées, as the most romantic of his life ...\" His long friendship with American novelist Constance Fenimore Woolson, in whose house he lived for a number of weeks in Italy in 1887, and his shock and grief over her suicide in 1894, are discussed in detail in Edel's biography and play a central role in a study by Lyndall Gordon", ". Edel conjectured that Woolson was in love with James and killed herself in part because of his coldness, but Woolson's biographers have objected to Edel's account.", "Works", "Style and themes", "James is one of the major figures of trans-Atlantic literature. His works frequently juxtapose characters from the Old World (Europe), embodying a feudal civilisation that is beautiful, often corrupt, and alluring, and from the New World (United States), where people are often brash, open, and assertive, and embody the virtues of the new American society—particularly personal freedom and a more exacting moral character", ". James explores this clash of personalities and cultures, in stories of personal relationships in which power is exercised well or badly.", "His protagonists were often young American women facing oppression or abuse, and as his secretary Theodora Bosanquet remarked in her monograph Henry James at Work:", "Philip Guedalla jokingly described three phases in the development of James's prose: \"James I, James II, and The Old Pretender,\" and observers do often group his works of fiction into three periods. In his apprentice years, culminating with the masterwork The Portrait of a Lady, his style was simple and direct (by the standards of Victorian magazine writing) and he experimented widely with forms and methods, generally narrating from a conventionally omniscient point of view", ". Plots generally concern romance, except for the three big novels of social commentary that conclude this period. In the second period, as noted above, he abandoned the serialized novel and from 1890 to about 1897, he wrote short stories and plays. Finally, in his third and last period he returned to the long, serialised novel. Beginning in the second period, but most noticeably in the third; he increasingly abandoned direct statement in favour of frequent double negatives, and complex descriptive imagery", ". Single paragraphs began to run for page after page, in which an initial noun would be succeeded by pronouns surrounded by clouds of adjectives and prepositional clauses, far from their original referents, and verbs would be deferred and then preceded by a series of adverbs. The overall effect could be a vivid evocation of a scene as perceived by a sensitive observer", ". The overall effect could be a vivid evocation of a scene as perceived by a sensitive observer. It has been debated whether this change of style was engendered by James's shifting from writing to dictating to a typist, a change made during the composition of What Maisie Knew.<ref>Edel, Leon, ed. (1984). Henry James: Letters, Vol. IV, 1895–1916] , p. 4. Harvard University Press. Retrieved 17 February 2014.</ref>", "In its intense focus on the consciousness of his major characters, James's later work foreshadows extensive developments in 20th-century fiction. Indeed, he might have influenced stream-of-consciousness writers such as Virginia Woolf, who not only read some of his novels but also wrote essays about them", ". Both contemporary and modern readers have found the late style difficult and unnecessary; his friend Edith Wharton, who admired him greatly, said that some passages in his work were all but incomprehensible. James was harshly portrayed by H. G. Wells as a hippopotamus laboriously attempting to pick up a pea that had got into a corner of its cage. The \"late James\" style was ably parodied by Max Beerbohm in \"The Mote in the Middle Distance\".", "More important for his work overall may have been his position as an expatriate, and in other ways an outsider, living in Europe. While he came from middle-class and provincial beginnings (seen from the perspective of European polite society), he worked very hard to gain access to all levels of society, and the settings of his fiction range from working-class to aristocratic, and often describe the efforts of middle-class Americans to make their way in European capitals", ". He confessed he got some of his best story ideas from gossip at the dinner table or at country house weekends. He worked for a living, however, and lacked the experiences of select schools, university, and army service, the common bonds of masculine society", ". He was furthermore a man whose tastes and interests were, according to the prevailing standards of Victorian era Anglo-American culture, rather feminine, and who was shadowed by the cloud of prejudice that then and later accompanied suspicions of his homosexuality. Edmund Wilson compared James's objectivity to Shakespeare's:", "Many of James's stories may also be seen as psychological thought experiments about selection. In his preface to the New York edition of The American, James describes the development of the story in his mind as exactly such: the \"situation\" of an American, \"some robust but insidiously beguiled and betrayed, some cruelly wronged, compatriot...\" with the focus of the story being on the response of this wronged man", "...\" with the focus of the story being on the response of this wronged man. The Portrait of a Lady may be an experiment to see what happens when an idealistic young woman suddenly becomes very rich", ". In many of his tales, characters seem to exemplify alternative futures and possibilities, as most markedly in \"The Jolly Corner\", in which the protagonist and a ghost-doppelganger live alternative American and European lives; and in others, like The Ambassadors, an older James seems fondly to regard his own younger self facing a crucial moment.", "Major novels", "The first period of James's fiction, usually considered to have culminated in The Portrait of a Lady, concentrated on the contrast between Europe and America. The style of these novels is generally straightforward and, though personally characteristic, well within the norms of 19th-century fiction. Roderick Hudson (1875) is a Künstlerroman that traces the development of the title character, an extremely talented sculptor", ". Although the book shows some signs of immaturity—this was James's first serious attempt at a full-length novel—it has attracted favourable comment due to the vivid realisation of the three major characters: Roderick Hudson, superbly gifted but unstable and unreliable; Rowland Mallet, Roderick's limited but much more mature friend and patron; and Christina Light, one of James's most enchanting and maddening femmes fatales", ". The pair of Hudson and Mallet has been seen as representing the two sides of James's own nature: the wildly imaginative artist and the brooding conscientious mentor.", "In The Portrait of a Lady (1881), James concluded the first phase of his career with a novel that remains his most popular piece of long fiction. The story is of a spirited young American woman, Isabel Archer, who \"affronts her destiny\" and finds it overwhelming. She inherits a large amount of money and subsequently becomes the victim of Machiavellian scheming by two American expatriates. The narrative is set mainly in Europe, especially in England and Italy", ". The narrative is set mainly in Europe, especially in England and Italy. Generally regarded as the masterpiece of his early phase, The Portrait of a Lady is described as a psychological novel, exploring the minds of his characters, and almost a work of social science, exploring the differences between Europeans and Americans, the old and the new worlds.", "The second period of James's career, which extends from the publication of The Portrait of a Lady through the end of the 19th century, features less popular novels, including The Princess Casamassima, published serially in The Atlantic Monthly in 1885–1886, and The Bostonians, published serially in The Century during the same period. This period also featured James's celebrated Gothic novella, The Turn of the Screw (1898).", "The third period of James's career reached its most significant achievement in three novels published just around the start of the 20th century: The Wings of the Dove (1902), The Ambassadors (1903), and The Golden Bowl (1904). Critic F. O. Matthiessen called this \"trilogy\" James's major phase, and these novels have certainly received intense critical study. The second-written of the books, The Wings of the Dove, was the first published because it was not serialized", ". This novel tells the story of Milly Theale, an American heiress stricken with a serious disease, and her impact on the people around her. Some of these people befriend Milly with honourable motives, while others are more self-interested. James stated in his autobiographical books that Milly was based on Minny Temple, his beloved cousin, who died at an early age of tuberculosis. He said that he attempted in the novel to wrap her memory in the \"beauty and dignity of art\".", "Shorter narratives", "James was particularly interested in what he called the \"beautiful and blest nouvelle\", or the longer form of short narrative. Still, he produced a number of very short stories in which he achieved notable compression of sometimes complex subjects. The following narratives are representative of James's achievement in the shorter forms of fiction.\n \"A Tragedy of Error\" (1864), short story\n \"The Story of a Year\" (1865), short story\n A Passionate Pilgrim (1871), novella\n Madame de Mauves (1874), novella", "A Passionate Pilgrim (1871), novella\n Madame de Mauves (1874), novella\n Daisy Miller (1878), novella\n The Aspern Papers (1888), novella\n The Lesson of the Master (1888), novella\n The Pupil (1891), short story\n \"The Figure in the Carpet\" (1896), short story\n The Beast in the Jungle (1903), novella\n An International Episode (1878) Picture and Text Four Meetings (1885)\n A London Life, and Other Tales (1889)\n The Spoils of Poynton (1896)\n Embarrassments (1896)", "A London Life, and Other Tales (1889)\n The Spoils of Poynton (1896)\n Embarrassments (1896)\n The Two Magics: The Turn of the Screw, Covering End (1898)\n In the Cage (1898), novella\n A Little Tour of France (1900)\n The Sacred Fount (1901)\n The Birthplace (1903)\n Views and Reviews (1908)\n The Finer Grain (1910)\n The Outcry (1911)\n Lady Barbarina: The Siege of London, An International Episode and Other Tales (1922)", "Plays", "At several points in his career, James wrote plays, beginning with one-act plays written for periodicals in 1869 and 1871 and a dramatisation of his popular novella Daisy Miller in 1882. From 1890 to 1892, having received a bequest that freed him from magazine publication, he made a strenuous effort to succeed on the London stage, writing a half-dozen plays, of which only one, a dramatisation of his novel The American, was produced", ". This play was performed for several years by a touring repertory company, and had a respectable run in London, but did not earn very much money for James. His other plays written at this time were not produced.", "In 1893, however, he responded to a request from actor-manager George Alexander for a serious play for the opening of his renovated St. James's Theatre, and wrote a long drama, Guy Domville, which Alexander produced. A noisy uproar arose on the opening night, 5 January 1895, with hissing from the gallery when James took his bow after the final curtain, and the author was upset", ". The play received moderately good reviews and had a modest run of four weeks before being taken off to make way for Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest, which Alexander thought would have better prospects for the coming season.", "After the stresses and disappointment of these efforts, James insisted that he would write no more for the theatre, but within weeks had agreed to write a curtain-raiser for Ellen Terry. This became the one-act \"Summersoft\", which he later rewrote into a short story, \"Covering End\", and then expanded into a full-length play, The High Bid, which had a brief run in London in 1907, when James made another concerted effort to write for the stage", ". He wrote three new plays, two of which were in production when the death of Edward VII on 6 May 1910 plunged London into mourning and theatres closed. Discouraged by failing health and the stresses of theatrical work, James did not renew his efforts in the theatre, but recycled his plays as successful novels. The Outcry was a best-seller in the United States when it was published in 1911", ". The Outcry was a best-seller in the United States when it was published in 1911. During 1890–1893, when he was most engaged with the theatre, James wrote a good deal of theatrical criticism, and assisted Elizabeth Robins and others in translating and producing Henrik Ibsen for the first time in London.", "Leon Edel argued in his psychoanalytic biography that James was traumatised by the opening-night uproar that greeted Guy Domville, and that it plunged him into a prolonged depression. The successful later novels, in Edel's view, were the result of a kind of self-analysis, expressed in fiction, which partly freed him from his fears. Other biographers and scholars have not accepted this account, with the more common view being that of F.O", ".O. Matthiessen, who wrote: \"Instead of being crushed by the collapse of his hopes [for the theatre]... he felt a resurgence of new energy.\"Bradley (1999) p. 21, n", "Nonfiction", "Beyond his fiction, James was one of the more important literary critics in the history of the novel. In his classic essay The Art of Fiction (1884), he argued against rigid prescriptions on the novelist's choice of subject and method of treatment. He maintained that the widest possible freedom in content and approach would help ensure narrative fiction's continued vitality", ". James wrote many critical articles on other novelists; typical is his book-length study of Nathaniel Hawthorne, which has been the subject of critical debate. Richard Brodhead has suggested that the study was emblematic of James's struggle with Hawthorne's influence, and constituted an effort to place the elder writer \"at a disadvantage", ".\" Gordon Fraser, meanwhile, has suggested that the study was part of a more commercial effort by James to introduce himself to British readers as Hawthorne's natural successor.", "When James assembled the New York Edition of his fiction in his final years, he wrote a series of prefaces that subjected his own work to searching, occasionally harsh criticism.\n\nAt 22, James wrote The Noble School of Fiction for The Nations first issue in 1865. He wrote, in all, over 200 essays and book, art, and theatre reviews for the magazine.", "For most of his life, James harboured ambitions for success as a playwright. He converted his novel The American into a play that enjoyed modest returns in the early 1890s. In all, he wrote about a dozen plays, most of which went unproduced. His costume drama Guy Domville failed disastrously on its opening night in 1895. James then largely abandoned his efforts to conquer the stage and returned to his fiction", ". James then largely abandoned his efforts to conquer the stage and returned to his fiction. In his Notebooks, he maintained that his theatrical experiment benefited his novels and tales by helping him dramatise his characters' thoughts and emotions. James produced a small amount of theatrical criticism, including appreciations of Henrik Ibsen.", "With his wide-ranging artistic interests, James occasionally wrote on the visual arts. He wrote a favourable assessment of fellow expatriate John Singer Sargent, a painter whose critical status has improved markedly since the mid twentieth century. James also wrote sometimes charming, sometimes brooding articles about various places where he visited and lived. His books of travel writing include Italian Hours (an example of the charming approach) and The American Scene (on the brooding side).", "James was one of the great letter-writers of any era. More than 10,000 of his personal letters are extant, and over 3,000 have been published in a large number of collections. A complete edition of James's letters began publication in 2006, edited by Pierre Walker and Greg Zacharias. , eight volumes have been published, covering from 1855 to 1880", ". , eight volumes have been published, covering from 1855 to 1880. James's correspondents included contemporaries such as Robert Louis Stevenson, Edith Wharton, and Joseph Conrad, along with many others in his wide circle of friends and acquaintances. The content of the letters range from trivialities to serious discussions of artistic, social, and personal issues.", "Very late in life, James began a series of autobiographical works: A Small Boy and Others, Notes of a Son and Brother, and the unfinished The Middle Years. These books portray the development of a classic observer who was passionately interested in artistic creation but was somewhat reticent about participating fully in the life around him.\n\nReception\nCriticism, biographies and fictional treatments", "James's work has remained steadily popular with the limited audience of educated readers to whom he spoke during his lifetime, and has remained firmly in the canon, but after his death, some American critics, such as Van Wyck Brooks, expressed hostility towards James for his long expatriation and eventual naturalisation as a British subject. Other critics such as E. M", ". Other critics such as E. M. Forster complained about what they saw as James's squeamishness in the treatment of sex and other possibly controversial material, or dismissed his late style as difficult and obscure, relying heavily on extremely long sentences and excessively latinate language. 'Even in his lifetime,' explains scholar Hazel Hutchinson, 'James had a reputation as a difficult writer for clever readers.' Oscar Wilde criticised him for writing \"fiction as if it were a painful duty\"", ".' Oscar Wilde criticised him for writing \"fiction as if it were a painful duty\". Vernon Parrington, composing a canon of American literature, condemned James for having cut himself off from America. Jorge Luis Borges wrote about him, \"Despite the scruples and delicate complexities of James, his work suffers from a major defect: the absence of life.\" And Virginia Woolf, writing to Lytton Strachey, asked, \"Please tell me what you find in Henry James. ..", ". ... we have his works here, and I read, and I can't find anything but faintly tinged rose water, urbane and sleek, but vulgar and pale as Walter Lamb. Is there really any sense in it?\" Novelist W. Somerset Maugham wrote, \"He did not know the English as an Englishman instinctively knows them and so his English characters never to my mind quite ring true,\" and argued, \"The great novelists, even in seclusion, have lived life passionately. Henry James was content to observe it from a window", ". Henry James was content to observe it from a window.\" Maugham nevertheless wrote, \"The fact remains that those last novels of his, notwithstanding their unreality, make all other novels, except the very best, unreadable.\" Colm Tóibín observed that James \"never really wrote about the English very well. His English characters don't work for me.\"", "Despite these criticisms, James is now valued for his psychological and moral realism, his masterful creation of character, his low-key but playful humour, and his assured command of the language. In his 1983 book, The Novels of Henry James, Edward Wagenknecht offers an assessment that echoes Theodora Bosanquet's:", "William Dean Howells saw James as a representative of a new realist school of literary art, which broke with the English romantic tradition epitomised by the works of Charles Dickens and William Thackeray. Howells wrote that realism found \"its chief exemplar in Mr. James ... A novelist he is not, after the old fashion, or after any fashion but his own.\" F. R", ". James ... A novelist he is not, after the old fashion, or after any fashion but his own.\" F. R. Leavis championed Henry James as a novelist of \"established pre-eminence\" in The Great Tradition (1948), asserting that The Portrait of a Lady and The Bostonians were \"the two most brilliant novels in the language.\" James is now prized as a master of point of view who moved literary fiction forward by insisting in showing, not telling, his stories to the reader.", "Portrayals in fiction", "Henry James has been the subject of a number of novels and stories, including:\n Boon by H. G. Wells\n Author, Author by David Lodge\n Youth by J. M. Coetzee\n The Master by Colm Tóibín\n Hotel de Dream by Edmund White\n Lions at Lamb House by Edwin M. Yoder\n Felony by Emma Tennant\n Dictation by Cynthia Ozick\n The James Boys by Richard Liebmann-Smith\n The Open Door by Elizabeth Maguire\n The Great Divide by Rex Hunter\n The Master at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 1914–1916 by Joyce Carol Oates", "The Master at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 1914–1916 by Joyce Carol Oates\n The Typewriter's Tale by Michael Heyns\n Henry James' Midnight Song by Carol de Chellis Hill\n The Fifth Heart by Dan Simmons\n Earthly Powers by Anthony Burgess\n Empire by Gore Vidal\n The Maze at Windermere by Gregory Blake Smith\n Ringrose the Pirate by Don Nigro", "David Lodge also wrote a long essay about writing about Henry James in his collection The Year of Henry James: The Story of a Novel.\n\nAdaptations", "Henry James stories and novels have been adapted to film, television, and music video over 150 times (some TV shows did upwards of a dozen stories) from 1933 to 2018.\nThe majority of these are in English, but with adaptations in French (13), Spanish (7), Italian (6), German (5), Portuguese (1), Yugoslavian (1), and Swedish (1).\nThose most frequently adapted include:\n The Turn of the Screw (28 times)\n The Aspern Papers (17 times)\n Washington Square (8 times), as The Heiress (6 times), as Victoria (once)", "Washington Square (8 times), as The Heiress (6 times), as Victoria (once)\n The Wings of the Dove (9 times)\n The Beast in the Jungle (5 times)\n The Bostonians (4 times)\n Daisy Miller (4 times)\n The Sense of the Past (4 times)\n The Ambassadors (3 times)\n The Portrait of a Lady (3 times)\n The American (3 times)\n What Maisie Knew (3 times)\n The Golden Bowl (2 times)\n The Ghostly Rental (once)", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nSources", "Harold Bloom (2009) [2001]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iKiWPr8YU9EC&pg=PA12 Henry James. Infobase Publishing, originally published by Chelsea House. .\n Jorge Luis Borges and Esther Zemborain de Torres (1971). An Introduction to American Literature. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.\n Theodora Bosanquet (1982). Henry James At Work. Haskell House Publishers Inc. pp. 275–276. \n John R. Bradley, ed. (1999). Henry James and Homo-Erotic Desire. Palgrave Macmillan.", "John R. Bradley, ed. (1999). Henry James and Homo-Erotic Desire. Palgrave Macmillan. \n John R. Bradley (2000). I Henry James on Stage and Screen Palgrave Macmillan. \n John R. Bradley (2000). Henry James's Permanent Adolescence. Palgrave Macmillan. \n Van Wyck Brooks (1925). The Pilgrimage of Henry James Gabriel Brownstein (2004). \"Introduction,\" in James, Henry. Portrait of a Lady, Barnes & Noble Classics series, Spark Educational Publishing.\n Lewis Dabney, ed. (1983). The Portable Edmund Wilson.", "Lewis Dabney, ed. (1983). The Portable Edmund Wilson. \n Marysa Demoor and Monty Chisholm, editors (1999). Bravest of Women and Finest of Friends: Henry James's Letters to Lucy Clifford, University of Victoria (1999), p. 79 \n F.W. Dupee (1951). Henry James William Sloane Associates, The American Men of Letters Series.\n Leon Edel, ed. (1955). The Selected Letters of Henry James New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Vol. 1\n Leon Edel, ed. (1983). Henry James Letters.", "Leon Edel, ed. (1983). Henry James Letters.\n Leon Edel, ed. (1990). The Complete Plays of Henry James. New York: Oxford University Press. \n E.M. Forster (1956). Aspects of the Novel \n \n \n Katrina vanden Heuvel (1990). The Nation 1865–1990, Thunder's Mouth Press. \n James Kraft (1969). The early tales of Henry James. Southern Illinois University Press.\n Paul Lauter (2010). A companion to American literature and culture. Chichester; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 364.", "Percy Lubbock, ed. (1920). The Letters of Henry James, vol. 1. New York: Scribner.\n F. O. Matthiessen and Kenneth Murdock, editors (1981) The Notebooks of Henry James. University of Chicago Press. \n \n Sheldon M. Novick (2007). Henry James: The Mature Master. Random House. .\n Ross Posnock (1987). \"James, Browning, and the Theatrical Self,\" in Neuman, Mark and Payne, Michael. Self, sign, and symbol. Bucknell University Press.", "and Elizabeth Berkeley, editors (1994). The Correspondence of William James: Volume 3, William and Henry. 1897–1910. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.\n Allan Wade, ed. (1948). Henry James: The Scenic Art, Notes on Acting and the Drama 1872–1901.\n Edward Wagenknecht (1983). The Novels of Henry James.\n Edith Wharton (1925) The Writing of Fiction.\n Virginia Woolf (2003). A Writer's Diary: Being Extracts from the Diary of Virginia Woolf. Harcourt. pp. 33, 39–40, 58, 86, 215, 301, 351. .", "H.G. Wells, Boon. (1915) The Mind of the Race, The Wild Asses of the Devil, and The Last Trump. London: T. Fisher Unwin p. 101.\n Rosella Mamoli Zorzi, ed. (2004). Beloved Boy: Letters to Hendrik C. Andersen, 1899–1915. University of Virginia Press.", "Further reading\n\nGeneral\n A Bibliography of Henry James: Third Edition by Leon Edel, Dan Laurence and James Rambeau (1982). \n A Henry James Encyclopedia by Robert L. Gale (1989). \n A Henry James Chronology by Edgar F. Harden (2005). \n The Daily Henry James: A Year of Quotes from the Work of the Master. Edited by Michael Gorra (2016). \n Henry James A Bibliographical Catalogue of Editions to 1921, 2nd Edition Revised, By David J. Supino, Liverpool U. Press 2014", "Autobiography\n A Small Boy and Others: A Critical Edition edited by Peter Collister (2011). \n Notes of a Son and Brother and The Middle Years: A Critical Edition edited by Peter Collister (2011) \n Autobiographies edited by Philip Horne (2016). Contains A Small Boy and Others, Notes of a Son and Brother, The Middle Years, other autobiographical writings, and Henry James at Work, by Theodora Bosanquet.", "Bibliography\n An Annotated Critical Bibliography of Henry James by Nicola Bradbury (Harvester Press, 1987).", "Biography\n Henry James: The Untried Years 1843–1870 by Leon Edel (1953)\n Henry James: The Conquest of London 1870–1881 by Leon Edel (1962) \n Henry James: The Middle Years 1882–1895 by Leon Edel (1962) \n Henry James: The Treacherous Years 1895–1901 by Leon Edel (1969) \n Henry James: The Master 1901–1916 by Leon Edel (1972) \n Henry James: A Life by Leon Edel (1985) . One-volume abridgment of Edel's five-volume biography, listed above.\n Henry James: The Young Master by Sheldon M. Novick (1996)", "Henry James: The Young Master by Sheldon M. Novick (1996) \n Henry James: The Mature Master by Sheldon M. Novick (2007) \n Henry James: The Imagination of Genius by Fred Kaplan (1992) \n A Private Life of Henry James: Two Women and His Art by Lyndall Gordon (1998) . Revised edition titled Henry James: His Women and His Art (2012) .\n The Three Jameses: A Family of Minds: Henry James. Sr., William James, Henry James by Clinton Hartley Grattan (1932)", "The James Family: A Group Biography by F. O. Matthiessen (1947) (0394742435) \n The Jameses: A Family Narrative by R. W. B. Lewis (1991) \n House of Wits: An Intimate Portrait of the James Family by Paul Fisher (2008)", "Letters\n Theatre and Friendship by Elizabeth Robins. London: Jonathan Cape, 1932.\n Henry James: Letters edited by Leon Edel (four vols. 1974–1984)\n Henry James: A Life in Letters edited by Philip Horne (1999) \n The Complete Letters of Henry James,1855–1872 edited by Pierre A. Walker and Greg Zacharias (two vols., University of Nebraska Press, 2006)\n The Complete Letters of Henry James, 1872–1876 edited by Pierre A. Walker and Greg W. Zacharias (three vols., University of Nebraska Press, 2008)", "Editions\n Complete Stories 1864–1874 (Jean Strouse, ed, Library of America, 1999) \n Complete Stories 1874–1884 (William Vance, ed, Library of America, 1999) \n Complete Stories 1884–1891 (Edward Said, ed, Library of America, 1999) \n Complete Stories 1892–1898 (John Hollander, David Bromwich, Denis Donoghue, eds, Library of America, 1996) \n Complete Stories 1898–1910 (John Hollander, David Bromwich, Denis Donoghue, eds, Library of America, 1996)", "Novels 1871–1880: Watch and Ward, Roderick Hudson, The American, The Europeans, Confidence (William T. Stafford, ed., Library of America, 1983) \n Novels 1881–1886: Washington Square, The Portrait of a Lady, The Bostonians (William T. Stafford, ed, Library of America, 1985) \n Novels 1886–1890: The Princess Casamassima, The Reverberator, The Tragic Muse (Daniel Mark Fogel, ed, Library of America, 1989)", "Novels 1896–1899: The Other House, The Spoils of Poynton, What Maisie Knew, The Awkward Age (Myra Jehlen, ed, Library of America, 2003) \n Novels 1901–1902: The Sacred Fount, The Wings of the Dove (Leo Bersani, ed, Library of America, 2006) \n Collected Travel Writings, Great Britain and America: English Hours; The American Scene; Other Travels edited by Richard Howard (Library of America, 1993)", "Collected Travel Writings, The Continent: A Little Tour in France, Italian Hours, Other Travels edited by Richard Howard (Library of America, 1993) \n Literary Criticism Volume One: Essays on Literature, American Writers, English Writers edited by Leon Edel and Mark Wilson (Library of America, 1984) \n Literary Criticism Volume Two: French Writers, Other European Writers, The Prefaces to the New York Edition edited by Leon Edel and Mark Wilson (Library of America, 1984)", "The Complete Notebooks of Henry James edited by Leon Edel and Lyall Powers (1987) \n The Complete Plays of Henry James edited by Leon Edel (1991) \n Henry James: Autobiography edited by F.W. Dupee (1956)\n The American: an Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism edited by James Tuttleton (1978) \n The Ambassadors: An Authoritative Text, The Author on the Novel, Criticism edited by S.P. Rosenbaum (1994)", "The Turn of the Screw: Authoritative Text, Contexts, Criticism edited by Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren (1999) \n The Portrait of a Lady: An Authoritative Text, Henry James and the Novel, Reviews and Criticism edited by Robert Bamberg (2003) \n The Wings of the Dove: Authoritative Text, The Author and the Novel, Criticism edited by J. Donald Crowley and Richard Hocks (2003)", "Tales of Henry James: The Texts of the Tales, the Author on His Craft, Criticism edited by Christof Wegelin and Henry Wonham (2003) \n The Portable Henry James, New Edition edited by John Auchard (2004) \n Henry James on Culture: Collected Essays on Politics and the American Social Scene edited by Pierre Walker (1999)", "Criticism\n The Novels of Henry James by Oscar Cargill (1961)\n Henry James: the later novels by Nicola Bradbury (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979)\n The Tales of Henry James by Edward Wagenknecht (1984) \n Modern Critical Views: Henry James edited by Harold Bloom (1987) \n Henry James. The Contingencies of Style by Mary Cross (1993) \n A Companion to Henry James Studies edited by Daniel Mark Fogel (1993)", "A Companion to Henry James Studies edited by Daniel Mark Fogel (1993) \n Henry James's Europe: Heritage and Transfer edited by Dennis Tredy, Annick Duperray and Adrian Harding (2011) \n Echec et écriture. Essai sur les nouvelles de Henry James by Annick Duperray (1992)\n Henry James: A Collection of Critical Essays edited by Ruth Yeazell (1994) \n The Cambridge Companion to Henry James edited by Jonathan Freedman (1998) \n The Novel Art: Elevations of American Fiction after Henry James by Mark McGurl (2001)", "The Novel Art: Elevations of American Fiction after Henry James by Mark McGurl (2001) \n Henry James and the Visual by Kendall Johnson (2007) \n False Positions: The Representational Logics of Henry James's Fiction. by Julie Rivkin. (1996) \n 'Henry James's Critique of the Beautiful Life,' by R.R. Reno in Azure, Spring 2010, \n Approaches to Teaching Henry James's Daisy Miller and The Turn of the Screw edited by Kimberly C. Reed and Peter G. Beidler (2005)", "Henry James and Modern Moral Life by Robert B. Pippin (1999) \n \"Friction with the Market\": Henry James and the Profession of Authorship by Michael Anesko (1986)", "External links\n\n Henry James Collection at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library\n Henry James Collection at the Harry Ransom Center\n Henry James Letters at Columbia University\n The Henry James Scholar's Guide to Web Sites \n The Ladder – a Henry James Web Site (archived)\n\nElectronic editions\n \n \n \n \n \n \n The Henry James Collection From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress", "1843 births\n1916 deaths\n19th-century American novelists\n20th-century American novelists\n20th-century English novelists\nAmerican male novelists\nAmerican people of Irish descent\nAmerican people of Scottish descent\nAmerican psychological fiction writers\nGhost story writers\nMembers of the Order of Merit\nNaturalised citizens of the United Kingdom\nWriters from Greenwich Village\nThe Nation (U.S. magazine) people\nVictorian novelists\nWriters of Gothic fiction\nWeird fiction writers\nPeople from Rye, East Sussex", "Victorian novelists\nWriters of Gothic fiction\nWeird fiction writers\nPeople from Rye, East Sussex\n20th-century American male writers\nMembers of the American Academy of Arts and Letters" ]

[ "The House on Mango Street is a 1984 novel by Mexican-American author Sandra Cisneros. Structured as a series of vignettes, it tells the story of Esperanza Cordero, a 12-year-old Chicana girl growing up in the Hispanic quarter of Chicago. Based in part on Cisneros's own experience, the novel follows Esperanza over the span of one year in her life, as she enters adolescence and begins to face the realities of life as a young woman in a poor and patriarchal community", ". Elements of the Mexican-American culture and themes of social class, race, sexuality, identity, and gender are interwoven throughout the novel.", "The House on Mango Street is considered a modern classic of Chicano literature and has been the subject of numerous academic publications in Chicano studies and feminist theory. The book has sold more than 6 million copies, has been translated into over 20 languages and is required reading in many schools and universities across the United States.", "It was on The New York Times Best Seller list and is the recipient of several major literary awards, including the American Book Award from the Before Columbus Foundation. It was adapted into a stage play by Tanya Saracho, which was staged in Chicago in 2009.", "Because the novel deals with sensitive subject matters, such as domestic violence, puberty, sexual harassment, and racism, it has faced challenges and threats of censorship. In spite of this, it remains an influential coming-of-age novel and is a staple piece of literature for many young adults.", "Background", "Cisneros has discussed the relationship between her own personal experiences and Esperanza's life as depicted in The House on Mango Street. Like her protagonist, Esperanza, Cisneros is Mexican-American and was born and raised in a Hispanic neighborhood in Chicago. Yet there are differences; for instance, where Esperanza has two brothers and a sister, Cisneros was \"the only daughter in a family of seven children\"", ". Earlier, Cisneros suggested that as the only girl in a family of boys, she often felt isolated. Cisneros attributes \"her impulse to create stories\" to \"the loneliness of those formative years\".", "While completing an MFA in creative writing at the Iowa Writers Workshop, Cisneros first discovered a sense of her own ethnic \"otherness\", and at this time she felt marginalized \"as a person of color, as a woman, as a person from working-class background\". In an interview, Cisneros stated that during her graduate studies, when she began writing The House on Mango Street, she found the academic atmosphere highly discouraging", ". She remembered finding her classmates' backgrounds very different than her own and realized she had little in common with them: \"I was so angry, so intimidated by my classmates that I wanted to quit. But ... I found a way to write … in reaction to being there I started to have some Mango Street almost as a way of claiming this is who I am. It became my flag\". Cisneros created Esperanza from these personal feelings of displacement.", "Synopsis", "The House on Mango Street covers the formative years of Esperanza Cordero, a young Chicana girl living in an impoverished Chicago neighborhood with her parents and three siblings. Before settling into their new home, a small and run-down building with crumbling red bricks, the family moved frequently, always dreaming of having a house of their own", ". When they finally arrive at the house on Mango Street, it is not the promised land of their dreams, but Esperanza's parents claim that that Mango Street is only a temporary stop before they reach the promised house. While a significant improvement from her family's previous dwellings, Esperanza expresses disdain towards her new home because it is not a \"real\" house like the ones she has seen on TV", ". Pining for a white, wooden house with a big yard and many trees, Esperanza finds her life on Mango Street suffocating and yearns to escape. She begins to write poetry to express these feelings. Esperanza begins the novel with detailed descriptions of the minute behaviors and characteristics of her family members and unusual neighbors, providing a picture of the neighborhood and examples of the many influential people surrounding her", ". She describes time spent with her younger sister, Nenny, and two older girls she befriends in the neighborhood; Alicia, a promising young college student with a dead mother, and Marin, who spends her days babysitting her younger cousins. Esperanza highlights significant or telling moments both in her own life and those in her community, mostly explaining the hardships they face, such as her neighbor being arrested for stealing a car or the death of her Aunt Lupe.", "As the vignettes progress, Esperanza matures and develops her own perspective of the world around her. Esperanza eventually enters puberty and changes sexually, physically, and emotionally, beginning to notice and enjoy male attention. She befriends Sally, an attractive girl who wears heavy makeup and provocative clothing, and is physically abused and forbidden from leaving her home by her strongly religious father", ". Sally's and Esperanza's friendship is compromised when Sally ditches Esperanza for a boy at a carnival, leaving Esperanza to be sexually assaulted by a group of men. She recounts other instances of assault she has faced, like an older man forcibly kissing her at her first job. Esperanza's traumatic experiences and observations of the women in her neighborhood, many of whom are controlled by the men in their lives, only further cement her desire to leave Mango Street", ". It is only when Esperanza meets Rachel and Lucy's aunts, who tell her fortune, that she realizes her experiences on Mango Street have shaped her identity and will remain with her even if she leaves. As the novel ends, Esperanza vows that after she leaves, she will return to help the people she has left behind.", "Structure\nThe novel is composed of forty-four interconnected vignettes, of varying lengths, ranging from one or two paragraphs to several pages. The protagonist, Esperanza, narrates these vignettes in first-person present tense.", "In the afterword for the 25th-anniversary publication of The House on Mango Street, Cisneros commented on the style she developed for writing it: \"She experiments, creating a text that is as succinct and flexible as poetry, snapping sentences into fragments so that the reader pauses, making each sentence serve her and not the other way round, abandoning quotation marks to streamline the typography and make the page as simple and readable as possible", ".\" Cisneros wanted the text to be easily read by people like those she remembered from her youth, particularly people who spent all day working with little time to devote to reading. In her words: \"I wanted something that was accessible to ... someone who comes home with their feet hurting like my father.\"", "In 2009, Cisneros wrote a new introduction to the novel. Here she includes a few remarks on the process of writing the book. She had first come up with a title \"The House on Mango Street\"; under it she included several stories, poems, vignettes, that she had already written or was in the process of writing. She adds that she does not consider the book a novel but as a \"jar of buttons,\" a group of mismatched stories", ". These stories were written over different periods of time, the first three were written in Iowa as a side project, for at the time Cisneros was studying for a MFA. When orchestrating this book, Cisneros wanted it to be \"a book that can be opened at any page and will still make sense to the reader who doesn't know what came before or comes after.\" She says the people she wrote about were real, amalgamations of persons she met over the years", ".\" She says the people she wrote about were real, amalgamations of persons she met over the years. She tailored together events of the past and the present so that the story being told could have a beginning a middle and an end, and that all the emotions felt are hers.", "Characters", "Esperanza Cordero – The House on Mango Street is written through the eyes of Esperanza Cordero, who is an adolescent girl living in a working-class Latino neighbourhood in Chicago. Esperanza is intrigued by the idea of being a Mexican American woman in Chicago, which reflects the author herself just 15 years prior to publishing this book. We follow this young woman coming into her sexual maturity and observe her undying struggle to make new possibilities for herself", ". The reader also encounters Esperanza living between two cultures, the Mexican one which she encounters through her parents and the American culture in which she finds herself living. Throughout the book, we see Esperanza reject her Chicana community as a means to forge and establish her own identity.", "As her name suggests, Esperanza is a \"figure of hope, a 'fierce woman' on a complex pursuit for personal and community transformation.\". Esperanza uses her house in Chicago, to question her society and the cultural customs that weigh on her due to her identity as a young Chicana woman. She observes the women of her community to find a role model of her own, and she looks at both their negative and positive aspects and uses what she has learnt from her observations to form an identity for herself.", "Magdalena \"Nenny\" Cordero – She is Esperanza's youngest sister, the protagonist mentions that they are both very different from one another. She is described as having slippery hair.", "Rachel and Lucy Guerrero – They are sisters, around the same age as Esperanza and Nenny, from Texas but now living on Mango street. They buy an old bike together and share it between them. They are described as having “fat popsicle lips” like the rest of their family. They all share a moment in the book where they are trying out high heels together. Until a man tries to convince Rachel to give him a kiss, that is when they give up “being beautiful.”", "Sally – She is one of Esperanza's closest friends and mentioned in several of the vignettes in the novel. There is one full vignette dedicated to this character. The author describes her as “the girl with eyes like Egypt and nylons the color of smoke.” This is the first phrase in the chapter, and it seems to embody the type of dreams Sally holds for herself. The protagonist is attracted to Sally's way of being and considers her to be a true friend, she likes being around her.", "Sally seems to represent the vicious cycle of domestic violence and repression felt by women on Mango street. She is utterly desperate to find a man to marry her, to escape the beatings and maltreatment she gets from her father at home. This ‘vicious cycle’ is seen when Esperanza goes and tells Sally's mother that her daughter is in a garden with three boys and the mother completely disregards this, her mother doesn't seem surprised or worried", ". Her mother cares for her cuts and bruises allowing for the violence to perpetuate, both mother and daughter give excuses to the father. The bare fact that Sally marries at such a young age to a man that ends up treating her just like her father, shows how this cycle is so ingrained in the way of life of many women, and passed from generation to generation", ". The author pities this character, not blaming her for what happened to her, Sally was very young and immature to fully understand her surroundings, to find a way out.", "Marin – She is a cousin of the Louie's family, neighbors of Esperanza's family, she has come to stay from Puerto Rico. She is older than Esperanza, she wears dark nylons and a lot of makeup. She has a boyfriend back in Puerto Rico, and shows off her mementos from him to the younger girls saying how he promised they would get married soon. Esperanza looks up to her, as a figure of wisdom, of knowing many things. Marin imparted a lot of advice to the younger girls", ". Marin imparted a lot of advice to the younger girls. She wore shorter skirts and had pretty eyes, received a lot of attention, yet the protagonist will always remember her as someone who was always waiting for something to change, something that never came. This character represents many of the young women in the neighborhood.", "Esperanza's Mother – Esperanza's mother. One of the first descriptions is that she has hair like little rosettes, like little candy circles all curly from the pins she uses for her hair. Her mother's smell made her feel safe, her mother is her pillar, wanting the best for Esperanza. The vignette “A Smart Cookie” is dedicated to her mother", ". The vignette “A Smart Cookie” is dedicated to her mother. Her mother can speak two languages, can sing opera, reads, writes, she is handy around the house, she could’ve been anything she wanted, yet she regrets not having gone anywhere and dropped out of school. Her mother expressed disgust that she dropped out of school for not having nice clothes. Several times throughout the book she encourages Esperanza to keep studying. Esperanza's mother is described as obedient with an undemanding nature.", "Alicia – Alicia is a young woman who lives in Esperanza's neighbourhood. She attends university and has a father who is thought to molest her and leave her to do all the chores. Alicia is also faced with many challenges, as women attending college at that time, especially lower-income Latina girls, was very uncommon, and the community judged her for that. Nonetheless, Alicia is thought to be a role model for Esperanza", ". Nonetheless, Alicia is thought to be a role model for Esperanza. Alicia's attendance at university allows her to escape their community and see the outside world. Returning to the neighbourhood from school, Alicia seems to have developed a disrespect for the cultural community of Mango Street and Esperanza notices that she is \"stuck-up\". Throughout the novel, Esperanza wishes to learn from Alicia. Ultimately, Alicia wants to be a true American and for the community to solely be part of her past.", "Alicia is an inspiration to Esperanza and listens to Esperanza's sadness when she has no one else to talk to. Esperanza learns a lot from Alicia and her lifestyle, realizing that Alicia does not \"want to spend her whole life in a factory or behind a rolling pin\" and instead pursues university and studies hard. Alicia plays a big role in understanding Esperanza's identity and its relationship to Mango Street", ". Alicia plays a big role in understanding Esperanza's identity and its relationship to Mango Street. She confirms the intimacy between the two by stating \"Like it or not you [Esperanza] are Mango Street.\"", "Aunt Lupe – Aunt Lupe is primarily present in the vignette \"Born Bad,\" in which Esperanza scolds herself for mimicking her dying aunt. Aunt Lupe is thought to \"represent the passivity that women are so revered for in Mexican culture, that passivity which makes women accepting of whatever it is their patriarchal society chooses for them.\" Aunt Lupe married, had kids and was a dutiful house wife. However, she suffered crippling illness that left her bedridden", ". However, she suffered crippling illness that left her bedridden. Esperanza describes how her aunt went blind and her \"bones gone limp as worms\" She is thought to be representative of la Virgen de Guadalupe, as her proper name is Guadalupe. Aunt Lupe also encourages Esperanza to pursue writing, as she tells Esperanza that \"writing would keep her free.\" Aunt Lupe eventually dies from her illness.", "Themes\n\nGender\nCritics have noted that Esperanza's desire to break free from her neighborhood is not limited to a desire to escape poverty but also to escape strict gender roles she finds oppressive within her culture. Esperanza's discovery of her own feminist values, which contradict the domestic roles prescribed for Chicana women, are a crucial part of her character development throughout the novel. In keeping with this idea, Cisneros dedicates the novel \"a las mujeres,\" or, \"to the women.\"", "Esperanza struggles against the traditional gender roles within her own culture and the limitations that her culture imposes upon women. Scholar Jean Wyatt writes, quoting Gloria Anzaldúa, that \"Mexican social myths of gender crystallize with special force in three icons: 'Guadalupe, the loving mother who has not abandoned us, la Chingada (Malinche), the raped mother whom we have abandoned, and La Llorona, the mother who seeks her lost children", ".' According to the evidence of Chicana feminist writers, these 'three Our Mothers haunt the sexual and maternal identities of contemporary Mexican and Chicana women.'\"", "Every character within the novel is trapped by an abusive partner, teenage motherhood,fatherhood, or poverty.Esperanza,finds a way out of patriarchal oppression. The lesson Cisneros wishes to express is that there is always a way out for women who are trapped in one way or another. Critic María Elena de Valdés argues that gender plays a large part in the suppression of women; it forces them to diminish themselves to the service of others, particularly in domestic life", ". Through her writing, de Valdés says, Esperanza creates herself as a subject of her own story and distances herself from these gendered expectations.", "In an article focused on the role of high heels in the text, Lilijana Burcar argues that Cisneros offers a \"critical dissection\" of the role that such attributes of femininity play in constructing young women's self-image. It is argued that high heels do not only constrain women's role in society. Esperanza and her friends are given high heels to wear as part of an unofficial rite of initiation into their community, and society", ". We see this in the vignette entitled \"The Family of Little Feet,\" which tells of a mother who introduces her daughters to high heels, leaving the girls with an initial glee, as if they were Cinderella. Yet this is also described as a horrifying experience for one of the girls, for she feels like she is no longer herself, that her foot is no longer her foot, as the shoe almost dissociates the woman from her body", ". And yet, as Burcar observes, \"presented with a lesson on what it means to be a grown-up woman in American contemporary patriarchal society, the girls decide to cast away their high-heeled shoes.\"", "Burcar expresses Esperanza Cordero's life as one of being the “antidote” to the predestined lives lived by the other female characters. Women that have dreams but due to their circumstances and the vicious cycle of domestication forces of a patriarchal society they are confined to the same destiny of the women that came before them. A destiny that is centered in being a full-time wife, mother, in the home", ". A destiny that is centered in being a full-time wife, mother, in the home. Esperanza, as a character, is formed outside of those gender norms, she is presented as the only one that rebels. Choosing to set this mainly in the years of prepubescence is important for those are the years where young women are taught to become socially acceptable, they are introduced to high heels, specific forms of behaviors, etc", "., and like this, at a very young age, they are molded into something that fits with the rules of the community where they are to become completely dependent on a man. This is the case for Esperanza's mother, who is uncommonly knowledgeable for the demographics of women on Mango Street, yet doesn't know how to use the subway", ". Here, Burcar notes that \"the traditional female bildungsroman has played a direct role in endorsing and upholding the cult of domesticity for women and the image of a woman as the angel in the house.” The author goes on to argue that capitalism plays a direct role in the perpetuation of the roles of women in society, as it is founded on the domestication of women where men can work and fulfill the role of “breadwinner.”", "There is economic dependency on women remaining in the home, and with these foundations that Esperanza begins with her \"own quiet war. [. . .] [where she] leaves the table like a man, without putting back the chair or picking up the plate\" versus being the servant, the woman, who puts back the chair and picks up the plate. Burcar argues that the novel ends on a note where it blames a patriarchal system for the entrapment of Mexican-American women in the home", ". For Esperanza, joining mainstream America (having a \"house of [her] own\") will allow her freedom as a woman. However, Burcar contends that this emancipation comes at the expense of the sacrifice of other women, women that came before her, particularly her mother.", "Domestic and sexual abuse", "Episodes of patriarchal and sexual violence are prevalent in demonstrating women's issues in the Chicano community in The House on Mango Street. McCracken argues that \"we see a woman whose husband locks her in the house, a daughter brutally beaten by her father, and Esperanza's own sexual initiation through rape.\" As McCracken notes, many of the men portrayed in the stories \"control or appropriate female sexuality by adopting one or another form of violence as if it were their innate right", ".\" The many stories of Esperanza's friend Sally is an example of this patriarchal violence, as mentioned by McCracken. Sally is forced into a life of hiding in her house and her father beats her. She later on escapes her father's violence through marriage where she is dependent and controlled by another man. As McCracken analyzes, \"her father's attempts to control her sexuality cause Sally to exchange one repressive patriarchal prison for another", ".\" The House on Mango Street offers a glimpse of Esperanza's violent sexual initiation and also portrays the oppression and domestic abuse faced by other Chicana women", ". Together with Esperanza's experience of sexual abuse the \"other instances of male violence in the collection-Rafaela's imprisonment, Sally's beatings, and the details of Minerva's life another young married woman whose husband beats her and throws a rock through the window-these episodes form a continuum in which sex, patriarchal power, and violence are linked.\"", "Adolescence", "The theme of adolescence is dominant throughout the book. The actual timeline of the story is never specified, however, it appears to chronicle a couple of crucial years of Esperanza Cordero's life in her Chicano neighbourhood. We see her transition from a naive child into a young adolescent woman who acquires a graphic understanding of the \"sexual inequality, violence, and socioeconomic disparities", ".\" Esperanza is often torn between her identity as a child and her emergence into womanhood and sexuality, especially when she witnesses her friend, Sally, enter into the Monkey Garden to kiss boys. At this moment, she looked at her \"feet in their white socks and ugly round shoes. They seemed far away. They didn't seem to be my feet anymore. And the garden that had been such a good place to play didn't seem mine either.\"", "With coming of age, the young women in the novel begin to explore their boundaries and indulge in risky behaviours. When Esperanza, Nenny, Lucy, and Rachel are given high-heeled shoes, they experiment with walking like a woman. They often observe older women with a mix of wonder and fear for their futures. The attention men give them is unwanted by Esperanza, but her friends feel a bit more conflicted because attention from the opposite sex is representative of their self-worth", ". Esperanza is different than her friends; she wants to break free and live life by her own rules.", "Identity", "María Elena de Valdés argues that Esperanza's \"search for self-esteem and her true identity is the subtle, yet powerful, narrative thread that unites the text.\" The aesthetic struggle that occurs in this piece takes place in Mango Street. This location, this world, becomes involved in the inner turmoil felt by the character. The main character uses this world as a mirror to look deeply into herself as, in de Valdés's words, she \"comes to embody the primal needs of all human beings: freedom and belonging", ".\" Here the character is seen trying to unite herself with the notions she has of the world around her, Mango Street.", "The relationship the protagonist has with the house itself is a pillar in this process of self-discovery, the house is in itself a living being as well, as mentioned by de Valdés. Her neighborhood engenders the battles of fear and hostility, of dualistic forces, of the notion of \"I\" versus \"them\". The character is impressed upon by these forces and they guide her growth as a person.", "The House itself plays a very important part, especially in how the narrator reacts to it. She is fully aware that she does not belong there, everything about it is described in negative terms delineating everything that it isn't versus what it is. It's by knowing where she doesn't fit that she knows to where she might fit. It is similar to the concept of light and dark. We know that darkness is the absence of light, in this case her identity exists outside of this house on mango street.", "Belonging", "Esperanza Cordero is an impoverished child and wishes to find a sense of belonging outside of her own neighbourhood as she feels \"this isn't my house I say and shake my head as if shaking could undo the year I've lived here. I don't belong. I don't ever want to come from here.\" Esperanza attempts to find such belonging in the outside world as she perceives this as a safe place that would accept her", ". She eminants this desire to belong through little things, such as favouring English over the Spanish typically used in her community or actively desiring the purchase of a house outside of Mango Street. In other words, Esperanza's sense of belonging is absolutely dependent on separating herself from her Spanish native tongue, community and ultimately away from Mango Street.", "Marin is another character who is thought to lack belonging. Marin \"is waiting for a car to stop, a start to fall, someone to change her life\" and although she is supposed to leave Mango Street, the possibility is unlikely as she lacks the money and independence to leave. Esperanza sees Marin as an individual who is only capable of longing, but not able to really belong as her dreams and desires are romanticized and unrealistic.", "Language\nEsperanza uses the occasional Spanish word, and as Regina Betz observes, \"Spanglish frequents the\npages where Esperanza quotes other characters\" but \"English is the primary language in Cisneros's novel.\" This is a sign, Betz continues, that her identity is \"torn\" between \"her English tongue [. . .] and her Spanish roots.\" Betz argues that \"Both author and character claim themselves as English in order to flourish as writers and independent women.\"", "Furthermore, it is thought that the language barriers present in The House on Mango Street is a symbol of the boundary between one's self and the freedom and opportunities that are present in the rest of America. In addition, there is a certain value that is attributed to bilingualism in this book, while Spanish speakers are scoffed at and pitied.\n\nChicano literature and culture", "Chicano literature and culture \n\nThe House on Mango Street is an example of Chicano literature and explores the complexities of its culture. Through Esperanza Cordero, the heroine of this novel, Sandra Cisneros demonstrates that the \"patriarchal Chicana Chicago community that raised her will not permit her development as a female writer\". Through this book, she addresses the oppression that many women feel when growing up in Chicano communities, such as Mango Street.", "Adaptation\nOn January 22, 2020, Deadline Hollywood reported that The House on Mango Street would be adapted into a television series by Gaumont Film Company, who previously produced the largely Spanish language series Narcos.", "Critical reception", "The House on Mango Street, Cisneros' second major publication, was released to critical acclaim, particularly earning praise from the Hispanic community for its realistic portrayals of the Hispanic experience in the United States. Bebe Moore Campbell of The New York Times Book Review wrote: \"Cisneros draws on her rich [Latino] heritage . . . and seduces with precise, spare prose, creat[ing] unforgettable characters we want to lift off the page", ". She is not only a gifted writer, but an absolutely essential one.\" The book won Cisneros the American Book Award from the Before Columbus Foundation (1985) and is now required reading in many school curriculums across the United States.", "Challenges and attempted banning", "Despite its high praise in the realm of Latino literature, The House on Mango Street has also received criticism for its sensitive subject matter and has been banned from several school curriculums. The American Library Association has listed the book as a \"Frequently Challenged Book with Diverse Content\". For example, in 2012 the St. Helens school board in Oregon removed the book from its middle-school curriculum, expressing \"concerns for the social issues presented", ".\" In response, Katie Van Winkle, a former student at St. Helens, launched a letter-writing campaign on Facebook. Her efforts to \"save Mango Street\" were successful and the St. Helens school board voted to keep The House on Mango Street in its curriculum.", "The House on Mango Street was also one of the 80-plus books that were part of the Tucson Unified School District's K-12 Mexican-American studies curriculum before the program was dismantled under Arizona House Bill 2281. This law \"forbids classes to advocate the overthrow of the United States, promote racial resentment, or emphasize students' ethnicity rather than their individuality", ".\" When the Mexican-American Studies program was ended, all the books that were associated with it, including \"The House on Mango Street\", were removed from the school's curriculum.", "In response, teachers, authors, and activists formed a caravan in the spring of 2012. The caravan, called the Librotraficante Project, originated at the Alamo and ended in Tucson. Its participants organized workshops and distributed books that had been removed from the curriculum. Cisneros herself traveled with the caravan, reading The House on Mango Street and running workshops about Chicano literature", ". She brought numerous copies of the book with her, distributed them, and discussed thematic implications of her novel as well as talked about the book's autobiographical elements.", "Publication history\nThe House on Mango Street has sold well over 6 million copies and has been translated into over 20 languages. For its 25th anniversary in 2008, Mango Street was reissued in a special Anniversary edition.\n\n 1983, United States, Arte Público Press , Pub date 1983, paperback\n 1984, United States, Arte Público Press , Pub date 1 January 1984, paperback\n 1991, United States, Vintage Contemporaries , Pub date 3 April 1991, paperback", "An Introduction was included in the novel in 2009, it can be found in the 25th anniversary edition of the book .\n\nSee also\n Chicago Literature\nChicano Literature\n Chicana Feminism\n Chicano Movement\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n \n \n .\n . MA Thesis, Rice University.\n \n \n .\n Originally published as \n \n .\n \n \n .\n \n .\n .\n .", "1983 American novels\nAmerican children's novels\nAmerican young adult novels\nNovels by Sandra Cisneros\nHispanic and Latino American novels\nNovels set in Chicago\nChicano literature\nAmerican bildungsromans\nAmerican Book Award-winning works\nAmerican novels adapted into plays\nCensored books\nObscenity controversies in literature\nChildren's books set in Chicago\nChildren's books about race and ethnicity" ]

[ "The history of abolitionism in Brazil goes back to the first attempt to abolish indigenous slavery in Brazil, in 1611, to its definitive abolition by the Marquis of Pombal, in 1755 and 1758, during the reign of King Joseph I, and to the emancipation movements in the colonial period, particularly the 1798 Bahian Conspiracy, whose plans included the eradication of slavery", ". After the Independence of Brazil (1822), the discussions on this subject extended throughout the Empire period, acquiring relevance from 1850 onwards and a truly popular character from 1870 onwards, culminating with the signing of the Golden Law on May 13, 1888, which abolished slavery in Brazil.", "Imperial period \n\nJosé Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, in his famous representation to the Constituent Assembly of 1823, had already called slavery a \"deadly cancer that threatened the foundations of the nation\".", "Councilor Antônio Rodrigues Veloso de Oliveira was one of the first abolitionist voices in newly independent Brazil", ". In the words of historian Antônio Barreto do Amaral: \"In his 'Memórias para o melhoramento da Província de São Paulo, aplicável em grande parte às demais províncias do Brasil''' (Memoirs for the improvement of the São Paulo Province, applicable in large part to the other provinces of Brazil), presented to Prince João VI in 1810, and published by the author in 1822, after enumerating and criticizing the acts of the Captains Generals that contributed to hindering the development of São Paulo", ", he went on to deal with the servile element and free immigration, which could contribute to the coming of European populations plagued by the ravages of Napoleon's wars", ". Councilor Veloso de Oliveira proposed that in the impossibility of establishing migratory currents, the slave trade should continue. However, he also proposed that the slavery of imported individuals should be restricted to ten years and that slaves' children in Brazil should be born free.\"", "During the Regency Period, since November 7, 1831, the Chamber of Deputies had approved and the Regency had promulgated the Feijó Law, which prohibited the trafficking of African slaves into the country, but this law was not enforced.", "In March 1845, the term of the last treaty signed between Brazil and the United Kingdom expired, and the British government decreed, in August, the Aberdeen Act. Named after Lord Aberdeen of the Foreign Office, the act gave the British Admiralty the right to arrest slave ships, even in Brazilian territorial waters, and to judge their captains. Through the act, British captains were empowered to moor Brazilian ships on the high seas and check whether they were carrying slaves", ". If they did, they had to dispose of the cargo, returning the slaves to Africa, or transferring it to British ships.", "Criticized in the United Kingdom itself for pretending to make England the \"moral guardian of the world,\" in Brazil, the Aberdeen Act provoked panic in slave traders and landowners. The immediate consequence of the act was the significant and paradoxical increase in the slave trade, due to the anticipation of slave purchases before the definitive prohibition and, especially, the great increase in the price of slaves. Caio Prado Júnior says that in 1846, 50,324 slaves entered Brazil, and in 1848, 60,000", ". Caio Prado Júnior says that in 1846, 50,324 slaves entered Brazil, and in 1848, 60,000. It is estimated that until 1850, the country received 3.5 million African captives.", "British ships chased suspicious vessels, while the British navy invaded territorial waters and threatened to block ports. There were incidents, exchanges of fire in Paraná. Some captains, before being boarded, threw their human cargo into the ocean. They were farmers or landowners, all slaveholders.", "The provinces protested, because at that time in Brazil, slavery was something natural, integrated into the routine and customs, seen as a necessary and legitimate institution. An intensely unequal society depended on slaves to maintain itself.", "Yielding to pressure, Dom Pedro II took an important step: his cabinet prepared a bill, presented to the parliament by Minister of Justice Eusébio de Queirós, which adopted effective measures for the extinction of the slave trade. Converted into Law No. 581 of September 4, 1850, its article 3 determined that:", "One of its articles determined the trial of offenders should be done by the Admiralty, thus passing on to the imperial government the power to judge, which had previously been conferred on local judges.", "There were so many protests that, in July 1852, Eusébio de Queirós had to appear before the Chamber of Deputies to appeal for a change in public opinion. He recalled that many farmers in the north faced financial difficulties, unable to pay their debts to the traffickers. Many had mortgaged their properties to speculators and large traffickers - including many Portuguese - to obtain funds to buy more captives", ". He also recalled that, if such a large quantity of African slaves continued to enter the Empire, there would be an imbalance between the categories of the population - free and slave - threatening the former. The so-called \"good society\" would be exposed to \"very serious dangers\", since the imbalance had already provoked numerous rebellions (such as that of Malê Revolt, in Salvador in 1835).", "In 1854, the Nabuco de Araújo Law, named after the Minister of Justice from 1853 to 1857, was approved. The last known landings took place in 1856.", "Until 1850, immigration had been a spontaneous phenomenon. Between 1850 and 1870, it began to be promoted by the landowners. Coming first from Germany, unsuccessfully, and then from Italy, the immigrants, often deceived and with contracts that made them work in an almost slave-like regime, occupied themselves with rural work in the coffee economy", ". Because so many returned to their countries, it was necessary for consulates and the entities that protected them, such as some immigration promotion societies, to intervene. There were many regions where slaves were replaced by immigrants. Some cities in 1874 had 80% black rural workers, and in 1899, 7% black workers and 93% white.", "In 1850, after the passage of the Eusébio de Queirós Law, slavery began to decline with the end of the slave trade. Progressively, European wage-earning immigrants replaced the slaves in the labor market. But it was only after the Paraguayan War (1864-1870) that the abolitionist movement gained momentum. Thousands of former slaves who returned from the war victorious, many even decorated, ran the risk of returning to their former condition under pressure from their former owners", ". The social problem became a political issue for the ruling elite of the Second Reign.", "The abolition of the slave trade, its low reproduction rate, the various malaria epidemics, the constant escapes of slaves, the multiplication of quilombos, and the freeing of many slaves, including those who fought in the Paraguayan War, contributed significantly to the decrease in the number of slaves in Brazil at the time of the abolition.\n\n Abolitionist campaign", "Around 1852, the first abolitionist associations and clubs emerged around the country, such as the Dois de Julho Abolitionist Society (1852), founded by young students from the Bahia Medical School. In 1880, important politicians, such as Joaquim Nabuco and José do Patrocínio, created, in Rio de Janeiro, the Brazilian Society Against Slavery, which stimulated the formation of dozens of similar associations around Brazil", ". Similarly, Nabuco's newspaper \"O Abolicionista\", and Angelo Agostini's \"Revista Illustrada\" served as models for other anti-slavery publications. Lawyers, artists, intellectuals, journalists, and politicians engaged in the movement and raised funds to pay for manumission", ". Although it is not widely known, the Positivist Church of Brazil, with Miguel Lemos and Raimundo Teixeira Mendes, had an outstanding role in the abolitionist campaign, including by delegitimizing slavery, seen, from then on, as a barbaric and backward way of organizing work and treating human beings.", "Historical male characters such as Joaquim Nabuco, José do Patrocínio, José Mariano, André Rebouças, João Clapp, among others, took the lead in the abolitionist movement in much of the historiography produced. With the amalgamation of 13 associations, the Brazilian Abolitionist Confederation was founded on August 13, 1883, and, beginning in 1884, there was an intensification of activism in public spaces and greater institutionalization of the movement.", "Women's participation was also of great relevance in the struggle for the end of slavery, acting in partnership with historical abolitionists or independently. Noteworthy is the Ave Libertas Society, an abolitionist group founded in Pernambuco in 1884 and led by women, which, in the first year of activity, achieved the alforria of 200 captives.", "The Brazilian Freemasonry had a prominent participation in the abolitionist campaign, with almost all the main leaders of the abolition being Masons. José Bonifácio, pioneer of the abolition, Eusébio de Queirós, who abolished the slave trade, the Viscount of Rio Branco, responsible for the Rio Branco Law (a free womb law), and the abolitionists Luís Gama, Antônio Bento, José do Patrocínio, Joaquim Nabuco, Silva Jardim and Rui Barbosa were Masons", ". In 1839, Masons David Canabarro and Bento Gonçalves emancipated slaves during the Ragamuffin War.", "The students of the Faculty of Law of Recife mobilized and an abolitionist association is founded by students such as Plínio de Lima, Castro Alves, Rui Barbosa, Aristides Spínola, Regueira Costa, among others.", "In São Paulo, the work of the ex-slave and one of the greatest heroes of the abolitionist cause, the lawyer Luís Gama, directly responsible for the liberation of more than a thousand captives, stands out. The Emancipating Society of São Paulo was also created in the capital city of São Paulo, with the participation of political leaders, farmers, college professors, journalists and, especially, students.", "The country was seized by the abolitionist cause and, in 1884, Ceará and Amazonas abolished slavery in their territories. In the last years of slavery in Brazil, the abolitionist campaign became radicalized with the thesis \"Abolition without compensation\" launched by journalists, liberal professionals, and politicians who did not own rural properties.\n\n The abolitionist laws \n\n Rio Branco Law", "The abolitionist laws \n\n Rio Branco Law \n\nThe Liberal Party publicly committed itself to the cause of child birth as of that date, but it was the office of the Viscount of Rio Branco, of the Conservative Party, that enacted the first abolitionist law, the Rio Branco Law, on September 28, 1871. In defense of the law, the Viscount of Rio Branco presents slavery as an \"injurious institution,\" less for the slaves and more for the country, especially for its external image.", "After 21 years without any governmental measure regarding the end of slavery, the Rio Branco Law, better known as the Free Womb Law, was voted, which considered all children of slaves born from its publication, and intended to establish an evolutionary stage between slave labor and the free labor regime, without, however, causing abrupt changes in the economy or in society. In the Chamber of Deputies, the bill received 65 votes in favor and 45 against", ". In the Chamber of Deputies, the bill received 65 votes in favor and 45 against. Of these, 30 were from deputies from the three coffee provinces: Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. In the Imperial Senate, there were 33 votes in favor and 7 against. Among the votes against, 5 were from senators from the coffee provinces.", "According to the law, the slaves' children (called ingenuous) had two options: they could either stay with their mothers' masters until they reached the age of majority (21) or they could be handed over to the government. In practice, the slave owners kept the ingenuous on their properties, treating them as if they were slaves. In 1885, of the 400,000 ingenuous, only 118 were handed over to the government - the owners opted to free sick, blind, and physically handicapped slaves.", "On the other hand, the Rio Branco Law had the merit of exposing the evils of slavery in the press and in public acts. In the 1890s, about half a million children were freed when they would have been entering productive age.", "The law declared free the children of slave women born from its date. The infant mortality rate among slaves increased, because, in addition to the terrible living conditions, the neglect of newborns grew. The financial aid foreseen by the Free Womb Law for farmers to pay for the expenses of raising their babies was never provided to the farmers:", "§1 of Law No. 2,040: The said minor children will remain in the power and under the authority of their mothers' masters, who will have the obligation of raising and caring for them until the age of 8. When the slave's child reaches this age, the mother's master will have the option of either receiving compensation of 600 thousand réis from the State, or of using the services of the minor until the age of 21", ". In the first case, the Government will receive the minor and dispose of him or her in accordance with this law.", "Joaquim Nabuco wrote in 1883:\n\n Sexagenarian Law \nFrom 1887 on, abolitionists began to act in the countryside, often helping mass escapes, sometimes causing farmers to be forced to hire their former slaves on a salaried basis. In 1887, several towns freed their slaves; their freedom was usually conditional on the provision of services (which, in some cases, implied servitude to other family members).", "Ceará and Amazonas freed their slaves in 1885. Ceará's decision increased the pressure of public opinion on the imperial authorities. In 1885, the government gave in a little more and enacted the Saraiva-Cotegipe Law, which regulated the \"gradual extinction of the servile element.\"", "The Saraiva-Cotegipe Law became known as the Sexagenarian Law. Born from a project of the deputy from Bahia, Rui Barbosa, this law freed all slaves over 60 years old, through financial compensation to their poorer owners to help these former slaves. However, this part of the law was never fulfilled and the slave owners were never compensated. Slaves who were between 60 and 65 years old were to \"render services for 3 years to their masters and after the age of 65 they would be freed\".", "Few slaves reached this age, and those who arrived were already unable to guarantee their livelihood, even more because they had to compete with European immigrants. Moreover, in the census of 1872, which made the first general registration of slaves, many farmers had increased the age of their slaves to evade the 1872 registration, hiding the inbreds introduced by smuggling after the Eusébio de Queirós Law", ". Numerous robust and still young blacks were legally sexagenarians, being freed, in this case, by the Sexagenarian Law, still in working condition. The landowners would still try to annul the liberation, claiming to have been cheated because they were not compensated as promised by the law", ". The recently uncovered areas in the west region of São Paulo proved to be more disposed to the total emancipation of the slaves: rich and prosperous, they already exerted a great attraction on immigrants, and were better prepared for the regime of wage labor.", "The escapes and the quilombos of the last slavery years in Brazil", "The enslaved blacks and mulattos also began to participate more actively in the struggle, fleeing the farms and seeking freedom in the cities, especially after 1885, when corporal punishment of runaway slaves was prohibited when they were recaptured. Law No. 310, of October 15, 1886, revoked article 60 of the 1830 Criminal Code and Law No", ". Law No. 310, of October 15, 1886, revoked article 60 of the 1830 Criminal Code and Law No. 4, of June 10, 1835, in the part in which they imposed the penalty of scourging, and determined that \"to the slave defendant, will be imposed the same penalties decreed by the Criminal Code and other legislation in force for any other offenders\".", "In the interior of São Paulo, led by the mulato Antônio Bento and his caifazes (a group of abolitionists), thousands of them escaped from the farms and settled in the Jabaquara Quilombo, in Santos. At this point, the abolitionist campaign became mixed with the republican campaign and gained an important reinforcement: the Brazilian Army publicly asked not to be used anymore to capture the fugitives", ". In the last years of slavery in Brazil, the abolitionist campaign adopted the slogan \"Abolition without compensation\". From abroad, especially from Europe, there were appeals and manifestos favorable to the end of slavery.", "These mass escapes of slaves to the city of Santos generated violence, which was denounced in the debates on the Golden Law on November 9, 1888 in the General Chamber, by Representative General Andrade Figueira, who accused the São Paulo police (Public Force) and politicians of being conniving with these escapes, which led the São Paulo slave owners to free their slaves to avoid further violence:", "In the same vein, Joaquim Manuel de Macedo wrote in his book \"As Vítimas-Algozes\", denouncing the complicity of small commercial establishments, called venda, in the receiving of goods stolen from the farms by slaves and quilombolas:\n\n Golden Law", "Golden Law \n\nOn May 13, 1888, the imperial government yielded to pressure and Princess Isabel de Bragança signed the Golden Law, which extinguished slavery in Brazil. The decision displeased the farmers, who demanded compensation for the loss of \"their goods\". As they did not receive it, they joined the republican movement. By abandoning slavery, the Empire lost a pillar of political support.", "The end of slavery, however, did not improve the social and economic condition of former slaves. Without schooling or a defined profession, for most of them the simple legal emancipation did not change their subordinate condition, nor did it help to promote their citizenship or social ascension. About the negative consequences of abolition without support to the slaves, in the book \"1º Centenário de Antônio Prado\", published in 1942, Everardo Valim Pereira de Souza made this analysis:", "The Golden Law was the crowning achievement of the first national mobilization of public opinion, in which politicians and poets, slaves, freedmen, students, journalists, lawyers, intellectuals and workers participated.\n\nMay 13 (once a national holiday during the Old Republic), because of Princess Isabel (daughter of Emperor Dom Pedro II), became the \"freedom granting May 13\", and highlights the support given by many white people of the time to the abolition of slavery.", "The militants of the current black movement in Brazil evoke another May 13, which sees the abolition on May 13, 1888, as a soft coup aimed at curbing the advancement of the black population, which was, at the time, an oppressed minority.", "In a third approach, May 13 is seen as a popular conquest. This is the focus of modern debates, which face the black problem as a national problem. The whole process of abolition in Brazil was slow and ambiguous, because, as José Murilo de Carvalho states: \"Society was marked by values of hierarchy, of inequality; marked by the absence of the values of freedom and participation; marked by the absence of citizenship\", and José Murilo also shows that it was not only large landowners who owned slaves", ". The same historian also says:", "The same author also writes, commenting on the \"burden of prejudices that structure our society, block mobility, and impede the construction of a democratic nation\":\n\nThe original document of the Golden Law, signed by Princess Isabel, is currently in the collection of the Brazilian National Archives in the city of Rio de Janeiro.", "Compensation to former slave owners \nAlthough the total abolition of slavery only happened in 1888, with the Golden Law, the laws of the Free Womb (Law No. 2,040, of 1871) and of the Sexagenarians (Law No. 3,270, of 1885) already provided for indemnities from the slave owners in case of liberation of the slaves they owned.", "In Perdigão Malheiro's understanding: \"if slavery owes its existence and preservation exclusively to positive law, it is evident that positive law can extinguish it", ". The obligation to indemnify is not strict, according to absolute or Natural Law; it is only equitable as a consequence of the positive law itself, which acquiesced to the fact and gave it force as if it were a true and legitimate property; this fictitious property is rather a toleration by the law for special reasons of public order than the recognition of a right that has its basis and foundation in the eternal laws. In the trial, one should always decide as favorably as possible to freedom", ". In the trial, one should always decide as favorably as possible to freedom. So that only those on whom there is a clear right of ownership should be declared slaves and kept as such; and even then, if it is not possible, strictly or at least in equity and in favor of liberty, to exempt them from captivity, if only by means of compensation to the master.\"", "The Free Womb Law states, in its article 1, §1, that the children of slave women up to 8 incomplete years of age are the property of their mothers' owners. After the age of 8, the masters can choose between freeing the child and receiving an indemnity of 600 thousand réis from the State, or using the services of the child until the age of 21. In article 8 of the same Law, it is determined that all slaves should be registered with a declaration of name, sex, status, fitness for work and filiation.", "Following what was decided about the slave registration, the Sexagenarian Law, in its article 1, §3, stipulates the value of each slave according to his age, varying from 200 thousand réis to 900 thousand réis, being the value of female slaves 25% lower. Paragraph 8 of the same article deals with the indemnification of the masters in case the registration of the slaves is not done, if it is the obligation of any of their employees, since the unregistered slaves would be automatically freed", ". Article 3 deals with the indemnity of the masters based on the list value of the slaves, and a percentage of the value would be deducted from their price according to the time it took for the slave to be freed from his registration, varying from 2% deduction if freed in the first year, to 12% deduction if freed from the eleventh year onwards", ". In the case of slaves between the ages of 60 and 65, according to article 3, §10, the compensation to the masters for their alforria is in the form of service for a period of 3 years. After the age of 65, the slaves are freed from any obligation to the master upon their alforria. Article 4, §4, makes it explicit, however, that the regalia to indemnity for the slaves' alforria will cease with the extinction of slavery, which occurred with the Abolition of Slavery in 1888.", "Debates in the Chamber of Deputies \nOn August 23, 1871, before the publication of the Free Womb Law (promulgated on the following month, guaranteeing freedom to the children of slaves born in Brazil), the Senate decided, in a plenary session, to authorize the release of the nation's slaves, whose services were given in usufruct to the Crown, regardless of compensation.", "The last years before the abolition of slavery were tumultuous in the Chamber of Deputies. Trying to speed up the emancipation process, bills were introduced to encourage the end of slavery through compensation. On July 15, 1884, Congressman Antônio Felício dos Santos presented Bill No", ". On July 15, 1884, Congressman Antônio Felício dos Santos presented Bill No. 51 \"making provision for the re-registration of all slaves until July 1885, leaving free those who were not registered and whose value would be arbitrated according to the process of the law for liberation by the emancipation fund.\" The emancipation fund sought to gather, in a pecuniary manner, resources to obtain as many manumissions as possible", ". The indemnity would ensure the legitimacy of private property, a principle denied after the Abolition Law was promulgated, by declassifying the slave as an object, a property. This fund was created by the Free Womb Law, in its article 3", ". This fund was created by the Free Womb Law, in its article 3. The bill proposed by Deputy Antônio Felício dos Santos had, therefore, as its primary function, the end of slavery, for the simple fact that if the required new registration was not carried out, the slave owner would lose possession of the slave, leaving him only the just compensation, provided for by the emancipation fund.", "The abolitionist movement suffered opposition from the slave society in the Chamber. On September 3, 1884, the deputy and first-secretary, Leopoldo Augusto Diocleciano de Melo e Cunha, proceeds to testify on Decree No", ". 9,270 prepared by the then Minister and Secretary of State for the Affairs of the Empire Filipe Franco de Sá, which reads as follows: \"Using the attribution given to me by the Political Constitution of the Empire in article 101, §5, and having heard the Council of State, I decide to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies and convene another one, which will meet extraordinarily on March 1 of the next year.\" The reason for this dissolution was the oppositions created by Bill No", ".\" The reason for this dissolution was the oppositions created by Bill No. 48, which sought the implementation of new taxes to increase the Emancipation Fund and granted freedom to slaves over 60 years old without compensation.", "The dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies sought to curb the abolitionist movements that were taking shape, but the opposition could not contain the liberal ideas.", "A last attempt to ensure the right to indemnity after slavery was proposed on May 24, 1888 with the intention of establishing, as well described in its preamble: \"complementary provisions to Law No. 3,353 of May 13, 1888, which extinguished slavery\". Deputy Antônio Coelho Rodrigues sent, to the Chamber of Deputies, Bill No. 10, which ordered the government to indemnify, in public debt bonds, the losses resulting from the extinction of the servile element", ". This bill was not even deliberated, since it went against what had already been established in the Golden Law, the Sexagenarian Law, and the Free Womb Law.", "After the prohibition of slavery", "On December 14, 1890, by decree, in a proposal made by Joaquim Nabuco in 1888, Rui Barbosa, sworn in as Minister of Finance, requested the destruction of all the registration books, documents and papers relating to slavery in the Ministry of Finance, so as to prevent any research at that time and after it aimed at compensating former slave owners", ". However, this decision was only made effective on May 13, 1891, during the administration of Tristão de Alencar Araripe, who, in the minutes of the meeting that culminated in such destruction, ordered an analysis of the slave situation from the legal point of view a year earlier, and the abolitionist tendencies at that time", ". Rui Barbosa saw slavery as the greatest of Brazil's problems, and would not tolerate any compromise regarding its end, following the example of the Free Womb and Sexagenarian Laws: if slavery is to cease to exist, let it be completely extinguished. The Minister affirmed that if anyone was to be compensated, it should be the former slaves themselves. However, knowing the impossibility of this happening, the idea of burning his collection was initiated.", "Compensation to former slaves", "A plan of indemnification for the freedmen was mentioned by Princess Isabel in a letter sent to the Viscount of Santa Vitória on August 11, 1889. The plan involved the use of funds donated by the then Viscount, which would come from his bank", ". The plan involved the use of funds donated by the then Viscount, which would come from his bank. The starting date for the proceedings was supposed to be the inauguration of the new legislature on November 20, 1889, and the princess intended to execute it with the help of influential abolitionists in the government and in the media such as Joaquim Nabuco and José do Patrocínio", ". The original letter is currently in the collection of the Imperial Museum of Brazil and is part of the documents ceded to the museum by the Visconde de Mauá Museum. A copy of the letter is also in the collection of the Araraquara City Council since September 05, 2019 by determination of Opinion No. 392/2019 of the Commission of Justice, Legislation and Writing of the legislative house.", "With the Proclamation of the Republic on November 15, 5 days before the beginning of the new legislature, the possibility of executing the plan was exhausted. The subsequent burning of the registration books and tax collection books of former slaves determined by an order of the then Minister of Finance Rui Barbosa on December 14, 1890 also prevented any reimbursement to the freedmen", ". Records such as these are also used today by countries with a history of slavery so that people can identify their ancestors. Although this event was of paramount importance for preventing former slave owners from obtaining compensation, it is currently regarded by some researchers as a crucial factor generating the \"erasure of black memory\" and constant among the central elements of the patterns of disrespect towards black groups in Brazil.", "Post-abolition", "If on the one hand the abolition of slavery represented a great ethical and humanitarian achievement, on the other hand it proved problematic, because in many ways, the situation of the freedmen worsened. Since the government did not organize any program for their integration into society, they were left to their own devices. In the context of a white dominant society deeply steeped in racism, discrimination continued to manifest itself at all levels", ". The vast majority of freedmen remained marginalized and deprived of access to health, education, vocational training, and citizenship. Many lost their jobs and their homes and were forced to migrate in search of new jobs, which were generally precarious and difficult. Misery became commonplace. The post-abolition period was the beginning of a long and arduous process of struggle for rights, dignity, recognition, and inclusion, which to this day is still not concluded.", "See also \n Eusébio de Queirós Law\n Golden Law\n Rio Branco Law\n Black Guard (Brazil)\n Black movement in Brazil\n Racism in Brazil\n Race and ethnicity in Brazil\n Slavery in Brazil\n Post-abolition in Brazil\n Abolitionism in the United States\n\n References", "Bibliography \n Amaral, Antônio Barreto (2006). Dicionário de História de São Paulo (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Imprensa Oficial.\n Barbosa, Rui, Emancipação dos Escravos (1884) Relatório sobre o Projeto N.º 48 das Comissões Reunidas de Orçamento e Justiça Civil da Câmara dos Deputados. Rio de Janeiro: Tipografia Nacional.\n Câmara dos Deputados (1888). Annaes do Parlamento Brazileiro (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional.", "Castellani, José (2001). A Maçonaria na Década da Abolição e da República (in Portuguese). A Trolha.\n Castellani, José (20017. A Ação Secreta da Maçonaria na Política Mundial (in Portuguese). Landmark.\n Ferreira, Luzilá Gonçalves (1999). Suaves amazonas: mulheres e abolição da escravatura no nordeste (in Portuguese). Recife: UFPE. .\n Fonseca, Dagoberto José (2009). Políticas Públicas e Ações Afirmativas (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Selo Negro.", "Malheiro, Agostinho Marques Perdigão (2008). A Escravidão no Brasil (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Rio de Janeiro: Typografia Nacional.\n Mesquita, Maria Luiza de Carvalho (2009). O “Terceiro Reinado”: Isabel de Bragança, A Imperatriz que Não Foi (in Portuguese). Vassouras: Universidade Severino Sombra.\n Mota, Carlos Guilherme; Ferreira, Gabriela Nunes (2010). Os juristas na formação do Estado-Nação Brasileiro (1850-1930) (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Saraiva. .", "Senado Federal (2000). Sociedade e História do Brasil - Do cativeiro à liberdade (in Portuguese). Brasília: Instituto Teotônio Vilela.\n Senado Federal (2012). A abolição no Parlamento: 65 anos de luta (1823-1888) (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Brasília: Senado Federal.\n Senado Federal (2012). A abolição no Parlamento: 65 anos de luta (1823-1888) (in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Brasília: Senado Federal.", "Silva Neto, Casimiro Pedro da (2003). A construção da democracia: síntese histórica dos grandes momentos da Câmara dos Deputados, das Assembléias Nacionais Constituintes do Congresso Nacional (in Portuguese). Btrasília: Camara dos Deputados.\n Skidmore, Thomas Elliot (1976). Preto no Branco: Raça e Nacionalidade no Pensamento Brasileiro (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra.", "Souza, Everardo Vallim Pereira de (1946). 1º Centenário do Conselheiro Antônio Prado'' (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais.", "External links \n Casa de Rui Barbosa Foundation website\n Chronology of slavery in Brazil\n\nAfrican slave trade\nSlavery in Brazil\nSlavery legislation\nAbolitionism in Brazil\nAbolitionism\nPolitical movements\nPortuguese colonization of the Americas" ]

[ "The opening is the initial stage of a chess game. It usually consists of established theory. The other phases are the middlegame and the endgame. Many opening sequences, known as openings, have standard names such as \"Sicilian Defense\". The Oxford Companion to Chess lists 1,327 named openings and variants, and there are many others with varying degrees of common usage.", "Opening moves that are considered standard are referred to as \"book moves\", or simply \"book\". When a game begins to deviate from known opening theory, the players are said to be \"out of book\". In some openings, book lines have been worked out for over 30 moves, such as some lines in the classical King's Indian Defense and in the Najdorf Variation of the Sicilian Defense.", "Professional chess players spend years studying openings, and they continue doing so throughout their careers as opening theory continues to evolve. Players at the club level also study openings, but the importance of the opening phase is less there since games are rarely decided in the opening. The study of openings can become unbalanced if it is to the exclusion of tactical training and middlegame and endgame strategy.", "A new sequence of moves in the opening is referred to as a . When kept secret until used in a competitive game, it is often known as a prepared variation, a powerful weapon in top-class competition.\n\nAims of the opening", "Common aims in opening play\nWhether they are trying to gain the upper hand as White, or to equalize as Black or to create dynamic imbalances, players generally devote a lot of attention in the opening stages to the following strategies:", "Development: One of the main aims of the opening is to mobilize the pieces on useful squares where they will have impact on the game. To this end, knights are usually developed to f3, c3, f6, and c6 (or sometimes e2, d2, e7, or d7), and both players' king and queen pawns are moved so the bishops can be developed (alternatively, the bishops may be fianchettoed with a maneuver such as g3 and Bg2). Rapid mobilization is the key", ". Rapid mobilization is the key. The queen, and to a lesser extent the rooks, are not usually played to a central position until later in the game, when many minor pieces and pawns are no longer present.", "Control of the center: At the start of the game, it is not clear on which part of the board the pieces will be needed. However, control of the central squares allows pieces to be moved to any part of the board relatively easily, and can also have a cramping effect on the opponent. The classical view is that central control is best effected by placing pawns there, ideally establishing pawns on d4 and e4 (or d5 and e5 for Black)", ". However, the hypermodern school showed that it was not always necessary or even desirable to occupy the center in this way, and that too broad a pawn front could be attacked and destroyed, leaving its architect vulnerable; an impressive-looking pawn center is worth little unless it can be maintained. The hypermoderns instead advocated controlling the center from a distance with pieces, breaking down one's opponent's center, and only taking over the center oneself later in the game", ". This leads to openings such as Alekhine's Defense – in a line like 1.e4 Nf6 2.e5 Nd5 3.d4 d6 4.c4 Nb6 5.f4 (the Four Pawns Attack) White has a formidable pawn center for the moment, but Black hopes to undermine it later in the game, leaving White's position exposed.", "King safety: The king is somewhat exposed in the middle of the board. Measures must be taken to reduce his vulnerability. It is therefore common for both players either to castle in the opening (simultaneously developing one of the rooks) or to otherwise bring the king to the side of the board via artificial castling.", "Most openings strive to avoid the creation of pawn weaknesses such as isolated, doubled and backward pawns, pawn islands, etc. Some openings sacrifice endgame considerations for a quick attack on the opponent's position. Some unbalanced openings for Black, in particular, make use of this idea, such as the Dutch and the Sicilian. Other openings, such as the Alekhine and the Benoni, invite the opponent to overextend and form pawn weaknesses", ". Specific openings accept pawn weaknesses in exchange for compensation in the form of dynamic play. (See Pawn structure.)", "As the players mobilize their pieces, they both seek to ensure that they are working harmoniously towards the control of key squares.\n Transposition is one common way of doing this.", "Apart from these ideas, other strategies used in the middlegame may also be carried out in the opening. These include preparing pawn breaks to create counterplay, creating weaknesses in the opponent's pawn structure, seizing control of key squares, making favorable exchanges of minor pieces (e.g. gaining the bishop pair), or gaining a space advantage, whether in the center or on the flanks.", "Top-level objectives\nAt higher levels of competition, for many years the main objectives of opening play were to obtain a better position when playing as White and to equalize when playing as Black. The idea behind this is that playing first gives White a slight initial advantage; for example, White will be the first to attack if the game opens symmetrically (Black mirrors White's moves).", "Since about the 1950s another objective has gradually become more dominant. According to IM Jeremy Silman, the purpose of the opening is to create dynamic imbalances between the two sides, which will determine the character of the middlegame and the strategic plans chosen by both sides. For example, in the main line of the Winawer Variation of the French Defense (1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e5 c5 5.a3 Bxc3+ 6", ".e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e5 c5 5.a3 Bxc3+ 6.bxc3), White will try to use their and advantage to mount an attack on Black's , while Black will seek simplifying exchanges (in particular, trading off one of White's bishops to blunt this advantage) and counterattack against the weakened pawns on White's ; both players accept different combinations of advantages and disadvantages. This idea was a doctrine of the Soviet school of chess.", "A third objective, which is complementary to the previous ones and has been common since the 19th century, is to lure the opponent into positions with which the player is more familiar and comfortable than the opponent. This is usually done by transpositions, in which a game that apparently starts with one opening can reach a position that is normally produced by a different opening.\n\nOpening repertoires", "Most players realize after a while that they play certain types of positions better than others, and that the amount of theory they can learn is limited. Therefore, most players specialize in certain openings where they know the theory and that lead to positions they favor. The set of openings a player has specialized in is called an opening repertoire. The main elements a player needs to consider in a repertoire are:\n As White, whether to open with 1.e4, 1.d4, 1.c4, or 1.Nf3", "As White, whether to open with 1.e4, 1.d4, 1.c4, or 1.Nf3\n As Black, a defense against any of these openings", "A very narrow repertoire allows for deeper specialization but also makes a player less flexible to vary against different opponents. In addition, opponents may find it easier to prepare against a player with a narrow repertoire.", "The main openings in a repertoire are usually reasonably sound; that is, they should lead to playable positions even against optimal counterplay. Unsound gambits are sometimes used as surprise weapons, but are unreliable for a stable repertoire. Repertoires often change as a player develops, and a player's advancement may be stifled if the opening repertoire does not evolve. Some openings that are effective against amateur players are less effective at the master level", ". Some openings that are effective against amateur players are less effective at the master level. For example, Black obtains active play in return for a pawn in the Benko Gambit; amateur players may have trouble defending against Black's activity, while masters are more skilled at defending and making use of the extra pawn. Some openings played between grandmasters are so complex and theoretical that amateur players will have trouble understanding them", ". An example is the Perenyi Attack of the Sicilian Defense (see diagram), which yields an immensely complicated and tactical position that even strong players have difficulty handling, and that is beyond the comprehension of most amateurs.", "Opening nomenclature", "Major changes in the rules of chess in the late fifteenth century increased the speed of the game, consequently emphasizing the importance of opening study. Thus, early chess books, such as the 1497 text of Luis Ramirez de Lucena, present opening analysis, as do Pedro Damiano (1512) and Ruy López de Segura (1561). Ruy López's disagreement with Damiano regarding the merits of 2...Nc6 led to 3.Bb5 (after 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6) being named for him as the Ruy Lopez or Spanish Opening", "..Nc6 led to 3.Bb5 (after 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6) being named for him as the Ruy Lopez or Spanish Opening. Opening theory was studied more scientifically from the 1840s on, and many opening variations were discovered and named in this period and later.", "Opening nomenclature developed haphazardly, and most names are historical accidents not based on systematic principles. In the early 1930s, the nascent FIDE embarked on a project to standardize opening nomenclature, culminating in the publication of a short booklet in 1933, but this had little impact.", "The oldest openings tend to be named for geographic places and people. Many openings are named after nationalities of players who advocated them, for example Indian, English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Scotch, Russian, Italian, Scandinavian and Sicilian, or places where important games featuring the opening were played such as Vienna, Berlin, and Wilkes-Barre. The Catalan System is named after the Catalonia region.", "Chess players' names are the most common sources of opening names.\nThe name given to an opening is not always that of the first player to adopt it; often an opening is named for the player who was the first to popularize it or to publish analysis of it. Eponymic openings include the Ruy Lopez, Alekhine's Defense, Morphy Defense, and the Réti Opening. Some opening names honor two people, such as the Caro–Kann and the Smith–Morra.", "A few opening names are purely descriptive, such as Giuoco Piano (), Two Knights Defense, Four Knights Game and Bishop's Opening.", "Some openings have been given fanciful names, often names of animals. This practice became more common in the 20th century. By then, most of the more common and traditional sequences of opening moves had already been named, so these tend to be unusual or recently developed openings like the Orangutan, Hippopotamus, Elephant, and Hedgehog. A few are given humorous names, such as the Monkey's Bum and the Toilet Variation.", "Opening names usually include one of the terms \"opening\", \"variation\", \"defense\", \"gambit\" etc, however the terminology is inconsistent and imprecise, and is not a useful basis for classification. Broadly, these terms are used as follows:", "Game: Used for some of the oldest named openings, such as the Scotch Game, Vienna Game, and Four Knights Game. In the 19th century it was used for other common openings such as the Sicilian Defense (\"Sicilian Game\") and French Defense (\"French Game\").\n Opening: This usually refers to an opening played by White, such as the English Opening or Bird's Opening.\n Variation: Used to describe a branch of another named opening, for example the Najdorf Variation, a line of the Sicilian Defense.", "Defense: Refers to an opening chosen by Black, such as Two Knights Defense or Caro-Kann Defense. Some openings described as \"defenses\", such as the King's Indian Defense and Sicilian Defense, can in fact be quite aggressive.", "Gambit: An opening that involves the sacrifice of material, usually one or more pawns. Most openings described as \"Gambits\" are played by White (e.g., King's Gambit), but a few are played by Black (e.g., Latvian Gambit). The terms \"Accepted\" or \"Declined\" may be appended to the name, depending on whether the opponent takes the offered material, as in the Queen's Gambit Accepted and Queen's Gambit Declined", ". In the case of the Queen's Gambit, the sacrifice of material is only temporary as there is no good way for Black to keep the pawn .", "Countergambit: A gambit played by Black, often in response to another gambit. Examples of this include the Albin Countergambit in response to the Queen's Gambit, the Falkbeer Countergambit in response to the King's Gambit, and the Greco Counter Gambit (the former name of the Latvian Gambit) in response to the King's Knight Opening.", "System: A method of development that can be used against many different setups by the opponent. Examples include London System, Colle System, Réti System, Barcza System, and Hedgehog System.\n Attack: Usually used to describe an aggressive or provocative variation such as the Albin–Chatard Attack (or Chatard–Alekhine Attack), the Fried Liver Attack in the Two Knights Defense, and the Grob Attack. The King's Indian Attack is an exception, describing a King's Indian Defense with colors reversed.", "Reversed, Inverted: A Black opening played by White, or more rarely a White opening played by Black. Examples include the Sicilian Reversed (from the English Opening) and the Inverted Hungarian. The Reti, King's Indian Attack, Sicilian Reversed (from the English), and other \"Black played by White with an extra tempo\" often start with 1.Nf3 or 1.c4.", "Anti-: Prefix for openings designed to avoid a specific line, for example the Anti-Marshall (against the Marshall (Counter) Attack in the Ruy Lopez) and the Anti-Meran Gambit (against the Meran Variation of the Semi-Slav Defense).", "Classification of chess openings", "Chess openings are primarily categorized by move sequences. In the initial position, White has twenty legal moves. Of these, 1.e4, 1.d4, 1.Nf3, and 1.c4 are by far the most popular as these moves do the most to promote rapid development and control of the center. A few other opening moves are considered reasonable but less consistent with opening principles than the four most popular moves. The Dunst Opening, 1", ". The Dunst Opening, 1.Nc3, develops a knight to a good square, but is somewhat inflexible because it blocks White's c-pawn; also, after 1...d5 the knight is liable to be driven to an inferior square by ...d4. (Note that after 1.Nf3 the analogous 1...e5? loses a pawn.) Bird's Opening, 1.f4, addresses center control but not development and weakens the king position slightly. The Sokolsky Opening 1.b4 and the King's and Queen's fianchettos: Larsen's Opening 1.b3 and 1", ". The Sokolsky Opening 1.b4 and the King's and Queen's fianchettos: Larsen's Opening 1.b3 and 1.g3 aid development a bit, but they only address center control peripherally and are slower than the more popular openings. The eleven remaining possibilities are rarely played at the top levels of chess. Of these, the best are merely slow such as 1.c3, 1.d3, and 1.e3. Worse possibilities either ignore the center and development such as 1.a3, weaken White's position (for instance, 1.f3 and 1", ".a3, weaken White's position (for instance, 1.f3 and 1.g4), or place the knights on poor squares (1.Na3 and 1.Nh3).", "Black has twenty complementary responses to White's opening move. Many of these are mirror images of the most popular first moves for White, but with one less tempo. Defenses beginning with 1...c6 and 1...e6, often followed by the center thrust 2...d5, are also popular. Defenses with an early ...d6 coupled with a kingside fianchetto are also commonly played.", "The most important scheme of classifying chess openings for serious players is by ECO code, a series of 500 opening codes assigned by the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings. Although these codes are invaluable for the serious study of the chess opening, they are not very practical for a broad survey of the chess opening as the codes obscure common structural features between related openings.", "A simple descriptive categorization of the chess opening is King's Pawn Openings, Queen's Pawn Openings, and Others. Since these categories are still individually very large, it is common to divide each of them further. One reasonable way to group the openings is:\n Double King Pawn, Symmetric or Open Games (1.e4 e5)\n Single King Pawn or Semi-Open Games (1.e4 other)\n Double Queen Pawn or Closed Games (1.d4 d5)\n Single Queen Pawn or Semi-Closed Games (1.d4 other)", "Double Queen Pawn or Closed Games (1.d4 d5)\n Single Queen Pawn or Semi-Closed Games (1.d4 other)\n Flank openings (including 1.c4, 1.Nf3, 1.f4, and others)\n Unusual first moves for White\nThe Indian systems (1.d4 Nf6) are the most important of the Semi-Closed Games, and warrant separate treatment.", "Open games: 1.e4 e5\n\nWhite starts by playing 1.e4 (moving their king pawn two spaces). This is the most popular opening move and it has many strengths—it immediately works on controlling the center, and it activates two pieces (the queen and a bishop). The oldest openings in chess follow 1.e4. Bobby Fischer rated 1.e4 as \"Best by test.\" On the downside, 1.e4 places a pawn on an undefended square and weakens d4 and f4. If Black mirrors White's move and replies with 1...e5, the result is an open game.", "The most popular second move for White is 2.Nf3 attacking Black's king pawn, preparing for a kingside castle, and anticipating the advance of the queen pawn to d4. Black's most common reply is 2...Nc6, which usually leads to the Ruy Lopez (3.Bb5), Scotch Game (3.d4), or Italian Game (3.Bc4). If Black instead maintains symmetry and counterattacks White's center with 2...Nf6 then the Petrov's Defense results. The Philidor Defense (2..", "...Nf6 then the Petrov's Defense results. The Philidor Defense (2...d6) is not popular in modern chess because it allows White an easy space advantage while Black's position remains cramped and passive, although solid. Other responses to 2.Nf3 are not seen in master play.", "The most popular alternatives to 2.Nf3 are the Vienna Game (2.Nc3), the Bishop's Opening (2.Bc4), and the King's Gambit (2.f4). These openings have some similarities with each other, in particular the Bishop's Opening frequently transposes to variations of the Vienna Game. The King's Gambit was extremely popular in the 19th century. White sacrifices a pawn for quick development and to divert a black pawn from the center", ". White sacrifices a pawn for quick development and to divert a black pawn from the center. The Vienna Game also frequently features attacks on the Black center by means of a f2–f4 pawn advance.", "In the Center Game (2.d4) White immediately opens the center but if the pawn is to be recovered after 2...exd4, White must contend with a slightly premature queen development after 3.Qxd4. An alternative is to sacrifice one or two pawns, for example in the Danish Gambit.", "Many other variations after 1.e4 e5 have been studied; see Open Game for details.\n 1.e4 e5 Double King's Pawn Opening or Open Game\n 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Ruy Lopez\n 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 Scotch Game\n 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Italian Game\n 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3 Nf6 Four Knights Game\n 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 Petrov's Defense\n 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 Philidor Defense\n 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Vienna Game\n 1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 Bishop's Opening\n 1.e4 e5 2.f4 King's Gambit\n 1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.Qxd4 Center Game", "1.e4 e5 2.Bc4 Bishop's Opening\n 1.e4 e5 2.f4 King's Gambit\n 1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.Qxd4 Center Game\n 1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.c3 Danish Gambit", "Semi-open games: 1.e4, Black plays other than 1...e5", "In the semi-open games White plays 1.e4 and Black breaks symmetry immediately by replying with a move other than 1...e5. The most popular Black defense to 1.e4 is the Sicilian (1...c5), but the French (1...e6, normally followed by 2.d4 d5) and the Caro–Kann (1...c6, normally followed by 2.d4 d5) are also very popular. The Pirc and the Modern are closely related openings that are also often seen, while the Alekhine and the Scandinavian have made occasional appearances in World Chess Championship games.", "The Sicilian and French Defenses lead to unbalanced positions that can offer exciting play with both sides having chances to win. The Caro–Kann Defense is solid as Black intends to use their c-pawn to support their center (1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5). Alekhine's, the Pirc and the Modern are hypermodern openings in which Black tempts White to build a large center with the goal of attacking it with pieces.", "Other semi-open games have been studied but are less common; see Semi-Open Game for details.\n 1.e4 c5 Sicilian Defense\n 1.e4 e6 French Defense\n 1.e4 c6 Caro–Kann Defense\n 1.e4 d5 Scandinavian Defense (also known as the Center Counter defense)\n 1.e4 d6 2.d4 Nf6 3.Nc3 g6 Pirc Defense\n 1.e4 Nf6 Alekhine's Defense\n 1.e4 g6 Modern Defense\n\nClosed games: 1.d4 d5", "The openings classified as closed games begin 1.d4 d5. The move 1.d4 offers the same benefits to development and center control as does 1.e4, but unlike with King Pawn openings where the e4-pawn is undefended after the first move, the d4-pawn is protected by White's queen. This slight difference has a tremendous effect on the opening. For instance, whereas the King's Gambit is rarely played today at the highest levels of chess, the Queen's Gambit remains a popular weapon at all levels of play", ". Also, compared with the King Pawn openings, transpositions among variations are more common and critical in the closed games.", "The most important closed openings are in the Queen's Gambit family (White plays 2.c4). The Queen's Gambit is somewhat misnamed, since White can always regain the offered pawn if desired. In the Queen's Gambit Accepted, Black plays ...dxc4, giving up the center for free development and the chance to try to give White an isolated queen pawn with a subsequent ...c5 and ...cxd4. White will get active pieces and possibilities for the attack. Black has two popular ways to decline the pawn, the Slav (2..", ". Black has two popular ways to decline the pawn, the Slav (2...c6) and the Queen's Gambit Declined (2...e6). Both of these moves lead to an immense forest of variations that can require a great deal of opening study to play well. Among the many possibilities in the Queen's Gambit Declined are the Orthodox Defense, Lasker's Defense, the Cambridge Springs Defense, the Tartakower Variation, and the Tarrasch and Semi-Tarrasch Defenses. Black replies to the Queen's Gambit other than 2...dxc4, 2...c6, and 2..", ". Black replies to the Queen's Gambit other than 2...dxc4, 2...c6, and 2...e6 are uncommon.", "The Colle System and Stonewall Attack are classified as Queen's Pawn Games because White plays d4 but not c4. They are also examples of Systems, rather than specific opening variations. White develops aiming for a particular formation without great concern over how Black chooses to defend. Both systems are popular with club players because they are easy to learn, but are rarely used by professionals because a well-prepared opponent playing Black can equalize fairly easily", ". The Stonewall is characterized by the White pawn formation on c3, d4, e3, and f4, and can be achieved by several move orders and against many different Black setups. The diagram positions and the move sequences given below are typical.", "Other closed openings have been studied but are less common; see Closed Game for details.\n 1.d4 d5 Double Queen's Pawn Opening or Closed Game\n 1.d4 d5 2.c4 Queen's Gambit\n 1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 Queen's Gambit Accepted (QGA)\n 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 Queen's Gambit Declined (QGD)\n 1.d4 d5 2.c4 c6 Slav Defense\n 1.d4 d5 2.e3 Nf6 3.Bd3 c5 4.c3 Nc6 5.f4 (a typical move sequence) Stonewall Attack\n 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.e3 Colle System\n\nIndian defenses: 1.d4 Nf6", "The Indian systems are asymmetrical defenses to 1.d4 that employ hypermodern chess strategy. Fianchettos are common in many of these openings. As with the closed games, transpositions are important and many of the Indian defenses can be reached by several different move orders. Although Indian defenses were championed in the 1920s by players in the hypermodern school, they were not fully accepted until Soviet players showed in the late 1940s that these systems are sound for Black", ". Since then, Indian defenses have been the most popular Black replies to 1.d4 because they offer an unbalanced game with chances for both sides. The usual White second move is 2.c4, grabbing a larger share of the center and allowing the move Nc3, to prepare for moving the e-pawn to e4 without blocking the c-pawn. Black's most popular replies are:", "2...e6, freeing the king's bishop and leading into the Nimzo-Indian Defense, Queen's Indian Defense, Bogo-Indian Defense, Modern Benoni, or regular lines of the Queen's Gambit Declined,\n 2...g6, preparing a fianchetto of the king's bishop and entering the King's Indian Defense or Grünfeld Defense, and\n 2...c5 3.d5 e6, the Modern Benoni, with an immediate counterpunch in the center.", "Advocated by Nimzowitsch as early as 1913, the Nimzo-Indian Defense was the first of the Indian systems to gain full acceptance. It remains one of the most popular and well-respected defenses to 1.d4 and White often adopts move orders designed to avoid it. Black attacks the center with pieces and is prepared to trade a bishop for a knight to weaken White's queenside with doubled pawns.", "The King's Indian Defense is aggressive, somewhat risky, and generally indicates that Black will not be satisfied with a draw. Although it was played occasionally as early as the late 19th century, the King's Indian was considered inferior until the 1940s, when it was taken up by Bronstein, Boleslavsky, and Reshevsky. Despite being Fischer's favored defense to 1.d4, its popularity faded in the mid-1970s. Kasparov's successes with the defense restored the King's Indian to prominence in the 1980s.", "Ernst Grünfeld debuted the Grünfeld Defense in 1922. Distinguished by the move 3...d5, Grünfeld intended it as an improvement to the King's Indian which was not considered entirely satisfactory at that time. The Grünfeld has been adopted by World Champions Smyslov, Fischer, and Kasparov.", "The Queen's Indian Defense is considered solid, safe, and perhaps somewhat drawish. Black often chooses the Queen's Indian when White avoids the Nimzo-Indian by playing 3.Nf3 instead of 3.Nc3. Black constructs a sound position that makes no positional concessions, although sometimes it is difficult for Black to obtain good winning chances. Karpov was a leading expert in this opening.", "The Modern Benoni is a risky attempt by Black to unbalance the position and gain active piece play at the cost of allowing White a pawn wedge at d5 and a central majority. Tal popularized the defense in the 1960s by winning several brilliant games with it, and Fischer occasionally adopted it, with good results, including a win in his 1972 world championship match against Boris Spassky. Often Black adopts a slightly different move order, playing 2...e6 before 3..", ". Often Black adopts a slightly different move order, playing 2...e6 before 3...c5 in order to avoid the sharpest lines for White.", "The Benko Gambit is often played by strong players, and is very popular at lower levels. Black plays to open lines on the queenside where White will be subject to considerable pressure. If White accepts the gambit, Black's compensation is positional rather than tactical, and their initiative can last even after many piece exchanges and well into the endgame. White often chooses instead either to decline the gambit pawn or return it.", "The Catalan Opening is characterized by White forming a pawn center at d4 and c4 and fianchettoing their king's bishop. It resembles a combination of the Queen's Gambit and Réti Opening. Since the Catalan can be reached from many different move orders, (one Queen's Gambit Declined-like move sequence is 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.g3), it is sometimes called the Catalan System.", "The most important Indian Defenses are listed below, but many others have been studied and played; see Indian Defense for details.\n 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 e6 Modern Benoni\n 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5 Benko Gambit (or Volga Gambit)\n 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 Nimzo-Indian Defense\n 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6 Queen's Indian Defense\n 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3 Catalan Opening\n 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 Grünfeld Defense\n 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 King's Indian Defense (KID)\n\nOther Black responses to 1.d4", "Of the defenses to 1.d4 other than 1...d5 and 1...Nf6, the most important are the Dutch Defense and the Benoni Defense.", "The Dutch, an aggressive defense adopted for a time by World Champions Alekhine and Botvinnik, and played by both Botvinnik and challenger David Bronstein in their 1951 world championship match, is still played occasionally at the top level by Short and others. Another fairly common opening is the Benoni Defense, which may become very wild if it develops into the Modern Benoni, though other variations are more solid.", "Several other uncommon semi-closed openings have been named and studied, see Semi-Closed Game for details.\n 1.d4 c5 Benoni Defense\n 1.d4 f5 Dutch Defense\n\nFlank openings (including English, Réti, Bird's, and White fianchettos)", "Flank openings (including English, Réti, Bird's, and White fianchettos)\n\nThe flank openings are the group of White openings typified by play on one or both flanks.\nWhite plays in hypermodern style, attacking the center from the flanks with pieces rather than occupying it with pawns. These openings are played often, and 1.Nf3 and 1.c4 trail only 1.e4 and 1.d4 in popularity as opening moves.", "If White opens with 1.Nf3, the game often becomes one of the d4 openings (closed games or semi-closed games) by a different move order (this is called transposition), but unique openings such as the Réti and King's Indian Attack are also common. The Réti itself is characterized by White playing 1.Nf3, fianchettoing one or both bishops, and not playing an early d4 (which would generally transpose into one of the 1.d4 openings).", "The King's Indian Attack (KIA) is a system of development that White may use in reply to almost any Black opening moves.", "The characteristic KIA setup is 1.Nf3, 2.g3, 3.Bg2, 4.0-0, 5.d3, 6.Nbd2, and 7.e4, although these moves may be played in many different orders. In fact, the KIA is probably most often reached after 1.e4 when White uses it to respond to a Black attempt to play one of the semi-open games such as the Caro–Kann, French, or Sicilian, or even the open games which usually come after 1.e4 e5", ".e4 e5. Its greatest appeal may be that by adopting a set pattern of development, White can avoid the large amount of opening study required to prepare to meet the many different possible Black replies to 1.e4.", "The English Opening (1.c4) also frequently transposes into a d4 opening, but it can take on independent character as well including the Symmetrical Variation (1.c4 c5) and the Reversed Sicilian (1.c4 e5).\n\nLarsen's Opening (1.b3) and the Sokolsky Opening (1.b4) are occasionally seen in grandmaster play. Benko used 1.g3 to defeat both Fischer and Tal in the 1962 Candidates Tournament in Curaçao.", "With Bird's Opening (1.f4) White tries to get a strong grip on the e5-square.\nThe opening can resemble a Dutch Defense in reverse after 1.f4 d5, or Black may try to disrupt White by playing 1...e5!? (From's Gambit).\n 1.b3 Larsen's Opening\n 1.b4 Sokolsky Opening\n 1.c4 English Opening\n 1.Nf3 Zukertort Opening (characteristically followed by fianchettoing one or both bishops, and without an early d4)", "1.Nf3, 2.g3, 3.Bg2, 4.0-0, 5.d3, 6.Nbd2, 7.e4 King's Indian Attack (KIA) (moves may be played in many different orders)\n 1.f4 Bird's Opening\n 1.g3 Benko Opening\n 1.g4 Grob's Attack", "Unusual first moves for White", "First moves other than the king pawn (1.e4), queen pawn (1.d4), or flank openings (1.b3, 1.b4, 1.c4, 1.Nf3, 1.f4, or 1.g3) are not regarded as effective ways to exploit White's first-move advantage and thus are rarely played. Although some of these openings are not actually bad for White, each of the twelve remaining possible first moves suffers one or more of the following defects compared to the more popular choices:\n too passive for White (1.d3, 1.e3, 1.c3, or 1.Nc3)", "too passive for White (1.d3, 1.e3, 1.c3, or 1.Nc3)\n gratuitously weakens White's position (1.f3 or 1.g4)\n does little to aid White's development or control the center (1.a3, 1.a4, 1.h3, or 1.h4)\n develops a knight to an inferior square (1.Na3 or 1.Nh3)", "See also\n\n \n Chess opening book\n List of chess openings\n List of chess openings named after people\n List of chess openings named after places\n List of chess gambits\n Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings\n Chess opening theory table\n Middlegame\n Endgame\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading", "Nick de Firmian is a three-time U.S. Chess Champion. Often called MCO-15 or simply MCO, this is the 15th edition of a work that has been the standard English language reference on chess openings since the first (1911) edition. This book is a valuable reference for club and tournament players.", "Garry Kasparov is the former World Chess Champion from 1985 to 2000 and Raymond Keene is a former British chess champion. This book is often called BCO 2 and is intended as a reference for club and tournament players. It is similar in format to MCO.\n \n \nJohn Nunn is a former British Chess Champion and a noted chess author. This book is often called NCO and is a reference for club and tournament players. It is similar in format to MCO and BCO 2.\n Sahovski Informator. Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings", "This is an advanced, technical work in five volumes published by Chess Informant of Belgrade. http://www.sahovski.com/ It analyzes openings used in tournament play and archived in Chess Informant since 1966. Instead of using the traditional names for the openings and descriptive text to evaluate positions, Informator has developed a unique coding system that is language independent so that it can be read by chess players around the world without requiring translation", ". Called the ECO, these volumes are the most comprehensive reference for professional and serious tournament players.", "An elementary/introductory book.\n Stefan Djuric, Dimitri Komarov, & Claudio Pantaleoni, Chess Opening Essentials (4 volumes)\n \n van der Sterren, Paul, Fundamental Chess Openings, Gambit, 2009, \n \n (Three chapters of general opening principles; open and semi-open games)\n (Closed games and Indian defenses)\n (English Opening)\n \n Chess Openings by Edward Winter", "Chess theory\nChess terminology" ]

[ "The Lone Star Conference (LSC) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) at the Division II level. Member institutions are located in the southwestern United States, with schools in Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arkansas, with two members in the Pacific Northwest states of Oregon and Washington competing as affiliates for football only.", "The Lone Star Conference operates from the same headquarters complex in the Dallas suburb of Richardson as the American Southwest Conference.", "History", "The conference was formed in 1931 when five schools withdrew from the old Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association. Charter members included East Texas State (now Texas A&M–Commerce), North Texas State (now University of North Texas), Sam Houston State, Southwest Texas State (now Texas State), and Stephen F. Austin", ". Austin. With Texas A&M–Commerce starting its transition to Division I in July 2022, none of the five charter members remain in Division II or in the conference – all have moved up to Division I (in football as of 2023, North Texas, Sam Houston, and Texas State compete in NCAA Division I FBS, while Stephen F. Austin and Texas A&M–Commerce compete in NCAA Division I FCS).", "Chronological timeline\n\nBelow is a timeline of the conference's history.", "1931 - The conference was formed on April 25, 1931, at a meeting in Denton, Texas, when five schools withdrew from the old Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association", ". Charter members included East Texas State University (now Texas A&M University–Commerce), North Texas State University (now University of North Texas), Sam Houston State College (now Sam Houston State University), Southwestern State College (later Southwest Texas State University, then Texas State University–San Marcos, now Texas State University), and Stephen F. Austin State College (now Stephen F. Austin State University)", ". Austin State College (now Stephen F. Austin State University). The conference constitution required member schools to sponsor football, basketball, track & field and tennis. The 1931-32 basketball season was the first sport to be competed within the conference. At the first annual conference business meeting on December 12, 1931, Trinity University was admitted to the LSC, effective for the 1932-33 academic year.", "1933 - Trinity University announced that the school was withdrawing from the LSC to return to the Texas Conference, but would still compete in the LSC until the 1933-34 academic year.\n 1934 - At the annual LSC business meeting in December, conference presidents considered Texas A&I University, Sul Ross State University and West Texas State Teachers College (then West Texas State University) for admittance, but full membership was not granted at that time.", "1938 - The Lone Star Conference joined the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).\n 1940 - The LSC Faculty Athletics Representatives voted, upon recommendation of the LSC Directors of Athletics, to add golf as a conference sport with the first championship scheduled for May 17, 1941 (of the 1940-41 academic year).", "1941 - At the annual meeting on December 13, 1941, six days after the beginning of World War II, LSC members went on record as favoring \"continuing a full sports program as long as it does not interfere with the nation's all-out war effort\".\n 1942 - At the December 12, 1942, conference meeting, the LSC faculty athletics representatives approved football and basketball as conference sports during the war as long as transportation was available. All spring sports, excluding track, were discontinued.", "1945 - On November 9, 1945, and with the end of World War II, a called meeting of conference directors of athletics and faculty athletics representatives was held in Waco, Texas. Basketball, tennis, track, golf, and football were planned as conference sports for the 1946-47 academic year. An invitation for conference membership was extended to the University of Houston and Southwestern University of Georgetown, Texas", ". Houston expressed a desire to schedule tentative basketball and football schedules, pending action to its board of regents. In addition, Trinity University and Howard Payne University were also discussed as possible new members.", "1945 - On December 8, 1945, the University of Houston was officially admitted to the LSC.\n 1946 - On April 23, 1946, at a conference spring meeting, Trinity University was admitted to the LSC, effective in the 1946-47 academic year; therefore, rejoining the conference after a 12-year hiatus.\n 1946 - On December 7, 1946, at a conference winter meeting, a vote was taken to add baseball to the list of LSC sports, effective in the 1947 spring season.", "1947 - On May 16, 1947, Texas A&I University applied for admission to the LSC, but was never admitted due to some geographic concerns.\n 1948 - On December 10–11, 1948, at a winter meeting, Hardin College (now Midwestern State University) was admitted to the LSC by unanimous vote.\n 1949 - North Texas State University, the University of Houston, Trinity University, and Hardin College withdrew from the LSC, effective June 1, 1949, to form the Gulf Coast Conference.", "1950 - Sul Ross State University and Lamar State College of Technology (now Lamar University) were admitted to the LSC.\n 1953 - On December 12, 1953, Texas A&I was admitted to the LSC and began competition in the 1954 fall season of the 1954-55 academic year.\n 1956 - McMurry College applied for LSC membership, but was voted down.\n 1956 - Howard Payne was admitted to the LSC, effective the 1956-57 academic year.", "1956 - Howard Payne was admitted to the LSC, effective the 1956-57 academic year.\n 1958 - Conference members approved a motion that the LSC must follow NCAA rules for football instead of NAIA rules.\n 1959 - On May 12, 1959, the LSC Faculty Athletics Representatives rejected a motion that the LSC should be expanded to a nine-school league with the votes 6-2.", "1960 - The conference members voted to accept an invitation by the new Great Southwest Bowl committee to have the LSC football champion as the host team each year for the game in Grand Prairie, Texas, in late December. Texas A&I defeated Arkansas Tech University 45-10 in the first such game on December 31, 1960. Bowl Chairman Cecil Owens said, \"We hope the game will be a fine supplement to the Cotton Bowl\".", "1962 - On December 7, 1962, at the annual conference meeting in Dallas, the LSC Faculty Athletics Representatives rejected a motion to allow LSC members optional membership in the NAIA or the NCAA, and rejected a motion that the decision of acceptance or refusal of postseason, playoff, or championship events resided within the individual schools. A motion that LSC did not pledge its champions to the NAIA playoffs was also defeated.", "1963 - On May 11, 1963, at the annual conference meeting in Brownwood, Texas, Lamar State College of Technology withdrew from the LSC, effective September 1, 1965.\n 1964 - On May 9, 1964, McMurry College was admitted to the LSC with first participation scheduled for spring sports in the 1965 spring season of the 1964-65 academic year, followed by basketball (achieving full member status) in the 1965-66 academic year, and eventually football in the 1966 fall season of the 1966-67 academic year.", "1964 - Also in 1964, San Angelo College (now Angelo State University) attempted to apply to the LSC, but was told that LSC membership is limited to schools which had recognized four-year collegiate standing. San Angelo College's president Dr. B.M. Cavness told the LSC faculty athletics representatives that his school would assume such status in September 1965. He was advised to reapply in December 1965.", "1965 - At the annual fall meeting in Dallas, the LSC faculty athletics representatives voted in a secret ballot not to expand membership in the LSC.\n 1968 - After achieving the status requirements since the first attempt, Angelo State University was finally admitted to the LSC. Tarleton State University was also admitted to the LSC.\n 1972 - McMurry College left the LSC.\n 1973 - Abilene Christian University was admitted to the LSC.\n 1975 - Tarleton State University withdrew from the LSC.", "1975 - Tarleton State University withdrew from the LSC.\n 1976 - Sul Ross State University withdrew from the LSC.\n 1982 - The Lone Star Conference became an NCAA Division II athletic conference.\n 1983 - Southwest Texas State University, Sam Houston State University, and Stephen F. Austin University left the LSC.", "1984 - The LSC Council of Presidents extended an invitation for LSC membership to West Texas State University, and the WTSU Board of Regents accepted the invitation to begin LSC competition in the 1986-87 academic year. Eastern New Mexico University was automatically admitted to the LSC.", "1986 - The LSC Council of Presidents unanimously approved the membership of Central State University (now the University of Central Oklahoma) to establish the concept of a regional conference. Eventually, the school officially became a member of the LSC on July 1, 1987, effective beginning competition within the conference in the 1987-88 academic year.\n 1987 - Howard Payne withdrew from the LSC, effective after the 1986-87 academic year.", "1987 - Howard Payne withdrew from the LSC, effective after the 1986-87 academic year.\n 1988 - The LSC Council of Presidents approved the admittance of Texas Woman's University to the LSC; effective in the 1989-90 academic year. Cameron University was automatically admitted to the LSC.", "1989 - The LSC entered into consulting agreement with the Southwest Conference, allowing the SWC to advise the LSC in eligibility cases, aid in arbitration of protests, and provide interpretations of NCAA rules, as well as administer the National Letter of Intent program. At the time, Shirley Morton of Angelo State University served as secretary/treasurer and Garner Roberts of Abilene Christian University served as news director of the LSC.", "1989 - West Texas State University dropped football and withdrew from the LSC, effective at the end of the 1989-90 academic year.\n 1990 - On November 30, 1990, the LSC Council of Presidents requested an LSC expansion committee to be formed to contact institutions in Oklahoma and Arkansas regarding conference membership.", "1991 - On April 28, 1991, the LSC Directors of Athletics considered a new football schedule recommendation from football coaches for the 1992 season if a replacement for West Texas State was not found.\n 1991 - On April 30, 1991, the LSC expansion committee was appointed to include Jerry Vandergriff of Angelo State, John \"Skip\" Wagnon of Central Oklahoma, Cecil Eager of Abilene Christian, and Dr. Margaret Harbison of East Texas State.", "1991 - On June 1, 1991, at the LSC Council of Presidents meeting, Angelo State president Dr. Drew Vincent said, \"there is a survival issue in the conference that has nothing to do with finances which was that the conference needed to be enlarged. East Central University, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, and Northeastern State University might be interested in joining, as well as Tarleton State University and Midwestern State University.", "1991 - On November 25, 1991, the LSC Directors of Athletics requested Central Oklahoma's Skip Wagnon to invite representatives from Henderson State University, the University of Central Arkansas, Fort Hays State University, and Midwestern State University to a meeting on January 7, 1992, during the NCAA convention.", "1992 - On November 24, 1992, the LSC faculty athletics representatives voted unanimously to recommend the Council of Presidents that an invitation should be extended to West Texas State University (which had reinstated football), to rejoin the conference.", "1993 - On January 14, 1993, the LSC Council of Presidents voted unanimously to extend an invitation to West Texas State University, having the school to begin LSC competition for football in the 1996 fall season of the 1996-97 academic year, and to begin LSC competition for all other sports, effective in the 1994-95 academic year.", "1993 - On June 19, 1993, the LSC Council of Presidents accepted the withdraw of Cameron University from the LSC, effective in the 1993 fall season of the 1993-94 academic year, following Cameron's decision to discontinue football.\n 1994 - On January 9, 1994, the LSC Council of Presidents voted unanimously to extend an invitation to Tarleton State University to join the LSC and compete in all sports except football for the 1994-95 academic year, if possible.", "1994 - On May 2, 1994, the LSC Faculty Athletics Representatives announced that the Southwest Conference could no longer provide services to the Lone Star Conference, and recommended a conference office be established and a commissioner be hired.\n 1994 - On June 11, 1994, the Council of Presidents voted unanimously to establish an LSC office and to hire a commissioner.", "1994 - On September 5, 1994, Fred Jacoby was named the first full-time commissioner of the Lone Star Conference with the charge to expand the conference, to assist the new members in NAIA to NCAA transition, and to train a person for commissioner in establishing a conference office.\n 1994 - On October 10, 1994, Ouachita Baptist University president Ben Elrod said that his university would join Harding University in applying for LSC membership.", "1995 - On January 5, 1995, on a conference call of the LSC Council of Presidents, Midwestern State University was admitted to the LSC in a unanimous vote of 8-0, effective September 1, 1995, therefore rejoining the conference. Only six members competed in football (Eastern New Mexico, Abilene Christian, Angelo State, Texas A&M–Commerce, Texas A&M–Kingsville, and Central Oklahoma).", "1995 - On January 8, 1995, at a joint meeting of the LSC Council of Presidents and the LSC Directors of Athletics at the NCAA convention in San Diego, a thorough discussion of conference expansion was held with the potential of developing two divisions of eight members each. The catalyst had been the fragmentation of NAIA Division I with member institutions moving to NCAA Division II", ". Discussion centered on universities in Oklahoma and Arkansas that had applied to NCAA Division II and the rationale for expansion. The consensus was that the LSC presidents should host a meeting of Oklahoma presidents to share information on expansion and to study the feasibility of developing a regional conference. A meeting would be set up in the next 60 days.", "1995 - On August 29, 1995, on a conference call of the executive committee of the LSC Council of Presidents, a recommendation was approved to \"take a proactive position regarding expansion with the development of a regional conference with two divisions\".", "1995 - On September 28, 1995, the executive committee of the LSC Council of Presidents met with the presidents of Northeastern State University, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, the University of Central Arkansas, Harding University, and Ouachita Baptist University", ". Focus of discussion was that with expansion, a strategic long-range decision would be made to stabilize LSC membership, while providing flexibility for conference athletics programs in scheduling, postseason playoff competition, gender-equity guidelines, marketing potential, media coverage, NCAA legislative strength, enhancing the image of the conference, and economy of scale for the conference administration and services. Further, the downside to the proposed expansion/realignment was minimal.", "1995 - On October 11, 1995, on a conference call of the LSC Council of Presidents, a recommendation was unanimously approved to extend invitations to Northeastern State University, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, the University of Central Arkansas, Harding University, and Ouachita Baptist University for LSC membership. On November 14, 1995, all institutions listed above (except Central Arkansas) accepted membership in the LSC, effective in the 1996-97 academic year.", "1996 - On March 6, 1996, Cameron University was readmitted to the LSC, after a two-year hiatus.\n 1996 - Southwestern Oklahoma State University and East Central University were admitted to the LSC. With 17 members, the Lone Star Conference began competition with a north/south divisional alignment.\n 2000 - Harding University and Ouachita Baptist University withdrew from the LSC to join the Gulf South Conference.\n 2010 - The University of the Incarnate Word was admitted to the LSC.", "2010 - The University of the Incarnate Word was admitted to the LSC.\n 2011 - East Central University, Southeastern Oklahoma State University, and Southwestern Oklahoma State University left the LSC to join with a few Arkansas schools to form the Great American Conference; the University of Central Oklahoma and Northeastern State University left to join the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association.", "2013 - The University of the Incarnate Word and Abilene Christian University left the LSC to join the Southland Conference of NCAA Division I. Abilene Christian was formerly a member of that conference from 1963–64 to 1972–73. At the same time, men's soccer was dropped as a conference sport.\n 2012 - Harding University returned to the conference as an affiliate member for track & field from the 2013 to the 2015 spring seasons.", "2013 - McMurry University returned to the conference as an affiliate member for track & field during the 2014 spring season, and for football only during the 2014 fall season.\n 2016 - The University of Texas Permian Basin and Western New Mexico University were admitted to the LSC.\n 2016 - Oklahoma Panhandle State University was admitted to the LSC as an affiliate member for football only during the 2016 fall season.", "2016 - Lubbock Christian University was admitted in the LSC as an affiliate member for track & field for the 2017 spring season.\n 2018 - Dallas Baptist University was admitted in the LSC as an affiliate member for track & field for the 2019 spring season.", "2019 - Seven members of the Heartland Conference were admitted as full, non-football members to the LSC: Arkansas–Fort Smith, Dallas Baptist, Lubbock Christian, Oklahoma Christian, St. Edward's, St. Mary's (TX), and Texas A&M International. UAFS is now the LSC's first member in Arkansas since Harding and Ouachita Baptist departed in 2000. Additionally, UT Tyler joined the LSC as it began its transition from NCAA Division III", ". Additionally, UT Tyler joined the LSC as it began its transition from NCAA Division III. At the same time as the new members joined, men's soccer was reinstated as an LSC sport.", "Sept. 2019 - Tarleton announced it would move to the Division I Western Athletic Conference (WAC) effective in July 2020 for all sports except football, which initially played as an FCS independent. The WAC would eventually reinstate its football league at the FCS level in 2021 with Tarleton as a member.\n September 30, 2021 – The Southland Conference announced that Texas A&M–Commerce would start a transition to Division I in July 2022, joining the Southland at that time.", "November 18, 2021 – The LSC announced that the three remaining football members of the Great Northwest Athletic Conference—Central Washington, Simon Fraser, and Western Oregon—would become LSC football-only members effective in 2022.\n January 31, 2023 - Sul Ross State announces its intent to transition from NCAA Division III to Division II and rejoin the Lone Star Conference after 48 years in 2024.", "2023 - The LSC announces it will be parting with Simon Fraser as an affiliate member following the 2023 football season. Shortly thereafter, Simon Fraser announces it will no longer sponsor varsity football as a sport, effective immediately.\n June 26, 2023 - Arkansas–Fort Smith announced it would leave the Lone Star Conference to join the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association in 2024.", "July 13, 2023 - Sul Ross State was approved for reclassification to Division II and announced they will officially join the conference on July 1, 2024.\n July 20, 2023 - The University of Texas at Dallas announces it plans to transition from NCAA Division III to Division II in 2024 and join the Lone Star Conference in 2025.", "Member schools\n\nCurrent members\nThe LSC currently has 17 full members, all but five are public schools:\n\nNotes\n\nFuture members\n\nNotes\n\nAffiliate members\nThe LSC currently has two affiliate members, both of which are public schools.\n\nFormer members\nThe LSC had 20 former full members, with a solid majority (13) being public schools.\n\nNotes\n\nFormer affiliate members\nThe LSC had two former affiliate members, both of which were also public schools:", "{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align:center\"\n! Institution\n! Location\n! Founded\n! Affiliation\n! Enrollment\n! Nickname\n! Joined\n! Left\n! LSCsport(s)\n! Primaryconferencewhilecompetingin LSC sport\n! Currentprimaryconference\n|-\n| Oklahoma Panhandle State University\n| Goodwell, Oklahoma\n| 1909\n| Public\n| 1,207\n| Aggies\n| 2016–17\n| 2016–17\n| football\n| Heartland\n| Sooner (SAC)\n|-\n| Simon Fraser University\n| Burnaby, British Columbia\n| 1965\n| Public\n| 35,604\n| Red Leafs\n| 2022–23\n| 2022–23\n| football", "| Burnaby, British Columbia\n| 1965\n| Public\n| 35,604\n| Red Leafs\n| 2022–23\n| 2022–23\n| football\n| colspan=2 | Great Northwest (GNAC)\n|}", "Notes\n\nMembership timeline\n\nSponsored sports\n\nMen's sponsored sports by school\n\nWomen's sponsored sports by school\n\nOther sponsored sports by school\n\nNotes\n\nIn addition to the above:", "Arkansas–Fort Smith counts its male and female cheerleaders, plus its all-female dance team (called a \"pom squad\" on the school's athletic website), as varsity athletes.\n Cameron counts its female cheerleaders (though not male cheerleaders) and all-female dance team as varsity athletes under the collective name of \"spirit team\".\n Dallas Baptist fields a varsity team in the all-female cheerleading discipline of STUNT.", "Dallas Baptist fields a varsity team in the all-female cheerleading discipline of STUNT.\n Eastern New Mexico counts its female cheerleaders (though not male cheerleaders) and all-female dance team as varsity athletes under the collective name of \"spirit squad\". The school also fields a coeducational rodeo team.\n Lubbock Christian counts its female cheerleaders (though not male cheerleaders) as varsity athletes.\n Oklahoma Christian fields a varsity team in the non-NCAA sport of men's bowling.", "Oklahoma Christian fields a varsity team in the non-NCAA sport of men's bowling.\n St. Edward's counts its male and female cheerleaders as varsity athletes.\n UT Tyler counts its cheerleaders (male and female) and dance team (all-female) as varsity athletes under the collective name of \"spirit squad\".", "Only schools that explicitly list cheerleading and dance teams as men's, women's, or coed sports are counted in this listing. Some schools feature links to said teams on their athletics websites, but place them in a specific menu for \"spirit teams\" or a similar term.\n\nFacilities\n\nChampions\nThis is a list of conference champions since 1997.\n\nMen", "Facilities\n\nChampions\nThis is a list of conference champions since 1997.\n\nMen\n\nNote: (HC) denotes the Heartland Conference. In 2012-2013, the LSC stopped sponsoring Men's soccer. In 2016, 4 schools (Eastern New Mexico, Midwestern State, UT-Permian Basin, and West Texas A&M) joined the Heartland as affiliate members for Men's soccer. When the Heartland folded, most schools became non-football members of the LSC.\n\nWomen\n\nConference tournament champions", "Division championships", "From 1997-2011, and 2020-present, the LSC has been divided into divisions. From 1997-2011, the split was north-south. Beginning in the 2019-2020 academic year, the LSC was split into three nameless divisions among the non-football sports: West Texas and New Mexico in the western division; South Texas, Central Texas, and DFW in the central division; East Texas, North Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas in the eastern division. The divisional split wasn't carried over into the 2021-2022 season", ". The divisional split wasn't carried over into the 2021-2022 season.2014-2015In the 2014 season, a conference playoff was added due to the small number of football programs in the conference. At the end of the season, the teams were guaranteed two more conference games in the Lone Star Conference playoffs, the teams were split into two separate brackets, the championship bracket (seeds 1-4) and the non-championship bracket (seeds 5-7)", ". This format ended after the 2015 season due to the addition of Western New Mexico, UT Permian Basin, and Oklahoma Panhandle State.", "Notable athletesAbilene Christian University James Browne, Olympic long jumper from Antigua\n Danieal Manning, NFL safety and kickoff returner\n Bobby Morrow, sprinter, won gold medals in the 100 meters, 200, and 4 × 100 meters relay at the 1956 Summer Olympics\n Wilbert Montgomery, former NFL running back and current running backs coach of the Baltimore Ravens\n Billy Olson, pole vaulter, set 11 indoor world records in the 1980s and was the first to clear 19 feet indoors", "John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield, two time All-Lone Star Conference lineman & member of the WWE Hall of Fame\n Ove Johansson, Swedish-born NFL placekicker, world-record holder for the longest field goal in organized football (69 yards)\n Bernard Scott, NFL running back for the Cincinnati Bengals\n Johnny Knox, NFL wide receiver for the Chicago Bears\n Earl Young, sprinter, won gold medal in the 4 × 400 meters relay at the 1960 Summer OlympicsAngelo State University Alvin Garrett, former NFL wide receiver", "Tranel Hawkins, hurdler, placed 6th in the 400 meters hurdles at the 1984 Summer Olympics\n Pierce Holt, former Pro Bowl NFL defensive end\n Jim Morris, former relief pitcher for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, inspiration for the film The Rookie\n Grant Teaff, College Football Hall of Fame coach, coached 21 seasons at Baylor\n Clayton Weishuhn, former NFL linebacker\n Charlie West, former NFL safetyCameron University Jason Christiansen, former Major League Baseball pitcher", "John Brandes, former NFL tight end and long snapper\n Mark Cotney, former NFL safety\n Avery Johnson, former NBA point guard and former Brooklyn Nets head coachUniversity of Central Oklahoma Keith Traylor, former NFL nose tackleEastern New Mexico University Mike Sinclair, former Pro Bowl NFL defensive end, current Chicago Bears defensive line coachMidwestern State University Marqui Christian, current NFL strong safety for the Los Angeles Rams.", "Dominic Rhodes, former NFL running back, later running back for the Virginia Destroyers of the United Football League\n Amini Silatolu, NFL guard for the Carolina Panthers\n Bryan Gilmore, former NFL wide receiver\n Will Pettis, former Arena Football League wide receiver and defensive back, two-time AFL Ironman of the Year\n Daniel Woolard, Major League Soccer defender for D.C. UnitedTarleton State University Richard Bartel, NFL quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals", "James Dearth, former NFL long snapper and tight end\n Brandon Lee, American Basketball Association point guard/shooting guard for the North Dallas Vandals\n Derrick Ross, former NFL running back, later Arena Football League running back for the Philadelphia SoulTexas A&M University–Commerce Wade Wilson, former NFL quarterback and current NFL quarterbacks coach for the Dallas Cowboys\n Harvey Martin, former All-Pro NFL defensive end and member of the NFL 1970s All-Decade Team", "Harvey Martin, former All-Pro NFL defensive end and member of the NFL 1970s All-Decade Team\n Dwight White, former Pro Bowl NFL defensive end and member of the Pittsburgh Steelers' Steel Curtain defensive line\n Kevin Mathis, former NFL cornerback\n Derrick Crawford, former Arena Football League defensive lineman\n Allen Roulette, NFL- Buffalo Bills and AFL- Albany Firebirds, New Orleans Knights, Dallas Texas, Tampa Bay Storm", "Luis Perez, 2017 Harlon Hill Trophy winner and current quarterback for the New York Guardians. Previously also signed with the Birmingham Iron, Philadelphia Eagles, Detroit Lions and Los Angeles Rams\n Will Cureton, starting quarterback for the 1972 NAIA National Championship-winning Lions. Played for two seasons for the Cleveland Browns\n John Carlos, Olympic Medalist. Famed for raising his fist in protest during the medal ceremony following the Men's 200m run in the 1968 Summer Olympics", "Clint Dolezel, former Arena Football player for the Milwaukee Mustangs (1994–2001), Houston Thunderbears, Grand Rapids Rampage, Las Vegas Gladiators and Dallas Desperados. Won 3 Arena Bowl Championships combined as a player and later coach.Texas A&M University–Kingsville Roberto Garza, NFL center/guard for the Chicago Bears\n Darrell Green, former Hall of Fame NFL cornerback who played a record 20 seasons with the Washington Redskins\n Al Harris, former All-Pro NFL cornerback", "Al Harris, former All-Pro NFL cornerback\n Jermaine Mayberry, former NFL offensive tackle/guard\n Gene Upshaw, former Hall of Fame NFL guard and longtime executive director of the NFLPA\n Dwayne Nix, football tight end, member of the College Football Hall of FameTexas Woman's University Louise Ritter high jumper, won gold medal in the high jump at the 1988 Summer OlympicsWest Texas A&M University'''", "John Ayers, former NFL All-Pro offensive lineman, two Super Bowl rings\n Carl Birdsong, former NFL Pro Bowl punter\n Tully Blanchard, former professional wrestler and current wrestling manager; inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as a member of the Four Horsemen stable\n Maurice Cheeks, former NBA All-Star point guard, 1 NBA Championship, former 76ers head coach, current Oklahoma City Thunder assistant coach\n Ted DiBiase (Sr.), former professional wrestler and member of the WWE Hall of Fame", "Ted DiBiase (Sr.), former professional wrestler and member of the WWE Hall of Fame\n Manny Fernandez, professional wrestler in numerous independent promotions\n Dory Funk Jr., former professional wrestler and current wrestling trainer, also a WWE Hall of Fame member\n Terry Funk, brother of Dory; semiretired professional wrestler, famous as a pioneer of hardcore wrestling and also a WWE Hall of Fame member\n Brittan Golden, NFL receiver", "Brittan Golden, NFL receiver\n Frank Goodish, better known as Bruiser Brody, late professional wrestler and one of the industry's most famous brawlers\n Stan Hansen, former professional wrestler most famous for his career in All Japan Pro Wrestling, also a WWE Hall of Fame member\n Alondra Johnson, former All-Star CFL linebacker and member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame\n Steve Kragthorpe, former quarterback and college football head coach, current quarterbacks coach for LSU", "Kareem Larrimore, former NFL and Arena Football League defensive back\n Jerry Logan, former Pro Bowl NFL safety, one Super Bowl ring\n Reggie McElroy, former NFL offensive lineman. \n Mercury Morris, former All-Pro NFL running back, 3X Pro Bowlwe, 2 Super Bowl rings\n Keith Null, free agent NFL quarterback\n Khiry Robinson, NFL running back for the New Orleans Saints\n Virgil Runnels, better known as Dusty Rhodes, late professional wrestler and member of the WWE Hall of Fame", "Merced Solis, semi-retired professional wrestler best known as Tito Santana and member of the WWE Hall of Fame\n Duane Thomas, former NFL running back that won a Super Bowl ring with the Dallas Cowboys at Super Bowl VI\n John Varnell, left the Los Angelos Rams before the 1966 season for the Toronto Argonauts of the CFL, Inductee Who's Who of American Educators\n Chaun Thompson, former NFL linebacker", "Chaun Thompson, former NFL linebacker\n Barry Windham, semiretired professional wrestler and member of the WWE Hall of Fame as a part of the Four Horsemen", "References\n\nExternal links\n \n\n \nSports organizations established in 1931\nArticles which contain graphical timelines" ]

[ "Amélie is a musical based on the 2001 romantic comedy film of the same name with music by Daniel Messé, lyrics by Messé and Nathan Tysen and a book by Craig Lucas. The musical premiered at Berkeley Repertory Theatre in September 2015. The musical opened on Broadway in the Walter Kerr theatre on March 9, 2017 (first preview) April 3rd, 2017 was the official opening night and closed on May 21, 2017.", "A substantially transformed production, with new orchestrations, an expanded repertoire of songs, and new staging in the actor/muso style, opened on the West End in December 2019, at the Other Palace. Critics praised its improvements on the Broadway version, with The Guardian describing it as \"a triumph of adaptation\" \"high on imagination\", while The Daily Telegraph lauded the \"wonderful, wistful evening\" it made", ". It was nominated for three awards at the 2020 Laurence Olivier Awards: Best New Musical, Best Original Score or New Orchestrations, and Best Actress in a Musical (for Audrey Brisson as Amélie).", "Productions\nDaniel Messé (of Hem) wrote the lyrics with Nathan Tysen, Craig Lucas wrote the book, and Messé wrote the music in the adaptation of the movie for the stage.\n\nBerkeley Repertory Theatre (2015)\nAmélie had its premiere at Berkeley Repertory Theatre. The musical was directed by Pam MacKinnon and starred Samantha Barks in the titular role of Amélie, with scenic and costume design by David Zinn, lighting design by Jane Cox and Mark Barton and projections by Peter Nigrini.", "Los Angeles (2016)\nThe musical opened at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles in a pre-Broadway engagement, running from December 4, 2016 to January 15, 2017 with Phillipa Soo taking over the role of Amélie. The cast for the Los Angeles and Broadway productions includes Adam Chanler-Berat, Manoel Felciano, and Tony Sheldon.", "Broadway (2017)\nThe musical opened on Broadway at the Walter Kerr Theatre on March 9, 2017, in previews, officially on April 3. Direction is by Pam MacKinnon with musical staging and choreography by Sam Pinkleton. Puppet design is by Amanda Villalobos. The show closed on May 21, 2017, after 27 previews and 56 regular performances.", "Japan (2018) \nThe musical opened at The Galaxy Theater in Tokyo, Japan for a limited engagement on May 18 to June 3, 2018. The musical then opened for a limited engagement at Morinomiya Piloti Hall, Osaka, on June 7 to June 10. Direction was by Akiko Kodama with choreography by Kuroda Eriko and Nishikawa Taku. The production used a new staging by Yagi Emiko and was translated into Japanese by Shigai Tsu. The cast for the Japanese production included Watanabe Mayu as Amélie and Atsuhi Ota as Nino.", "Germany (2019) \nThe musical, under the title \"Die fabelhafte Welt der Amélie\" (The Fabulous World of Amélie) had its European premiere in Germany in February 2019 at the Werk7 Theater in Munich produced by Uschi Neuss and Joop Van Den Ende. On the 13th of November 2018 It was announced that Sandra Leitner would star as Amélie in the German production.", "UK (2019–2021)", "The musical premiered in the United Kingdom at the Watermill Theatre in Newbury, where it ran from 11 April to 18 May 2019, before embarking on a UK tour. Directed by Michael Fentiman, the production is noted for using the actor-muso approach, where the actors themselves provides the musical accompaniment", ". Fentiman and his creative team worked with original collaborators Messé, Tysen, and Lucas to amend the show, making changes such as splitting it into two acts separated by an intermission, the reinstitution of songs from out-of-town tryouts, and the reshuffling of scenes. The final book is what is now licensed through Concord Theatricals. The original Watermill cast included Audrey Brisson as Amélie and Chris Jared as Nino. Danny Mac later joined the cast as Nino", ". Danny Mac later joined the cast as Nino. The production made its London debut at The Other Palace during the Christmas season, from 29 November 2019 until 1 February 2020. The entire UK tour cast (with the exception of Mac, who was replaced by Jared) reprised their respective roles in the London run. The show was favourably reviewed.", "The show was nominated for 3 Laurence Olivier Awards, including Best New Musical and Best Actress in a Musical for Brisson, in the 2020 ceremony. The show's album was also nominated for Best Musical Theater Album in the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards in 2021.", "The production transferred to the West End for a limited run at the Criterion Theatre, with its first performance on the 20th May 2021. The majority of the original London cast reprised their respective roles, including Brisson and Jared as Amélie and Nino respectively.", "Finland (2019) \nThe musical will have its premiere in Finland in Turku City Theatre on 13 September 2019. Director and choreographer of the show is Reija Wäre, musical staging is by Jussi Vahvaselkä. Amelie is played by Marketta Tikkanen, and Nino by Mikael Saari.", "Australia (2020) \nThe musical was scheduled to have its Australian premiere at Darlinghurst Theatre in Sydney, New South Wales. It was originally to preview from the 2nd of July and open on the 10th. The production was postponed due to the Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts and, to date, has not been revived. The director of the show was originally slated to be Shaun Rennie. This production was to have the same actor-musician casting approach as the 2019 UK production.", "The Netherlands (2021–2022) \nIt was announced that a Dutch-language version of the musical will be performed as a national tour in the Netherlands in 2021 and 2022. This version of the musical will be produced by Morssinkhof Terra Theatrical and feature Dutch actress Christanne de Bruijn as Amélie.", "Plot\nNOTE: The Broadway synopsis is based on its first preview. Changes to the plot were implemented in 2019 with the development of the UK production; the revisions are now what is licensed via Concord Theatricals and are therefore described here.", "Broadway production (2017)", "The musical opens with an introduction of young Amélie and her family (\"Times Are Hard For Dreamers (Prologue)\"). Young Amélie is born to a germaphobe father, Raphael, and neurotic mother, Amandine, and she feels isolated and emotionally distant from her parents. She takes solace in her telescope, which she uses to view the universe from afar. Her only contact with her parents comes in the form of a monthly health check-up from her father", ". Her only contact with her parents comes in the form of a monthly health check-up from her father. One day, Amélie gets so excited to see him that her heart races and Raphael misdiagnoses her with a heart condition (\"World's Best Dad\").", "Her parents, paranoid, begin to homeschool Amélie and cut off all of her contact with the outside world. In a lesson with Amandine one day, Amélie imagines her goldfish, Fluffy, coming alive and speaking to her (\"World's Best Friend\"). When Amélie allows Fluffy to jump into her drinking glass, her parents panic and force Amélie to release Fluffy into the Seine, leaving her alone", ". Feeling bad, Amandine takes Amélie to Notre Dame to make up for what happened, and Amandine prays for guidance on how to deal with Amélie and hopes for a son (\"World's Best Mom\"). When they leave the cathedral, Amandine is crushed and killed by a suicidal tourist who leapt from the top of it. The death hits Raphael hard, and he builds a shrine in their home to Amandine, complete with a garden gnome.", "Years pass, and Amélie becomes bored with her quiet life and distant father, and she decides to leave home. Five years later, she is a waitress at a café in Montmartre (\"Times Are Hard for Dreamers\"). She has a quiet, happy life, and spends her time with her three co-workers: Suzanne, the café's owner and a past circus performer, Georgette, a hypochondriac, and Gina. Some of Amélie's regular customers include Gina's ex-boyfriend Joseph, Hipolito, a poet, and Philomene, an air hostess. (\"The Commute\")", "On the night of Princess Diana's death, Amélie discovers a box of childhood treasures belonging to the man who used to own her apartment (\"The Bottle Drops\"). She is determined to find the owner and anonymously deliver the box to him, and if the owner is touched by her gesture, she resolves that she will become an anonymous do-gooder. She first meets with a cranky grocer, Colignon, who constantly abuses his assistant, Lucien, a mentally-ill young man that has an obsession with fruit (\"Three Figs\")", ". Colignon tells Amélie to confer with his mother on the other side of town.", "At the train station, Amélie spots a man her age, Nino, who she is attracted to. However, the train arrives before she can introduce herself to him. At Colignon's mother's home, Amélie learns the surname of the box's owner: Bredoteau. When Amélie returns home Nino spots her on the street, noticing how pretty she is and finds himself intrigued with the box.", "Time passes, and Amélie's search for Bredoteau isn't working out. One day, she speaks to her neighbor, Julien Dufayel—an artist who suffers from a brittle bone disease, giving him the nickname 'The Glass Man'—and, possibly recognizing the box, tells her that Bredoteau is the incorrect name. The man was really called Bretodeau. Dufayel then shows Amélie his recreation of the painting The Luncheon of the Boating Party, remarking on Amélie's isolation (\"The Girl with the Glass\").", "Amélie discovers Bretodeau in the phonebook and calls him from a payphone, telling him where he can pick up the box (\"How To Tell Time\"). When Bretodeau finds it, he reflects on his childhood and decides to call his ex-wife and arrange to meet their son. Taking it as a sign, Amélie continues her good-doing, taking a blind beggar on a tour of the streets of Paris, describing his surroundings in detail. (\"Tour de France\").", "Later that night, Amélie has a strange dream where she imagines her lavish funeral in the style of Princess Diana's, where she is serenaded by Elton John and dubbed 'Godmother of the Unloved' – someone who gives herself to help others despite not being able to find her own love (\"Goodbye Amélie\"). Amélie suddenly realizes she hasn't helped her father and visits him the next day and tries to convince him to leave home (\"Backyard\")", ". He refuses, saying he can't leave the garden gnome, so Amélie secretly steals it as she leaves. On her way home, she spots Nino again at the train station, where he drops a photo album on the ground that Amélie takes.", "Amélie explores the album with Dufayel, and finds it is full of photo-booth photographs, one of which is a picture of a man who appears over and over again, expressionless. Nino appears and explains the meaning of the photos to the company (\"When the Booth Goes Bright\"). Amélie watches him from the distance, and Dufayel, seeing her attraction to him, encourages her to give the album back and meet Nino.", "Amélie seeks out his place of work, a sex shop, and goes dressed as a nun. While she waits for Nino, the other employees mock him, unknowingly painting him as a perfect match for Amélie. However, when he arrives, Amélie runs away (\"Sister's Pickle\"). He chases her but she escapes and reflects on her childhood, remembering how her mother told her never to get too close to anyone (\"Halfway\")", ". Amélie then calls Nino, but refuses to give him her identity, instead sending him a photo of her in another disguise and a riddle to solve.", "At the café, Amélie secretly instigates a romantic encounter between Joseph and Georgette. She also writes a letter in the voice of Gina's ex-husband, telling Gina that he greatly regrets eloping with his secretary; this final letter gives her the closure she needed to move on from mourning (\"Window Seat\"). Her father then turns up, telling Amélie about the missing gnome and how he has been getting anonymous postcards detailing the gnome's travels (\"There's No Place Like Gnome\")", ". The travels encouraged Raphael to step out of the house to look for him, and Amélie uses the opportunity to get him to relax and embrace the change, while introducing him to Suzanne, who he falls for.", "Meanwhile, Nino has been searching Paris for Amélie, and handing out posters with her photo on them to anyone he sees, wondering how he's fallen for someone who doesn't want to be found (\"Thin Air\"). While doing another of her good deeds—spray painting a quote from one of Hipolito's poems on walls around Paris—Amélie notices the flyers and runs home, sending Nino another photo and instructions to meet her at the Montmartre Carousel.", "Amélie constructs an elaborate trail to lead Nino to the album (\"Blue Arrow Suite\") and watches him follow it. When he finds the album, she calls out to him, asking about the man in the photo-booth. However, Nino is more interested in seeing her face, and she agrees to meet him at the café on Tuesday.", "Tuesday arrives and Nino is late for the meeting, prompting Amélie to imagine an elaborate story to his reasoning (\"The Late Nino Quincampoix\"). Meanwhile, Georgette is overwhelmed by Joseph's clingy nature. Nino shows up, but when he recognizes Amélie, she finds herself nervous and runs from him. Hurt and tired, Nino leaves, but the girls in the café go after him just as Amélie reconsiders and returns. Asking of Nino's whereabouts, Joseph lies and says he went off with Gina", ". Asking of Nino's whereabouts, Joseph lies and says he went off with Gina. Heartbroken, Amélie returns home.", "Outside the café, Gina, Georgette and Suzanne demand to know Nino's intentions with Amélie (\"A Better Haircut\"). Nino says he is honestly in love with her, and needs to know how she feels for him. Touched, Georgette gives him Amélie's address.", "At home, Dufayel tries to talk to Amélie, but she angrily tells him to stay out of her business, not stopping to hear that he has finally gotten out of his rut and painted a unique picture: a portrait of her. As she goes inside, Nino shows up outside her door and begs a conflicted Amélie to let him inside and stop running from him (\"Stay\")", ". She is convinced to let Nino inside when Dufayel, through the apartment's window, shows Amélie his painting and insists that she'll regret not trying a relationship with Nino.", "She opens the door and tells Nino she wants to be with him. He tells her he loves her, even if she cannot love him back (\"Halfway (Reprise)\"). They kiss and Amélie takes him to the photo booth, where she shows him the answer to the mystery of the man in the album: he's the repairman who takes a photo after fixing the booth, to check if it works properly", ". They go into the photo booth, taking pictures together, and reflecting on their newfound happiness and wondering what will happen next (\"Where Do We Go From Here?\").", "UK production (2019–2021)", "Act I", "The story of Amélie is narrated by all of the people in her life. They tell us how every moment of our lives and everyone we meet are connected in ways we may not know or understand (\"The Flight Of The Blue Fly\"). Born to two neurotic and self-centered parents— Raphael and Amandine—young Amélie doesn't learn how to love", ". One day during her monthly medical exam, her heart beats wildly and Raphael misdiagnoses her with a heart defect, leading the parents to homeschool her away from the outside world (\"World's Best Papa\"). They give her a goldfish, Fluffy, to keep as a friend. One day during a geometry lesson, Amélie gets distracted by Fluffy, causing Amandine to scold her (\"World's Best Friend\")", ". Amandine's irritating neuroticism causes Fluffy to become suicidal, leading him to jump out of his bowl; when chaos ensues as Raphael and Amandine attempt to get the fish back in its bowl, they decide that it has to go, and Amélie is forced to release him into a nearby canal.", "Later on, Amandine and Amélie go to Notre Dame Cathedral, where they pray for a baby brother (\"World's Best Mama\"). On their way out, a Canadian tourist hurls himself off a parapet in the cathedral, killing Amandine when he lands on her. A funeral is held and shortly after, and Raphael makes a shrine for his wife's ashes, including a garden gnome that reminds him of her (\"Post Mortem\"). When she turns seventeen, young Amélie leaves home.", "Five years after that, Amélie is a waitress at the Two Windmills Café in Montmartre (\"The Sound of Going Round in Circles\")", ". The staff and customers are all caught in a routine of dissatisfaction: Hipolito, an unpublished novelist; Georgette, a lonely tobacconist who suffers from hypochondria; Gina, a waitress who obsessively rereads love letters from her late husband who abandoned her for his secretary (the two flying off to South America only to be killed in a plane crash); Joseph, a plumber who is stalking Gina after one failed date a year earlier; Philomene", ", a plumber who is stalking Gina after one failed date a year earlier; Philomene, an airline stewardess who leaves her cat with Amélie while she's away; and Suzanne, the proprietress who previously worked as a trapeze artist until her partner dropped her, causing a career-ending injury", ". Amélie observes them all without ever making a deep connection or revealing anything about herself.", "Every night Amélie goes home alone, following the same routine (\"The Commute Home\"), spying on her neighbors with a small telescope and watching TV. At the same time, another Parisian loner, Nino Quincampoix, goes from metro station to metro station collecting the torn halves of photographs discarded at photobooths. He sings of the forgotten stories in the snapshots, implying a similar proclivity for observation (\"When The Booth Goes Bright\")", ". Alone in her apartment, Amélie sees the news of Lady Diana's death in a car crash in Paris. She drops her perfume bottle, which dislodges a tile at the edge of the room, revealing a small metal box filled with a child's treasures (\"The Bottle Drops\"). Amélie vows to find the owner of the box and return it. If he is grateful, she will devote her life to being a do-gooder; if not, so be it.", "Amélie visits the local grocer, Collignon, whose innocent and simple-minded assistant Lucien sings to the produce (\"Three Figs\"). Somehow, Amélie has gotten the idea that the box might belong to Collignon, who lived in the apartment before her, but it is not his. He suggests that Amélie visit his parents who might remember who lived in the apartment before they did", ". At a metro station, Amélie and Nino bump into each other and briefly interact as Nino retrieves a photostrip from the bottom of her shoe, puzzling her; their hearts beat loudly for each other, but Amélie is late for her train. Collignon's parents tell Amélie that the person who lived in the apartment before them was named Dominique Bredoteau", ". Returning home, Amélie meets Nino once more at a different metro station and he takes note of the mysterious box she holds, but runs off in pursuit of someone he thinks he recognizes. Travelling from one end of Paris to another in pursuit of Dominique Bredoteau, Amélie has no luck.", "On the second-floor landing to her apartment, she meets a neighbor, Julien Dufayel, who suffers from a rare bone disease causing him to avoid contact for fear of breaking a bone. He invites her into his apartment, where he spends all of his time painting copies of Renoir's \"Luncheon of the Boating Party\". He is never able to capture the expression on the face of one of the figures, a lonely woman (\"The Girl With The Glass\") whose situation Amélie projects herself onto", ". Dufayel corrects Amélie's incorrect information; the former tenant is actually named Bretodeau, not Bredoteau. Dominique Bretodeau is on his way home when a payphone rings. He answers and Amélie, disguising her voice from the nearby Two Windmills Café, instructs him to look down. He does, seeing his own childhood treasure and feeling a flood of memories (\"How To Tell Time\")", ". He does, seeing his own childhood treasure and feeling a flood of memories (\"How To Tell Time\"). He stumbles into the café and tries to tell the denizens about his miracle; on an impulse, he calls his ex-wife and begs for a chance to see her and their son again. She agrees. Before leaving, Bretodeau kisses Amélie on the head in a rush of elation and thanks everyone for his good fortune.", "Amélie has found her mission. She leaves work early and looks for someone else to help. She grabs a dyspeptic blind beggar and takes him on a tour of Montmarte, describing his surroundings to him (\"Tour de France\"). Elated by her success, Amélie returns home to watch the funeral of Princess Diana on TV, imagining herself as a world-famous do-gooder who also dies too young. Inside Westminster Abbey, Elton John sings a song in praise of the newly martyred Amélie (\"Goodbye, Amélie\").", "Act II \nAmélie and Nino are sitting on a train; they sing of their love for each other, but do not know the other one is but a few feet away (\"Half Asleep\"). At a stop, Nino stands up to leave; Amélie spots him and hides. Amélie visits her father; his shrine to Amandine has grown in size, obsessively tended to. She tries to get Raphael to go on a trip like he's always wanted to or visit her but he dismisses the idea, saying that he's better off in his backyard taking care of the gnome (\"Backyard\").", "When he leaves, she steals the gnome and gives it to Philomene at a metro station where Amélie once again sees Nino. Late for his train, he leaves behind a photo album; she finds it and takes it to Dufayel. The two peruse the pages—so many faces of people who tore their photos in two, the halves now joined again in this album. The two take notice of one face that appears repeatedly, taken in every photobooth in Paris, and wonder who it could be", ". In the back of the book is a name and address: Nino Quincampoix. Dufayel picks up on the idea that Amélie may have feelings for the owner of the album and tells her to return the album and befriend him, or else she's better off joining a convent. Amélie gets an idea.", "Disguised as a nun, Amélie visits the sex shop where Nino works. While a coworker goes to find him in another room, Amélie tries to sort out what she wants from this stranger (\"Sister's Pickle\"). At the last minute, she flees, terrified to connect with this man who intrigues her; she keeps the album. Based on how his coworker describes her, Nino realizes that the woman with his album is the same woman from the metro that he is in love with", ". Dufayel asks Amélie why she didn't speak to Nino; dismissing him, she thinks back to a geometry lesson her mother taught her as a child, a metaphor for how true connection with others is impossible (\"Halfway\"). She is determined to find some way to break out of her isolation. She sends a letter to Nino with a photograph of herself dressed as Zorro and a cryptic message.", "Focusing back on her anonymous good deeds, she then composes a letter to Gina in the voice of Gina's deceased husband and posts it with a cover letter from the postal service, claiming to have unearthed the letter from a crash in the Andes. In it, Gina's ex-husband declares his undying love and confesses to having made a mistake running away with his secretary (\"Window Seat\"). With this letter, Gina gains closure and is finally able to move on", ". With this letter, Gina gains closure and is finally able to move on. Through Amélie, Georgette and Joseph find themselves alone in the loo and begin to fall in love. At the same time, Nino is plastering Paris with leaflets of Amélie's face in the Zorro mask with the header \"Have you seen this woman?\". Knowing exactly the game she's playing, he wonders out loud how he's falling for someone who doesn't want to be found (\"Thin Air\").", "Raphael shows up at the café with a series of postcards he has received from around the globe—written by the gnome (\"There's No Place Like Gnome\"). Amélie assures him of his worries and tells him to embrace the change while introducing him to Suzanne. Collignon comes in with Lucien; Amélie, unable to stomach the cruelty he shows his assistant, feeds him a fig tart, causing him to hallucinate a nightmare. He profusely apologizes to Lucien for his abuse and admits that he is deeply flawed", ". He profusely apologizes to Lucien for his abuse and admits that he is deeply flawed. Joseph and Georgette emerge from the loo, disheveled. Amélie travels around Paris, spray-painting quotes from Hipolito's unpublished works and reflecting on her journey thus far (\"Times Are Hard For Dreamers\"). Later that night, Hipolito sees a quote from his unpublished work and swells with pride (\"Writing On The Wall\"). As she watches from a distance, Amélie finds one of Nino's flyers and is outraged.", "She sends Nino another message to meet her at 5 pm at the Montmartre Carousel with another riddle. When Nino shows up, he is met with a series of blue arrows guiding him upwards to a telescope on the top of the hill (\"Blue Arrow Suite\"). Through the telescope, he sees Amélie returning his album to the basket on his bicycle; by the time he races back down, she is gone. A payphone rings. He answers and Amélie tells him that the man in the photo album who keeps reappearing is a ghost", ". He answers and Amélie tells him that the man in the photo album who keeps reappearing is a ghost. Despite her attempts to keep the game going, Nino pleads that they meet in person or else he is hanging up. She says to meet him the following Tuesday at 2 pm at the Two Windmills Café.", "At the appointed time, Nino is late. Amélie worries about what might've happened to him, her imagined scenario spiraling out of control (\"The Late Nino Quincampoix\"). Nino does show up, and when he does, she tries to hide. When he asks about her masked photo, she denies her identity, but ultimately runs to the bathroom. Frustrated, tired, and hurt, Nino leaves, and Gina chases after him", ". Frustrated, tired, and hurt, Nino leaves, and Gina chases after him. Amélie comes out from hiding and Joseph convinces her that Nino left with Gina; she runs out, heartbroken, and Georgette breaks up with Joseph. Gina returns with Nino who thinks Amélie is still in the bathroom. The ladies interrogate him to make sure he is a suitable suitor for Amélie (\"A Better Haircut\")", ". The ladies interrogate him to make sure he is a suitable suitor for Amélie (\"A Better Haircut\"). After admitting his love for her and his belief that she truly understands him, they give him Amélie's home address, confessing that she is no longer in the bathroom.", "Back home, Dufayel asks about Nino; Amélie snaps at him, telling him to mind his own business and to paint his own painting rather than obsessively copy Renoir's. In response, he tells her to \"live [her] own life instead of the lives of others.\" Alone, she promises to leave Paris to live in further isolation. Nino shows up at her door and though she doesn't want him to leave, she doesn't want to let him in either. He begs her to stop suppressing her feelings and to let him inside (\"Stay\")", ". He begs her to stop suppressing her feelings and to let him inside (\"Stay\"). Dufayel calls, telling her to look out of her window; he shows her that he had finally painted an original work of art: a portrait of Amélie. He urges her to open the door for Nino or she'll never find love. She obeys. Very gingerly, Nino and Amélie approach one another and kiss (\"Halfway–Reprise\"). Saying she has a surprise, Amélie takes Nino to a photobooth that is out of order", ". Saying she has a surprise, Amélie takes Nino to a photobooth that is out of order. A repairman shows up and it is the man in all of the photos, test runs to check that the booth works properly; Nino thanks Amélie for solving the mystery. As they take photos in the newly fixed booth, Amélie and Nino reflect on their newfound happiness and wonder what the future holds for them. A last bit of narration reveals that Raphael finally sets off on an international trip–with Suzanne", ". The company reminds Amélie and Nino and themselves that everyone and everything is connected in ways we do not know. The future may be unclear, but they will face it together (\"Where Do We Go From Here?\").", "Songs and recordings", "Broadway production \nAn original Broadway cast recording of the show was released by Warner Classics, digitally on May 19 and physically on June 9, 2017.\n\"Times Are Hard for Dreamers (Prologue)\" - Young Amelie, Company \n\"World's Best Dad\" - Young Amelie, Raphael\n\"World's Best Friend\" - Young Amelie, Amandine, Fluffy\n\"World's Best Mom\" - Young Amelie, Amandine\n\"Times Are Hard For Dreamers\" - Amelie\n\"The Commute\" - Company\n\"The Bottle Drops\" - Young Amelie, Amelie, Company\n\"Three Figs\" - Lucien", "\"The Commute\" - Company\n\"The Bottle Drops\" - Young Amelie, Amelie, Company\n\"Three Figs\" - Lucien\n\"The Girl With the Glass\" - Dufayel, Amelie\n\"How to Tell Time\" - Amelie, Bretodeau, Company\n\"Tour de France\" - Amelie, Company\n\"Goodbye, Amelie\" - Amelie, \"Elton John,\" Chorus\n\"Backyard\" - Amelie, Raphael\n\"When the Booth Goes Bright\" - Nino\n\"Sister's Pickle\" - Amelie\n\"Halfway\" - Young Amelie, Amelie\n\"Window Seat\" - Amelie, Gina, Gina's Husband, Company\n\"There's No Place Like Gnome\" - Gnome, Company", "\"There's No Place Like Gnome\" - Gnome, Company\n\"Thin Air\" - Nino\n\"Blue Arrow Suite\" - Amelie\n\"The Late Nino Quincampoix\" - Amelie, Chorus\n\"A Better Haircut\" - Gina, Suzanne, Georgette, Nino\n\"Stay\" - Amelie, Nino\n\"Halfway\" (Reprise) - Amelie\n\"Where Do We Go From Here\" - Amelie, Nino, Company\nSource: IBDB", "UK production \nThe Original London Cast Recording was released by Concord Records digitally on June 5, 2020.", "Act 1\n \"The Flight of the Blue Fly\"‡ – Company\n \"World's Best Papa\" – Raphael, Amélie, Amandine\n \"World's Best Friend\" † – Amélie, Fluffy\n \"World's Best Mama\" † – Amélie, Amandine, Company\n \"Post Mortem\"* – Amélie, Company\n \"The Sound of Going Round in Circles\"‡ – Amélie, Company\n \"The Commute Home\" – Hipolito, Amélie, Company\n \"When the Booth Goes Bright\" – Nino, Company\n \"The Bottle Drops\" – Amélie, Company\n \"Three Figs\" † – Lucien\n \"The Girl With the Glass\" – Dufayel, Amélie", "\"Three Figs\" † – Lucien\n \"The Girl With the Glass\" – Dufayel, Amélie\n \"How to Tell Time\" – Amélie, Bretodeau\n \"Tour de France\" – Amélie, Blind Beggar, Company\n \"Goodbye, Amélie\" – Elton John, Company", "Act II\n \"Half Asleep\"* – Amélie, Nino, Company\n \"Backyard\" – Amélie, Raphael\n \"Sister's Pickle\" – Amélie\n \"Halfway\" – Amélie, Amandine\n \"Window Seat\" – Gina, Amélie, Hipolito, Suzanne\n \"Thin Air\" – Nino, Company\n \"There's No Place Like Gnome\" – Gnome, Raphael, Company\n \"Times Are Hard For Dreamers\" – Amélie\n \"Writing On The Wall\"† – Company\n \"Blue Arrow Suite\" – Amélie, Company\n \"The Late Nino Quincampoix\" – Amélie, Suzanne, Gina, Georgette, Joseph, Hipolito", "\"The Late Nino Quincampoix\" – Amélie, Suzanne, Gina, Georgette, Joseph, Hipolito\n \"A Better Haircut\" – Suzanne, Georgette, Gina, Nino\n \"Stay\" – Amélie, Nino, Company\n \"Halfway (Reprise)\" – Amélie, Nino, Company\n \"Where Do We Go From Here?\" – Amélie, Nino, Company\n* New material; † Not included on Original Cast Recording; ‡ Reinstated from out-of-town tryouts", "Source: Spotify\n\nOriginal casts\n\n Danny Mac did not transfer with the rest of the UK tour cast during its run in London at The Other Palace. In his stead, Chris Jared played the role.\n\nCritical reception\nThe San Francisco Chronicle gave the Berkeley production of the show a rave review, saying \"wit crackles and charm fills the house…in this seamless blend of visual, narrative and performance delights.\"", "On Broadway, the show received mixed reviews, often praising Soo, the cast and design elements of the show, but being critical of the score. According to The New York Times, \"The musical, adapted from the 2001 film about a shy but whimsically altruistic French waitress, had struggled at the box office since opening to underwhelming reviews. Without a single Tony nomination in a competitive Broadway season, an uptick in sales was unlikely.\"", "The London production received much more positive reviews, with many praising the re-orchestrations and Audrey Brisson's lead performance; WhatsOnStage called the show \"a fanciful Valentine to the City of Light, and...a celebration of the unbeatable power of live music\". This production was nominated for three Olivier Awards, including Best New Musical and the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theatre Album.\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nOriginal Broadway production\n\nOriginal London production\n\nReferences", "Awards and nominations\n\nOriginal Broadway production\n\nOriginal London production\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nAmelie the Musical (UK)\n\n2015 musicals\nBroadway musicals\nMusicals based on films\nMusicals set in Paris" ]

[ "This page lists all described species of the spider family Araneidae as of Dec. 20, 2016, that start with the letter A.\n\nAcacesia\nAcacesia Simon, 1895\n Acacesia benigna Glueck, 1994 — Peru, Bolivia, Brazil\n Acacesia graciosa Lise & Braul, 1996 — Brazil\n Acacesia hamata (Hentz, 1847) (type species) — USA to Argentina\n Acacesia tenella (L. Koch, 1871) — Mexico to Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana\n Acacesia villalobosi Glueck, 1994 — Brazil\n Acacesia yacuiensis Glueck, 1994 — Brazil, Argentina", "Acantharachne\nAcantharachne Tullgren, 1910\n Acantharachne cornuta Tullgren, 1910 (type species) — East Africa\n Acantharachne giltayi Lessert, 1938 — Congo, Madagascar\n Acantharachne lesserti Giltay, 1930 — Congo\n Acantharachne madecassa Emerit, 2000 — Madagascar\n Acantharachne milloti Emerit, 2000 — Madagascar\n Acantharachne psyche Strand, 1913 — Central Africa\n Acantharachne regalis Hirst, 1925 — Cameroon, Congo\n Acantharachne seydeli Giltay, 1935 — Congo", "Acanthepeira\nAcanthepeira Marx, 1883\n Acanthepeira cherokee Levi, 1976 — USA\n Acanthepeira labidura (Mello-Leitao, 1943) — Brazil\n Acanthepeira marion Levi, 1976 — USA, Mexico\n Acanthepeira stellata (Walckenaer, 1805) (type species) — Canada to Mexico\n Acanthepeira venusta (Banks, 1896) — USA, Cuba, Hispaniola", "Acroaspis\nAcroaspis Karsch, 1878\n Acroaspis decorosa (Urquhart, 1894) — New Zealand\n Acroaspis olorina Karsch, 1878 (type species) — Western Australia, New South Wales\n Acroaspis tuberculifera Thorell, 1881 — Queensland\n\nAcrosomoides\nAcrosomoides Simon, 1887\n Acrosomoides acrosomoides (O. P.-Cambridge, 1879) — Madagascar\n Acrosomoides linnaei (Walckenaer, 1841) (type species) — West, Central, East Africa\n Acrosomoides tetraedrus (Walckenaer, 1841) — Cameroon, Congo", "Actinacantha\nActinacantha Simon, 1864\n Actinacantha globulata (Walckenaer, 1841) — Sumatra, Java\n\nActinosoma\nActinosoma Holmberg, 1883\n Actinosoma pentacanthum (Walckenaer, 1841) — Colombia to Argentina", "Aculepeira\nAculepeira Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942\n Aculepeira aculifera (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) — USA to Guatemala\n Aculepeira albovittata (Mello-Leitao, 1941) — Paraguay, Argentina\n Aculepeira angeloi Álvares, Loyola & De Maria, 2005 — Brazil\n Aculepeira apa Levi, 1991 — Paraguay\n Aculepeira armida (Audouin, 1826) — Palearctic\n Aculepeira armida orientalis (Kulczynski, 1901) — Russia, China\n Aculepeira armida pumila (Simon, 1929) — France\n Aculepeira azul Levi, 1991 — Panama", "Aculepeira armida pumila (Simon, 1929) — France\n Aculepeira azul Levi, 1991 — Panama\n Aculepeira busu Levi, 1991 — Hispaniola\n Aculepeira carbonaria (L. Koch, 1869) — Palearctic\n Aculepeira carbonaria sinensis (Schenkel, 1953) — China\n Aculepeira carbonarioides (Keyserling, 1892) — USA, Canada, Alaska, Russia\n Aculepeira ceropegia (Walckenaer, 1802) — Palearctic\n Aculepeira escazu Levi, 1991 — Costa Rica\n Aculepeira gravabilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) — Honduras to Panama", "Aculepeira gravabilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) — Honduras to Panama\n Aculepeira lapponica (Holm, 1945) — Sweden, Finland, Russia\n Aculepeira luosangensis Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Aculepeira machu Levi, 1991 — Peru\n Aculepeira matsudae Tanikawa, 1994 — Japan\n Aculepeira morenoae Rubio, Izquierdo & Piacentini, 2013 — Argentina\n Aculepeira packardi (Thorell, 1875) (type species) — North America, Russia, China, Kazakhstan\n Aculepeira serpentina Guo & Zhang, 2010 — China", "Aculepeira serpentina Guo & Zhang, 2010 — China\n Aculepeira taibaishanensis Zhu & Wang, 1995 — China\n Aculepeira talishia (Zawadsky, 1902) — Turkey, Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan\n Aculepeira travassosi (Soares & Camargo, 1948) — Mexico to Argentina\n Aculepeira visite Levi, 1991 — Hispaniola\n Aculepeira vittata (Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1948) — Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina", "Acusilas\nAcusilas Simon, 1895\n Acusilas africanus Simon, 1895 — West, Central, East Africa\n Acusilas callidus Schmidt & Scharff, 2008 — Sulawesi\n Acusilas coccineus Simon, 1895 (type species) — China to Moluccas\n Acusilas dahoneus Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines\n Acusilas lepidus (Thorell, 1898) — Myanmar\n Acusilas malaccensis Murphy & Murphy, 1983 — Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo\n Acusilas spiralis Schmidt & Scharff, 2008 — Sumatra\n Acusilas vei Schmidt & Scharff, 2008 — Sulawesi", "Acusilas vei Schmidt & Scharff, 2008 — Sulawesi\n Acusilas vilei Schmidt & Scharff, 2008 — Sulawesi", "Aethriscus\nAethriscus Pocock, 1902\n Aethriscus olivaceus Pocock, 1902 (type species) — Congo\n Aethriscus pani Lessert, 1930 — Congo\n\nAethrodiscus\nAethrodiscus Strand, 1913\n Aethrodiscus transversalis Strand, 1913 — Central Africa\n\nAetrocantha\nAetrocantha Karsch, 1879\n Aetrocantha falkensteini Karsch, 1879 — West, Central Africa\n\nAfracantha\nAfracantha Dahl, 1914\n Afracantha camerunensis (Thorell, 1899) — West, Central, East Africa, Venezuela", "Agalenatea\nAgalenatea Archer, 1951\n Agalenatea liriope (L. Koch, 1875) — Ethiopia, Yemen\n Agalenatea redii (Scopoli, 1763) (type species) — Palearctic\n\nAlenatea\nAlenatea Song & Zhu, 1999\n Alenatea fuscocolorata (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (type species) — China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan\n Alenatea touxie Song & Zhu, 1999 — China\n Alenatea wangi Zhu & Song, 1999 — China\n\nAllocyclosa\nAllocyclosa Levi, 1999\n Allocyclosa bifurca (McCook, 1887) — USA to Panama, Cuba, Hispaniola", "Alpaida\nAlpaida O. P.-Cambridge, 1889\n Alpaida acuta (Keyserling, 1865) — Panama to Argentina\n Alpaida albocincta (Mello-Leitao, 1945) — Venezuela to Argentina\n Alpaida almada Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida alticeps (Keyserling, 1879) — Brazil, Paraguay\n Alpaida alto Levi, 1988 — Paraguay\n Alpaida alvarengai Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida amambay Levi, 1988 — Colombia, Paraguay\n Alpaida anchicaya Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida angra Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida antonio Levi, 1988 — Brazil, Guyana", "Alpaida angra Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida antonio Levi, 1988 — Brazil, Guyana\n Alpaida arvoredo Buckup & Rodrigues, 2011 — Brazil\n Alpaida atomaria (Simon, 1895) — Brazil\n Alpaida banos Levi, 1988 — Colombia, Ecuador\n Alpaida biasii Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida bicornuta (Taczanowski, 1878) — Costa Rica to Argentina\n Alpaida bischoffi Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida boa Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida boraceia Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida cachimbo Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida cali Levi, 1988 — Colombia", "Alpaida cachimbo Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida cali Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida calotypa (Chamberlin, 1916) — Peru\n Alpaida canela Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida canoa Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida caramba Buckup & Rodrigues, 2011 — Brazil\n Alpaida carminea (Taczanowski, 1878) — Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina\n Alpaida caxias Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida chaco Levi, 1988 — Paraguay\n Alpaida championi (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) — Guatemala to Colombia\n Alpaida chapada Levi, 1988 — Brazil", "Alpaida chapada Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida chickeringi Levi, 1988 — Panama to Brazil\n Alpaida cisneros Levi, 1988 — Colombia, Ecuador\n Alpaida citrina (Keyserling, 1892) — Brazil\n Alpaida clarindoi Nogueira & Dias, 2015 - Brazil \n Alpaida conica O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 (type species) — Panama\n Alpaida constant Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida coroico Levi, 1988 — Bolivia\n Alpaida costai Levi, 1988 — Argentina\n Alpaida cuiaba Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida cuyabeno Levi, 1988 — Colombia, Ecuador", "Alpaida cuiaba Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida cuyabeno Levi, 1988 — Colombia, Ecuador\n Alpaida darlingtoni Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida deborae Levi, 1988 — Brazil, Suriname, French Guiana\n Alpaida delicata (Keyserling, 1892) — Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil\n Alpaida dominica Levi, 1988 — Lesser Antilles\n Alpaida eberhardi Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida elegantula (Archer, 1965) — Martinique\n Alpaida ericae Levi, 1988 — Brazil, Argentina\n Alpaida erythrothorax (Taczanowski, 1873) — French Guiana", "Alpaida erythrothorax (Taczanowski, 1873) — French Guiana\n Alpaida gallardoi Levi, 1988 — Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina\n Alpaida gracia Levi, 1988 — Argentina\n Alpaida graphica (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) — Mexico to Panama\n Alpaida grayi (Blackwall, 1863) — Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina\n Alpaida guimaraes Levi, 1988 — Brazil, Guyana\n Alpaida gurupi Levi, 1988 — Colombia, Brazil\n Alpaida guto Abrahim & Bonaldo, 2008 — Brazil\n Alpaida haligera (Archer, 1971) — Peru, Venezuela", "Alpaida guto Abrahim & Bonaldo, 2008 — Brazil\n Alpaida haligera (Archer, 1971) — Peru, Venezuela\n Alpaida hartliebi Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida hoffmanni Levi, 1988 — Brazil, Paraguay\n Alpaida holmbergi Levi, 1988 — Argentina\n Alpaida iguazu Levi, 1988 — Brazil, Argentina\n Alpaida iquitos Levi, 1988 — Peru, Ecuador, Brazil\n Alpaida itacolomi Santos & Santos, 2010 — Brazil\n Alpaida itapua Levi, 1988 — Paraguay\n Alpaida itauba Levi, 1988 — Brazil, Argentina\n Alpaida jacaranda Levi, 1988 — Brazil", "Alpaida itauba Levi, 1988 — Brazil, Argentina\n Alpaida jacaranda Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida kartabo Levi, 1988 — Guyana\n Alpaida keyserlingi Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida kochalkai Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida lanei Levi, 1988 — Brazil, Argentina\n Alpaida latro (Fabricius, 1775) — Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina\n Alpaida leucogramma (White, 1841) — Panama to Argentina\n Alpaida levii Saturnino, Rodrigues & Bonaldo, 2015 - Brazil \n Alpaida lomba Levi, 1988 — Brazil", "Alpaida levii Saturnino, Rodrigues & Bonaldo, 2015 - Brazil \n Alpaida lomba Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida losamigos Deza & Andía, 2014 - Peru \n Alpaida lubinae Levi, 1988 — Venezuela\n Alpaida machala Levi, 1988 — Ecuador\n Alpaida madeira Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida manicata Levi, 1988 — Colombia, Brazil\n Alpaida marmorata (Taczanowski, 1873) — Ecuador, Peru, French Guiana\n Alpaida marta Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida mato Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida moata (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936) — Panama, Colombia", "Alpaida mato Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida moata (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936) — Panama, Colombia\n Alpaida moka Levi, 1988 — Bolivia\n Alpaida monzon Levi, 1988 — Peru\n Alpaida monzon audiberti Dierkens, 2014 - French Guiana \n Alpaida morro Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida muco Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida murtinho Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida nadleri Levi, 1988 — Venezuela\n Alpaida nancho Levi, 1988 — Peru\n Alpaida narino Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida natal Levi, 1988 — Brazil", "Alpaida narino Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida natal Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida navicula (L. Koch, 1871) — Brazil\n Alpaida negro Levi, 1988 — Colombia, Brazil\n Alpaida nigrofrenata (Simon, 1895) — Brazil\n Alpaida niveosigillata (Mello-Leitao, 1941) — Colombia, Ecuador\n Alpaida nonoai Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida octolobata Levi, 1988 — Brazil, Argentina\n Alpaida oliverioi (Soares & Camargo, 1948) — Brazil\n Alpaida orgaos Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida oyapockensis Dierkens, 2014 - French Guiana", "Alpaida orgaos Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida oyapockensis Dierkens, 2014 - French Guiana \n Alpaida pedro Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida penca Deza & Andía, 2014 - Peru \n Alpaida picchu Levi, 1988 — Peru\n Alpaida quadrilorata (Simon, 1897) — Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina\n Alpaida queremal Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida rioja Levi, 1988 — Brazil, Argentina\n Alpaida rosa Levi, 1988 — Brazil, Argentina\n Alpaida rossi Levi, 1988 — Peru\n Alpaida rostratula (Keyserling, 1892) — Brazil, Argentina", "Alpaida rossi Levi, 1988 — Peru\n Alpaida rostratula (Keyserling, 1892) — Brazil, Argentina\n Alpaida rubellula (Keyserling, 1892) — Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina\n Alpaida sandrei (Simon, 1895) — Brazil\n Alpaida santosi Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida schneblei Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida scriba (Mello-Leitao, 1940) — Brazil\n Alpaida septemmammata (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) — Mexico to Argentina\n Alpaida sevilla Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida silencio Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida simla Levi, 1988 — Trinidad", "Alpaida silencio Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida simla Levi, 1988 — Trinidad\n Alpaida sobradinho Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida sulphurea (Taczanowski, 1873) — French Guiana\n Alpaida sumare Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida tabula (Simon, 1895) — Guyana to Bolivia\n Alpaida tayos Levi, 1988 — Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Guyana\n Alpaida teresinha Braga-Pereira & Santos, 2013 — Brazil\n Alpaida thaxteri Levi, 1988 — Trinidad\n Alpaida tijuca Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida toninho Braga-Pereira & Santos, 2013 — Brazil", "Alpaida tijuca Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida toninho Braga-Pereira & Santos, 2013 — Brazil\n Alpaida tonze Santos & Santos, 2010 — Brazil\n Alpaida trilineata (Taczanowski, 1878) — Peru\n Alpaida trispinosa (Keyserling, 1892) — Panama to Argentina\n Alpaida truncata (Keyserling, 1865) — Mexico to Argentina\n Alpaida truncata obscura (Caporiacco, 1948) — Guyana\n Alpaida truncata sexmaculata (Caporiacco, 1948) — Guyana\n Alpaida tullgreni (Caporiacco, 1955) — Venezuela", "Alpaida tullgreni (Caporiacco, 1955) — Venezuela\n Alpaida tuonabo (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936) — Panama\n Alpaida urucuca Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida utcuyacu Levi, 1988 — Peru\n Alpaida utiariti Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida vanzolinii Levi, 1988 — Peru, Brazil, Argentina\n Alpaida variabilis (Keyserling, 1864) — Colombia\n Alpaida venger Castanheira & Baptista, 2015 - Brazil \n Alpaida veniliae (Keyserling, 1865) — Panama to Argentina\n Alpaida vera Levi, 1988 — Brazil", "Alpaida veniliae (Keyserling, 1865) — Panama to Argentina\n Alpaida vera Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida versicolor (Keyserling, 1877) — Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina\n Alpaida wenzeli (Simon, 1897) — St. Vincent\n Alpaida weyrauchi Levi, 1988 — Peru\n Alpaida yanayacu Saturnino, Rodrigues & Bonaldo, 2015 - Brazil \n Alpaida yotoco Levi, 1988 — Colombia\n Alpaida yucuma Levi, 1988 — Brazil\n Alpaida yungas Levi, 1988 — Bolivia\n Alpaida yuto Levi, 1988 — Paraguay, Argentina", "Amazonepeira\nAmazonepeira Levi, 1989\n Amazonepeira beno Levi, 1994 — Ecuador, Brazil, Suriname\n Amazonepeira callaria (Levi, 1991) — Peru, Bolivia, Brazil\n Amazonepeira herrera Levi, 1989 (type species) — Peru, Brazil\n Amazonepeira manaus Levi, 1994 — Brazil\n Amazonepeira masaka Levi, 1994 — Ecuador, Brazil", "Anepsion\nAnepsion Strand, 1929\n Anepsion buchi Chrysanthus, 1969 — New Guinea, Solomon Islands\n Anepsion depressum (Thorell, 1877) — China, Myanmar to Sulawesi\n Anepsion depressum birmanicum (Thorell, 1895) — Myanmar\n Anepsion fuscolimbatum (Simon, 1901) — Malaysia\n Anepsion hammeni Chrysanthus, 1969 — New Guinea\n Anepsion jacobsoni Chrysanthus, 1961 — Indonesia\n Anepsion japonicum (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) — China, Japan\n Anepsion maculatum (Thorell, 1897) — Myanmar", "Anepsion maculatum (Thorell, 1897) — Myanmar\n Anepsion maritatum (O. P.-Cambridge, 1877) — Sri Lanka, China to Sulawesi\n Anepsion peltoides (Thorell, 1878) — Australia, New Guinea, Bismarck Archipel\n Anepsion reimoseri Chrysanthus, 1961 — New Guinea\n Anepsion rhomboides (L. Koch, 1867) (type species) — Samoa\n Anepsion roeweri Chrysanthus, 1961 — Taiwan, Philippines, Riouw Islands\n Anepsion semialbum (Simon, 1880) — New Caledonia\n Anepsion villosum (Thorell, 1877) — Sulawesi", "Anepsion semialbum (Simon, 1880) — New Caledonia\n Anepsion villosum (Thorell, 1877) — Sulawesi\n Anepsion wichmanni (Kulczynski, 1911) — New Guinea\n Anepsion wolffi Chrysanthus, 1969 — Solomon Islands", "Arachnura\nArachnura Vinson, 1863\n Arachnura angura Tikader, 1970 — India\n Arachnura caudatella Roewer, 1942 — New Guinea, Queensland\n Arachnura feredayi (L. Koch, 1872) — Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand\n Arachnura heptotubercula Yin, Hu & Wang, 1983 — China\n Arachnura higginsi (L. Koch, 1872) — Australia, Tasmania\n Arachnura logio Yaginuma, 1956 — China, Korea, Japan\n Arachnura melanura Simon, 1867 — India to Japan and Sulawesi\n Arachnura perfissa (Thorell, 1895) — Myanmar", "Arachnura perfissa (Thorell, 1895) — Myanmar\n Arachnura pygmaea (Thorell, 1890) — Nias Islands\n Arachnura quinqueapicata Strand, 1911 — Aru Islands\n Arachnura scorpionoides Vinson, 1863 (type species) — Congo, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles\n Arachnura simoni Berland, 1924 — New Caledonia\n Arachnura spinosa (Saito, 1933) — Taiwan", "Araneus\nAraneus Clerck, 1757\n Araneus aballensis (Strand, 1906) — Ethiopia\n Araneus abeicus Levi, 1991 — Brazil\n Araneus abigeatus Levi, 1975 — USA\n Araneus acachmenus Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland\n Araneus acolla Levi, 1991 — Peru\n Araneus acrocephalus (Thorell, 1887) — Myanmar\n Araneus acronotus (Grube, 1861) — Russia\n Araneus acropygus (Thorell, 1877) — Sulawesi\n Araneus acuminatus (L. Koch, 1872) — Queensland, Solomon Islands\n Araneus acusisetus Zhu & Song, 1994 — China, Korea, Japan", "Araneus acusisetus Zhu & Song, 1994 — China, Korea, Japan\n Araneus adiantiformis Caporiacco, 1941 — Ethiopia\n Araneus adjuntaensis (Petrunkevitch, 1930) — Puerto Rico\n Araneus aethiopicus (Roewer, 1961) — Senegal\n Araneus aethiopissa Simon, 1907 — Senegal, Bioko\n Araneus affinis Zhu, Tu & Hu, 1988 — China\n Araneus agastus Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland\n Araneus akakensis (Strand, 1906) — Ethiopia\n Araneus aksuensis Yin, Xie & Bao, 1996 — China\n Araneus albabdominalis Zhu et al., 2005 — China", "Araneus aksuensis Yin, Xie & Bao, 1996 — China\n Araneus albabdominalis Zhu et al., 2005 — China\n Araneus albiaculeis (Strand, 1906) — Ethiopia\n Araneus albidus (L. Koch, 1871) — Queensland\n Araneus albilunatus Roewer, 1961 — Senegal\n Araneus albomaculatus Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus alboquadratus Dyal, 1935 — Pakistan\n Araneus albotriangulus (Keyserling, 1887) — Queensland, New South Wales\n Araneus alboventris (Emerton, 1884) — USA\n Araneus alhue Levi, 1991 — Chile, Argentina", "Araneus alboventris (Emerton, 1884) — USA\n Araneus alhue Levi, 1991 — Chile, Argentina\n Araneus allani Levi, 1973 — USA\n Araneus alsine (Walckenaer, 1802) — Palearctic\n Araneus altitudinum Caporiacco, 1934 — Karakorum\n Araneus amabilis Tanikawa, 2001 — Japan\n Araneus amblycyphus Simon, 1908 — Western Australia\n Araneus amygdalaceus (Keyserling, 1864) — Mauritius\n Araneus ana Levi, 1991 — Costa Rica\n Araneus anantnagensis Tikader & Bal, 1981 — India\n Araneus anaspastus (Thorell, 1892) — Singapore", "Araneus anantnagensis Tikader & Bal, 1981 — India\n Araneus anaspastus (Thorell, 1892) — Singapore\n Araneus anatipes (Keyserling, 1887) — Queensland\n Araneus ancurus Zhu, Tu & Hu, 1988 — China\n Araneus andrewsi (Archer, 1951) — USA\n Araneus anguinifer (F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904) — Mexico, Costa Rica\n Araneus angulatus Clerck, 1757 (type species) — Palearctic\n Araneus angulatus personatus Simon, 1929 — Belgium, France\n Araneus anjonensis Schenkel, 1963 — China\n Araneus annuliger (Thorell, 1898) — Myanmar", "Araneus anjonensis Schenkel, 1963 — China\n Araneus annuliger (Thorell, 1898) — Myanmar\n Araneus annulipes (Lucas, 1838) — Canary Islands\n Araneus apache Levi, 1975 — USA\n Araneus apicalis (Thorell, 1899) — Cameroon\n Araneus apiculatus (Thorell, 1895) — Myanmar\n Araneus apobleptus Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland\n Araneus appendiculatus (Taczanowski, 1873) — French Guiana\n Araneus apricus (Karsch, 1884) — Africa, Sao Tome, Yemen, Socotra\n Araneus aragua Levi, 2008 — Venezuela", "Araneus aragua Levi, 2008 — Venezuela\n Araneus aralis Bakhvalov, 1981 — Kyrgyzstan\n Araneus arenaceus (Keyserling, 1886) — Queensland, New South Wales\n Araneus arfakianus (Thorell, 1881) — New Guinea\n Araneus arganicola Simon, 1909 — Morocco\n Araneus argentarius Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland\n Araneus arizonensis (Banks, 1900) — USA, Mexico\n Araneus asiaticus Bakhvalov, 1983 — Kyrgyzstan\n Araneus aubertorum Berland, 1938 — New Hebrides\n Araneus aurantiifemuris (Mello-Leitao, 1942) — Argentina", "Araneus aurantiifemuris (Mello-Leitao, 1942) — Argentina\n Araneus auriculatus Song & Zhu, 1992 — China\n Araneus axacus Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus badiofoliatus Schenkel, 1963 — China\n Araneus badongensis Song & Zhu, 1992 — China\n Araneus bagamoyensis (Strand, 1906) — East Africa\n Araneus baicalicus Bakhvalov, 1981 — Russia\n Araneus balanus (Doleschall, 1859) — Amboina\n Araneus bandelieri (Simon, 1891) — Venezuela, Brazil\n Araneus bantaengi Merian, 1911 — Sulawesi", "Araneus bandelieri (Simon, 1891) — Venezuela, Brazil\n Araneus bantaengi Merian, 1911 — Sulawesi\n Araneus bargusinus Bakhvalov, 1981 — Russia\n Araneus basalteus Schenkel, 1936 — China\n Araneus bastarensis Gajbe, 2005 — India\n Araneus baul Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus beebei Petrunkevitch, 1914 — Myanmar\n Araneus beijiangensis Hu & Wu, 1989 — China\n Araneus biapicatifer (Strand, 1907) — Australia\n Araneus bicavus Zhu & Wang, 1994 — China\n Araneus bicentenarius (McCook, 1888) — USA, Canada", "Araneus bicavus Zhu & Wang, 1994 — China\n Araneus bicentenarius (McCook, 1888) — USA, Canada\n Araneus bigibbosus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1885) — Yarkand\n Araneus bihamulus Zhu et al., 2005 — China\n Araneus bilunifer Pocock, 1900 — India\n Araneus bimaculicollis Hu, 2001 — China\n Araneus bimini Levi, 1991 — Bahama Islands\n Araneus biprominens Yin, Wang & Xie, 1989 — China\n Araneus bipunctatus (Thorell, 1898) — Myanmar\n Araneus bipunctatus Franganillo, 1931 — Cuba\n Araneus bispinosus (Keyserling, 1885) — USA", "Araneus bipunctatus Franganillo, 1931 — Cuba\n Araneus bispinosus (Keyserling, 1885) — USA\n Araneus bivittatus (Walckenaer, 1841) — USA\n Araneus blaisei Simon, 1909 — Vietnam\n Araneus blochmanni (Strand, 1907) — Java\n Araneus blumenau Levi, 1991 — Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina\n Araneus boerneri (Strand, 1907) — India\n Araneus boerneri clavimaculus (Strand, 1907) — India\n Araneus boerneri obscurellus (Strand, 1907) — India\n Araneus boesenbergi (Fox, 1938) — China", "Araneus boerneri obscurellus (Strand, 1907) — India\n Araneus boesenbergi (Fox, 1938) — China\n Araneus bogotensis (Keyserling, 1864) — Colombia to Bolivia and Brazil\n Araneus boneti Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus bonsallae (McCook, 1894) — USA\n Araneus borealis Tanikawa, 2001 — Japan\n Araneus boreus Uyemura & Yaginuma, 1972 — Japan\n Araneus bosmani Simon, 1903 — Equatorial Guinea\n Araneus braueri (Strand, 1906) — Ethiopia\n Araneus brisbanae (L. Koch, 1867) — New Guinea, Australia", "Araneus brisbanae (L. Koch, 1867) — New Guinea, Australia\n Araneus bryantae Brignoli, 1983 — Hispaniola\n Araneus bufo (Denis, 1941) — Canary Islands\n Araneus caballo Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus calusa Levi, 1973 — USA\n Araneus camilla (Simon, 1889) — India, Pakistan\n Araneus canacus Berland, 1931 — New Caledonia\n Araneus canalae Berland, 1924 — New Caledonia\n Araneus caplandensis (Strand, 1907) — South Africa\n Araneus carabellus (Strand, 1913) — Central Africa\n Araneus carchi Levi, 1991 — Ecuador", "Araneus carabellus (Strand, 1913) — Central Africa\n Araneus carchi Levi, 1991 — Ecuador\n Araneus cardioceros Pocock, 1899 — Socotra\n Araneus carimagua Levi, 1991 — Colombia\n Araneus carnifex (O. P.-Cambridge, 1885) — Yarkand\n Araneus carroll Levi, 1973 — USA\n Araneus castilho Levi, 1991 — Brazil\n Araneus catillatus (Thorell, 1895) — Myanmar\n Araneus catospilotus Simon, 1907 — Guinea-Bissau, Principe, Congo\n Araneus caudifer Kulczynski, 1911 — New Guinea\n Araneus cavaticus (Keyserling, 1881) — USA, Canada", "Araneus caudifer Kulczynski, 1911 — New Guinea\n Araneus cavaticus (Keyserling, 1881) — USA, Canada\n Araneus celebensis Merian, 1911 — Sulawesi\n Araneus cercidius Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus cereolus (Simon, 1886) — Senegal, Cameroon, Ethiopia\n Araneus chiapas Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus chiaramontei Caporiacco, 1940 — Ethiopia\n Araneus chingaza Levi, 1991 — Colombia\n Araneus chunhuaia Zhu, Tu & Hu, 1988 — China\n Araneus chunlin Yin et al., 2009 — China\n Araneus cingulatus (Walckenaer, 1841) — USA", "Araneus chunlin Yin et al., 2009 — China\n Araneus cingulatus (Walckenaer, 1841) — USA\n Araneus circe (Audouin, 1826) — Palearctic\n Araneus circellus Song & Zhu, 1992 — China\n Araneus circulissparsus (Keyserling, 1887) — New South Wales\n Araneus circumbasilaris Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus coccinella Pocock, 1898 — South Africa\n Araneus cochise Levi, 1973 — USA\n Araneus cohnae Levi, 1991 — Brazil\n Araneus colima Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus colubrinus Song & Zhu, 1992 — China", "Araneus colima Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus colubrinus Song & Zhu, 1992 — China\n Araneus compsus (Soares & Camargo, 1948) — Brazil\n Araneus comptus Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland\n Araneus comptus fuscocapitatus Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland\n Araneus concepcion Levi, 1991 — Chile\n Araneus concoloratus (F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904) — Panama\n Araneus corbita (L. Koch, 1871) — Samoa\n Araneus corporosus (Keyserling, 1892) — Brazil, Argentina\n Araneus corticaloides (Roewer, 1955) — Corsica", "Araneus corticaloides (Roewer, 1955) — Corsica\n Araneus corticarius (Emerton, 1884) — USA, Canada, Alaska\n Araneus crinitus (Rainbow, 1893) — New South Wales\n Araneus crispulus Tullgren, 1952 — Sweden\n Araneus cristobal Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus cuiaba Levi, 1991 — Brazil, Argentina\n Araneus cyclops Caporiacco, 1940 — Ethiopia\n Araneus cyrtarachnoides (Keyserling, 1887) — New Guinea to New South Wales\n Araneus daozhenensis Zhu et al., 2005 — China\n Araneus dayongensis Yin et al., 1990 — China", "Araneus daozhenensis Zhu et al., 2005 — China\n Araneus dayongensis Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus decaisnei (Lucas, 1863) — Philippines\n Araneus decentellus (Strand, 1907) — India, China\n Araneus decolor (L. Koch, 1871) — New South Wales, Victoria, Fiji\n Araneus decoratus (Thorell, 1899) — Cameroon\n Araneus demoniacus Caporiacco, 1939 — Ethiopia\n Araneus depressatulus (Roewer, 1942) — New Guinea\n Araneus desierto Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus detrimentosus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) — USA to Colombia", "Araneus detrimentosus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) — USA to Colombia\n Araneus diabrosis (Walckenaer, 1841) — New South Wales\n Araneus diadematoides Zhu, Tu & Hu, 1988 — China\n Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 — Holarctic\n Araneus dianiphus Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland\n Araneus dianiphus xanthostichus Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland\n Araneus diffinis Zhu, Tu & Hu, 1988 — China\n Araneus dimidiatus (L. Koch, 1871) — Queensland, New South Wales\n Araneus diversicolor (Rainbow, 1893) — New South Wales", "Araneus diversicolor (Rainbow, 1893) — New South Wales\n Araneus doenitzellus (Strand, 1906) — Japan\n Araneus dofleini (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) — Japan\n Araneus dospinolongus Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines\n Araneus dreisbachi Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus drygalskii (Strand, 1909) — South Africa\n Araneus ealensis Giltay, 1935 — Congo\n Araneus eburneiventris (Simon, 1908) — Western Australia\n Araneus ejusmodi Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 — China, Korea, Japan", "Araneus ejusmodi Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 — China, Korea, Japan\n Araneus elatatus (Strand, 1911) — Aru Islands, Kei Islands\n Araneus elizabethae Levi, 1991 — Hispaniola\n Araneus ellipticus (Tikader & Bal, 1981) — Bangladesh, India, China, Laos\n Araneus elongatus Yin, Wang & Xie, 1989 — China\n Araneus emmae Simon, 1900 — Hawaii\n Araneus enucleatus (Karsch, 1879) — India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Sumatra\n Araneus enyoides (Thorell, 1877) — Sulawesi\n Araneus excavatus Franganillo, 1930 — Cuba", "Araneus enyoides (Thorell, 1877) — Sulawesi\n Araneus excavatus Franganillo, 1930 — Cuba\n Araneus expletus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) — Mexico to Panama\n Araneus exsertus Rainbow, 1904 — Australia\n Araneus falcatus Guo, Zhang & Zhu, 2011 — China\n Araneus fastidiosus (Keyserling, 1887) — Queensland\n Araneus favorabilis Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland\n Araneus faxoni (Bryant, 1940) — Cuba\n Araneus fengshanensis Zhu & Song, 1994 — China\n Araneus ferganicus Bakhvalov, 1983 — Kyrgyzstan", "Araneus fengshanensis Zhu & Song, 1994 — China\n Araneus ferganicus Bakhvalov, 1983 — Kyrgyzstan\n Araneus ferrugineus (Thorell, 1877) — Sulawesi\n Araneus fictus (Rainbow, 1896) — Queensland\n Araneus finneganae Berland, 1938 — New Hebrides\n Araneus fishoekensis (Strand, 1909) — South Africa\n Araneus fistulosus Franganillo, 1930 — Cuba\n Araneus flagelliformis Zhu & Yin, 1998 — China\n Araneus flavisternis (Thorell, 1878) — Amboina, New Guinea\n Araneus flavisternis momiensis (Thorell, 1881) — New Guinea", "Araneus flavisternis momiensis (Thorell, 1881) — New Guinea\n Araneus flavopunctatus (L. Koch, 1871) — Fiji\n Araneus flavosellatus Simon, 1895 — Brazil\n Araneus flavosignatus (Roewer, 1942) — Sulawesi\n Araneus flavus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1894) — Mexico to Nicaragua\n Araneus floriatus Hogg, 1914 — New Guinea\n Araneus formosellus (Roewer, 1942) — Pakistan\n Araneus frio Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus fronki Levi, 1991 — Brazil\n Araneus frosti (Hogg, 1896) — Central Australia", "Araneus fronki Levi, 1991 — Brazil\n Araneus frosti (Hogg, 1896) — Central Australia\n Araneus fulvellus (Roewer, 1942) — India, Pakistan\n Araneus fuscinotus (Strand, 1908) — East Africa\n Araneus gadus Levi, 1973 — USA\n Araneus galero Levi, 1991 — Panama, Colombia\n Araneus gazerti (Strand, 1909) — South Africa\n Araneus geminatus (Thorell, 1881) — New Guinea\n Araneus gemma (McCook, 1888) — USA, Canada, Alaska\n Araneus gemmoides Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 — USA, Canada\n Araneus gerais Levi, 1991 — Brazil", "Araneus gemmoides Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 — USA, Canada\n Araneus gerais Levi, 1991 — Brazil\n Araneus gestrellus (Strand, 1907) — Moluccas\n Araneus gestroi (Thorell, 1881) — New Guinea\n Araneus gibber (O. P.-Cambridge, 1885) — Yarkand\n Araneus ginninderranus Dondale, 1966 — Australian Capital Territory\n Araneus goniaeoides (Strand, 1915) — Lombok\n Araneus goniaeus (Thorell, 1878) — Myanmar, Java, Amboina, New Guinea\n Araneus goniaeus virens (Thorell, 1890) — Sumatra", "Araneus goniaeus virens (Thorell, 1890) — Sumatra\n Araneus graemii Pocock, 1900 — South Africa\n Araneus granadensis (Keyserling, 1864) — Venezuela to Peru\n Araneus granti Hogg, 1914 — New Guinea\n Araneus gratiolus Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus groenlandicola (Strand, 1906) — USA, Canada, Greenland\n Araneus grossus (C. L. Koch, 1844) — Europe to Central Asia\n Araneus guandishanensis Zhu, Tu & Hu, 1988 — China\n Araneus guatemus Levi, 1991 — Guatemala", "Araneus guandishanensis Zhu, Tu & Hu, 1988 — China\n Araneus guatemus Levi, 1991 — Guatemala\n Araneus guerrerensis Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 — USA, Mexico\n Araneus guessfeldi (Karsch, 1879) — West Africa\n Araneus gundlachi (Banks, 1914) — Cuba\n Araneus gurdus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1885) — Tibet\n Araneus guttatus (Keyserling, 1865) — Costa Rica to Argentina\n Araneus guttulatus (Walckenaer, 1841) — USA, Canada\n Araneus habilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) — Mexico to Guatemala", "Araneus habilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) — Mexico to Guatemala\n Araneus haematomerus (Gerstäcker, 1873) — Central Africa\n Araneus hamiltoni (Rainbow, 1893) — New South Wales\n Araneus hampei Simon, 1895 — Java\n Araneus haploscapellus (Strand, 1907) — South Africa\n Araneus haruspex (O. P.-Cambridge, 1885) — Tibet\n Araneus herbeus (Thorell, 1890) — Sumatra\n Araneus hierographicus Simon, 1909 — Vietnam\n Araneus himalayanus (Simon, 1889) — India\n Araneus hirsti Lessert, 1915 — East Africa", "Araneus himalayanus (Simon, 1889) — India\n Araneus hirsti Lessert, 1915 — East Africa\n Araneus hirsutulus (Stoliczka, 1869) — India\n Araneus hispaniola (Bryant, 1945) — Hispaniola\n Araneus holzapfelae Lessert, 1936 — Mozambique\n Araneus horizonte Levi, 1991 — Colombia to Paraguay\n Araneus hortensis (Blackwall, 1859) — Madeira\n Araneus hoshi Tanikawa, 2001 — Japan\n Araneus hotteiensis (Bryant, 1945) — Hispaniola\n Araneus huahun Levi, 1991 — Chile, Argentina\n Araneus hui Hu, 2001 — China", "Araneus huahun Levi, 1991 — Chile, Argentina\n Araneus hui Hu, 2001 — China\n Araneus huixtla Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus humilis (L. Koch, 1867) — Queensland\n Araneus idoneus (Keyserling, 1887) — Queensland\n Araneus iguacu Levi, 1991 — Brazil, Argentina\n Araneus illaudatus (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936) — USA\n Araneus indistinctus (Doleschall, 1859) — Java\n Araneus inquietus (Keyserling, 1887) — New South Wales\n Araneus interjectus (L. Koch, 1871) — Queensland", "Araneus interjectus (L. Koch, 1871) — Queensland\n Araneus inustus (L. Koch, 1871) — Taiwan, Sumatra to Australia\n Araneus iriomotensis Tanikawa, 2001 — Japan\n Araneus isabella (Vinson, 1863) — Madagascar\n Araneus ishisawai Kishida, 1920 — Russia, Korea, Japan\n Araneus iviei (Archer, 1951) — USA, Canada\n Araneus jalisco Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus jamundi Levi, 1991 — Colombia\n Araneus juniperi (Emerton, 1884) — USA, Canada\n Araneus kalaharensis Simon, 1910 — Southern Africa", "Araneus juniperi (Emerton, 1884) — USA, Canada\n Araneus kalaharensis Simon, 1910 — Southern Africa\n Araneus kapiolaniae Simon, 1900 — Hawaii\n Araneus karissimbicus (Strand, 1913) — Central Africa\n Araneus kerr Levi, 1981 — USA\n Araneus kirgisikus Bakhvalov, 1974 — Kyrgyzstan\n Araneus kiwuanus (Strand, 1913) — Central Africa\n Araneus klaptoczi Simon, 1908 — Libya\n Araneus koepckeorum Levi, 1991 — Peru\n Araneus komi Tanikawa, 2001 — Japan\n Araneus kraepelini (Lenz, 1891) — Madagascar", "Araneus komi Tanikawa, 2001 — Japan\n Araneus kraepelini (Lenz, 1891) — Madagascar\n Araneus lacrymosus (Walckenaer, 1841) — New South Wales\n Araneus ladschicola (Strand, 1906) — Ethiopia\n Araneus lamperti (Strand, 1907) — South Africa\n Araneus lancearius (Keyserling, 1887) — New South Wales\n Araneus lanio Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus lateriguttatus (Karsch, 1879) — West Africa\n Araneus lathyrinus (Holmberg, 1875) — Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina\n Araneus latirostris (Thorell, 1895) — Myanmar", "Araneus latirostris (Thorell, 1895) — Myanmar\n Araneus leai (Rainbow, 1894) — New South Wales\n Araneus lechugalensis (Keyserling, 1883) — Peru\n Araneus legonensis Grasshoff & Edmunds, 1979 — Ghana\n Araneus lenkoi Levi, 1991 — Brazil\n Araneus lenzi (Roewer, 1942) — Madagascar\n Araneus leones Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus liae Yin et al., 2009 — China\n Araneus liber (Leardi, 1902) — India\n Araneus liberalis Rainbow, 1902 — New South Wales\n Araneus liberiae (Strand, 1906) — Liberia", "Araneus liberalis Rainbow, 1902 — New South Wales\n Araneus liberiae (Strand, 1906) — Liberia\n Araneus licenti Schenkel, 1953 — China\n Araneus lineatipes (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) — Mexico to Honduras\n Araneus lineatus Franganillo, 1931 — Cuba\n Araneus linshuensis Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus lintatus Levi, 1991 — Peru\n Araneus linzhiensis Hu, 2001 — China\n Araneus lithyphantiformis (Kishida, 1910) — Japan\n Araneus lixicolor (Thorell, 1895) — Myanmar\n Araneus loczyanus (Lendl, 1898) — Hong Kong", "Araneus lixicolor (Thorell, 1895) — Myanmar\n Araneus loczyanus (Lendl, 1898) — Hong Kong\n Araneus lodicula (Keyserling, 1887) — New South Wales\n Araneus longicaudus (Thorell, 1877) — Sulawesi\n Araneus luteofaciens (Roewer, 1942) — Cameroon\n Araneus lutulentus (Keyserling, 1886) — Queensland\n Araneus macacus Uyemura, 1961 — Japan\n Araneus macleayi (Bradley, 1876) — New Guinea, Queensland\n Araneus madagascaricus (Strand, 1908) — Madagascar\n Araneus mamillanus (Keyserling, 1887) — New South Wales", "Araneus mamillanus (Keyserling, 1887) — New South Wales\n Araneus mammatus (Archer, 1951) — USA\n Araneus mangarevoides (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) — Japan, China\n Araneus margaritae Caporiacco, 1940 — Ethiopia\n Araneus margitae (Strand, 1917) — Madagascar\n Araneus mariposa Levi, 1973 — USA\n Araneus marmoreus Clerck, 1757 — Holarctic\n Araneus marmoroides Schenkel, 1953 — China\n Araneus masculus Caporiacco, 1941 — Ethiopia\n Araneus masoni (Simon, 1887) — Myanmar\n Araneus mastersi (Bradley, 1876) — Australia", "Araneus masoni (Simon, 1887) — Myanmar\n Araneus mastersi (Bradley, 1876) — Australia\n Araneus matogrosso Levi, 1991 — Brazil\n Araneus mauensis Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya\n Araneus mauensis ocellatus Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya\n Araneus mayumiae Tanikawa, 2001 — Japan\n Araneus mazamitla Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus mbogaensis (Strand, 1913) — Central Africa\n Araneus memoryi Hogg, 1900 — Victoria\n Araneus mendoza Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus menglunensis Yin et al., 1990 — China", "Araneus mendoza Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus menglunensis Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus meropes (Keyserling, 1865) — Colombia to Argentina\n Araneus mertoni (Strand, 1911) — Kei Islands\n Araneus metalis (Thorell, 1887) — Myanmar\n Araneus metellus (Strand, 1907) — China\n Araneus meus (Strand, 1907) — South Africa\n Araneus miami Levi, 1973 — USA\n Araneus microsoma (Banks, 1909) — Costa Rica\n Araneus microtuberculatus Petrunkevitch, 1914 — Myanmar\n Araneus mimosicola (Simon, 1884) — Sudan", "Araneus microtuberculatus Petrunkevitch, 1914 — Myanmar\n Araneus mimosicola (Simon, 1884) — Sudan\n Araneus minahassae Merian, 1911 — Sulawesi\n Araneus miniatus (Walckenaer, 1841) — USA\n Araneus minutalis (Simon, 1889) — India\n Araneus miquanensis Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus missouri Levi, 2008 — USA\n Araneus mitificus (Simon, 1886) — India to Philippines, New Guinea\n Araneus monica Levi, 1973 — USA\n Araneus monoceros (Thorell, 1895) — Myanmar\n Araneus montereyensis (Archer, 1951) — North America", "Araneus monoceros (Thorell, 1895) — Myanmar\n Araneus montereyensis (Archer, 1951) — North America\n Araneus moretonae Levi, 1991 — Peru\n Araneus mortoni (Urquhart, 1891) — Tasmania\n Araneus morulus (Thorell, 1898) — Myanmar\n Araneus mossambicanus (Pavesi, 1881) — Mozambique\n Araneus motuoensis Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus mulierarius (Keyserling, 1887) — Queensland\n Araneus musawas Levi, 1991 — Nicaragua\n Araneus myurus (Thorell, 1877) — Sulawesi\n Araneus nacional Levi, 1991 — Mexico", "Araneus myurus (Thorell, 1877) — Sulawesi\n Araneus nacional Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus nashoba Levi, 1973 — USA\n Araneus necopinus (Keyserling, 1887) — Western Australia\n Araneus nephelodes (Thorell, 1890) — Indonesia\n Araneus nidus Yin & Gong, 1996 — China\n Araneus nigmanni (Strand, 1906) — Cameroon\n Araneus nigricaudus Simon, 1897 — Vietnam\n Araneus nigrodecoratus (Strand, 1908) — Togo\n Araneus nigroflavornatus Merian, 1911 — Sulawesi\n Araneus nigromaculatus Schenkel, 1963 — China", "Araneus nigroflavornatus Merian, 1911 — Sulawesi\n Araneus nigromaculatus Schenkel, 1963 — China\n Araneus nigropunctatus (L. Koch, 1871) — Queensland, Tahiti\n Araneus nigroquadratus Lawrence, 1937 — South Africa\n Araneus niveus (Hentz, 1847) — USA\n Araneus noegeatus (Thorell, 1895) — Myanmar, Singapore\n Araneus nojimai Tanikawa, 2001 — Japan\n Araneus nordmanni (Thorell, 1870) — Holarctic\n Araneus nossibeus (Strand, 1907) — Madagascar\n Araneus notacephalus (Urquhart, 1891) — Tasmania", "Araneus nossibeus (Strand, 1907) — Madagascar\n Araneus notacephalus (Urquhart, 1891) — Tasmania\n Araneus notandus Rainbow, 1912 — Queensland\n Araneus noumeensis (Simon, 1880) — New Caledonia\n Araneus novaepommerianae (Strand, 1913) — Bismarck Archipel\n Araneus nox (Simon, 1877) — Myanmar, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Philippines, Moluccas\n Araneus nuboso Levi, 1991 — Costa Rica\n Araneus nympha (Simon, 1889) — India, Pakistan, China\n Araneus obscurissimus Caporiacco, 1934 — Karakorum", "Araneus obscurissimus Caporiacco, 1934 — Karakorum\n Araneus obscurtus (Urquhart, 1893) — Tasmania\n Araneus obtusatus (Karsch, 1891) — Sri Lanka\n Araneus ocaxa Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus ocellatulus (Roewer, 1942) — Guatemala\n Araneus octodentalis Song & Zhu, 1992 — China\n Araneus octumaculalus Han & Zhu, 2010 — China\n Araneus ogatai Tanikawa, 2001 — Japan\n Araneus omnicolor (Keyserling, 1893) — Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina\n Araneus orgaos Levi, 1991 — Brazil", "Araneus orgaos Levi, 1991 — Brazil\n Araneus origenus (Thorell, 1890) — Myanmar, Sumatra\n Araneus oxygaster Caporiacco, 1940 — Ethiopia\n Araneus oxyurus (Thorell, 1877) — Myanmar, Sulawesi\n Araneus paenulatus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1885) — Yarkand\n Araneus pahalgaonensis Tikader & Bal, 1981 — India, China\n Araneus pahli (Strand, 1906) — Cameroon\n Araneus paitaensis Schenkel, 1953 — China\n Araneus pallasi (Thorell, 1875) — Turkey, Russia, Ukraine, Central Asia, China\n Araneus pallescens (Lenz, 1891) — Madagascar", "Araneus pallescens (Lenz, 1891) — Madagascar\n Araneus pallidus (Olivier, 1789) — Portugal, Spain, France, Algeria\n Araneus panchganiensis Tikader & Bal, 1981 — India\n Araneus panniferens (O. P.-Cambridge, 1885) — Yarkand\n Araneus papulatus (Thorell, 1887) — Myanmar, Malaysia\n Araneus partitus (Walckenaer, 1841) — USA\n Araneus parvulus Rainbow, 1900 — New South Wales\n Araneus parvus (Karsch, 1878) — South Australia\n Araneus pauxillus (Thorell, 1887) — Myanmar\n Araneus pavlovi Schenkel, 1953 — China", "Araneus pauxillus (Thorell, 1887) — Myanmar\n Araneus pavlovi Schenkel, 1953 — China\n Araneus pecuensis (Karsch, 1881) — Russia, China, Japan\n Araneus pegnia (Walckenaer, 1841) — USA to Ecuador and Jamaica\n Araneus pellax (O. P.-Cambridge, 1885) — Yarkand\n Araneus penai Levi, 1991 — Ecuador\n Araneus pentagrammicus (Karsch, 1879) — China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan\n Araneus perincertus Caporiacco, 1947 — Tanzania\n Araneus petersi (Karsch, 1878) — Ethiopia, Mozambique", "Araneus petersi (Karsch, 1878) — Ethiopia, Mozambique\n Araneus pfeifferae (Thorell, 1877) — Java, Sulawesi\n Araneus phaleratus (Urquhart, 1893) — Tasmania\n Araneus phlyctogena Simon, 1907 — Guinea-Bissau, Bioko, Congo\n Araneus phyllonotus (Thorell, 1887) — Myanmar\n Araneus pichoni Schenkel, 1963 — China\n Araneus pico Levi, 1991 — Brazil\n Araneus pictithorax (Hasselt, 1882) — Sumatra\n Araneus pinguis (Karsch, 1879) — Russia, China, Korea, Japan\n Araneus pistiger Simon, 1899 — Sumatra", "Araneus pistiger Simon, 1899 — Sumatra\n Araneus pius (Karsch, 1878) — New South Wales\n Araneus plenus Yin et al., 2009 — China\n Araneus pogisa (Marples, 1957) — Samoa\n Araneus poltyoides Chrysanthus, 1971 — New Guinea\n Araneus polydentatus Yin, Griswold & Xu, 2007 — China\n Araneus pontii Caporiacco, 1934 — Karakorum\n Araneus popaco Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus postilena (Thorell, 1878) — Sumatra, Java, Amboina, New Guinea\n Araneus poumotuus (Strand, 1913) — Polynesia", "Araneus poumotuus (Strand, 1913) — Polynesia\n Araneus praedatus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1885) — Yarkand\n Araneus praesignis (L. Koch, 1872) — Queensland\n Araneus prasius (Thorell, 1890) — Java\n Araneus pratensis (Emerton, 1884) — USA, Canada\n Araneus principis Simon, 1907 — Principe\n Araneus pronubus (Rainbow, 1894) — New South Wales\n Araneus prospiciens (Thorell, 1890) — Sumatra\n Araneus providens Kulczynski, 1911 — New Guinea\n Araneus prunus Levi, 1973 — USA\n Araneus pseudoconicus Schenkel, 1936 — China", "Araneus prunus Levi, 1973 — USA\n Araneus pseudoconicus Schenkel, 1936 — China\n Araneus pseudosturmii Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus pseudoventricosus Schenkel, 1963 — China\n Araneus psittacinus (Keyserling, 1887) — New South Wales, Victoria\n Araneus pudicus (Thorell, 1898) — Myanmar\n Araneus puebla Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus pulcherrimus (Roewer, 1942) — Europe, Russia\n Araneus pulchriformis (Roewer, 1942) — New South Wales\n Araneus punctipedellus (Strand, 1908) — East Africa", "Araneus punctipedellus (Strand, 1908) — East Africa\n Araneus pupulus (Thorell, 1890) — Java, Amboina\n Araneus purus (Simon, 1907) — West Africa\n Araneus qianshan Zhu, Zhang & Li, 1998 — China\n Araneus quadratus Clerck, 1757 — Palearctic\n Araneus quietus (Keyserling, 1887) — Australia\n Araneus quirapan Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus rabiosulus (Keyserling, 1887) — New South Wales\n Araneus radja (Doleschall, 1857) — Amboina, Yule Islands, Aru Islands\n Araneus ragnhildae (Strand, 1917) — Australia", "Araneus ragnhildae (Strand, 1917) — Australia\n Araneus rainbowi (Roewer, 1942) — Lord Howe Islands\n Araneus ramulosus (Keyserling, 1887) — Australia\n Araneus rani (Thorell, 1881) — Queensland\n Araneus rarus (Keyserling, 1887) — Queensland, Victoria\n Araneus raui (Strand, 1907) — Cameroon\n Araneus recherchensis (Main, 1954) — Western Australia\n Araneus relicinus (Keyserling, 1887) — Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipel\n Araneus repetecus Bakhvalov, 1978 — Turkmenistan\n Araneus riveti Berland, 1913 — Ecuador", "Araneus repetecus Bakhvalov, 1978 — Turkmenistan\n Araneus riveti Berland, 1913 — Ecuador\n Araneus roseomaculatus Ono, 1992 — Taiwan\n Araneus rotundicornis Yaginuma, 1972 — Korea, Japan\n Araneus rotundulus (Keyserling, 1887) — Queensland\n Araneus royi Roewer, 1961 — Senegal\n Araneus rubicundulus (Keyserling, 1887) — New South Wales\n Araneus rubrivitticeps (Strand, 1911) — Aru Islands\n Araneus rufipes (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) — Guatemala\n Araneus russicus Bakhvalov, 1981 — Russia", "Araneus rufipes (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) — Guatemala\n Araneus russicus Bakhvalov, 1981 — Russia\n Araneus ryukyuanus Tanikawa, 2001 — Japan\n Araneus saccalava (Strand, 1907) — Madagascar\n Araneus saevus (L. Koch, 1872) — Holarctic\n Araneus sagicola (Dönitz & Strand, 1906) — Japan\n Araneus salto Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus sambava (Strand, 1907) — Madagascar, Yemen\n Araneus santacruziensis Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines\n Araneus santarita (Archer, 1951) — USA", "Araneus santarita (Archer, 1951) — USA\n Araneus savesi (Simon, 1880) — New Caledonia\n Araneus schneblei Levi, 1991 — Colombia\n Araneus schrencki (Grube, 1861) — Russia\n Araneus scutellatus Schenkel, 1963 — China\n Araneus scutifer (Keyserling, 1886) — New South Wales\n Araneus scutigerens Hogg, 1900 — Victoria\n Araneus selva Levi, 1991 — Guatemala to Costa Rica\n Araneus seminiger (L. Koch, 1878) — Korea, Japan\n Araneus senicaudatus Simon, 1908 — Western Australia", "Araneus senicaudatus Simon, 1908 — Western Australia\n Araneus senicaudatus simplex Simon, 1908 — Western Australia\n Araneus separatus (Roewer, 1942) — New South Wales\n Araneus septemtuberculatus (Thorell, 1899) — Cameroon\n Araneus sernai Levi, 1991 — Colombia\n Araneus shunhuangensis Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus sicki Levi, 1991 — Brazil\n Araneus simillimus Kulczynski, 1911 — New Guinea\n Araneus singularis (Urquhart, 1891) — Tasmania\n Araneus sinistrellus (Roewer, 1942) — Mexico", "Araneus singularis (Urquhart, 1891) — Tasmania\n Araneus sinistrellus (Roewer, 1942) — Mexico\n Araneus sogdianus Charitonov, 1969 — Central Asia\n Araneus spathurus (Thorell, 1890) — Sumatra\n Araneus speculabundus (L. Koch, 1871) — Australia, Samoa\n Araneus sponsus (Thorell, 1887) — India\n Araneus squamifer (Keyserling, 1886) — Queensland\n Araneus stabilis (Keyserling, 1892) — Brazil, Argentina\n Araneus stella (Karsch, 1879) — Russia, China, Korea, Japan", "Araneus stella (Karsch, 1879) — Russia, China, Korea, Japan\n Araneus stolidus (Keyserling, 1887) — New South Wales\n Araneus strandiellus Charitonov, 1951 — Russia, Central Asia\n Araneus striatipes (Simon, 1877) — Philippines\n Araneus strigatellus (Strand, 1908) — East Africa\n Araneus strupifer (Simon, 1886) — Tropical Africa\n Araneus sturmi (Hahn, 1831) — Palearctic\n Araneus suavis Rainbow, 1899 — New Hebrides\n Araneus subflavidus (Urquhart, 1893) — Tasmania\n Araneus subumbrosus Roewer, 1961 — Senegal", "Araneus subflavidus (Urquhart, 1893) — Tasmania\n Araneus subumbrosus Roewer, 1961 — Senegal\n Araneus sulfurinus (Pavesi, 1883) — Ethiopia, East Africa\n Araneus svanetiensis Mcheidze, 1997 — Georgia\n Araneus sydneyicus (Keyserling, 1887) — New South Wales, Victoria\n Araneus sylvicola (Rainbow, 1897) — New South Wales\n Araneus taigunensis Zhu, Tu & Hu, 1988 — China\n Araneus talasi Bakhvalov, 1970 — Kyrgyzstan\n Araneus talca Levi, 1991 — Chile, Argentina\n Araneus talipedatus (Keyserling, 1887) — Australia", "Araneus talca Levi, 1991 — Chile, Argentina\n Araneus talipedatus (Keyserling, 1887) — Australia\n Araneus tambopata Levi, 1991 — Peru\n Araneus tamerlani (Roewer, 1942) — Queensland\n Araneus taperae (Mello-Leitao, 1937) — Ecuador to Suriname\n Araneus tartaricus (Kroneberg, 1875) — Central Asia to Korea\n Araneus tatianae Lessert, 1938 — Congo\n Araneus tatsulokeus Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines\n Araneus tellezi Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus tenancingo Levi, 1991 — Mexico", "Araneus tellezi Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus tenancingo Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus tenerius Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus tengxianensis Zhu & Zhang, 1994 — China\n Araneus tepic Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus tetraspinulus (Yin et al., 1990) — China\n Araneus texanus (Archer, 1951) — USA\n Araneus thaddeus (Hentz, 1847) — North America\n Araneus thevenoti Simon, 1895 — Zanzibar\n Araneus thorelli (Roewer, 1942) — Myanmar\n Araneus tiganus (Chamberlin, 1916) — Ecuador, Peru", "Araneus thorelli (Roewer, 1942) — Myanmar\n Araneus tiganus (Chamberlin, 1916) — Ecuador, Peru\n Araneus tijuca Levi, 1991 — Brazil\n Araneus tinikdikitus Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines\n Araneus titirus Simon, 1896 — Chile, Argentina\n Araneus toma (Strand, 1915) — Bismarck Archipel\n Araneus tonkinus Simon, 1909 — Vietnam\n Araneus toruaigiri Bakhvalov, 1970 — Kyrgyzstan\n Araneus transversivittiger (Strand, 1907) — China\n Araneus transversus Rainbow, 1912 — Queensland", "Araneus transversivittiger (Strand, 1907) — China\n Araneus transversus Rainbow, 1912 — Queensland\n Araneus triangulus (Fox, 1938) — China\n Araneus tricoloratus Zhu, Tu & Hu, 1988 — China\n Araneus trifolium (Hentz, 1847) — USA, Canada, Alaska\n Araneus trigonophorus (Thorell, 1887) — Myanmar\n Araneus triguttatus (Fabricius, 1793) — Palearctic\n Araneus tschuiskii Bakhvalov, 1974 — Kyrgyzstan\n Araneus tsurusakii Tanikawa, 2001 — Japan\n Araneus tubabdominus Zhu & Zhang, 1993 — China", "Araneus tsurusakii Tanikawa, 2001 — Japan\n Araneus tubabdominus Zhu & Zhang, 1993 — China\n Araneus tuscarora Levi, 1973 — USA\n Araneus ubicki Levi, 1991 — Costa Rica\n Araneus unanimus (Keyserling, 1879) — Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina\n Araneus uniformis (Keyserling, 1879) — Bolivia to Argentina and Brazil\n Araneus unistriatus (McCook, 1894) — probably Brazil\n Araneus urbanus (Keyserling, 1887) — New South Wales\n Araneus urquharti (Roewer, 1942) — New South Wales", "Araneus urquharti (Roewer, 1942) — New South Wales\n Araneus ursimorphus (Strand, 1906) — Ethiopia, East Africa\n Araneus uruapan Levi, 1991 — Mexico\n Araneus urubamba Levi, 1991 — Peru\n Araneus usualis (Keyserling, 1887) — Queensland, New South Wales\n Araneus uyemurai Yaginuma, 1960 — Russia, Korea, Japan\n Araneus v-notatus (Thorell, 1875) — France, Algeria\n Araneus variegatus Yaginuma, 1960 — Russia, China, Korea, Japan\n Araneus varpunen Sen, Dhali, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015 - India", "Araneus varpunen Sen, Dhali, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015 - India \n Araneus venatrix (C. L. Koch, 1838) — Panama and Trinidad to Paraguay\n Araneus ventricosus (L. Koch, 1878) — Russia, China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan\n Araneus ventricosus abikonus Uyemura, 1961 — Japan\n Araneus ventricosus globulus Uyemura, 1961 — Japan\n Araneus ventricosus hakonensis Uyemura, 1961 — Japan\n Araneus ventricosus ishinodai Uyemura, 1961 — Japan\n Araneus ventricosus kishuensis Uyemura, 1961 — Japan", "Araneus ventricosus kishuensis Uyemura, 1961 — Japan\n Araneus ventricosus montanioides Uyemura, 1961 — Japan\n Araneus ventricosus montanus Uyemura, 1961 — Japan\n Araneus ventricosus nigelloides Uyemura, 1961 — Japan\n Araneus ventricosus nigellus Uyemura, 1961 — Japan\n Araneus ventricosus yaginumai Uyemura, 1961 — Japan\n Araneus ventriosus (Urquhart, 1891) — Tasmania\n Araneus vermimaculatus Zhu & Wang, 1994 — China\n Araneus villa Levi, 1991 — Bolivia", "Araneus vermimaculatus Zhu & Wang, 1994 — China\n Araneus villa Levi, 1991 — Bolivia\n Araneus vincibilis (Keyserling, 1893) — Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina\n Araneus viperifer Schenkel, 1963 — China, Korea, Japan\n Araneus virgunculus (Thorell, 1890) — Sumatra\n Araneus virgus (Fox, 1938) — China\n Araneus viridisomus (Gravely, 1921) — India\n Araneus viridiventris Yaginuma, 1969 — China, Taiwan, Japan\n Araneus viridulus (Urquhart, 1891) — Tasmania\n Araneus volgeri Simon, 1897 — Zanzibar", "Araneus viridulus (Urquhart, 1891) — Tasmania\n Araneus volgeri Simon, 1897 — Zanzibar\n Araneus vulpinus (Hahn, 1834) — Southern Europe\n Araneus vulvarius (Thorell, 1898) — Myanmar\n Araneus walesianus (Karsch, 1878) — New South Wales\n Araneus washingtoni Levi, 1971 — Russia, USA, Canada\n Araneus wokamus (Strand, 1911) — Aru Islands\n Araneus woodfordi Pocock, 1898 — Solomon Islands\n Araneus workmani (Keyserling, 1884) — Brazil, Argentina\n Araneus wulongensis Song & Zhu, 1992 — China", "Araneus wulongensis Song & Zhu, 1992 — China\n Araneus xavantina Levi, 1991 — Brazil\n Araneus xianfengensis Song & Zhu, 1992 — China\n Araneus xizangensis Hu, 2001 — China\n Araneus yadongensis Hu, 2001 — China\n Araneus yapingensis Yin et al., 2009 — China\n Araneus yasudai Tanikawa, 2001 — Russia, Japan\n Araneus yatei Berland, 1924 — New Caledonia\n Araneus yoshitomii Yoshida, 2014 - Ogasawara Is. \n Araneus yuanminensis Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus yukon Levi, 1971 — Russia, Canada", "Araneus yuanminensis Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus yukon Levi, 1971 — Russia, Canada\n Araneus yunnanensis Yin, Peng & Wang, 1994 — China\n Araneus yuzhongensis Yin et al., 1990 — China\n Araneus zapallar Levi, 1991 — Chile\n Araneus zebrinus Zhu & Wang, 1994 — China\n Araneus zelus (Strand, 1907) — Cameroon\n Araneus zhangmu Zhang, Song & Kim, 2006 — China\n Araneus zhaoi Zhang & Zhang, 2002 — China\n Araneus zuluanus (Strand, 1907) — South Africa\n Araneus zygielloides Schenkel, 1963 — China", "Araniella\nAraniella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942\n Araniella alpica (L. Koch, 1869) — Europe to Azerbaijan\n Araniella coreana Namkung, 2002 — Korea\n Araniella cucurbitina (Clerck, 1757) — Palearctic\n Araniella displicata (Hentz, 1847) (type species) — Holarctic\n Araniella inconspicua (Simon, 1874) — Palearctic\n Araniella jilinensis Yin & Zhu, 1994 — China\n Araniella maderiana (Kulczynski, 1905) — Canary Islands, Madeira\n Araniella opisthographa (Kulczynski, 1905) — Europe to Central Asia", "Araniella opisthographa (Kulczynski, 1905) — Europe to Central Asia\n Araniella plicata Mi & Peng, 2016 - China \n Araniella proxima (Kulczynski, 1885) — Holarctic\n Araniella tbilisiensis (Mcheidze, 1997) — Georgia\n Araniella yaginumai Tanikawa, 1995 — Russia, Korea, China, Taiwan, Japan", "Aranoethra\nAranoethra Butler, 1873\n Aranoethra butleri Pocock, 1899 — West Africa\n Aranoethra cambridgei (Butler, 1873) (type species) — West, Central Africa\n Aranoethra ungari Karsch, 1878 — West Africa", "Argiope\nArgiope Audouin, 1826\n Argiope abramovi Logunov & Jäger, 2015 - Vietnam \n Argiope aemula (Walckenaer, 1841) — India to Philippines, Sulawesi, New Hebrides\n Argiope aetherea (Walckenaer, 1841) — China to Australia\n Argiope aetheroides Yin et al., 1989 — China, Japan\n Argiope ahngeri Spassky, 1932 — Central Asia\n Argiope amoena L. Koch, 1878 — China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan\n Argiope anasuja Thorell, 1887 — Seychelles to India, Pakistan, Maldives\n Argiope anomalopalpis Bjørn, 1997 — Congo, South Africa", "Argiope anomalopalpis Bjørn, 1997 — Congo, South Africa\n Argiope appensa (Walckenaer, 1841) — Hawaii, Taiwan to New Guinea\n Argiope argentata (Fabricius, 1775) — USA to Chile\n Argiope aurantia Lucas, 1833 — Canada to Costa Rica\n Argiope aurocincta Pocock, 1898 — Central, East, Southern Africa\n Argiope australis (Walckenaer, 1805) — Central, East, Southern Africa, Cape Verde Islands\n Argiope bivittigera Strand, 1911 — Indonesia\n Argiope blanda O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — USA to Costa Rica", "Argiope blanda O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — USA to Costa Rica\n Argiope boesenbergi Levi, 1983 — China, Korea, Japan\n Argiope bougainvilla (Walckenaer, 1847) — New Guinea to Solomon Islands\n Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) — Palearctic\n Argiope brunnescentia Strand, 1911 — New Guinea, Bismarck Archipel\n Argiope buehleri Schenkel, 1944 — Timor\n Argiope bullocki Rainbow, 1908 — New South Wales\n Argiope butchko LeQuier & Agnarsson, 2016 - Cuba\n Argiope caesarea Thorell, 1897 — India, Myanmar, China", "Argiope caesarea Thorell, 1897 — India, Myanmar, China\n Argiope caledonia Levi, 1983 — New Caledonia, New Hebrides\n Argiope cameloides Zhu & Song, 1994 — China\n Argiope catenulata (Doleschall, 1859) — India to Philippines, New Guinea\n Argiope chloreis Thorell, 1877 — Laos, Sumatra to New Guinea\n Argiope comorica Bjørn, 1997 — Comoro Islands\n Argiope coquereli (Vinson, 1863) — Zanzibar, Madagascar\n Argiope dang Jäger & Praxaysombath, 2009 — Thailand, Laos", "Argiope dang Jäger & Praxaysombath, 2009 — Thailand, Laos\n Argiope dietrichae Levi, 1983 — Western Australia, Northern Australia\n Argiope doboensis Strand, 1911 — Indonesia, New Guinea\n Argiope doleschalli Thorell, 1873 — Indonesia\n Argiope ericae Levi, 2004 — Brazil, Argentina\n Argiope flavipalpis (Lucas, 1858) — Africa, Yemen\n Argiope florida Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944 — USA\n Argiope halmaherensis Strand, 1907 — Moluccas to New Guinea\n Argiope hinderlichi Jäger, 2012 — Laos", "Argiope hinderlichi Jäger, 2012 — Laos\n Argiope intricata Simon, 1877 — Philippines\n Argiope jinghongensis Yin, Peng & Wang, 1994 — China, Laos, Thailand\n Argiope kaingang Corronca & Rodríguez-Artigas, 2015 - Argentina \n Argiope katherina Levi, 1983 — Northern Australia\n Argiope keyserlingi Karsch, 1878 — Queensland, New South Wales, Lord Howe Islands\n Argiope kochi Levi, 1983 — Queensland\n Argiope legionis Motta & Levi, 2009 — Brazil\n Argiope levii Bjørn, 1997 — Kenya, Tanzania", "Argiope legionis Motta & Levi, 2009 — Brazil\n Argiope levii Bjørn, 1997 — Kenya, Tanzania\n Argiope lobata (Pallas, 1772) type species — Old World\n Argiope luzona (Walckenaer, 1841) — Philippines\n Argiope macrochoera Thorell, 1891 — Nicobar Islands, China\n Argiope madang Levi, 1984 — New Guinea\n Argiope magnifica L. Koch, 1871 — Queensland to Solomon Islands\n Argiope mangal Koh, 1991 — Singapore\n Argiope manila Levi, 1983 — Philippines\n Argiope mascordi Levi, 1983 — Queensland", "Argiope manila Levi, 1983 — Philippines\n Argiope mascordi Levi, 1983 — Queensland\n Argiope minuta Karsch, 1879 — Bangladesh, East Asia\n Argiope modesta Thorell, 1881 — Borneo to Australia\n Argiope niasensis Strand, 1907 — Indonesia\n Argiope ocula Fox, 1938 — China, Taiwan, Japan\n Argiope ocyaloides L. Koch, 1871 — Queensland\n Argiope pentagona L. Koch, 1871 — Fiji\n Argiope perforata Schenkel, 1963 — China\n Argiope picta L. Koch, 1871 — Moluccas to Australia\n Argiope pictula Strand, 1911 — Sulawesi", "Argiope picta L. Koch, 1871 — Moluccas to Australia\n Argiope pictula Strand, 1911 — Sulawesi\n Argiope ponape Levi, 1983 — Caroline Islands\n Argiope possoica Merian, 1911 — Sulawesi\n Argiope probata Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland\n Argiope protensa L. Koch, 1872 — New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand\n Argiope pulchella Thorell, 1881 — India to China and Indonesia\n Argiope pulchelloides Yin et al., 1989 — China\n Argiope radon Levi, 1983 — Northern Australia", "Argiope pulchelloides Yin et al., 1989 — China\n Argiope radon Levi, 1983 — Northern Australia\n Argiope ranomafanensis Bjørn, 1997 — Madagascar\n Argiope reinwardti (Doleschall, 1859) — Malaysia to New Guinea\n Argiope reinwardti sumatrana (Hasselt, 1882) — Sumatra\n Argiope sapoa Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines\n Argiope sector (Forsskal, 1776) — North Africa, Middle East, Cape Verde Islands\n Argiope squallica Strand, 1915 — New Guinea\n Argiope submaronica Strand, 1916 — Mexico to Bolivia, Brazil", "Argiope submaronica Strand, 1916 — Mexico to Bolivia, Brazil\n Argiope takum Chrysanthus, 1971 — New Guinea\n Argiope tapinolobata Bjørn, 1997 — Senegal, Namibia\n Argiope taprobanica Thorell, 1887 — Sri Lanka\n Argiope trifasciata (Forsskal, 1775) — Cosmopolitan\n Argiope trifasciata deserticola Simon, 1906 — Sudan\n Argiope trifasciata kauaiensis Simon, 1900 — Hawaii\n Argiope truk Levi, 1983 — Caroline Islands\n Argiope versicolor (Doleschall, 1859) — China to Java\n Argiope vietnamensis Ono, 2010 — Vietnam", "Arkys\nArkys Walckenaer, 1837\n Arkys alatus Keyserling, 1890 — Queensland, New South Wales\n Arkys alticephala (Urquhart, 1891) — Southern Australia\n Arkys brevipalpus Karsch, 1878 — New Caledonia\n Arkys bulburinensis Heimer, 1984 — Queensland, New South Wales\n Arkys cicatricosus (Rainbow, 1920) — Lord Howe Islands\n Arkys cornutus L. Koch, 1872 — New Guinea, Queensland\n Arkys coronatus (Balogh, 1978) — New Guinea\n Arkys curtulus (Simon, 1903) — Eastern Australia\n Arkys dilatatus (Balogh, 1978) — Queensland", "Arkys curtulus (Simon, 1903) — Eastern Australia\n Arkys dilatatus (Balogh, 1978) — Queensland\n Arkys furcatus (Balogh, 1978) — Queensland\n Arkys gracilis Heimer, 1984 — Queensland\n Arkys grandis (Balogh, 1978) — New Caledonia\n Arkys hickmani Heimer, 1984 — Tasmania\n Arkys kaszabi (Balogh, 1978) — New Guinea\n Arkys lancearius Walckenaer, 1837 (type species) — New Guinea to New South Wales\n Arkys latissimus (Balogh, 1982) — Queensland\n Arkys montanus (Balogh, 1978) — New Guinea", "Arkys latissimus (Balogh, 1982) — Queensland\n Arkys montanus (Balogh, 1978) — New Guinea\n Arkys multituberculatus (Balogh, 1982) — Queensland\n Arkys nimdol Chrysanthus, 1971 — New Guinea\n Arkys occidentalis (Reimoser, 1936) — Buru Islands\n Arkys roosdorpi (Chrysanthus, 1971) — New Guinea\n Arkys semicirculatus (Balogh, 1982) — Queensland\n Arkys sibil (Chrysanthus, 1971) — New Guinea\n Arkys soosi (Balogh, 1982) — New Guinea\n Arkys speechleyi (Mascord, 1968) — New South Wales", "Arkys soosi (Balogh, 1982) — New Guinea\n Arkys speechleyi (Mascord, 1968) — New South Wales\n Arkys toxopeusi (Reimoser, 1936) — Buru Islands\n Arkys transversus (Balogh, 1978) — New South Wales\n Arkys tuberculatus (Balogh, 1978) — Queensland\n Arkys varians (Balogh, 1978) — New Caledonia\n Arkys vicarius (Balogh, 1978) — New Caledonia\n Arkys walckenaeri Simon, 1879 — Australia, Tasmania", "Artonis\nArtonis Simon, 1895\n Artonis bituberculata (Thorell, 1895) (type species) — Myanmar\n Artonis gallana (Pavesi, 1895) — Ethiopia\n\nAspidolasius\nAspidolasius Simon, 1887\n Aspidolasius branicki (Taczanowski, 1879) — Colombia to Bolivia, Guyana, Brazil\n\nAugusta\nAugusta O. P.-Cambridge, 1877\n Augusta glyphica (Guerin, 1839) — Madagascar", "Augusta\nAugusta O. P.-Cambridge, 1877\n Augusta glyphica (Guerin, 1839) — Madagascar\n\nAustracantha\nAustracantha Dahl, 1914\n Austracantha minax (Thorell, 1859) — Australia, Tasmania\n Austracantha minax astrigera (L. Koch, 1871) — Australia\n Austracantha minax hermitis (Hogg, 1914) — Montebello Islands\n Austracantha minax leonhardii (Strand, 1913) — Australia\n Austracantha minax lugubris (L. Koch, 1871) — Australia", "References\n (2014): The world spider catalog, version 17.5. American Museum of Natural History. \n\nLists of spider species by family" ]

[ "The 2011 NFL season was the 92nd regular season of the National Football League (NFL) and the 46th of the Super Bowl era. It began on Thursday, September 8, 2011, with the Super Bowl XLV champion Green Bay Packers defeating the Super Bowl XLIV champion New Orleans Saints at Lambeau Field and ended with Super Bowl XLVI, the league's championship game, on February 5, 2012, at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis where the New York Giants defeated the New England Patriots.", "Due to a labor dispute between league owners and players, a lockout began on March 11 and ended on July 25, lasting 130 days. Although it initially threatened to postpone or cancel the season, the only game that was canceled was the August 7 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game.", "The 2011 season saw an unprecedented amount of passing offense: Three of the nine highest passing yardage totals of all time were established: No. 2 Drew Brees (5,476), No. 3 Tom Brady (5,235), and No. 9 Matthew Stafford (5,038); Eli Manning threw for 4,933 yards, which places him 14th all time. It also saw Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers establish the all-time single-season best quarterback rating of 122.5", ".5. Further cementing the modern NFL's reputation as a \"passing league\" was that, for the second consecutive year, the league overall set a record for most average passing yards per team per game, with 229.7, breaking 2010's record by more than eight yards per game. (For comparison, the league-wide average rushing yards total finished the 2011 season at 57th all-time.)", "A subplot of the 2011 season was determining who would have the worst record, and therefore \"earn\" the right to the No. 1 overall pick in the 2012 draft. Stanford senior quarterback Andrew Luck was seen as the best quarterback prospect in years. Fans of some teams that started the season with numerous losses (notably the Indianapolis Colts) were openly rooting for their teams to \"Suck for Luck.\"\n\nLabor dispute", "In May 2008 the owners decided to opt out of the 1993 arrangement and play the 2010 season without an agreement in place", ". Some of the major points of contention included openness of owners' financial books, the rookie pay scale, a proposed 18 percent reduction in the players' share of revenues, forfeiture on bonus payments for players who fail to perform, players' health and retirement benefits, details of free agency, the cost and benefit of new stadiums, players' salaries, extending the regular season to 18 games, and the revenue-sharing structure", ". By March 2011, the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) and the NFL had not yet come to terms on a new collective bargaining agreement (CBA), thus failing to resolve the labor dispute. Accordingly, the NFLPA informed the league and the clubs that the players had voted to have the NFLPA renounce its bargaining rights", ". After the renunciation of collective bargaining rights, quarterbacks Tom Brady, Peyton Manning, and Drew Brees joined seven other NFL players and filed an antitrust suit to enjoin the lockout.", "Following the settlement of the Brady et al. v. NFL antitrust suit on July 25, 2011, a majority of players signed union authorization cards approving the NFL Players Association to act as their exclusive collective bargaining representative. The NFL officially recognized the NFLPA's status as the players' collective bargaining representative on July 30", ". The NFL and NFLPA proceeded to negotiate terms for a new collective bargaining agreement, and the agreement became effective after ratification by the players on August 4. The new collective bargaining agreement ran through 2021.", "NFL draft\nThe 2011 NFL Draft was held from April 28 to 30, 2011 at New York City's Radio City Music Hall. With the first pick, the Carolina Panthers selected quarterback Cam Newton from Auburn.\n\nPlayer movement\nFree agency began on July 25, 2011 following the end of the 2011 NFL lockout.\n\nFree agency\nNotable players to change teams during free agency included:", "Quarterbacks Derek Anderson (Arizona to Carolina), Bruce Gradkowski (Oakland to Cincinnati), Matt Hasselbeck (Seattle to Tennessee), Tarvaris Jackson (Minnesota to Seattle), Matt Moore (Carolina to Miami) and Vince Young (Tennessee to Philadelphia)\n Running backs Ronnie Brown (Miami to Philadelphia), Brandon Jackson (Green Bay to Cleveland), Willis McGahee (Baltimore to Denver), Darren Sproles (San Diego to New Orleans) and Ricky Williams (Miami to Baltimore)\n Fullback Vonta Leach (Houston to Baltimore)", "Fullback Vonta Leach (Houston to Baltimore)\n Wide receivers Steve Breaston (Arizona to Kansas City), Plaxico Burress (N.Y. Giants to N.Y. Jets), Braylon Edwards (N.Y. Jets to San Francisco), Sidney Rice (Minnesota to Seattle), Brad Smith (N.Y. Jets to Buffalo), Steve Smith (N.Y. Giants to Philadelphia), Roy Williams (Dallas to Chicago)\n Tight ends Kevin Boss (N.Y. Giants to Oakland), Todd Heap (Baltimore to Arizona) and Zach Miller (Oakland to Seattle)", "Offensive tackles Ryan Harris (Denver to Philadelphia) and Sean Locklear (Seattle to Washington)\n Guards David Baas (San Francisco to N.Y. Giants), Chris Chester (Baltimore to Washington) and Harvey Dahl (Atlanta to St. Louis)\n Centers Jonathan Goodwin (New Orleans to San Francisco) and Olin Kreutz (Chicago to New Orleans)\n Defensive ends Jason Babin (Tennessee to Philadelphia), Stephen Bowen (Dallas to Washington) and Ray Edwards (Minnesota to Atlanta)", "Defensive tackles Barry Cofield (N.Y. Giants to Washington), Cullen Jenkins (Green Bay to Philadelphia) and Shaun Rogers (Cleveland to New Orleans)\n Linebackers Nick Barnett (Green Bay to Buffalo), Kevin Burnett (San Diego to Miami), Thomas Howard (Oakland to Cincinnati), Manny Lawson (San Francisco to Cincinnati), Paul Posluszny (Buffalo to Jacksonville), Matt Roth (Cleveland to Jacksonville), Clint Session (Indianapolis to Jacksonville) and Stephen Tulloch (Tennessee to Detroit)", "Cornerbacks Nnamdi Asomugha (Oakland to Philadelphia), Nate Clements (San Francisco to Cincinnati), Johnathan Joseph (Cincinnati to Houston), Carlos Rogers (Washington to San Francisco) and Josh Wilson (Baltimore to Washington)\n Safeties Oshiomogho Atogwe (St. Louis to Washington), Dawan Landry (Baltimore to Jacksonville), Danieal Manning (Chicago to Houston), Quintin Mikell (Philadelphia to St. Louis), Bob Sanders (Indianapolis to San Diego) and Donte Whitner (Buffalo to San Francisco).", "Trades\nThe following notable trades were made during the 2011 league year:", "July 28: Philadelphia traded QB Kevin Kolb to Arizona in exchange for CB Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie and Arizona's second-round selection in 2012.\n July 28: Chicago traded TE Greg Olsen to Carolina in exchange for a third-round selection in 2012.\n July 28: Washington traded DT Albert Haynesworth to New England in exchange for a fifth-round selection in 2013.\n July 29: Cincinnati traded WR Chad Ochocinco to New England in exchange for a fifth-round selection in 2012 and sixth-round selection in 2013.", "July 29: Washington traded QB Donovan McNabb to Minnesota in exchange for a sixth-round pick in 2012.\n July 29: New Orleans traded RB Reggie Bush to Miami exchange for S Jonathon Amaya and a swap of sixth-round selections in 2012.\n August 12: Buffalo traded WR Lee Evans to Baltimore in exchange for a fourth-round pick in 2012.\n August 22: San Francisco traded S Taylor Mays to Cincinnati in exchange for a seventh-round pick in 2012.", "August 29: Seattle sent CB Kelly Jennings to Cincinnati with DE Clinton McDonald going the other way.\n October 12: Seattle traded LB Aaron Curry to Oakland in exchange for a seventh-round pick in 2012 and a conditional pick in 2013.\n October 17: Denver traded WR Brandon Lloyd to St. Louis in exchange for a fifth-round pick in 2012.\n October 18: Cincinnati traded QB Carson Palmer to Oakland in exchange for a first-round pick in 2012 and a conditional second-round pick in 2013.", "Rule changes\nThe following are rule changes that were passed at the league's annual owners meeting in March. All changes went into effect once the labor dispute was resolved.", "Changes were made regarding kickoffs to limit injuries. First, kickoffs will be moved from the 30 to the 35-yard line, repealing a 1994 rule change. In addition, players on the kickoff coverage team cannot line up more than 5 yards behind the kickoff line, minimizing running starts and thus reducing the speed of collisions. Other changes were also proposed, but a number of players and coaches expressed concern they would actually significantly reduce, if not eliminate, the number of kickoff returns", ". Proposals that would have brought touchbacks out to the 25 instead of the 20, and eliminated all wedge blocks were not adopted. Despite this rule, the Bears kicked off from the 30-yard line twice in their preseason game against the Bills.", "All replay reviews of scoring plays during the entire game can now be initiated by the replay booth official. Coaches will no longer have to use one of their challenges if a scoring play occurs outside of the two-minute warning. Because the play is now \"unchallengeable\" by coaches, attempting to do so will result in a 15-yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, which several coaches were flagged for during the season.", "Nicknamed the \"Boise State Rule\", all playing fields must remain green, and not be in another color like the blue turf at Boise State's Bronco Stadium, unless approval is granted by the league. This was passed in response to a few sponsors who requested to change the colors in a few stadiums.", "The following rule changes were adopted at the NFL Owners' Meeting on May 24, 2011:", "Hits to the head of a passer-by an opponent's hands, arms or other parts of the body will not be fouls unless they are forcible blows, modifying the existing rule that any contact to a passer's head, regardless of the reason, is penalized as a personal foul (15 yards).", "Players will be prohibited from \"launching\" (leaving both feet prior to contact to spring forward and upward into an opponent or using any part of the helmet to initiate forcible contact against any part of the opponent's body) to level a defenseless player, as well as \"forcibly hitting the neck or head area with the helmet, facemask, forearm or shoulder regardless of whether the defensive player also uses his arms to tackle the defenseless player by encircling or grasping him", ".\", and lowering the head and make forcible contact with the top/crown or forehead/\"hairline\" parts of the helmet against any part of the defenseless player's body. Offenders will be penalised 15 yards for unnecessary roughness plus risking immediate disqualification if the contact is deemed flagrant.", "A \"defenseless player\" is defined as a:\n Player in the act of or just after throwing a pass.\n Receiver attempting to catch a pass or one who has not completed a catch and hasn't had time to protect himself or hasn't clearly become a runner. If the receiver/runner is capable of avoiding or warding off the impending contact of an opponent, he is no longer a defenseless player.\n Runner whose forward progress has been stopped and is already in the grasp of a tackler.", "Runner whose forward progress has been stopped and is already in the grasp of a tackler.\n Kickoff or punt returner attempting to field a kick in the air.\n Player on the ground at the end of a play.\n Kicker/punter during the kick or return.\n Quarterback any time after a change of possession (i.e. turnover).\n Player who receives a \"blindside\" block when the blocker is moving toward his own end-line and approaches the opponent from behind or the side.", "The league has instructed game officials to \"err on the side of caution\" when calling such personal foul penalties, and that they will not be downgraded if they make a mistake so that they will not hesitate on making these kinds of calls.\n\nGame-day testing\n Game-day testing for performance-enhancing drugs. The NFL is adding game-day testing for performance-enhancing substances but not recreational drugs this season under the new collective bargaining agreement.", "Schedule", "The preseason schedule was released April 12, 2011. The Hall of Fame Game, had it been played, would have featured the Chicago Bears against the St. Louis Rams in only the second time since 1971 that the game would have featured two teams from the same conference", ". Instead, the preseason began with the San Diego Chargers hosting the Seattle Seahawks on August 11; the remainder of the preseason and all other games was played as originally scheduled (with the exception of the preseason New York Jets-New York Giants game, which was postponed two days due to Hurricane Irene).", "The 2011 season began on Thursday, September 8, 2011 at Lambeau Field, with the Super Bowl XLV champion Green Bay Packers hosting the New Orleans Saints in the kickoff game; the last regular season games were held on Sunday, January 1, 2012. The playoffs started on Saturday, January 7, 2012, and ended with Super Bowl XLVI, the league's championship game, on February 5, 2012 at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis.\n\nUnder the NFL's scheduling formula, intraconference and interconference matchups were:", "Under the NFL's scheduling formula, intraconference and interconference matchups were:\n\nIntraconference\n AFC East vs. AFC West\n AFC North vs. AFC South\n NFC East vs. NFC West\n NFC North vs. NFC South\n\nInterconference\n AFC East vs. NFC East\n AFC West vs. NFC North\n AFC North vs. NFC West\n AFC South vs. NFC South", "When the league was arranging the schedule in spring 2011, it added some cushion in case the labor dispute lasted into September and the planned start of the regular season. For example, every contest in Week 3 had teams which shared the same bye week later in the season, which would have allowed these games to be made up on what were originally the teams' byes", ". Weeks 2 and 4 were set up so that there were neither any divisional rivalry games nor teams on bye in those weeks, and every team with a home game in Week 2 was on the road in Week 4 and vice versa. This would have kept the season as fair as possible if those games had to be canceled", ". This would have kept the season as fair as possible if those games had to be canceled. These scheduling changes, along with eliminating the week off before the Super Bowl and moving the Super Bowl back a week, would have allowed the NFL to play a 14-game schedule beginning in mid-October while still having the Super Bowl in mid-February.", "This season's International Series game featured the Chicago Bears and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at Wembley Stadium in London on October 23, with the Buccaneers serving as the home team. The Bears won 24–18. It marked the Bears' second game played outside the United States in as many years, as they were a part of the Bills Toronto Series in 2010. The Buccaneers previously appeared in the International Series in 2009", ". The Buccaneers previously appeared in the International Series in 2009. One week later on October 30, the Buffalo Bills defeated the Washington Redskins in the Bills' annual game at Rogers Centre in Toronto by a score of 23–0. Although this was within the bounds of the 2011 CFL season, neither of the two Southern Ontario CFL teams was playing on the same day, and both played away games that weekend. The 2011–12 season also marked the 20th anniversary of the Bills and Redskins meeting in Super Bowl XXVI.", "The Detroit Lions hosted their first Monday Night Football game since 2001, when they faced the Chicago Bears on Columbus Day/Canadian Thanksgiving (the Detroit-Windsor market straddles the U.S.–Canada border). The Lions defeated the Bears 24–13 for the team's fifth straight win, the most Lions wins to start a season since the team's glory years in the 1950s, continuing a streak that has been seen as a pleasant surprise for Lions fans, after over a decade of mediocrity.", "The 2011 Thanksgiving Day slate featured the Super Bowl Champion Green Bay Packers winning 27–15 on the road against the Detroit Lions and the Dallas Cowboys coming back to defeat the Miami Dolphins 20–19 at home", ". The Thanksgiving nightcap on the NFL Network showed the Baltimore Ravens defeating the San Francisco 49ers 16–6 at home; this was the first Thanksgiving game for the 49ers since 1972, the first ever for the Ravens, and a game that put first-year 49ers head coach Jim Harbaugh against his brother, Ravens head coach John Harbaugh.", "Christmas Day fell on Sunday. The TV contracts stated that the majority of afternoon games would be played on Christmas Eve (Saturday) and only one game was held over for Sunday night. The Green Bay Packers defeated the Chicago Bears, 35–21, on Christmas evening on NBC.", "New Year's Day 2012 consequently also fell on a Sunday, and the NFL played its entire Week 17 schedule that day. The major college bowl games usually played on New Year's Day, as well as the NHL Winter Classic, were instead played on Monday, January 2. For the second straight year, Week 17 only featured divisional match-ups.", "The New York Giants visited the Washington Redskins on September 11, 2011, the first Sunday of the regular season, to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks in which Washington, D.C. and New York City were both targeted, as well as the first such anniversary since the killing of Osama bin Laden in May", ". Due to the proximity of Baltimore with Washington as well as the proximity of Pittsburgh with the site where United Airlines Flight 93 crashed, the Pittsburgh Steelers visited the archrival Baltimore Ravens at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore. It marked the first time the two teams played in a season-opening game since 2003, as their heated rivalry usually prompts their games to be scheduled later in the season", ". There had been some speculation that the Giants and their same-city rival, the New York Jets, could have played each other that day since the two were scheduled to play each other in 2011; the Jets were the designated home team at MetLife Stadium in the matchup which had been predetermined due to the NFL's scheduling formula. However, the Jets instead hosted the Dallas Cowboys.", "Scheduling changes\nThe following regular-season games were moved by way of flexible scheduling, severe weather, or for other reasons:\n Week 10: The Detroit–Chicago game was moved from 1:00 pm EST to 4:15 pm EST.\n Week 11: The Tennessee–Atlanta game was moved from 1:00 pm EST to 4:15 pm EST.", "Week 13: The Indianapolis–New England game was moved from the 8:20 pm EST time slot on NBC Sunday Night Football to 1:00 pm EST on CBS. The Detroit–New Orleans game, originally scheduled at 1:00 pm EST on Fox, was flexed into the 8:20 pm slot on NBC, in place of the originally-scheduled Colts–Patriots game. The Baltimore–Cleveland game was changed from 1:00 pm EST to 4:05 pm EST", ". The Baltimore–Cleveland game was changed from 1:00 pm EST to 4:05 pm EST. The Denver–Minnesota game was changed from 4:05 pm EST to 1:00 pm EST, and aired on Fox instead of CBS because Fox had only two games in the early time slot. This was the first time that the league moved an interconference telecast to the home team's Sunday afternoon regional broadcaster.", "Week 14: The Oakland–Green Bay game was moved from 1:00 pm EST to 4:15 pm EST.", "Week 17: By way of flexible scheduling, the following games were moved due to playoff implications during the final week of the regular season: The Dallas–New York Giants game, originally scheduled at 1:00 pm EST on Fox, was selected as the final NBC Sunday Night Football game, which decided the NFC East division champion. The Tampa Bay–Atlanta, Baltimore–Cincinnati and Pittsburgh–Cleveland games were all moved from 1:00 pm EST to 4:15 pm EST.", "Regular season standings\n\nDivision\n\nConference\n\nPostseason\n\nPlayoffs bracket", "Records and milestones\nMost points in the Kickoff Game, single team: 42, Green Bay (vs. New Orleans, September 8, 2011)\nMost points in the Kickoff Game, total: 76, Green Bay (42) and New Orleans (34) – September 8, 2011\nLongest kick return (tie): 108 yards, Randall Cobb (Green Bay vs. New Orleans – September 8, 2011)\nLongest field goal (tie): 63 yards, Sebastian Janikowski (Oakland vs. Denver – September 12, 2011)\nMost combined passing yards in a single game, broken twice:", "Most combined passing yards in a single game, broken twice:\n933, Tom Brady (New England, 517) and Chad Henne (Miami, 416) – September 12, 2011\n1,000, Matthew Stafford (Detroit, 520) and Matt Flynn (Green Bay, 480) – January 1, 2012\nMost yards thrown by a rookie quarterback in his first game: 422, Cam Newton (Carolina vs. Arizona)\nMost passing yards, rookie, season: 4,051, Cam Newton, Carolina\nMost yards thrown by a quarterback, first two games of the season, broken twice:", "Most yards thrown by a quarterback, first two games of the season, broken twice:\n854 yards, Cam Newton (September 18, 2011), Carolina, stands as record for a rookie\n940 yards, Tom Brady (September 18, 2011), New England Patriots\nMost consecutive second-half drives to end in touchdowns: 5, Buffalo (vs. Oakland, September 18, 2011)\nLargest point margin prior to a successful comeback in consecutive games, modern era, broken twice:\n18, Buffalo (18 vs. Oakland, 21 vs. New England)", "18, Buffalo (18 vs. Oakland, 21 vs. New England)\n20, Detroit (20 vs. Minnesota, 24 vs. Dallas)\nMost field goals of 50 or more yards, single game (tied twice):\n3, Sebastian Janikowski, Oakland (54, 55, and 50; vs. Houston, October 9, 2011)\n3, Josh Scobee, Jacksonville (54, 54, and 51; vs. Baltimore, October 24, 2011)\nHighest net punting average for a season: 43.99 yards, Andy Lee, San Francisco", "Highest net punting average for a season: 43.99 yards, Andy Lee, San Francisco\nLongest game-winning punt return touchdown in overtime: 99 yards, Patrick Peterson, Arizona (vs. St. Louis, November 6, 2011)\nMost punt returns in a season for touchdown (tied): 4, Patrick Peterson, Arizona\nMost punt return yards by a rookie in a season: 699, Patrick Peterson, Arizona\nMost field goals in a season: 44, David Akers, San Francisco\nMost points in a season without a touchdown: 166, David Akers, San Francisco", "Most points in a season without a touchdown: 166, David Akers, San Francisco\nMost rushing touchdowns by a quarterback in a season: 14, Cam Newton, Carolina\nMost passing yards in a season: 5,476, Drew Brees, New Orleans.\nTom Brady, New England (5,235) and Matthew Stafford, Detroit (5,038) also passed for more than 5,000 yards marking the 4th and 5th times an individual has reached that milestone in NFL history, and the first time more than one person has done it in a single season.", "Fewest turnovers in a season (tied): 10, San Francisco\nThe 2011 Saints broke many offensive records on January 1, 2012:\nMost net yardage of offense in a season: 7,474\nMost net yards passing: 5,347\nMost completions: 472\nHighest completion percentage (team) for the season: 71.3\nFewest fumbles in a season: 6\nMost first downs for the season: 416\nMost passing first downs in a season: 280\nMost kick-offs resulting in a touchback, season: 62\nHighest third down conversion percentage: 57.9%", "Most kick-offs resulting in a touchback, season: 62\nHighest third down conversion percentage: 57.9%\nThe 2011 Raiders also broke a few records:\nMost penalties, season: 163\nMost yards penalized, season: 1,358\nMost all purpose yards in a season: 2,696, Darren Sproles, New Orleans\nMost receiving yards by a tight end in a season, broken twice:\n1310, (Jimmy Graham, New Orleans vs. Carolina)\n1327, (Rob Gronkowski, New England vs. Buffalo)\nMost games, 300+ yards passing, season: 13, Drew Brees, New Orleans", "Most games, 300+ yards passing, season: 13, Drew Brees, New Orleans\nMost consecutive 300+ yards passing games: 7, Drew Brees, New Orleans\nPunt return touchdowns, career: 12, Devin Hester, Chicago\nMost consecutive games, 100+ passer rating, season: 12, Aaron Rodgers, Green Bay\nHighest passer rating, season: 122.5, Aaron Rodgers, Green Bay\nMost field goals of 50 or more yards, season, all teams: 90\nHighest field goals of 50 or more yards percentage, season, all teams: 63.8", "Highest field goals of 50 or more yards percentage, season, all teams: 63.8\nHighest completion percentage (individual), season: 71.2, Drew Brees, New Orleans\nLongest pass completion (tied twice):\n99, Tom Brady, New England (vs. Miami, September 12, 2011)\n99, Eli Manning, New York Giants (vs. New York Jets, December 24, 2011)\nMost consecutive games, 2+ touchdown passes (tied): 13, Aaron Rodgers, Green Bay\nMost times finished in the first place: 23, New York Giants", "Playoff records & milestones\nMost offensive yards in a single playoff game: 627, New Orleans (vs. Detroit, Wild Card January 7, 2012)\nFirst quarterback to reach 400+ yards in two consecutive postseason games: Drew Brees, New Orleans (First time: 2010 vs. Seattle; 2nd time: 2011 vs. Detroit – both Wild Card games)\nMost first downs (tie): 34, New Orleans (vs. Detroit, Wild Card January 7, 2012)\nMost receiving yards in a playoff debut: 210, Calvin Johnson, Detroit (vs. New Orleans, Wild Card January 7, 2012)", "Most consecutive playoff games lost (tie): 7, Detroit Lions\nTim Tebow's game-winning pass to Demaryius Thomas for Denver (vs. Pittsburgh, Wild Card January 8, 2012) set several records:\nLongest scoring play in a playoff overtime: 80 yards\nShortest time of a drive in regular and postseason overtime: 11 seconds\nQuickest win in overtime: 11 seconds\nMost playoff appearances: 31, New York Giants\nMost completions to start a super bowl: 9, Eli Manning\nMost passing yards in a single postseason: 1,219, Eli Manning", "Most passing yards in a single postseason: 1,219, Eli Manning\nMost touchdown passes in a single playoff game (tie): 6, Tom Brady, New England\nMost league championship game appearances: 19, New York Giants\nMost Super Bowls Started as QB (tie): 5, Tom Brady\nRecord for most yards per completion (31.6) in an NFL playoff game Tim Tebow\n3rd player in NFL playoff history to pass for 300 yards, and rush for 50 yards. Tim Tebow\nMost Super Bowls lost (tie): 4, New England Patriots", "Most Super Bowls lost (tie): 4, New England Patriots\nMost playoff games won starting QB (tie): 16, Tom Brady", "Regular season statistical leaders\n\nAwards\n\nAll-Pro Team\n\nThe following players were named first team All-Pro by the Associated Press:\n\nPlayers of the Week/Month\nThe following were named the top performers during the 2011 season:\n\nRegular season awards\n\nFor the first time, the league held the NFL Honors, an awards show to salute the best players and plays for the season. The 1st Annual NFL Honors was held at the Murat Theatre in Indianapolis, Indiana on February 4, 2012.\n\nTeam superlatives", "Team superlatives\n\nOffense\nMost points scored: Green Bay, 560 (35.0 PPG)\nFewest points scored: St. Louis, 193 (12.1 PPG)\nMost total offensive yards: New Orleans, 7,474\nFewest total offensive yards: Jacksonville, 4,149\nMost total passing yards: New Orleans, 5,347\nFewest total passing yards: Jacksonville, 2,179\nMost rushing yards: Denver, 2,632\nFewest rushing yards: New York Giants, 1,427", "Defense\nFewest points allowed: Pittsburgh, 227 (14.2 PPG)\nMost points allowed: Tampa Bay, 494 (30.9 PPG)\nFewest total yards allowed: Pittsburgh, 4,348\nMost total yards allowed: Green Bay, 6,585\nFewest passing yards allowed: Pittsburgh, 2,751\nMost passing yards allowed: Green Bay, 4,796\nFewest rushing yards allowed: San Francisco, 1,236\nMost rushing yards allowed: Tampa Bay, 2,497\n\nCoaching changes", "Pre-season", "The uncertain labor issues and the possibility of a lockout were speculated to have a minimizing effect on coaching changes prior to the 2011 season, with owners predicted to be more hesitant than usual to hire a high-price, high-profile head coach. Nevertheless, eight coaches were fired either during or immediately after the 2010 NFL season, compared to three in the year prior; only one of the new hires (John Fox) had ever been a head coach in the NFL prior to their hirings or promotions", ". However, Leslie Frazier, and Jason Garrett did get some experience as interim coaches during the 2010 season, with Garrett being successful in his debut season, going 5–3 in his tenure, improving the 1–7 Cowboys to a 6–10 season.", "In-season\nThe following head coaches were replaced in-season:\n\nStadiums\n\nNaming rights agreements\nThe following stadiums received new naming rights:", "April 27: The Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum, home of the Oakland Raiders, was renamed Overstock.com Coliseum, and later shortened to O.co Coliseum. The Raiders' home field has undergone several name changes in its history, including Network Associates Coliseum (1998–2004) and McAfee Coliseum (2004–2008).\n June 20: Qwest Field, the home of the Seattle Seahawks since , was renamed CenturyLink Field. Qwest's naming rights to the Seahawks' home field was set to expire in .", "August 16: INVESCO Field at Mile High, the home of the Denver Broncos, was renamed Sports Authority Field at Mile High. Invesco Ltd. held the original naming rights to the Broncos' home field since it opened in , and Invesco's naming rights agreement was set to expire in 2021. Sports Authority, a sporting goods retailer based in Englewood, Colorado, took over the naming rights, and agreed to pay $6 million per year for the naming rights to the Broncos' home field.", "August 23: Life insurance company MetLife purchased the naming rights to the New Meadowlands Stadium, the new home field of the New York Jets and New York Giants that opened in , renaming it MetLife Stadium. The life insurance company signed a 25-year, $17 million per year agreement with the Jets and Giants for the stadium's naming rights.", "October 4: German automaker Mercedes-Benz purchased the naming rights to the Louisiana Superdome, home of the New Orleans Saints. The Saints' home field was officially renamed the Mercedes-Benz Superdome prior to the Saints' Week 7 home game vs. the Indianapolis Colts.", "In addition, the San Diego Chargers' home field, Qualcomm Stadium, was temporarily renamed \"Snapdragon Stadium\" for a ten-day period from December 16–25, which included the team's Week 15 home game vs. the Baltimore Ravens, as a marketing tie in for Qualcomm's Snapdragon brand.", "Uniforms\nThe first Sunday of the season fell on the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks. To commemorate that event players, coaches, game officials and sideline personnel all wore a special stars and stripes ribbon bearing the dates \"9/11/01\" and \"9/11/11\" as a patch or pin. Players were also allowed to wear special red, white and blue gloves and shoes.", "The Buffalo Bills introduced redesigned uniforms on June 24, 2011. Early rumors fueled by a Madden NFL 12 trailer featuring a Bills throwback uniform had indicated the team would be adopting the uniforms the team wore between 1975 and 1983; the final product indeed resembled those uniforms, with some minor adjustments. The new uniforms (which marked the first redesign since 2002) were unveiled at a fan appreciation event at Ralph Wilson Stadium", ". The Bills wore their white \"away\" uniforms in their week nine home game against the New York Jets as part of a whiteout promotion; the last time the team had worn their white uniforms at home was in 1986.", "The New England Patriots' uniforms bore a patch bearing the initials \"MHK\" in honor of team owner Robert Kraft's wife Myra Kraft who died of cancer in July. The Patriots wore their red throwback uniforms in their week five game against the New York Jets. They wore their white jerseys at home against the Dallas Cowboys in week six, thus forcing the Cowboys to use their navy jerseys for the only time all season and the first time since 2009", ". As per tradition, the Cowboys wore their throwbacks on Thanksgiving Day (November 24) at home against the Miami Dolphins.", "The St. Louis Rams wore their throwback uniforms in week 8 against the New Orleans Saints; the date was determined by fan voting.\n\nThe Baltimore Ravens wore their black alternative jerseys twice in 2011: with black pants against the Jets and with white pants against the 49ers.\n\nThe Tampa Bay Buccaneers wore their orange throwback uniforms during week 13 against Carolina.\n\nThe Oakland Raiders wore stickers featuring \"AL\" on their helmets after owner Al Davis died on October 8, 2011.", "This season was the last in which the Denver Broncos wore their navy blue jerseys as their primary jersey, as the team has designated their orange jerseys—the team's alternate home jersey since —as their new primary home jersey color, beginning with the season", ". The move was made due to overwhelming fan support to return to using orange as the team's primary home jersey color, which harkens back to the days of the Orange Crush Defense, as well as John Elway's return to the organization as the team's executive vice president of football operations. The team had considered making the switch for the 2011 season, but were too late to notify the NFL of the changes", ". The team's navy blue jerseys, which had been their primary home jersey since they were first introduced in , will become the alternate jerseys which will be worn in one or two home games each year.", "This season was the last in which the Seattle Seahawks wore their pacific blue (or \"Seahawks blue\") jerseys as the team's home jersey, as the team changed their home jersey color to dark navy for the 2012 season.", "End of the Reebok Era\nThis was the last season that Reebok exclusively supplied uniforms and sideline caps along with performance and fan apparel for all 32 teams in the league, as Nike and New Era now have the 40-year rights to manufacture on-field uniforms and fan apparel, with Nike handling uniforms and performance apparel, and New Era with on-field caps. For Reebok, this ends a 10-year exclusivity association that began in .", "Media\nThis was the sixth season under the television contracts with the league's television partners: CBS (all AFC afternoon away games), Fox (all NFC afternoon away games), NBC (17 Sunday Night Football games and the kickoff game), ESPN (17 Monday Night Football games over sixteen weeks), NFL Network (eight late-season games on Thursday night and Saturday nights), and DirecTV's NFL Sunday Ticket package. These contracts originally ran through at least 2013.", "ESPN extended its contract for Monday Night Football on September 8, during the opening week of the season. This new contract, valued between $14.2 billion and $15.2 billion, extended ESPN's rights for eight seasons until 2021. It also gave them rights to expanded highlights, international and digital rights, the Pro Bowl beginning with the 2015 installment, and possibly a Wildcard playoff game", ". The league also signed a nine-year extension with CBS, Fox and NBC on their current contracts starting with the 2014 season through 2022.", "The 2011 NFL season version of \"musical chairs\" brought some changes. At CBS, Dick Enberg officially retired (he broadcast San Diego Padres games for Fox Sports San Diego and its predecessor, 4SD until he retired in 2016; he died in 2017), and Marv Albert replaced him, coming over from Westwood One radio. Gus Johnson has also departed CBS and will begin calling play-by-play for Fox, mostly college games as well on FX", ". ESPN lost both of their sideline reporters from 2010: Michele Tafoya to NBC, where she replaced the departing Andrea Kremer, and Suzy Kolber reduced the number of games she covers to work on ESPN2's new NFL32 show, which she is hosting", ". ESPN, who had reduced the roles of its sideline reporters in recent years in response to NFL rule changes, used only one sideline reporter for each game of the 2011 season; among the rotating reporters include Kolber, Wendi Nix, Ed Werder, Sal Paolantonio, and Rachel Nichols. At NFL Network, Brad Nessler and Mike Mayock became its new broadcasting crew, replacing Bob Papa, Matt Millen, and Joe Theismann.", "On December 22, 2010, the league announced that its national radio contract with Westwood One, which was acquired by Dial Global in the 2011 offseason, had been extended through 2014. The league also extended its contract with Sirius XM Radio through 2015. In addition to these contracts, and in a first for an NFL team, the Dallas Cowboys signed a deal to allow for nationwide broadcasts of all of its home and away games broadcast on Compass Media Networks, in addition to its existing local radio network", ". Compass also acquired exclusive national broadcast rights to both the International Series and Toronto Series contests.", "The league did not announce plans to compensate their media partners had the season been shortened or canceled as a result of the work stoppage", ". NBC had ordered several low-cost reality television shows for the 2011–12 TV season in the event that Sunday Night Football could not be played, but other networks had not made public any contingency plans in the event NFL games could not be televised (in the case of CBS and Fox, the Sunday afternoon time slots could have been left unfilled and turned over to the affiliates, likely to be used for time buys by minor and extreme sports organizations", ", likely to be used for time buys by minor and extreme sports organizations, or locally programmed infomercials or movies as they are during the offseason)", ". A work stoppage could have potentially cost these networks billions of dollars in ad revenue and other entertainment platforms that depend on the games being played. (Under the NFL's television contracts, the networks must still pay the league a rights fee regardless of whether or not the league plays any games; a March 2 ruling states that this money must be put into escrow and not be spent", ".) Meanwhile, the United Football League had set aside a portion of their television contract for their 2011 UFL season, as a potential package of replacement programs for the networks; while CBS and Fox briefly negotiated with the UFL regarding the package, neither network committed to carrying the games, forcing the UFL to postpone its season by a month.", "References\n\nExternal links\nFootball Outsiders: Final 2011 DVOA Ratings\n\n \nNational Football League\nNational Football League seasons\nNFL\nAmerican football controversies" ]

[ "Trade is a key factor of the economy of China. In the three decades following the dump of the Communist Chinese state in 1949, China's trade institutions at first developed into a partially modern but somewhat inefficient system. The drive to modernize the economy that began in 1978 required a sharp acceleration in commodity flows and greatly improved efficiency in economic transactions. In the ensuing years economic reforms were adopted by the government to develop a socialist market economy", ". This type of economy combined central planning with market mechanisms. The changes resulted in the decentralization and expansion of domestic and foreign trade institutions, as well as a greatly enlarged role for free market in the distribution of goods, and a prominent role for foreign trade and investment in economic development.", "In 2013 China surpassed the United States as the largest trading nation in the world and plays a vital role in international trade, and has increasingly engaged in trade organizations and treaties in recent years. China became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2001. China also has free trade agreements with several nations, including China–Australia Free Trade Agreement, China–South Korea Free Trade Agreement, ASEAN–China Free Trade Area, Switzerland and Pakistan.", "Internal trade and distribution\n\nAgriculture", "Approximately 63 percent of the population was located in rural areas, where the majority of people worked in agriculture and rural industries. Under the responsibility system for agriculture instituted in 1981, the household replaced the production team as the basic production unit. Families contracted with the economic collective to farm a plot of land, delivered a set amount of grain or other produce and the agricultural tax to the state, and paid a fee to the collective", ". After meeting these obligations, the household was free to retain its surplus produce or sell it on free markets. Restrictions on private plots and household sideline production were lifted, and much of the produce from these were also sold on free markets.", "Distribution of food and other agricultural goods to urban consumers, industry and rural areas deficient in food was carried out primarily by the state and secondarily by producers or cooperatives. The state procured agricultural goods by means of taxes in kind and by purchases by state commercial departments (state trading companies) under the Ministry of Commerce. The agricultural tax was not large, falling from 12 percent of the total value of agricultural output in 1952 to 5 percent in 1979.", "In 1984 the number of agricultural and sideline products subject to state planning and purchasing quotas was reduced from twenty-nine to ten and included cereal grains, edible oil, cured tobacco, jute, hemp, and pigs. In 1985 the system of state purchasing quotas for agricultural products was abolished. Instead, the state purchased grain and cotton under contract at a set price. Once contracted quotas were met, grain and cotton were sold on the market at floating prices", ". Once contracted quotas were met, grain and cotton were sold on the market at floating prices. If market prices fell below the listed state price, the state purchased all available market grain at the state price to protect the interests of producers. Vegetables, pigs, and aquatic products sold to urban, mining, and industrial areas were traded in local markets according to demand. Local commercial departments set the prices of these goods according to quality to protect the interests of urban consumers", ". All other agricultural goods were sold on the market to the state, to cooperatives, or to other producers.", "Restrictions on private business activities were greatly reduced, permitting peasants as well as cooperatives to transport agricultural goods to rural and urban markets. This also allowed a rapid expansion of free markets in the countryside and in cities", ". This also allowed a rapid expansion of free markets in the countryside and in cities. The number of wholesale produce markets increased by 450 percent between 1983 and 1986, reaching a total of 1,100 and easing pressure on the state produce distribution network, which had been strained by the burgeoning agricultural production engendered by rural reforms. In 1986 free markets, called \"commodity fairs,\" amounted to 61,000 nationwide.", "Once the food was procured and transported to urban areas, it was sold to consumers by state-owned stores and restaurants. In the mid-1980s food items were also available in free markets, where peasants sold their produce, and in privately owned restaurants. As noted previously, the prices of pigs, aquatic products, and vegetables were determined by local authorities according to quality and demand. The prices of other products floated freely on the market", ". The prices of other products floated freely on the market. Except for grain, edible oil, and a few other rationed items, food items were in good supply.", "Industrial goods used in agricultural production were sold to agricultural units in the 1980s. Local cooperatives or state supply and marketing bureaus sold most agricultural producer goods, including chemical fertilizer, s and insecticides, to households at set prices. The state also offered preferential prices for agricultural inputs to grain farmers to encourage grain production. Households were permitted to purchase agricultural machinery and vehicles to transport goods to the market", ". In order to ensure that rural units could cover the costs of the increasing quantities of industrial inputs required for higher yields, the government periodically reduced the prices of the industrial goods sold to farmers, while raising the procurement prices for agricultural products. In the mid-1980s, however, the price gap between agricultural and industrial products was widening to the disadvantage of farmers.", "Industry", "After 1982, reforms moved China's economy to a mixed system based on mandatory planning, guidance planning (use of economic levers such as taxes, prices, and credit instead of administrative fiat), and the free market. In late 1984 further reforms of the urban industrial economy, and commerce reduced the scope of mandatory planning, increased enterprise autonomy and the authority of professional managers, loosened price controls to rationalize prices, and cut subsidies to enterprises", ". These changes created a \"socialist planned commodity economy,\" essentially a dual economy in which planned allocation and distribution is supplemented by market exchanges based on floating or free prices.", "As a result of these reforms, the distribution of goods used in industrial production was based on mandatory planning with fixed prices, guidance planning with floating prices, and the free market. Mandatory planning covered sixty industrial products, including coal, crude oil, rolled steel, nonferrous metals, timber, cement, electricity, basic industrial chemicals, chemical fertilizers, major machines and electrical equipment, chemical fibers, newsprint, cigarettes, and defense industry products", ". Once enterprises under mandatory planning had met the state's mandatory plans and supply contracts, they could sell surplus production to commercial departments or other enterprises. Prices of surplus industrial producer goods floated within limits set by the state. The state also had a planned distribution system for important materials such as coal, iron and steel, timber, and cement. Enterprise managers who chose to exceed planned production goals purchased additional materials on the market", ". Major cities established wholesale markets for industrial producer goods to supplement the state's allocation system.", "Under guidance planning, enterprises try to meet the state's planned goals but make their own arrangements for production and sales based on the orientation of the state's plans, the availability of raw and unfinished materials and energy supplies, and the demands on the market. Prices of products under guidance planning either are unified prices or floating prices set by the state or prices negotiated between buyers and suppliers", ". Production and distribution of products not included in the state's plans are regulated by market conditions.", "Lateral economic cooperation", "China also undertook measures to develop \"lateral economic ties,\" that is, economic cooperation across regional and institutional boundaries. Until the late 1970s, China's planned economy had encouraged regional and organizational autarky, whereby enterprises controlled by a local authority found it almost impossible to do business with other enterprises not controlled by the same institution, a practice that resulted in economic waste and inefficiency", ". Lateral economic cooperation broke down some barriers in the sectors of personnel, resources, capital, technical expertise, and procurement and marketing of commodities", ". In order to promote increased and more efficient production and distribution of goods among regions and across institutional divisions, ties were encouraged among producers of raw and semi-finished materials and processing enterprises, production enterprises and research units (including colleges and universities), civilian and military enterprises, various transportation entities, and industrial, agricultural, commercial, and foreign trade enterprises.", "A multitiered network of transregional economic cooperation associations also was established. The Seventh Five-Year Plan (1986–90) divided China into three regions — eastern, central, and western, each with its own economic development plans. In addition to the three major regions, three echelons of economic cooperation zones were created. The first echelon — national-level economic development zones — cut across several provincial-level boundaries and linked major economic areas", ". Among these were the Shanghai Economic Zone, the Northeastern Economic Zone, the energy production bases centering on Shanxi Province, the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Economic Zone, and the Southwestern Economic Zone", ". The second-echelon network linked provincial-level capitals with designated ports and cities along vital communication lines and included the Huaihai Economic Zone (consisting of fifteen coastal prefectures and cities in Jiangsu, Anhui, Henan, and Shandong provinces) and the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone centered on the southern city of Guangzhou. The third tier of zones centered on provincial-level capitals and included the Nanjing Regional Economic Cooperation Association", ". Smaller-scale lateral economic ties below the provincial level, among prefectures, counties, and cities, also were formed.", "Retail sales", "Retail sales in China changed dramatically in the late 1970s and early 1980s as economic reforms increased the supply of food items and consumer goods, allowed state retail stores the freedom to purchase goods on their own, and permitted individuals and collectives greater freedom to engage in retail, service, and catering trades in rural and urban areas. Retail sales increased 300 percent from 1977 to 1985, rising at an average yearly rate of 13.9 percent — 10.5 percent when adjusted for inflation", ".9 percent — 10.5 percent when adjusted for inflation. In the 1980s retail sales to rural areas increased at an annual rate of 15.6 percent, outpacing the 9.7 percent increase in retail sales to urban areas and reflecting the more rapid rise in rural incomes. In 1977 sales to rural areas comprised 52 percent of total retail sales; in 1984 rural sales accounted for 59.2 percent of the total", ".2 percent of the total. Consumer goods comprised approximately 88 percent of retail sales in 1985, the remaining 12 percent consisting of farming materials and equipment.", "The number of retail sales enterprises also expanded rapidly in the 1980s. In 1985 there were 10.7 million retail, catering, and service establishments, a rise of 850 percent over 1976. Most remarkable in the expansion of retail sales was the rapid rise of collective and individually owned retail establishments. Individuals engaged in businesses numbered 12.2 million in 1985, more than 40 times the 1976 figure", ".2 million in 1985, more than 40 times the 1976 figure. Furthermore, as state-owned businesses either were leased or turned over to collective ownership or were leased to individuals, the share of state-owned commerce in total retail sales dropped from 90.3 percent in 1976 to 40.5 percent in 1985.", "In 1987 most urban retail and service establishments, including state, collective, and private businesses or vendors, were located either in major downtown commercial districts or in small neighborhood shopping areas. The neighborhood shopping areas were numerous and were situated so that at least one was within easy walking distance of almost every household. They were able to supply nearly all the daily needs of their customers", ". They were able to supply nearly all the daily needs of their customers. A typical neighborhood shopping area in Beijing would contain a one-story department store, bookstore, hardware store, bicycle repair shop, combined tea shop and bakery, restaurant, theater, laundry, bank, post office, barbershop, photography studio, and electrical appliance repair shop", ". The department stores had small pharmacies and carried a substantial range of housewares, appliances, bicycles, toys, sporting goods, fabrics, and clothing. Major shopping districts in big cities contained larger versions of the neighborhood stores as well as numerous specialty shops, selling such items as musical instruments, sporting goods, hats, stationery, handicrafts, cameras, and clocks.", "Supplementing these retail establishments were free markets in which private and collective businesses provided services, hawked wares, or sold food and drinks. Peasants from surrounding rural areas marketed their surplus produce or sideline production in these markets. In the 1980s urban areas also saw a revival of \"night markets,\" free markets that operated in the evening and offered extended service hours that more formal establishments could not match.", "In rural areas, supply and marketing cooperatives operated general stores and small shopping complexes near village and township administrative headquarters. These businesses were supplemented by collective and individual businesses and by the free markets that appeared across the countryside in the 1980s as a result of rural reforms. Generally speaking, a smaller variety of consumer goods was available in the countryside than in the cities", ". But the lack was partially offset by the increased access of some peasants to urban areas where they could purchase consumer goods and market agricultural items.", "A number of important consumer goods, including grain, cotton cloth, meat, eggs, edible oil, sugar, and bicycles, were rationed during the 1960s and 1970s. To purchase these items, workers had to use coupons they received from their work units. By the mid-1980s rationing of over seventy items had been eliminated; production of consumer goods had increased, and most items were in good supply. Grain, edible oil, and a few other items still required coupons", ". Grain, edible oil, and a few other items still required coupons. In 1985 pork rationing was reinstated in twenty-one cities as supplies ran low. Pork was available at higher prices in supermarkets and free markets.", "Foreign trade", "History of Chinese foreign trade", "Chinese foreign trade began as early as the Western Han dynasty (206 BCE-9 CE), when the famous \"Silk Road\" through Central Asia was pioneered by Chinese envoys. During later dynasties, Chinese ships traded throughout maritime Asia, reaching as far as the African coast, while caravans extended trade contacts in Central Asia and into the Middle East. Foreign trade was never a major economic activity, however, and Chinese emperors considered the country to be entirely self-sufficient", ". During parts of the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties, trade was officially discouraged. In the mid-eighteenth century, the government restricted sea trade by setting up the Canton System.", "In the nineteenth century, European nations used military force to initiate sustained trade with China. From the time of the Opium War (1839–42) until the founding of the People's Republic in 1949, various Western countries and, starting in the 1890s, Japan compelled China to agree to a series of unequal treaties that enabled foreigners to establish essentially autonomous economic bases and operate with privileged status in China", ". One classic account of this period is Carl Crow's 400 Million Customers, a humorous but realistic guide which has lasting insights.", "Foreign privileges were abolished when the People's Republic came into being.", "Foreign trade did not account for a large part of the Chinese economy for the first thirty years of the People's Republic. As in most large, continental countries, the amount of commerce with other nations was small relative to domestic economic activity. During the 1950s and 1960s, the total value of foreign trade was only about 2 percent of the gross national product (GNP). In the 1970s trade grew rapidly but in 1979 still amounted to only about 6 percent of GNP.", "The importance of foreign trade in this period, however, far exceeded its volume. Foreign imports alleviated temporary but critical shortages of food, cotton, and other agricultural products as well as long-term deficiencies in a number of essential items, including raw materials such as chrome and manufactured goods such as chemical fertilizer and finished steel products", ". The acquisition of foreign plants and equipment enabled China to utilize the more advanced technology of developed countries to speed its own technological growth and economic development.", "During the 1950s China imported Soviet plants and equipment for the development program of the First Five-Year Plan (1953–57). At the same time, the Chinese government expanded exports of agricultural products to repay loans that financed the imports. Total trade peaked at the equivalent of US$4.3 billion in 1959, but a sudden decline in agricultural production in 1959-61 required China's leaders to suspend further imports of machinery to purchase foreign grain", ". Under a policy of \"self-reliance,\" in 1962 total trade declined to US$2.7 billion. As the economy revived in the mid-1960s, plants and equipment again were ordered from foreign suppliers, and substantial growth in foreign trade was planned. But in the late 1960s, the activities of the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) caused trade again to decline.", "The pragmatic modernization drive led by party leaders Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping and China's growing contacts with Western nations resulted in a sharp acceleration of trade in the early 1970s. Imports of modern plants and equipment were particularly emphasized, and after 1973 oil became an increasingly important export. Trade more than doubled between 1970 and 1975, reaching US$13.9 billion. Growth in this period was about 9 percent a year. As a proportion of GNP, trade grew from 1", ". Growth in this period was about 9 percent a year. As a proportion of GNP, trade grew from 1.7 percent in 1970 to 3.9 percent in 1975. In 1976 the atmosphere of uncertainty resulting from the death of Mao Zedong and pressure from the Gang of Four, whose members opposed reliance on foreign technology, brought another decline in trade.", "Beginning in the late 1970s, China reversed the Maoist economic development strategy and, by the early 1980s, had committed itself to a policy of being more open to the outside world and widening foreign economic relations and trade", ". The opening up policy led to the reorganization and decentralization of foreign trade institutions, the adoption of a legal framework to facilitate foreign economic relations and trade, direct foreign investment, the creation of special economic zones, the rapid expansion of foreign trade, the importation of foreign technology and management methods, involvement in international financial markets, and participation in international foreign economic organizations", ". These changes not only benefited the Chinese economy but also integrated China into the world economy. In 1979 Chinese trade totaled US$27.7 billion - 6 percent of China's GNP but only 0.7 percent of total world trade. In 1985 Chinese foreign trade rose to US$70.8 billion, representing 20 percent of China's GNP and 2 percent of total world trade and putting China sixteenth in world trade rankings.", "The table below shows the average annual growth (in nominal US dollar terms) of China's foreign trade during the reform era.", "Trade policy in the 1980s", "Under the policy of opening up to the outside world, exports, imports, and foreign capital were all assigned a role in promoting economic development. Exports earned foreign currency, which was used to fund domestic development projects and to purchase advanced foreign technology and management expertise", ". Imports of capital goods and industrial supplies and foreign loans and investment were used to improve the infrastructure in the priority areas of energy, transportation, and telecommunications and to modernize the machine-building and electronics industries. To earn more foreign currency and to conserve foreign exchange reserves, foreign capital was also used to expand production of export commodities, such as textiles, and of import substitutes, such as consumer goods.", "China has adopted a variety of measures to promote its foreign economic relations, maximizing the role of imports, exports, and foreign capital in economic development. Foreign trade organizations were reorganized, and control of imports and exports was relaxed or strengthened depending on the balance of trade and the level of foreign exchange reserves. Heavy purchases of foreign plants and equipment resulted in import restraint from 1980 to 1983", ". Heavy purchases of foreign plants and equipment resulted in import restraint from 1980 to 1983. Because of the expansion of exports in the mid-1980s, a large foreign reserve surplus, and the decentralized management of foreign trade, imports surged", ". Huge, uncontrolled purchases of consumer goods led to trade deficits in 1984 and 1985, resulting in the introduction of an import and export licensing system, stricter controls on foreign exchange expenditures, and the devaluation of the yuan in order to reduce the trade deficit and ensure that machinery, equipment, and semi-finished goods, rather than consumer goods, were imported. In 1985 China had foreign exchange reserves of US$11.9 billion.", "China joined a number of international economic organizations, becoming a member of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Asian Development Bank, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and the Multi-Fiber Agreement. China became an observer of GATT in 1982 and formally applied to participate as a full member in July 1986", ". China also reversed its aversion to foreign capital, borrowing money from international lending organizations, foreign governments, and foreign commercial banks and consortia and permitting foreign banks to open branches in China. The Chinese government maintained a good credit rating internationally and did not pile up huge foreign debts like many other communist and developing countries. Between 1979 and 1985, China signed loans totaling US$20.3 billion, US$15.6 billion of which it already had used", ".3 billion, US$15.6 billion of which it already had used. Most loans went into infrastructure projects, such as energy and transportation, and funded raw materials imports. The Bank of China, the principal foreign exchange bank, established branches overseas and participated in international financial markets in Eurobonds and loan syndication.", "Legal and institutional frameworks to facilitate foreign investment and trade also were created. Laws on taxation, joint ventures, foreign investments, and related areas were promulgated to encourage foreign investment. In 1979 China created four special economic zones in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou (in Guangdong Province), and Xiamen (in Fujian Province). (See Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China", ". (See Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China.) The special economic zones essentially were export-processing zones designed to attract foreign investment, expand exports, and import technology and expertise. In 1984 fourteen coastal cities were designated \"open cities.\" These too were intended to attract foreign funds and technology. But in 1985 the government decided to concentrate resources on only four of the cities: Dalian, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Tianjin", ". Although the special economic zones and open cities had the power to grant investment incentives, problems with the red tape, bureaucratic interference, and lack of basic infrastructure resulted in less foreign investment and fewer high-technology projects than initially envisioned.", "From 1979 to 1985, China received US$16.2 billion in foreign investment. By 1986 China had over 6,200 foreign-funded businesses, including 2,741 joint ventures, 3,381 cooperatively managed businesses, and 151 enterprises with sole foreign investment. Of the joint ventures, 70 percent were in production enterprises (manufacturing or processing) and 30 percent were service industries (primarily hotels or tourism)", ". Hong Kong provided 80 percent of the joint venture partners, the United States 7 percent, and Japan 6 percent.", "Organization of foreign trade", "The increasingly complex foreign trade system underwent expansion and decentralization in the late 1970s and 1980s. In 1979 the Ministry of Foreign Trade's nine foreign trade corporations lost their monopoly on import and export transactions as the industrial ministries were permitted to establish their own foreign trade enterprises", ". The provincial branch corporations of the state foreign trade corporations were granted more autonomy, and some provinces, notably Fujian, Guangdong, and the special municipalities of Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai were permitted to set up independent, provincial-level import-export companies. Some selected provincial enterprises were granted autonomy in foreign trade decisions", ". Some selected provincial enterprises were granted autonomy in foreign trade decisions. In 1982 the State Council's Import-Export Control Commission, Foreign Investment and Control Commission, Ministry of Foreign Trade, and Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations were merged to form the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade. In 1984 the foreign trade system underwent further decentralization", ". In 1984 the foreign trade system underwent further decentralization. Foreign trade corporations under this and other ministries and under provincial-level units became independent of their parent organizations and were responsible for their own profits and losses. An agency system for foreign trade also was established, in which imports and exports were handled by specialized enterprises and corporations acting as agents on a commission basis.", "Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade", "The main functions of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade were to establish and supervise foreign trade policies; to work with the State Planning Commission in setting long-term foreign trade plans and annual quotas for imports and exports; to control imports and exports through licenses and quotas; to supervise the management of foreign trade corporations and enterprises; and to coordinate economic and trade relations with foreign governments and international economic organizations", ". The ministry also undertook international market research, led institutes of foreign economic relations and trade, and directed the General Administration of Customs.", "Foreign trade corporations and enterprises", "In the late 1980s China had numerous specialized national corporations handling import and export transactions in such areas as arts and crafts, textiles, natural produce and animal byproducts, foodstuffs of various kinds, chemicals, light industrial products, metals and minerals technology, industrial machinery and equipment, petrochemical and petroleum products, scientific instruments, aerospace technology and services, ships, and weapons", ". Although nominally supervised by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade each of these corporations was responsible for its own profits and losses. Included among these enterprises, for example, was the Great Wall Industrial Corporation, which imported and exported transportation vehicles, satellites and other products associated with aerospace programs, mechanical equipment, electrical products, hardware and tools, medical apparatus, and chemicals", ". China Northern Industrial Corporation, subordinate to the Ministry of Ordnance Industry, used military production facilities to manufacture civilian products for export. The business activities of China Northern Industrial Corporation included the sale of heavy machinery, hardware and tools, and heavy-duty vehicles; light chemical industry products, such as plastic, paints, and coatings; and high-precision machinery and optical and optical-electronic equipment", ". Other corporations offered a variety of professional consulting services. One of these, the China International Economic Consultants Corporation, provided economic and legal expertise on investment and other economic activities.", "Financial transactions and investment", "Foreign exchange and reserves were controlled in the mid-1980s by the State Administration of Exchange Control under the People's Bank of China, the central bank. Foreign exchange allocations to banks, ministries, and enterprises were all approved by the State Administration of Exchange Control", ". The Bank of China, the foreign exchange arm of the People's Bank of China, lost its monopoly on all foreign exchange transactions in 1984 when the Agricultural Bank, People's Construction Bank, China Industrial and Commercial Bank, and China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC) were permitted to deal in foreign currency", ". The Bank of China remained China's principal foreign exchange bank and provided loans for production and commercial transactions related to exports, set up branches overseas, maintained correspondent relations with foreign banks, and did research on international monetary trends. The Bank of China also was active in international financial markets through such activities as loan syndication and issuing of foreign bonds", ". CITIC, formed in 1979 to facilitate foreign investment in China, also borrowed and lent internationally and issued foreign bonds in addition to encouraging and participating in joint ventures, importing foreign technology and equipment, and making overseas investments. In 1986 CITIC was renamed CITIC Group and shifted its emphasis to power, metallurgical, and raw materials industries, which had trouble attracting investments", ". In late 1986 the CITIC Group had set up 47 joint ventures, invested in 114 domestic companies, and issued US$550 million in foreign bonds. The China Investment Bank was established in 1981 as a channel for medium- and long-term loans from international financial institutions such as the World Bank.", "Other organizations involved in trade", "The State Council's State Planning Commission and State Economic Commission were involved in long-term planning for the development of foreign trade, and they developed national priorities for imports and exports. Several other organizations under the State Council were also involved in foreign trade matters: the Special Economic Zones Office, State Import and Export Commodities Inspection Administration, General Administration of Customs, and China Travel and Tourism Bureau", ". The China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT) assisted the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade in foreign trade relations. CCPIT handled trade delegations to and from China, organized foreign trade exhibitions in China and Chinese exhibitions in other countries, and published periodicals promoting Chinese trade. The People's Insurance Company of China expanded its operations in 1980 for the purpose of encouraging foreign trade", ". New categories of coverage offered to foreign firms included compensatory trade, satellite launching, nuclear power plant safety, offshore oil development insurance, insurance against contract failure, and insurance against political risk.", "Composition of foreign trade", "The dominant pattern of foreign trade after 1949 was to import industrial producer goods from developed countries and to pay for them with exports of food, crude materials, and light manufactures, especially textiles. The pattern was altered as circumstances demanded; in the period of economic collapse following the Great Leap Forward (1958–60), food imports increased from a negligible amount in 1959 to 39 percent of all imports in 1962", ". At the same time, imports of machinery and equipment dropped from 41 percent to 5 percent of the total. From this time on, food and live animals remained a significant, although declining, share of imports, amounting to 14.8 percent of the total in 1980 but dropping to 4.1 percent in 1985. The pattern also shifted over time as China's industrial sector expanded, gradually increasing the share of exports accounted for by manufactured goods. Manufactures provided only 30 percent of all exports in 1959, 37", ". Manufactures provided only 30 percent of all exports in 1959, 37.9 percent in 1975, and grew to 44.9 percent in 1985.", "Important changes occurred in several specific trade categories in the 1970s and 1980s. Imports of textile fibers rose from 5.8 percent in 1975 to 10.7 percent in 1980 as the Chinese textile industry grew faster than domestic cotton supplies but then fell to 4 percent in 1985 as domestic cotton production increased. Imports of unfinished textile products also increased from 1.3 percent in 1975 to 5.3 percent in 1985 as a result of textile industry growth", ".3 percent in 1975 to 5.3 percent in 1985 as a result of textile industry growth. Iron and steel accounted for approximately 20 percent of imports in the 1970s, fell to 11.6 percent in 1980, then rose to 14.9 percent in 1985. Imports of manufactured goods, machinery, and transportation equipment represented 62.6 percent of total import value in 1975, fell to 53.9 percent in 1980 as imports were cut back during the \"period of readjustment\" of the economy (1979–81), and rose again to 75.2 percent in 1985", ".2 percent in 1985. On the export side, the share of foodstuffs fell to 12.5 percent in 1985. The fastest growing export item in the 1970s was petroleum, which was first exported in 1973. Petroleum rocketed to 12.1 percent of all exports in 1975, 22 percent in 1980, and 21.2 percent in 1985. In the 1980s textile exports grew rapidly. Although exports of unfinished textiles remained about 14 percent of total exports, all categories of textile exports rose from 5 percent in 1975 to 18.7 percent in 1984", ".7 percent in 1984. In 1986 textiles replaced petroleum as China's largest single export item.", "Trading partners", "During the 1950s China's primary foreign trading partner was the Soviet Union. In 1959 trade with the Soviet Union accounted for nearly 48 percent of China's total. As relations between the two countries deteriorated in the early 1960s, the volume of trade fell, decreasing to only just over 7 percent of Chinese trade by 1966. During the 1970s trade with the Soviet Union averaged about 2 percent of China's total, while trade with all communist countries made up about 15 percent", ". In 1986, despite a trade pact with the Soviet Union, Chinese-Soviet trade, according to Chinese customs statistics, amounted to only 3.4 percent of China's total trade, while trade with all communist countries fell to 9 percent of the total. Studies have been conducted linking China's political influence through its trading ability. Countries that depend on China economically tend to appease China politically, allowing for China's newfound influence.", "By the mid-1960s Japan had become China's leading trading partner, accounting for 15 percent of trade in 1966. Japan was China's most natural trading partner; it was closer to China than any other industrial country and had the best transportation links to it. The Japanese economy was highly advanced in those areas where China was weakest, especially heavy industry and modern technology, while China was well endowed with some of the important natural resources that Japan lacked, notably coal and oil", ". In the 1980s Japan accounted for over 20 percent of China's foreign trade and in 1986 provided 28.9 percent of China's imports and 15.2 percent of its exports. Starting in the late 1970s, China ran a trade deficit with Japan.", "Beginning in the 1960s, Hong Kong was consistently the leading market for China's exports and its second largest partner in overall trade. In 1986 Hong Kong received 31.6 percent of Chinese goods sold abroad and supplied about 13 percent of China's imports. Hong Kong was a major market for Chinese foodstuffs and served as a trans-shipment port for Chinese goods reexported to other countries.", "The United States banned trade with China until the early 1970s. Thereafter trade grew rapidly, and after the full normalization of diplomatic and commercial relations in 1979, the United States became the second largest importer to China and in 1986 was China's third largest partner in overall trade. Most American goods imported by China were either high-technology industrial products, such as aircraft, or agricultural products, primarily grain and cotton.", "Western Europe has been important in Chinese foreign trade since the mid-1960s. The Federal Republic of Germany, in particular, was second only to Japan in supplying industrial goods to China during most of this period. China followed a policy of shopping widely for its industrial purchases, and it concluded deals of various sizes with nearly all of the West European nations. In 1986 Western Europe accounted for nearly 18 percent of China's foreign trade, with imports exceeding exports.", "Third World countries have long served as a market for Chinese agricultural and light industrial products. In 1986 developing countries purchased about 15 percent of Chinese exports and supplied about 8 percent of China's imports. China has increased trade and investment ties with many African countries such as Chad, the Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, partly to secure strategic natural resources such as oil and minerals.", "Today, China's main export markets, in order of importance, are the European Union (20.4%), United States (17.7%), Hong Kong (13.4%), and Japan (8.1%). China's main import markets, in order of importance, are Japan (13.3%), European Union (11.7%), South Korea (10.9%), Taiwan (9.1%), and the United States (7.2%).\n\nThe UK is the second biggest investor in China and to note the biggest in America. \n\nBy 2020, China became the largest trading partner of more than 120 countries.\n\nTourism", "By 2020, China became the largest trading partner of more than 120 countries.\n\nTourism\n\nSee also \nEconomy of China\n\nReferences \n\n \n\nEconomic history of the People's Republic of China\nTrade in China" ]

[ "The parent article is at List of University of Michigan alumni\n\nThis is a partial list of notable alumni in law, government and public policy from the University of Michigan. Please refer also to the below list:\n\nLegislators", "Estefania Aldaba-Lim (Ph.D.), first female Filipino Cabinet secretary; social services and development secretary 1971–1977; first Filipino clinical psychologist; President of the Girl Scouts of the Philippines; first woman to become special ambassador to the United Nations (1979); UN Peace Medal Award\nJustin Amash (B.A. 2002, J.D. 2005), lawyer, politician; U.S. Representative from Michigan's 3rd congressional district; libertarian-oriented maverick", "Donald M. Baker (B.A., M.A. economics 1952, J.D. 1956), major force in federal legislation on labor, education and poverty of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s; chief counsel for the Office of Economic Opportunity under Sargent Shriver during the Lyndon B", ". Johnson administration; oversaw such landmark legislation as the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, key additions to the Civil Rights Act, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and many school busing, family planning, jobs and anti-poverty programs", "Andrea Barthwell (M.D. 1980), Deputy Director for Demand Reduction at the Office of National Drug Control Policy (Drug Czar); resigned in July 2004 with an interest in running for United States Senate from Illinois\nAlvin Morell Bentley (B.A. 1940, M.A. 1963), U.S. Representative from Michigan's 8th congressional district (1953–1961); wounded in the 1954 Capitol shooting incident; member of the Foreign Service", "William J. \"Bill\" Bogaard (J.D. 1965), mayor of Pasadena, California (1984–1986; 1999–present); longest-serving mayor in city history\nHoward L. Bost (Ph.D. 1955), historic architect of Medicare and job-related benefits for workers; U-M awarded him the nation's first doctorate in medical economics\nLyman James Briggs (M.A. in Physics, 1895), civil servant for the U.S. Government for 49 years; headed the Briggs Advisory Committee on Uranium; namesake of Lyman Briggs College at U-M", "Arleigh Burke (MSE 1931), United States Navy admiral; World War II naval hero; served an unprecedented three terms as Chief of Naval Operations (1955–1961)", "Anson Burlingame (1838–1841), Congressional Representative from Massachusetts; attended Detroit branch of the University of Michigan; served in the State senate in 1852; elected as a candidate of the American Party to the Thirty-fourth Congress and as a Republican to the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Congresses (March 4, 1855 – March 3, 1861); appointed Minister to Austria March 22, 1861", ", 1855 – March 3, 1861); appointed Minister to Austria March 22, 1861, but was not accepted by the Austrian Government because of certain opinions he was known to entertain regarding Hungary and Sardinia; Minister to China from June 14, 1861, to November 21, 1867; appointed December 1, 1867, by the Chinese Government its ambassador to negotiate treaties with foreign powers", "Charles W. Burson (B.A. in political science, 1966), Senior Professor of Practice at the Washington University School of Law; Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary at Monsanto Company (2001–2006); Tennessee Attorney General (1988–1997); chief of staff to Vice President Al Gore (1997–2001)\nHarry M. Daugherty (LL.B. 1881), United States Attorney General; famously campaign manager and close advisor to Warren G. Harding", "Donald McDonald Dickinson (J.D. 1867), United States Postmaster General under Grover Cleveland", "Gerrit John Diekema (LAW: JD 1883), Congressional Representative from Michigan; member of the State house of representatives 1885–1891", ", Congressional Representative from Michigan; member of the State house of representatives 1885–1891, serving as speaker in 1889; mayor of Holland in 1895; chairman of the Michigan Republican State central committee 1900–1910; delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1896; member of the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission from 1901 until he resigned in 1907; chairman of the Republican State central committee in 1927; appointed United States Minister to the Netherlands by President Hoover on August 20", ", 1929, and served until his death in The Hague, Netherlands, December 20, 1930;", "Gerald R. Ford (B.A. 1935, HLLD 1974), 38th President of the United States (1974–1977); 40th Vice President of the United States (1973–1974); Minority Leader of the United States House of Representatives (1965–1973); U.S. Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district (1949–1973)\nHarold Ford Jr. (J.D. 1996), U.S. Representative from the Memphis-based Tennessee's 9th congressional district (1997–2007)", "Richard A. \"Dick\" Gephardt (J.D. 1965), President and CEO of the Gephardt Group lobbying firm; House Minority Leader (1995–2003); House Majority Leader (1989–1995); U.S. Representative from Missouri's 3rd congressional district (1977–2005); St. Louis city alderman (1971–1976); unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president in 1988 and 2004", "Stephen Goldsmith (J.D.), Professor of Practice at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government; chair of the Corporation for National and Community Service; Deputy Mayor of New York City (2010–11); mayor of Indianapolis (1992–1999); district attorney for Marion County, Indiana (1979–1990)\nHenry Thomas Hazard (LLD 1868), Mayor of Los Angeles (1889–1892)\nAlexander W. Joel (J.D. 1987), Civil Liberties Protection Officer for the Office of the Director of National Intelligence", "Philip Lader (M.A. History 1967), United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1997–2001); Administrator of the Small Business Administration (1994–1997); House Deputy Chief of Staff and Deputy Director for Management of the Office of Management and Budget (1993–1994)\nRobert Meeropol (1969, M.A. 1970), attorney; founder and executive director of the Rosenberg Fund for Children (1990–present); son of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg", "William L. Mitchell (J.D.), former Kansas state legislator;speaker of the Kansas House of Representatives 1960–1962; served in the Kansas House 1957–1962; chairman of the Kansas Corporation Commission 1963–1968\nJulius Sterling Morton (A.B. 1854), United States Secretary of Agriculture under President Cleveland; created Arbor Day", "Edward Charles Pierce (BA 1955; MED: MD 1959), politician and physician; elected to the Michigan State Senate from the state's eighteenth district in 1978, and held the seat through 1982", "Lloyd Welch Pogue (LAW: JD 1926), \"the nation's leading authority on civil aviation\"; named assistant general counsel of the Civil Aeronautics Authority in 1938, then its general counsel and chief lawyer; in 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt named Welch to the Civil Aeronautics Board (now the FAA) and reappointed him chairman for four successive years.", "Harvey S. Rosen (A.B. 1970), Chair of President Bush's Council of Economic Advisers; deputy assistant secretary for tax analysis in the Department of the Treasury under President George H.W. Bush 1989–1991\nJoe Schwarz (B.A. History 1959), Republican U.S. Congressman, MI-7th (2005–2007); Michigan State Senator (1987–2002)\nGeorge Sutherland (LAW: 1883), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court\nLauren Underwood (BS, Nursing 2008), Democratic U.S. Congresswoman, IL-14 (Naperville/Chicago suburbs)", "Fred Upton (BA 1975), Republican U.S. Congressman, MI-6th (southwest Michigan)\nKapila Vatsyayan (MA), scholar of Indian classical dance; member of the Rajya Sabha (2006, 2007–present). The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India. \nJames Franklin Ware (LAW: 1873), Wisconsin State Assemblyman and Senator", "Governors and Lieutenant Governors\nAs of 2021, Michigan has matriculated 63 governors or lieutenant governors.", "Michigan\nWilber Marion Brucker (A.B. 1916), 32nd Governor of Michigan 1931–1933; United States Secretary of the Army 1955–1961\nJohn Cherry (MPA 1984), Lt. Governor of Michigan; former state senator\nWilliam Comstock (A.B. 1899), 33rd Governor of Michigan", "William Comstock (A.B. 1899), 33rd Governor of Michigan\nWoodbridge N. Ferris (MD 1874), educator and politician; founder and president of the Ferris Industrial School (later Ferris State University); president of the Big Rapids Savings Bank; governor of Michigan (1913–1916); elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1922 and served from 1923 until his death in 1928", "Garlin Gilchrist II (born September 25, 1982) is an American politician and activist who is currently serving as lieutenant governor of Michigan.\nFred W. Green (LAW: 1898), mayor of Ionia, Michigan before he served as the 31st Governor of Michigan from 1927 to 1931", "Martha Wright Griffiths (LAW: JD 1940), Congressional Representative; elected to the Michigan state house of representatives 1948–1952; elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-fourth and to the nine succeeding Congresses (1955–1974); lieutenant Governor of Michigan 1982–1991\nGeorge Griswold was an American politician and tenth Lieutenant Governor from the U. S. state of Michigan.\nAlex Goresbeck (LAW: LLB 1893), 30th Governor of Michigan", "Alex Goresbeck (LAW: LLB 1893), 30th Governor of Michigan\nPatrick Henry Kelley (LAW: JD 1900), Congressional Representative from Michigan; member of the state board of education 1901–1905; state superintendent of public instruction 1905–1907; Lieutenant Governor of Michigan 1907–1911; elected as a Republican to the Sixty-third and to the four succeeding Congresses (1913–1923)", "Dwight May In 1842, he attended the Kalamazoo branch of the University of Michigan (now Kalamazoo College), entered the sophomore class in 1846, and graduated in 1849 from the classical department. In 1866, May was elected the 18th Lieutenant Governor of Michigan as well as trustee of the village of Kalamazoo. \nJoseph R. McLaughlin, entrepreneur and politician from Michigan; Lieutenant Governor 1895–1897\nKimber Cornellus \"Kim\" Sigler, 40th Governor of Michigan 1947–1949", "Kimber Cornellus \"Kim\" Sigler, 40th Governor of Michigan 1947–1949\nRick Snyder (LSA, LAW, BUS), 48th Governor of Michigan; former president and COO of Gateway Computers\nMurray Delos Van Wagoner (COE: BA CE 1921), 38th Governor of Michigan 1941–1942\nG. Mennen \"Soapy\" Williams (LAW: JD), six-term Democratic Governor of Michigan (1948–1960); Michigan Supreme Court Chief Justice\nEdwin B. Winans (LAW), U.S. Representative; 22nd Governor of Michigan", "Outside Michigan\nThomas Burton Adams Jr. was an American politician from the U.S. state of Florida. A Democrat, he served in the Florida Senate (1956–1960), as Secretary of State of Florida (1961–1971), and as the tenth Lieutenant Governor of Florida (1971–1975).\nGeorge Ariyoshi (J.D. 1952), third governor of Hawaii (1974–1986)\nM. Cameron Ayres, Department of State; Corporate Intel, Specialized Placement Head, GCU: Global Corporation Unit Director, (2001-2021)", "Theodore G. Bilbo was an American politician who twice served as governor of Mississippi (1916–20, 1928–32) and later was elected a U.S. Senator (1935–47).", "William John Bulow (LAW: JD 1893), Senator from South Dakota; member of State Senate 1899; mayor of Beresford 1912–1913; county judge of Union County, 1918; Governor of South Dakota 1927–1931; elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1930; reelected in 1936 and served 1931–1943; chairman of Committee on the Civil Service (Seventy-third through Seventy-seventh Congresses)", "David Francis Cargo (BA 1951, MA 1953; LAW: LLB 1957), Governor of New Mexico, 1967–71; New Mexico State House of Representatives Albuquerque (1963–67)\nFenimore Chatterton, Republican, governor of Wyoming (1903–1905)\nChase Addison Clark, Democrat, governor of Idaho (1941–1943)\nThomas Cuming (A.B. 1845) military officer; first Secretary of Nebraska Territory; twice was the territory's acting Governor, after the death of Francis Burt and after the resignation of Mark W. Izard", "Cushman Kellogg Davis (AB 1857), governor of Minnesota (1874–1876); U.S. Senator (1887–1900)\nThomas E. Dewey (B.A. 1923), governor of New York (1943–1954); unsuccessfully ran as Republican nominee for president in 1944 and 1948\nFrank Emerson (B.S. 1904), governor of Wyoming (1927–1931)\nRalph F. Gates (BA 1915; LAW: JD 1917), Governor of Indiana, 1945–49\nJohn L. Gibbs was a Minnesota legislator, two-time Speaker of the Minnesota House of Representatives and the 14th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota.", "Joseph B. Gill was an American politician. Between 1893 and 1897 he served as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois.\nMorley Isaac Griswold governor of Nevada\t(1934–1935) \tRepublican\nPhilip Hart was an American lawyer and politician.\nPaul M. Herbert was an American politician of the Republicanparty who served three separate tenures as the 47th, 49th and 52nd Lieutenant Governor of Ohio.", "Francis Grant \"Frank\" Higgins, first native-born person from Montana to become a member of the state's bar and of its legislature; served in the Montana House of Representatives; mayor of Missoula, Montana in 1892; fourth Lieutenant Governor of Montana, 1901–1905\nLyman Underwood Humphrey, Republican, governor of Kansas (1889–1893)\nArthur Mastick Hyde, Republican, governor of Missouri (1921–1925)", "Arthur Mastick Hyde, Republican, governor of Missouri (1921–1925)\nJohn N. Irwin, businessman; diplomat; Mayor of Keokuk, Iowa; Governor of Idaho Territory; Governor of Arizona Territory; U.S. Minister to Portugal\nGideon S. Ives was an American politician who served as Mayor of St. Peter, Minnesota, Minnesota State Senator and as the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota.\nClement Field Kimball (LAW), Lieutenant Governor of Iowa 1925–1928", "Clement Field Kimball (LAW), Lieutenant Governor of Iowa 1925–1928\nElbert L. Lampson, 21st Lieutenant Governor of Ohio; former State Senator\nWashington Ellsworth Lindsey, Republican, governor of New Mexico (1917–1919)", "Oren Ethelbirt Long (AB 1916), Senator from Hawaii; superintendent of public instruction, Territory of Hawaii 1934–1946; secretary of Territory of Hawaii 1946–1951; appointed Governor of Territory of Hawaii 1951–1953; member and vice chairman, Hawaii Statehood Commission 1954–1956; territorial senator, Territory of Hawaii 1956–1959; elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate on July 28, 1959; upon the admission of Hawaii as a State into the Union on August 21, 1959", ", 1959; upon the admission of Hawaii as a State into the Union on August 21, 1959, drew the four-year term beginning on that day and ending January 3, 1963", "Ernest Whitworth Marland (LAW: JD 1893), Congressional Representative from Oklahoma; elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-third Congress (1933–1935); elected Governor of Oklahoma in 1934 for the four-year term commencing January 14, 1935", "George de Rue Meiklejohn (LAW: JD 1880), Congressional Representative from Nebraska; member of the State senate 1884–1888 and served as its president 1886–1888; chairman of the Republican State convention of 1887; chairman of the Republican State central committee in 1887 and 1888; Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska 1889–1891; elected as a Republican to the Fifty-third and Fifty-fourth Congresses (1893–1897); appointed by President McKinley as Assistant Secretary of War April 14, 1897", ", 1897, and served until March 1901, when he resigned", "Julius Sterling Morton, appointed Secretary of Nebraska Territory by President James Buchanan on July 12, 1858, a position he held until 1861; Acting Governor of Nebraska 1858–1859\nCulbert Olson, lawyer; Democratic Party member; Governor of California (1939–1943)", "Culbert Olson, lawyer; Democratic Party member; Governor of California (1939–1943)\nWalter Marcus Pierce (MDNG), Congressional Representative from Oregon; engaged in banking and in the power and light business 1898–1907; served in the Oregon senate 1903–1907 and 1917–1921; Governor of Oregon 1923–1927; member of the board of regents of Oregon State College 1905–1927; elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-third and to the four succeeding Congresses (1933–1943)", "Ridgley C. Powers, governor of Mississippi\t(1871–1874)\nDonald Stuart Russell, Democrat, governor of South Carolina\t (1963–1965)\nJohn Franklin Shafroth, governor of Colorado (1909–1913)", "Robert Theodore Stafford (AB), Congressional Representative and a Senator from Vermont; deputy State attorney general 1953–1955; State attorney general 1955–1957; lieutenant Governor 1957–1959; Governor of Vermont 1959–1961; elected as a Republican to the Eighty-seventh Congress in 1960; reelected to the five succeeding Congresses and served from January 3, 1961, until his resignation from the House of Representatives, September 16, 1971", ", 1961, until his resignation from the House of Representatives, September 16, 1971, to accept appointment the same day to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Winston L", ". Prouty; elected by special election January 7, 1972, to complete the unexpired term ending January 3, 1977; reelected in 1976 and again in 1982 for the term ending January 3, 1989;", "William Story, federal judge; seventh Lieutenant Governor of Colorado, serving 1891–1893 under John Long Routt", "Charles Spalding Thomas (LAW: JD 1871), Senator from Colorado; member of the Democratic National Committee 1884–1896; Governor of Colorado 1899–1901; elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1913 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Charles J. Hughes, Jr.; reelected in 1914, and served 1913–1921; chairman, Committee on Woman Suffrage (Sixty-third and Sixty-fourth Congresses), Committee on Coast Defenses (Sixty-fifth Congress), Committee on Pacific Railroads (Sixty-sixth Congress);", "Harriett Woods (AB 1949), Missouri's first female lieutenant governor; a Democrat; Missouri's lieutenant governor in 1984 and served one term as the state's No. 2 executive; previously served eight years in the state Senate, two years on a state transportation commission and eight years on the University City Council; first female editor of the U-M newspaper\nRichard Yates, Republican governor of Illinois (1901–1905)", "Local government\nSaul Anuzis, Republican Party leader from Michigan; national chairman for the Save American Jobs Project on the American Solutions team; chairman of the Michigan Republican Party 2005–2009; candidate for national chairman of the Republican National Committee in 2009\n Henry Bodenstab, Wisconsin State Senator (1909–1912)\n Carol A. Buettner, Wisconsin State Senator (1987–1991)\n Rufus Davis, Mayor of Camilla, Georgia (2016–)\nMike Duggan, incumbent mayor of Detroit, Michigan (2013–)", "Mike Duggan, incumbent mayor of Detroit, Michigan (2013–)\n Craig Greenberg (born 1973), businessman, lawyer, and politician; Mayor-elect of Louisville\nRichard J Kaplan, incumbent Mayor of Lauderhill, Florida (1998–)\nWade Kapszukiewicz, 58th mayor of Toledo, Ohio (2018- )\n John McMullen, Wisconsin State Senator (1895–1898)\n H.H.C. Miller (A.B. 1868, A.M. 1871), mayor of Evanston (1883–1891)\n Robert E. Minahan, Mayor of Green Bay, Wisconsin (1904–1907)\n John M. Potter, Wisconsin State Senator (1960–1964)", "John M. Potter, Wisconsin State Senator (1960–1964)\n Laura Spurr, Chairwoman of the Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi (2000–2001, 2003–2010)\n Dwight Tillery, mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio (1991–1993)\nNathan Triplett, Mayor of East Lansing, Michigan (2013-2016)", "Ambassadors\nAs of 2022, Michigan has matriculated 64 Ambassadors who served as Ambassador in more than 72 countries.", "H. Gardner Ackley (MA, PhD), former Henry Carter Adams Distinguished University Professor Emeritus of Political Economy; on U-M faculty for 43 years; leader in national economic affairs for several decades, including serving as adviser to Presidents Kennedy and Johnson; an expert on the Italian economy, he was also ambassador to Italy", "Robert Worth Bingham, newspaper publisher and U.S. ambassador to Great Britain. Bingham was graduated from the Bingham School in 1888 and attended The University of North Carolina from 1888 to 1891. He received the LL.B. degree from the University of Louisville in 1897. After a year of postgraduate study at the University of Michigan, Bingham commenced practice in Louisville, Ky.", "Donald Blome is an American diplomat currently serving as United States Ambassador to Tunisia. He is a graduate of the University of Michigan as well as of its law school; nominated in 2021 to serve as Ambassador to Pakistanl;\nPaul H. Boeker (MA Economics), United States Ambassador to Jordan (1984–87); Director of Foreign Service Institute (1980–83); United States Ambassador to Bolivia (1977–80)\nAnson Burlingame, United States Ambassador to China (1861–70)", "Lawrence E", ". Butler (BUS: MBA), US Ambassador to Macedonia (2002–05); UN Official Principal Deputy High Representative in Bosnia-Herzegovina (2005–present); US Ambassador to Macedonia (2002–05); US National Security Council Staff, Director of European Affairs (1997–99); US Ambassador to Serbia ad interim (1995–96); US State Department Deputy Chief of Mission, Belgrade, Serbia-Montenegro (−1995); US State Department Deputy Chief of Mission, Copenhagen, Denmark (past); US State Department Deputy Chief of Mission, Dublin", ", Copenhagen, Denmark (past); US State Department Deputy Chief of Mission, Dublin, Ireland (past)", "William L. Cargo (B.A. Class of 1933), appointed U.S. Ambassador to Nepal in 1973\nVicente Blanco Gaspar, ambassador of Spain\nLuis CdeBaca (J.D. 1993), Ambassador-at-Large to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons at the United States Department of State; lead trial counsel in the largest slavery prosecution in U.S. history", "Jae-ho Chung (Ph.D.), a professor of international relations and director of the Institute for Chinese Studies at Seoul National University, was nominated by South Korean President Yoon Suk-yeol as the new ambassador to China in June 2022. \nBrutus J. Clay II (COE: 1868), appointed Minister to Switzerland in 1905, served until 1910", "E. William Crotty (J.D.) Ambassador to Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, the Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines. On November 19, 1998, E. William Crotty was sworn in as U.S. Ambassador to Barbados. Born on June 28, 1931, in Claremont, New Hampshire, Mr. Crotty graduated from Dartmouth College with a B.A. in economics. He earned a J.D. from University of Michigan Law School, where he was a Frederick L. Leckie Scholar. Mr", ".D. from University of Michigan Law School, where he was a Frederick L. Leckie Scholar. Mr. Crotty received a Masters of Law in Taxation from the New York University Law School.", "John R. Dawson (B.A. 1973), United States Ambassador to Peru 2002–03\nGerrit J. Diekema (LAW), appointed United States Minister to the Netherlands by President Herbert Hoover in 1929, and served until his death in The Hague, Netherlands\nRobert F. Ellsworth (J.D. 1949), U.S. Representative from Kansas (1961–1969); United States Permanent Representative to NATO (1969–1971)\nBrian James Proetel Fall, Britain's Ambassador to Russia (1992–95)", "Brian James Proetel Fall, Britain's Ambassador to Russia (1992–95)\nHomer S. Ferguson (B.A. 1913), judge of the United States Court of Military Appeals (1956–1971); Ambassador to the Philippines (1955–1956); judge of the United States Court of Military Appeals at Washington, D.C., 1956–1971; U.S. Senator from Michigan (1943–1955); circuit judge of the circuit court for Wayne County, Michigan (1929–1942)", "Robert E. Fritts (B.A.) In 1974 at age 39, he became the then-youngest ambassador in the history of the Foreign Service when assigned to Rwanda, a record he wryly recalled \"lasted about six months\". He later served as the U.S. ambassador to Ghana during a period of fluctuating bilateral relations.\nJohn Godfrey (diplomat) (M.A.) Nominee for Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Republic of the Sudan\nJames Goodby (MDNG: 1951–1952), United States Ambassador to Finland (1980–1981)", "James Goodby (MDNG: 1951–1952), United States Ambassador to Finland (1980–1981)\nDavid Hermelin (BUS: BBA 1958), entrepreneur; philanthropist; former United States Ambassador to Norway; Ross School benefactor\nPete Hoekstra (MBA)is a Dutch-American politician who served as the United States Ambassador to the Netherlands from January 10, 2018, to January 17, 2021.\nAubrey Hooks (MA 1984), US Ambassador to Côte d'Ivoire", "Aubrey Hooks (MA 1984), US Ambassador to Côte d'Ivoire\nJohn Nichol Irwin, businessman; politician; diplomat; Mayor of Keokuk, Iowa; Governor of Idaho Territory; Governor of Arizona Territory; U.S. Minister to Portugal\nSusan S. Jacobs, former U.S. Ambassador to Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu\nRichard Kauzlarich (MA), US Ambassador to Azerbaijan 1994–1997 and to Bosnia and Herzegovina 1997–1999", "Leo J. Keena, appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and served as the United States Ambassador to Honduras 1935–1937; United States Ambassador to South Africa 1937–1942\nW. Robert Kohorst (J.D.) of California to be Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States of America to the Republic of Croatia. He earned a J.D. from the University of Michigan Law School.", "David Kostelancik (MA), Ambassador to Hungary. Mr. Kostelancik has served as Chargé d'Affaires, ad interim of the Mission since January 20, 2017. From August, 2014 until August, 2015 he served as the Senior State Department Advisor to the Congressional Helsinki Commission. From July, 2012 until August, 2014 he served as Director of the Office of Russian Affairs in the Department of State's Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs", "Philip Lader (LSA: MA), United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom 1997–2001", "Melvyn Levitsky (BA), retired career Minister in the U.S. Foreign Service; teaches international relations at the University of Michigan's Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy; Senior Fellow of the School's International Policy Center; had 35-year career as a U.S", ".S. diplomat, Ambassador to Brazil 1994–98; former Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics Matters, Executive Secretary of the State Department, Ambassador to Bulgaria, Deputy Director of the Voice of America, and Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights", "María Dora Victoriana Mejía Marulanda (B.A., M.A.), Ambassador of Colombia to Sweden\nFenton R. McCreery, Ambassador to Honduras\nDouglas L. McElhaney (BA International Affairs), US Ambassador to Bosnia-Herzegovina 2004–present; entered the Foreign Service in 1975\nJoseph R. McLaughlin, entrepreneur; politician; Lieutenant Governor of Michigan 1895–1897\nWilliam Bryant Milam (MA 1970), US Ambassador to Pakistan, 1998–2001", "William Bryant Milam (MA 1970), US Ambassador to Pakistan, 1998–2001\nEarl R. Miller, U.S. Ambassador to Botswana Term of Appointment: 12/18/2014 to present Mr. Miller was sworn in as the U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Botswana on December 18, 2014. Ambassador Miller, a career member of the U.S. Senior Foreign Service, joined the Department of State in 1987\nDavid Miller, Jr. (J.D.) He served as the United States ambassador to Tanzania from 1981 to 1984 and to Zimbabwe from 1984 to 1986.", "Thomas J. Miller (PhD 1975), U.S. ambassador to Greece; U.S. ambassador to Bosnia-Herzegovina\nJosé Teodoro Moscoso Mora (B.A. 1932), named Moscoso ambassador to Venezuela by President Kennedy in 1961\nRobert G. Neumann (Ph.D. 1946), former United States Ambassador to Afghanistan 1969–73; Director, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University (1976–81); US Ambassador to Saudi Arabia (June 1981 to July 1981), United States Ambassador to Morocco (1973–76)", "David George Newton (MA 1970), US Ambassador to Iraq, 1984–88\nElliot Northcott, Ambassador to Colombia and Venezuela\nThomas J.O'Brien (LAW), ambassador to Denmark, Japan and Italy\nSusan D. Page (A.B.), nominated in 2011 by President Obama to the post of U.S. Ambassador to South Sudan\nThomas W. Palmer, appointed US Minister to Spain in 1889 by President Benjamin Harrison; served 1889–1890\nMark A. Pekala (A.B. 1981), U.S. ambassador to Latvia in 2012", "Mark A. Pekala (A.B. 1981), U.S. ambassador to Latvia in 2012\nNancy Bikoff Pettit (M.A.), Ambassador Pettit was confirmed by the Senate on June 24, 2015, as the Ambassador to the Republic of Latvia. She is a career member of the Foreign Service, Class of Minister Counselor. Prior to arriving in Riga, she served as Director of the Office of Western European Affairs in the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, a position she held from 2013 to 2015.", "Peter A. Prahar (B.A.), former Air Force translator; ambassador to the FSM\nWilliam E. Quinby, newspaper publisher; diplomat; United States Ambassador to the Netherlands\nClark T. Randt, Jr. (LAW: JD 1975), US Ambassador to China, 2001–2009\nKenneth Salazar confirmed as Ambassador to Mexico in August 2021.", "Kenneth Salazar confirmed as Ambassador to Mexico in August 2021.\nJoseph C. Satterthwaite (B.A. M.A.) served as United States Ambassador to Sri Lanka from 1949 to 1952, Head of the U.S. Legation at Tangier from 1953 to 1955, and as United States Ambassador to Burma from April 1955 to April 1957.\nMargaret Scobey (Ph.D.), US Ambassador to Syria; US Ambassador to Egypt as of 2008", "Marshall D. Shulman (A.B. 1937), principal architect of Columbia University's Russian studies program; longest serving director of the Russian Institute at Columbia; ambassador as the principal adviser on Soviet matters to Secretary of State Cyrus R. Vance in the Carter administration; speechwriter for Secretary of State Dean G", ". Vance in the Carter administration; speechwriter for Secretary of State Dean G. Acheson; author of Stalin's Foreign Policy Reappraised (1963), a staple in Soviet studies for many years; his 1966 book of lectures, Beyond the Cold War, foreshadowed the détente between the Soviet Union and the US that occurred during the Nixon administration", "William Graves Sharp (LAW: JD 1881), Congressional Representative from Ohio; elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-first, Sixty-second, and Sixty-third Congresses; served 1909–1914, when he resigned to become Ambassador to France, in which capacity he served until April 14, 1919\nWilliam Story, federal judge; seventh Lieutenant Governor of Colorado, serving 1891–1893 under John Long Routt\nLouis B. Susman (A.B.), former Vice Chairman of Citigroup Capital Markets; nominated as Ambassador to Great Britain in 2009", "Edwin Uhl, Acting US Secretary of State and Ambassador to Germany during the Cleveland Administration\nJack Hood Vaughn (BA, MA), second Director of the United States Peace Corps; ambassador to Colombia and Panama\nGary Waissi (COE: Ph.D.), dean of ASU's School of Global Management and Leadership at the West campus; Knight, First Class, of the Order of the Lion of Finland in 2006\nHoward Kent Walker, diplomat; Foreign Service officer; former United States Ambassador to Togo, Madagascar, and Comoros", "Charles B. Warren (B.A. 1891), U.S. Ambassador to Japan 1921–1922; Ambassador to Mexico in 1924\nRonald N. Weiser (BUS: BBA 1966), US Ambassador to Slovak Republic; founder of McKinley Associates\nG. Mennen Williams (J.D.), Ambassador to the Philippines; heir to a personal grooming products fortune, he was known as \"Soapy\"", "Susan L. Ziadeh (Ph.D.) has enjoyed a 23-year career with the U.S. Department of State where she most recently served as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Arabian Peninsula Affairs in the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs (2014-2016). From May–October 2016, Amb. Ziadeh served as NEA Acting Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary. She is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, class of Minister-Counselor, and served as the U.S. Ambassador to the State of Qatar from 2011 to 2014.", "Federal Reserve, FDIC, OCC, and Treasury\nWilliam Duscharme \"Pink Cheeks\" Cochran, director of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 1936–1950, including five years as Deputy Chairman, 1946–1950\nJohn C. Dugan (A.B. 1977), 29th Comptroller of the Currency as of 2005\nNaomi Feldman, Israel's cabinet, on October 5 of 2021, approved her appointment to the Bank of Israel's monetary policy committee, the central bank said.", "Howard Flight (BUS: MBA), British MP; holds 11 directorships; in 2001, he was appointed Shadow Paymaster General; in 2002 was promoted to Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury\nG. Edward Griffin (BA, 1953), author of The Creature from Jekyll Island (1994), which promotes conspiracy theories about the Federal Reserve System; also writes about the health care system\nWilliam C. Handorf (BUS: MBA 1967), member, board of directors, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond", "William C. Handorf (BUS: MBA 1967), member, board of directors, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond\nGeorge M. Humphrey (BA, JD), United States Secretary of the Treasury during the Eisenhower administration\nDonald Kohn (Ph.D. 1971), joined the Federal Reserve System in 1970; member of Board of Governors since 2002, Vice-chairman 2006–2010\nRobb LaKritz (B.A. 1994), Special Assistant and Advisor to the Deputy U.S. Treasury Secretary, appointed by President George W. Bush", "Timothy D. Leulitte (BUS: MBA 1976), chairman of the board, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago\nRob Portman (LAW: JD 1984), former United States Trade Representative, a post carrying the rank of Ambassador; nominated by President Bush and confirmed by the US Senate in 2006, as the Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget; Senator elect from Ohio in 2010\nMartha Seger (BUS: BBA 1954, MBA 1955, Ph.D. 1971), former governor of the Federal Reserve Bank", "Martha Seger (BUS: BBA 1954, MBA 1955, Ph.D. 1971), former governor of the Federal Reserve Bank\nL. William Seidman (BUS: MBA 1949, former head of the FDIC; vice chairman and CFO of the Phelps Dodge Corporation (1977–1982); managing partner of Seidman & Seidman, certified public accountants (1968–1974)", "Daniel Tarullo (LAW: JD 1977), member of the Board of Governors, U.S. Federal Reserve Board; appointed by President Obama in 2009; former Assistant to President Clinton for International Economic Policy and Deputy Assistant for Economic Policy\nNancy Teeters (July 29, 1930 – November 17, 2014) was the first woman to serve on the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. Appointed by President Jimmy Carter, she served from 1978 to 1984.", "Judiciary\nJ. Leroy Adair (LAW: JD 1911), Congressional Representative from Illinois; member of the State senate 1928–1932; elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-third and Seventy-fourth Congresses (1933–1937); appointed United States district judge for the southern district of Illinois in 1937 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and served until his death in 1956\nCharles H. Aldrich (A.B. 1875), the Solicitor General of the United States", "Charles H. Aldrich (A.B. 1875), the Solicitor General of the United States\nPrudence Carter Beatty, US Bankruptcy Judge for the Southern District of New York\nGeorge G. Bingham (LLB 1880), judge in Oregon, dean of Willamette University College of Law\nBrian Blanchard (BA 1980), Judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals", "Jackson Burton Chase (LAW: LLB 1913), Congressional Representative from Nebraska; assistant attorney general of Nebraska in 1921 and 1922; member of the State House of Representatives in 1933 and 1934; served as a major, Judge Advocate General's Department, 1942–1945; chairman of Nebraska Liquor Control Commission in 1945 and 1946; judge of the fourth judicial district court of Nebraska", ", 1946–1954; elected as a Republican to the Eighty-fourth Congress (1955–1957); again elected judge of the fourth judicial district court of Nebraska 1956–1960", "John Logan Chipman (1843–1845), Congressional Representative from Michigan; attorney of the police board of Detroit 1867–1879; elected judge of the superior court of Detroit 1879; reelected in 1885 and served until 1887, when he resigned, having been elected to Congress; elected as a Democrat to the Fiftieth and to the three succeeding Congresses; served from 1887 until his death in 1893", "George Pierre Codd (AB 1891), Congressional Representative from Michigan; mayor of Detroit in 1905 and 1906; circuit judge of Wayne County 1911–1921; regent of the University of Michigan in 1910 and 1911; elected as a Republican to the Sixty-seventh Congress (1921–1923); again elected circuit judge of Wayne County in 1924 and served until his death in 1927", "Avern Cohn (LAW: JD 1949), district judge for the United States District Court, Eastern District of Michigan, appointed by President Jimmy Carter in 1979", "Louis Convers Cramton (LAW: JD 1899), Congressional Representative from Michigan; law clerk of the State senate three terms; deputy commissioner of railroads of Michigan in 1907; secretary of the Michigan Railroad Commission from September 1907 to January 1, 1909; member of the State house of representatives in 1909 and 1910; elected as a Republican to the Sixty-third and to the eight succeeding Congresses (1913–1931); circuit judge of the fortieth judicial circuit 1934–1941", "Shepard J. Crumpacker, Jr. (LAW: JD 1941), Congressional Representative from Indiana; elected as a Republican to the Eighty-second, Eighty-third, and Eighty-fourth Congresses (1951–1957); appointed judge of the St. Joseph Superior Court and served 1977–1985\nMarc Dann (B.A. 1984), 47th attorney general of Ohio\nHarry Micajah Daugherty (LAW: LL.B), Ohio Republican political insider; Attorney General of the United States under Presidents Harding and Coolidge", "Cristobal C. Duenas (LAW: JD 1952), judge of the U.S. District Court of Guam; judge of the Island Court of Guam; previously director of the Department of Land Management", "Robert Emory Evans (LAW: JD 1886), Congressional Representative from Nebraska; prosecuting attorney of Dakota County in 1895; resigned to become judge of the eighth judicial district, in which capacity he served from 1895 to 1899; president of the Nebraska State Bar Association in 1919; elected as a Republican to the Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses (1919–1923); elected judge of the supreme court from the third district of Nebraska in 1924", "Homer Samuel Ferguson (AB 1913), Senator from Michigan; circuit judge of the circuit court for Wayne County, 1929–1942; elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1942; reelected in 1948 and served 1943–1955; Ambassador to the Philippines 1955–1956; judge of the United States Court of Military Appeals at Washington, D.C., 1956–1971", "George Ford (LAW: JD 1869), Congressional Representative from Indiana; elected as a Democrat to the Forty-ninth Congress (1885–1887); elected judge of the superior court of St. Joseph County in 1914\nRalph M. Freeman (LAW: LL.B. 1926), Judge in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan; nominated by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1954; chief judge 1967–1972; assumed senior status in 1973", "Ronald M. Gould (LAW: 1973), federal appeals judge; has served on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals since 1999; nominated by President Bill Clinton, confirmed by the United States Senate on November 17, and received his commission on November 22\nBarzillai Gray (AB: 1845), judge", "Barzillai Gray (AB: 1845), judge\nByron Berry Harlan (LAW: JD 1909; LS&A: 1911), Congressional Representative from Ohio; elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-second and to the three succeeding Congresses (1931–1939); chairman, Committee on Revision of the Laws (Seventy-second and Seventy-third Congresses); appointed judge of the Tax Court of the United States in 1946 to his death in 1949", "James Harvey (LAW: LLB 1948), Congressional Representative from Michigan; elected as a Republican to the Eighty-seventh and to the six succeeding Congresses (1961–1974); appointed by President Richard Nixon as a United States District Court judge for the Eastern District, Michigan, 1974–1984; United States Senior District judge, 1984–2002", "Guy Tresillian Helvering (LAW: JD 1906), Congressional Representative from Kansas; elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-third, Sixty-fourth, and Sixty-fifth Congresses (1913–1919); Democratic State chairman 1930–1934; mayor of Salina from February 15, 1926, until his resignation on December 8, 1930; State highway director in 1931 and 1932; appointed Commissioner of Internal Revenue by President Franklin D", ". Roosevelt in 1933 and served until his appointment as a Federal district judge for Kansas in 1943, in which capacity he was serving at the time of his death in 1946", "Douglas Woodruff Hillman (LAW: JD 1948), practiced law in Grand Rapids for 30 years before President Carter appointed him to the federal court in 1979; retired from the bench in 2002", "Jay Abel Hubbell (AB 1853), Congressional Representative from Michigan; prosecuting attorney of Houghton County 1861–1867; elected as a Republican to the Forty-third and to the four succeeding Congresses (1873–1883); chairman, Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Interior (Forty-seventh Congress); member of the State senate 1885–1887; served as circuit judge of the twelfth judicial circuit from 1894 to 1899, when he resigned", "William Leonard Hungate (MDNG), Congressional Representative from Missouri; special assistant attorney general 1958–1964; elected simultaneously as a Democrat to the Eighty-eighth and to the Eighty-ninth Congress by special election, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative Clarence Cannon, and reelected to the five succeeding Congresses (1964–1977); professor, University of Missouri, St", ". Louis, 1977–1979; justice, United States district judge for the eastern district of Missouri, 1979–1992; president, American Bar Association's National Conference of Federal Trial Judges, 1985–1986", "Edwin William Keightley (LAW: JD 1865), Congressional Representative from Michigan; appointed and subsequently elected judge of the fifteenth judicial circuit of Michigan in 1876 and served until 1877, having been elected to Congress; elected as a Republican to the Forty-fifth Congress (1877–1879); appointed by President Hayes Third Auditor of the United States Treasury Department and served from 1879 to 1885, when he resigned", "Moses Pierce Kinkaid (LAW: JD 1876), Congressional Representative from Nebraska; member of the State senate in 1883; district judge 1887–1900; elected as a Republican to the Fifty-eighth and to the nine succeeding Congresses and served from 1903 until his death in 1922; chairman, Committee on Irrigation of Arid Lands (Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses)", "Carolyn N. Lerner (born January 13, 1965) is an American lawyer from Washington, D.C., who is a Judge-designate of the United States Court of Federal Claims.", "William Lewis (MDNG), Congressional Representative from Kentucky; studied law at the University of Kentucky at Lexington and at U-M; member of State House of Representatives in 1900 and 1901; Commonwealth attorney 1904–1909; circuit judge of the twenty-seventh judicial district of Kentucky 1909–1922 and 1928–1934; elected as a Republican to the Eightieth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John Marshall Robsion and served 1948–1949", "Gordon Myse (LAW: LLB 1960), Judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals\nJames Carson Needham (LAW: JD 1889), Congressional Representative from California; elected as a Republican to the Fifty-sixth and to the six succeeding Congresses (1899–1913); appointed judge of the superior court of California in 1919; elected to the same office in 1920 to fill an unexpired term; reelected in 1922 and again in 1926, and served until 1935\nDarleen Ortega (LAW: JD 1989), judge on the Oregon Court of Appeals", "Samuel Ritter Peters (LAW: JD 1867), Congressional Representative from Kansas; mayor of Memphis in 1873; elected a member of the State senate in 1874 and served until his resignation in March 1875; appointed and subsequently elected judge of the ninth judicial district and served from 1875 until 1883, when he resigned; elected as a Republican to the Forty-eighth and to the three succeeding Congresses (1883–1891); postmaster of Newton 1898–1910; editor of the Newton Daily Kansan-Republican in 1899", "Rosemary S. Pooler (LAW: JD), U.S. federal judge; appointed in 1990 as a Justice for the Fifth Judicial District Supreme Court; appointed to the federal bench by President Bill Clinton, serving 1994–1998 as federal district judge in the Northern District of New York; received her current appointment as a Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in 1998", "Joseph Very Quarles (AB 1966; LAW: JD 1867), Senator from Wisconsin; mayor of Kenosha 1876; member of state assembly 1879; member of state senate 1880–1882; elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served 1899–1905; chairman, Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard (Fifty-sixth Congress), Committee on the Census (Fifty-seventh and Fifty-eighth Congresses); appointed United States district judge for the eastern district of Wisconsin by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905", ", and served until his death in 1911", "Ozora P. Stearns (AB 1858, LAW: JD 1860), Senator from Minnesota; mayor of Rochester 1866–1868; served in the Union Army during the Civil War as a lieutenant, and then colonel; elected as a Republican to the United States Senate in 1871 and served until 1871; judge of the eleventh judicial district of Minnesota 1874–1895; regent of the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis 1890–1895\nLarry D. Tompson (LAW: 1974), Deputy United States Attorney General", "Larry D. Tompson (LAW: 1974), Deputy United States Attorney General\nCarl May Weideman (MDNG), Congressional Representative from Michigan; attended the public schools and the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor from 1914 until the outbreak of the First World War; delegate to the Democratic State conventions 1932–1944 and to the Democratic National Convention in 1940; elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-third Congress (19331935); circuit judge for the third judicial circuit of Michigan 1950–1968", "Justices: Appeals and Circuit Courts\nMore than 75 Michigan alumni have served on Appeals or Circuit Courts.", "G. Gordon Atcheson (BA) Judge of the Kansas Court of Appeals\nFrancis E. Baker (BA) JudgeSenior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit\nJane M. Beckering (BA) she is a judge of the 3rd District of the Michigan Court of Appeals.\nCorinne A. Beckwith (LAW) Associate Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals\nRichard Bilby (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona", "Richard Bilby (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona\nBruce D. Black (LAW) was a judge on the New Mexico Court of Appeals from 1991 to 1995.\nBrian Blanchard (BA) Judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals District IV\nCharles D. Breital (BA) Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals\nBruce Bromley (BA) was appointed by Governor Thomas E. Dewey to the New York Court of Appeals\nBailey Brown (AB) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit", "Bailey Brown (AB) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nJohn Robert Brown (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit\nTovah R. Calderon (BA) District of Columbia Court of Appeals\nThomas Cane (BBA) Cane was a Wisconsin Circuit Court Judge from 1972 until his appointment to the Court of Appeals in 1981. He later served as a Presiding Judge from 1984 to 1998.", "John Emmett Carland (BA) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit\nLester LeFevre Cecil (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nMargaret Chutich (LAW) Associate Judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals\nLeroy John Contie Jr. (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nJohn Hazelton Cotteral (BA) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit", "John Hazelton Cotteral (BA) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit\nSean Cox (BGS) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan\nRobert Danhof (LAW) In 1969, Danhof was appointed to the Michigan Court of Appeals and served as Chief judge. \nWilliam R. Day (BS) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nPat DeWine (LAW) won a seat on the 1st District Ohio District Courts of Appeals in 2012", "Pat DeWine (LAW) won a seat on the 1st District Ohio District Courts of Appeals in 2012\nJoshua Deahl (LAW) Associate Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals\nRebecca Duncan (LAW) served on the Oregon Court of Appeals from 2010 to 2017.\nDavid M. Ebel (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit\nHarry T. Edwards (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit", "Albert J. Engel Jr. (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nHomer S. Ferguson (LAW) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces\nJohn Warner Fitzgerald (LAW) Fitzgerald practiced in the law firm of Fitzgerald & Wirbel until he was elected to the Michigan Court of Appeals in 1964.\nWilliam Ball Gilbert (LAW) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit", "William Ball Gilbert (LAW) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit\nRonald M. Gould (LAW) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit\nRoger Gregory (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit\nRichard Allen Griffin (LAW) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nRalph B. Guy Jr. (LAW) Presiding Judge of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review", "Amalya Lyle Kearse (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit\nCornelia Groefsema Kennedy (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nShiro Kashiwa (LAW) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit\nW. Wallace Kent (LAW) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nRaymond Kethledge (LAW) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit", "Raymond Kethledge (LAW) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nNoël A. Kramer (LAW) Associate Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals\nAmy Ronanye Krause (BA) is a judge of the Michigan Court of appeals 4th District.\nCharles Levin (judge) (LAW) Judge of the Michigan Court of Appeals\nThomas Francis McAllister (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit", "Susan Bieke Neilson (AB) Neilson was nominated to a Michigan seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit \nHelen W. Nies (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit\nDavid McKeague (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nWilbur Kingsbury Miller (BA) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit\nGordon Myse (LAW) Judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals", "Gordon Myse (LAW) Judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals\nSusan Bieke Neilson (AB) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nStewart Albert Newblatt (LAW) He was a judge of the Seventh Judicial Circuit of Michigan from 1962 to 1970. \nElliott Northcott (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit\nRichard Lowell Nygaard (LAW) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit\nDarleen Ortega (LAW) Judge on the Oregon Court of Appeals", "Darleen Ortega (LAW) Judge on the Oregon Court of Appeals\nOrie Leon Phillips (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit\nCecil F. Poole (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit\nRosemary S. Pooler (LAW) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit\nChad Readler (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit", "Chad Readler (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nAlbert L. Rendlen (LAW)Judge Rendlen was a judge on the Missouri Court of Appeals for the Eastern District\nHenry Wade Rogers (BA, MA) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit\nJohn M. Rogers (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nGilbert M. Roman (LAW) Judge of the Colorado Court of Appeals", "Gilbert M. Roman (LAW) Judge of the Colorado Court of Appeals\nAnthony Joseph Scirica (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit\nSusan Segal (LAW) Chief Judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals\nCharles Casper Simons (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nCynthia Stevens (BA) Judge of the Michigan Court of Appeals for the First District\nDeanell Reece Tacha (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit", "Deanell Reece Tacha (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit\nDavid S. Tatel (LAW) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit\nArba Seymour Van Valkenburgh (AB) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit", "Melissa L. Tatum (LAW) Tatum served as a member of the Navajo Nation's Rules Harmonization Project, co-authoring a report on Navajo Nation Proceedings and Outside Review. She sat as a judge on the Southwest Intertribal Court of Appeals from 1999 to 2006. \nKurtis T. Wilder (LAW) In December 1998, Governor Engler elevated Wilder to the Michigan First District Court of Appeals.\nAnn Claire Williams (MA) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit", "Ann Claire Williams (MA) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit\nJohn M. Walker Jr. (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit\nElizabeth Kronk Warner (LAW) she is an appellate judge in Michigan for the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians Court of Appeals.\nJ. Walter Yeagley (JD) Senior Judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals", "Justices: District Courts\nAs of 2021, 71 Michigan alumni have served on District Courts. Of those who served, 16 have served as Chief Justice.", "Cathy Ann Bencivengo (JD) Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California*Richard Bilby (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Arizona\nJane M. Beckering (born 1965)[1] is a judge of the 3rd District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and a United States District Judge–Designate of the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan.", "Paul D. Borman (LAW) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan\nClarence Addison Brimmer, Jr. (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Wyoming\nLeonie Brinkema (MDNG) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia\nPaul G. Byron (A.B.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida\nAileen Cannon (LAW) Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida", "Aileen Cannon (LAW) Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida\nJohn Emmett Carland (A.B.) Judge of the United States District Court for the District of South Dakota\nEdmond Chang (BSE) Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois\nPamela K. Chen (B.A.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York", "James Paul Churchill (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan; Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan\nChase A. Clark (MDNG) on US District Court for the District of Idaho. He served as Chief Judge from 1954 to 1964. \nAvern Cohn (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan", "Sean Cox (B.G.S.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan\nJohn Davies (B.A.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of California\nJ. Mac Davis (LAW) Chief Judge of the 3rd District of Wisconsin Circuit Courts\nWilliam Louis Day (LAW) Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio\nAnn Donnelly (B.A.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York", "Ann Donnelly (B.A.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York\nGershwin A. Drain (LAW) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan\nCristobal C. Duenas was the chief judge of the United States District Court of Guam from 1959 to 1961.\nGregory Kent Frizzell (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma", "Sarah Geraghty (born 1974)[1] is an American lawyer from Georgia who serves as senior counsel for the Southern Center for Human Rights. She is a nominee to be a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.\nMark A. Goldsmith (B.A.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan\nRalph B. Guy Jr. (LAW) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan", "R. James Harvey (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan\nJeffrey James Helmick (B.A.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio\nGuy T. Helvering (LAW) Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kansas\nH. Russel Holland (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Alaska", "H. Russel Holland (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Alaska\nMarilyn L. Huff (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California\nCarol E. Jackson (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri\nHala Y. Jarbou (B.B.A.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan", "Ralph E. Jenney (LAW) Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California\nPaul Jones (judge) (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio\nRobert James Jonker (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan\nCornelia Groefsema Kennedy (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan", "Shalina D. Kumar (born 1971)[1] is an American attorney and jurist from Michigan who is a United States District Judge–Designate of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan.\nJudith Ellen Levy (LAW) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan\nSheryl H. Lipman (B.A.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee", "Joe Billy McDade (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois\nHoward D. McKibben (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Nevada\nGlenn Everell Mencer (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania\nLaurie J. Michelson (A.B.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan", "Frank Montalvo (M.S.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas\nJames Byron Moran (June 20, 1930 – April 21, 2009) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois.\nStewart Albert Newblatt (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan\nJohn Albert Nordberg (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois", "Linda Vivienne Parker (BA) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan\nRosemary S. Pooler (LAW) Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York\nJohn William Potter (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio\nNicholas Ranjan (LAW) Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania", "Victoria A. Roberts (B.A.) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan\nJennifer L. Rochon is an American lawyer who is a nominee to serve as a judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. \nStephen John Roth (LAW) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan\nMary M. Rowland (B.A.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois", "Anthony Joseph Scirica (LAW) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan\nShira Scheindlin (B.A.) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York\nSteven C. Seeger (LAW) Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois\nNorma Levy Shapiro (B.A.) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania", "Charles Casper Simons (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit\nRaymond Wesley Starr (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan\nGeorge Caram Steeh III (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan\nJoseph Edward Stevens Jr. (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri", "William Story (attorney) (A.B.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas\nCyrus Nils Tavares (LAW) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii\nFrank Gordon Theis (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kansas\nNancy Torresen (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine", "Nancy Torresen (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine\nArba Seymour Van Valkenburgh (A.B.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri\nJohn M. Walker Jr. (LAW) Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit\nFrederick H. Weisberg is a former judge of senior status for the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.", "Ann Claire Williams (M.A.) Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois\nThomas Samuel Zilly (BA) Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington", "National supreme court justices\nIrene Cortes (LL.M, S.J.D.), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines 1987–1990; first female dean of the University of the Philippines College of Law\nJaime Sifre Dávila (LAW) (November 24, 1887 – October 6, 1960) was an attorney and judge in Puerto Rico, ultimately serving as an Associate Justice and briefly as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico.", "George A. Malcolm (LAW: JD 1906), Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines 1917–1936; founder of the University of the Philippines College of Law", "David Mills (LAW: LLB 1867), Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada; served as Minister of the Interior in the Cabinet of Alexander Mackenzie 1876–1878; appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada in 1902 and served for one year until his death in 1903; published The Present and Future Political Aspects of Canada in 1860 and The Blunders of the Dominion Government in Connection with the North-West Territory in 1871\nFrank Murphy Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States", "Frank Murphy Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States\nPieter Jacobus Rabie (1917–1997) was a senior South African judge during the apartheid era, and its Chief Justice from 1982 to 1989.", "Florenz Regalado was the 14th appointment by President Corazon Aquino to be an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from July 29, 1988, to October 13, 1998. He graduated magna cum laude in 1954 from the San Beda College of Law, and received his Master of Laws degree from the University of Michigan in 1963", "Maria Lourdes \"Meilou\" Aranal Sereno) (LLM) (Tagalog: [sɛˈrɛnɔ], born Maria Lourdes Punzalan Aranal; July 2, 1960) is a Filipina lawyer and judge who served as de facto Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from 2012 until 2018.\nJustice George Sutherland, United States Supreme Court", "State supreme court justices\nAs of 2019, Michigan has placed onto various State Supreme Courts over 125 graduates, 40 of whom served as Chief Justice.\n\nMichigan Supreme Court justices\n\nMichigan Law School alumni\n\nMichigan law has placed 36 of its graduates on the state's supreme court. Of those who served, 16 served as Chief Justice.", "Clark J. Adams (LAW): 1927; On Court: 1952–1953)\nPaul L. Adams (LAW: 1936; On Court: 1962–1962 and 1964–1972)\nEmerson R. Boyles (LAW): 1903; On Court: 1940–1956)\nHenry M. Butzel (LAW: 1892; On Court: 1929–1955) served as Chief Justice in 1939\nWilliam Leland Carpenter (LAW: 1878; On Court: 1902–1904)\nLeland W. Carr (LAW: 1906; On Court: 1941–1963) served as Chief Justice\nJohn R. Dethmers (LAW: 1927; On Court: 1946–1970), served as Chief Justice", "John R. Dethmers (LAW: 1927; On Court: 1946–1970), served as Chief Justice\nLouis H. Fead (LAW: 1900; On Court: 1928–1937), served as Chief Justice\nJohn W. Fitzgerald (LAW: 1954; On Court: 1974–1982), served as Chief Justice\nRichard C. Flannigan (LAW) was an American jurist and lawyer. (served as Chief Justice)\nClaudius B. Grant (A.B.) was an American jurist, legislator, and lawyer. (served as Chief Justice)\nRobert P. Griffin (LAW: 1950; On Court: 1987–1994)", "Robert P. Griffin (LAW: 1950; On Court: 1987–1994)\nFrank A. Hooker (LAW: 1865; On Court: 1893–1907) (served as Chief Justice during 3 separate periods.\nFranz C. Kuhn (LAW: 1894; On Court: 1912–1919)\nCharles Leonard Levin (LAW: 1947; On Court: 1973–1996)\nLawrence B. Lindemer (LAW: 1948; On Court: 1975–1976)\nIsaac Marston (LAW: 1861; On Court: 1875–1883) served as Chief Justice\nThomas F. McAllister (LAW: 1921; On Court: 1938–1941)\nAaron Vance McAlvay (LAW: 1869; On Court: 1905–1915)", "Aaron Vance McAlvay (LAW: 1869; On Court: 1905–1915)\nJohn Samuel McDonald (LAW: 1891; On Court: 1922–1933)\nJohn W. McGrath (LAW: 1868; On Court: 1891–1895) served as Chief Justice\nBlair Moody (LAW: 1952; On Court: 1977–1982)\nJoseph B. Moore, studied for 1 year at Michigan Law (On Court: 1896–1926), served as Chief Justice over several periods\nWalter Harper North (LAW: 1899; On Court: 1927–1952) served as Chief Justice\nRussell C. Ostrander (LAW: 1876; On Court: 1905–1919) served as Chief Justice", "Russell C. Ostrander (LAW: 1876; On Court: 1905–1919) served as Chief Justice\nWilliam W. Potter (LAW: 1895; On Court: 1928–1940), served as Chief Justice\nEdward MacGlen Sharpe (LAW: 1914; On Court: 1934–1957)\nTalbot Smith (LAW: 1934; On Court: 1955–1961)\nErnest A. Snow (LAW: 1896; On Court: 1926–1927)\nTheodore Souris (LAW: 1949; On Court: 1960–1968)\nJoseph H. Steere (LAW) was an American jurist. served as Chief Justice", "Joseph H. Steere (LAW) was an American jurist. served as Chief Justice\nRaymond Wesley Starr (LAW: 1910; On Court: 1941–1946), Attorney General of Michigan from 1937 to 1938\nDavid Viviano (LAW: 1996; On Court: 2013–present)\nJohn D. Voelker (LAW: 1928; On Court: 1957–1959)\nThomas Addis Emmett Weadock (LAW: 1873; On Court: 1933–1933)\nG. Mennen Williams (LAW: 1936; On Court: 1971–1986), served as Chief Justice", "Alumni of other Michigan schools\nMichigan Supreme Court Justices from other University of Michigan schools:\nRichard H. Bernstein (B.A.), lawyer and Michigan Supreme Court justice\nCharles A. Blair (B.A.) (1854–1912) was a member of the Michigan Supreme Court from 1905 until 1912.\nMegan Cavanagh (B.E.) is an attorney who was elected in November 2018 to become an associate justice of the Michigan Supreme Court with a term beginning in January 2019.", "Mary Beth Kelly (BA), justice of the Michigan Supreme Court, elected in November 2010\nCharles Leonard Levin (BA, LLB) was a U.S. jurist. He served as a Michigan Court of Appeals judge from 1966 to 1972 and as a justice of the Michigan Supreme Court from 1973 to 1996. He attended the University of Michigan where he received his B.A. in 1946 and his LL.B. in 1947 from the University of Michigan Law School.", "Rollin H. Person (LLB) He studied law at University of Michigan Law School and was admitted to the Michigan bar in 1873. Person served as Michigan circuit court judge from 1891 to 1899. Person then served on the Michigan Supreme Court from 1915 to 1917.", "Clifford Taylor (BA), Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court 2005–2009; appointed in 1997 by Republican Gov. John Engler; re-elected in 2000 to serve an eight-year term; in 2004, he was first chosen by the justices to serve as Chief Justice; in 1992, Gov. Engler appointed him to the Michigan Court of Appeals where he served until his appointment to the Michigan Supreme Court; co-author of Michigan Practice Guide on Torts", "Kurtis T. Wilder (AB, JD) He attended the University Michigan, graduating in 1981 with a A.B. degree in political science, and earned his Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School in 1984. On May 9, 2017, Governor Snyder appointed Wilder to the Michigan Supreme Court. Wilder will complete his predecessor Robert P. Young Jr.'s term in December 2018.", "Illinois Supreme Court justices\nJoseph N. Carter (LLB) In 1894, Carter was named a candidate for the Supreme Court of Illinois to fill the vacancy of Simeon P. Shope. He was the youngest member of the court upon his election. He served one term as Chief Justice in 1898–1899.\nJames H. Cartwright (MDNG) was an American jurist. He went to Mount Morris Seminary and University of Michigan. Cartwright served on the Illinois Supreme Court from 1895 until his death in 1924.", "William G. Clark (MDNG) In 1976, Clark was elected to the Illinois Supreme Court and served until 1992. He served as Chief Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court from 1985 to 1988.\nLott R. Herrick (JD) was an American lawyer and jurist. Herrick graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1894. From 1933 until his death in 1937, Herrick served on the Illinois Supreme Court.", "Loren E. Murphy (LLB) Murphy received his law degree from University of Michigan Law School in 1906. From 1939 to 1948, Murphy served on the Illinois Supreme Court and was chief justice. \nElwyn Riley Shaw (LLB) was a United States federal judge. Shaw received an LL.B. from the University of Michigan Law School in 1910, and immediately entered private practice in Freeport, Illinois. He was a judge on the Supreme Court of Illinois from 1933 to 1942, serving as Chief Justice from 1938 to 1939.", "Indiana Supreme Court justices\nTimothy Edward Howard (MDNG) served 2191 days in office on the state of Indiana Supreme Court, preceded by Robert W. McBride succeeded by Francis E. Baker\nIsadore Levine (BA, JD) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of Indiana from January 13, 1955, to May 23, 1955. He then received a B.A. from the University of Michigan in 1920, and a J.D. from the University of Michigan Law School in 1921.", "Clarence R. Martin served on Indiana Supreme Court for 2192, proceeded by Louis B. Ewbank, succeeded by James P. Hughes\nMyra C. Selby (JD) In 1995, she was appointed to the Indiana Supreme Court, where she served as both the first African American and first woman appointed to the highest state court in Indiana.", "Oliver Starr (LLB) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of Indiana from January 1, 1945, to January 1, 1951. Starr received an A.B. from Indiana University in 1905, and an LL.B. from the University of Michigan Law School in 1908.\nAllen Zollars (LLB) was a politician and judge in Indiana who served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Indiana from January 1, 1883, to January 7, 1889.", "Ohio Supreme Court justices\nHerbert R. Brown (JD) is a lawyer and author from the U.S. State of Ohio who sat on the Ohio Supreme Court for six years, then devoted his time to writing fiction.", "Robert H. Day He attended the University of Michigan for two years and graduated from the Cincinnati Law School in 1891. On November 9, 1922, Robert Day was elected to the Ohio Supreme Court, and was seated January 1, 1923. He was re-elected in November 1928 for another 6-year term. He served until his death in Columbus, Ohio September 29, 1933. \nRichard Patrick \"Pat\" DeWine is an American lawyer and an associate justice of the Ohio Supreme Court.", "William C. Dixon was an American government antitrust lawyer who had a two-month term as a Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court in 1938.\nDavid Dudley Dowd Jr. (JD) received a Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School in 1954. He was a Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court from 1980 to 1981. He was in private practice in Canton, Ohio from 1981 to 1982", "William L. Hart (LLB) was a lawyer in the U.S. State of Ohio who served as a justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio. He taught law at university, and was president of the Ohio State Bar Association.\nPaul M. Herbert (BA) served as a justice of the Ohio Supreme Court from 1963 to 1969. \nJohn Allen Shauck (LLB) was a Republican politician in the U.S. State of Ohio who was an Ohio Supreme Court Judge 1895–1914.", "Roy Hughes Williams (JD) was a lawyer from the U.S. State of Ohio who served as a prosecutor, local and appellate judge, and was a justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio from 1934 until his death.", "Other state supreme courts\nKazuhisa Abe (LAW) (January 18, 1914 – May 18, 1996)was a Democratic state senator and Justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaii.\nFrancis E. Baker (B.A.) (October 20, 1860 – March 15, 1924) was a United States federal judge. Born in Goshen, Indiana, Baker received a B.A. from the University of Michigan in 1882 and read law to enter the Bar in 1884.\nWilliam H. Barnes (LLB) served as Assistant Justice on the Arizona Territorial Supreme Court from 1885 till 1889.", "Charles C. Black (LLB) was an associate justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court and was the Democratic nominee for Governor of New Jersey in 1904. He received a law degree from University of Michigan Law School in 1881.\nCharles Blakey Blackmar (J.D.), judge of the Supreme Court of Missouri 1982–1992; chief justice of the court 1989–1991\nDario Borghesan is an American lawyer from Alaska who is an associate justice of the Alaska Supreme Court.", "Charles D. Breitel (B.A.) In 1950, Dewey appointed him a justice of the New York Supreme Court to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Samuel Null. In December 1950, Dewey re-appointed Breitel to the Supreme Court to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Ferdinand Pecora. In November 1951, he was elected on the Republican and Democratic tickets to a 14-year term, and re-elected in 1965.\nAlfred Budge sat on the Idaho Supreme Court from 1914 to 1949. Serving at one time as the Chief Justice", "Rousseau Angelus Burch was an associate justice of the Kansas Supreme Court from September 29, 1902, to July 1, 1935, then Chief Justice of the Kansas Supreme Court July 1, 1935 to January 11, 1937.\nStephen Bushong (LAW), a judge on the Multnomah County Circuit Court of Oregon since 2008, will fill the Supreme Court vacancy in 2023.\nCharles C. Butler Justice and Chief Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court", "Charles C. Butler Justice and Chief Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court\nJohn Emmett Carland was a United States federal judge. Carland attended the University of Michigan, and read law in 1877 to enter the Bar. He was the U.S. Attorney for the Dakota Territory from 1885 to 1888, and a Justice of the Dakota territorial Supreme Court in 1888 and 1889.", "Margaret Chutich (JD) is an American lawyer and judge, who has served as an associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court since 2016, when she was appointed by Governor Mark Dayton.\nRobert N. Clinton is an American constitutional lawyer, and law professor at the Arizona State University Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, who sits on numerous native-American tribal appellate courts. In addition to teaching, he sits as Chief Justice of the Winnebago Supreme Court.", "Nathaniel P. Conrey (LLB) was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of California from October 1, 1935, to November 2, 1936. His 36 years on the bench place him among the longest serving judges in California history.\nJesse W. Curtis Sr. (LLB) was an American attorney who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of California from January 1, 1926, to January 1, 1945.", "Jaime Sifre Dávila (JD) was an attorney and judge in Puerto Rico, ultimately serving as an Associate Justice and briefly as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico.\nJames R. Dean (LLB) was a Justice of the Nebraska Supreme Court from 1909 to 1910, and again from 1917 to 1935.\nWallace B. Douglas (J.D.) (September 21, 1852 – December 9, 1930) was a lawyer, jurist, and politician and Justice of Minnesota's Supreme Court.", "James B. Drew (MDNG) was a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.\nRebecca Duncan (JD) is an American lawyer and judge, who has been an associate justice of the Oregon Supreme Court since 2017. She previously served on the Oregon Court of Appeals from 2010 to 2017.\nJohn P. Elkin (JD 1884) Associate Justice of the Supreme court of Pennsylvania\nVictor A. Elliott Victor Alanson Elliott (July 23, 1839 – February 5, 1899) was an associate justice of the Colorado Supreme Court from 1888 to 1895.", "Franz C. Eschweiler (MDNG) was an American jurist from Wisconsin. Eschweiler studied at the University of Michigan and the University of Iowa. In 1910, he was appointed a Wisconsin Circuit Court judge for Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. Eschweiler was appointed to the Wisconsin Supreme Court, in 1916, serving until his death in 1929.", "Robert E. Evans (JD) He graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1886 and was admitted to the bar. He was elected Judge of the Supreme Court from the Third District of Nebraska in 1924. He served until his death on July 8, 1925. \nBayard T. Hainer (1860–1933) was a Justice of the Territorial Oklahoma Supreme Court in 1898.", "Bayard T. Hainer (1860–1933) was a Justice of the Territorial Oklahoma Supreme Court in 1898.\nLawrence T. Harris (LLB) was an American politician and lawyer in the state of Oregon. He was the 45th Associate Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court, serving from 1914 to 1924.", "Seneca Haselton (LLB) was a Vermont educator, attorney and politician. He is notable for his service as mayor of Burlington, Vermont (1891-1894), U.S. Minister to Venezuela (1894-1895), and an associate justice of the Vermont Supreme Court (1902–1906, 1908–1919).\nAlbert H. Horton (March 12, 1837 – September 2, 1902) was Chief Justice of the Kansas Supreme Court from December 31, 1876, to April 30, 1895.", "Gilbert V. Indeglia (JD) is a justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court. Indeglia is a 1959 graduate of Providence's Classical High School, a 1963 graduate of Boston College, and a 1966 graduate of the University of Michigan Law School.", "Orange Jacobs (MDNG) was an American lawyer, newspaper publisher, and politician. His career in government centered on the Territory of Washington, for which he served as a delegate to the U.S. Congress, chief justice of the territory's supreme court, mayor of Seattle, and other roles.\nWilliam D. Keeton served on the Idaho Supreme Court from 1949 until 1959. Serving, for part of his tenure, as the Chief Justice\nGlenn E. Kelley was a Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court from 1981 to 1990.", "Glenn E. Kelley was a Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court from 1981 to 1990.\nLa Vega G. Kinne (November 5, 1846 – March 15, 1906) was a Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court from January 1, 1892, to December 31, 1897, appointed from Tama County.", "William H. King (JD) After holding local offices and serving two terms in the territorial legislature, he graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. He later joined the Utah bar and practiced law. He held other territorial offices and was appointed as an associate justice of the Utah Supreme Court, serving between 1894 and 1896.", "Steven Levinson (JD) an associate justice of the Hawaii State Supreme Court, Levinson served his first term from 1992 to 2002 and was retained by the Judicial Selection Commission to serve a second ten-year term. He retired from the court, effective December 31, 2008.\nPeter J. Maassen (JD) is a justice of the Alaska Supreme Court, who was appointed in 2012; appointed to position of Chief Justice in 2022 with a term commencing in 2023.", "John A. Matthews was a Justice of the Montana Supreme Court from 1919 to 1920, and again from 1925 to 1937.\nGeorge W. Maxey (BA) was a Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1930 to 1943 and Chief Justice from 1943 to 1950.\nAbner Vernon McCall (LLM) In 1943, he received an LL.M from the University of Michigan. He was appointed a Texas Supreme Court Justice in June 1956 by Governor Allan Shivers. He was also a past President of the Baptist General Convention of Texas.", "David A. Nichols was a Justice of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court from May 24, 1977, to May 31, 1988.", "Frank W. Parker (LLB) was an American judge who served on the New Mexico Supreme Court for 35 years, from its territorial period to after statehood. He earned a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Michigan Law School in 1880. Parker was appointed to serve on the Territorial Supreme Court on January 10, 1898, by President William McKinley, on the recommendation of territorial governor Miguel Antonio Otero", ". He was reappointed to the Territorial Supreme Court by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1901 and 1905, and by William Howard Taft in 1909. While serving as a territorial district court judge", "Vernon Robert Pearson Governor John Spellman appointed Pearson as an associate justice of the Washington Supreme Court. He served as an associate justice from 1982 to 1987, having been named Acting Chief Justice in 1985, and then chief justice from 1987 to 1989.\nCharles N. Potter (LLB) was a Justice of the Wyoming Supreme Court from January 7, 1895, to December 20, 1927.", "Albert L. Rendlen (MDNG) was judge on the Supreme Court of Missouri from 1977 until 1992, and the Chief Justice of that Court from January 1982 until June 1985.\nJohn Campbell Rice (January 27, 1864 – November 7, 1937) was an associate justice of the Idaho Supreme Court who served as chief justice of the court from 1922 to 1923.\nJohn E. Richards (LLB) was an American attorney who served as an associate justice of the California Supreme Court from 1924 until 1932.", "John Sherman Robinson (B.A. 1903) (December 17, 1880 – October 9, 1951) was an American track and field athlete, lawyer, judge, and Chief Justice of the Washington Supreme Court. \nMarvin B. Rosenberry (JD) was an American jurist from Wisconsin. He received his law degree from the University of Michigan Law School. In 1916, he was appointed to the Wisconsin Supreme Court and, in 1929, Rosenberry became chief justice of the supreme court serving until his retirement in 1950.", "John W. Shenk (LLB) was a city attorney in Los Angeles, California, a Superior Court judge and a member of the California Supreme Court.\nJoseph J. Simeone (SJD) was judge on the Supreme Court of Missouri from 1978 until 1979.\nWilliam Redwood Smith was an associate justice of the Kansas Supreme Court from January 9, 1899, to July 1, 1905. \nMartha B. Sosman served as an associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court from 2000 until her death.", "William Story (B.A.) was a United States federal judge and later the seventh Lieutenant Governor of Colorado, serving from 1891 to 1893 under John Long Routt. He was a judge of the Second Judicial Circuit Court of Arkansas from 1867 to 1871, sitting as a \"special Chief Justice\" on the Arkansas Supreme Court in 1869.\nJohn Charles Tarsney (LLB) was appointed by U.S. President Grover Cleveland to serve as associate justice of the Supreme Court of Oklahoma Territory in 1896 and served until 1899.", "Samuel R. Thurman (LLB) was a Justice of the Utah Supreme Court from 1917 to 1929, serving as Chief Justice from 1927 to 1929.\nWalter L. Tooze (JD) was an American attorney and politician in Oregon. He served as the 66th Associate Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court and as a state district court judge. \nJulius Travis served 4383 days preceded by Moses B. Lairy and succeeded by Michael L. Fansler", "Julius Travis served 4383 days preceded by Moses B. Lairy and succeeded by Michael L. Fansler\nAlfred Wallin (JD) was an American judge who served one of the first three Justices of the Supreme Court of North Dakota from 1889 to 1902.\nMartha Lee Walters (BA) is an American labor attorney and the 43rd Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court.", "J. Stanley Webster (LLB) was a congressman from Eastern Washington, a professor of law at Gonzaga University School of Law, a Washington State Supreme Court justice, and a federal judge\nN. D. Wernette sat on the Idaho Supreme Court from 1933 to 1935", "Attorneys General\nAs of 2021, 40 Michigan alumni have served as a state's Attorney General", "Paul L. Adams, member of the Michigan Supreme Court in 1962 and 1964–1972; mayor of Sault Ste. Marie 1938–1942; Attorney General of Michigan in 1957; member of the Michigan Supreme Court in 1962\nEugene F. Black (1903–1990), elected Michigan Attorney General as a Republican in 1945\nCharles A. Blair (1854–1912), member of the Michigan Supreme Court from 1905 until 1912; held several public offices including prosecuting attorney for Jackson County; elected Attorney General of Michigan in 1902", "Steven G. Bradbury, Acting Assistant Attorney General of the United States for the Office of Legal Counsel, 2005–2009\nClarence Addison Brimmer, Jr., state attorney general of Wyoming 1971–1974\nWilber Marion Brucker, assistant attorney general of Michigan, 1927–1928; Michigan Attorney General, 1928–1930\nWarren Booth Burrows, member of the Connecticut House of Representatives 1925–1927, member of Connecticut Senate 1927–1928; state attorney general of Connecticut 1931–1935", "Charles Burson, served almost a decade as Tennessee Attorney General; became Gore's chief of staff in 1999\nPamela Carter, first black woman to serve as a state's attorney general\nMike Cox, Michigan's 52nd attorney general\nMarc Dann, Attorney General of Ohio from 2007 until his resignation in 2008\nHarry M. Daugherty (LAW), Attorney General of the United States under Presidents Harding and Coolidge\nUlysses G. Denman, Republican politician from Ohio; Ohio Attorney General 1908–1911", "Ulysses G. Denman, Republican politician from Ohio; Ohio Attorney General 1908–1911\nJohn R. Dethmers, chairman of the Michigan Republican Party 1942–1945; delegate to the 1944 Republican National Convention; Michigan Attorney General 1945–1946\nTyrone C. Fahner, lawyer; received his bachelor's degree from U-M; Illinois Attorney General 1980–1983\nCharles E. Gibson Jr., Vermont Attorney General", "Charles E. Gibson Jr., Vermont Attorney General\nHorace Weldon Gilmore, member of the Michigan Board of Tax Appeals in 1954; deputy state attorney general of Michigan 1954–1956; judge on the 3rd Judicial Circuit of Detroit 1956–1980\nAlexander J. Groesbeck, attorney general; 30th Governor of Michigan\nShiro Kashiwa, first attorney general of Hawaii to be appointed after it became a state in 1959\nFranz C. Kuhn, probate judge; Michigan Attorney General in 1910", "Franz C. Kuhn, probate judge; Michigan Attorney General in 1910\nCary D. Landis, 25th Florida Attorney General, (1931–1938)\nGeorge A. Malcolm, acting attorney-general for the Philippines as of 1911\nDwight May, Michigan Attorney General; served from 1869 to 1873 under Governor Henry P. Baldwin\nFrank Millard, Michigan Attorney General, 1951–1954\nWilliam J. Morgan, Wisconsin Attorney General 1912–1923, Republican", "William J. Morgan, Wisconsin Attorney General 1912–1923, Republican\nDana Nessel, Michigan's 54th attorney general, is an American lawyer and politician from the state of Michigan. She is the first openly LGBTQ person elected to statewide office in Michigan.\nWilliam W. Potter, Michigan Attorney General 1927–1928", "William W. Potter, Michigan Attorney General 1927–1928\nCharles Byron Renfrew, nominated by President Richard Nixon to the United States District Court for the Northern District of California; confirmed by the United States Senate on December 2, 1971, and received his commission on December 9; served until 1980, when he resigned to become United States Deputy Attorney General, serving in that post until 1981\nJohn W. Reynolds, Sr., Attorney General of Wisconsin 1927–1933; Republican", "John W. Reynolds, Sr., Attorney General of Wisconsin 1927–1933; Republican\nStephen John Roth, Attorney General of Michigan 1949–1950\nKenneth Salazar; U.S. Senator; Attorney General of Colorado 1999–2005\nJohn M. Sheets, Republican politician; Ohio Attorney General 1900–1904\nWinfield Smith, Attorney General of Wisconsin 1862–1866; Republican\nRobert Stafford, deputy attorney general of Vermont 1953–1955; attorney general 1955–1957\nRaymond Wesley Starr, Attorney General of Michigan 1937–1938", "Raymond Wesley Starr, Attorney General of Michigan 1937–1938\nJames M. Swift, lawyer; District Attorney of Massachusetts Southern District; Attorney General of Massachusetts\nCyrus Nils Tavares, deputy attorney general of Hawaii 1927–1934 before returning to private practice in Honolulu, 1934–1941; during World War II he was the special deputy attorney general of Hawaii for war matters, 1941–1942; the assistant attorney general of Hawaii, 1942–1943; and the Attorney General of Hawaii, 1944–1947", "Larry Thompson, lawyer; deputy Attorney General of the US under President George W. Bush until 2003\nPaul W. Voorhies, Michigan lawyer; Wayne County Prosecutor; Michigan Attorney General\nRobert Wefald; 26th North Dakota Attorney General 1981–1984", "Presidents or prime ministers\nEdgardo Javier Angara (LAW: LLM) (September 24, 1934 – May 13, 2018) was a Filipino politician who served as the President of the Senate of the Philippines from 1993 to 1995. He was a Senator from 1987 to 1998 and then served as Secretary of Agriculture from 1999 to 2001. He served in the Senate again from 2001 to 2013.\nArif Alvi, (Masters in prosthodontics, 1975), President of Pakistan\nAbdullah Ensour, (M.A.) former Prime Minister of Jordan", "Abdullah Ensour, (M.A.) former Prime Minister of Jordan\nLester Bird (LLB 1959), Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda 1994–2004\nAlfonso Bustamante, Peruvian businessman and politician; Prime Minister of Peru 1993–1994\nLamberto Dini, former Prime Minister of Italy\nSimeon Djankov (, Simeon Dyankov; Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance of Bulgaria in the government of Boyko Borisov", "Kim Dong-yeon (Korean: 김동연; born 28 January 1957) is the Minister of Strategy and Finance and a Deputy Prime Minister of South Korea, appointed by President Moon Jae-in in June 2017.\nGerald R. Ford (B. A. 1935, HLLD 1974), 38th U.S. president; studied economics and political science; played center on Michigan's football team; MVP in 1934\nPratap Singh Kairon (MA Political Science), Indian independence leader; former Chief Minister of Punjab 1952–1964", "Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera (born 25 April 1958) is a Costa Rican politician who was the 47th President of Costa Rica from 2014 to 2018. Studied for 2 years at Michigan as a Fulbright scholar.\nHis Highness Sheikh Saud Bin Saqr al Qasimi (LS&A: BA, MA), appointed Supreme Council member and new Ruler of Ras al-Khaimah in the United Arab Emirates on October 27, 2010\nHenry Tang Ying-yen, Hong Kong politician; Chief Secretary of Hong Kong 2007–2011", "Military", "Admirals\nAnderson W. Atkinson was a Major General in the United States Air Force.\nRear Adm. Mike Bernacchi grew up in Pleasant Ridge, Michigan, and graduated from the University of Detroit with a Bachelor of Science in Biology and holds master's degrees from University of Michigan in nuclear engineering and industrial engineering.\nBenjamin N. Bellis is a retired American Air Force lieutenant general who was vice commander in chief, U.S. Air Forces in Europe,", "William Clarence Braisted was an American surgeon. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1883.\nErroll M. Brown, retired rear admiral in the US Coast Guard; first African-American promoted to flag rank in the Coast Guard\nArleigh Burke (COE: MSE), United States Navy admiral; World War II hero; Chief of Naval Operations (1955–1961)\nJames B. Currie was a major general in the United States Air Force.", "James B. Currie was a major general in the United States Air Force.\nJames E. Dalton is a former General and former Chief of Staff of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe.\nTerrance T. Etnyre (BA 1970), US Navy vice admiral; Commander, Naval Surface Forces\nElon Farnsworth (1858), Union Army brigadier general during the American Civil War; cavalry commander; killed at Gettysburg", "Charles D. Griffin, four-star admiral in the US Navy; commander in chief of US Naval Forces Europe 1963–1965; commander in chief of Allied Forces Southern Europe 1965–1968\nArthur E. Henn, retired vice admiral in the US Coast Guard; Vice Commandant 1994–1996\nJames W. Houck, retired US Navy vice admiral; 41st Judge Advocate General of the US Navy 2009–2012", "James W. Houck, retired US Navy vice admiral; 41st Judge Advocate General of the US Navy 2009–2012\nAli S. Khan, (University of Michigan Health System residency in internal medicine and pediatrics); Rear admiral in the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps; director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\nRobert E. Kramek, retired US Coast Guard admiral; 20th Commandant of the US Coast Guard 1994–1998", "Robert E. Kramek, retired US Coast Guard admiral; 20th Commandant of the US Coast Guard 1994–1998\nRobert T. Marsh was a retired United States Air Force four-star general who served as Commander, Air Force Systems Command (COMAFSC) from 1981 to 1984.\nThomas P. Meek, US Navy officer; rear admiral; commander of the Navy Cyber Forces since 2010\nRonald J. Rábago, US Coast Guard Rear Admiral, in 2006 became the first Hispanic American to be promoted to flag rank\nMiguel Ángel Barberena Vega, Rear Admiral", "Miguel Ángel Barberena Vega, Rear Admiral\nJohn H. Sides was a four-star admiral in the United States Navy who served as commander in chief of the United States Pacific Fleet from 1960 to 1963 and was known as the father of the Navy's guided-missile program.\nWillard J. Smith In 1973 he became admiral of the Great Lakes Maritime Academy in Traverse City, Michigan and held", "Miguel Ángel Barberena Vega On September 20, 1984, he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral by President de la Madrid. He was positioned by the Institutional Revolutionary\nJames A. Watson, US Coast Guard Rear Admiral\nDonald C. Winter, Secretary of the Navy", "Generals\nGladeon M. Barnes was a United States Army major general who, as Chief of Research and Engineering in the Ordnance Department, was responsible for the development of 1,600 different weapons.\nDwight E. Beach (MDNG) (July 20, 1908 – July 22, 2000) commanded the United States Forces Korea from 1965 to 1966 and U.S. Army, Pacific from September 1966 to July 1968. \nJohn Biddle (MDNG), a career US Army officer; Major General; superintendent of the United States Military Academy", "Henry Patrick Birmingham was a surgeon and an American brigadier general active during World War I.\nPeter J. Boylan (MS 1970) – United States Army major general; President of Georgia Military College\nMargaret A. Brewer (BA 1952) – United States Marine Corps brigadier general, Director of Women Marines (1973–1977); first woman to be promoted to a general officer rank in the Marine Corps\nWilber Marion Brucker (BA 1916), Secretary of the Army under President Eisenhower", "Wilber Marion Brucker (BA 1916), Secretary of the Army under President Eisenhower\nJames B. Currie (1958), United States Air Force major general\nHenry L. Evans (M.S.) was a major general in the United States Air Force\nElon J. Farnsworth (July 30, 1837 – July 3, 1863) was a Union Army cavalry general in the American Civil War, killed at the Battle of Gettysburg. Expelled before graduation.\nAlfred B. Fitt, lawyer; General Counsel of the Army 1964–1967", "Alfred B. Fitt, lawyer; General Counsel of the Army 1964–1967\nRoy K. Flint was a Brigadier General in the United States Army, Dean of the Academic Board at the United States Military Academy, and a president of the Society for Military History.\nLawrence J. Fuller was an American army major general who served as the deputy director of the Defense Intelligence Agency.", "Henry James Hatch (April 28, 1869 – December 31, 1931) was a United States Army officer in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He served in World War I and received the Distinguished Service Medal among other awards.\nCharles H. Jacoby Jr. (MA), US Army General; fifth Commander, US Northern Command; 22nd Commander, North American Aerospace Defense Command", "Paul J. Kern (master's degrees in mechanical and civil engineering 1973), former US Army general; Commanding General of the United States Army Materiel Command 2001–2004\nTheodore C. Lyster, M.D. (10 July 1875, Kansas – 5 August 1933, California) was a United States Army physician and aviation medicine pioneer.\nOrrin L. Mann was an American soldier and politician who served as an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "William James Mayo, M.D., FACS, physician and surgeon; one of the seven founders of the Mayo Clinic; promoted to brigadier general, 1918\nFrank Millard (LAW: 1916), appointed by President Eisenhower as the General Counsel of the U.S. Army in 1955\nWilliam M. Morrow, enlisted in the US Army in 1888; served for more than 40 years until his retirement in 1930; decorated for his service in World War I; Brigadier General\nJasper Packard was a U.S. Representative from Indiana and brevetted brigadier general.", "Jasper Packard was a U.S. Representative from Indiana and brevetted brigadier general.\nDavid G. Perkins (C.O.E. MSME), US Army Lieutenant General; Commander of the United States Army Combined Arms Center at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas\nSamuel C. Phillips was a United States Air Force four-star general who served as Director of NASA's Apollo Program from 1964 to 1969", "Benjamin D. Pritchard (LAW: JD 1860), Civil War general who captured Jefferson Davis; served two terms of office as State Treasurer of Michigan 1880–1884; organized the First National Bank of Allegan in 1870 and served as its president until 1905; founded the First State Bank, which was the first bank in the county to be designated as a state depository, the first savings bank, and the first bank to install safety deposit boxes", "Eric B. Schoomaker (COM: MD, Ph.D.), 42nd Surgeon General of the US Army; Commanding General, US Army Medical Command; practicing hematologist\nRobert L. Van Antwerp, Jr. (M.S. mechanical engineering), US Army lieutenant general; Chief of Engineers of the United States Army Corps of Engineers 2007–2011", "Foreign officials\nMiguel Hernandez Agosto (Ph.D.) 9th President of the Senate of Puerto Rico; President pro tempore of the Senate of Puerto Rico\nVíctor Bravo Ahuja, Mexican politician; academician; Secretary of Public Education in the administration of Luis Echeverría (1970–76); Governor of Oaxaca", "Estefania Aldaba-Lim (Ph.D.), first female Filipino Cabinet secretary; social services and development secretary 1971–1977; first Filipino clinical psychologist; President of the Girl Scouts of the Philippines; first woman to become special ambassador to the United Nations (1979); UN Peace Medal Award\nArif Alvi, the 13th and current President of Pakistan, founding member of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, the Secretary-General of the party from 2006 to 2013, and former dentist.", "Diego Enrique Arria Salicetti, Governor of the Federal District of Caracas in the mid-1970s\nChulanope Snidvongs na Ayuthaya (COE: MSE), Privy Councillor to the King of Thailand\nJosé E. Benedicto was the Treasurer of Puerto Rico, and briefly served as acting Governor of Puerto Rico in 1921.\nLuis María Ramírez Boettner (March 13, 1918 – July 25, 2017) was a Paraguayan diplomat and lawyer who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Paraguay from December 16, 1993, until May 9, 1996.", "Emilio Cárdenas (LAW: LLM 1966), served in a variety of capacities at the United Nations 1992–1996; Argentina's Permanent Representative to the United Nations; Argentina's Ambassador to Dominica and Guyana; non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for two years (1994–1995)\nSantiago Creel Miranda, Mexican senator representing the right-of-center National Action Party; Secretary of the Interior in the cabinet of President Vicente Fox, President of the Senate of Mexico", "Terry Davis (M.B.A. 1962), longtime Labour member of the British House of Commons (1971–2004); Secretary General of the Council of Europe (2004–2009); member of the Privy Council\nSimeon Djankov (, Simeon Dyankov (Ph.D. 1997), Bulgarian economist; Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance of Bulgaria in the government of Boyko Borisov", "Piet Hein Donner, Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal; Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations (2010–2012); Minister of Social Affairs and Employment (2007–2010); Minister of Justice (2002–2006)\nGerardo Ruiz Esparza (LAW), was a Mexican attorney and politician who served as the Secretary of Communications and Transportation in the cabinet of Enrique Peña Nieto.", "Howard Flight (MBA), life peer and Conservative member of the House of Lords (2010–present); former member of the British House of Commons (1997–2005); wealthy entrepreneur and investor\nJulio Frenk (SPH: M.P.H. 1981; MA 1982; Ph.D. 1983), Minister of Health for Mexico\nKamal Ganzouri, appointed as Governor of the New Valley State in 1976; Governor of the Bani Suef State in 1977 but resigned after just six months", "Jaime Sanín Greiffenstein (LLM 1957), Justice of the Supreme Court (1987–1991) and Constitutional Court (1991–1993) of Colombia\nHenry Ho (Ph.D.), named Minister of Finance, Taiwan, in 2006\nJosé Miguel Insulza Salinas, Chilean politician; statesman; since 2005 the Secretary General of the Organization of American States", "William Ansel Kinney, in 1887 elected to the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom as a representative from island of Hawaii. During the summer of 1887, he helped draft the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii, called the \"Bayonet Constitution\" because King Kalākaua was forced to sign it. \nOkazaki Kunisuke Okazaki Kunisuke (岡崎邦輔, April 12, 1854 – July 22, 1936) was a politician and cabinet minister in the late Meiji and Taishō period Empire of Japan.", "Catalino Macaraig Jr. (L.L.B.) was a Filipino political who was the longest-serving (from September 17, 1987, to December 14, 1990) Executive Secretary of President Corazon C. Aquino.\nMark Malloch Brown Minister of State for Africa, Asia and the United Nations; 2nd Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations\nDavid Mills (Canadian politician) (LAW) Member of the Canadian Parliament for Bothwell, Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada", "Lafayette Morgan (M.Sc.) President William R. Tolbert, Jr., made him a member of the Cabinet, naming him Liberia's first Minister of State without portfolio.\nCarlos Rodado Noriega, Ambassador of Colombia to Argentina; Ambassador of Colombia to Spain; President of Ecopetrol; member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia; 58th Governor of Atlántico", "Roberto de Ocampo (MBA) He was chairman and CEO of the Development Bank of the Philippines in 1989. From 1992 to 98, he served as Secretary of Finance under President Fidel V. Ramos.\nMarwan Qasem (or Qassem), Jordanian government official; Foreign Minister in the 1980s; Chief of the Royal Court; aide to King Hussein", "Paul Robertson (doctorate), Jamaican politician; has held several government posts, including Minister of Public Service, Minister of Industry and Investment, Minister of Industry and Commerce, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of Development\nHarry Roque Herminio \"Harry\" Lopez Roque Jr. (Tagalog: [ˈrɔkɛ]; born October 21, 1966) is a Filipino lawyer, politician, and former law professor serving as the presidential spokesperson of President Rodrigo Duterte", "Ricardo Rosselló (American Spanish: [roseˈʝo]; born March 7, 1979) is a Puerto Rican politician, scientist, and businessman who served as the governor of Puerto Rico from 2017 to 2019. \nMiriam Defensor Santiago (LL.M. 1975, LL.D. 1976), lawyer; judge; politician; elected judge of the International Criminal Court 2012; Senator of the Philippines (1995–2001 and 2004–2010); ran for President of the Philippines in 1992\nKeith Spicer, first Commissioner of Official Languages of Canada, 1970–1977", "Keith Spicer, first Commissioner of Official Languages of Canada, 1970–1977\nKhaled Toukan (M.Sc. nuclear engineering 1978), minister of education, Jordan\nStephen A. Tolbert (B.S., M.S. in forestry), secretary of agriculture and commerce and minister of finance, Liberia\nAmnuay Viravan (BUS: MBA 1954, Ph.D. 1958), deputy prime minister and minister of finance, Thailand; chairman of the board of Thai Tobacco Monopoly, State Lottery Bureau, Government Saving Bank, Krung Thai Bank, Bank for Agriculture", "Maxwell Freeman Yalden (M.A. Ph.D.), Canada's ambassador to Belgium and Luxembourg 1984–1987\nLawrence Wong (M.A. economics 1995), Singaporean politician who is a Member of Parliament of the Parliament of Singapore (2011–present); Minister for Culture, Community and Youth (2012–2015); Minister for National Development (2015–2020); Second Minister of Finance (2016–present); Minister for Education (2020–present).\nWang Zhengting (LAW) Premier of the Republic of China Acting", "Secretaries of the Cabinet\nAs of 2020, Michigan matriculants have served in 42 Cabinet positions.", "Clinton Presba Anderson (1915–1916), Congressional Representative; Senator from New Mexico; Secretary of Agriculture\nEdgardo Angara (LAW: LLM 1964), Secretary of Agriculture (emeritus) of the Philippines; former Executive Secretary\nDr. José Celso Barbosa Alcala was a Puerto Rican physician, sociologist and political leader. Known as the father of the Statehood for Puerto Rico movement", "Rand Beers (MA 1970); had a public service career spanning 25 years; took over terrorism and narcotics desk at the National Security Council following Oliver North; appointed by President Clinton in 1998 to Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotic and Law Enforcement Affairs; assigned to counter-terrorism in the George W. Bush White House; foreign policy advisor to John Kerry campaign\nGrace Bochenek Bochenek served as the acting United States Secretary of Energy in early 2017.", "Grace Bochenek Bochenek served as the acting United States Secretary of Energy in early 2017.\nSteven G. Bradbury (JD) Acting United States Secretary of Transportation\nBill Brehm (A.B., M.A.), assistant secretary of the army under Presidents Johnson and Nixon; assistant secretary of defense under Presidents Nixon and Ford; Chairman (emeritus) of SRA International", "Douglas A. Brook (B.A., M.A.), nominated in 2007 as Assistant Secretary of the Navy; Professor of Public Policy and Director of the Center for Defense Management Reform in the School of Business and Public Policy at the Naval Postgraduate School; former Dean of the School of Business and Public Policy at the Naval Postgraduate School; former acting director of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management and Assistant Secretary of the Army (Financial Management)", "Wilber Marion Brucker (A.B. 1916), Secretary of the Army\nPhilip W. Buchen (LAW) (February 27, 1916 – May 21, 2001) was an American attorney who served as White House Counsel during the Ford Administration. He served as chief White House Counsel with Cabinet rank for the duration of Ford's presidency.", "Ben Carson Benjamin Solomon \"Ben\" Carson Sr. (born September 18, 1951) is an American neurosurgeon, author, and politician who is the 17th and current United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, under the Trump Administration.", "Roy D. Chapin, Sr. (MDNG), US Secretary of Commerce, 1932–33; Hudson Motors President and CEO (1934–36); US Secretary of Commerce (1932–33); Hudson Motors President and CEO (1909–23); Hudson Motors co-founder (1906–09); Member of the Board of Hudson Motors (as Chairman 1923–36)\nTerry Davis (BUS: MBA 1962), member of Britain's Parliament for 28 years; Secretary General of the Council of Europe; human rights activist", "William Rufus Day, United States Secretary of State during the Mckinley administration; negotiated the peace treaty ending the Spanish–American War; appointed as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court by President Roosevelt", "Edwin C. Denby (LAW: JD 1896), Congressional Representative from Michigan; employed in the Chinese imperial maritime customs service 1887–1894; member of the State House of Representatives in 1903; elected as a Republican to the Fifty-ninth, Sixtieth, and Sixty-first Congresses (1905–1911); president of the Detroit Charter Commission in 1913 and 1914; president of the Detroit Board of Commerce in 1916 and 1917; appointed United States Secretary of the Navy by President Harding and served 1921–1924", "Robert F. Ellsworth (LAW: JD 1949), Congressional Representative from Kansas; assistant to vice chairman, Federal Maritime Board in 1953 and 1954; elected as a Republican to the Eighty-seventh and to the two succeeding Congresses (1961–1967); National Political Director of the Presidential Campaign in 1968; special assistant to President Nixon, 1969; Permanent Representative on the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, with rank of Ambassador, 1969–1971; general partner in Lazard Freres and Co", ". of New York City; Assistant Secretary of Defense (International Security Affairs), 1974–1975; nominated by President Ford to be Deputy Secretary of Defense and served in that capacity 1975–1977; vice chairman of the council, 1977–1990, chairman, 1990–1996, vice president, 1996 to present, International Institute for Strategic Studies, London, England; appointed to the U.S.-China Economic Security Review Commission, 2003–present", "Howard Flight (BUS: MBA), British MP; holds 11 directorships; appointed Shadow Paymaster General in 2001; in 2002 was promoted to Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury", "Dan Glickman (BA History 1966), Congressional Representative from Kansas; United States Securities and Exchange Commission, 1969–1970; elected as a Democrat to the Ninety-fifth and to the eight succeeding Congresses (1977–1995); one of the managers appointed by the House of Representatives in 1986 to conduct the impeachment proceedings against Harry E", ". Claiborne, judge of the United States District Court for Nevada; chair, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence (One Hundred Third Congress); chaired the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence; launched an inquiry into the Aldrich Ames spy case; United States Secretary of Agriculture; president and CEO of the MPAA in 2004", "James William Good (LAW: JD 1893), Congressional Representative from Iowa; elected as a Republican to the Sixty-first and to the six succeeding Congresses and served 1909–1921; chairman, Committee on Appropriations (Sixty-sixth and Sixty-seventh Congresses); appointed Secretary of War in the Cabinet of President Hoover and served from 1929 until his death in 1929\nJames F. Goodrich (B.S. 1937), Under Secretary of the Navy 1981–1987", "James F. Goodrich (B.S. 1937), Under Secretary of the Navy 1981–1987\nJohn L. Henshaw (SPH: M.P.H. 1974), assistant secretary of labor for occupational safety and health, heading up the Occupational Safety and Health Administration\nGeorge M. Humphrey, United States Secretary of the Treasury during the Eisenhower administration\nArthur M. Hyde (BA 1899), Governor of Missouri, 1921–25; US Secretary of Agriculture (1929–33)", "Arthur M. Hyde (BA 1899), Governor of Missouri, 1921–25; US Secretary of Agriculture (1929–33)\nBroderick D. Johnson is a partner at Bryan Cave. Johnson was an Assistant to the President and the former White House Cabinet Secretary for President Barack Obama.", "Philip Lader (M.A.) served as a member of President Clinton's Cabinet as Administrator of the US Small Business Administration, Assistant to the President, White House Deputy Chief of Staff, and Deputy Director of the US Office of Management and Budget.\nRobert P. Lamont (BSCE 1891), US Commerce Secretary, 1929–32", "George de Rue Meiklejohn (LAW: JD 1880)", ", Congressional Representative from Nebraska; member of the State senate 1884–1888 and served as its president 1886–1888; chairman of the Republican State convention of 1887; chairman of the Republican State central committee in 1887 and 1888; Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska 1889–1891; elected as a Republican to the Fifty-third and Fifty-fourth Congresses (1893–1897); appointed by President McKinley as Assistant Secretary of War in 1897 and served until his resignation in 1901", "Julius Sterling Morton (A.B. 1854), United States Secretary of Agriculture under President Cleveland; created Arbor Day\nDavid Norquist (B.A., MPP) United States Secretary of Defense Acting; 34th United States Deputy Secretary of Defense\nTom Price (born October 8, 1954), American physician and Republican politician who was the 23rd United States Secretary of Health and Human Services under the Trump administration.", "Mark E. Rey (MA 1976), former timber lobbyist; undersecretary for natural resources and environment at the Agriculture Department; oversees the Forest Service\nHarvey S. Rosen (A.B. 1970), Chair of President Bush's Council of Economic Advisers; deputy assistant secretary for tax analysis in the Department of the Treasury under President George H.W. Bush 1989–1991", "Kenneth Lee Salazar (LAW: JD 1981), Senator from Colorado; chief legal counsel, Governor Roy Romer of Colorado, 1986–1990; executive director, Colorado Department of Natural Resources 1990–1994; Colorado State attorney general 1999–2005; elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 2004 for term beginning January 3, 2005; appointed Secretary of the Interior in 2009", "Rajiv Shah (B.S.E. (economics), 1995), former Under Secretary of Agriculture for Research, Education, and Economics and Chief Scientist at the United States Department of Agriculture; 16th Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development\nEdwin Forrest Sweet (LAW: JD 1874), Congressional Representative from Michigan; mayor of Grand Rapids 1904–1906; elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-second Congress (1911–1913); Assistant Secretary of Commerce 1913–1921", "Henry Tang (A.B. 1976), Financial Secretary of Hong Kong, August 4, 2003–present", "John F. Turner (MA), reelected in 2007 to board of directors of Peabody Energy; former Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs within the State Department; former president and chief executive officer of the Conservation Fund; Director of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1989–1993; served 19 years in the Wyoming State Legislature; former president of the Wyoming State Senate; director of International Paper and Ashland, Inc.", "Edwin Uhl (MA 1863), United States Secretary of State and Ambassador to Germany during the Cleveland Administration", "Edwin Willits (AB 1955), Congressional Representative from Michigan; member of the State board of education 1860–1872; appointed postmaster of Monroe in 1863 by President Lincoln, and removed by President Johnson in 1866; member of the commission to revise the constitution of the State in 1873; elected as a Republican to the Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, and Forty-seventh Congresses (1877–1883); president of the Michigan Agricultural College 1885–1889; First Assistant Secretary of Agriculture 1889–1893", "Donald C. Winter (Ph.D. Physics 1972), President of Northrop Grumman's Mission Systems sector; former president and CEO of TRW Systems; elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2002; appointed United States Secretary of the Navy in 2006\nHubert Work (MED: 1882–1884), US Interior Secretary, 1923–28", "State senators\nAs of 2021, Michigan's matriculants include 53 state senators.", "Kazuhisa Abe (LAW) (January 18, 1914 – May 18, 1996)[1] was a Democratic state senator and Justice of the Supreme Court of Hawaii.\nElroy M. Avery (LAW: Ph.D. LL.D.) (July 14, 1844 – December 1, 1935) was school principal, politician, author, and historian. Avery was an Ohio State Senator in the 1890s \nRichard J. Barr (LAW) Barr served in the Illinois State Senate", "Richard J. Barr (LAW) Barr served in the Illinois State Senate \nAlbert Berkowitz (AB) Berkowitz was elected on February 14, 1957, to the New York State Senate (37th D.), to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Henry Neddo.[1] He was re-elected three times, and remained in the State Senate until 1964, sitting in the 171st, 172nd, 173rd and 174th New York State Legislatures. \nKenneth F. Berry He served the 19th District of the Ohio Senate in 1972", "Kenneth F. Berry He served the 19th District of the Ohio Senate in 1972\nTheodore G. Bilbo (LAW) Member of the Mississippi Senate from the 4th district\nMike Bishop (politician) served in the Michigan State Senate from 2003 to 2010 where he served as majority leader\nKate Bolz (born March 1, 1979) is an American politician and social worker who served as a member of the Nebraska Legislature, representing the 29th district from 2013 to 2021 as a state senator.", "John E. Braun (MBA) (born January 16, 1967) is an American businessman, veteran, and politician from Washington. A Republican, Braun serves in the Washington State Senate, representing the 20th district.\nBill Bullard Jr. (BA) Member of the Michigan Senate from the 15th district and the 25th district\nMartha Hughes Cannon (MED) (July 1, 1857 – July 10, 1932) was a Utah State Senator, physician, Utah women's rights advocate, suffragist, polygamous wife, and a Welsh-born immigrant to the United States.", "Charles B. Carter (LAW) He was a lawyer in Maine and also served in the Maine Senate.\nGeorge D. Chafee (LAW) Chafee served in the Illinois House of Representatives in 1881 and 1882 and was a Republican. He also served in the Illinois Senate from 1905 to 1909. \nStephanie Chang (BA, MA, MSW, MPP) is a Democratic politician from Michigan representing the 1st district of the Michigan Senate who served as a State Senator", "Patrick Colbeck (BS, MS) is an aerospace engineer, author, former elected official, and former candidate for governor in Michigan. He was born October 7, 1965, in Dearborn, Michigan. He is a former Republican member of the Michigan Senate,\nJ. Mac Davis (LAW) Davis was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate in 1982, as a Republican, and was re-elected in 1986.", "William H. J. Ely (LAW) He was elected to the New Jersey Senate in 1931, defeating Harry Harper,[5] becoming the first Democrat from Bergen County to serve in the Senate in sixteen years\nTom George (BA, MD) (born December 2, 1956) is a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. As a member[1] of the Michigan State Senate, he represented Kalamazoo County as well as an eastern portion of Van Buren County.", "Paul Gillmor (LAW) (born December 2, 1956) is a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Michigan. As a member[1] of the Michigan State Senate, he represented Kalamazoo County as well as an eastern portion of Van Buren County.\nBradley M. Glass (LAW) (January 17, 1931 – August 6, 2015) was an American politician in the state of Illinois. He served in the Illinois Senate from 1973 to 1979, and in the Illinois House of Representatives in 1971.", "Randy Gordon (BA) (born June 29, 1953) was a Democratic Washington State Senator from Bellevue, Washington.\nWilliam G. Hare (LAW) In 1920, he was elected to a four-year term in the Oregon State Senate representing District 11. Hare won re-election in 1924 to a second four-year term and remained in office through the 1927 session.\nTom Hayden Member of the California Senate from the 23rd district", "Tom Hayden Member of the California Senate from the 23rd district\nArthur L. Haywood III (LAW) is an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania State Senator for the 4th district.\nKirby Hendee (LAW) Hendee served in the Wisconsin State Senate in 1957 and was a Republican.\nAdam Hollier (MUP) is an American politician serving as a member of the Michigan Senate from the 2nd district.", "Hoon-Yung Hopgood (BA) Member of the Michigan Senate from the 6th district 8th district (2011-2014)\nGideon S. Ives (LAW) (January 19, 1846 – December 20, 1927) was an American politician who served as Mayor of St. Peter, Minnesota, as Minnesota State Senator and as the 11th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota.\nTom Johnson (Illinois politician) (BA) (April 30, 1945 – December 3, 2018) was a Republican Illinois State Senator", "Marcia A. Karrow (MA) (born March 10, 1959) is an American Republican Party politician who served in the New Jersey State Senate where she represented the 23rd Legislative District\nRoger A. Keats (BA) Keats served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1976 to 1979 and was a Republican. He then served in the Illinois Senate from 1979 to 1993.\nJohn F. Kelly (Michigan politician) (BA) Kelly was elected to the Michigan State Senate in 1978 from Detroit and served four consecutive four-year terms.", "Dale Kildee, (MA) he served as a member of the Michigan State Senate from 1975 to 1976.\nAntoinette Kinney (BA) was an American politician and community leader who served in the Utah State Senate.\nElbert L. Lampson(LAW) Mr. Lampson served as permanent chairman of the Republican State Convention at Dayton in 1888. In 1891 he was elected to the State Senate to represent the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-sixth districts.\nBurton Leland(MSW) Member of the Michigan Senate from the 5th district", "Burton Leland(MSW) Member of the Michigan Senate from the 5th district\nAndrew Caldwell Mailer (BA) (April 4, 1853 – December 3, 1909) was an American politician. He was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate\nLance Mason(LAW: JD) Member of the Ohio Senate from\nOscar W. McConkie (May 9, 1887 – April 9, 1966) was a Utah State Senator\nCarrie Meek (MS) In 1982, Meek ran for a newly drawn state senate seat based in northern Dade County and became the first African American woman elected to the Florida Senate.", "Lyman Decatur Norris (MDNG) Norris (May 4, 1823 to January 6, 1894) was a lawyer, member of the Michigan Constitutional Convention of 1867, and a State Senator from Washtenaw County, Michigan from 1869 to 1871.\nTom Price (American politician) (BA, MD) Member of the Georgia Senate from the 56th district\nJune Robinson (MPH) (born June 27, 1959) is an American Democratic Party politician. She is a member of the Washington State Senate, representing the 38th Legislative District.", "Frank P. Sadler(LAW) Sadler served in the Illinois State Senate from 1919 to 1923\nWilliam Sesler(LAW) (April 18, 1928 – May 22, 2017) was a former Democratic member of the Pennsylvania State Senate, serving from 1961 to 1972.\nKen Sikkema(MBA) was the 12th Majority Leader of the Michigan Senate\nFred J. Slater (LAW) He was a member of the New York State Senate (46th D.) from 1929 to 1934, sitting in the 152nd, 153rd, 154th, 155th, 156th and 157th New York State Legislatures.", "Alma Wheeler Smith (BA) Member of the Michigan Senate from the 18th district\nGloria Tanner (born July 16, 1935)[1] is a former United States politician and public figure. In 1994 she became the first African American woman to serve as a Colorado state senator.\nLaura M. Toy (BGS) On November 5, 2002, Toy was elected to the Michigan Senate where she represented the 6th district from January 8, 2003, to December 31, 2006.", "James Franklin Ware (LAW) (1849–1934) was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly and the Wisconsin State Senate.\nHank Wilkins(BA) Member of the Arkansas Senate from the 5th district\nMerrick Wing (LAW)) (September 10, 1833 – April 11, 1895) was a member of the Wisconsin State Senate.\nGerald Van Woerkom (MA) Member of the Michigan Senate from the 34th district", "United States Senator\n\nAs of 2020, Michigan matriculants include 47 United States Senators, 33 of whom graduated from the University of Michigan Law School.", "John B. Allen (LAW: 1869) served as a US Senator from Washington\nClinton Anderson (1915-1916) served as a US Senator from New Mexico\nHenry F. Ashurst (LAW: 1903) served as a US Senator from Arizona\nLucien Baker (LAW) served as a US Senator from Kansas.\nCalvin S. Brice (LAW: 1865) served as a US Senator from Ohio\nArthur Brown (U.S. senator) (LAW: 1864) served as a US Senator from Utah.\nWilliam J. Bulow (LAW: 1893) served as a US Senator from South Dakota", "William J. Bulow (LAW: 1893) served as a US Senator from South Dakota\nDon B. Colton (LAW: 1905) served as a US Senator from Utah\nRoyal S. Copeland (MED: 1889) served as a United States Senator from New York \nCushman Kellogg Davis (LAW: 1857) served as a US Senator from Minnesota\nSheridan Downey (LAW: LLB 1907) served as a US Senator from California\nHomer S. Ferguson (LAW: LLB 1913) served as a United States Senator from Michigan.\nWoodbridge N. Ferris (MED 1873–1874) served as a US Senator from Michigan", "Woodbridge N. Ferris (MED 1873–1874) served as a US Senator from Michigan\nErnest Willard Gibson (LAW) served as a US Senator from Vermont\nRobert P. Griffin (LAW: 1950) served as a US Senator from Michigan\nPhilip Hart (LAW: 1937) served as a United States Senator from Michigan\nCharles Henderson (Nevada politician) (LAW: 1895) served as a United States Senator from Nevada.\nJ. Lister Hill (Attended) served as a US Senator from Alabama\nGilbert Hitchcock (LAW: LLB) served as a US Senator from Nebraska", "Gilbert Hitchcock (LAW: LLB) served as a US Senator from Nebraska\nNancy Kassebaum (MA) served as a US Senator from Kansas\nJohn W. Kern (LAW: LLB) served as a Democratic United States Senator from Indiana. \nWilliam H. King (LAW) served as a United States Senator from Utah\nCyrus Locher (Attended) served as a United States Senator from Ohio.\nOren E. Long (Attended ) served as a US Senator from Hawaii\nPorter J. McCumber (LAW: 1880) served as a United States Senator from North Dakota.", "Porter J. McCumber (LAW: 1880) served as a United States Senator from North Dakota.\nRice W. Means (LAW: 1901) served as a Republican United States Senator from Colorado.\nBlair Moody Jr. (LAW: LLB 1952) served as a United States Senator from Michigan.\nThomas W. Palmer (Attended) served as a US Senator from Michigan\nRob Portman (LAW: JD) currently serving as a US Senator from Ohio\nJoseph V. Quarles (LAW: LLB 1867) served as a United States Senator from Wisconsin", "Joseph V. Quarles (LAW: LLB 1867) served as a United States Senator from Wisconsin\nDonald Riegle (BA) served as a US Senator from Michigan\nDonald S. Russell (LAW: 1929) served as a United States Senator from South Carolina\nKen Salazar (LAW: JD 1981), served as a Senator from Colorado\nJohn F. Shafroth (AB: 1875) served as a US Senator from Colorado\nBenjamin F. Shively (LAW: 1886) served as US Senator from Indiana\nRobert Stafford (Attended) served as a US Senator from Vermont", "Robert Stafford (Attended) served as a US Senator from Vermont\nOzora P. Stearns (LAW: 1860) served as a US Senator from Minnesota\nGeorge Sutherland (LAW) served as a US Senator from Utah\nCharles S. Thomas (LAW: LLB) served as a United States Senator from Colorado.\nCharles A. Towne (LAW) served as a US Senator from Minnesota\nCharles E. Townsend (AB) served as a US senator from Michigan\nArthur Vandenberg (LAW: 1900–1901) served as a US Senator from Michigan", "Arthur Vandenberg (LAW: 1900–1901) served as a US Senator from Michigan\nWilliam Warner (Missouri politician) (LAW) served as a US Senator from Missouri\nCharles W. Waterman (LAW: 1889) served as a US Senator from Colorado\nAdonijah Welch (AB: 1846) served as a United States Senator from Florida \nBurton K. Wheeler (LAW: 1905) served as a United States Senator from Montana\nAlexander Wiley (AB) served as a US Senator from Wisconsin", "Other\nHeidi Li Feldman, law professor\nRoberta Karmel (born 1937), Centennial Professor of Law at Brooklyn Law School, and first female Commissioner of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.\nLaura A. Woodin Le Valley, admitted to practice before the supreme court of Michigan on November 12, 1881\n Shana Madoff, compliance officer and attorney at securities firm of Ponzi schemer Bernard Madoff", "Shana Madoff, compliance officer and attorney at securities firm of Ponzi schemer Bernard Madoff\n Teresa Stanek Rea (PHARM, B.S. 1976), Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Acting Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office\nByron Sylvester Waite was an associate justice of the United States Customs Court and was previously a Member of the Board of General Appraisers.", "References\n\nExternal links\nUniversity of Michigan Alumni\nFamous U-M Alumni\nAlumni association of the University of Michigan\nUM Alumni Information\n\nUniversity of Michigan law and government alumni\nLaw and government" ]

[ "Moshe Zalman Feiglin (, born 31 July 1962) is an Israeli politician and activist, and the leader of libertarian Zionist party Zehut. A member of Likud, he headed the Manhigut Yehudit (Jewish Leadership) faction within the party, and represented Likud in the Knesset between 2013 and 2015.", "Prior to becoming a Knesset member, Feiglin co-founded the Zo Artzeinu (\"This is our Land\") movement with Shmuel Sackett in 1993 to protest the Oslo Accords. On 8 August 1995, eighty intersections throughout the country were blocked in a massive act of non-violent civil disobedience against the Oslo process. As a result of his activities, Feiglin was sentenced to six months in prison in 1997 for sedition against the state by Israel's Supreme Court. The sentence was later commuted to community service", ". The sentence was later commuted to community service. In November 1996, Feiglin established the Manhigut Yehudit movement; it joined Likud in 2000, with Feiglin declaring that he would be a candidate for chairmanship of the party as a springboard for premiership of the State of Israel.", "In early January 2015, Feiglin announced that he was leaving the Likud and forming his own party, after the Likud primaries the previous month.\n\nFeiglin complained about \"tricks\" that were done to try to keep him out of Israel's parliament, the Knesset. He referred to alleged political corruption in the Likud primary and legal maneuvers Benjamin Netanyahu took in the past to move him down the party’s list, accusing the prime minister of trying to assassinate him politically.", "As a result of the above issues and timing, Feiglin did not form a new party for the Knesset elections in March, and instead decided to take his time to build a strong new party (\"If we have to give up on the coming Knesset to build ourselves well and fundamentally, we will do so. We will take the time that we need to build ourselves in the proper and most exacting way.\"). In July 2021, Feiglin returned to the Likud.\n\nFeiglin's former party Zehut was in favor of legalizing marijuana.", "Biography", "Moshe Feiglin was born in Haifa, the son of Ya'akov Zvi and Esther Feiglin. His ancestors moved to Israel from Imperial Russia during the First Aliyah. His grandfather was the first child born in Metula, and some of his ancestors were among the founders of several settlements, including Mishmar HaYarden, Hadera, and Kinneret. His father served in the Jewish Settlement Police during the British Mandate era", ". His father served in the Jewish Settlement Police during the British Mandate era. His family later moved to Rehovot, where he attended the local Tachkemoni school of the Mizrachi movement, and subsequently graduated from Rabbi Haim Drukman's Yeshivat Or Etzion. They are also related to Rebbes of The Chabad Dynasty.", "During his IDF national service, Feiglin served in the Engineering Corps. He later signed on to one additional year as a career soldier, and attained the rank of captain. He fought in the 1982 Lebanon War.\n\nFeiglin ran a company that used rope rappelling in the construction industry.\n\nFeiglin is married, and has five children, and lives in the settlement of Karnei Shomron.\n\nPolitical career", "Political career\n\nManhigut Yehudit\nFeiglin co-founded the Manhigut Yehudit movement in 1996. It began as a brainchild of Feiglin and a friend of his, Moti Karpel, who established the organization as the continuation of the Zo Artzeinu protest movement. The main tactical difference between the two in Feiglin's thought is that Zo Artzeinu protested government policy without suggesting an alternative, whereas Manhigut Yehudit seeks to become the government and be the alternative.", "Lacking the tools to do this, and without a political party with which to stake his run, he was approached by a founding member of the Likud party and participant in the Zo Artzeinu protests who proposed that Feiglin register for the Likud party and register, in turn, the thousands who participated in the protests, thereby building a support base for himself in the party, from which he could run for the party presidency and, in turn, Prime Minister.", "According to Feiglin's own words, Manhigut Yehudit was started to \"return the country to the people and lead the State of Israel through authentic Jewish values\".", "Feiglin says that the movement's leadership will arise from \"those who have a deep commitment to Torah values\". Still, 30 percent of its present members are secular (2005). He opposes the surrender of what he regards as Jewish land, and has demanded the government take action against the estimated 50,000 illegal Arab structures built throughout the country. Feiglin has stated that Likud had \"given up true Likud values and acquiesced in the Gaza evacuation\".\n\nLikud", "Likud\n\nFeiglin was a minor candidate in the 2002 Likud leadership election.", "In 2005, Feiglin again ran for Likud chairman and won 12.5% of the votes, coming third out of seven candidates, after Benjamin Netanyahu and Silvan Shalom. He attempted to run for a slot on the party's Knesset list, but encountered severe opposition from Netanyahu, who delayed party elections and advocated making changes to its charter to bar \"anyone who has served three or more months in prison\" from running as a Likud MK", ". This would have prevented Feiglin, who served a six-month sentence in the mid-1990s for civil disobedience, from running for either an MK or leadership position in the future. Feiglin withdrew from the race on 3 January 2006, following the release of a statement from the Likud party election chairman declaring, in agreement with a prior decision by the Israeli High Court, that Feiglin's conviction was not for \"dishonorable\" violations of the law, allowing him to participate in future Likud affairs.", "In the 14 August 2007 primaries, Feiglin nearly doubled his previous showing and received 23.4% of the votes to Netanyahu's 72.8%. Netanyahu, fearing a strong showing by Feiglin, tried to have him ousted from the party prior to the vote, and said he would continue such efforts. On 10 December 2008, Feiglin was won twentieth place in the Likud primaries. On 11 December, following a petition submitted against him by Ophir Akunis, he was demoted to the 36th spot.", "In an article written in 2009, Feiglin stated: \"Sad to say, Prime Minister Netanyahu is a pitiful puppet of Peres and his cohorts.\"\n\nFeiglin ran against Netanyahu again in the 2012 Likud leadership election, held on 31 January 2012, and again received 23% of the vote. In the Likud primaries held in late 2012 to select candidates for the 2013 elections, Feiglin finished thirteenth, and was elected to the Knesset in the 2013 elections.", "Feiglin served as Deputy Speaker in the 19th Knesset. He and his Manhigut Yehudit faction suffered a serious setback in the December 2014 Likud primaries, held in the run-up to the 2015 Knesset elections, when he fell to the 36th position on the Likud list, making it unlikely he would be returned to the Knesset. In January 2015, he announced that he was leaving Likud to form his own party, although he did not do so in time for the elections", ". Shortly after the elections, he announced that the new party was to be called Zehut (Identity).", "In July 2021, Feiglin returned to the Likud.\n\nViews and opinions\nFeiglin has openly stated that, though he is not opposed to peace, peace is not his goal, and would not be on the top of his agenda as Prime Minister. Rather, Feiglin's focus is on reforming Israel as an essentially Jewish State by acting on several campaigns on the religious, social, legal, and security fronts.", "In a May 2012 article on liberty that originally appeared on the NRG Maariv Hebrew website, Feiglin wrote: \"Liberty means fighting against coercion of all kinds; religious, anti-religious, economic, cultural, educational, and more. Liberty means allocating state land to the citizen. It means privatization of government firms to the public, and not to core shareholders. Liberty means liberalized communication - broadcasting license and not broadcast franchise", ". Liberty means liberalized communication - broadcasting license and not broadcast franchise. You want to open up a television or radio station? Buy a wavelength and broadcast as you please within the framework of the law. Liberty means restoring the responsibility for education to the parents, using the education coupon method. It means a gradual transfer to a professional volunteer army. Liberty means prohibiting biometric data bases or any other type of human designation", ". Liberty means prohibiting biometric data bases or any other type of human designation. There is no difference in principle between sophisticated biological marking and tattooing an ID number; both turn our identities into the property of a third party. In both, we lose our freedom. Simply put: We have one G-d above us, and we should not be enslaved to another person or mechanism. The state is ours, and under no circumstance is the opposite true.\"", "He is against religious coercion and the establishment of religious political parties. He has come out against legislation such as the Chametz Law, which forbids selling leavened products on the Passover Holiday, when eating or owning leavened food products is prohibited by Jewish law.", "He is also a proponent of the civil marriage initiative in Israel which would allow any Israeli citizen to marry without a religious cleric. At present, marriage in Israel is impossible outside the confines of a religious system; hence, for tens of thousands of people with problematic religious status, it is impossible ever to get married in the country. The present system also places the power of divorce in the hand of the Religious courts, who are answerable only to the Supreme Courts", ". The civil marriage initiative would make the religious nature of marriage entirely voluntary, effectively separating religion and state in this matter.", "Feiglin has advocated removing the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf's control over the entire al-Aqsa complex, and suggested a synagogue should be established on the Temple Mount. In February 2014, at Feiglin's insistence, the Knesset debated the status of the Temple Mount. Feiglin's platform states:\"We have to internalize that this is our Land - exclusively... Most important: We must expel the Moslem wakf from the Temple Mount and restore exclusive Israeli sovereignty over this most holy site.\"", "In July 2014, during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Feiglin outlined steps toward \"achieving quiet in Gaza\". His plan included attacking all of Gaza, its infrastructure and military sites, without regard to civilian \"human shields\". After conquering and annexing Gaza into Israel, that portion of Gaza's \"enemy population that is innocent of wrong-doing and separated itself from the armed terrorists will be treated in accordance with international law and will be allowed to leave\"", ". After becoming part of Israel, Gaza would be re-populated by Jews. He said the civilians of Gaza could go to Sinai, and his plan would also \"ease the housing crisis in Israel\".", "On August 4, 2014, the Daily Mail tabloid newspaper alleged that Feiglin had called for concentration camps in Gaza. In a TV show with CNN's Wolf Blitzer, Feiglin denied that claim, saying he was talking about creating \"sheltered areas\" for the civilians of Gaza so that Israel could stop rockets by Hamas in a more effective way. He also said that he \"definitely\" supported \"tent encampments\" before the people in Gaza can be relocated to another place.", "In 2008, Feiglin has proposed a plan to end the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians. His plan would include annexing all post-1967 land currently in Israel's hands and offering financial incentive for Palestinian families in these areas to emigrate to other countries. Feiglin pointed to a poll by An-Najah University in Nablus, which showed that one in three Palestinian Arabs would emigrate to other countries even without a financial incentive, as supporting his plan", ". Feiglin also proposed that Israel actively encourage Israeli-Arabs to emigrate to the Arab world, and provide assistance to any Arab who chooses to do so.", "About 20% of Israel's citizens are Israeli Arabs. Feiglin was asked about Israel's status as a \"Jewish and democratic state\" in a 2004 interview, and stated: \"Why should non-Jews have a say in the policy of a Jewish state? ... For two thousand years, Jews dreamed of a Jewish state, not a democratic state. Democracy should serve the values of the state, not destroy them...\"", "In 2003, Feiglin proposed replacing the Knesset with a bicameral legislature, whose upper house, which would control all \"national affairs\", would be \"composed exclusively of Jews\". Point three in the program states that he will enact a new Basic Law which will set forth a detailed proposal for a constitution. The Law will replace the at-large election of the Knesset with regional representatives, and would also create a lower house to handle municipal issues, in which Israeli Arabs could be represented", ". The posting was taken down on December 9, 2008, the day after Feiglin won twentieth place in the Likud primaries. However, the posting had been archived by Israeli scholar Tomer Persico prior to being removed, and Persico wrote a 2012 article analyzing Feiglin's program, referencing the 2003 posting.", "On 3 April 2019, Feiglin gave a speech at Maariv Jerusalem Post conference in Tel Aviv, Israel, in which he called to rebuild the Third Temple on Temple Mount immediately. He said in a statement: \"I don't want to build a Third Temple in one or two years, I want to build it now. To build the Temple, I need support; I can't do it alone.\"", "Published works", "In his 2005 book \"War of Dreams\", Feiglin wrote that his program was: \"Israeli citizenship to Jews only [and] the immediate expulsion of any person of another people who claims any sort of sovereignty in the Land of Israel.\"\"We are busy fighting for Yesha, and refuse to recognize the more dangerous front against the fifth column inside Israel.\" \"We established a state so that we could stop being different and start being normal. If only Jews can be Israelis, then we will never be normal. . .", ". If only Jews can be Israelis, then we will never be normal. . . .The fundamental solution is leadership that is not looking for normalcy. The solution is leadership that emphasizes our Jewish identity. Paradoxically, it is only when the Arabs understand that the Israelis do not need them to help them to forget that they are Jews - will we be able to live here in peace with non-Jews who unequivocally accept the fact that Israel is a Jewish state.\" It appears that the Israeli Arabs identify with our enemies", ".\" It appears that the Israeli Arabs identify with our enemies. There are laws in this country that deal with treason and they should be applied when required. If Israeli Arabs are found helping our enemies, they should be stripped of their citizenship. In addition, if they are citizens, they should not be exempt from paying taxes; they should serve in the IDF, or at least in Sherut Le'umi, the National Service. . . . .If they are against us, we must make every effort to ensure that they leave", ". . . . .If they are against us, we must make every effort to ensure that they leave. If they collaborate with our enemy, they must be removed.", "Controversy and criticism", "Comments on Arabs", "Of Israeli Arabs, Feiglin said, \"They will have to seek the right to self-determination in Arab states. Israel will encourage the Arabs to emigrate to their countries and assist any Arab who wishes to do so.\" Feiglin was quoted as saying: He insisted there is no such thing as a Palestinian people, and that they and Israeli Arabs should relocate, citing a text he had posted on the website of his Manhigut Yehudit (\"Jewish Leadership\") movement", ". In a 2004 interview with Yedioth Ahronoth, he spoke of \"a voluntary transfer to the 22 neighbouring Arab states\" of the some 1.4 million Israeli Arabs, who make up 20 percent of Israel's population. \"Arabs are not the sons of the desert, but its father\", he quoted Sir Claude Jarvis, British governor of Sinai from 1923.", "Arabs are \"a gang of bandits that never produced anything and never wanted to produce anything - a gang of bandits that for over one thousand years (since Islam was born) has lived on robbery and terror. ... Since their establishment, the Arab states have produced nothing but poverty, suffering, wars - and fantastic wealth for their leaders.\"\nThe Arabs engage in typical Amalek behaviour. I can't prove this genetically, but this is the behaviour of Amalek.", "We shall offer them human rights without civil rights, so long as they prove their loyalty to their Jewish state host and accept Jewish sovereignty over their land. In such a situation, they will be given legal-resident status, and they can carry on their private affairs without anyone infringing on their human rights.\nIn a 2004 report in The New Yorker, Feiglin was quoted as saying:", "Why should non-Jews have a say in the policy of a Jewish state?... For two thousand years, Jews dreamed of a Jewish state, not a democratic state. Democracy should serve the values of the state, not destroy them... You can’t teach a monkey to speak and you can’t teach an Arab to be democratic. You’re dealing with a culture of thieves and robbers. The Arab destroys everything he touches.", "On his website, Feiglin wrote: We all know that most of the fires in Israel are caused by arson. Arson perpetrated by Arabs. Not by nut-jobs, not by criminals. Arson motivated by nationalism. Arson by Arab citizens of Israel. ... Wherever the Arab goes, he brings the desert with him. ... There is not and there never will be democracy in the Arab states - and their economies will never flourish. Israel produces more than all its neighbors combined. That is not because we are extremely industrious", ". That is not because we are extremely industrious. It is because true economic vitality cannot exist in a culture of robbery. ... Arab culture is anti-productive. It has no good and bad, only strong and weak.", "In an interview with the U.S.-based The Jewish Press, Feiglin said: You can find places where we say the same things. You can also find places where we are different. I was in the army when Meir, Hashem yikom damo [may God avenge his blood], was [most] active, so I didn't get to know him so well. But I can definitely say that the slogan \"Kahane tzadak - Kahane was right\" has proven itself many times.", "Several left-wing or Arab commentators have depicted Feiglin as fascist, but for his part, Feiglin rejects this label, claiming that he is fighting fascism himself.", "In 2013, he set forth his legislative agenda regarding Israeli Arabs: \"Zero tolerance for Arab citizens' defiance. Enforcement of laws of treason. Enforcement of laws against robbery, rape, and vandalism.\" Feiglin has repeatedly made clear his view that only Jews deserve to be full citizens of Israel. The momentum toward citizenship for all residents of Israel, regardless of their religion, is part of the Zionist ideology based on Western culture", ". If not checked, it will effectively transform Israel from a Jewish state to a state with some Jewish citizens. The Arab sector is not loyal to the state, and does not serve in the army.", "Feiglin, responding to a report that Israel's first permanent Arab Supreme Court judge Salim Joubran had refused to sing Israel's national anthem, asserted that Joubran \"must return his Israeli ID card and make do with the status of 'permanent resident'\".", "According to a 2012 article in Haaretz, Feiglin condemned Baruch Goldstein over his killing of 29 Palestinian Muslims in a mosque in the Cave of the Patriarchs massacre, though he did not condemn Goldstein's motivations.", "Hitler comments", "In an article in Haaretz, Yossi Sarid quoted Feiglin, in the context of demonstrations against the Oslo accords, as saying, \"Hitler was an unparalleled military genius. Nazism promoted Germany from a low to a fantastic physical and ideological status. The ragged, trashy youth body turned into a neat and orderly part of society and Germany received an exemplary regime, a proper justice system and public order. Hitler savored good music. He would paint. This was no bunch of thugs", ". Hitler savored good music. He would paint. This was no bunch of thugs. They merely used thugs and homosexuals.\" Feiglin clarified his position to the Maariv newspaper that just because he considers Hitler a military genius, this does not mean he admires him. In an interview on Israeli television, Feiglin accused Sarid and other left-wing journalists of a smear campaign against him by quoting him out of context", ". He explained his point as saying that just because Germany was a democracy, this does not give legitimacy to what Hitler had done.", "Banned from Britain", "Feiglin is banned from entering the United Kingdom due to a decision by Home Secretary Jacqui Smith, made public in March 2008, excluding Feiglin on the grounds that his presence in the country \"would not be conducive to the public good\"", ". A letter to Feiglin from the Home Office said that Smith based her decision on an assessment that his activities \"foment or justify terrorist violence in furtherance of particular beliefs; seek to provoke others to terrorist acts; foment other serious criminal activity or seek to provoke others to serious criminal acts; and foster hatred, which might lead to inter-community violence in the UK\"", ". Feiglin responded, \"Seeing that renowned terrorists like Hizbullah member Ibrahim Mousawi are welcomed in your country in open arms, I understand that your policy is aimed at encouraging and supporting terror.\"", "Oslo Accords\nFeiglin was arrested for organizing mass acts of resistance and blocked highways across Israel during the period in which the Oslo accords were debated and implemented. Feiglin was charged with \"break[ing] the barrier of obedience to the rule of law\" and incitement to commit crimes. Regarding his organization of peaceful demonstrations and the blocking of intersections without a permit, Feiglin was quoted as stating, \"We will do all that it's possible to do, including breaking the law.\"", "He was sentenced to six months in prison in 1997 for sedition, and the sentence was later performed via community service.", "Likud members\nRelations between Feiglin and his fellow Likud members have been mixed. Likud Knesset member Limor Livnat stated that Feiglin and his friends are \"not real Likudniks\", and that his faction \"cannot be allowed to prevail\". In an interview with the Jerusalem Post, Livnat explained that Feiglin and his faction must be prevented \"from taking over, or the party and the state will be in danger\", adding that, \"this is not democracy, this is anarchy\".", "Despite criticism from fellow Likud members, Feiglin has displayed favorable relations with a significant number of former Likud Knesset members. This was manifest during a Feiglin rally at Jerusalem's Ramada Hotel that took place before the 2008 Likud primary after Feiglin promised to throw all his votes to them if they showed up. Former Likud Knesset members Gila Gamliel, David Mena, Daniel Benlulu, and Ayoub Kara attended the event, despite warnings from Netanyahu's advisers not to do so", ". Gila Gamliel, who did not vote against the Disengagement from Gaza, eventually took Feiglin's votes and placed 19th, one spot ahead of Feiglin. This ultimately resulted in Feiglin getting pushed down to the 36th spot, and out of the Eighteenth Knesset.", "Support for Jonathan Pollard\nFeiglin is a highly vocal supporter of Jonathan Pollard, a former American naval intelligence analyst who formerly served a sentence in the American Federal prison system for spying for Israel. Feiglin, who has called Pollard a hero, has written a number of articles in support of Pollard. In a recent article, Feiglin stated that, \"Pollard is a Jew who saved the Israelis from American treachery.\"\n\nCriticism of U.S. Vice President Biden", "Criticism of U.S. Vice President Biden\n\nFeiglin referred to U.S. Vice President Joseph Biden as a \"diseased leper\" in a 2010 op-ed column published by Israel's third-largest news outlet, Maariv.\n\nSupport for cannabis legalization", "As part of his libertarian political philosophy, Feiglin supports the full legalization of cannabis in Israel, stating of legalization in Amsterdam: \"I don't see Amsterdam as a bad thing. ... There's no chaos, there's more freedom for citizens. [Legalization] didn't upend the way of life.\" And stating that, \"This may be one of the reasons why marijuana is illegal", ".\" And stating that, \"This may be one of the reasons why marijuana is illegal. God owns the patent on cannabis, and the large pharmaceutical companies do not appreciate such an intervention in their market and exert their influence accordingly.\" The opposition of the Knesset Health committee to Feiglin's proposals have led to multiple controversial confrontations in the Knesset", ". Feiglin says that, \"When I expressed my opinion on this issue over a year ago, I had no idea that I had climbed atop such a potent barrel of social dynamite... The debate is not about cannabis. Cannabis is just the tip of the iceberg. The debate is about liberty.\"", "Approach to homosexuals\nFeiglin wrote an article in 2009 entitled \"I Am A Proud Homophobe\". In 2012, he wrote several posts on his Facebook page detailing his views on gays. \"The gay pride parade isn't about rights. It's about forcing the values of the minority onto the majority, effectively locking the majority into the proverbial closet. Homosexual \"rights\" undermine the normative family, the foundation of our nation.\"", "\"\"Throughout history\", Feiglin explained, \"from Rome to Europe in our day, the approval and spread of homosexuality presaged the decline of nations and cultures. If one reads the Torah portion 'Noah' - this comes as no surprise. . . .The organizers of a pride parade do not wish to gain rights. They strive to force homosexuality as a culture upon the public sphere. . . . A minority has no right to take over public assets. Let the marchers kindly go back to their individual closets", ". Let the marchers kindly go back to their individual closets. And let them do it without whining, because no one interferes with their affairs in there. Let them give up their attempts at takeovers, and leave the public sphere to normal people. . . .Feiglin added in an additional post: \"I have no problem with homosexuals, most of whom are, most likely, good and talented people and no one wants to interfere in their private lives. I have a problem with homosexuality as a culture", ". I have a problem with homosexuality as a culture. This culture subverts the status of the family. And without the family there is no nation, and without a nation there is no civilization.\"", "Feiglin refused to meet with a gay faction within the Likud, and was quoting as stating: \"[A]s individuals I can’t tell them how to lead their lives and I can cooperate with them on different subjects, but as a group that tries to promote an ideology of their sexual orientation, I don’t think they have legitimacy, especially not in the Likud.\" On Feb. 7, 2013, Feiglin met with an Israeli gay advocacy group in Tel Aviv, and said he was no longer a homophobe", ". News accounts of the meeting reported Feiglin's views: \"'I am in favor of you having all your human rights, but I am not prepared by the way to invalidate the special value of the classic family', he said and made it clear that he still opposed gay marriage and same-sex parenting. 'Every child in the world has a right to a mother and father. It has nothing to do with religion, but with my basic perception of the good of the child', he said.\"", "After his election to the Knesset, Moshe Feiglin met with homosexual groups. Although he does not identify with their lifestyle choices, he told them, he supports their rights as individuals and will fight to ensure that those rights are upheld.\n\nWhen asked by a lesbian supporter if he would support her running in the primaries for the Zehut party, Feiglin was enthusiastically positive about it.\n\nWomen", "During his 2013 campaign, Feiglin reiterated his view that women's role in Israeli society should be based on Jewish Biblical principles. In response to a question about feminism, Feiglin was quoted as saying: \"'Tel Aviv has become a city that has erased masculinity and where being a man is considered a sickness', and added that feminism has destroyed family values, something essential to Judaism. ..", ". ... Pressed further, he stated that 'the man is the family, while the woman is the home [literally \"house\"]', and that in our current culture, we are forgetting 'what it means to be a man'.\"", "When the Jerusalem city government voted to permit sex-segregated public buses, according to the wishes of some ultra-Orthodox (Haredi) Jews, Feiglin supported the action: \"I see discrimination against women as despicable. But it is unreasonable to force an ultra-Orthodox bus company to institute mixed seating on its buses against the wishes of its customers.\" Feiglin also opposes the Israeli army's decision to allow women into combat units.", "Instead of saying that we no longer need families, our lexicon now includes single-parent families or same-gender marriage. These newly introduced concepts are not contrived for the good of those parents raising their children without the support of a spouse (who should be benefiting from aid when needed). Instead, they revise the way we think of the traditional family - compromising its preeminence and relegating it to \"just another option\" status.", "During the 2014 military operation in Gaza, Feiglin criticized lawmaker Aliza Lavie for discussing legislation on sexual violence, protesting that in wartime, no one should be \"talking about things like flowers and sexual assault\".", "Christians and Christianity", "Feiglin has criticized some Christian supporters of Israel, such as Glenn Beck, and challenged the sincerity of Christians who have defended Israel, as well as Israeli Jews who supported Beck. \"Glenn Beck doesn't back the Jewish mission. What drives him is the Christian mission. I have no problem doing business with him, but he has to respect me when he comes here just like I don't try to force my identity on him when I come to him", ". Jews like it when Goyim finally smile at them, but sometimes, a smile is more dangerous than a scowl, and this is one of those occasions\", Feiglin said. Feiglin also said he had a \"deep problem\" with Efrat Chief Rabbi Shlomo Riskin participating as a featured speaker at a Christian prayer rally Glenn Beck organized at the Caesarea Amphitheater in Israel. Danny Danon responded to Feiglin, saying: \"Israel has too many real foes, and very few genuine friends like Glenn Beck", ". I cannot understand the urge to reject his friendship with pseudo-theological argumentation... Rejecting friendship is not a sign of national pride, but a proof of very low self-confidence.\"", "Petition by \"Scholars for Israel and Palestine\"", "In December 2014, a group of academics who are part of the anti-BDS movement and members of The Third Narrative, a Labor Zionist organization, have called on the U.S. and E.U. to impose sanctions on Feiglin and three other Israelis \"who lead efforts to insure permanent Israeli occupation of the West Bank and to annex all or parts of it unilaterally in violation of international law\"", ". These academics, calling themselves Scholars for Israel and Palestine (SIP) and claiming to be \"pro-Israel, pro-Palestine, pro-peace\", are asking the U.S. and EU to freeze Feiglin's foreign assets and impose visa restrictions", ".S. and EU to freeze Feiglin's foreign assets and impose visa restrictions. One of the signatories was quoted in Haaretz as saying the four leaders were chosen because they \"were particularly dismissive of Secretary of State Kerry's peace-making efforts, and explicitly call for and work towards the formal annexation of the West Bank or part of it, and thereby push Israel in the direction of violating international law. They are the ones who cross particularly sharp red lines", ". They are the ones who cross particularly sharp red lines.\" The group of mainly Jewish academics blasted Feiglin for his \"straightforward and undisguised extremism\" and \"annexationist\" agenda.", "Comments following the 2020 Beirut explosion\n\nCelebrating the 2020 Beirut explosions, which killed at least 220 people and injured thousands more, Feiglin referred to the explosion as \"a spectacular pyrotechnics show\", and wrote:", "You don’t actually believe this was some disorganized fuel depot, right? You do realize that this inferno was supposed to land on us as a rain of rockets? [...] Today is Tu B'Av, a day of joy, and a true and huge thank you to G-d and all the geniuses and heroes really (!) who organized for us this wonderful celebration in honor of the day of love.", "The Times of Israel reported that the post was subsequently removed by Facebook. Explaining the removal, Facebook stated: “The post was removed because its content mocks the victims, which goes against our policy.\" Feiglin confirmed the removal of his post via his official Facebook account, claiming to \"stand behind every word\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links", "References\n\nExternal links\n\nFeiglin, Moshe Where There are No Men: Zo Artzeinu's Struggle Against the Post-Zionism Collapse at zehut.org.il. Where There are No Men: Zo Artzeinu's Struggle Against the Post-Zionism Collapse at Wayback Machine", "1962 births\nLiving people\nDeputy Speakers of the Knesset\nHebrew-language writers\nIsraeli columnists\nIsraeli people of Russian-Jewish descent\nIsraeli Orthodox Jews\nIsraeli political writers\nIsraeli settlers\nJewish Israeli politicians\nLeaders of political parties in Israel\nLikud politicians\nMaariv (newspaper) people\nMembers of the 19th Knesset (2013–2015)\nPeople convicted of sedition\nPoliticians from Haifa\nPeople from Rehovot\nWriters on the Middle East" ]

[ "The history of Warsaw spans over 1400 years. In that time, the city evolved from a cluster of villages to the capital of a major European power, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth—and, under the patronage of its kings, a center of enlightenment and otherwise unknown tolerance. Fortified settlements founded in the 9th century form the core of the city, in today's Warsaw Old Town.", "The city has had a particularly tumultuous history for a European city. It experienced numerous plagues, invasions, and devastating fires", ". It experienced numerous plagues, invasions, and devastating fires. The most destructive events include the Deluge, the Great Northern War (1702, 1704, 1705), War of the Polish Succession, Warsaw Uprising (1794), Battle of Praga and the Massacre of Praga inhabitants, November Uprising, January Uprising, World War I, Siege of Warsaw (1939) and aerial bombardment—and the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, Warsaw Uprising (after which the German occupiers razed the city).", "The city has hosted many crucial events in the history of Poland. It was the site of election of Polish kings, meeting of Polish parliament (Sejm), and events such as the Polish victory over the Bolsheviks at the Vistula, during the Battle of Warsaw (1920). In recent years the history-laden city has grown to become the multicultural capital of a modern European state and a major commercial and cultural centre of Central Europe.\n\nEarly history", "The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were Bródno (9th or 10th century), Kamion (11th century) and Jazdów (12th or 13th century). Bródno was a small settlement in the north-eastern part of today's Warsaw, burned about 1040 during the uprising of Miecław, one of the Mazovian local princes. Kamion was established about 1065 close to the today's Warszawa Wschodnia station (today, Kamionek estate), Jazdów—before 1250 by the today's Sejm", ". Jazdów was raided twice—in 1262 by Lithuanians, in 1281 by the Płock Prince Bolesław II of Masovia. Then, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa, c. north of Jazdów—by the same Prince Bolesław II. The Bolesław's brother and successor, Konrad II, built a wooden castellan, which was burned—again by the Lithuanians. On this place, the prince ordered the building of a brick church, which obtained the name of St. John and became a cathedral.", "The first historical document attesting to the existence of a Warsaw castellan dates to 1313. Fuller information about the age of the city is contained in the court case against the Teutonic Knights, which took place in Warsaw cathedral in 1339. In the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia, becoming the capital of Masovia in 1413 (Prince Janusz II). Warsaw's economy of the 14th century rested on crafts and trade", ". Warsaw's economy of the 14th century rested on crafts and trade. The townsmen, of uniform nationality at the time, were marked by a great disparity in their financial status. At the top were the rich patricians while the plebeians formed the lower strata.", "At that time, Warsaw housed about 4500 people. In the 15th century, the town spread beyond the northern town wall, and a settlement, New Town, began. The existing settlement became known as Old Town. Each had its own town charter and government. The aim of establishing a new town was to regulate the settling of new people who weren't allowed to settle in Old Town (mainly Jews)", "In 1515, during the Muscovy-Lithuanian War, fire (probably lit by Russian agents) burned a large part of Old Warsaw. Gross social inequality and wealth disparity led in 1525 to the first revolt of the poor of Warsaw against the rich and their abuse of power. This struggle resulted in the so-called third order being added to the city's authorities, sharing power with the two bodies controlled by the patrician class: the council and the assessors", ". The story of Warsaw's struggle for social liberation dates from this time.", "Upon the extinction of the local ducal line, the duchy was reincorporated into the Polish Crown in 1526 (according to gossip, the last Mazovian prince, Janusz III, was poisoned on the orders of the Polish queen, Bona Sforza, and King Sigismund I).\n\n1526–1701", "1526–1701\n\nIn 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, where it has remained ever since. To house the Sejm, an Italian architect, Giovanni di Quadro, was contracted to rebuild the King's Castle in the Renaissance style. The incorporation of Mazovia into the Polish Crown led to fast economic development, as illustrated by the rapid growth of the population to 20,000 people compared to c. 4500 people a century earlier.", "However, by 1575 (when Stephen Báthory became the Polish king), assemblies were held in another Warsovian suburb at Wielka Wola (now the city's western district, Wola). The stormiest elections were those of 1575 and 1587, when matters came to blows between the divided nobles. Following an election, the king-elect was obliged to sign the pacta conventa (Latin: \"agreed accords\"), laundry lists of campaign promises, seldom fulfilled, with his noble electors", ". The agreements included \"King Henry's Articles\" (artykuły henrykowskie), first imposed on Prince Henri de Valois (in Polish, Henryk Walezy) at the outset of his brief reign (upon the death of his brother, French King Charles IX, Henri de Valois fled Poland by night to claim the French throne).", "Due to its central location between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's capitals of Kraków and Vilnius, as well as its relative closeness to Gdańsk, from where Sweden was always threatening, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and at the same time of the Polish Crown in 1596, when King Sigismund III Vasa moved the court from Kraków. The King's decision had been brought forward by the fire of Cracovian Wawel Castle", ". The King's decision had been brought forward by the fire of Cracovian Wawel Castle. The royal architect, Santa Gucci, started to rebuild the Warsovian Castle in the Baroque style, so the King only lived there temporarily, but in 1611 he moved there for good. At the time of Warsaw's transformation from one of the main Polish towns into the country's capital, it already numbered some 14,000 inhabitants", ". The old walled city had 169 houses; the new Warsaw outside the walls numbered 204 houses, while the suburbs had as many as 320. In 1576, the first permanent bridge was built on the Vistula; it was destroyed in 1603 by an ice floe and until 1775 there was no permanent connection between Warsaw and Praga on the Vistula's right bank.", "In the following years, the town expanded into the suburbs. Several private independent districts were established, the property of aristocrats and the gentry, which were ruled by their own laws. Such districts were called jurydyka. They were settled by craftsmen and tradesmen. One of these “jurydykas” was Praga, which granted a city charter in 1648. The peak of their development came in the wake of Warsaw's revival after the Swedish invasion, which had seriously ravaged the city", ". Three times between 1655 and 1658 the city was under siege and three times it was taken and pillaged by the Swedish, Brandenburgian and Transylvanian forces. They stole many valuable books, pictures, sculptures and other works of art - mainly, the Swedish troops. The mid-17th-century architecture of the Old and New Towns survived until Nazi invasion. The style was late Renaissance with Gothic ground floors preserved from the fire of 1607", ". The style was late Renaissance with Gothic ground floors preserved from the fire of 1607. In the 17th and early part of the 18th century, during the rule of the great nobles oligarchy, magnificent Baroque residences rose all around Warsaw. In 1677, King John III Sobieski started to build his Baroque residence in Wilanów, a village c. south of Old Town.", "1700–1795", "A number of political circumstances ensured that after the death of King John III's, Poland–Lithuania entered into a period of decline relative to the other powers of Europe. A new king, the Saxon Prince-Elector Frederic Augustus was elected in 1697, who took the name Augustus II. The new monarch was more concerned with the fortunes of his mother country, the Electorate of Saxony, than of Poland", ". At the same time, the Polish gentry began to intensively fight for their own rights against the Crown with less thought for maintaining the kingdom's position obtained in the 17th century. Moreover, the rulers of the neighboring Russian Empire (Peter I the Great) and Swedish Empire (Charles XII) were gradually extending their territories and strengthening their power. In 1700, the Great Northern War broke out between these two states; Augustus II recklessly joined it on Peter I's side", ". The decentralized Polish Crown lacked sufficient power to assert itself in the Great Northern War, which led to Poland to becoming a battlefield between the two neighbouring kingdoms. Warsaw was besieged several times; the first time, in 1702, by Swedish Army troops. The city suffered severely from the Swedish occupation. Under the Swedish influence, in June 1704 the Polish gentry dethroned Augustus II and at Wielka Wola elected a new king, the pro-Swedish Poznań Voivod Stanisław Leszczyński", ". Shortly afterwards, the tides of war changed and on September 1, 1704, Warsaw was retaken by the Saxon army of Augustus II after five days of a severe artillery bombardment. Augustus in turn lost Warsaw after being defeated in a battle fought on 31 July 1705", ". Augustus in turn lost Warsaw after being defeated in a battle fought on 31 July 1705. In this action, which took place between today's Warszawa Zachodnia Station and Wielka Wola, 2,000 Swedish troops defeated 10,000 soldiers of the Polish-Lithuanian-Saxon army Only now Stanisław Leszczyński could be officially crowned, which took place in October of that year. In 1707, by virtue of the peace treaty between Augustus II and Charles XII, Imperial Russian Army troops entered Warsaw", ". After two months, Russian forces were removed from Warsaw. Several times during the Northern war the city was obliged to pay heavy contributions. Leszczyński reigned until 1709, when Russia defeated Sweden in the Battle of Poltava, forcing the Swedish army to leave Poland. Following the Swedish defeat, Augustus II once again became the King of Poland. From 1713 onwards, the Russian and Saxon troops were permanently stationed in Warsaw, which led to an oppressive occupation", ". Besides the tribulations of war, Warsaw was hit by pest (1708), flood (1713) and poor crops.", "Augustus II died in February 1733. In September, the Polish gentry again elected as King Stanisław Leszczyński, but it did not matched the political interests of Austria and Russia, which, one month later, forced the Sejm to elect the Augustus II's son, Augustus III", ". Conflicts of interests between the Leszczyński camp and its patrons Sweden and France and the followers of Augustus III and his patrons Russia and Austria led to the War of the Polish Succession, where Poland again was not more than a battlefield; Warsaw again suffered marches and occupations. As a result of the war, Augustus III remained king and Leszczyński fled to France. Despite the political weakness of the state, the Saxon period was the time of development for Warsaw", ". The Saxon kings brought many German architects, who rebuilt Warsaw in the style similar to Dresden. In 1747 the Załuski Library was established in Warsaw by Józef Andrzej Załuski and his brother, Andrzej Stanisław Załuski. It was considered to be the first Polish public library and one of the largest libraries in the contemporary world. In all of Europe there were only two or three libraries, which could pride themselves on having such a vast book collection", ". The library initially had about 200,000 items, which grew to about 400,000 printed items, maps and manuscripts by the end of the 1780s. It also accumulated a collection of art, scientific instruments, and plant and animal specimens.", "In 1740 Stanisław Konarski, a Catholic priest, founded Collegium Nobilium, a university for noblemen's sons, which is the predecessor of the University of Warsaw. In 1742, the City Committee was established, which was responsible for building of pavements and sewage system. But large parts of the greater Warsaw urban area remained out of control of the municipal authorities", ". Only in the 1760s did the entire Warsaw urban area come under one administration, thanks to efforts of the future President Jan Dekert (in Poland, the mayors of bigger cities are called Presidents). Before, the greater Warsaw urban area was divided into 7 districts.", "In 1764, a new Polish king was elected, the pro-Russian Stanisław August Poniatowski. Poland became practically a Russian protectorate after his election. In 1772, the first partition of Poland took place. Polish historians state that the partition was the necessary shock for the Polish gentry to “wake up” and start to think about the future of the country. Owing to the reforming mood, the Enlightenment excised massive influence in Poland and along with it, new ideas of the improvement of Poland", ". In 1765, the King established Korpus Kadetów, the first secular school in Warsaw. Despite its name, it was not a military school. In 1773, the first ministry of education in the world came into existence: the Commission of National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej). In 1775, a new bridge on the Vistula was built, which lasted until 1794.", "This time marked a new and characteristic stage in the development of Warsaw. It turned into an early-capitalistic principal city. The growth of political activity, development of progressive ideas, political and economic changesall this exercised an impact on the formation of the city whose architecture began to reflect the contemporary aspirations and trends. Factories developed, the number of workers increased, the class of merchants, industrialists and financiers expanded", ". At the same time there was a large-scale migration of peasants to Warsaw. In 1792, Warsaw had 115,000 inhabitants as compared with 24,000 in 1754. These changes brought about the development of the building trade. Noblemen put up new residences, and the middle class built houses that showed a marked social differentiation. The residences of the representatives of the wealthiest stratumthe big merchants and bankersmatched those of the magnates", ". A new type of city dwellings developed, catering to the needs and tastes of the bourgeoisie. The artistic medium for all these buildings was that of antiquity, which, although its different social origin was not analyzed at the time, expressed the progressive ideas of the Enlightenment.", "In 1788, the Sejm gathered to discuss the ways to improve the political situation and to regain the full independence. As Poland was more or less a de facto Russian protectorate, the Empress Catherine II had to give permission for session. Catherine had no objection because she did not foresee any danger, and besides she needed a Polish help in the war against Turkey", ". But as the result the Sejm in Warsaw (called Great because of the duration of the session) passed the Constitution of May 3, 1791, which the British historian Norman Davies calls \"the first constitution of its kind in Europe\". It was adopted as a \"Government Act\" (Polish: Ustawa rządowa) on that date by the Sejm (parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was in effect for only a year. The Russo-Turkish War had finished and Empress Catherine could turn her attention to Polish affairs", ". The result was the Second Partition of Poland of 1793, which in turn led to the 1794 Warsaw Uprising. It was an insurrection by the city's populace early in the Kościuszko Uprising. Supported by the Polish Army, it aimed to throw off Russian control of the Polish capital. The uprising began on April 17, 1794, soon after Tadeusz Kościuszko's victory at Racławice.", "After the Battle of Maciejowice General Tadeusz Kościuszko was captured by the Russians. The internal struggle for power in Warsaw and the demoralisation of the city's population prevented General Józef Zajączek from finishing the fortifications surrounding the city both from the east and from the west. At the same time the Russians were making their way towards the city. The Russian forces reached the east outskirts of Warsaw on November 3, 1794", ". The Russian forces reached the east outskirts of Warsaw on November 3, 1794. The heavy fighting lasted for four hours and resulted in a complete defeat of the Polish forces. Only a small part managed to evade encirclement and retreated to the other side of the river across a bridge; hundreds of soldiers and civilians fell from a bridge and drowned in the process", ". After the battle ended, the Russian troops, against the orders given by General Alexander Suvorov before the battle, started to loot and burn the entire borough of Warsaw (allegedly in revenge for the slaughter or capture of over half the Russian Garrison in Warsaw during the Warsaw Uprising in April 1794, when about 2,000 Russian soldiers died). Almost all of the area was pillaged, burnt to the ground and many inhabitants of the Praga district were murdered", ". The exact death toll of that day remains unknown, yet it is estimated up to 20,000 men, women and children were killed. In Polish history and tradition, these events are called “slaughter of Praga”. A British envoy, William Gardiner, wrote to British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger that “the attack on the Praga's lines of defense was accompanied by the most gruesome and totally unnecessary barbarousness”.", "After the fall of Kościuszko Uprising, The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was finally divided between the three neighbors (the 3rd partition, 1795): Russia, Prussia and Austria. Warsaw found itself in the Prussian part and became the capital of South Prussia (Südpreußen).", "Another result of the Great Sejm works directly concerned Warsaw: on 21 April 1791 it passed the City Act, which cancelled jurydykas. Since that time, Warsaw and its former jurydykas have constituted a homogeneous urban organism under one administration. As a memento of this event, April 21 is celebrated as the Warsaw Day.\n\n1795–1914", "Warsaw remained the capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia to become the capital of the province of South Prussia. Liberated by Napoleon's army in 1806, Warsaw was made the capital of the newly created Duchy of Warsaw. Following the Congress of Vienna of 1815, Warsaw became the center of Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy under personal union with Imperial Russia", ". During this period under the rule of the relatively liberal Russian Emperor Alexander I, Warsaw experienced much growth such as the founding of the Royal University of Warsaw (1816). What is today's main street of the city—Aleje Jerozolimskie—was marked out. In 1818, the Town Hall on the Old Town Market was pulled down because it had become too small for the city, which had expanded after it incorporated the jurydykas", ". The city's authorities moved to Jabłonowski's Palace (by the Great Theater), where it stayed until World War II.", "Following the repeated violations of the Polish constitution by the Russians (especially after the Alexander I's death, when the reactionary Nicholas I assumed power), the 1830 November Uprising broke out. It started with the assault on Belvedere – the residence of Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich, the commander-in-chief of Polish army and de facto viceroy of the Congress Poland, as well as at the Arsenal", ". The 1830 uprising led to the Polish-Russian war (1831), the greatest battle of which took place on 25 February 1831 in Grochów — a village in the modern northern part of the district, Praga Południe. Because the Polish commanders were stalled, the war ended in defeat, and curtailment of the Kingdom's autonomy. The Emperor established a military administration in Warsaw. An estate of pretty manors on the north of New Town was eradicated and on this place the Citadel was built, a fortress with prison", ". The Sejm was suspended, the Polish military dissolved, and the university closed.", "Growth of railways turned Warsaw into an important railways hub, as lines were opened to Vienna (1848), Saint Petersburg (1862), Bydgoszcz (1862), Terespol (1867), Kovel (1873), Mlava (1877), Kalisz (1902), along with several shorter lines. In 1875 and 1908, two railway bridges were built. In 1864, the first iron road bridge on stone supports, Most Kierbedzia, opened. It was one of the most modern bridges in Europe at the time. Today, the Śląsko-Dąbrowski bridge lies at the same supports", ". Today, the Śląsko-Dąbrowski bridge lies at the same supports. Only then the city's authorities started to rebuild Praga, which was heavily damaged during the Kościuszko's and November Uprisings, as well as by Napoleon's war. In 1862, the university was opened again, in 1898 the Nicholas II Technical Institute (the Warsaw Technical University's predecessor) was established.", "Warsaw flourished in the late 19th century under Mayor Sokrates Starynkiewicz (1875–92), a Russian-born general appointed by Tsar Alexander III. Under Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw its first water and sewer systems designed and built by the English engineer William Lindley and his son, William Heerlein Lindley, as well as the expansion and modernization of horsecars, street lighting and gas works. Starynkiewicz also founded the Bródno Cemetery (1884), still one of the biggest European cemeteries", ". As a remembrance of the President, one of the Warsovian squares bears the name of Starynkiewicz, even though he represented the Russian authorities.", "Warsaw's development, however, was accompanied by an intensive assault on Polish national identity. Russian authorities closed Polish schools and built more and more Orthodox churches. These acts were strongly opposed. On 27 February 1861, Russian troops fired on a Warsaw crowd that was protesting Russian rule. Five people were killed. On 22 January 1863 a new uprising broke out. The Underground Polish National Government resided in Warsaw during January Uprising in 1863–4", ". The Underground Polish National Government resided in Warsaw during January Uprising in 1863–4. However, this uprising was mainly in the character of guerilla, therefore Warsaw did not distinguish itself in it. But, as a penalty, President Kalikst Witkowski, the Russian general and predecessor of Sokrates Starynkiewicz, constantly imposed tributes on Warsaw. After Cossacks and police fired on demonstrators in January 1905 (Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907), after the St", ". Petersburg's “bloody Sunday”), strikes broke out throughout Poland. The Alfonse Pogrom, entailing violent attacks on brothels and street fighting, occurred in May 1905.", "First Russian Empire Census of 1897 recorded Warsaw's population as 61.7% Polish, 27.1% Jewish, 7.3% Russian, 1.7% German and 2,2% others. According to the 1897 census, Warsaw was the third largest city in the Russian Empire (after Moscow and St. Petersburg), and the largest Polish city located in the Russian partition of Poland.", "In 1904, the first power plant was built. The city installed electric street lamps and, in 1908, opened the first electric tram route. In 1914, a third bridge opened—Most Józefa Poniatowskiego.\n\nWorld War I", "World War I\n\nAfter nearly one year of fighting on the Eastern Front, on 1 August 1915 the Imperial German Army under August von Mackensen finally entered Warsaw. The Russian army, during its Great Retreat from Poland, demolished all the Warsovian bridges—and the Poniatowski Bridge that had opened 18 months earlier—and took the equipment from the factories, which made the situation in Warsaw much more difficult.", "The German authorities, headed by General Hans von Beseler, needed Polish support in the war against Russia, so they tried to appear friendly to the Poles. For example, they reintroduced the right to teach in Polish, and in 1915 they opened the Technical University, Warsaw School of Economics, and Warsaw University of Life Sciences.", "However, the most important decision made for city development was to incorporate the suburbs. The Russian authorities hadn't allowed the extension the Warsaw's area, because it was forbidden to cross the double line of forts surrounding the city. For this reason, at the beginning of World War I on the area of today's Śródmieście and the old part of Praga (c. 750,000 people lived. In April 1916, the Warsaw territory extended to .", "In November 1918, the revolution broke out in Germany. On 8 November, German authorities left Warsaw. On 10 November Józef Piłsudski came to the Warsaw-Vienna Station. On 11 November the Regency Council gave him all military authority—and on 14 November, all civil authority. For this reason, 11 November 1918 is celebrated as the beginning of the Poland's independence. Warsaw became the capital of Poland.\n\n1918–1939", "The first years of independence were very difficult: war havoc, hyperinflation and the Polish–Soviet War of 1920. In the course of this war, the Battle of Warsaw was fought on the Eastern outskirts of the city, and the capital was successfully defended and the Red Army defeated. Poland stopped, by itself, the full brunt of the Red Army and defeated an idea of the \"export of the revolution.\" Unfortunately, the political and military significance of this victory was never fully appreciated by Europeans", ". According to Lord d’Abernon: The history of contemporary civilization knows no event of greater importance than the Battle of Warsaw, 1920, and none of which the significance is less appreciated. To commemorate these events, 15 August is celebrated in Poland as Polish Army Day.", "On 16 December 1922, in the gallery Zachęta, Eligiusz Niewiadomski, a painter with mental disorder, who belonged to the right-wing National Democracy, assassinated the first President of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, who had been elected five days earlier by Sejm.", "The other event was the May Coup d'État (1926). On 12 May, Marshall Józef Piłsudski, displeased with the situation in Poland, and in particular with the appointment of a new government, arrived in Warsaw from his residence in Sulejówek (a small town east of Warsaw) at the head of the faithful troops. On the Poniatowski Bridge, he talked with the President Stanisław Wojciechowski, who tried unsuccessfully to convince him to give up the action", ". The next day, the Piłsudski's troops forcibly conquered Warsaw and forced the government and Wojciechowski to resign. During the coup, street fighting killed almost 400 people—mostly civilians who wanted to watch the fighting. The May Coup started the 13-year period of sanation – the authoritarian rules of Piłsudski's camp. Although Piłsudski himself never accepted the office of President (but twice was Prime Minister), always played a preponderant role in Polish political life.", "In 1925, there lived 1,000,000 people in Warsaw. In the next 5 years, the city's wealth doubled. It enabled to build new, broad streets as well as a new airport. The first airport, a temporary one, opened in 1921 in the park Pole Mokotowskie. The second, permanent, airport opened in Okęcie, where it remains. The city government worked out plans for a metro, but construction was hampered by the outbreak of World War II", ". they opened the first radio station, which had a range that covered almost all the Polish territory.", "In 1934, the sanation camp suspended the Warsaw's government and appointed Stefan Starzyński President of Warsaw. He was a faithful supporter of sanation—so, at the beginning of his presidency, he expelled all officials attached to his predecessor. He was also an efficient official, however. He stabilized the city budget, fought corruption and bureaucracy, smartened up the city. However, the Poles remember him mainly due to his heroic behavior during the September Campaign.\n\nWorld War II", "The first bombs fell on Warsaw already on 1 September 1939, the first day of the Nazi German invasion of Poland. The most important representatives of civil and military administration (along with the Army's Commander-in-Chief, Marshall Edward Rydz-Śmigły) escaped to the Kingdom of Romania, taking with themselves much of the equipment and ammunition intended for the defense of the city. To stop the chaos, Mayor Stefan Starzyński seized full civil power, although he had no entitlement to do this", ". To prevent public disorder, he appointed the Citizen Guard. All time he supported the people's spirit in radio speeches. On 9 September, the German Army tank divisions attacked Warsaw from south-west, but the defenders (with a lot of civil volunteers) managed to stop them in the Ochota district. The situation was hopeless. The Wehrmacht advanced so many divisions that sooner or later they would conquer the city, all the more so because on 17 September the Soviets invaded east Poland", ". Three days later the German encirclement around Warsaw closed. On 17 September, the Royal Castle burnt down, then, on 23, the power plant. On 27 September Warsaw surrendered and on 1 October the Germans entered the city. In September 1939, around 31,000 people died, (including 25,000 civilians) and 46,000 were injured (including 20,000 civilians). 10% of the buildings were destroyed", ". 10% of the buildings were destroyed. On 27 October, the Germans arrested President Starzyński and deported him to the Dachau concentration camp, where he died in 1943 or 1944 (exact date still unknown).", "During the Second World War, central Poland, including Warsaw, came under the rule of the General Government, a Nazi colonial administration. Nazi Germany planned destruction of the Polish capital before the start of war. On 20 June 1939 while Adolf Hitler was visiting an architectural bureau in Würzburg am Main, his attention was captured by a project of a future German town, Neue deutsche Stadt Warschau", ". As early as 1939 Hitler approved of a plan known as the Pabst Plan, which envisaged changing Warsaw into a provincial German city. The Germans immediately closed all higher education institutions. Since the first days, the German authorities arrested and executed Poles or took them to the concentration camps. The executions were carried out mainly in the forests around Warsaw (e.g., in Kampinos Forest or Kabaty Woods). Many small monuments on Warsaw streets today commemorate those crimes", ". Many small monuments on Warsaw streets today commemorate those crimes. Since the beginning of the occupation, the Nazis had organized so-called łapankas. These consisted of the sudden and accurate surrounding of a chosen place (for example, a railway station) and arresting every resident or passerby who happened to be there. in Polish “łapać” means to catch. Such actions were carried out in other occupied European countries, but not on the same scale as in Poland", ". Arrested people were deported either to concentration camps or forced labor camps in Germany. From 1943, a concentration camp existed also in Warsaw: KL Warschau.", "Since October 1940, the Germans had been deporting Warsaw's entire Jewish population (several hundred thousand, some 30% of the city) to the Warsaw Ghetto. They amassed c. 500,000 people on the area of c. . The occupying Germans caused the deaths of many through executions and hunger (the daily food ration for one Jew was only 183 kcal). Since October 1941, every Jewish resident who had left the Ghetto as well as anyone who had been helping in any way the Ghetto residents (e.g", ".g. threw food over the Ghetto wall), had been punished with death.", "When the order came to annihilate the Ghetto as part of Hitler's \"Final Solution\" on April 19, 1943, Jewish fighters launched the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered, the Ghetto held out for almost a month. When the fighting ended, almost all survivors were massacred, only few managed to escape or hide", ". When the fighting ended, almost all survivors were massacred, only few managed to escape or hide. The commander of Verbrennungs und Vernichtungskommando (\"Burning and Destruction Detachments\"), Jürgen Stroop, destroyed the Ghetto so completely that even house walls did not remain.", "By July 1944, the Red Army was deep into Polish territory and pursuing the Germans toward Warsaw. Knowing that Joseph Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland, the Polish government-in-exile in London gave orders to the underground Home Army (AK) to try to seize the control of Warsaw from the Germans before the Red Army arrived. Thus, on 1 August 1944, as the Red Army was nearing the city, the Warsaw Uprising began.", "The armed struggle, planned to last 48 hours, continued for 63 days, until 2 October. Eventually, the Home Army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate. They were transported to PoW camps in Germany, while the entire civilian population was expelled.", "The Nazis then essentially demolished Warsaw. Hitler, ignoring the agreed terms of the capitulation, ordered the entire city razed to the ground and the library and museum collections taken to Germany or burned. Monuments and government buildings were blown up by special German troops known as Verbrennungs und Vernichtungskommando (\"Burning and Destruction Detachments\"). About 85% of the city was destroyed, including the historic Old Town and the Royal Castle. In the uprising, c", ". In the uprising, c. 170,000 people died, of which only 16,000 were insurgents. The civilians (c. 650,000) were deported to the transit camp in Pruszków (Durchgangslager Pruszków).", "On January 17, 1945, after the beginning of the Red Army's Vistula–Oder Offensive, Soviet troops entered the Warsaw ruins, and liberated the suburbs from German occupation. The Soviet Army swiftly took the city and rapidly advanced towards Łódź, as German forces regrouped at a more westward position. During the German occupation (1939–45) c. 700,000 people died in Warsaw, more than all Americans and British. The material losses were about 45 billion dollars.\n\nModern times", "Modern times\n\nIn 1945, after the bombing, the revolts, the fighting, and the demolition had ended, most of Warsaw lay in ruins. Next to the remnants of Gothic architecture the ruins of splendid edifices from the time of Congress Poland and ferroconcrete relics of prewar building jutted out of the rubble.", "On 17 January 1945, the Soviet troops entered the left part of Warsaw and on 1 February 1945 proclaimed the Polish People's Republic (de facto proclamation had taken place in Lublin, on 22 July 1944). At once, the Bureau of Capital's Rebuilding was established. The architects who worked for the Bureau, following the ideas of functionalism and supported by the Soviet puppet Communist regime, decided to renew Warsaw in modern style, with large free areas", ". They demolished many existing buildings and buildings that could have been rebuilt. Not all their ideas came off, however. In 1953, the Old Town and the Royal Route were reconstructed to look like they had before the war (aided by numerous pictures by many artists, including Canaletto). On the other hand, due to the absence of the \"original\" residents, the houses were settled by \"common people\" who often did not maintain the houses properly", ". The government did not undertake the complicated and expensive rebuilding of the Royal Castle. Almost all of the property was nationalized (see Bierut Decree).", "Rebuilding the Old Town was an achievement on a global scale. In 1980, UNESCO appreciated the efforts and inscribed Old Town onto UNESCO's World Heritage list.", "The symbols of the new Warsaw were:\n Warsaw W-Z Route (\"Trasa W-Z\") under the Old Town (1949)\n MDM estate (1952) (typical socialist realism architecture)\n Palace of Culture and Science (PKiN, 1955) a symbol of Soviet rule, and at that time the second tallest building in Europe\n 10th-Anniversary Stadium (1955).", "10th-Anniversary Stadium (1955).\nConstruction of the MDM estate and PKiN especially required demolishing existing buildings. Demolition, however, made it possible to create one of the street plans in Europe, aside from poor road conditions and badly planned crossroads.", "In 1951, Warsaw was significantly enlarged again to address the housing shortage: from to . In 1957, the town Rembertów was incorporated. On the incorporated areas, the city's government ordered the building of mainly large prefabricated housing projects, typical for Eastern Bloc cities.", "The Soviet presence, symbolized by the Palace of Culture and Science, turned out to be very acute. Stalinism lasted in Poland until 1956—as in the USSR. The leader (First Secretary) of the Polish United Workers' Party, (PZPR), Bolesław Bierut, suddenly died in Moscow during the 20th Congress of CPSU in March, probably from a heart attack", ". By October, the new First Secretary, Władysław Gomułka, in a speech during a rally on the square in front of the PKiN supported the regime liberalization (so-called \"thaw\"). At first, Gomułka was very popular, because he also had been imprisoned in Stalinist prisons and as he had taken up the office of PZPR's leader, he promised a lot, but the popularity faded quickly. Gomułka was gradually tightening the regime", ". Gomułka was gradually tightening the regime. In January 1968, he forbade the performance of Dziady, a classical drama by Adam Mickiewicz, full of anti-Russian allusions. That was \"the last drop of bitterness\": then students went out on the Warsaw streets and gathered by the monument to Mickiewicz to protest against censorship. The demonstrations spread throughout the country, and the protestors were arrested by police", ". The demonstrations spread throughout the country, and the protestors were arrested by police. This time, the students were not supported by workers, but two years later, when in December 1970 the Polish People's Army fired at the protesting people in Gdańsk, Gdynia and Szczecin, those two social groups cooperated—and that helped end Gomułka.", "Gomułka was succeeded by Edward Gierek. Compared to the grey Gomułka time, Gierek ruled with a lighter hand. Once in office, Gierek agreed to rebuild the Royal Castle. Gomułka was against this idea until the end of his life, because he was convinced that the Castle was a symbol of the bourgeoisie and feudalism. Rebuilding started in 1971, and finished in 1974—the same year the Trasa Łazienkowska (Łazienkowska Route) was completed", ". The route and bridge that connect the Warszawa Zachodnia Station area and the Grochów estate—the broad street on the right bank (Praga)—has been named Aleja Stanów Zjednoczonych (The United States Avenue)", ". The next important investments from the Gierek-times are: the Warszawa Centralna Station (1975, now the biggest station in Warsaw) and the broad, dual carriageway Warsaw-Katowice, which even now is called \"Gierkówka\" (in a choice of the destination point, pretty significant was the fact that Gierek himself was born in Silesia, in Sosnowiec)", ". But the prosperity of the Gierek-times was grounded on a very fragile foundation: Gierek took out many loans from other countries and did not know how to manage them efficiently, hence from time to time crises and workers' riots recurred. The first, more serious was in 1976, when workers from Radom and Ursus were striking; that latter city bordered on Warsaw from west, and had a large tractor factory. As a penalty, Ursus was incorporated into Warsaw as a part of the district Ochota; Warsaw expanded by .", "In the crisis of the 1980s and hard time of martial law, John Paul II's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding Solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there", ". In 1979, less than a year after becoming pope, John Paul celebrated Mass in Victory Square in Warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to \"renew the face\" of Poland: Let Thy Spirit descend! Let Thy Spirit descend and renew the face of the land! This land! These words were very meaningful for the Polish citizens who understood them as the incentive for the democratic changes.", "From February to April 1989, the representatives of the Polish government and \"Solidarity\" were carried on the negotiations at the Round Table in the Namiestnikowski Palace in Warsaw. The result was an agreement of the government to the participation of \"Solidarity\" in the Sejm elections, which were appointed at 4 June. Solidarity won all seats for which it could compete according to the Round Table Agreement. It was the beginning of big changes for all Europe.", "After the political transformation, the Sejm passed an act, which reinstated the Warsaw city government (18 May 1990).", "In 1995, the Warsaw Metro opened. It had been built since 1983. In 2002, city Wesoła was incorporated into Warsaw and capital of Poland expanded again by another", ". In 2002, city Wesoła was incorporated into Warsaw and capital of Poland expanded again by another . In March 2021, plans were announced to add a third line to the city’s metro system, connecting the city centre with the district of Praga-Południe on the right (east) bank of the Vistula river, and later also with Ochota and Mokotów as a major part of a wider “New Opening” project that also included new pedestrian and cycling infrastructure in central parts of Warsaw", ". On 28 September 2022, three new Warsaw metro stations were opened, increasing the number of Warsaw Metro stations to 36 and its length to 38,3 kilometers. In February 2023, Warsaw’s mayor, Rafał Trzaskowski, announced plans to more than double the size of the city’s metro system by 2050.", "With the entry of Poland into the European Union in 2004, Warsaw experienced the biggest economic boom of its history. Another important stimulator of the economy was the European football championship in Poland and Ukraine in 2012. Five matches, including the opening match, took place in Warsaw. The city also hosted the 2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference and the 2016 NATO Summit.", "As of August 2022, Warsaw had received around 180,000 refugees from Ukraine, because of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The amount means a tenth of the Polish capital’s population of 1.8 million — the largest single group of Ukrainian refugees anywhere.\n\nHistorical images\n\nSee also\n Siege of Warsaw (1939)\n Siege (1940 film)\n Warsaw concentration camp\n Warsaw Ghetto Uprising\n Warsaw Uprising\n Warsaw Pact\n List of presidents of Warsaw\n Warsaw pogrom (1881)\n Timeline of Warsaw\n\nReferences", "References\n\nFurther reading\n\nPublished in the 18th and 19th centuries\n \n \n\nPublished in the 20th century\n\nExternal links\n\n Historical Museum of Warsaw\n History of Warsaw\n Warsaw 1935 - virtual reconstruction of pre-World War II Warsaw\n Architecture of pre-war Warsaw\n The Virtual Jewish History Tour, Warsaw\n Jews in Warsaw (from Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971)" ]

[ "Mathematical optimization (alternatively spelled optimisation) or mathematical programming is the selection of a best element, with regard to some criterion, from some set of available alternatives. It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization", ". It is generally divided into two subfields: discrete optimization and continuous optimization. Optimization problems arise in all quantitative disciplines from computer science and engineering to operations research and economics, and the development of solution methods has been of interest in mathematics for centuries.", "In the more general approach, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations constitutes a large area of applied mathematics", ". More generally, optimization includes finding \"best available\" values of some objective function given a defined domain (or input), including a variety of different types of objective functions and different types of domains.", "Optimization problems", "Optimization problems can be divided into two categories, depending on whether the variables are continuous or discrete: \n An optimization problem with discrete variables is known as a discrete optimization, in which an object such as an integer, permutation or graph must be found from a countable set. \n A problem with continuous variables is known as a continuous optimization, in which optimal arguments from a continuous set must be found. They can include constrained problems and multimodal problems.", "An optimization problem can be represented in the following way:\nGiven: a function from some set to the real numbers\nSought: an element such that for all (\"minimization\") or such that for all (\"maximization\").", "Such a formulation is called an optimization problem or a mathematical programming problem (a term not directly related to computer programming, but still in use for example in linear programming – see History below). Many real-world and theoretical problems may be modeled in this general framework.\n\nSince the following is valid\n \nit suffices to solve only minimization problems. However, the opposite perspective of considering only maximization problems would be valid, too.", "Problems formulated using this technique in the fields of physics may refer to the technique as energy minimization, speaking of the value of the function as representing the energy of the system being modeled. In machine learning, it is always necessary to continuously evaluate the quality of a data model by using a cost function where a minimum implies a set of possibly optimal parameters with an optimal (lowest) error.", "Typically, is some subset of the Euclidean space , often specified by a set of constraints, equalities or inequalities that the members of have to satisfy. The domain of is called the search space or the choice set, while the elements of are called candidate solutions or feasible solutions.", "The function is called, variously, an objective function, a loss function or cost function (minimization), a utility function or fitness function (maximization), or, in certain fields, an energy function or energy functional. A feasible solution that minimizes (or maximizes, if that is the goal) the objective function is called an optimal solution.\n\nIn mathematics, conventional optimization problems are usually stated in terms of minimization.", "In mathematics, conventional optimization problems are usually stated in terms of minimization.\n\nA local minimum is defined as an element for which there exists some such that\n\nthe expression holds;\n\nthat is to say, on some region around all of the function values are greater than or equal to the value at that element. \nLocal maxima are defined similarly.", "While a local minimum is at least as good as any nearby elements, a global minimum is at least as good as every feasible element.\nGenerally, unless the objective function is convex in a minimization problem, there may be several local minima.\nIn a convex problem, if there is a local minimum that is interior (not on the edge of the set of feasible elements), it is also the global minimum, but a nonconvex problem may have more than one local minimum not all of which need be global minima.", "A large number of algorithms proposed for solving the nonconvex problems – including the majority of commercially available solvers – are not capable of making a distinction between locally optimal solutions and globally optimal solutions, and will treat the former as actual solutions to the original problem", ". Global optimization is the branch of applied mathematics and numerical analysis that is concerned with the development of deterministic algorithms that are capable of guaranteeing convergence in finite time to the actual optimal solution of a nonconvex problem.", "Notation \nOptimization problems are often expressed with special notation. Here are some examples:\n\nMinimum and maximum value of a function \nConsider the following notation:\n\nThis denotes the minimum value of the objective function , when choosing from the set of real numbers . The minimum value in this case is 1, occurring at .\n\nSimilarly, the notation", "Similarly, the notation\n\nasks for the maximum value of the objective function , where may be any real number. In this case, there is no such maximum as the objective function is unbounded, so the answer is \"infinity\" or \"undefined\".\n\nOptimal input arguments \n\nConsider the following notation:\n\nor equivalently", "Optimal input arguments \n\nConsider the following notation:\n\nor equivalently\n\nThis represents the value (or values) of the argument in the interval that minimizes (or minimises) the objective function (the actual minimum value of that function is not what the problem asks for). In this case, the answer is , since is infeasible, that is, it does not belong to the feasible set.\n\nSimilarly,\n\nor equivalently", "Similarly,\n\nor equivalently\n\nrepresents the pair (or pairs) that maximizes (or maximize) the value of the objective function , with the added constraint that lie in the interval (again, the actual maximum value of the expression does not matter). In this case, the solutions are the pairs of the form and , where ranges over all integers.\n\nOperators and are sometimes also written as and , and stand for argument of the minimum and argument of the maximum.", "History \nFermat and Lagrange found calculus-based formulae for identifying optima, while Newton and Gauss proposed iterative methods for moving towards an optimum.", "The term \"linear programming\" for certain optimization cases was due to George B. Dantzig, although much of the theory had been introduced by Leonid Kantorovich in 1939. (Programming in this context does not refer to computer programming, but comes from the use of program by the United States military to refer to proposed training and logistics schedules, which were the problems Dantzig studied at that time", ".) Dantzig published the Simplex algorithm in 1947, and John von Neumann developed the theory of duality in the same year.", "Other notable researchers in mathematical optimization include the following:\n\n Richard Bellman\n Dimitri Bertsekas\n Michel Bierlaire\n Roger Fletcher\n Ronald A. Howard\n Fritz John\n Narendra Karmarkar\n William Karush\n Leonid Khachiyan\n Bernard Koopman\n Harold Kuhn\n László Lovász\n David Luenberger\n Arkadi Nemirovski\n Yurii Nesterov\n Lev Pontryagin\n R. Tyrrell Rockafellar\n Naum Z. Shor\n Albert Tucker", "Major subfields \n Convex programming studies the case when the objective function is convex (minimization) or concave (maximization) and the constraint set is convex. This can be viewed as a particular case of nonlinear programming or as generalization of linear or convex quadratic programming.", "Linear programming (LP), a type of convex programming, studies the case in which the objective function f is linear and the constraints are specified using only linear equalities and inequalities. Such a constraint set is called a polyhedron or a polytope if it is bounded.\n Second-order cone programming (SOCP) is a convex program, and includes certain types of quadratic programs.", "Semidefinite programming (SDP) is a subfield of convex optimization where the underlying variables are semidefinite matrices. It is a generalization of linear and convex quadratic programming.\n Conic programming is a general form of convex programming. LP, SOCP and SDP can all be viewed as conic programs with the appropriate type of cone.", "Geometric programming is a technique whereby objective and inequality constraints expressed as posynomials and equality constraints as monomials can be transformed into a convex program.\n Integer programming studies linear programs in which some or all variables are constrained to take on integer values. This is not convex, and in general much more difficult than regular linear programming.", "Quadratic programming allows the objective function to have quadratic terms, while the feasible set must be specified with linear equalities and inequalities. For specific forms of the quadratic term, this is a type of convex programming.\n Fractional programming studies optimization of ratios of two nonlinear functions. The special class of concave fractional programs can be transformed to a convex optimization problem.", "Nonlinear programming studies the general case in which the objective function or the constraints or both contain nonlinear parts. This may or may not be a convex program. In general, whether the program is convex affects the difficulty of solving it.\n Stochastic programming studies the case in which some of the constraints or parameters depend on random variables.", "Robust optimization is, like stochastic programming, an attempt to capture uncertainty in the data underlying the optimization problem. Robust optimization aims to find solutions that are valid under all possible realizations of the uncertainties defined by an uncertainty set.\n Combinatorial optimization is concerned with problems where the set of feasible solutions is discrete or can be reduced to a discrete one.", "Stochastic optimization is used with random (noisy) function measurements or random inputs in the search process.\n Infinite-dimensional optimization studies the case when the set of feasible solutions is a subset of an infinite-dimensional space, such as a space of functions.", "Heuristics and metaheuristics make few or no assumptions about the problem being optimized. Usually, heuristics do not guarantee that any optimal solution need be found. On the other hand, heuristics are used to find approximate solutions for many complicated optimization problems.\n Constraint satisfaction studies the case in which the objective function f is constant (this is used in artificial intelligence, particularly in automated reasoning).", "Constraint programming is a programming paradigm wherein relations between variables are stated in the form of constraints.\n Disjunctive programming is used where at least one constraint must be satisfied but not all. It is of particular use in scheduling.\n Space mapping is a concept for modeling and optimization of an engineering system to high-fidelity (fine) model accuracy exploiting a suitable physically meaningful coarse or surrogate model.", "In a number of subfields, the techniques are designed primarily for optimization in dynamic contexts (that is, decision making over time):\n Calculus of variations Is concerned with finding the best way to achieve some goal, such as finding a surface whose boundary is a specific curve, but with the least possible area.\n Optimal control theory is a generalization of the calculus of variations which introduces control policies.", "Dynamic programming is the approach to solve the stochastic optimization problem with stochastic, randomness, and unknown model parameters. It studies the case in which the optimization strategy is based on splitting the problem into smaller subproblems. The equation that describes the relationship between these subproblems is called the Bellman equation.\n Mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints is where the constraints include variational inequalities or complementarities.", "Multi-objective optimization", "Adding more than one objective to an optimization problem adds complexity. For example, to optimize a structural design, one would desire a design that is both light and rigid. When two objectives conflict, a trade-off must be created. There may be one lightest design, one stiffest design, and an infinite number of designs that are some compromise of weight and rigidity. The set of trade-off designs that improve upon one criterion at the expense of another is known as the Pareto set", ". The curve created plotting weight against stiffness of the best designs is known as the Pareto frontier.", "A design is judged to be \"Pareto optimal\" (equivalently, \"Pareto efficient\" or in the Pareto set) if it is not dominated by any other design: If it is worse than another design in some respects and no better in any respect, then it is dominated and is not Pareto optimal.", "The choice among \"Pareto optimal\" solutions to determine the \"favorite solution\" is delegated to the decision maker. In other words, defining the problem as multi-objective optimization signals that some information is missing: desirable objectives are given but combinations of them are not rated relative to each other. In some cases, the missing information can be derived by interactive sessions with the decision maker.", "Multi-objective optimization problems have been generalized further into vector optimization problems where the (partial) ordering is no longer given by the Pareto ordering.", "Multi-modal or global optimization \nOptimization problems are often multi-modal; that is, they possess multiple good solutions. They could all be globally good (same cost function value) or there could be a mix of globally good and locally good solutions. Obtaining all (or at least some of) the multiple solutions is the goal of a multi-modal optimizer.", "Classical optimization techniques due to their iterative approach do not perform satisfactorily when they are used to obtain multiple solutions, since it is not guaranteed that different solutions will be obtained even with different starting points in multiple runs of the algorithm.\n\nCommon approaches to global optimization problems, where multiple local extrema may be present include evolutionary algorithms, Bayesian optimization and simulated annealing.\n\nClassification of critical points and extrema", "Classification of critical points and extrema\n\nFeasibility problem \nThe satisfiability problem, also called the feasibility problem, is just the problem of finding any feasible solution at all without regard to objective value. This can be regarded as the special case of mathematical optimization where the objective value is the same for every solution, and thus any solution is optimal.", "Many optimization algorithms need to start from a feasible point. One way to obtain such a point is to relax the feasibility conditions using a slack variable; with enough slack, any starting point is feasible. Then, minimize that slack variable until the slack is null or negative.", "Existence \nThe extreme value theorem of Karl Weierstrass states that a continuous real-valued function on a compact set attains its maximum and minimum value. More generally, a lower semi-continuous function on a compact set attains its minimum; an upper semi-continuous function on a compact set attains its maximum point or view.", "Necessary conditions for optimality", "One of Fermat's theorems states that optima of unconstrained problems are found at stationary points, where the first derivative or the gradient of the objective function is zero (see first derivative test). More generally, they may be found at critical points, where the first derivative or gradient of the objective function is zero or is undefined, or on the boundary of the choice set", ". An equation (or set of equations) stating that the first derivative(s) equal(s) zero at an interior optimum is called a 'first-order condition' or a set of first-order conditions.", "Optima of equality-constrained problems can be found by the Lagrange multiplier method. The optima of problems with equality and/or inequality constraints can be found using the 'Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions'.", "Sufficient conditions for optimality", "While the first derivative test identifies points that might be extrema, this test does not distinguish a point that is a minimum from one that is a maximum or one that is neither", ". When the objective function is twice differentiable, these cases can be distinguished by checking the second derivative or the matrix of second derivatives (called the Hessian matrix) in unconstrained problems, or the matrix of second derivatives of the objective function and the constraints called the bordered Hessian in constrained problems. The conditions that distinguish maxima, or minima, from other stationary points are called 'second-order conditions' (see 'Second derivative test')", ". If a candidate solution satisfies the first-order conditions, then the satisfaction of the second-order conditions as well is sufficient to establish at least local optimality.", "Sensitivity and continuity of optima \nThe envelope theorem describes how the value of an optimal solution changes when an underlying parameter changes. The process of computing this change is called comparative statics.\n\nThe maximum theorem of Claude Berge (1963) describes the continuity of an optimal solution as a function of underlying parameters.\n\nCalculus of optimization", "Calculus of optimization\n\nFor unconstrained problems with twice-differentiable functions, some critical points can be found by finding the points where the gradient of the objective function is zero (that is, the stationary points). More generally, a zero subgradient certifies that a local minimum has been found for minimization problems with convex functions and other locally Lipschitz functions.", "Further, critical points can be classified using the definiteness of the Hessian matrix: If the Hessian is positive definite at a critical point, then the point is a local minimum; if the Hessian matrix is negative definite, then the point is a local maximum; finally, if indefinite, then the point is some kind of saddle point.", "Constrained problems can often be transformed into unconstrained problems with the help of Lagrange multipliers. Lagrangian relaxation can also provide approximate solutions to difficult constrained problems.\n\nWhen the objective function is a convex function, then any local minimum will also be a global minimum. There exist efficient numerical techniques for minimizing convex functions, such as interior-point methods.", "Global convergence", "More generally, if the objective function is not a quadratic function, then many optimization methods use other methods to ensure that some subsequence of iterations converges to an optimal solution. The first and still popular method for ensuring convergence relies on line searches, which optimize a function along one dimension. A second and increasingly popular method for ensuring convergence uses trust regions", ". A second and increasingly popular method for ensuring convergence uses trust regions. Both line searches and trust regions are used in modern methods of non-differentiable optimization. Usually, a global optimizer is much slower than advanced local optimizers (such as BFGS), so often an efficient global optimizer can be constructed by starting the local optimizer from different starting points.", "Computational optimization techniques \nTo solve problems, researchers may use algorithms that terminate in a finite number of steps, or iterative methods that converge to a solution (on some specified class of problems), or heuristics that may provide approximate solutions to some problems (although their iterates need not converge).\n\nOptimization algorithms", "Optimization algorithms\n\n Simplex algorithm of George Dantzig, designed for linear programming\n Extensions of the simplex algorithm, designed for quadratic programming and for linear-fractional programming\n Variants of the simplex algorithm that are especially suited for network optimization\n Combinatorial algorithms\n Quantum optimization algorithms\n\nIterative methods", "Iterative methods\n\nThe iterative methods used to solve problems of nonlinear programming differ according to whether they evaluate Hessians, gradients, or only function values. While evaluating Hessians (H) and gradients (G) improves the rate of convergence, for functions for which these quantities exist and vary sufficiently smoothly, such evaluations increase the computational complexity (or computational cost) of each iteration. In some cases, the computational complexity may be excessively high.", "One major criterion for optimizers is just the number of required function evaluations as this often is already a large computational effort, usually much more effort than within the optimizer itself, which mainly has to operate over the N variables. The derivatives provide detailed information for such optimizers, but are even harder to calculate, e.g. approximating the gradient takes at least N+1 function evaluations", ".g. approximating the gradient takes at least N+1 function evaluations. For approximations of the 2nd derivatives (collected in the Hessian matrix), the number of function evaluations is in the order of N². Newton's method requires the 2nd-order derivatives, so for each iteration, the number of function calls is in the order of N², but for a simpler pure gradient optimizer it is only N. However, gradient optimizers need usually more iterations than Newton's algorithm", ". However, gradient optimizers need usually more iterations than Newton's algorithm. Which one is best with respect to the number of function calls depends on the problem itself.", "Methods that evaluate Hessians (or approximate Hessians, using finite differences):\n Newton's method\n Sequential quadratic programming: A Newton-based method for small-medium scale constrained problems. Some versions can handle large-dimensional problems.\n Interior point methods: This is a large class of methods for constrained optimization, some of which use only (sub)gradient information and others of which require the evaluation of Hessians.", "Methods that evaluate gradients, or approximate gradients in some way (or even subgradients):\n Coordinate descent methods: Algorithms which update a single coordinate in each iteration\n Conjugate gradient methods: Iterative methods for large problems. (In theory, these methods terminate in a finite number of steps with quadratic objective functions, but this finite termination is not observed in practice on finite–precision computers.)", "Gradient descent (alternatively, \"steepest descent\" or \"steepest ascent\"): A (slow) method of historical and theoretical interest, which has had renewed interest for finding approximate solutions of enormous problems.\n Subgradient methods: An iterative method for large locally Lipschitz functions using generalized gradients. Following Boris T. Polyak, subgradient–projection methods are similar to conjugate–gradient methods.", "Bundle method of descent: An iterative method for small–medium-sized problems with locally Lipschitz functions, particularly for convex minimization problems (similar to conjugate gradient methods).\n Ellipsoid method: An iterative method for small problems with quasiconvex objective functions and of great theoretical interest, particularly in establishing the polynomial time complexity of some combinatorial optimization problems. It has similarities with Quasi-Newton methods.", "Conditional gradient method (Frank–Wolfe) for approximate minimization of specially structured problems with linear constraints, especially with traffic networks. For general unconstrained problems, this method reduces to the gradient method, which is regarded as obsolete (for almost all problems).\n Quasi-Newton methods: Iterative methods for medium-large problems (e.g. N<1000).", "Quasi-Newton methods: Iterative methods for medium-large problems (e.g. N<1000).\n Simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) method for stochastic optimization; uses random (efficient) gradient approximation.\n Methods that evaluate only function values: If a problem is continuously differentiable, then gradients can be approximated using finite differences, in which case a gradient-based method can be used.\n Interpolation methods", "Interpolation methods\n Pattern search methods, which have better convergence properties than the Nelder–Mead heuristic (with simplices), which is listed below.\n Mirror descent", "Heuristics\n\nBesides (finitely terminating) algorithms and (convergent) iterative methods, there are heuristics. A heuristic is any algorithm which is not guaranteed (mathematically) to find the solution, but which is nevertheless useful in certain practical situations. List of some well-known heuristics:", "Differential evolution\n Dynamic relaxation\n Evolutionary algorithms\n Genetic algorithms\n Hill climbing with random restart\n Memetic algorithm\n Nelder–Mead simplicial heuristic: A popular heuristic for approximate minimization (without calling gradients)\n Particle swarm optimization\n Simulated annealing\n Stochastic tunneling\n Tabu search\n\nApplications", "Mechanics", "Problems in rigid body dynamics (in particular articulated rigid body dynamics) often require mathematical programming techniques, since you can view rigid body dynamics as attempting to solve an ordinary differential equation on a constraint manifold; the constraints are various nonlinear geometric constraints such as \"these two points must always coincide\", \"this surface must not penetrate any other\", or \"this point must always lie somewhere on this curve\"", ". Also, the problem of computing contact forces can be done by solving a linear complementarity problem, which can also be viewed as a QP (quadratic programming) problem.", "Many design problems can also be expressed as optimization programs. This application is called design optimization. One subset is the engineering optimization, and another recent and growing subset of this field is multidisciplinary design optimization, which, while useful in many problems, has in particular been applied to aerospace engineering problems.\n\nThis approach may be applied in cosmology and astrophysics.", "Economics and finance", "Economics is closely enough linked to optimization of agents that an influential definition relatedly describes economics qua science as the \"study of human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means\" with alternative uses. Modern optimization theory includes traditional optimization theory but also overlaps with game theory and the study of economic equilibria", ". The Journal of Economic Literature codes classify mathematical programming, optimization techniques, and related topics under JEL:C61-C63.", "In microeconomics, the utility maximization problem and its dual problem, the expenditure minimization problem, are economic optimization problems. Insofar as they behave consistently, consumers are assumed to maximize their utility, while firms are usually assumed to maximize their profit. Also, agents are often modeled as being risk-averse, thereby preferring to avoid risk", ". Also, agents are often modeled as being risk-averse, thereby preferring to avoid risk. Asset prices are also modeled using optimization theory, though the underlying mathematics relies on optimizing stochastic processes rather than on static optimization. International trade theory also uses optimization to explain trade patterns between nations. The optimization of portfolios is an example of multi-objective optimization in economics.", "Since the 1970s, economists have modeled dynamic decisions over time using control theory. For example, dynamic search models are used to study labor-market behavior. A crucial distinction is between deterministic and stochastic models. Macroeconomists build dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models that describe the dynamics of the whole economy as the result of the interdependent optimizing decisions of workers, consumers, investors, and governments.", "Electrical engineering", "Some common applications of optimization techniques in electrical engineering include active filter design, stray field reduction in superconducting magnetic energy storage systems, space mapping design of microwave structures, handset antennas, electromagnetics-based design", ". Electromagnetically validated design optimization of microwave components and antennas has made extensive use of an appropriate physics-based or empirical surrogate model and space mapping methodologies since the discovery of space mapping in 1993.", "Civil engineering\nOptimization has been widely used in civil engineering. Construction management and transportation engineering are among the main branches of civil engineering that heavily rely on optimization. The most common civil engineering problems that are solved by optimization are cut and fill of roads, life-cycle analysis of structures and infrastructures, resource leveling, water resource allocation, traffic management and schedule optimization.", "Operations research\nAnother field that uses optimization techniques extensively is operations research. Operations research also uses stochastic modeling and simulation to support improved decision-making. Increasingly, operations research uses stochastic programming to model dynamic decisions that adapt to events; such problems can be solved with large-scale optimization and stochastic optimization methods.", "Control engineering\nMathematical optimization is used in much modern controller design. High-level controllers such as model predictive control (MPC) or real-time optimization (RTO) employ mathematical optimization. These algorithms run online and repeatedly determine values for decision variables, such as choke openings in a process plant, by iteratively solving a mathematical optimization problem including constraints and a model of the system to be controlled.", "Geophysics\nOptimization techniques are regularly used in geophysical parameter estimation problems. Given a set of geophysical measurements, e.g. seismic recordings, it is common to solve for the physical properties and geometrical shapes of the underlying rocks and fluids. The majority of problems in geophysics are nonlinear with both deterministic and stochastic methods being widely used.\n\nMolecular modeling\n\nNonlinear optimization methods are widely used in conformational analysis.", "Molecular modeling\n\nNonlinear optimization methods are widely used in conformational analysis.\n\nComputational systems biology", "Optimization techniques are used in many facets of computational systems biology such as model building, optimal experimental design, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology. Linear programming has been applied to calculate the maximal possible yields of fermentation products, and to infer gene regulatory networks from multiple microarray datasets as well as transcriptional regulatory networks from high-throughput data", ". Nonlinear programming has been used to analyze energy metabolism and has been applied to metabolic engineering and parameter estimation in biochemical pathways.", "Machine learning\n\nSolvers\n\nSee also\n\n Brachistochrone curve\n Curve fitting\n Deterministic global optimization\n Goal programming\n Important publications in optimization\n Least squares\n Mathematical Optimization Society (formerly Mathematical Programming Society)\n Mathematical optimization algorithms\n Mathematical optimization software\n Process optimization\n Simulation-based optimization\n Test functions for optimization\n Variational calculus\n Vehicle routing problem\n\nNotes\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links", "Notes\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n Links to optimization source codes\n \n \n \n\n \nOperations research\nOptimization" ]

[ "During the 2007–08 season, Middlesbrough participated in the Premier League. The season saw them play their 4000th league game, versus Reading on 1 March 2008. They reached the third round of the League Cup, where they were knocked out by eventual winners Tottenham Hotspur, while in their FA Cup campaign they were knocked out by Championship side Cardiff City.", "Gareth Southgate continued as manager under chairman Steve Gibson. George Boateng retained the captaincy from the previous season, until being replaced at the beginning of 2008 by Julio Arca. Arca's poor form saw him dropped in March, and Emanuel Pogatetz was handed the captaincy in his absence, and later retained it upon Arca's return to the side, though any permanent decision was put off until the following season.", "January saw Middlesbrough smash their transfer record to pay a fee of around £12 million for Brazilian striker Afonso Alves.\n\nTeam kit and sponsors\nDuring this season, Middlesbrough's kits were produced by Erreà. 888.com's contract with the club expired, and after prolonged negotiations leading to a delay in the release of the new kit, Middlesbrough announced that the new sponsors would be GPS manufacturer Garmin on 20 July 2007.", "On 16 July 2007, the club announced that the new home shirt would be predominantly red with white trim. The away shirt was revealed on 20 July 2007 as being predominantly white with gold trim.\n\nTransfers", "Summer transfer window", "Early pre-season was dominated by the protracted contract talks involving Mark Viduka. West Ham United, and Birmingham City were rumoured destinations for the Boro striker, before he eventually decided to move on a Bosman free transfer to Newcastle United. This meant Boro had only two strikers remaining in Yakubu and Lee Dong-Gook having also released Malcolm Christie and Danny Graham at the ends of their contracts. Jérémie Aliadière from Arsenal and Tuncay from Fenerbahçe were brought in as replacements", ". Jérémie Aliadière from Arsenal and Tuncay from Fenerbahçe were brought in as replacements. Right back Luke Young was also brought in on 26 July 2007 for £2.5 million from relegated Charlton Athletic following the departures of Abel Xavier and Stuart Parnaby on free transfers.", "After just short of a hundred appearances, youth academy graduate James Morrison moved on to West Bromwich Albion for an initial £1.75 million.\n\nTwo games into the league season, Egyptian striker Mido was brought in from Tottenham Hotspur for £6 million in order to improve the team's attacking options, beating off competition from Sunderland and Birmingham City.", "Following Mido's arrival, speculation intensified regarding Yakubu, who had been linked with moves to Manchester City, and Birmingham City before Boro announced a fee was agreed with Everton. The move was completed on 29 August for £11.25 million, an Everton record and Boro's second highest fee ever received (behind Juninho's £12 million fee in 1997) and meant the club's five main strikers from twelve months earlier had all left the club.", "Mido's fellow Egyptian international teammate Mohamed Shawky was set to undergo for three-day trial along with teammate Emad Moteab, however Middlesbrough decided on only pursuing their interest in Shawky, who signed on transfer deadline day for £650,000 on a three-year contract. At the same time, Jason Euell moved to Southampton on a free transfer after having his contract cancelled, and David Knight was released to join Swansea City", ". With less than an hour remaining before the transfer deadline, Boro completed a £5 million move for Portsmouth's Gary O'Neil.", "January transfer window", "The early part of the transfer window saw prolonged and widespread reports linking Boro with Brazilian strikers Afonso Alves of Heerenveen and Fred of Lyon, interest which was later confirmed by Gareth Southgate. Any move for Alves was delayed by a contractual dispute. AZ Alkmaar claimed they had signed a pre-contract agreement with Alves, though the Dutch FA ruled against them, while Southgate said a move for Fred was looking \"complicated\" and \"unlikely\"", ". The move was completed in the final hour of the window for an undisclosed Middlesbrough record fee.", "In December it was reported that Barcelona midfielder Ronaldinho was a £10m target for the club. These rumours died down and the Brazilian moved to A.C. Milan in the summer.\n\nThe first move however, saw Academy product Andrew Davies leave the club for Southampton for an undisclosed fee, following a successful three-month loan spell.", "Stewart Downing was once again linked with a move to Tottenham Hotspur at the start of the window. Those reports died away, but widespread media reports emerged at the start of the final week of the window that both Tottenham and Newcastle had come to an agreement with Boro over a fee for fellow home-town star Jonathan Woodgate (only signed in the summer from Real Madrid for £7 million) and the player had been allowed to speak with them", ". It was confirmed on 28 January that Woodgate had signed for Tottenham for an undisclosed fee.", "Meanwhile, Celtic signed a pre-contract agreement with Middlesbrough's young striker Ben Hutchinson after the club failed to agree a new contract with the 20-year-old. Boro were due compensation for the move. Celtic later agreed to pay Middlesbrough a compensation fee (reported to be around £250,000) to allow Hutchinson to leave before the end of the window.", "End of season\nAt the end of the season, Gareth Southgate confirmed that Fábio Rochemback, Gaizka Mendieta and Lee Dong-Gook would all be leaving the club once their contracts finished at the end of June. Later the same day it was announced Rochemback was returning to his former club Sporting Lisbon.\n\nPort Vale signed youngster Steve Thompson after he impressed for them in two reserve team games.", "Port Vale signed youngster Steve Thompson after he impressed for them in two reserve team games.\n\nMark Schwarzer rejected a new two-year deal from Middlesbrough and signed a contract with Fulham at the end of the season, ending his 11-year spell on Teesside that put him 8th in the all-time Middlesbrough appearance records.\n\nOut of contract Jason Kennedy left to join Darlington, where he had ended the season on loan.\n\nSummary\n\nIn\nFor 2007–08 Academy recruits see Academy squad.", "Summary\n\nIn\nFor 2007–08 Academy recruits see Academy squad.\n\nOut\nFor departures of players out of contract at the end of 2006–07 see 2006–07 Middlesbrough F.C. season.\n\nLoans out", "Notes\n Aliadière was purchased for an initial fee of £2 million.\n O'Neil was purchased for an initial fee £2.5 million. The fee could rise to slightly more than £5 million based on appearances.\n Alves' fee was confirmed to be a Middlesbrough transfer record. Manager Gareth Southgate verbally implied the fee was £12 million.\n Filler was signed for an upfront fee, with further amounts tied into his future progress.", "Filler was signed for an upfront fee, with further amounts tied into his future progress.\n Morrison was sold for an initial fee of £1.5 million. The fee could rise to £2.2 million based on appearances. Middlesbrough are also due 15% of any sell on fee.\n Davies' fee was reported to be around £1 million.\n Woodgate's fee was reported to be around £7–8 million.", "Woodgate's fee was reported to be around £7–8 million.\n Hutchinson signed a pre-contract agreement with Celtic around 26 January 2008, with the move due to take place once out of contract at the end of June. Middlesbrough were due compensation for the player leaving due to him being younger than 24 years of age, but an earlier move was agreed for a fee reported to be around £250,000.", "Turnbull's loan period was initially intended to last the full season, but he returned early following injuries to Middlesbrough's first team squad.\n Johnson's loan to Watford was initially intended to last three months, but he was recalled early.\n Bates' loan to Norwich was initially intended to last three months, but he returned early following a knee injury.\n Riggott's loan to Stoke City was initially intended to last until the end of the season, however he was recalled early.", "Squad\n\nSenior squad\n\nAppearances and goals\nAppearance and goalscoring records for all the players who were in the Middlesbrough F.C. first team squad during the 2007–08 season.\n\n|}\n\nDiscipline\nMiddlesbrough finished the season with the worst disciplinary record in the Premier League and were subsequently fined £20,000 and a suspended £30,000.\nDisciplinary records for 2007–08 league and cup matches. Players with 1 card or more included only.", "Reserve squad\nReserve players for 2007–08 season. Senior squad and Academy players are eligible to play for the Reserves. Those listed here agreed professional contracts and had no squad number during this season.\n\nAcademy squad\nAcademy players for 2007–08 season.\n\nPreseason\n\nResults\n\nNote: Results are given with Middlesbrough score listed first. Man of the Match is according to mfc.co.uk.\n\nPremier League", "Premier League\n\nAugust\nNearing the start of the season, the first team was dealing with injuries to five of the club's centre backs: Woodgate, Huth, Bates, Pogatetz and Riggott, leaving the prospect of a shortage of players available for the first game of the season.", "Chris Riggott returned from injury for Middlesbrough's first game of the season, but Young missed the game with a slight groin problem, leaving Boro starting with far from their first choice defence. However, Boro were more focused on attack and for the second season running Stewart Downing scored Boro's first goal of the season to give Boro a 1–0 lead, before – also for the second season running – their opponents came from behind to win, this time Blackburn 1–2.", "The situation didn't improve in the next game as they went down to a poor 0–1 defeat away at Wigan.", "Despite lacking match fitness, Mido was included in place of Yakubu who was dropped from the squad for the game at Fulham. The first substitution of the game came after just eight minutes as referee Lee Mason limped off to be replaced by Andy D'Urso. Middlesbrough came from behind as Mido scored a debut goal, and Lee Cattermole the second as Boro secured their first points with a controversial 2–1 win, as replays appeared to show Fulham were denied a legitimate goal towards the end.", "Woodgate, Rochemback and Young were thrust back into action for the Tyne–Tees derby, which ended in a 2–2 draw. Viduka scored on his Riverside return, with Arca and Mido scoring for Middlesbrough. The game was suffered from allegations of abusive chants towards Mido by Newcastle United fans, prompting an inquiry into the incident by the FA.\n\nSeptember\nMiddlesbrough followed their midweek cup win with a 2–0 victory over Birmingham.", "September\nMiddlesbrough followed their midweek cup win with a 2–0 victory over Birmingham.\n\nDespite a good performance away at West Ham United, Middlesbrough went down to a 0–3 defeat.", "A week later, Boro played Sunderland in the seventh match of the season. Sunderland took the lead in the second minute, but Julio Arca scored against his former club (his second in as many north east derbies this season) to bring the teams level. Stewart Downing scored from 25 yards in the second half, only for Sunderland to level the scores to 2–2 in the last minutes of the game. The game was marred by injuries to Tuncay, Arca and Mido.", "Middlesbrough, still struggling with injuries, made it almost a month without a win when they lost 0–2 to Everton, Yakubu playing but not scoring in the victory over his former side.\n\nOctober\nAt the City of Manchester Stadium, Middlesbrough went down to a 1–3 defeat versus Manchester City, with Ben Hutchinson scoring a consolation goal on his debut.", "Following the international break, Middlesbrough were back at home for the first time in almost a month, aiming to beat Chelsea at home for the third time in a row, but they could not repeat the feat, resulting in a 0–2 defeat as Boro's run was stretched to six games in all competitions without a win.", "Things didn't get any easier in their next game, away versus Manchester United. Wheater, Cattermole and Aliadière returned to the starting lineup, but the match began the same way as Middlesbrough's previous four: conceding a goal within the opening ten minutes. However, Aliadière soon equalised with his first Boro goal, and the first home league goal United had conceded that season. A Downing error gifted Manchester United their second, and Tevez added two more goals in the second half", ". The 1–4 defeat meant Middlesbrough had then conceded sixteen goals in six league games, while scoring only four.", "November\nThe team's run of losses finally ended, coming from behind to claim a 1–1 draw at home to Tottenham Hotspur; Luke Young denying his former team the victory.\n\nEmanuel Pogatetz returned to the squad for the game away at Bolton, and after thirty minutes he was called into action to replace the injured Andrew Taylor, helping Boro to a 0–0 draw, their second clean sheet of the season and first draw on the road.", "Adam Johnson was recalled from his successful loan spell at Watford (where he scored 5 goals in 11 games) in time for the home game versus Aston Villa. He was immediately restored to the starting line-up, beginning the game on the left with Downing moving up front. Boro started well but conceded just before half time, and again just after the break, with the third going in ten minutes later", ". Astonishingly despite the 0–3 defeat, Middlesbrough avoided dropping into the bottom three: Bolton won versus Manchester United and moved out of the drop zone, but Sunderland's 1–7 defeat at Everton dropped them below the Boro on goal difference.", "December", "News arrived before the away game at Reading that Mido would be out until the 2008 at least, while Andrew Taylor and Mark Schwarzer would be missing for around three weeks. On match day, Ross Turnbull started in goal with England U-17 keeper Jason Steele making the bench. While Boro started well, for the twelfth time in fifteen games they conceded the first goal of the game, eight minutes into the second half", ". Robert Huth made his first appearance of the season, replacing Woodgate after seventy minutes, while Tuncay replaced Dong-Gook Lee. The substitution worked as Tuncay finally grabbed his first Boro goal and it ended 1–1. Sunderland's victory against Derby County however, meant Boro dropped into the relegation zone.", "The visit from league leaders Arsenal was likely to be a tough game, but Boro were awarded a penalty after four minutes (the first penalty in a Middlesbrough game this season), which Downing converted for his fourth goal of the season. Tuncay scored his second in two games to increase the lead, before Tomáš Rosický scored in the final seconds of the game. The 2–1 win subjected Arsenal to their first defeat of the season, while Middlesbrough ended their run of eleven games without a win.", "Tuncay made it three goals in three in the 1–0 victory at Derby.\n\nJulio Arca made his first start since September following his return from injury, replacing Rochemback who was suspended after picking up five yellow cards. David Wheater put Boro into the lead after 40 minutes, but West Ham replied with two goals. The 1–2 scoreline gave the away side their first win at the Riverside Stadium.", "The festive programme continued badly with a 0–3 defeat away at Birmingham City, Downing opening the scoring with an own goal, giving the hosts their first home win under new manager Alex McLeish.", "It was 31 October 1953 when Middlesbrough last won a top flight game at Fratton Park, and 1990 saw their last victory there at all levels. Tuncay gave Boro the lead against a Portsmouth side that hadn't scored at home since September, and it was enough to give them their third away victory of the season, their second 1–0", ". The game also saw Mark Schwarzer surpass Tony Mowbray and Stephen Pears' totals to move into ninth in the all-time Middlesbrough appearance records, after playing his 425th game for the club. The result also saw Schwarzer overtake Dennis Bergkamp as the foreign player with the most Premier League appearances for one club.", "January\nBoro didn't begin the new year the way they had hoped in their game versus Everton at home, failing to take their chances and succumbing to a 0–2 defeat.", "Reserve team captain Jonathan Grounds made his Boro debut for the visit of Liverpool to the Riverside, with Pogatetz suffering with a virus. Boateng also returned as captain, having been left out of the last few games, and scored the opening goal of the game, witnessed by the highest crowd of the season so far. Liverpool equalised to tie the game at 1–1.", "At Blackburn, Arca captained the side from the start, despite Boateng also starting. David Wheater put Boro ahead after 13 minutes with his fourth goal of the season. Arca went off injured at half time and Pogatetz became captain. Matt Derbyshire equalised during the second half to give Rovers a share of the points in the 1–1 draw. Manager Gareth Southgate announced after the game that Boateng had been relieved of his captaincy to allow him to \"be free in his mind to enjoy his football\"", ". It was then confirmed that Arca would be the new captain.", "Jérémie Aliadière got his first Boro goal at the Riverside in the 1–0 win over Wigan Athletic.\n\nFebruary\nBoro were made to rue missed chances during the derby at Newcastle when Michael Owen gave Newcastle the lead on the hour mark, but Robert Huth scored a late goal to draw Boro level and tie the game 1–1.\n\nAliadière got his third goal of the season at home to Fulham, while Alves made his debut after an hour as Boro did the double over their opponents with a 1–0 win.", "Tuncay returned from injury for the game at Anfield and scored after 9 minutes, but a terrible error from Arca gifted Fernando Torres a goal after 28 minutes, and he got a second a minute later. He completed his hat-trick in the second half. Downing got a goal back late in the game, but Aliadière was then sent off. This 2–3 defeat was Boro's first in all competitions since the New Year's Day fixture against Everton", ". Aliadière's red card was appealed against after the game, but it was dismissed and the disciplinary committee extended the ban by one game to four games as they branded the appeal \"frivolous\", a decision which angered chairman Steve Gibson and Keith Lamb.", "March\nThe first day of March marked Middlesbrough's 4000th league game, at home to a Reading side who had lost eight straight games going into the day's match. In typical Middlesbrough fashion, that run came to an end as Boro lost 1–0 after a late goal.", "Following the Reading game was the home FA Cup tie versus Cardiff, where the team were defeated 2–0, producing a dreadful performance. The performance drew huge criticism from fans and they and manager alike demanded a better performance away at Villa Park three days later. Changes saw Arca dropped from the squad after a run of poor performances and Rochemback moved to the bench as Shawky and Boateng formed the new centre midfield partnership. Pogatetz captained the side", ". Pogatetz captained the side. Downing got his seventh goal of the season after 23 minutes. Referee Steve Bennett gave Villa a penalty for a handball by Luke Young while the defender was looking the other way, which Gareth Barry slotted home. The game finished 1–1.", "Three days later, Aliadière returned from his ban for the game against his old club at Arsenal and marked it with his fourth goal of the season in the 25th minute. Andrew Taylor made a long-awaited return from his December injury as a second-half substitute. Kolo Touré scored a late equaliser, and then Mido was sent off for a high challenge. The game ended 1–1 to leave Middlesbrough undefeated against Arsenal for this season", ". The game ended 1–1 to leave Middlesbrough undefeated against Arsenal for this season. The club decided not to appeal against his card following consultation with referee's chief Keith Hackett.", "Storms the night before meant that the South Stand of the Riverside was closed for the home tie with Derby. The game marked Boro's first home game since the Cardiff debacle. Tuncay got his sixth of the season in the first half. Heavy snow in the second half allowed Derby back into the game but Middlesbrough hung on to win 1–0.", "After going behind very early in their game at Chelsea they spurned their chances in the second half, Alves hitting the post and Boro twice hitting the bar from a free kick. Chelsea were unable to extend their lead and so the tie finished 1–0.", "April", "Despite being at the start of April, the game at home to league leaders Manchester United was played in a snow storm, watched by the season's highest home attendance. Arca returned to the starting line-up following his rest, however Pogatetz retained the captaincy. It didn't start well for the home side with Ronaldo getting a goal inside ten minutes. However, Middlesbrough responded with two goals. Both came from Alves, either side of half time to open his Boro account", ". Both came from Alves, either side of half time to open his Boro account. It was the first time this season that a Middlesbrough player had scored two goals in a game. Wayne Rooney pegged the game level later in the second half and the game ended in a 2–2 draw.", "Grounds replacing the injured Taylor was the only change to the side for the game at White Hart Lane, which saw them up against former centre-back Jonathan Woodgate. Grounds was unfortunate to concede an own goal in the first half but Stewart Downing's eighth goal of the season drew the away side level. It finished 1–1.", "Bolton visited the Riverside still in the relegation battle, while the home side had the chance to make themselves mathematically safe with a victory. Gary O'Neil, suspended anyway for this match and the next, was ruled out for the rest of the season with an injury and was replaced by Tuncay. Ross Turnbull was given a chance in goal after Mark Schwarzer was ruled out with a back problem. Boro dominated the opening minutes of first half, but went in for half time level", ". Boro dominated the opening minutes of first half, but went in for half time level. Bolton performed much better in the second half, and Boro much worse. Though the home side were denied a penalty shortly before the hour, the visitors took the 1–0 lead shortly after through Gavin McCann.", "Still not safe, Boro went to the Stadium of Light for the Wear-Tees derby with Sunderland. Brad Jones made his first league appearance of the season while Schwarzer remained injured and Turnbull was only fit enough for the bench. Tuncay opened the scoring after 4 minutes, but less than 2 minutes later, the scores were again level. Sunderland took the lead just before half time", ". Sunderland took the lead just before half time. Alves got his third of the season after 74 minutes, but Boro conceded a goal two minutes into stoppage time to hand Sunderland a 3–2 victory.", "May", "Chris Riggott was recalled from his loan period at Stoke City for the home tie versus Portsmouth, and put straight into the side also featuring the return of Mark Schwarzer and Fabio Rochemback. Riggott marked his return with his first goal of the season in the first half with a rare Boro goal from a corner", ". In the second half Tuncay scored from another corner to put Middlesbrough 2–0 up, and complete the double over Portsmouth, along with their first two-goal winning margin since 1 September 2007 against Birmingham. The win also finally secured the side's safety from relegation.", "The last game of the season saw Middlesbrough play Manchester City. They started in next season's kit. After quarter of an hour, City captain Richard Dunne brought down Tuncay in the box to give the home side their second penalty of the season, which saw Dunne sent off. Stewart Downing, who started every league game of the season, converted the penalty for his ninth goal of the season. Alves got his fourth of the season on 37 minutes", ". Alves got his fourth of the season on 37 minutes. In the second half, Downing got another to make double figures for the season, and mark the first time Boro had scored more than two goals in one game since the last game of the previous season. It got better when Alves got his second just minutes later. Johnson made it five on 70 minutes. Anthony McMahon made his first appearance of the season coming on as a sub for Luke Young with 15 minutes to play", ". Rochemback scored a thirty-yard free kick to make it six with his first goal of the season. Jérémie Aliadière got another to make it seven. Elano got a consolation goal, before Afonso Alves completed a hat-trick to give Boro an emphatic 8–1 win. The game was the first time Boro had scored eight in a game since 1974, and the first time in the top flight since 1950", ". Alves' third goal was the 500th Boro goal in all competitions at the Riverside, and the 1,000th in the Premier League this season, as well as the club's 600th Premier League goal. It also saw the first time Boro registered five different goalscorers since 1939.", "Results\n\nNote: Results are given with Middlesbrough score listed first. Man of the Match is according to mfc.co.uk.\n\nClassification", "League progress", "This chart shows the league position of Middlesbrough F.C. over the course of the season. The green area represents the UEFA Champions League positions (positions 1 to 4), the yellow area represents what turned out to be the UEFA Cup position (positions 5) and the red area represents the relegation places (positions 18 to 20)", ". The lowest position in the league that Middlesbrough reached during the course of the season was 18th, following the away draw at Reading on 1 December 2007, and their highest placing was 10th, after the fifth game.", "Summary", "Statistics\nHighest home attendance: 33,952 (vs Manchester United, 6 April 2008)\nLowest home attendance: 22,920 (vs Birmingham City, 1 September 2007)\nMost man of the match awards: David Wheater (10) – does not include \"the full team\" award from Manchester City game\nLongest run without a loss: 5 games (12 January 2008 to 9 February 2008)\nLongest run without a win: 10 games (15 September 2007 to 1 December 2007)\nLongest run without a point: 4 games (30 September 2007 to 27 October 2007)", "Longest run without a point: 4 games (30 September 2007 to 27 October 2007)\nDoubles won: 3 (Derby County, Fulham, Portsmouth)\nDoubles lost: 3 (Chelsea, Everton, West Ham United)", "League Cup", "In the Carling Cup, Middlesbrough eased past Northampton Town in the second round with goals from Rochemback and Lee Dong-Gook's first Boro goal, setting up an away tie at Tottenham Hotspur. At Tottenham, Mohamed Shawky and Graeme Owens made their first senior appearances for Boro, with Tom Craddock making only his second, as part of an injury ravaged side devoid of first team players in both attack and defence", ". Despite holding on for three-quarters of the game Middlesbrough eventually went down to a 2–0 defeat.", "Results\n\nNote: Results are given with Middlesbrough score listed first. Man of the Match is according to mfc.co.uk.\n\nFA Cup", "FA Cup\n\nMiddlesbrough faced Bristol City away in the third round of the FA Cup, the same tie they faced in the fourth round the previous year. Prior to the match, many pundits were predicting that the game could see a shock result with Bristol City winning. After 18 minutes it seemed they might be right as Boro conceded a sloppy goal to Liam Fontaine, but the Premier League side fought back, with goals from Stewart Downing and David Wheater giving Boro a 2–1 victory.", "The fourth round saw Boro again drawn away, this time versus League Two strugglers Mansfield Town. Southgate named a slightly weakened side for the game; live on BBC's Match of the Day – Adam Johnson, Lee Dong-Gook and Lee Cattermole earning starting places, with Stewart Downing, George Boateng and a returning Mido on the bench. Dong-Gook got his second Boro goal following a corner from Johnson on 17 minutes. Huth was lucky not to be sent off for a high boot into the stomach of Michael Boulding", ". Huth was lucky not to be sent off for a high boot into the stomach of Michael Boulding. Mido came on for the final twenty minutes. After being put under massive pressure, Middlesbrough sealed the victory, following a cruel own goal from captain Jake Buxton.", "For the fifth round, Middlesbrough were again drawn away, this time to Sheffield United, managed by former Boro boss Bryan Robson. Robson had been sacked by the time the game came around, and the game was again live on the BBC. The tie ended up needing a replay following a 0–0 draw.", "Once again televised, the replay saw Afonso Alves make his first start. The game remained goalless at the end of 90 minutes and so progressed into extra time. A Paddy Kenny own goal after 114 minutes of play gave Boro the win and a home tie to Cardiff City in the sixth round.", "With Manchester United and Chelsea knocked out the previous day, Boro had an excellent chance in the FA Cup. Before the match, the fans in the North Stand held up a card display with the words \"Sporting Glory\" covering the stand, in reference to a comment from chairman Steve Gibson that stated the club were not in competition for the money but for sporting glory. However, in the game, Middlesbrough were totally outplayed by Cardiff, conceding the first goal after nine minutes", ". There was an apparent handball by a Cardiff player in the box, but nothing was given, and the ball fell to another Cardiff player to score the goal. They conceded a second 13 minutes later, ending up being defeated 2–0.", "Results\n\nNote: Results are given with Middlesbrough score listed first. Man of the Match is according to mfc.co.uk.\n\nStaff\nIn July 2007, former Hartlepool United boss Martin Scott was added to the youth team coaching staff.", "On 2 October 2007, Middlesbrough's Head of Operations Terry Tasker, a member of the executive team, died. Neil Bausor joined the club as new Chief Operating Officer later in the season. Graham Fordy, the club's Head of Commercial, having previously also been a non-executive director following the club's liquidation scare in 1986, left the club by mutual consent on 1 November 2007.", "It was confirmed on 19 November 2007 that goalkeeping coach Paul Barron had left the club to take up a similar role with North East rivals Newcastle United. Former Middlesbrough goalkeeper and current youth team goalkeeping coach Stephen Pears was promoted to replace Barron.", "Former Boro legend David Mills and former first team coach and Sky Sports pundit Gordon McQueen returned to Middlesbrough to expand the recruitment department in April, under chief scout Dave Leadbeater, and alongside the Academy recruitment team.\n\nKey:\n\nOther events", "Key:\n\nOther events\n\nPremier League All Stars\nIn late September, the Premier League All Stars tournament (part of the \"Premier League Creating Chances\" campaign) took place. The Middlesbrough representative team won, beating West Ham United's side 3–1 in the final.", "The squad for the tournament was:\nGoalkeeper: Jim Platt (Captain)\nLegends: Mikkel Beck, Craig Hignett, Bernie Slaven\nCelebrities: Alistair Griffin, Mark Stobbart, Gary Havelock\nFans: Julian McGuire (IT Consultant), Tony Rovardi (ice cream cone manufacturer), Steven Aithwaite (sports and science lecturer)\n\nReserves\nThe Middlesbrough Reserves finished seventh out of ten in the Premier Reserve League North during the 2007–08 season, with the following record:", "Key: Pld = Matches played; Pts = Points; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; GD = Goal difference\n\nThe team also retained the North Riding Senior Cup, beating York City 2–0 in the final.\n\nYouth teams\nThe Middlesbrough Academy (U18s) side were knocked out of the FA Youth Cup in the Fourth Round. In the 2007–08 Premier Academy League the team finished fourth out of ten teams in Academy Group D.", "The Under-15s side lifted the Nike Trophy in April in the tournament held over four days at the University of Warwick, beating the U15 sides of Reading, Tottenham Hotspur, Derby County, West Ham United, Manchester City and Sheffield United to lift the trophy. They go to the finals of the tournament held in Manchester in August.", "Marketing award nomination\nMiddlesbrough Football Club was shortlisted for the Sports Industry Awards in the category of Best Use of Digital Media in Sport, along with Nike, Virgin Media, The Football League, Emirates Airline and Land Rover. The award was in relation to the season ticket video campaign featuring David Wheater.", "End-of-season awards", "David Wheater picked up both the Official Supporters' Club's Young Player of the Year and the John Ovington Community Player of the Year awards, as well as being named Players' Young Player of the Year and the Official Garmin Player of the Year as voted for by the fans. Stewart Downing was Middlesbrough Official Supporters Club's Player of the Year and Player's Player of the Year", ". Goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer was given a special award recognising his outstanding contributions on and off the field over the past 11 years.", "References\n\nMiddlesbrough F.C. seasons\nMiddlesbrough" ]

[ "The Leopard 2 is a third generation German main battle tank (MBT). Developed by Krauss-Maffei in the 1970s, the tank entered service in 1979 and replaced the earlier Leopard 1 as the main battle tank of the West German army. Various iterations of the Leopard 2 continue to be operated by the armed forces of Germany, as well as 13 other European countries, and several non-European countries, including Canada, Chile, Indonesia, and Singapore", ". Some operating countries have licensed the Leopard 2 design for local production and domestic development.", "There are two main development tranches of the Leopard 2. The first encompasses tanks produced up to the Leopard 2A4 standard and are characterised by their vertically faced turret armour. The second tranche, from Leopard 2A5 onwards, has an angled, arrow-shaped, turret appliqué armour, together with other improvements. The main armament of all Leopard 2 tanks is a smoothbore 120 mm cannon made by Rheinmetall", ". The main armament of all Leopard 2 tanks is a smoothbore 120 mm cannon made by Rheinmetall. This is operated with a digital fire control system, laser rangefinder, and advanced night vision and sighting equipment. The tank is powered by a V12 twin-turbo diesel engine made by MTU Friedrichshafen.", "In the 1990s, the Leopard 2 was used by the German Army on peacekeeping operations in Kosovo. In the 2000s, Dutch, Danish and Canadian forces deployed their Leopard 2 tanks in the War in Afghanistan as part of their contribution to the International Security Assistance Force. In the 2010s, Turkish Leopard 2 tanks saw action in Syria. In 2023, Ukrainian Leopard 2 tanks saw action in the Russo-Ukrainian War.\n\nHistory", "Development", "Even as the Leopard 1 was just entering service, the West German military was interested in producing an improved tank in the next decade. This resulted in the start of the MBT-70 development in cooperation with the United States beginning in 1963. However already in 1967 it became questionable whether the MBT-70 would enter service at any time in the foreseeable future", ". Therefore, the German government issued the order to research future upgrade options for the Leopard 1 to the German company Porsche in 1967.", "This study was named vergoldeter Leopard (Gilded Leopard) and focused on incorporating advanced technology into the Leopard design. The projected upgrades added an autoloader, a coaxial autocannon and an independent commander's periscope. The anti-air machine gun could be operated from inside the vehicle and a TV surveillance camera was mounted on an extendable mast", ". The shape of the turret and hull was optimised using cast steel armour, while the suspension, transmission, and engine exhaust vents were improved.", "Prototype development", "Following the end of the Gilded Leopard study in 1967, the West German government decided to focus on the Experimentalentwicklung (experimental development) in a feasibility study and to develop new components for upgrading the Leopard 1 and for use on a future main battle tank programme. At first 25 million DM were invested, but after the industry came to the conclusion that with such a low budget the development of the two projected testbeds was not possible, a total of 30 to 32 million DM was invested", ". The experimental development was contracted to the company Krauss-Maffei, but with the obligation to cooperate with Porsche for the development of the chassis and with Wegmann for the development of the turret.", "Two prototypes with different components were built with the aim of improving the conception of Leopard 1 in such a way that it would match the firepower requirements of the MBT-70. A high first-hit probability at ranges of and the ability to accurately engage targets on the move using a computerised fire control system were the main goals of the experimental development. The resulting vehicles were nicknamed Keiler (\"tusker\")", ". The resulting vehicles were nicknamed Keiler (\"tusker\"). Two prototypes (ET 01 and ET 02) of the Keiler were built in 1969 and 1970, both of them being powered by the MB 872 engine.", "The MBT-70 was a revolutionary design, but after large cost overruns and technological problems, Germany withdrew from the project in 1969. After unsuccessful attempts at saving the MBT-70 by conceptual changes in order to eliminate the biggest issue—the driver being seated in the turret—it became clear in late 1969 that Germany would stop the bi-national development", ". The assistant secretary of the military procurement division of the German Ministry of Defence suggested reusing as many technologies developed for the MBT-70 as possible in a further programme, which was nicknamed Eber (\"boar\") due to his being named Eberhardt. The Eber used a modified MBT-70 turret and hull, with the driver being seated in the hull. Only a wooden mock-up was made.", "One year later, a choice was made to continue the development based on the earlier Keiler project of the late 1960s, instead of finishing the development of the Eber. In 1971, the name of the design was determined as Leopard 2 with the original Leopard retroactively becoming the Leopard 1, and Paul-Werner Krapke became the project officer of the Leopard 2 program", ". Originally two versions were projected: the gun-armed Leopard 2K and the Leopard 2FK, which would be armed with the XM150 gun/launcher weapon of the MBT-70.", "In 1971, 17 prototypes were ordered but only 16 hulls were built as the production of hull PT12 was cancelled. Ten were ordered initially before another seven were ordered. The 17 turrets were designated T1 to T17, and the hulls were designated PT1 to PT11 and PT13 to PT17. To test a larger number of components and concepts, each prototype was fitted with components not found on the other prototypes", ". Ten of the turrets were equipped with 105 mm smoothbore guns and the other seven prototypes were equipped with a 120 mm smoothbore gun.", "Hulls PT11 and PT17 were fitted with a hydropneumatic suspension based on the MBT-70 design. The running gears of these two hulls had only six road wheels. Different types of auxiliary power units (APUs) were mounted in the prototypes. All turrets were equipped with a machine gun for air defence, except the turret mounted on PT11, where a 20 mm remotely operated autocannon was mounted. With the exception of hulls PT07, PT09, PT15, and PT17, all prototypes used the MB 873 engine", ". With the exception of hulls PT07, PT09, PT15, and PT17, all prototypes used the MB 873 engine. The road wheels were taken from the MBT-70 and the return rollers from the Leopard 1. The prototypes were designed with a projected weight of MLC50, which equals approximately . The welded turret utilised spaced armour formed by two steel plates. The prototypes were equipped with an EMES-12 optical rangefinder and fire control system, which later was adopted on the Leopard 1A4.", "In mid-1973 a new turret was designed by Wegmann saving in weight. It was nicknamed the Spitzmaus-Turm (shrew turret) due to the highly sloped front. This design was only possible with the new EMES-13 optical rangefinder, which required a base length of only instead of the previous . Based on experiences in the Yom Kippur War, a higher level of protection than the prototypes' heavily sloped spaced armour was demanded in late 1973 and the Spitzmaus-Turm was never produced.", "The weight limit was increased from MLC50 to MLC60, which equals approximately . The T14 turret was modified to test a new armour configuration, taking on a blockier-looking appearance as a result of using vertical modules of spaced multilayer armour. It was also used to test the new EMES-13 optical rangefinder. The modified T14 turret was designated T14 mod. and was fitted with a fully electric turret drive and stabilization system, which was developed jointly by General Electric and AEG Telefunken.", "American evaluation of Leopard 2AV and XM1 Abrams", "In July 1973 German Federal Minister of Defence Georg Leber and his US counterpart James R. Schlesinger agreed upon a higher degree of standardisation in main battle tanks being favourable to NATO. By integrating components already fully developed by German companies for the Leopard 2, the costs of the XM1 Abrams, U.S. prototype tank developed after the MBT-70, could be reduced. A German commission was sent to the US to evaluate the harmonisation of components between the XM1 and Leopard 2", ". However, under American law it was not possible for a public bidder to interfere in a procurement tender after a contract with intention of profits and deadline was awarded to private sector companies.", "As a result, the modification of the Leopard 2 prototypes in order to meet the US Army requirements was investigated. Following a number of further talks, a memorandum of understanding (MOU) was signed on 11 December 1974 between Germany and the US, which declared that a modified version of the Leopard 2 should be trialed by the US against their XM1 prototypes, after the Americans had bought and investigated prototype PT07 in 1973", ". The MOU obliged the Federal Republic of Germany to send a complete prototype, a hull, a vehicle for ballistic tests and a number of special ballistic parts to the US, where they would be put through US testing procedures for no additional costs.", "The Leopard 2AV (austere version) was based on the experiences of the previous Leopard 2 development. It was created in order to meet the US requirements and the latest protection requirements of the German MoD. The T14 mod turret was used as the base for the Leopard 2AV's turret, but meeting the required level of protection for the hull required several attempts until the final ballistic trials on 23 to 26 June 1976", ". Following the US' preference of laser rangefinders, the turret of prototype PT19 was fitted with a laser rangefinder developed together with the American company Hughes.", "In comparison with the earlier Leopard 2 prototypes, the fire control system was simplified by replacing the EMES-12 optical rangefinder and removing the crosswind sensor, the air pressure and temperature sensors, the powder temperature sensor, the PERI R12 commander sight with IR searchlight, the short-range grenade launcher for use against infantry, the retractable searchlight, the spotlight, the retractable passive night vision sight, the APU and the mechanical loading assistant.", "Due to the design and production of the Leopard 2AV taking more time than expected, the shipment to the US and the US evaluation was delayed. It was not possible to test the Leopard 2AV before 1 September 1976. Despite the German wish that the Leopard 2AV and the XM1 prototypes would be evaluated at the same time, the US Army decided not to wait for the Leopard 2AV and tested the XM1 prototypes from Chrysler and General Motors beforehand.", "Two new prototype hulls and three turrets were shipped to the US: PT20 mounting a 105 mm rifled L7 gun and a Hughes fire control system, PT19 with the same fire control system but able to swap out the gun for the 120 mm Rheinmetall smoothbore gun, and the PT21 fitted with the Krupp Atlas Elektronik EMES-13 fire control system and the 120 mm Rheinmetall gun. The Leopard 2AV fully met the US requirements", ". The Leopard 2AV fully met the US requirements. A study made by the American FMC Corporation showed that it was possible to produce the Leopard 2AV under licence in America without exceeding the cost limits set by the US Army. Before the trials were finished, it was decided that instead of the US Army possibly adopting the Leopard 2AV, the focus was shifted to the possibilities of common components between the two tanks", ". FMC, after having acquired the licenses for the production of the Leopard 2AV, decided not to submit a technical proposal, as they saw little to no chance for the US Army adopting a vehicle not developed in the US.", "The US Army evaluation showed that on the XM1 a larger portion of the tank's surface was covered by special armour than on the Leopard 2AV. Differences in armour protection were attributed to the different perceptions of the expected threats and the haste in which the Leopard 2AV was designed to accommodate special armour. On mobility trials the Leopard 2AV performed equal to better than the XM1 prototypes", ". On mobility trials the Leopard 2AV performed equal to better than the XM1 prototypes. The AGT-1500 turbine engine proved to consume about 50% more fuel and the Diehl tracks had a higher endurance, while the tracks used on the XM1 prototypes failed to meet the Army's requirements. The heat signature of the MTU diesel engine was much lower. The fire control system and the sights of the Leopard 2 were considered to be better and the 120 mm gun proved to be superior", ". The projected production costs for one XM1 tank were $728,000 in 1976, and the costs for one Leopard 2AV were $56,000 higher.", "After the American evaluation of the Leopard 2AV and the US Army's decision to opt for the XM1 Abrams, both American and German sources blamed the other side. According to American literature, it was discovered that the Leopard 2AV prototype used for mobility trials was underweight.", "In Germany, the test conditions were criticised for being unrealistic and favouring the XM1. Instead of using actual performance data, the calculated hypothetical acceleration was used. The XM1 was found to have a slightly higher rate of fire despite having internal layouts similar to the Leopard 2AV because the XM1 prototypes were manned by professional crews, while the Leopard 2AV had to be manned by conscripts in order to prove that the Leopard 2AV was not too complicated", ". Firing on the move was demonstrated on flat tracks, which nullified the better stabilization systems of the Leopard 2AV.", "Series production", "The decision to put the Leopard 2 tank in production for the German army was made after a study was undertaken, which showed that adopting the Leopard 2 model would result in a greater combat potential of the German army than producing more Leopard 1A4 tanks or developing an improved version of the Leopard 1A4 with 105/120 mm smoothbore gun, improved armour protection, a new fire control system and a or engine", ". Various changes were applied to the Leopard 2 design before the series production started in 1979. The engine, transmission, and suspension were slightly modified and improved. The ballistic protection of the turret and hull was improved and weak spots were eliminated.", "The turret bustle containing the ready ammunition racks and the hydraulic system was separated from the crew compartment and fitted with blowout panels. The development of several new components was introduced to the Leopard 2 during the Leopard 2AV development and after the US testing was completed. For the series version, the Hughes-designed laser rangefinder made with US Common Modules was chosen over the passive EMES-13 rangefinder", ". The EMES-13 system was considered to be the superior solution, but the Hughes system was cheaper and fully developed.", "The German company Krupp-Atlas-Elektronik acquired the licence of the Hughes design and modified it to meet the needs of the German army. The modified rangefinder received the designation EMES-15. The installation of the US AGT-1500 turbine engine in the Leopard 2 was tested by MaK. The AGT-1500 was from the United States and required deep modifications to the Leopard 2's chassis", ". The AGT-1500 was from the United States and required deep modifications to the Leopard 2's chassis. However, driving tests at the WTD 41 revealed a number of drawbacks such as high fuel consumption and the poor performance of the transmission including the brakes. This project was thus terminated.", "In January 1977 Germany ordered a small pre-series of three hulls and two turrets which were delivered in 1978. These vehicles had increased armour protection on the front of the hull. One of the hulls was fitted with the earlier T21 turret and was used by the German army school in Munster for troop trials until 1979. In September 1977, 1800 Leopard 2 tanks were ordered, to be produced in five batches", ". In September 1977, 1800 Leopard 2 tanks were ordered, to be produced in five batches. The main contractor was Krauss-Maffei, but Maschinenbau Kiel (MaK) was awarded a contract for producing 45% of the tanks. The first batch consisted of 380 tanks. The delivery of six tanks was scheduled for 1979, 114 for 1980, 180 for 1981, and 300 tanks each following year.", "The first series-production tank was delivered on 25 October 1979. By 1982, all of the first batch of 380 Leopard 2 tanks had been completed. 209 were built by Krauss-Maffei (chassis no. 10001 to 10210) and 171 by MaK (chassis no. 20001 to 20172). The first production tanks were fitted with the PzB-200 image intensifier due to production shortages of the new thermal night-sight system, which was later retrofitted to the earlier models", ". After the original five batches, three further batches of Leopard 2 tanks were ordered, increasing the number of Leopard 2 tanks ordered by Germany to a total of 2125. The sixth batch was ordered in June 1987 and consisted of 150 tanks, which were produced between January 1988 and May 1989. The seventh batch of 100 tanks was produced between May 1988 and April 1990. The last batch for the German army totalling 75 tanks was produced from January 1991 to March 1992.", "During its production run during the Cold War, 16 Leopard 2 tanks were being produced per month. The vehicles were produced at a slower rate in the following decades, however KMW still retained the capacity to return to such manufacturing levels should they need to be made again at a higher rate and supply chains are able to deliver sufficient materials.\n\nFurther improvements", "While previous models only varied in detail, the Leopard 2A4 introduced a digital ballistic computer and an improved fire extinguishing system. Starting with the sixth batch, tanks were fitted with an improved armour array and new side skirts. In 1984 the German military procurement agency stated a number of requirements for a future Leopard 2 upgrade. In 1989, the Kampfwertsteigerung (combat potential improvement) programme was initiated in Germany with the delivery of first prototypes", ". The official military requirements were published in March 1990.", "The KWS programme was projected to consist of three stages. The first stage replaced the Rheinmetall 120 mm L/44 gun barrel and the corresponding gun mount with a longer barrelled and more lethal L/55 version. This stage was adopted in the form of 225 Leopard 2A6 tanks, starting in 2001 and lasting until 2005. Stage 2 focused on improvements of armour protection and survivability: it was adopted in the form of the Leopard 2A5, starting in 1995", ". The base armour of the tank was exchanged and additional armour modules were installed at the turret. The first batch of 225 Leopard 2 tanks was upgraded to Leopard 2A5 configuration between 1995 and 1998; a second batch of 125 followed from 1999 to 2002.", "The third stage was the planned replacement of the Leopard 2 turret by a new turret fitted with a 140 mm NPzK tank gun, an autoloader, and the IFIS battlefield management system. The ballistic protection at the hull was to be improved. Originally a total requirement for 650 Leopard 2 tanks with KWS 3 was projected. It was never finalised, but the 140 mm NPzK tank gun was tested on an older prototype. In 1995 it was decided to cancel due to changes in the political environment", ". In 1995 it was decided to cancel due to changes in the political environment. The funds were redirected to the Neue Gepanzerte Plattformen (New Armoured Platforms) project of the German army. The Leopard 2A6M was developed with a kit providing enhanced protection against mines that can detonate below the hull (like mines with bending wire triggers) and explosively formed penetrator mines. The weight of the Leopard 2A6M is 62.5 tonnes.", "The latest version of the tank is the Leopard 2A7, which entered service in an initial batch of 20 tanks in 2014. Already before the first Leopard 2A7 tank was handed over to the German Army, plans for upgrades were made. At this time an \"extensive\" increase in combat value, while retaining the original mobility of the Leopard 2, was planned. The optics of the tank will also be improved.", "In April 2015, Welt am Sonntag claimed that tungsten (wolfram) rounds used in Leopard 2 cannot penetrate the Russian T-90 or the modernized version of the T-80. They also stated that the German military will develop a new improved round, but it will be exclusively developed for the Leopard 2A7.", "In 2015 Rheinmetall disclosed that it was developing a new 130 mm smoothbore gun for the Leopard 2 tank and its successor. This gun will offer a 50% increase in performance and penetration. Marketing for the new gun was slated to begin in 2016.", "Replacement", "The Leopard 2 first entered service in 1979, and its service life is anticipated to end around 2030. In May 2015, the German Ministry of Defence announced plans to develop a tank jointly with France as a successor to both the Leopard 2 and Leclerc tanks. Technologies and concepts will be investigated to determine what capabilities are needed in a future tank", ". Deployment of the new tank, titled Main Ground Combat System (MGCS), will be preceded by incremental upgrades to the Leopard 2, including a new digital turret core system and situational awareness system and an active protection system (APS).", "A short-term lethality increase will come from a higher pressure 120 mm gun firing new ammunition, expected to deliver 20 percent better performance than the L/55. Mid-term efforts will focus on a Rheinmetall 130 mm cannon concept offering 50 percent better armour penetration. With the Russian T-14 Armata being equipped with the Afghanit, an active protection system designed to mitigate the effectiveness of ATGM, more importance is being placed on direct-fire weapons.\n\nDesign\n\nProtection", "The Leopard 2 uses spaced multilayer armour throughout the design. The armour consists of a combination of steel plates of different hardness, elastic materials, and other non-metallic materials. Steel plates with high hardness and high ductility are used. The armour is a result of extensive research about the formation and penetration mechanism of shaped charge jets. The Leopard 2's armour might be based on the British Burlington armour, which had already been demonstrated to West Germany in 1970.", "Later, in the mid-1970s, full details about Burlington were handed over to the West German government. The frontal arc of the Leopard 2's armour is designed to withstand large caliber kinetic energy penetrators and shaped charge projectiles. During the 1980s, it was estimated that the Leopard 2's front would resist 125 mm armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) rounds fired from a distance of 1,500 m.", "The Leopard 2A4's armour has a maximum physical thickness of based on unofficial measurements and estimates made by former conscripts and professional soldiers of the German army. On the Leopard 2A5 and subsequent models, the thickness is increased by the wedge-shaped armour module to .", "The side and the rear of the tank protect against heavy machine guns, medium caliber rounds, and older types of tank ammunition. The side of the hull is covered by armour skirts to increase protection against projectiles and rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs). The frontal third of the hull sides is covered by heavy ballistic skirts, while the rest of the hull sides is covered by steel-reinforced rubber skirts", ". For increased protection against mines, the sides of the hull floor are sloped by 45° and the floor is reinforced with corrugations.", "Secondary protection", "The Leopard 2's design follows the concept of compartmentation. Possible sources of fire or explosions have been moved away from the crew. In the turret, the ammunition and the hydraulics are located in compartments separated from the crew. In case of a detonation, the blow-off panels on the compartment roofs will direct the explosion and fire away from the crew", ". The crew is also protected against nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) threats, as the Leopard 2 is equipped with a Dräger NBC overpressurization system, which provides up to 4 hPA over-pressure inside the vehicle.", "Two groups of four Wegmann 76 mm smoke mortars are mounted on either side of the turret and can be electrically fired either as single rounds or in salvos of four. They are mounted on most Leopard 2 models, with the exception of Dutch Leopard 2s, which are equipped instead with a Dutch-designed smoke mortar system with six barrels on each side. Swedish Stridsvagn 122 utilises French GALIX smoke dispensers, similar to the system found on the French Leclerc.", "The Leopard 2 is equipped with a fire protection system. Four 9 kg halon fire extinguisher bottles are installed on the right behind the driver's station. The bottles are connected to pipes and hoses and are activated automatically by the fire detection system when temperatures rise above inside the fighting compartment, or manually via a control panel in the driver's compartment. An extra 2.5 kg halon fire extinguisher is stored on the floor beneath the main gun.\n\nArmour upgrades", "Armour upgrades\n\nFollowing Leopard 2's introduction into service in 1979, the armour has been gradually improved over the years. A modified version of spaced multilayer armour was introduced beginning with the 97th vehicle of the 6th production batch. The same batch also introduced an improved type of heavy ballistic skirts.", "The Leopard 2A5 upgrade focused on increased armour protection. While upgrading a Leopard 2 tank to the Leopard 2A5 configuration, the roof covering the armour modules is cut open and new armour modules are inserted. New additional armour modules made of laminated armour cover the frontal arc of the turret. They have a distinctive arrowhead shape and improve protection against both kinetic penetrators and shaped charges. The side skirts also incorporate improved armour protection", ". The side skirts also incorporate improved armour protection. A 25 mm-thick spall liner reduces the danger of crew injuries in case of armour penetration.", "The Leopard 2A7 features the latest generation of passive armour and belly armour providing protection against mines and IEDs. The Leopard 2A7 is fitted with adapters for mounting additional armour modules or protection systems against RPGs.", "For urban combat, the Leopard 2 can be fitted with different packages of modular armour. The Leopard 2A4M CAN, Leopard 2 PSO (Peace Support Operations) and the Leopard 2A7 can mount thick modules of composite armour along the flanks of the turret and hull, while slat armour can be adapted at the vehicle's rear. The armour modules provide protection against the RPG-7, which depending on the warhead can penetrate between and of steel armour", ". The Leopard 2A6M CAN increases protection against rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) by including additional slat armour.", "Additional armour packages have been developed by a number of different companies. IBD Deisenroth has developed upgrades with MEXAS and Advanced Modular Armor Protection (AMAP) composite armour, the latter is being used on Singaporean and Indonesian Leopard 2 tanks. RUAG has developed an armour upgrade utilizing their SidePRO-ATR composite armour. This upgrade was first presented on the IAV 2013.", "The Leopard 2A4M and 2A6M add an additional mine protection plate for the belly, which increases protection against mines and IEDs.\n\nOn 22 February 2021, the German Defence Ministry agreed to acquire Trophy, an active protection system of Israeli design. 17 German Army tanks will be fitted with the system, with integration planned to be completed in 2023.", "Armour protection estimates\nEstimated levels of protection for the Leopard 2 range from 590 to 690 mm RHAe on the turret, 600 mm RHAe on the glacis and lower front hull on the Leopard 2A4, to 920–940 mm RHAe on the turret, 620 mm RHAe on the glacis and lower front hull on the Leopard 2A6 against kinetic projectiles.", "According to a description page hosted by the Federation of American Scientists, the armour of the Leopard 2A4 is believed to provide protection equivalent to 700 mm armour steel (RHA) against kinetic energy penetrators and 1000 mm RHA against shaped charge warheads.\n\nArmament", "Primary", "The primary armament for production versions of the Leopard 2 is the Rheinmetall 120 mm smoothbore gun—the same gun later adapted for use on the M1 Abrams—in either the L/44 variant (found on all production Leopard 2s until the A5), or the L/55 variant (as found on the Leopard 2A6 and subsequent models)", ". Ammunition for the gun comprises 27 rounds stored in a special magazine in the forward section of the hull, to the left of the driver's station, with an additional 15 rounds stored in the left side of the turret bustle, which is separated from the fighting compartment by an electrically operated door.", "If the ammunition storage area is hit, a blow-off panel in the turret roof would direct an explosion upwards away from the crew compartment. The gun is fully stabilised, and can fire a variety of types of rounds, such as the German DM43 APFSDS-T anti-tank round, which is said to be able to penetrate of steel armour at a range of , and the German DM12 high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT).", "For the L/55 gun, a newer APFSDS-T round was introduced to take advantage of the longer barrel, the DM-53, which is said to be able to penetrate 750 mm of RHAe armour at a range of 2,000 meters. The bore evacuator and the gun's thermal sleeve of the A4 and A5, designed to regulate the temperature of the barrel, are fabricated from glass-reinforced plastic. The barrel has a chrome lining to increase barrel life. The main gun is capable of power elevating from +20° to −9°.", "Rheinmetall has developed an upgrade for Leopard 2 tanks to give them the ability to fire the Israeli LAHAT anti-tank guided missile through the main gun. The missile can engage targets out to a range of .", "Secondary", "The Leopard 2 is equipped with two machine guns, one mounted co-axially, the other on an anti-aircraft mount. German models use the MG 3 7.62 mm machine gun; Dutch and Singaporean models use FN MAG 7.62 mm machine guns; Swiss models use Swiss MG 87 7.5 mm machine guns. 4,750 rounds of machine gun ammunition are carried on board the Leopard 2", ".5 mm machine guns. 4,750 rounds of machine gun ammunition are carried on board the Leopard 2. More recent variants such as the Leopard 2A7+ are capable of mounting a Remotely-Controlled Weapons Station fitted with a Browning M2HB Heavy Machine Gun, near the commander's hatch.", "Fire control\nThe standard fire control system found on the Leopard 2 is the German EMES 15 fire control system with a dual magnification stabilised primary sight. The primary sight has an integrated neodymium yttrium aluminium garnet Nd:YAG laser rangefinder and a 120 element Mercury cadmium telluride, HgCdTe (also known as CMT) Zeiss thermographic camera, both of which are linked to the tank's fire control computer. A backup 8x auxiliary telescope FERO-Z18 is mounted coaxially for the gunner.", "The commander has an independent periscope, the Rheinmetall/Zeiss PERI-R 17 A2. This is a stabilised panoramic periscope sight designed for day/night observation and target identification. It provides an all round view with a traverse of 360°. The thermal image from the commander's periscope is displayed on a monitor inside the tank. Initial production tanks were not equipped with a thermal sight, due to the sight not being ready, and instead temporarily substituted the PZB 200 low light TV system (LLLTV).", "The fire control suite is capable of providing up to three range values in four seconds. The range data is transmitted to the fire control computer and is used to calculate the firing solution. Because the laser rangefinder is integrated into the gunner's primary sight, the gunner is able to read the digital range measurement directly. The maximum range of the laser rangefinder is up to 10,000 m with a measuring accuracy within 10 m at this range", ". The combined system allows the Leopard 2 to engage moving targets at ranges of up to 5,000 meters whilst itself being on the move over rough terrain.", "Propulsion\n\nThe Leopard 2 is propelled by the MTU MB 873 Ka-501 engine. It provides at 2600 RPM and of torque at 1600–1700 RPM. The MTU MB 873 Ka-501 is a four-stroke, 47.7 litre, 90° V-block 12-cylinder, twin-turbocharged and intercooled, liquid-cooled diesel engine (with multi-fuel capability). It has an estimated fuel consumption rate of around 300 litres per 100 km on roads and 500 litres per 100 km across the country, and is coupled to the Renk HSWL 354 gear and brake system.", "The Renk HSWL 354 transmission has four forward and two reverse gears, with a torque converter and is completely automatic, with the driver selecting the range. The Leopard 2 has four fuel tanks, which have a total capacity of approximately 1,160 litres, giving a maximum road range of about 500 km. The propulsion pack is capable of driving the tank to a top road speed of 68 km/h (limited to 50 km/h during peacetime by law), and a top reverse speed of 31 km/h", ". The power pack can be changed in the field in 35 minutes. The engine and transmission are separated from the crew compartment through a fireproof bulkhead. An enhanced version of the EuroPowerPack, with a MTU MT883 engine has been trialled by the Leopard 2.", "The Leopard 2 has a torsion bar suspension and has advanced friction dampers. The running gear consists of seven dual rubber-tired road wheels and four return rollers per side, with the idler wheel at the front and drive sprocket at the rear. The tracks are Diehl 570F tracks, with rubber-bushed end connectors, which have removable rubber pads and use 82 links on each track", ". For use in icy ground, up to 18 rubber pads can be replaced by the same number of grousers, which are stored in the vehicle's bow when not in use. The upper part of the tracks are covered with side skirts.", "The Leopard 2 can drive through water deep using a snorkel or without any preparation. It can climb vertical obstacles over one metre high.\n\nThe German Army has prioritised mobility in the Leopard 2, which has made it one of the fastest MBTs in the world.", "Ukrainian forces have said that the Leopard 2 tank is only slightly louder than a diesel van. This lack of noise, they claim, gives them a tactical advantage during an ambush. One Ukrainian commander estimated that Russian forces only heard the Leopard 2 from 200 metres, during an ambush. Compared to 2-3 kilometres for their older Soviet era tanks.", "Exports", "Germany has fielded about 2,125 Leopard 2 main battle tanks in various versions, but many were sold following German reunification. The Leopard 2 became very popular in the 1990s, when the shrinking German army offered many of its redundant Leopard 2s at a reduced price. It became successful enough in Europe that the manufacturer started calling it the Euro Leopard, despite France, Britain, and Italy all operating their own MBTs", ". With further non-European orders, the name \"Global-Leopard\" is now used instead. Leopard 2 tanks have also been resold by original export customers, although reexport has always been conditional on consent from the German government who control the platform's export licence. Other countries have bought newly manufactured vehicles or have produced them locally under licence.", "Europe\n\nThe Netherlands ordered 445 Leopard 2 tanks on 2 March 1979, after examining the results of the Leopard 2AV in the United States. It became the first export customer of the Leopard 2 and the vehicles were delivered between July 1981 and July 1986. Dutch Leopard 2 tanks have been subsequently exported to Austria, Canada, Norway, and Portugal. Leopard 2 tanks remaining in Dutch service have been upgraded to 2A5 and 2A6 standards.", "The Swiss Army decided to purchase Leopard 2 tanks over the M1A1 Abrams after trialling both tanks between August 1981 and June 1982. The Swiss decision was made in August 1983 and the funding was approved by the government in 1984. Thirty-five of the tanks were delivered by Kraus-Maffei by June 1987. Eidgenössische Konstruktionswerkstätte Thun started license production of 345 additional vehicles in December 1987.", "After investigating the option of a locally developed replacement for the Strv 103 tank, Sweden decided to buy a foreign tank model. The Leopard 2 Improved (Leopard 2A5 prototype) won the competition against the M1A2 Abrams and the French Leclerc. The Swedish military also evaluated the Soviet T-80U tank, but separately from the other tanks. After intensive tests from January to June 1994, the Swedish military opted for the Leopard 2", ". After intensive tests from January to June 1994, the Swedish military opted for the Leopard 2. The Swedish military found that the Leopard 2 Improved met their military demands by 90%. The M1A2 met the Swedish requirements by 86%, whereas the Leclerc met 63%. In June 1994 Sweden ordered the production of 120 modified Leopard 2A5, to be known as Stridsvagn 122 (Strv 122) in Swedish service. Strv 122 features Swedish-developed appliqué armour, a new command system, and improved electronics", ". Of the 120 Strv 122, 29 were manufactured in Germany by Krauss-Maffei Wegmann while the other 91 were manufactured by the Swedish firms Bofors and Hägglunds. The first Stridsvagn 122 was delivered in December 1996. These remain in Swedish service and have received periodic upgrades.", "Sweden also leased and later bought a total of 160 Leopard 2A4 tanks in 1994 and 1995, known in Swedish service as Stridsvagn 121 (Strv 121). The first Strv 121 was delivered in February 1994. The Strv 121 fleet was mothballed by 2006. Sweden has retained a number of Strv 121 tanks as training aids; 6 Strv 121 have since been converted into AEV 3 Kodiak armoured engineering vehicles, and a further 6 have been converted into Leguan armoured bridgelayers.", "Denmark bought 51 ex-German Leopard 2A4 tanks after the Danish military school, the Hærens Kampskole, recommended basing the adoption of a new tank on the Swedish army trials. The first tanks were delivered in 1998, but the upgrade to Leopard 2A5 level was already decided the next year. In 2004-2006 the Danish army bought another six ex-German Leopard 2 tanks.", "In 1998, Greece held a competition to determine the main battle tank for the Hellenic Army. The Leopard 2 Improved managed to outperform the Challenger 2E, Leclerc, M1A2 Abrams, T-80U, and T-84 and was chosen by the Greek officials. In March 2003 Greece ordered 170 Leopard 2 tanks, of which 140 were locally assembled. Greece also bought 183 Leopard 2A4 and 150 Leopard 1 tanks.", "Spain initially leased 109 Leopard 2A4 tanks, after Krauss-Maffei withdrew from the Lince development, a special lighter version of the Leopard 2 developed together with Santa Bárbara Sistemas. Before the end of the Lince tank, Spain had already rejected the M1A1 Abrams and the Vickers Valiant. After deciding to purchase the leased tanks, Santa Bárbara Sistemas acquired the licence to locally produce 219 Leopard 2A6 tanks for the Spanish army.", "Poland received 128 Leopard 2A4 tanks from German army stocks in 2002. In 2013 Poland ordered a further 119 ex-German Leopard 2s. Finland bought 124 used Leopard 2A4 tanks and six armoured bridge-layer Leopard 2L tanks from Germany in 2002 and 2003. The tanks served as replacements for the old Soviet-made T-55 and T-72M1. The Netherlands resold 114 of their tanks (and one turret) to Austria, 80 to Canada in 2007, 52 to Norway, 37 to Portugal and 100 to Finland.", "In December 2018, Hungary placed an order for 44 Leopard 2A7+s and 12 second-hand 2A4s. The order coincided with the procurement of 24 Panzerhaubitze 2000, and was expected to replace Hungary's current fleet of T-72 tanks \"no sooner than 2020\".", "In February 2023, the Norwegian Prime Minister, Jonas Gahr Stoere, announced that Norway would be ordering 54 new Leopard 2A7 tanks at a cost of with a further option for 18 vehicles to be delivered at a later date. The first Leopard 2A7s are due to be delivered by 2026, and operational by 2031. The Norwegian government had been weighing up either the Leopard 2A7 or the South Korean K2 Black Panther as a replacement for its aging Leopard 2A4 fleet. The tanks will be designated Leopard 2A8 NOR.", "Beyond Europe\nIn 2005, Turkey ordered 298 Leopard 2 tanks from German army stocks. The Leopard 2 was chosen in 2001 after successfully competing one year earlier in the Turkish army trials against the T-84 Yatagan, Leclerc and a version of the M1A2 Abrams fitted with a German MTU diesel engine. Turkey wanted to buy 1,000 Leopard 2 tanks in 1999, but the German government rejected the deal.", "Singapore bought 96 Leopard 2 tanks from Germany in 2006. Chile bought 172 ex-German Leopard 2A4 tanks and 273 Marder 1A3 IFVs in 2007.\n\nIndonesia ordered 103 Leopard 2 tanks and 42 Marder 1A3 IFVs in 2013. At first the export of heavy weapons to Indonesia was not allowed by the German government, due to the questionable human rights record of Indonesia. 61 of the 103 Leopard 2 tanks will be upgraded by Rheinmetall to the Leopard 2RI standard, based on Rheinmetall's Revolution modular upgrade concept.", "Qatar ordered 62 Leopard 2A7 tanks and 24 Panzerhaubitze 2000s in 2013. The delivery of the tanks started in late 2015 and the first tanks were displayed on a military parade in December 2015.\n\nTransfer to Ukraine\n\nOn 2 July 2023 Ukraine had reportedly received 54 Leopard 2A4 from NATO-member countries.", "Political discussions", "Since April 2022, in the wake of the Russian invasion, the Ukrainian government has requested that their allies donate Western-made main battle tanks. Poland, Finland and others have all announced a willingness to contribute Leopard 2 tanks from their stocks, with around 100 tanks from various states ready to be transferred to Ukraine. However, when Germany exported the tanks to these countries, it had made reexport conditional on a German government permit, as based on the and", ". Until 22 January 2023, it was unclear whether such a consent would be provided with Germany determined to avoid any perception of escalating the conflict, and wary of being labelled an aggressor. Germany has also been keen to extract an American commitment to provide its own M1 Abrams tanks, before sending German-made Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine.", "The matter was discussed at a conference of defence ministers from NATO members and allies, but no agreement was reached. The German position was heavily criticized by some of the other European governments with Poland threatening to unilaterally export their Leopards if permission from Berlin was not given. The Polish and Ukrainian governments then announced that Ukrainian soldiers would start training on Polish Leopard 2 tanks in Poland.", "On 22 January 2023, the German minister for foreign affairs, Annalena Baerbock, told French media that Germany \"would not stand in the way\" of any Polish decision to send Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine but noted that \"for the moment the question has not been asked.\" Two days later, Poland made an official request for permission to transfer Polish Leopards to Ukraine.", "On 24 January Der Spiegel reported that the German Chancellor, Olaf Scholz, would the following day, officially announce the transfer of an undisclosed number of German Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine, beginning with 14 Leopard 2A6s from the active Bundeswehr inventory. The German government would also give permission to any country seeking to reexport Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine. These reports were formally confirmed by the German government on 25 January.", "It was also reported that Boris Pistorius, the German defence minister, was encouraging Leopard-operating states to start training Ukrainian personnel in their use.\n\nThe German decision to provide and approve the provision of Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine came after U.S. President Joe Biden decided to provide Ukraine with M1 Abrams tanks, as Germany insisted on moving in coordination with its allies. The decision to provide M1 Abrams tanks had previously been opposed by the Pentagon.", "On 15 February 2023, Pistorius expressed his frustration at Germany's allies in their announcement of any donations of Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine, saying it had \"not been exactly breathtaking, to put it mildly.\" Since the change in German position on exports, only Poland had matched the German promise to provide 14 tanks - the two largest donations from a single country.", "Germany\nOn 25 January 2023, the German government confirmed that it would make 14 Leopard 2A6 (a company-strength number) available for Ukraine and would give authorisation to European partners to reexport their vehicles. The goal is for European Leopard 2 operators to provide two battalions worth, or 88 tanks, to Ukraine.", "According to the German government, the tanks will be delivered to Ukraine after training Ukrainian service personnel. This process would take up to three months. Some tanks are held by the Bundeswehr, others by the Leopard manufacturer Rheinmetall. The latter has said they could be ready to be dispatched by March 2023. However, they also warned that some vehicles held in long-term storage would require extensive refurbishment and updating before they could be considered suitable for combat in Ukraine", ". On 26 January, Pistorius, the German minister of defense, stated that the tanks would be delivered in late March or early April. On 24 February 2023, the German Department of Defence confirmed Germany would increase its Leopard 2A6 contribution from 14 to 18, thus providing 1 full tank battalion together with the contributions of Portugal and Sweden.", "On 27 March 2023, Germany delivered 18 Leopard 2A6 tanks to Ukraine with two accompanying armoured recovery vehicles and necessary spare parts.", "On 28 March 2023, the security board of the Swiss National Council recommended that 25 Leopard 2 in storage should be sold to the German manufacturer Krauss-Maffei-Wegmann so that Germany can replace some of its own tanks now serving in Ukraine. As of this day, Switzerland keeps 96 Leopard 2 in storage. As the tanks' sale requires decommissioning, the Bundeswehr waits for approval by the Swiss parliament.", "On 27 September 2023, the Swiss parliament has voted to decommission 25 Leopard 2 tanks, allowing them to be sold back to Germany. Germany has given assurances that ex-Swiss tanks will not be sent to Ukraine.", "Poland\nPoland welcomed the German decision to allow the transfer of Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine, with the Polish government announcing on 25 January it would transfer 14 Leopards to Ukraine from a total Polish stock of 247, in addition to a further 50–60 Soviet-era tanks. On 24 February 2023, the first 4 Leopard 2A4 tanks from Polish stocks were delivered to Ukraine. These are the first Leopard 2 tanks to be operated by Ukraine.", "Canada", "On 26 January 2023, the Canadian Defence Minister, Anita Anand, announced that Canada would be sending four Leopard 2A4 tanks to Ukraine, with the potential for more to follow. These vehicles were reportedly 'combat ready.' Canada will also provide appropriate training to Ukrainian forces who will go on to operate these tanks. The first Canadian Leopard 2 tanks had arrived in Poland on 5 February, to allow Ukrainian troops to begin training", ". On 24 February, the Canadian Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, announced that Canada would be sending a further four Leopard 2A4 tanks to Ukraine along with 1 armoured recovery vehicle (ARV) and 5,000 rounds of ammunition.", "Czech Republic", "On 20 January 2023 the Czech Defense Ministry issued a statement that the media reports indicating the Czech Republic and Slovakia were willing to give up their Leopard 2 tanks for Ukraine were false, and that rumors that the Czech Republic would receive American Abrams tanks in exchange for Leopards were also false", ". As of December 2022, both countries had only received 1 Leopard 2A4 each from Rheinmetall as part of Germany's Ringtaush program in exchange for them delivering older Soviet equipment to Ukraine, while the remaining Leopard 2A4s are still being refurbished (expected to be delivered throughout 2023).", "Denmark", "While it was reported in the international press that Denmark had signalled that it could contribute a number of tanks, there was no official indication from the Danish Government that any Danish Leopard 2's would be sent to Ukraine. Of the Danish inventory of 44 tanks, 14 were deployed to Estonia as part of NATO EFP, with a further number receiving upgrades at the German manufacturers. Some Danish opposition politicians voiced support for a transfer of Danish tanks", ". Some Danish opposition politicians voiced support for a transfer of Danish tanks. Unlike those considered by other countries, the Danish Leopards are of the new 2A7 standard, which would represent some logistic and mechanical challenges compared to the other variants. Denmark instead announced on 7 February that it was jointly purchasing 100-178 Leopard 1A5 tanks with Germany and the Netherlands", ". Denmark also announced on 20 April 2023 that they would jointly finance with the Netherlands the purchase and refurbishing of 14 Leopard 2A4 for Ukraine from private industry stocks.", "Finland", "Finland had suggested before the German decision on reexport, that it could supply Ukraine with a limited number of Leopard 2 tanks. The Finnish President, Sauli Niinistö, warned that \"the number of tanks [to be sent to Ukraine] cannot be large, since Finland borders on Russia and is not part of NATO.\" On 23 February Finland announced it will give 3 Leopard 2R mine clearing vehicles to Ukraine", ".\" On 23 February Finland announced it will give 3 Leopard 2R mine clearing vehicles to Ukraine. Finnish total stock of this type will return the same (6) with planned purchase of 3 replacement vehicles from Germany.", "Greece", "On 25 January 2023 it was reported that Greece was one of the countries that had indicated it would supply Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine. On 29 January 2023 it was erroneously reported that approximately 14 Leopard 2 tanks would be provided, though it was unclear if it would be the 2A4 or 2A6 HEL variant. However, on 31 January, Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis clarified that Greece would not supply any Leopard tanks to Ukraine, arguing \"they are absolutely necessary for our defense posture", ".\" Leaked Pentagon documents revealed that Greece was preparing to donate 5 of its Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine, though Greek defense minister Nikolaos Panayiotopoulos reiterated later in April his government's opposition to tank deliveries to Ukraine, making confirmation of the delivery uncertain.", "Netherlands", "The Netherlands was considering Ukrainian requests for Leopard 2 tanks, with Prime Minister Mark Rutte suggesting that the Dutch government could purchase tanks from other countries and donate them. There were also some discussions about Netherlands purchasing the 18 Leopard 2A6 tanks they lease from Germany. No refusal was made from Germany to sell them as no formal request to buy them was made; both countries agreed that they were critical to the operations of the joint German-Dutch military unit", ". However, the Netherlands agreed to supply ammunition for Leopard tanks and announced it had not abandoned its intention to contribute to the tank initiative, while also noting it was helping to purchase Leopard 1A5 tanks with Denmark and Germany. The Netherlands later announced it was jointly financing with Denmark the purchase and refurbishing of 14 Leopard 2A4 for Ukraine from private industry stocks, with delivery expected in early 2024.", "Norway", "On 25 January 2023, Norway pledged to donate spare Leopards to Ukraine with reports speculating that between four and eight of its 36 Leopard 2A4 tanks would be sent. Norwegian defence minister Bjørn Arild Gram said in an interview with Norwegian public television NRK: \"Norway and the government support the donation of battle tanks to Ukraine. Norway will take part,\" but did not specify how many would be sent", ". Norway will take part,\" but did not specify how many would be sent. On 14 February 2023, Gram announced that 8 Norwegian Leopard 2 tanks and 4 Leopard 1 derived \"special purpose vehicles\" would be handed over to Ukraine. The special purpose vehicles turned out to be a mix of 3 NM189 AEVs and 1 NM217 ARV. In February 2023, Norway ordered 54 Leopard 2A7 tanks (later changed to 2A8 variant) to be delivered from 2026, with a further option for 18 vehicles if necessary.", "Portugal", "When the German government changed its position on the reexport of Leopard 2 tanks, it was reported that the Portuguese government was preparing to send four of their Leopard 2A6 tanks to Ukraine. On 4 February, Prime Minister António Costa confirmed that Portugal would send Leopards to Ukraine, but did not confirm the number of vehicles set to be delivered", ". It is understood that Portugal is working with Germany to obtain the necessary parts to repair inoperable tanks in its inventory of 37 Leopard 2 tanks, but it has been widely reported by local media that most are inoperable. Costa expressed hopes that Portuguese tanks would be delivered by March 2023. On 14 February, it was reported that Portugal had earmarked 3 Leopard 2A6 tanks for donation to Ukraine. All 3 were confirmed donated on March 27 together with the 18 German Leopard 2A6", ". All 3 were confirmed donated on March 27 together with the 18 German Leopard 2A6. Leaked Pentagon documents revealed that Portugal may be donating an additional 3 Leopard 2A6 tanks to Ukraine.", "Slovakia\nOn 25 January 2023, Slovakia announced it was not considering the transfer of any of its Leopard 2A4 tanks to Ukraine, but were willing to provide T-72 tanks if other allies replaced them with other tanks. The reason cited for this was that Slovakia had only received 1 of the 15 Leopard tanks it was promised as part of Germany's Ringtaush program, which it was getting in exchange for supplying Ukraine with 30 Soviet-era infantry fighting vehicles.", "Spain", "On 4 June 2022 it was reported that Spain was considering providing 40 of its 53 retired Leopard 2A4 tanks stored in Zaragoza. On 8 June German Chancellor Olaf Scholz denied receiving any formal request from Spain for an export permit for Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine. However it was later confirmed on 10 June by the Spanish defense minister they were considering the transfer", ". On 12 June, anonymous government sources told Der Spiegel that the Scholz government blocked any transfer of Leopard tanks to Ukraine, arguing this \"would constitute a departure\" from an informal NATO decision not to provide Western tanks at that time. By 2 August, Spain officially backtracked on its decision, arguing the tanks at Zaragoza were in \"deplorable condition\" and that it could not send any.", "The Spanish government was later reported to be considering to send an unconfirmed number of Spanish Leopard 2E tanks to Ukraine in January 2023 following a meeting of the Ukraine Defense Contact Group. On 14 February the Spanish defence minister Margarita Robles confirmed Spain was providing training to 55 Ukrainian tank crew members and technicians on the Leopard 2", ". On 22 February, Robles also confirmed that Spain was in the process of preparing six Leopard 2A4 tanks for delivery to Ukraine by late March or early April. On 5 February 2023, it was reported that at least 11 of the 53 tanks stored at Zaragoza had been drawn out of storage to be refurbished and upgraded to have \"the same lethality\" as modern versions of the Leopard 2 before being sent to Ukraine", ". Five were sent to the Santa Bárbara Sistemas plant in Alcalá de Guadaira and six had already been moved to Seville for diagnostics and repairs. The Ministry of Defence had not published the contracts for the retrofits out of secrecy. It was unclear however if ammunition would be supplied with the tanks as Spain only has 9 rounds for each of its Leopard 2E tanks", ". On 23 February Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez confirmed during a visit to Kyiv that Spain was sending at least 10 Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine.", "Sweden\nSweden began considering Ukrainian requests for Leopard 2 tanks in January 2023 and did not rule out contributing its Strv 122 at a later stage. On 24 February, the Swedish minister of defence Pål Jonson announced that Sweden would be providing 10 Leopard 2A5 tanks to Ukraine.\n\nCombat history\n\nKFOR", "Starting on 12 June 1999, 28 Leopard 2A5 tanks were deployed to Kosovo by the German Army as part of the Kosovo Force (KFOR). The vehicles of Panzerbataillon 33 and 214 were sent from Macedonia to Prizren. They were used for patrols, protecting checkpoints and bases as well as part of the show of force. On 13 June 1999, two members of the Serbian paramilitary started firing from inside a Fiat 125p car at one of the checkpoints in Prizren and both were killed by return fire", ". A Leopard 2A5 was located at the checkpoint, but it could not participate in the fighting as it was only partially crewed.", "On 26 June 1999, a Leopard 2A5 fired four warning shots above the town of Orahovac. From late 2000 to early 2001, the tanks were replaced by the Leopard 2A4 model. Leopard 2A4s were deployed to Macedonia in 2001 as part of the NATO intervention. The tanks served to protect Bundeswehr logistic sites in Macedonia. Until their return in 2004, the Leopard 2 tanks were stationed at the Austrian-Swiss camp \"Casablanca\".", "IFOR/SFOR\nThe Dutch contingent in Bosnia-Herzegovina operated Leopard 2 tanks. Dutch Leopard 2A4s and Leopard 2A5s were stationed at the NLD bases at Bugojno, Novi Travnik, Sisava, Knezevo, Maslovare and Suica.", "ISAF/OEF", "In October 2003, Canada was planning to replace its Leopard C2s with wheeled Stryker Mobile Gun Systems. However, operational experience in Afghanistan and in particular during Operation Medusa, convinced the Canadian military of the usefulness of maintaining a tank fleet. Leopard C2s were deployed to Kandahar in December 2006, but they were by then almost 30 years old, and were nearing the end of their operational life", ". The Canadian government decided to borrow 20 Leopard 2A6s and three armoured recovery vehicles from Germany for rapid deployment to Afghanistan. In late August 2007, the first Leopard 2s were airlifted into Afghanistan to equip Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians).", "In an assault on 2 November 2007, a Leopard 2A6M hit an improvised explosive device (IED) and survived without casualties: \"My crew stumbled upon an IED (improvised explosive device) and made history as the first (crew) to test the (Leopard 2A6) M-packet. It worked as it should.\" wrote a Canadian officer in an email to German defence officials", ". It worked as it should.\" wrote a Canadian officer in an email to German defence officials. Canadian Chief of the Defence Staff General Rick Hillier denied reports that a Leopard 2 tank that was struck by an IED was a write-off, insisting that the tank has been repaired and is once again in use", ". \"The Taliban have been engaged with some of the new Leopard 2 tanks in several ambushes\" and that as a result the Taliban \"learned some very harsh lessons\" and lost the battle in question \"very quickly and very violently.\"", "In October 2007, Denmark deployed Leopard 2A5 DKs in support of operations in southern Afghanistan. The Danish tank unit, drawn from the first battalion of the Jydske Dragonregiment (Jutland Dragoons Regiment), was equipped with three tanks and one M113 armored personnel carrier, with an armoured recovery vehicle and another tank kept in reserve", ". The Danish version of the Leopard 2A5 is fitted with Swedish-made Barracuda camouflage mats that limit the absorption of solar heat, thus reducing infrared signature and interior temperature. It also has a conventional driver's seat bolted on the floor of the tank, whereas in the Canadian 2A6M (as part of the mine-protection package) the driver's seat has been replaced by a \"dynamic safety seat\", which is a parachute-harness like arrangement that the driver wears around his hip", ". This way, the driver does not have any contact with the hull except on the pedals and is out of the shockwave area of exploding land mines or IEDs.", "In January 2008, Danish tanks halted a flanking manoeuvre by Taliban forces near the Helmand River by providing gunfire in support of Danish and British infantry from elevated positions. On 26 February 2008, a Danish Leopard 2 was hit by an explosive device, damaging one track. No one was injured and the tank returned to camp on its own for repairs. The first fatality suffered by a crew operating a Leopard 2 happened on 25 July 2008. A Danish Leopard 2A5 hit an IED in Helmand Province", ". A Danish Leopard 2A5 hit an IED in Helmand Province. The vehicle was able to continue before it halted. Three members of the four-man crew were able to escape even though wounded, but the driver was stuck inside. Onsite treatment by Danish medics could not save him. The vehicle was towed to Forward Operating Base (FOB) Attal and then later to FOB Armadillo for investigation and possible redeployment", ". During the same contact with Taliban forces, a second tank was caught in an explosion but none of the crew were wounded.", "Beginning on 7 December 2008, Leopard 2 tanks took part in Operation Red Dagger, firing 31 rounds in support of Coalition troops as they recaptured Nad Ali District. A press release from the British Ministry of Defence praised the tank's fire accuracy and mobility, claiming the Leopard 2 was a decisive factor in the coalition's success.", "Turkish intervention in Syria", "Turkey operates 354 Leopard 2A4 tanks. Initially using other tank types including upgraded M60s, in December 2016 Turkey deployed a number of Leopard 2A4s to the Syrian Civil War against Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) as part of Operation Euphrates Shield. Initially, three of the Turkish Leopard 2A4s operating in Syria were destroyed or damaged by ISIS using anti-tank missile systems (possibly Fagot or Konkurs anti-tank guided missiles obtained from Syrian or Iraqi Army captured stocks)", ". In mid-December 2016, two 2A4 tanks were captured by ISIS near al-Bab city in Syria during Euphrates Shield operations. Amaq News Agency posted video of vehicles claimed to be captured Leopard 2A4s.", "By late December 2016, ISIS had captured or incapacitated 10 Leopard 2A4s. These were damaged by anti-tank weapons, IEDs, or other unknown causes. Additional ISIS propaganda images and video depicting several completely destroyed Leopards, some with their turrets blown off, were published in January 2017", ". Tanks which suffered the worst damage may have been destroyed by airstrikes in order to prevent capture but sources generally state that the damage was caused solely with anti-tank missiles or car bombs driven by suicide bombers.", "In January 2017, the German newspaper Die Welt reported that ISIL fighters used 9M133 Kornet anti-tank missiles to destroy six Leopard 2 tanks used by the Turkish military in Syria.\n\nAt least eight Leopard 2 MBT have been destroyed according to photographic reports.", "At least eight Leopard 2 MBT have been destroyed according to photographic reports.\n\nTurkey also confirmed the use of Leopard 2A4 tanks during the Turkish military operation in Afrin to the German government. These tanks were designed during the Cold War to fight against Soviet tanks in Europe, not counterinsurgencies against guerrillas, where the primary risk is improvised explosive devices and anti-tank missiles. These tanks were retired from German usage when sold to Turkey.", "There is a belief that the Turkish purchase of Leopard 2A4s from Germany was subject to the condition that they were not to be used against Kurdish separatists. Prior to 2016, the Leopard 2A4s were kept in northern Turkey. Once the German government discovered that the Leopard tanks were being used against Kurdish forces, planned upgrades to make them “less vulnerable to explosives” were halted", ". Ultimately Turkey was forced to upgrade the Leopard 2A4s with domestic components, including a possible replacement of the original turret with that of the Turkish Altay main battle tank.", "Russo-Ukrainian War\nIn April 2023, during training of a Ukrainian crew a Leopard 2A4 was damaged with its turret being completely dislodged from the hull. The crew was reported as fine. In July 2023, a Leopard 2A4 was modified to carry Kontakt-1 ERA on the sides of the hull and the turret. It was also shown with rubber screens attached to the turret and gun mantel.", "Beginning in June 2023, Ukraine deployed Leopard 2s during the Russo-Ukrainian War against Russia in preparation for their 2023 counteroffensive. During Ukrainian attacks in Zaporizhzhia Oblast on 8 June 2023, a Russian artillery strike on a Ukrainian vehicle column at Novopokrovka destroyed at least one Leopard 2A4 tank. Additionally, more Russian drone footage from the same day and days after showed 4 Leopard 2A6 tanks and 3 Leopard 2Rs damaged or destroyed south the road of Mala Tokmachka.", "On 28 August 2023, Russia's Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu claimed that Russian forces had destroyed or damaged all 16 Leopard 2A4 tanks supplied to Ukraine by Poland and Portugal.", "As of 28 October 2023, according to the Oryx blog, at least eleven Ukrainian Leopard 2s were destroyed according to photos and videos (3 Leopard 2A6, 2 Leopard 2A4, 4 Leopard 2A4V, 1 Leopard 2R, 1 Bergepanzer-3); While another 14 Ukrainian Leopard 2s of various models were confirmed damaged to various degrees, with five of them being classified as abandoned by their crews: 4 Leopard 2A4, 6 Leopard 2A6 with 3 of them being abandoned, 2 Stridsvagn 122 that are also abandoned, 2 Leopard 2R.", "On 4 October 2023, according to Forbes, Ukrainian forces managed to recover at least one Strv 122 and have sent it to be repaired.\n\nVariants\n\nLeopard 2", "The baseline Leopard 2, sometimes informally called the \"A0\" to differentiate it from later versions, was the first series manufactured version. The vehicles were manufactured from October 1979 until March 1982, altogether 380 vehicles. 209 were built by Krauss Maffei and 171 by MaK", ". 209 were built by Krauss Maffei and 171 by MaK. The basic equipment consisted of electrical-hydraulic stabiliser WNA-H22, a fire control computer, a laser rangefinder, a wind sensor, a general-purpose telescope EMES 15, a panorama periscope PERI R17, the gunner's primary sight FERO Z18, on the turret roof as well as a computer-controlled tank testing set RPP 1–8. 200 of the vehicles had a low-light enhancer (PZB 200) instead of thermal imaging. Two chassis served as driver training vehicles.", "Leopard 2A1", "Minor modifications and the installation of the gunner's thermal sight were worked into the second batch of 450 vehicles Leopard 2, designated the A1. Krauss-Maffei built 248 (Chassis Nr. 10211 to 10458) and Mak built 202 (Chassis Nr. 20173 to 20347). Deliveries of the 2A1 models started in March 1982 and ended in November 1983. The two most notable changes were the modification of the ammunition racks to be identical to those in the M1A1 Abrams, and redesigned fuel filters that reduce refuelling time.", "A third batch of 300 Leopard 2, 165 by Krauss-Maffei (Chassis Nr. 10459 to 10623) and 135 by MaK (Chassis Nr. 20375 to 20509.), was built between November 1983 and November 1984. This batch included more minor changes that were later retrofitted to the earlier 2A1s.", "Leopard 2A2", "This designation was given to upgraded vehicles of the first batch of Leopard 2s, brought up to the standard of the second and third batches. This modernisation gradually replaced the original PZB 200 sights in the first batch with thermal sights for the EMES 15 as they became available. The upgrade included the fitting of filler openings and caps to the forward hull fuel tanks to allow separate refuelling", ". There was an addition of a deflector plate for the periscope and a large coverplate to protect the existing NBC protection system. The tank was given new five metre towing cables with a different position. The programme began in 1984 and ended in 1987. The third, fourth and fifth batches, which were produced during this period, had the same features. The modernised first batch can be recognised by the circular plate covering the hole where the crosswind sensor for the fire control system was removed.", "Leopard 2A3\nThe fourth batch of 300 vehicles, 165 by Krauss-Maffei (Chassis Nr. 10624 to 10788) and 135 by Mak (Chassis Nr. 20510 to 20644), was delivered between December 1984 and December 1985. The main change was the addition of the SEM80/90 digital radio sets (also being fitted to the Leopard 1 at the same time), and the ammunition reloading hatches being welded shut. Even with these minor changes the new batch was known as the 2A3.\n\nLeopard 2A4", "The most widespread version of the Leopard 2 family, the 2A4 models included more substantial changes, including an automated fire and explosion suppression system, an all-digital fire control system able to handle new ammunition types, and an improved turret with flat titanium/tungsten armour. The Leopard 2s were manufactured in eight batches between 1985 and 1992. All the older models were upgraded to 2A4 standard", ". All the older models were upgraded to 2A4 standard. Until 1994, Germany operated a total of 2,125 2A4s (695 newly built and the rest modified older versions), while the Netherlands had an additional 445 tanks. The 2A4 was licensed and manufactured in Switzerland as the Panzer 87 \"Leopard\" or Pz 87. This version included Swiss-built 7.5 mm MG 87 machine guns and communications equipment and featured an improved NBC protection system. Switzerland operated 380 Pz 87 tanks.", "After 2000, Germany and the Netherlands found themselves with large stocks of tanks that they had no need for after the Cold War. These tanks were sold to NATO or friendly armies around the world. Among these buyers of the surplus tanks were Turkey (purchasing 354 vehicles), Greece (183), Sweden (160), Chile (140), Finland (139), Poland (128), Austria (114), Spain (108), Canada (107), Indonesia (103), Singapore (96), Norway (52), Denmark (51), and Portugal (37).", "The Pz 87WE (WertErhaltung) is a planned Swiss modification and upgrade of the Pz 87. The modification significantly improves protection through the addition of the Leopard 2A6M's mine protection kit, thicker armour on the front glacis, and a turret equipped with a Swiss-developed armour package using titanium alloy. The turret roof armour is improved and the smoke grenade launchers are redesigned", ". The turret roof armour is improved and the smoke grenade launchers are redesigned. Further improvements enhance survivability and combat capabilities, such as a turret electric drive similar to the Leopard 2A5, a driver rearview camera, an independent weapons station for the loader, and enhanced command and control systems. The fire control system is upgraded, using the Carl Zeiss Optronics GmbH PERI-R17A2 fire control system. A remote weapons station containing a fully stabilised Mg 64 0.50 in (12", ". A remote weapons station containing a fully stabilised Mg 64 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine gun is fitted to the tank.", "The Swiss company RUAG offered an upgrade package for Pz 87 main battle tanks to meet a possible requirement of the Swiss Army for improved protection. It is fitted with a new modular composite armour package. Armour modules can be tailored to provide enhanced protection against a specific threat. Damaged modules can be easily replaced in field conditions. Upgraded tanks are less vulnerable to direct hits, anti-tank missiles, RPG rounds, mines, and IEDs", ". Upgraded tanks are less vulnerable to direct hits, anti-tank missiles, RPG rounds, mines, and IEDs. The vehicle received new sensors such as a sniper detection sensor and a laser warning receiver. In 2021, the two prototypes with add-on armour were handed to the Militär- und Festungsmuseum Full-Reuenthal.", "The Indonesian Army operates the Leopard 2 Republic Indonesia or Leopard 2RI, an upgraded variant based on Rheinmetall's MBT Revolution upgrade for the Leopard 2A4 tank. The upgrade includes AMAP armour from IBD Deisenroth and Rheinmetall Chempro, improved fire control systems, and battlefield management and situational awareness systems.\n\nThe Pz 87–140 is an experimental variant of the Swiss Pz 87 with a 140 mm gun and additional armour, which was later used on the newer production variants.", "The Leopard 2A4CHL is the upgraded Chilean version of the Leopard 2A4 ordered by Chile in 2007. Upgrades include new electronics, sighting, and information systems meant to elevate the Leopard 2A4's networking capability to be equal to that of the Leopard 2A6, a new suspension system, and the upgrading of the tank main gun to the L/55 smoothbore cannon used on the Leopard 2A6. Other upgrades are remote weapon stations over the gunner and commander hatches fitted with the MG3 and HK GMG", ". The Leopard 2A4CHL has improved roof and side turret armour and can be uplinked with Chile's battlefield control network.", "The Leopard 2A4M CAN is the upgraded Canadian version of the Leopard 2A4 acquired from the Royal Netherlands Army surplus. The Leopard 2A4M CAN is specially designed for the war in Afghanistan, based on experience gained by Leopard 2 operators. The first 20 were delivered in October 2010. Five were deployed to Afghanistan at the end of 2010 and operated until July 2011, when combat operations stopped", ". Though originally planned to be up-gunned to the L/55 for consistency with the 2A6M CAN, the longer barrelled guns (optimised for tank-vs-tank warfare) were found to be less than ideal in Afghanistan, therefore it was decided to retain the L/44. Only small areas of slat armour were added, in contrast with the fully caged 2A6M CANs", ". Only small areas of slat armour were added, in contrast with the fully caged 2A6M CANs. The protection of the Leopard 2A4M CAN has been further augmented by the addition of applique armour resembling that found on the most recent Leopard 2A7+ variant, but modified to fit the turret configuration of the 2A4. Of the 2A4s acquired, 11 were converted for training use (9 A4s, 2 A4Ms)", ". Of the 2A4s acquired, 11 were converted for training use (9 A4s, 2 A4Ms). In February 2011, Canada bought 12 2A4s/Pz 87 from Switzerland for the 'Force Mobility Enhancement' project which, along with the remaining unused ex-Dutch tanks, saw 18 converted to Armoured Engineering Vehicles and 4 converted to Armoured Recovery Vehicles. Canada has also purchased 15 2A4s from Germany as Logistic Stock Vehicles (for spare parts).", "The Leopard 2NG (Next Generation) is a privately funded Turkish upgrade by ASELSAN that includes the application of AMAP, upgraded optics, completely overhauled turret mechanics, and a new fire control system on the work since 1995 and to be delivered by late 2011, which is intended to be used on the new Altay MBT. It was developed without an order from the Turkish Army, but might meet the requirements for the modernization of the Turkish Leopard 2A4s", ". The old powerpack and the L/44 gun barrel are kept, but the combat weight is increased to 65 tonnes. According to Turkish news sources, Finland was interested in getting the Turkish upgrade package to modernise their fleet of Leopard 2A4s. However, in 2015 Finland purchased 120 2A6 vehicles from the Netherlands.", "The Leopard 2 hull was used for the Vickers Mk 7 main battle tank, which featured a British-designed turret, where some of the innovations later were incorporated into the Challenger 2 design.", "In December 2015, Bumar-Labedy signed an agreement with German Rheinmetall Landsysteme Gmbh concerning the technological support of the Polish modernization program for Leopard 2A4 tanks. The company will design, document, and execute six prototypes. The first upgraded Leopard 2PLs have arrived in Poland in June 2020, with all 142 tanks to be delivered by 2023", ". The upgrades include third generation night vision systems (production of the Warsaw PCO), new additional armour modules and anti-splash lining, removal of flammable components (turret drive system and main propulsion system), installation of the new fire protection system, modernization of the tank's integrated monitoring and testing equipment, the possibility of using new types of ammunition (programmable DM-11 and DM-63), and an auxiliary generator set (APU)", ". Construction of all 142 units will be completed by the end of 2020.", "Turkey is planning to modernize its Leopard 2A4 MBTs as Leopard 2A4TR with the T1 Modernization Package", ". According to the Defense Industry Presidency, Leopard 2A4 tanks will be modernized with; Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA), T1 Reactive-Passive Armour, High Ballistic Strength Cage Armour, Hollow Modular Add-on Armour, Close Range Surveillance System (YAMGÖZ), Laser Warning Receiver System (LIAS), SARP Remote Controlled Weapon System (UKSS), PULAT Active Protection System (AKS), a new power distribution unit, ASELSAN Driver Surveillance System (ADİS) and voice alert system integrations", ". The modernization programme is to be completed in 2 batches. The programme will start with 84 Leopard 2A4 tanks in the first batch and the remaining tanks will be modernized within the 2nd batch. A total of 334 tanks (including prototypes) are planned to be upgraded with the T1 modernization programme", ". The new modernized Leopard 2A4 that was presented at the BMC factory was fitted with an Altay turret, which is armed with one 120 mm 55 caliber smoothbore gun designed and manufactured by the Turkish Company MKE, based on a technology transfer from Hyundai Rotem of South Korea. A remote-controlled weapon station is mounted on the top of the turret which is armed with a 12.7mm caliber heavy machine gun.", "Leopard 2A4V\nOn 1 September 2023, video on social media showed Ukrainian crews with 30 Leopard 2A4 upgraded with Kontakt ERA and T-80U style rubber screens, denoted Leopard 2A4V. This followed previous sightings in Ukraine of a Canadian supplied Leopard 2A4 upgraded with Kontakt-1 ERA.\n\nLeopard 2 Marksman", "Leopard 2 Marksman\n\nFinland has modernised its Marksman SPAAG vehicles by replacing the original T-55AM chassis with a newer Leopard 2A4 chassis. The upgraded Marksman vehicles were scheduled to enter service with the Finnish Army in 2016. The new Leopard 2 chassis greatly improves mobility compared to the older T-55AM chassis, both on- and off-road. The Leopard 2 chassis is larger, providing a more stable firing platform for the Marksman turret to operate from.\n\nLeopard 2 Imp", "\"Leopard 2 Improved\" was a series of three prototypes used to test possible further enhancements beyond the Leopard 2A4 model, developed beginning in 1988. After a concept phase, a component test bed (KVT, Komponentenversuchsträger) was built in 1989, followed by two troop trial vehicles (TVM, Truppenversuchsmuster)", ". The Leopard 2 Improved was mostly focused on improving armour protection, introducing the weddge-shaped, spaced add-on armour at the turret front, as well as hull and roof add-on armour, greatly improving protection against hollow charge and kinetic energy threats. It does not form a shot-trap, since it does not deflect the penetrators outwards to hit the hull or turret ring. The gun mantlet was redesigned to accept the new armour", ". The gun mantlet was redesigned to accept the new armour. Aside of improved armour protection, these tanks also included improved optics, navigation systems and electronics.", "Following the initial trials of the two TVM protoypes in Germany and an agreement of the Leopard 2 user states, the second TVM prototype was modified (becoming the TVM 2 mod.) by removing several parts such as the add-on hull and roof armour, becoming the basis for the Leopard 2A5 model. One Leopard 2 Improved (TVM 2) competed in Sweden against the Leclerc and M1A2 Abrams, leading to the adoption of the Stridsvagn 122.\n\nLeopard 2A5", "The Leopard 2 Improved was developed into the Leopard 2A5. Most of its improvements were focused on armour protection; it was enhanced by adding external add-on modules to the turret and replacing the turret's internal armour modules with ones of newer, improved composition. The interior received spall liners to reduce fragments if the armour is penetrated. The commander's sight was moved to a new position behind the hatch and it received an independent thermal channel", ". The gunner's sight was moved to the turret roof as opposed to the cavity in the front armour in previous models. A heavier sliding driver's hatch was fitted.", "The hydraulic turret drives were replaced by an all-electric system, increasing reliability and crew safety, as well as weight savings. The gun braking system was improved to prepare for the later mounting of the new L/55 gun tube and to enable firing of more powerful ammunition, such as the DM53 APFSDS. The first A5s were handed over to the German army tank school in 1995 and started to enter regular service with Panzerbataillon 33 in December the same year.", "The Leopard 2A5 DK is a variant of the Leopard 2A5 similar to the Leopard 2A6 with some small modifications, used by the Danish Army.\n\nStridsvagn 122", "Stridsvagn 122 (also known as Leopard 2A5S and Leopard 2 \"Improved\" A5 SE", ") is a Swedish Army tank based on the Leopard 2 Improved. 120 units were built, 91 of which were licence-produced in Sweden. The tank features increased armour on the turret top and front hull, and improved command-, control- and fire-control systems. Externally, it can be distinguished from the Leopard 2A5 by the French GALIX smoke dispensers, different storage bins, and the much thicker crew hatches", ". The Strv 122B+ Evolution, a variant equipped with modular AMAP composite armour from IBD Deisenroth, has increased 360° protection against threats like EFPs, RPGs and IEDs. The width of has been kept, while the weight increases by only .", "Leopard 2-140", "In the early 1990s, Rheinmetall began development of a 140 mm smoothbore cannon for use in future tank designs. The new gun was intended to counter new Soviet tank developments, especially since the next generation of Soviet main battle tanks were rumoured to be armed with a 135 mm or 152 mm cannon. The new 140 mm cannon was part of a modernisation programme for the Leopard 2 known as the KWS III. Test firing of the new 140 mm cannon was conducted", ". Test firing of the new 140 mm cannon was conducted. Results showed that the gun had high penetration values, and had a muzzle velocity of around 2,000 metres a second, with potential to be increased further. However, the 140 mm rounds were too heavy for the tank crew to handle effectively.", "The KWS III upgrade was to feature a new turret. This new turret was equipped with the planned 140 mm cannon and an autoloader. The introduction of an autoloader reduced the tank's crew to three members, as a dedicated loader was no longer needed. The gun's 32 rounds of ammunition were stored separate from the crew in a large compartment occupying the entire rear of the turret, in order to increase crew survivability in the event of a cook off", ". The turntable-style turret had the gun offset to the left side, due to the autoloader's lateral feeding of ammunition into the cannon breech. The turret was powered by an electro-hydraulic drive and featured an IFIS battlefield management system. The crew was protected by an armoured capsule and ballistic protection for the hull was to be improved. The planned protection level of the KWS III upgrade was to be equal to or better than the Leopard 2A5.", "A total of 650 Leopard 2 KWS III tanks were originally projected to be purchased. However, in 1995, the KWS III programme was cancelled due to", "Despite this, development continued on the 140 mm cannon, with Rheinmetall coordinating with the British Royal Ordnance and French GIAT companies. The 140 mm cannon was fitted to an old Leopard 2 prototype with the turret T19. Counterweights were added to the rear of the turret to balance the increased weight of the 140 mm cannon. The modified Leopard 2 was not equipped with any other KWS III upgrades apart from the new gun", ". The modified Leopard 2 was not equipped with any other KWS III upgrades apart from the new gun. Live fire testing showed mixed results, where the 140 mm cannon showed superior penetrating power compared to the existing 120 mm cannon, but demonstrated poorer handling characteristics. The lack of the autoloader on the prototype further hampered performance.", "Leopard 2A6", "The Leopard 2A6 includes the addition of the Rheinmetall 120 mm L/55 smoothbore gun and other changes. All German tank battalions of the \"crisis intervention forces\" are equipped with the A6. Canada purchased twenty Leopard 2A6s from the Netherlands. These were delivered in 2007. Portugal purchased 37 Leopard 2A6s from the Dutch in 2007, with delivery in 2008. In January 2014, Finland purchased 100 L2A6s, as well as munitions, simulators, and a ten-year supply of reserve parts from the Netherlands", ". The tanks were delivered in batches between 2015 and 2019.", "The Leopard 2A6A1 is a command version of the Leopard 2A6, stemming from the KWS I programme. The vehicle includes additional radios (with the amount depending on the level of command) to accommodate the communications for section, platoon, troop, company, squadron or battalion commanders. For section leaders, the vehicle is fitted with 1x SEM 80 and 1x SEM 90 VHF radios", ". For section leaders, the vehicle is fitted with 1x SEM 80 and 1x SEM 90 VHF radios. For platoon or troop commanders, the vehicle is fitted with 1x SEM 80 and 1x SEM 90 VHF radios along with an 800m field telephone cable drum fitted at the rear of the vehicle. For company, squadron or battalion commanders the vehicle is fitted with 2x SEM 80 or 1x SEM 93 and 1x SEM 90 VHF radios along with an 800m field telephone cable drum, for either fitted at the rear of the vehicle.", "The Leopard 2A6M is a version of the 2A6 with enhanced mine protection under the chassis, and internal enhancements to improve crew survivability. In the summer of 2007, Canada borrowed 20 A6Ms from Germany for deployment to Afghanistan.\n\nThe Leopard 2 Hel is a derivative of the 2A6 that was ordered by the Greek Army in 2003 – the \"Hel\" stands for \"Hellenic\". The 170 tanks were delivered between 2006 and 2009. A total of 140 were built in Greece by ELBO, which delivered the first units in late 2006.", "The Leopard 2A6M CAN is a Canadian variant of the Leopard 2A6M. Significant modifications include distinctive black boxes mounted on the rear of the turret bustle, and stand-off slat armour. The first tanks configured in this variant were 20 loaned from the German Bundeswehr in an effort to increase firepower and protection given to Canadian troops operating in the south of Afghanistan", ". The loaned tanks retain their German MG3 machine guns, the ex-Dutch tanks are also expected to retain their FN MAG machine guns due to commonality with Canadian stocks of C6 GPMG, itself a variant of the FN MAG.", "Due to the loaned status of the first twenty tanks, the air conditioning unit originally could not be installed, as only minimal changes could be made. The crew wore cooling vests instead, and the turret's electric drive generates less heat than the hydraulic drive of the older Leopard C2. The loaned German tanks will be kept by the Canadian Forces and may be further upgraded, while ex-Dutch Leopard 2A6s were modified to German Leopard 2A6M specifications and used as restitution for the loaned tanks", ". Canadian Leopard 2s in Afghanistan were later fitted with air conditioning units, a much-needed commodity in the scorching desert of Afghanistan, and Saab's Barracuda camouflage mats, which reduce solar loading by 50 percent.", "The Leopard 2A6TR was the Turkish variant during the Turkish Army tank procurement project in 2000. The version was based on 2A6EX. The project was dropped in favor of developing the indigenous Altay (main battle tank).\n\nLeopardo 2E", "The Leopard 2E is a derivative of the 2A6, with greater armour protection, developed under a programme of co-production between the defence industries of Spain and Germany. The programme was developed within the frame of collaboration decided in 1995 between the Defence Ministries of both countries, which also included the cession of use by period of five years of 108 Leopard 2A4 from the German Army to the Spanish Army", ". The session was extended up to 2016, and after that those tanks will be the sole property of the Spanish Army, as has been made public in January 2006, then having been paid a total of €15,124,014 in ten yearly installments, giving the Spanish co-ownership from 2006.", "In 1998, the Spanish government agreed to locally build 219 tanks of the Leopard 2E line, 16 recovery tanks of Leopard 2ER (Buffalo), and 4 training vehicles. They chose Santa Bárbara Sistemas as the main contractor. The programme, with a budget of €1,939.4 million, includes integrated logistical support, training courses for crew instructors and maintenance engineers, and driving, turret, maintenance, aiming, and shooting simulators. Deliveries of the first batch began in 2004.\n\nLeopard 2PL", "The Leopard 2PL is a Polish modernized version of the Leopard 2A4, carried out in cooperation with Rheinmetall and the Polish Armaments Group (). The Leopard 2PL MBT is primarily tasked with assault, maintaining territory, and supporting mechanized and motorized subdivisions with its onboard weapon systems in all weather conditions during the day and night", ". The main upgrades when compared to the Leopard 2A4 include modernization of the commander's and gunner's sight, additional ballistic modules on the turret, replacement of the hydraulic stabilization system with a new electric system, and new fire extinguishing and fire suppression systems.", "The upgrade included a new commander's control and monitoring system, the installation of an auxiliary power unit (APU), a new turret stowage compartment for crew equipment, the modernization of its main gun to use new types of programmable ammunition, and the integration of day/night rear camera for drivers. Included are customized towing vehicles due to the increased weight of the upgraded tank. The upgraded 2PL version is in service with the Polish Land Forces", ". The upgraded 2PL version is in service with the Polish Land Forces. Of the Leopard 2A4s from the first (128) and the second (14) batches, 24 have been upgraded to Leopard 2PL standard. The rest will be upgraded to the 2PLM1 standard.", "Leopard 2 PSO", "The new Leopard 2 PSO (Peace Support Operations) variant is designed especially for urban warfare, which had been encountered in peacekeeping operations with increasing frequency", ". The Leopard 2 PSO is equipped with more effective all-around protection, a secondary weapons station, improved reconnaissance ability, an obstacle clearance blade (OCB), a shorter gun barrel for manoeuvring on urban streets at the expense of fire range, non-lethal armament, close-range surveillance ability through camera systems, a searchlight and further changes to improve its perseverance and mobility in built-up non-wide open areas", ". These features are similar to the Tank Urban Survival Kit for the American M1A2 Abrams.", "Leopard 2A7", "The Leopard 2A7 vehicle is not intended to be optimized for combat in urban terrain, thus it is fundamentally different from the KMW variant, the: 2A7+ (see below). A total of 20 vehicles were provided for converting. It involves former Dutch A6NL models returned by Canada to Germany", ". The original upgrade to A6M has been extended in coordination with Canada and includes a crew-compartment cooling-system from the Leopard 2 A6M-HEL series, a new 20 kW auxiliary power unit based on the Steyr Motors M12 TCA UI engine, the Saab Barracuda Mobile Camouflage System (MCS) with Heat-Transfer Reduction (HTR CoolCam) system, a field trial proven combat management and information system (IFIS: Integriertes Führungs- und Informationssystem)", ", onboard network optimization with ultracapacitors in the chassis and turret, a SOTAS IP digital intercom system, a renewal of the fire suppression system in the crew compartment, and the retrofitting of Attica thermal imaging module in the commander optics", ".", "The weapon system is adapted for firing HE ammunition. It is fitted for, but not with, additional passive side protection armour. The first Leopard 2A7 was handed over to the German Army in Munich in December 2014. 14 vehicles were produced for Tank Battalion 203, 4 went to the Armoured Corps Training Centre and one vehicle went to the Technical School for Land Systems and School for Technology of the Army. The last tank remains as a reference vehicle at KMW.", "The Danish Armed Forces received its first Leopard 2A7 main battle tanks upgraded in Germany from the Leopard 2A5DK version at the Dragoon Barracks in Holstebro. The Danish Army will receive a total of 44 Leopard 2A7 vehicles by 2022.", "Siemon T. Wezeman, senior researcher at SIPRI's arms transfers and military expenditure programme, stated that information from the UN Register of Conventional Arms 2016, indicated that some Leopard 2A7s were transferred to Singapore after 2014. SIPRI reported that the Singapore Army probably acquired a total of 45 Leopard 2A7s between 2016 and 2019, but the Singapore's Ministry of Defence denied having acquired the 2A7 version, presumably to minimise anxiety among her neighbors.", "In February 2023, Norway ordered 54 Leopard 2A7 tanks to be delivered from 2026, with a further option for 18 vehicles if necessary. This order was later changed into a newly specified 2A8 NOR subvariant of the 2A8.\n\nLeopard 2A7+\n\nThe Leopard 2A7+ was first shown to the public during the Eurosatory 2010, featuring the label \"Developed by KMW – tested and qualified by the German Ministry of Defence\". The Leopard 2A7+ has been tested by the Bundeswehr under the name UrbOp (urban operations).", "The Leopard 2A7+ is designed to operate both in low-intensity and high-intensity conflicts. The tank's protection has been increased by modular armour. The frontal protection has been improved with a dual kit on the turret and hull front, while 360° protection against RPGs and mine protection increase the survivability of the tank in urban operations. The modular armour's system components were first used by Canada in Afghanistan. It can fire programmable High Explosive munitions", ". It can fire programmable High Explosive munitions. The turret-mounted MG3 has been replaced with a stabilised FLW 200 remotely controlled weapon station. Mobility, sustainability, and situational awareness have also been improved.", "In December 2018, Hungary ordered 44 2A7+s, making them the second operator of the improved version, after Qatar.\n\nLeopard 2A8\nTo replace the 18 Leopard 2A6 tanks handed over to the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the German Ministry of Defence is expected to purchase a batch of at least 18 Leopard 2A8 tanks (with option for several hundred). The plans still have to be approved by the German parliament due to the contract exceeding a value of €25 million.", "Italian government confirmed during a Parliament audition that Italy intends to purchase up to 250 Leopard 2A8 tanks over 2023-2025 period.\n\nThe Leopard 2A8 will be based on the current Leopard 2A7HU production model but feature additional improvements; among them the integration of the Trophy APS and an all-round situational awareness system with sensor-fusion capability.", "The Dutch MoD is planning on procuring up to 52 Leopard 2A8 tanks in addition to their 18 leased Leopard 2A6 tanks. This planned acquisition is part of the nation's effort to rebuild their army after severe budget cuts of the 21st century.", "Leopard 2A8 NOR\nThe Norwegian armed forces' order of 54 Leopard 2A7NOs was changed into a new 2A8 NOR variant by the middle of June 2023. A variety of Norwegian changes and alterations necessitated the renaming of the original 2A7NO into a unique new 2A8 NOR variant. This subvariant mainly differs from the German 2A8 by integrating Norwegian-designed and manufactured Kongsberg ICS/CORTEX battlefield management systems and a Protector RWS.\n\nEngineering and driver training tanks", "Bergepanzer BPz3 Büffel (Gr. Buffalo) The BPz3 armoured recovery vehicle includes both a bulldozer and a crane with integral winch, allowing it to approach damaged vehicles, even over rough and fought-over terrain, and tow them to safety. It is equipped with a machine gun for local self-defence, a smoke grenade launcher, and NBC protection. Like the tank, it is powered by a 1,500 PS (1,479 hp, 1,103 kW) diesel engine", ". Like the tank, it is powered by a 1,500 PS (1,479 hp, 1,103 kW) diesel engine. It is in service with Germany (where it is also designated Büffel or Bergepanzer 3 for Salvage Tank 3), the Netherlands (who co-developed it and calls it Buffel), Canada, Greece, Singapore (where it is called L2-ARV locally), Spain (where it is called Leopard 2ER Búfalo), Sweden (in modified form as the Bgbv 120) and Switzerland (BPz3).", "Panzerschnellbrücke 2 This vehicle, created by MAN Mobile Bridges GmbH, is an armoured vehicle-launched bridge developed from the Leopard 2 tank chassis. It is designed to carry a folding mobile bridge, which it can \"launch\" across a river. Once emplaced, the bridge is sturdy enough to support most vehicles, even other Leopard tanks. When the crossing is complete, the bridge layer simply hooks up to the bridge and re-stows it.", "Panzerschnellbrücke Leguan This modular system combines a bridge module created by MAN Mobile Bridges GmbH with a tank chassis. The Bundeswehr is testing the Leguan on Leopard 2 chassis.", "AEV 3 Kodiak The AEV 3 Kodiak is a combat engineering vehicle conversion of the Leopard 2 used by the Netherlands, Singapore, Sweden, and Switzerland. It is equipped with a bulldozer blade, excavator arm, and dual capstan winches. In lieu of a turret, a Remote Weapon Station or other armaments can be fitted. It is built on the Leopard 2 chassis with a built-up forward superstructure. The vehicle is used primarily for the clearance of obstacles, including minefields", ". The vehicle is used primarily for the clearance of obstacles, including minefields. The Dutch version has additional bomblet protection for the crew compartments. Spain may procure 24 examples for the Spanish Army from converted Leopard 2A4 hulls (one vehicle has been trialled in Spain) and the type will be offered to Germany.", "Driver Training Tank (Fahrschulpanzer) The Leopard 2 Driver Training Tank, as the name implies, is a non-combatant Leopard 2 for instructing soldiers in the finer points of handling the tank. The turret is supplanted by a weighted and fixed observation cab with forward and side-facing windows and a dummy gun. The instructor rides in this cab, with override controls for critical systems, and space is provided for two other students to observe.", "Leopard 2R A heavy mine breaching vehicle developed by Patria for the Finnish Army, based on the Leopard 2A4. Six vehicles were converted. The vehicles are equipped with a mine plough or a dozer blade, and an automated marking system. All were donated to Ukraine in 2023.\n\nLeopard 2L An armoured vehicle-launched bridge developed by KMW and Patria for the Finnish Army. Ten Finnish 2A4 tanks were re-built to carry the LEGUAN bridge.", "WISENT 2 A multi-purpose, Leopard 2–based Armoured Support Vehicle developed by Flensburger Fahrzeugbau. The vehicle's modular design allows it to be converted quickly from an Armoured Recovery Vehicle (ARV) to an Armoured Engineer Vehicle (AEV) in less than five hours.\n\nTechnical data\n\nOperators\n\nCurrent operators\n\nFuture operators", ": In March 2023 it was reported that the Italian Army is considering the purchase of up to 250 Leopard 2A7 tanks for roughly €8 billion. In July of the same year, Italy's Defence undersecretary Isabella Rauti said that her government is planning to buy no less than 125 Leopard 2A8 MBT and support variants, with initial funds worth 4 billion euros ($4", ".5 billion) from 2024 (inside the multi-year defence budget of 2023–2025) to purchase the new tanks and upgrade other military hardware; there's also the option to invest the whole sum to acquire a total of around 250 of such vehicles. This investment would carry through to 2037.", ": In July 2023, Lithuanian MoD sent a letter of intent to purchase Leopard 2 from German KMW. It was previously reported that the country seeks to acquire 54 tanks. German media suggested that Lithuania is considering the latest Leopard 2A8 variant.", "Failed bids \n : The Australian Army evaluated ex-Swiss Army Leopard 2s as a replacement for its Leopard 1AS tanks in 2003, but selected the M1A1 AIM instead due to easier logistics. More modern versions of the Leopard 2 or M1 Abrams, such as the Leopard 2A6, were not considered due to their higher price.", ": The Bulgarian Ministry of Defence has been interested in purchasing a minimum of 24 units of the Leopard 2A6 variant. The deal has received support from a military budget increase to 2.0% of GDP by 2016 in the new Bulgarian budget, and a military pledge to spend €2.2 billion on new armaments for the Bulgarian military.", ": The Croatian Ministry of Defence is looking to replace its M-84A4 tanks currently in use. Negotiations with Germany over the purchase of stored Leopard 2A5 tanks were underway in 2014 and 2015. The Milanović Government was negotiating the purchase of up to 50 tanks with spare parts and a support package including spare engines, tank transporters, and engineering vehicles valued at 875 million kunas. The purchase would have coincided with the purchase of PzH 2000 howitzers", ". The purchase would have coincided with the purchase of PzH 2000 howitzers. Due to budget constraints, at least for the time being, the vehicles were not purchased. Interest still remains high, as Croatia has no plans to modernise or maintain its M-84A4 tanks beyond 2020. In 2023 the Croatian government announced it could donate its Yugoslav era M-84 tank fleet to Ukraine in exchange for Leopard 2 tanks and Marder IFVs from Germany", ". But the German government later declined this offer citing its lack of a reserve tank fleet as well as its own ongoing process of donating some of its own tanks to Ukraine and also having to backfill the tank reserves of its allies who are also doing the same.", ": The Dutch Army offered its formerly operated Leopard 2A6s for comparative tests to be conducted by the Peruvian Army for possible acquisition. By September 2013, the Leopard 2A6 had been disqualified by Peru due to logistical complexities.\n : As part of a modernization program, since 2019 the Romanian Army has been considering the acquisition of Leopard 2 tanks. However, in March 2023 Romania's Ministry of Defense announced they had opted to purchase around 54 M1 Abrams tanks from the United States.", ": The Saudi Arabian government sought to buy Leopard 2A7s (total of 600–800 desired). In early July 2011, the German press reported that the Bundessicherheitsrat () approved the sale by KMW of more than 200 units of the 2A7+ tanks to Saudi Arabia. This news was met with criticism both inside and outside of Germany, because of the autocratic nature of the Saudi Arabian state and its involvement in repressing popular protests in the neighboring country of Bahrain", ". Criticism also came from within the Chancellor Angela Merkel's government coalition, and, later from within KMW. In June 2012, reports surfaced that Saudi Arabia had raised the number of tanks it was interested into 600–800. A contract was never finalized, and the issue was debated both in the German public and in Germany's federal parliament", ". In April 2014, a German newspaper reported that the deal for Leopard 2 tanks for Saudi Arabia was likely to be cancelled due to opposition from the Federal Economy Minister at that time, Social Democrat Sigmar Gabriel. In 2015, Germany blocked the sale of Leopard 2 tanks to Saudi Arabia. In 2016, the Saudi Arabian ambassador to Germany stated that Saudi Arabia was no longer interested in purchasing Leopard tanks and suggested that the issue was being exploited for internal political gain.", ": The Slovenian government had announced its intention to send its tank fleet of old Yugoslav T-84 and Soviet T-72 tanks to Ukraine in exchange for German Leopard 2 tanks and Marder Infantry Fighting Vehicles in 2022. But Slovenia then provided Ukraine with only older T-55 Soviet tanks prompting Germany to withheld its promised Leopard 2 tanks and giving only Marder Infantry Fighting Vehicles to Slovenia.", ": The Leopard 2 was tested by the United Kingdom. In 1989 the Leopard 2 was evaluated as a possible replacement for the Challenger 1 tank. Ultimately the British armed forces decided to adopt the locally made Challenger 2.", "See also\n Leopard 1\n List of main battle tanks by generation\n Panther KF51\n Tanks in the German Army\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n Leopard 2 Revolution\n Army Vehicles.DK Leopard 2A5\n Army Vehicles.DK Leopard 2A4\n Military Periscope – Leopard 2 main battle tank\n Fprado.com – Kampfpanzer Leopard 2\n Leopard 2A5 \n A Finnish Army Leopard 2A4 firing from a hull-down position\n A Finnish Leopard 2A4 firing, videoed from inside the turret\n Danish Leopard 2A5\n Singapore Leopard 2A4 MBT", "Articles containing video clips\nMain battle tanks of the Cold War\nCold War tanks of Germany\nMilitary vehicles introduced in the 1970s\nMain battle tanks of Germany\nMain battle tanks of Sweden\nMain battle tanks of Spain\nMain battle tanks of Poland\nMain battle tanks of Slovakia" ]

[ "The Baltic states' housing bubble was an economic bubble involving major cities in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The three Baltic countries had enjoyed a relatively strong economic growth between 2000 and 2006, and the real estate sectors had performed well since 2000. In fact, in between 2005Q1 and 2007Q1, the official house price index for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania recorded a sharp jump of 104.6%, 134.3% and 106.7%. By comparison, the official house price index for Euro Area increased by 11", ".6%, 134.3% and 106.7%. By comparison, the official house price index for Euro Area increased by 11.8% for a similar time period.", "The crisis eventually hit in 2007 due to the financial crisis of 2007-08 resulting in fragile Baltic economies. The housing price correction had begun in Estonia by mid-2007 followed by Latvia and Lithuania in mid-2008. Subsequently, Latvia and Estonia experienced recession by first half of 2008, while Lithuania had experienced a slowdown in its economy by the first half of 2008. The situation worsened after the September 2008 global financial crash, sending the entire region into a full-blown recession", ". All three countries experienced recession by 2009.", "The increase of credit supply to private sectors was largely to be blamed for the housing bubble in the Baltic states, due to the availability of financing from foreign lenders (predominantly Scandinavian banks). Domestic banks (notably Parex Bank, a national bank in Latvia) were largely reliant on rolling their foreign loans (denominated in Euro) with large exposure to the real estate sector", ". The condition was further worsened due to the absence of loan-to-value ratio as well as negative real interest rate which spurred speculators to drive the market housing demand higher. The credit supply was then deteriorated at the peak of the boom as both foreign and domestic banks tightened lending standards due to the higher credit risk in the region. Subsequently, real estate market were dragged down, further deteriorate credit quality, forced banks to further tighten lending standards.", "The severity of the crisis differed from one to another; with Latvia was the hardest hit by the crisis. Latvia applied for balance of payments support from International Monetary Fund, the European Union and regional members in November 2008 in order to strengthen the fiscal situation following the bail out of Parex Bank (largest bank in Latvia)", ". Lithuania experienced lesser impact from the crisis compared to Latvia, as it adopted significant austerity measures and more stimulus measurements compared to the both Baltic states. Nevertheless, public sector wage faced cuts as well as lesser social benefits. Estonia, on the other hand, saw the public sector wages and benefits slashed in order to improve the budget balance in preparation for the adoption of euro.", "Background", "The economy in the Baltic states had been among the fastest growing in the European Area following the collapse of the Soviet Union as well as the recession due to 1998 Russian financial crisis. To minimize its dependence on Russia, the Baltic states opted to integrate closer to the Western Europe. By early 2000, the Baltic states' economy had begun to grow, to some extent higher than some of its Euro Area counterparts", ". Following the EU accession of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in 2004, the period in between 2005 and 2007 witnessed an overheated economy of the three Baltic states. A combination of growth above potential, high inflation and far widening of the current account deficit were singled out as causes behind the overheating economy in the Baltic states. A credit boom in addition to bullish real estate investment spurred by foreign banks (predominantly Scandinavian Banks) worsened the scenario", ". All these factors led to a housing bubble in the Baltic states, piloting the real estate sector beyond sustainable.", "Table 1: Key economic indicators for 2005–2007\n\nEstonia\n\nLatvia\n\nLithuania\n\n(Sources: Eurostat, World Bank)", "Indicators of overheating economy in Baltic states:", "Unsustainable economic growth: All three Baltic states experienced very high market growth compared to the rest of Euro Area. The real GDP for Latvia achieved double digits for three consecutive years from 2005 and Estonia for two consecutive years from 2005. Even the real GDP for Lithuania from 2005 to 2007 is considered higher than the average growth in the Euro Area. Such high economic growth largely due to their measurement to attract foreign capital to their shore", ". In Estonia, the amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow hit as high as 22.5% of GDP and maintained the inflow in double digits up to 2007. Both Latvia and Lithuania managed to attract substantially high FDI to their shores though a much lesser share compared to Estonia. In all three Baltic states the majority FDI directly benefited the real estate and construction sectors. Unlike their preceding years, manufacturing sectors received far less than the real estate and construction sectors", ". Economists at the UniCredit Group opined the growth rate as consumption-led economic growth, with trade, finance, commercial services, real estate and construction fuelling the growth. Simultaneously, external imbalances became more worrying as the imports were growing twice as fast as the exports.", "Inflow of \"hot money\" abroad: The lion's share of investment flows came in the form of foreign credit, to a smaller extent in the form of foreign direct investments and portfolio investments. The degree of foreign ownership in Baltic banking is quite high, thus majority credit growth was largely financed by heavy borrowing of the biggest players in the lending market from the parent banks", ". Consequently, there is a sizeable inflow of debt (denominated in foreign currency) into the banking sector from parent banks to support the credit growth in the Baltic states. Throughout 2004–2007, total loans outstanding grew by 30-60% annually in the Baltic states with majority of loans granted to mortgage loans.", "Labour market tightening: Following the EU accession, many low-skilled workers, especially Latvian and Lithuanian, left their homes to emigrate to the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland for better wages. The biggest impact was on the unemployment rate in the Baltic states. Estonia saw its unemployment rate fall from as high as 11.9% in 2001 to 4.7% in 2007. The unemployment rate in Latvia was down from 12.1% in 2001 to 5.4% in 2007, while Lithuania's was from 17.4% in 2001 to 4.3% (Institute, 2009)", ".1% in 2001 to 5.4% in 2007, while Lithuania's was from 17.4% in 2001 to 4.3% (Institute, 2009). As a result, the labour market became tight – which forced the nominal wages to rise in an accelerative manner for two successful years in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Such a rise in the nominal wages actually fanned the inflation besides eroding the competitiveness of the affected Baltic states – due to a widening current account balance.", "Fiscal policy: In Estonia, the biggest issue lay on the current account deficit which was contributed by the rapid credit growth, which in return stimulated demands for imports The deficit was largely financed by a combination of FDI inflows, excessive borrowing by domestic bank from foreign parent banks, and an increase access to EU funds. On the positive side, Estonia was running on a surplus to enable the government to repay debts", ". On the positive side, Estonia was running on a surplus to enable the government to repay debts. In order for Estonia accession to the EU, Estonia had largely maintained a surplus till before the crisis, to fulfil the Maastricht Criteria of a budget deficit below 3% of the GDP. Thus, Estonia maintained the position as having the most stable public finances during the crisis. The situation in Latvia was far more worrying than its two neighbouring countries", ". The situation in Latvia was far more worrying than its two neighbouring countries. By 2005, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) issued a caution to Latvia in order to minimize the economic risk from overheating. Latvia only responded by 2007 by clamping down on the credit market when inflation had skyrocketed to double digits. The scenario was further worsened due to its budgetary policy always having a deficit due to the incorrect assumption that the economy would always perform stronger than expected", ". In Lithuania, certain government policies caused much controversy in clamping down on the overheated economy. For instance, income tax incentives for individuals taking housing loans and an absence of a property tax appeared to lend support to credit and housing price growth. \"Red tape\" among the highly bureaucratic central and municipal governments distorted the market supply and demand equilibrium for housing", ". During the economic overheating, the ruling democratic coalition reduced tax and increased government spending on social programmes. The wages for the public sector also stoked up the inflation rate, besides worsening the current account deficit.", "Overheating property market: In Estonia, a property price bubble was largely concentrated in Tallinn, Tartu City and Pärnu City. The average price of apartments purchased in Estonia excluding Tallinn in 2004 was estimated at EEK10,045 (€642) per square metre but increased to EEK18,134(€1,159) per square metre in 2007. In Tallinn, from an average of EEK14,035(€897) per square metre in 2004, the average price reached EEK25,447(€1,620) per square metre in 2007", ". Elsewhere in Tartu City, the average price per square metre touched as high as EEK18,290 (€1,169) in 2007 compared to EEK10,123 (€647) per square metre in 2004. Meanwhile, in Pärnu City, the average price of apartments purchased in 2007 was estimated at EEK20,027 (€1,280) per square metre compared to EEK11,093 (€709) per square metre in 2004. In Latvia, a property price bubble could be detected in Riga, Jūrmala, Liepāja and Jelgava", ". In Latvia, a property price bubble could be detected in Riga, Jūrmala, Liepāja and Jelgava. The average price for urban localities on average per metre square was LVL158 (€224) in 2004 but went up to LVL665 (€946) in 2007. Riga experienced the highest incremental in term of apartment price per metre square – from LVL229 (€325) (in 2004) to LVL841 (€1,196) (in 2007), a jump of 267%", ". Jurmala of Pierīga region recorded a huge jump, in terms of price per square metre; from LVL 222 (€315) (in 2004) to LVL916 (€1,303) (in 2007). Other cities also recorded a similar pattern: Liepāja (Kurzeme) from LVL79 (€112) per metre square in 2004 to LVL 338 (€480) per metre square in 2007, Jelgava (Zemgale) from LVL96 (€136) per square metre in 2004 to LVL 396 (€563). In Lithuania, the property bubble could be seen in Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda", ". In Lithuania, the property bubble could be seen in Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda. In Vilnius, the average price per square metre in 2005 reached LTL2,618 (€758) but hit as high as LTL 5,500 (€1,592) in 2008. In Kaunas, the average price per metre in 2008 reached LTL5,083 (€1,472) compared to LTL1,916 (€554) in 2005. In Klaipeda, the average per metre in 2005 was about LTL1,416 (€410) but went up to LTL4,000(€1,158).", "Timeline", "2000–04\nSince gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, the economy growth in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania has been among the fastest in EU-25 region. The average GDP growth in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania from 2000 to 2004 was 7.56%, 7.42%, and 7.00%, respectively. Unemployment rate in Estonia has gone down from as high as 13.9% in 2000 to 8.5% in 2004. Elsewhere Latvia and Lithuania also saw the unemployment rate declined from 13.3% and 16.1%, respectively in 2001 to 10.3% and 11.4%.", "Strong integration with the EU bloc partly helps in accelerating the economic growth in the Baltic States, as the Baltic States were rebuilding the nation economy from the post-independence from the Soviet Union as well as 1998 Russian financial crisis. By 18 December 2002, EU summit in Copenhagen formally invite Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to join the bloc. Referendum carried out in 2003 showed that majority Lithuanian, Estonian and Latvian supported the move to integrate closer to the EU bloc", ". Subsequently, on 1 May 2004, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania joined other new states into EU.", "Strong integration with the EU benefits the Baltic States economy as foreign direct investment inflow helps to accelerate the economy especially the financial intermediaries and manufacturing sectors. Following a sharp inflow of cheap foreign credit, banks has been more willing to lend to corporate and household for real estate related activities. In fact, total loans approved for the purpose of housing purchase have been increasing in the Baltic States over the period in between 2000 and 2004", ". By 2004, the ratio of housing loans to total loans approved in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were 79.8%, 76.3% and 62.9%, respectively. Consequently, housing prices in the Baltic States began to boom in this period.", "The gross wage in Baltic States generally has improved since 2000, reflecting improvements in the Baltic States economy. Gross wage in Estonia has gone up 32% in 2004 compared to 2001, Latvia up by 11% and Lithuania up by 22%. However, many Latvians and Lithuanians have opted to work in the Western Europe (especially United Kingdom and Ireland) due to higher wages", ". By 2004, inflation rate in Latvia was exceptionally higher than Estonia and Lithuania due to strong domestic demand – which triggered the symptom of overheated economy.", "2005", "By 2005, the economy in the Baltic States became overheated. GDP (y-o-y % change) in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were 10.2%, 10.6% and 7.9% respectively. Unemployment rate continued to fall in 2005 as the unemployment rate in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania declined to 7.9%, 8.7% and 8.3%. Consequently, the fall of unemployment rate has resulted in the gross wage in the Baltic States to increase substantially. In Estonia, the gross wage has gone up by 19", ". In Estonia, the gross wage has gone up by 19.1% compared to 2004, while Latvia and Lithuania recorded an increase of 11.4% and 25.6% compared to 2004. Inflation rate also gone up substantially in the Baltic States as the Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania recorded 4.1%, 7.0% and 3.0% respectively.", "Foreign direct investment into the Baltic States increased sharply by 2005. In Estonia, 80.5% of FDI went into financial intermediaries. FDI into Latvia largely targeted on financial intermediaries (24.1%), manufacturing (11.8%), real estate (6.8%) and construction (4.2%). Manufacturing remained the most important sector in attracting FDI into Lithuania accounting 87.2%.", "The sign of property bubble in Baltic States were prevalent by 2005. Based on the House Price Index published by Eurostat, Estonia recorded a huge increase in the housing price as it has gone up by 34.6% in the fourth quarter of 2005 compared to the first quarter of 2005. Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia on average recorded an increase of close to 25.5% in 2005 compared to 2004. Tartu and Pärnu also reportedly saw the average housing price up by 25.6% and 21.8%, respectively compared to 2004.", "At the same time, Latvia also watched the House Price Index edged up 26.8% in the fourth quarter of 2005 based on the first quarter of 2005. By 2005, housing price in Riga remained as the most expansive housing in Latvia as the housing price on average up by 47.1% in 2005 compared to 2004. Housing price in Jūrmala also saw the housing prices gone up by 39.0% in 2005 compared to 2004. Liepāja and Jelgava, on the other hand, observed housing price appreciation by 26.7% and 59.6% compared to 2004.", "Housing price in Lithuania also observed substantial gain in 2005 as the housing price index rose by 46.9% in 2005. Housing price in major cities of Lithuania was more expansive than Riga (Latvia) in 2005. For instance, an apartment in the suburb of Vilnius on average fetched up LTL2,617 (€758) per metre square, while an apartment in Kaunas and Klaipėda on average were estimated at LTL1,912 (€554) per metre square and LTL1,415 (€410) per metre square", ". In comparison, an apartment in the suburb of Riga on average was about LVL 335 (€478) per metre square in 2005.", "High availability of credit combined with low interest rate partly attracted substantial volume of property speculation within the Baltic States. In Estonia, the interest rate on mortgage on average has fallen from 4.4% (2004) to 3.5% (2005). As cheap foreign credit (in the form of FDI) flooded the financial sector in Estonia, 87.0% of mortgage loans for household were denominated in Euro", ".0% of mortgage loans for household were denominated in Euro. The ratio of household mortgage loans to total household loans were the highest among the Baltic States, approaching as high as 82.2% in 2005.", "Latvia also saw a rapid expansion in bank lending to residents give rise to the issue of credits outpaced deposits in 2005. Owing to the low growth of domestic deposits, Latvia has been heavily dependent on FDI as the main source of funding since 2000. By 2005, major banks has to resort to external bank borrowing, backed up by foreign liabilities of banks (mostly through parents), to counter the FDI shortfall. ⅔ of domestic credit expansion has to be funded by net foreign indebtedness of banks", ". ⅔ of domestic credit expansion has to be funded by net foreign indebtedness of banks. Part of the causes of high loan growth was due to the interest rate in Latvia has gone down from an average of 8.28% (2004) to 5.95% (2005). This has justified the increase of total mortgage loans to household to almost double the amount of mortgage loans approved for household in 2004.", "In term of household mortgage loans, banks in Lithuania were more prudent than the neighbours. In fact, in 2005, Bank of Lithuania has urged domestic and foreign banks in Lithuania to apply conservative principles in establishing the value of properties especially in dealing unfavourable market developments. Similar to Latvia, majority funding for credits in Lithuania were heavily dependent on lending from foreign parent-bank to subsidiaries", ". In 2005, total mortgage loans denominated in Euro constituted up to 80.3%, while remaining 19.7% of house loans were denominated in Lithuanian litas. House loans constituted approximately 65% of loans approved for households. Interest rate for mortgage loans has declined from 4.27% (2004) to 3.61% (2005).", "2006", "Latvia became the fastest growing economy in EU-25 as the GDP (% y-o-y) registered 12.2% compared to Estonia (11.2%) and Lithuania (7.7%). Unemployment rate fall extended in 2006 as the unemployment rate in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania declined to 5.9%, 6.8% and 5.6%. Lower unemployment rate greatly influenced the gross monthly wages in the Baltic States as the gross monthly wages were higher than 2005. The average gross monthly wages in Estonia gone up by 7", ". The average gross monthly wages in Estonia gone up by 7.4% compared to 2005, partly due to lack of workforce, higher emigration rate, higher profitability of enterprises and higher productivity. Meanwhile, Latvia developed into the highest wage growth in the EU as the gross monthly wage spiked up by 22.8% compared to 2005. Lithuania gross monthly wage increased by 9", ".8% compared to 2005. Lithuania gross monthly wage increased by 9.0% compared to 2005, due to higher number of working days, newly enacted rate of monthly minimum wage as well as minimum hourly fee effective on 1 July 2006. Inflation rate in the Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania recorded 4.4%, 6.8% and 3.8% respectively.", "The property bubble crisis in the Baltic States remained persistent throughout 2006. In Estonia, the House Price Index shot-up 47% (y-o-y % change) in 2006. The average price per square metre in Tallinn rose 24.4% compared to 2005, while Tartu and Pärnu observed the average housing price up by 29.2% and 26.9%, respectively compared to 2005.", "On the other hand, Latvia House Price Index edged up 50.9% (y-o-y % change) in 2006. By 2006, housing price in Riga has gone up sharply as high as 73.6% compared to 2005. Housing price in Jūrmala also saw the housing prices gone up by 114.8% in 2006 compared to 2005. Liepāja and Jelgava, on the other hand, observed housing price appreciation by 104.2% and 86.1%, respectively compared to 2005.", "Lithuania also closely followed the regional trend as the House Price Index up by 41.0% (y-o-y % change). Its capital city, Vilnius remained the most expansive housing in the country as the house price on average gained 46.4% compared to 2005. Kaunas and Klaipėda also experienced unusual housing price growth as the house price appreciated by 56.7% and 70.4%, respectively compared to 2005.", "Despite the interest rate on mortgage loans has gone up in all three Baltic States, it has failed to damper speculation on real estate activities. In Estonia, interest rate for household mortgage loans increased from an average of 3.5% (2005) to 4.2% (2006). Nevertheless, real estate loans continued to dominate in term of household loans, representing the 82.4% of the loans approved to households. Total approved real estate related loan denominated in euros rose 64.4% compared to 2005", ". Total approved real estate related loan denominated in euros rose 64.4% compared to 2005. Total real estate loans granted to household up 63.4% compared to 2005.", "Meanwhile, Latvia has raised the interest rate for mortgage loans significantly from an average of 5.95% (2005) to 6.80% (2006). Mortgage loans remained as the most significant component in Latvia household loans, as the mortgage loans constituted up to 81.6% of total loans approved for household. Total mortgage loans approved for household up 82.6% compared to 2005.", "Lithuania also raised the interest rate for household mortgage loans from an average of 3.61% (2005) to 4.16% (2006). Real estate loans continued to dominate in term of household loans, representing the 64.4% of the loans approved to households. Total real estate loans granted to household up 44.8% compared to 2005.", "2007", "The economy in Estonia began to decelerate due to slowdown in real estate related activities in the third quarter. The GDP (% y-o-y) of Estonia registered 7.1% in 2007 compared to a double digit growth in 2006. Latvia and Lithuania, in contrast chalked up robust economic growth as the GDP (% y-o-y) registered 10.3% and 8.0%, respectively in 2007. Unemployment rate continued to fall in 2006 as the unemployment rate in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania declined to 4.7%, 5.4% and 4.3%", ".7%, 5.4% and 4.3%. Gross monthly wage continued to increase into 2007 with Estonia up by 31.5% compared to 2006, Latvia 47.2%, and Lithuania 29.4%. Inflation rate accelerated in the Baltic States as the inflation rate in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania touched as high as 9.6%, 14.1% and 8.1%. Consequently, this has given rise to economy overheating concern in the Baltic States.", "Housing price in Estonia encountered the first correction in housing prices by the third quarter of 2007. The official house price index for Estonia went down 2.8% (q-o-q % change) in the third quarter and 1.4% (q-o-q % change) in the fourth quarter. Nevertheless, the house price index in Estonia edged up 5.1% (y-o-y % change) in 2007. House price in Tallinn increased by 15.6% compared to 2006. Tartu and Pärnu, on the other hand, marked an increase of 11.0% and 16.6% compared to 2006.", "House price in Latvia also technically undergo correction in the fourth quarter as the official house price for Latvia down 1.8%. However, the house price index for Latvia gone up 23.1% (y-o-y % change) in 2007. By 2007, housing price in Riga recorded a jump of 44.1% compared to 2006. Housing price in Jūrmala also saw the housing prices gone up by 38.5% in 2007 compared to 2006. Liepāja and Jelgava, on the other hand, observed housing price appreciation by 65.5% and 39.3%, respectively compared to 2006.", "Lithuania, in contrast saw the house price index gained 17.7% (y-o-y % change) in 2007. Vilnius recorded an increase of 30.5% in housing price compared to 2007, while Kaunas and Klaipėda saw an increase of 41.7% and 27.4% compared to 2007.", "Interest rate for mortgage loans in Estonia hike from an average of 4.2% in 2006 to 5.5% in 2007. Total approved mortgage loan denominated in euros rose 30.0% compared to 2006. Mortgage loans continued to dominate in term of household loans, representing the 80.9% of the loans approved to households. Total real estate loans granted to household up 31.5% compared to 2006.", "In Latvia, average interest rate for mortgage loan has gone up sharply as the Latvian authorities move in to cool off the overheating property market. By 2007, the average interest rate for mortgage loan has gone up to 10.30% from an average of 6.81% in 2006. Total mortgage loans down by 4.0% in 2007 as banks in Latvia (notably Swedbank and SEB banka) tighten the lending requirements to household. Mortgage loans, however represents 86.0% of total loans approved for households.", "Elsewhere, in Lithuania total mortgage loans denominated in Euro has been more than double of the total loans denominated in euros in 2006. Real estate loans continued to dominate in term of household loans, representing the 63.9% of the loans approved to households. Total real estate loans granted to household up 115.6% compared to 2006. Interest rate for household mortgage loans increased from an average of 4.16% (2006) to 5.68% (2007).", "2008", "Estonia became the first Baltic state to be technically in recession in the second quarter of 2008. Latvia followed the suit later in the third quarter of 2008, while Lithuania by the fourth quarter of 2008. The GDP (% y-o-y) of Estonia recorded a -9.7% in 2008 (y-o-y % change) due to lack of domestic demand as well as external demand. Latvia suffered the worst as the GDP (y-o-y % change) crashed to -10.3% in 2008. Lithuania was the only Baltic State to record a GDP growth of 3.0% in 2008", ".3% in 2008. Lithuania was the only Baltic State to record a GDP growth of 3.0% in 2008. Inflation rate remained persistently high in the Baltic States as Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania registered 10.4%, 15.4% and 10.9%, respectively. Unemployment rate in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania chalked up 5.5%, 9.9% and 5.8%, accordingly.", "Housing price in Estonia continued to decline in 2008, but magnified by a sharp crash in the fourth quarter of 2008. The official house price index for Estonia went down 14.4% (q-o-q % change) in the fourth quarter, down a total of 19.6% (y-o-y % change) in 2008. House price in Tallinn depreciated by 14.1% compared to 2007. Tartu and Pärnu, on the other hand, declined of 5.1% and 11.7% compared to 2007.", "House price in Latvia technically rebounded in the first quarter as the index edged up by 7.0% (q-o-q % change). However the impact from the property crash in Estonia can be seen in the second quarter of 2008. By the second quarter, the house price index has gone down 1.8% (q-o-q % change). Overall, the house price index for Latvia declined by 17.8% (y-o-y % change) in 2008. By 2008, housing price in Riga nosedived 19.6% compared to 2007. Housing price in Jūrmala also saw the housing prices declined by 18", ".6% compared to 2007. Housing price in Jūrmala also saw the housing prices declined by 18.3% in 2008 compared to 2007. Liepāja and Jelgava, on the other hand, observed housing price appreciation by 9.8% and 4.2%, respectively compared to 2007.", "Lithuania house price index began to drop in the third quarter of 2008. Overall, the house price index fell 2.5% on y-o-y basis. The housing price index fell 1.7% (q-o-q % change) in the third quarter, but declined sharply by fourth quarter of 2008 – down by 15.5% (q-o-q % change). All three major cities in Lithuania managed to outperform major cities in the Baltic States as Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda registered an increase in housing price by 9.9%, 19.7%, and 29.8%, accordingly.", "In Estonia, total approved real estate related loan denominated in euros rose 16.9% compared to 2007. Real estate loans continued to dominate in term of household loans, representing the 80.5% of the loans approved to households. Total real estate loans granted to household up 10.3% compared to 2007. Interest rate for household mortgage loans in Estonia increased from an average of 5.5% (2007) to 6.4% (2008)", ".5% (2007) to 6.4% (2008). FDI into real estate and construction sector dropped significantly as the real estate sector outlook in Estonia was bleak.", "In Lithuania, total approved real estate related loan denominated in Euro rose 9.7% compared to 2007. Real estate loans continued to dominate in term of household loans, representing the 62.9% of the loans approved to households. Total real estate loans granted to household up 8.8% compared to 2007. Interest rate for mortgage loans has rose from an average of 5.68% (2007) to 6.41% (2008).", "In Latvia, credit granting was further restricted especially after the fall of the US Lehman Brothers on 15 September 2008 – led to severe shortage of credit due to limited access to foreign financial resources. Total approved mortgage loans fell 77.0%, highlighting significance of credit crisis in Latvia. Interest rate for mortgage loans continued to increase from an average of 10.30% (2007) to 10.50% (2008).", "2009\nThe Baltic states entered recession by 2009 as the GDP in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania registered -14.3%, -17.7% and -14.8%. Unemployment rate increased sharply in the Baltic States as 14.6%, 18.4% and 13.8%. Gross wages were also reportedly lower than the previous years due to weaken domestic economy. Inflation rate meanwhile fell sharply in all three Baltic States.", "Housing price in Estonia continued to decline in 2009, down 33.5% on y-o-y basis, losing 48.9% of its value since the peak. First quarter saw the house price index depreciated by 21.5% (q-o-q % change), which subsequently fell to a new low by the fourth quarter. House price in Tallinn depreciated by 37.4% compared to 2008. Tartu and Pärnu, on the other hand, marked a down of 32.9% and 34.0% compared to 2007.", "House price in Latvia has gone down 44.6% from its peak, and down by 29.3% (y-o-y % change) in 2009. By 2009, housing price in Riga dived 35.7% compared to 2008. Housing price in Jūrmala also saw the housing prices declined by 41.9% in 2009 compared to 2008. Liepāja and Jelgava, on the other hand, observed housing price tumbled by 44.0% and 40.3%, respectively compared to 2008.", "Lithuania house price index was down 31.1% on y-o-y basis, losing 37.2% of its value since the peak. First quarter saw the house price index of Lithuania down 20.0% (q-o-q % change). Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda registered depreciation in housing price by 19.7%, 26.2%, and 37.0%, accordingly.", "2010", "Economy in the Baltic states made a slow recovery in 2010, as the economy clawed back from recession in 2008 and 2009. Housing price also recovered albeit at a slower rate or stagnant in major cities of the Baltic States. Official House Price Index for Estonia up by 12.8% y-o-y basis as Estonia real property price recovered from the property price crash by the first quarter of 2010. On the other hand, Official House Price Index for Lithuania up by 1.3% on y-o-y basis. Despite recording a down by 1", ".3% on y-o-y basis. Despite recording a down by 1.9% (q-o-q % change) in the first quarter, the house price index rebounded by the second quarter, thus marking the recovery of house price index in Lithuania. Latvia recovered from the property crash by the second quarter of 2010, though the index has recorded a decline of 2.4% (y-o-y % change) by the end of quarter.", "Identification\nTwo specific indexes can be used to define the extent of property bubble in the Baltic states, namely Housing Affordability Index and House Price to Rent Ratio. In both cases, it was evidently that the whole housing price bubble in the Baltic States has developed since 2004.", "The housing affordability index specifically defined as the \"ratio of nominal real estate prices to the nominal GDP per capita in current prices\". As the housing nominal real estate price rose at a quicker pace than nominal GDP per capita of each state, the housing prices imbalance started to build up in 2004Q1. The affordability index also observed imbalances to build up in the years up to 2007, just before the housing prices burst in the Baltic States", ". It took up to almost 4 years before the house price-to-GDP per capita ratio to return to the reference point levels in Estonia and Latvia, to lesser extent in Lithuania.", "The second indicator also show that the house price-to-rent ratio dynamics imbalance began in 2004, before broadly adjusted back to pre-housing prices bubble levels in 2011. House price growth clearly outpaced the growth rates of house rates and disposable income in Latvia throughout the housing price bubble crisis. The impact of the housing prices crash in Latvia far worse than Estonia and Latvia during the housing price crash – as the housing prices outstrips the growth of rent rate", ". In Lithuania, the house price-to-rent even fall below the reference point in between the third quarter of 2009 up to the first quarter of 2010. The adjustment trend fizzled out by 2011 as the housing price began to rebound in the Baltic states.", "Causes\n\nLiberalization of financial services in the Baltic states", "Following the liberalization of financial services in the Baltic states, banks from the Nordic region were competing for market shares in the Baltic states. Thus, this fuelled in capital inflows and credit expansion into the Baltic states. In Latvia, the foreign-owned banks captured more than 60% of financial sectors, while in Lithuania and Estonia exceeded more than 90%", ". Due to ample global liquidity, the parent banks from the Nordic region were able to offer very low interest rates to the Baltic populations. A significant consequence from the \"cheap\" credit from the parent banks led to historical low interest rate loan (especially mortgage loans) in the Baltic States. Coupled with overly-optimistic attitudes on the integration with the European Union, investors' risk appetite on property speculation were higher. Eventually, this led to housing bubble in the Baltic states", ". Eventually, this led to housing bubble in the Baltic states.", "Poor risk management in the financial services in the Baltic States", "Another direct outcome from the \"cheap\" credit abroad guided the banks to engage in imprudent lending supported by its parent banks. As the interest rate has been free-falling in the Baltic states, the real interest rate on deposit has been dwindling. Throughout the housing bubble period in the Baltic states, the deposit to loans ratio continued to widened – far higher than the entire Euro Area", ". For that reason, banks in the Baltic states have to borrow abroad heavily denominated in Euros before passing the currency risk to potential customers. As such move was unsustainable; many banks in the Baltic states found themselves \"trapped\" with high debts denominated in euros. When the housing price in the Baltic states crashed, banks in the Baltic States were unable to re-pay their debts due to high non-performing loans and lacked liquidity to sufficiently cover their debts to the parent banks.", "Foreign capital inflow through real estate and financial service", "Following the integration with the European Union, the Baltic States enjoyed strong economic growth and subsequently among the fastest economic growth in Europe. Thus, the Baltic States emerged as the top destinations for foreign direct investment (FDI). Generally majority FDI into the Baltic States was directed towards the non-tradable goods sector, notably real estate and financial sector compared to manufacturing sector", ". In this case, some researcher has argued that such investment would lead to the consumption boom, but would not translate into productivity gains in the tradable sector. Subsequently, this caused the labour and capital resources reallocation from more competitive sectors routing to non-tradable sectors thus inflating internal demands.", "Characteristics of loans for the purpose of mortgage loans", "Housing-related loans growth accelerated far higher than majority of the Euro Area during the property bubble period. As the interest rates for majority mortgage loans were variable (rather than fixed), borrowers were exposed to the risk of interest rate fluctuations and potential sharp decline in terms of property price decline. Furthermore, with the exception of Lithuania, both Estonia and Latvia imposed none cap on Loan-to-value ratio and debt-to-income ratio", ". Borrowers in Estonia and Latvia were also practically free from the maturity limit on their mortgage loans due to the absence of such condition by the lenders.", "Low taxation rate", "Housing taxation was rather low in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania compared to the EU average throughout the housing bubble period. In addition, transfer taxes were almost absent in Estonia and Lithuania; while the average tax of real estate in EU constituted 1.0% of its GDP, the average tax in the Baltic States is far lower than its EU counterparts. Taxation on real estate constituted 0.2–0.3% of GDP in Estonia, while Lithuania (0.4–0.7% of its GDP) and Latvia (0.3%) throughout the housing bubble period", ".4–0.7% of its GDP) and Latvia (0.3%) throughout the housing bubble period. Given that the taxation on real estate in the Baltic States is far lower than the majority EU Area, this has created a strong incentive on speculation of real estate in the Baltic States.", "Measurements", "Estonia\nThe 2009 budget has incorporated several tough measurements to control the deficit in order to fulfil the GDP Maastricht ceiling as condition to adoption of Euro. Operational expenditure was brought down following an average cut of 8% across ministries as well as wage bill frozen at the 2008 level following the trimming of civil servants. Total operational expenditure cut were estimated at 6.2% of Estonia GDP in 2009.", "To increase the state revenue, majority approved income tax cuts were postponed though no new taxes were introduced at that point. However, indirect taxes and charges were increased, for instance, base for VAT were broadened as well as an increase of VAT from 18% to 20%. Total revenue was about 2.7% of Estonia GDP in 2009.", "Bank of Estonia has also imposed the requirements to maintain reserve requirements of 15%, having strong bank regulatory and supervisory frameworks that includes capital requirements of 10% (international norm 8%), as well as limited deposit guarantee scheme. In addition to that, deposit guaranty scheme (also known as deposit insurance) has been raised from €20,000 to €50,000 effective from 23 October 2008. This coverage would covers more than 90% of deposit in the banking sector of Estonia", ". This coverage would covers more than 90% of deposit in the banking sector of Estonia. To raise the Guarantee Fund, banks in Estonia were required to pay quarterly premiums to the fund at a flat rate of 0.125% of the amount of each bank's guaranteed deposits.", "Latvia\nAs part of the fiscal measurements in Latvia, the Latvian government has introduced several measurements to reduce its deficit. The expenditure cuts centred the adjustments as the wage bill was trimmed by 4% of GDP (constituted roughly 30% wage cut for central government employees), pensions cut by 10% (later revoked by Constitutional Court) and investment by 3% of GDP. The measurements were estimated at 6.7% of Latvia GDP.", "On the revenue end, personal income tax was increased from 23% to 26%, tax-free personal income tax allowance was cut to €50/month (from €125/month), VAT was increased by 3% to 21% (2009) followed by another 1% to 22% (2011), while the reduced rates increased by 5% to 10%. Employee social contribution was raise from 9% to 11%. On top of that, excise duties on tobacco, alcohol, and energy were increased along with vehicle taxes", ". Subsequently, progressive real estate tax was introduced in 2009 that doubled effective from 2011 onwards. The revenue budget was about 2.8% of Latvia GDP.", "In strengthening the financial sector, new internal FCMC (The Financial and Capital Market Commission) guidelines has been introduced to specify prompt remedial action for troubled banks before regulatory thresholds are breached. New amendments on the Law on Credit Institutions means that FCMC may intervene troubled banks in Latvia. Under the Law on Bank Takeovers, government may take over the banks in Latvia when deemed necessary.", "Lithuania\nTo address the deterioration in the fiscal deficit, allocations for current spending under the 2009 budget were trimmed due to deflation risk, replaced domestically funded-capital projects with EU funds or rather shelved, and wage cuts on the civil servants (8%-36%) especially those on the higher-end of the pyramid The expenditure budget was about 5.8% of Lithuania GDP.", "To boast the state revenue, various tax rates have been adjusted higher as well as the broadening of the VAT base to protect the revenue base. Under the 2009 budget proposal, Corporate Income Tax increased from 15% to 20%, higher taxation on dividends, VAT general rate up from 18% to 19% as well as the removal of lower rates under the VAT with some exception to selected items (such as heating and medicine), in addition to higher excises on fuel, tobacco and alcohol", ". Nevertheless, temporary measurements such as personal income tax rates were cut from 24% to 15% to gain support for such adjustments. Real estate tax was introduced in 2009. The revenue budget took up about 1.6% of Lithuania GDP.", "To ease liquidity pressures, Bank of Lithuania has reduced the reserve requirements from 6 percent to 4 percent since October 2008, implemented a number of improvements on internal guidelines for lender of last resort operations (known as LoLR) and collateral valuation procedures, besides overseeing bank-by-bank deposits and liquidity positions", ". Besides that the deposit insurance was raised to €100,000 as well as the strengthening of bank resolution tools on the basis of Financial Stability Law in Parliament. Under the new framework, government guarantees of a total of 3 billion Litas or equivalent to 3.4% of Lithuania GDP were issued for bank recapitalization and asset purchases.", "Aftermath", "Social impact", "The tough austerity measurement in dealing the crisis has a tough impact on the social terms in the Baltic states. In some cases, social situation in the Baltic States may be worse off the situation in Portugal or Greece during the Eurozone crisis. Based on the European Commission assessments of all three National Reform Programmes, the issue on poverty and social inclusion in the Baltic states have been worsen", ". Almost more than a third of the population in Latvia and Lithuania are in risk of poverty and social exclusion though the scenario is slightly better in Estonia. The number of children needing social assistance has more than doubled since 2006, as children in jobless households were increasing over the years. In fact, such risks in Latvia and Lithuania were the highest in the EU.", "Unemployment rate was highlighted as one of the significant factor contributed to increasing poverty. As in 2013, despite the general economy in the three Baltic states has improved since the crisis, unemployment rate remained high in all three Baltic States compared to the pre-crisis. Long term unemployment rate in the Baltic states were higher than the EU average, coupled with high unemployment rate among youth although much lower than Greece or Portugal.", "At the same time, Latvia and Lithuania lost almost 13-14% of their total population to other EU members although Estonia managed to more or less retain majority of its population from emigration.\n\nPolitical impact", "Latvia", "As the economic crisis worsened, a major protest on 13 January 2009, in and around the centre of Riga led to at least 100 people being arrested and more than 30 injured. The riot has been reported to be the largest ever protest in Latvia since her independence from the Soviet Union. This stemmed from massive public sector cuts and a major tax hike after the bailout of the Parex Bank earlier in December", ". The outcome of the riot was a period of political instability in Latvia that lasted for more than a year leading up to the Latvian parliamentary election carried out later in 2010.", "By February 2009, the political instability in Latvia had further worsened when a motion of no confidence was tabled against the Latvian Prime Minister Ivars Godmanis, though the motion was unsuccessful. By February 2009, 20, PM Ivars Godmanis (the Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way) resigned from his posts after losing the support from the People's Party and the Union of Greens and Farmers. The Latvian President Valdis Zatlers, afterward nominated Valdis Dombrovskis as the PM and formed a government.", "Political stability in Latvia was briefly restored in October 2010, 2, though it lasted only a few months. The coalition government (consisted of the Unity, Union of Greens and Farmers and National Alliance) managed to capture 63 (+4) seats out of 100 seats contested. The former PM's party, For a Good Latvia (alliance of People's Party and the Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way) lost badly as it only won 8 (-25) seats out of 100 seats contested.", "A new election was then carried out on 17 September 2011, after the parliamentary dissolution was carried out on 23 July 2011. The new coalition government (consisted of Reform Party, Unity and National Alliance) was formed after obtaining 56 seats (-7) seats out of 100 seats contested. Thus, Valdis Dombrovskis was reappointed as the PM of Latvia.", "Lithuania", "In 2008 Lithuanian parliamentary election incumbent government coalition led by Gediminas Kirkilas was ousted by Andrius Kubilius after the coalition government (consisting of Social Democratic Party of Lithuania, Labour Party, and New Union (Social Liberals)) garnered only 36 seats, compared to 80 seats by the new government coalition (consisting of Homeland Union, National Resurrection Party, Liberal and Centre Union, and Liberal Movement)", ". Drastic reform soon carried out by the new government to revive the Lithuania economy amid some unpopular decision. Even before taking office in December, PM Andrius Kubilius had announced budget spending cuts and wage freezes designed to shore up public finances as the slowdown reduces revenue.", "By 16 January 2009, Vilnius was shaken with violent protests as protesters marched and damaged the Parliament building – resulted in 86 arrests. Similar to the riot in Latvia, protesters led by Lithuanian Trade Union Confederation were unhappy with the government decision to reform the tax system in Lithuania as well as public wage cuts", ". Nevertheless, the austerity measurements by PM Andrius Kubilius has resulted his loss in the following 2012 Lithuanian parliamentary election as the Social Democrat led by Algirdas Butkevicius captured the most seats in the parliament.", "Estonia\nUnlike Latvia and Lithuania, there were only minor protests reported in Estonia. On 29 October 2009, healthcare workers consisting of 50 members from Estonian Nurses' Union and the Federation of Estonian Healthcare Professionals' Unions staged demonstration to protest the cut on healthcare by the government. The Estonian Trade Union Confederation also condemned the government's proposal to cut the budget on healthcare.", "Meanwhile, support for the government of Prime Minister Andrus Ansip fell to 4.3 on a 1-to-10 scale on 29 December 2008 which was the lowest since March 2005, according to the survey by EMOR polling company, commissioned by the public broadcaster. On the other hand, unlike Latvia and Lithuania, incumbent government has successfully defended its position in both Estonian parliamentary election in 2007 and 2011.\n\nReferences", "References\n\nKallakmaa-Kapsta, Angelika, (2007), Factors influencing developments in the real estate market, Bank of Estonia, Kroon and Economy, http://www.eestipank.ee/en/publication/kroon-economy/2007/no-2-2007\nSources\nKallakmaa, A. Before and After the Boom : Changes in the Estonian Housing Market.", "External links\n European Commission's \"Country workshop: EU Balance-of-Payments assistance for Latvia: Foundations of Success\" (01/03/2012).\n IMF-Bank of Latvia's \"Conference on Lessons From the Recovery in the Baltics\" (05/06/2012).\n European Commission's DG ECFIN's country page on Latvia.\n\nEconomic bubbles\nHousing in Lithuania" ]

[ "Usain St. Leo Bolt (; born 21 August 1986) is a Jamaican retired sprinter, widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time. He is the world record holder in the 100 metres, 200 metres, and 4 × 100 metres relay.", "An eight-time Olympic gold medallist, Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive Olympics (2008, 2012, and 2016). He also won two 4 × 100 relay gold medals. He gained worldwide fame for his double sprint victory in world record times at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, which made him the first person to hold both records since fully automatic time became mandatory.", "An eleven-time World Champion, he won consecutive World Championship 100 m, 200 m and 4 × 100 metres relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015, with the exception of a 100 m false start in 2011. He is the most successful male athlete of the World Championships. Bolt is the first athlete to win four World Championship titles in the 200 m and is one of the most successful in the 100 m with three titles, being the first person to run sub-9.7s and sub-9.6s.", "Bolt improved upon his second 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 – the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing. He has twice broken the 200 metres world record, setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009. He has helped Jamaica to three 4 × 100 metres relay world records, with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012. Bolt's most successful event is the 200 m, with three Olympic and four World titles", ". Bolt's most successful event is the 200 m, with three Olympic and four World titles. The 2008 Olympics was his international debut over 100 m; he had earlier won numerous 200 m medals (including 2007 World Championship silver) and held the world under-20 and world under-18 records for the event until being surpassed by Erriyon Knighton in 2021.", "His achievements as a sprinter have earned him the media nickname \"Lightning Bolt\", and his awards include the IAAF World Athlete of the Year, Track & Field Athlete of the Year, BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year (three times), and Laureus World Sportsman of the Year (four times). Bolt was included in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2016", ". Bolt was included in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2016. Bolt retired after the 2017 World Championships, when he finished third in his last solo 100 m race, opted out of the 200 m, and pulled up injured in the 4×100 m relay final.", "Early years", "Bolt was born on 21 August 1986 to parents Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt in Sherwood Content, a small town in Jamaica. He has a brother, Sadiki, and a sister, Sherine. His parents ran the local grocery store in the rural area, and Bolt spent his time playing cricket and football in the street with his brother, later saying, \"When I was young, I didn't really think about anything other than sports", ".\" As a child, Bolt attended Waldensia Primary, where he began showing his sprint potential when he ran in his parish's annual national primary school meet. By the age of twelve, Bolt had become the school's fastest runner over the 100 metres distance. Bolt also developed an affection for European football teams Real Madrid and Manchester United.", "Upon his entry to William Knibb Memorial High School, Bolt continued to focus on other sports, but his cricket coach noticed Bolt's speed on the pitch and urged him to try track and field events. Pablo McNeil, a former Olympic sprint athlete, and Dwayne Jarrett coached Bolt, encouraging him to focus his energy on improving his athletic abilities. The school had a history of success in athletics with past students, including sprinter Michael Green", ". Bolt won his first annual high school championships medal in 2001; he took the silver medal in the 200 metres with a time of 22.04 seconds. McNeil soon became his primary coach, and the two enjoyed a positive partnership, although McNeil was occasionally frustrated by Bolt's lack of dedication to his training and his penchant for practical jokes.", "When Bolt was a boy, he attended Sherwood Content Seventh-day Adventist Church in Trelawny, Jamaica, with his mother. His mother did not serve pork to him in accordance with Adventist beliefs.\n\nEarly competitions\nRepresenting Jamaica in his first Caribbean regional event, Bolt clocked a personal best time of 48.28 s in the 400 metres in the 2001 CARIFTA Games, winning a silver medal. The 200 m also yielded a silver, as Bolt finished in 21.81 s.", "He made his first appearance on the world stage at the 2001 IAAF World Youth Championships in Debrecen, Hungary. Running in the 200 m event, he failed to qualify for the finals, but he still set a new personal best of 21.73 s. Bolt still did not take athletics or himself too seriously, however, and he took his mischievousness to new heights by hiding in the back of a van when he was supposed to be preparing for the 200 m finals at the CARIFTA Trials", ". He was detained by the police for his practical joke, and there was an outcry from the local community, which blamed coach McNeil for the incident. However, the controversy subsided, and both McNeil and Bolt went to the CARIFTA Games, where Bolt set championship records in the 200 m and 400 m with times of 21.12 s and 47.33 s, respectively. He continued to set records with 20.61 s and 47.12 s finishes at the Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships.", "Bolt is one of only nine athletes (along with Valerie Adams, Veronica Campbell-Brown, Jacques Freitag, Yelena Isinbayeva, Jana Pittman, Dani Samuels, David Storl, and Kirani James) to win world championships at the youth, junior, and senior level of an athletic event. Former Prime Minister P. J", ". Former Prime Minister P. J. Patterson recognised Bolt's talent and arranged for him to move to Kingston, along with Jermaine Gonzales, so he could train with the Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association (JAAA) at the University of Technology, Jamaica.", "Rise to prominence", "The 2002 World Junior Championships were held in front of a home crowd in Kingston, Jamaica, and Bolt was given a chance to prove his credentials on a world stage. By the age of 15, he had grown to tall, and he physically stood out among his peers. He won the 200 m in a time of 20.61 s, which was 0.03 s slower than his personal best of 20.58 s, which he set in the 1st round. Bolt's 200 m win made him the youngest world-junior gold medallist ever", ". Bolt's 200 m win made him the youngest world-junior gold medallist ever. The expectation from the home crowd had made him so nervous that he had put his shoes on the wrong feet, although he realized the mistake before the race began. However, it turned out to be a revelatory experience for Bolt, as he vowed never again to let himself be affected by pre-race nerves", ". As a member of the Jamaican sprint relay team, he also took two silver medals and set national junior records in the 4×100 metres and 4×400 metres relay, running times of 39.15 s and 3:04.06 minutes respectively.", "The rush of medals continued as he won four golds at the 2003 CARIFTA Games and was awarded the Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the games. He won another gold at the 2003 World Youth Championships. He set a new championship record in the 200 m with a time of 20.40 s, despite a head wind", ". He set a new championship record in the 200 m with a time of 20.40 s, despite a head wind. Michael Johnson, the 200 m world-record holder, took note of Bolt's potential but worried that the young sprinter might be over-pressured, stating, \"It's all about what he does three, four, five years down the line\". Bolt had also impressed the athletics hierarchy, and he received the IAAF Rising Star Award for 2002.", "Bolt competed in his final Jamaican High School Championships in 2003. He broke the 200 m and 400 m records with times of 20.25 s and 45.35 s, respectively. Bolt's runs were a significant improvement upon the previous records, beating the 200 m best by more than half a second and the 400 m record by almost a second. Bolt improved upon the 200 m time three months later, setting the former World youth best at the 2003 Pan American Junior Championships. The 400 m time remains No", ". The 400 m time remains No. 6 on the all-time youth list, surpassed only once since, by future Olympic champion Kirani James.", "Bolt turned his main focus to the 200 m and equalled Roy Martin's world junior record of 20.13 s at the Pan-American Junior Championships. This performance attracted interest from the press, and his times in the 200 m and 400 m led to him being touted as a possible successor to Johnson. Indeed, at sixteen years old, Bolt had reached times that Johnson did not register until he was twenty, and Bolt's 200 m time was superior to Maurice Greene's season's best that year.", "Bolt was growing more popular in his homeland. Howard Hamilton, who was given the task of Public Defender by the government, urged the JAAA to nurture him and prevent burnout, calling Bolt \"the most phenomenal sprinter ever produced by this island\". His popularity and the attractions of the capital city were beginning to be a burden to the young sprinter. Bolt was increasingly unfocused on his athletic career and preferred to eat fast food, play basketball, and party in Kingston's club scene", ". In the absence of a disciplined lifestyle, he became ever-more reliant on his natural ability to beat his competitors on the track.", "As the reigning 200 m champion at both the World Youth and World Junior championships, Bolt hoped to take a clean sweep of the world 200 m championships in the Senior World Championships in Paris. He beat all comers at the 200 m in the World Championship trials. Bolt was pragmatic about his chances and noted that, even if he did not make the final, he would consider setting a personal best a success. However, he suffered a bout of conjunctivitis before the event, and it ruined his training schedule", ". Realising that he would not be in peak condition, the JAAA refused to let him participate in the finals, on the grounds that he was too young and inexperienced. Bolt was dismayed at missing out on the opportunity, but focused on getting himself in shape to gain a place on the Jamaican Olympic team instead. Even though he missed the World Championships, Bolt was awarded the IAAF Rising Star Award for the 2003 season on the strength of his junior record-equalling run.", "Professional athletics career\n\n2004–2007 Early career", "Under the guidance of new coach Fitz Coleman, Bolt turned professional in 2004, beginning with the CARIFTA Games in Bermuda. He became the first junior sprinter to run the 200 m in under twenty seconds, taking the world junior record outright with a time of 19.93 s. For the second time in the role, he was awarded the Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the 2004 CARIFTA Games", ". A hamstring injury in May ruined Bolt's chances of competing in the 2004 World Junior Championships, but he was still chosen for the Jamaican Olympic squad. Bolt headed to the 2004 Athens Olympics with confidence and a new record on his side. However, he was hampered by a leg injury and was eliminated in the first round of the 200 metres with a disappointing time of 21.05 s", ".05 s. American colleges offered Bolt track scholarships to train in the United States while continuing to represent Jamaica on the international stage, but the teenager from Trelawny refused them all, stating that he was content to stay in his homeland of Jamaica. Bolt instead chose the surroundings of the University of Technology, Jamaica, as his professional training ground, staying with the university's track and weight room that had served him well in his amateur years.", "The year 2005 signalled a fresh start for Bolt in the form of a new coach, Glen Mills, and a new attitude toward athletics. Mills recognised Bolt's potential and aimed to cease what he considered an unprofessional approach to the sport. Bolt began training with Mills in preparation for the upcoming athletics season, partnering with more seasoned sprinters such as Kim Collins and Dwain Chambers", ". The year began well, and in July, he knocked more than a third of a second off the 200 m CAC Championship record with a run of 20.03 s, then registered his 200 m season's best at London's Crystal Palace, running in 19.99 s.", "Misfortune awaited Bolt at the next major event, the 2005 World Championships in Helsinki. Bolt felt that both his work ethic and athleticism had much improved since the 2004 Olympics, and he saw the World Championships as a way to live up to expectations, stating, \"I really want to make up for what happened in Athens. Hopefully, everything will fall into place\". Bolt qualified with runs under 21 s, but he suffered an injury in the final, finishing in last place with a time of 26.27 s", ".27 s. Injuries were preventing him from completing a full professional athletics season, and the eighteen-year-old Bolt still had not proven his mettle in the major world-athletics competitions. However, his appearance made him the youngest ever person to appear in a 200 m world final. Bolt was involved in a car accident in November, and although he suffered only minor facial lacerations, his training schedule was further upset", ". His manager at the time, Norman Peart, made Bolt's training less intensive, and he had fully recuperated the following week. Bolt had continued to improve his performances, and he reached the world top-5 rankings in 2005 and 2006. Peart and Mills stated their intentions to push Bolt to do longer sprinting distances with the aim of making the 400 m event his primary event by 2007 or 2008. Bolt was less enthusiastic, and demanded that he feel comfortable in his sprinting", ". Bolt was less enthusiastic, and demanded that he feel comfortable in his sprinting. He suffered another hamstring injury in March 2006, forcing him to withdraw from the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, and he did not return to track events until May. After his recovery, Bolt was given new training exercises to improve flexibility, and the plans to move him up to the 400 m event were put on hold.", "The 200 m remained Bolt's primary event when he returned to competition; he bested Justin Gatlin's meet record in Ostrava, Czech Republic. Bolt had aspired to run under twenty seconds to claim a season's best but, despite the fact that bad weather had impaired his run, he was happy to end the meeting with just the victory. However, a sub-20-second finish was soon his, as he set a new personal best of 19", ". However, a sub-20-second finish was soon his, as he set a new personal best of 19.88 s at the 2006 Athletissima Grand Prix in Lausanne, Switzerland, finishing behind Xavier Carter and Tyson Gay to earn a bronze medal. Bolt had focused his athletics aims, stating that 2006 was a year to gain experience. Also, he was more keen on competing over longer distances, setting his sights on running regularly in both 200 m and 400 m events within the next two years.", "Bolt claimed his first major world medal two months later at the IAAF World Athletics Final in Stuttgart, Germany. He passed the finishing post with a time of 20.10 s, gaining a bronze medal in the process. The IAAF World Cup in Athens, Greece, yielded Bolt's first senior international silver medal. Wallace Spearmon from the United States won gold with a championship record time of 19.87 s, beating Bolt's respectable time of 19.96 s", ".87 s, beating Bolt's respectable time of 19.96 s. Further 200 m honours on both the regional and international stages awaited Bolt in 2007. He yearned to run in the 100 metres but Mills was skeptical, believing that Bolt was better suited for middle distances. The coach cited the runner's difficulty in smoothly starting out of the blocks and poor habits such as looking back at opponents in sprints. Mills told Bolt that he could run the shorter distance if he broke the 200 m national record", ". Mills told Bolt that he could run the shorter distance if he broke the 200 m national record. In the Jamaican Championships, he ran 19.75 s in the 200 m, breaking the 36-year-old Jamaican record held by Don Quarrie by 0.11 s.", "Mills complied with Bolt's demand to run in the 100 m, and he was entered to run the event at the 23rd Vardinoyiannia meeting in Rethymno, Crete. In his debut tournament, he won the gold medal in a time of 10.03 s, feeding his enthusiasm for the event.\n\nHe built on this achievement at the 2007 World Championships in Osaka, Japan, winning a silver medal. Bolt recorded 19.91 s with a headwind of . The race was won by Tyson Gay in 19.76 s, a new championship record.", "Bolt was a member of the silver medal relay team with Asafa Powell, Marvin Anderson, and Nesta Carter in the 4×100 metres relay. Jamaica set a national record of 37.89 s. Bolt did not win any gold medals at the major tournaments in 2007, but Mills felt that Bolt's technique was much improved, pinpointing improvements in Bolt's balance at the turns over 200 m and an increase in his stride frequency, giving him more driving power on the track.", "World-record breaker", "The silver medals from the 2007 Osaka World Championships boosted Bolt's desire to sprint, and he took a more serious, more mature stance towards his career. Bolt continued to develop in the 100 m, and he decided to compete in the event at the Jamaica Invitational in Kingston. On 3 May 2008, Bolt ran a time of 9.76 s, with a tail wind, improving his personal best from 10.03 s. This was the second-fastest legal performance in the history of the event, second only to compatriot Asafa Powell's 9", ".74 s record set the previous year in Rieti, Italy. Rival Tyson Gay lauded the performance, especially praising Bolt's form and technique. Michael Johnson observed the race and said that he was shocked at how quickly Bolt had improved over the 100 m distance. The Jamaican surprised even himself with the time, but coach Glen Mills remained confident that there was more to come.", "On 31 May 2008, Bolt set a new 100 m world record at the Reebok Grand Prix in the Icahn Stadium in New York City. He ran 9.72s with a tail wind of . This race was Bolt's fifth senior 100 m. Gay again finished second and said of Bolt: \"It looked like his knees were going past my face.\" Commentators noted that Bolt appeared to have gained a psychological advantage over fellow Olympic contender Gay.", "In June 2008, Bolt responded to claims that he was a lazy athlete, saying that the comments were unjustified, and he trained hard to achieve his potential. However, he surmised that such comments stemmed from his lack of enthusiasm for the 400 metres event; he chose not to make an effort to train for that particular distance", ". Turning his efforts to the 200 m, Bolt proved that he could excel in two events—first setting the world-leading time in Ostrava, then breaking the national record for the second time with a 19.67 s finish in Athens, Greece. Although Mills still preferred that Bolt focus on the longer distances, the acceptance of Bolt's demand to run in the 100 m worked for both sprinter and trainer", ". Bolt was more focused in practice, and a training schedule to boost his top speed and his stamina, in preparation for the Olympics, had improved both his 100 m and 200 m times.", "2008 Summer Olympics\nBolt doubled-up with the 100 metres and 200 metres events at the Beijing Summer Olympics. As the new 100 m world-record holder, he was the favourite to win both races. Michael Johnson, the 200 m and 400 m record holder, personally backed the sprinter, saying that he did not believe that a lack of experience would work against him. Bolt qualified for the 100 m final with times of 9.92 s and 9.85 s in the quarter-finals and semi-finals, respectively.", "In the Olympic 100 m final (16 August), Bolt broke new ground, winning in 9.69 s (unofficially 9.683 s) with a reaction time of 0.165 s. This was an improvement upon his own world record, and he was well ahead of second-place finisher Richard Thompson, who finished in 9.89 s. Not only was the record set with no favourable wind (0.0 m/s), but he also visibly slowed down to celebrate before he finished and his shoelace was untied", ".0 m/s), but he also visibly slowed down to celebrate before he finished and his shoelace was untied. Bolt's coach reported that, based upon the speed of Bolt's opening 60 m, he could have finished with a time of 9.52 s. After scientific analysis of Bolt's run by the Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics at the University of Oslo, Hans Eriksen and his colleagues also predicted a sub 9.60 s time", ".60 s time. Considering factors such as Bolt's position, acceleration and velocity in comparison with second-place-finisher Thompson, the team estimated that Bolt could have finished in 9.55±0.04 s had he not slowed to celebrate before the finishing line.", "Bolt stated that setting a world record was not a priority for him, and that his goal was just to win the gold medal, Jamaica's first of the 2008 Games. Olympic medallist Kriss Akabusi construed Bolt's chest slapping before the finish line as showboating, noting that the actions cost Bolt an even faster record time. IOC president Jacques Rogge also condemned the Jamaican's actions as disrespectful. Bolt denied that this was the purpose of his celebration by saying, \"I wasn't bragging", ". Bolt denied that this was the purpose of his celebration by saying, \"I wasn't bragging. When I saw I wasn't covered, I was just happy\". Lamine Diack, president of the IAAF, supported Bolt and said that his celebration was appropriate given the circumstances of his victory. Jamaican government minister Edmund Bartlett also defended Bolt's actions, stating, \"We have to see it in the glory of their moment and give it to them. We have to allow the personality of youth to express itself\".", "Bolt then focused on attaining a gold medal in the 200 m event, aiming to emulate Carl Lewis' double win in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. Michael Johnson felt that Bolt would easily win gold but believed that his own world record of 19.32 s set at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta would remain intact at the Olympics. Bolt eased through the first and second rounds of the 200 m, jogging towards the end of his run both times. He won his semi-final and progressed to the final as the favourite to win", ". He won his semi-final and progressed to the final as the favourite to win. Retired Jamaican sprinter Don Quarrie praised Bolt, saying he was confident that Johnson's record could be beaten. The following day, at the final, he won Jamaica's fourth gold of the Games, setting a new world and Olympic record of 19.30 s. Johnson's record fell despite the fact that Bolt was impeded by a headwind", ".30 s. Johnson's record fell despite the fact that Bolt was impeded by a headwind. The feat made him the first sprinter since Quarrie to hold both 100 m and 200 m world records simultaneously and the first to hold both records since the introduction of electronic timing. Furthermore, Bolt became the first sprinter to break both records at the same Olympics. Unlike in the 100 m final, Bolt sprinted hard all the way to the finishing line in the 200 m race, even dipping his chest to improve his time", ". Following the race, \"Happy Birthday\" was played over the stadium's sound system as his 22nd birthday would begin at midnight.", "Two days later, Bolt ran as the third leg in the Jamaican 4 × 100 metres relay team, increasing his gold medal total to three. Along with teammates Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, and Asafa Powell, Bolt broke another world and Olympic record, their 37.10 s finish breaking the previous record by three-tenths of a second", ".10 s finish breaking the previous record by three-tenths of a second. Powell, who anchored the team to the finishing line, lamented the loss of his 100m record to Bolt but showed no animosity towards his Jamaican rival, stating that he was delighted to help him set his third world record. In January 2017 the Jamaican relay teammates were stripped of their gold medals when a blood sample taken from Carter after the race was retested and found positive for a banned substance", ". Following his victories, Bolt donated US$50,000 to the children of Sichuan province in China to help those harmed by the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.", "Bolt's record-setting runs caused commentators not only to praise his achievements but to speculate about his potential to become one of the most successful sprinters in history. Critics hailed his Olympic success as a new beginning for a sport that had long suffered through high-profile drug scandals. The previous six years had seen the BALCO scandal, Tim Montgomery and Justin Gatlin stripped of their 100 m world records, and Marion Jones returning three Olympic gold medals", ". All three sprinters were disqualified from athletics after drugs tests detected banned substances in their systems. Bolt's record-breaking performances caused suspicion among some commentators, including Victor Conte, and the lack of an independent Caribbean anti-doping federation raised more concerns. The accusations of drug use were vehemently rejected by Glen Mills (Bolt's coach) and Herb Elliott (the Jamaican athletics team doctor)", ". Elliott, a member of the IAAF anti-doping commission, urged those concerned about the issue to \"come down and see our programme, come down and see our testing, we have nothing to hide\". Mills had been equally ardent that Bolt was a clean athlete, declaring to the Jamaica Gleaner: \"We will test any time, any day, any part of the body...[he] doesn't even like to take vitamins\". Bolt stated that he had been tested four times prior to the Olympics, and all had tested negative for banned substances", ". He also welcomed anti-doping authorities to test him to prove that he was clean, stating, \"We work hard and we perform well and we know we're clean\".", "After the 2008 Olympics", "At the end of the 2008 athletics season, Bolt competed in the ÅF Golden League, beginning in Weltklasse Zürich. Despite having the slowest start among his competitors in the 100 m race, he still crossed the finishing line in 9.83 s. Even though the time was slower than both his newly set world record and Asafa Powell's track record, it was still among the top-fifteen 100 m finishes by any sprinter to that date", ". Bolt admitted that he was not running at full strength because he was suffering from a cold, but he concentrated on winning the race and finishing the season in good health. At the Super Grand Prix final in Lausanne, Bolt ran his second-fastest 200 m with a time of 19.63 s, equalling Xavier Carter's track record. However, it was the 100 m final, featuring Asafa Powell, that drew the most interest. Powell had moved closer to Bolt's world record after setting a new personal best of 9", ". Powell had moved closer to Bolt's world record after setting a new personal best of 9.72 s, reaffirming his status as Bolt's main contender. Bolt's final event of the season came three days later at the Golden League final in Brussels. This was the first 100 m race featuring both Bolt and Powell since the final in the Olympics. Both Jamaicans broke the track record, but Bolt came out on top with a time of 9.77 s, beating Powell by 0.06 s. Victory, however, did not come as smoothly as it had in Beijing", ".77 s, beating Powell by 0.06 s. Victory, however, did not come as smoothly as it had in Beijing. Bolt made the slowest start of the nine competitors and had to recover ground in cold conditions and against a headwind. Yet the results confirmed Jamaican dominance in the 100 m, with nine of the ten-fastest legal times in history being recorded by either Bolt or Powell.", "On his return to Jamaica, Bolt was honoured in a homecoming celebration and received an Order of Distinction in recognition of his achievements at the Olympics. Additionally, Bolt was selected as the IAAF Male Athlete of the year, won a Special Olympic Award for his performances, and was named Laureus World Sportsman of the Year. Bolt turned his attention to future events, suggesting that he could aim to break the 400 metres world record in 2010 as no major championships were scheduled that year.", "2009 Berlin World Championships", "Bolt started the season competing in the 400 metres in order to improve his speed, winning two races and registering 45.54 s in Kingston, and windy conditions gave him his first sub-10 seconds finish of the season in the 100 m in March. In late April, Bolt suffered minor leg injuries in a car crash. However, he quickly recovered following minor surgery and (after cancelling a track meet in Jamaica) he stated that he was fit to compete in the 150 metres street race at the Manchester Great City Games", ". Bolt won the race in 14.35 s, the fastest time ever recorded for 150 m. Despite not being at full fitness, he took the 100 and 200 m titles at the Jamaican national championships, with runs of 9.86 s and 20.25 s respectively. This meant he had qualified for both events at the 2009 World Championships. Rival Tyson Gay suggested that Bolt's 100 m record was within his grasp, but Bolt dismissed the claim and instead noted that he was more interested in Asafa Powell's return from injury", ". Bolt defied unfavourable conditions at the Athletissima meet in July, running 19.59 seconds into a headwind and rain, to record the fourth fastest time ever over 200 m, one hundredth off Gay's best time.", "The 2009 World Championships were held during August at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, which was coincidentally the same month and venue where Jesse Owens had achieved world-wide fame 73 years earlier. Bolt eased through the 100-m heats, clocking the fastest ever pre-final performance of 9.89 seconds. The final was the first time that Bolt and Gay had met during the season, and Bolt set a new world record—which stands to this day—with a time of 9.58s to win his first World Championship gold medal", ".58s to win his first World Championship gold medal. Bolt took more than a tenth of a second off his previous best mark, and this was the largest-ever margin of improvement in the 100-m world record since the beginning of electronic timing. Gay finished with a time of 9.71 s, 0.02 s off Bolt's 9.69 s world-record run in Beijing.", "Although Gay withdrew from the second race of the competition, Bolt once again produced world record-breaking time in the 200 metres final. He broke his own record by 0.11 seconds, finishing with a time of 19.19 seconds. He won the 200 m race by the largest margin in World Championships history, even though the race had three other athletes running under 19.90 seconds, the greatest number ever in the event", ".90 seconds, the greatest number ever in the event. Bolt's pace impressed even the more experienced of his competitors; third-placed Wallace Spearmon complimented his speed, and the Olympic champion in Athens 2004 Shawn Crawford said \"Just coming out there...I felt like I was in a video game, that guy was moving – fast\". Bolt pointed out that an important factor in his performance at the World Championships was his improved start to the races: his reaction times in the 100 m (0.146) and 200 m (0", ".146) and 200 m (0.133) were significantly faster than those he had produced in his world record runs at the Beijing Olympics. However, he, together with other members of Jamaican 4×100 m relay team, fell short of their own world record of 37.10 s set at 2008 Summer Olympics by timing 37.31 s, which is, however, a championship record and the second fastest time in history at that date.", "On the last day of the Berlin Championships, the Governing Mayor of Berlin, Klaus Wowereit, presented Bolt with a 12-foot high section of the Berlin Wall in a small ceremony, saying Bolt had shown that \"one can tear down walls that had been considered as insurmountable.\" The nearly three-ton segment was delivered to the Jamaica Military Museum in Kingston.", "Several days after Bolt broke the world records in 100 and 200 metres events, Mike Powell, the world record holder in long jump (8.95 metres set in 1991) argued that Bolt could become the first man to jump over 9 metres, the long jump event being \"a perfect fit for his speed and height\". At the end of the season, he was selected as the IAAF World Athlete of the Year for the second year running.", "2010 Diamond League and broken streak", "Early on in the 2010 outdoor season, Bolt ran 19.56 seconds in the 200 m in Kingston, Jamaica for the fourth-fastest run of all time, although he stated that he had no record breaking ambitions for the forthcoming season. He took to the international circuit May with wins in East Asia at the Colorful Daegu Pre-Championships Meeting and then a comfortable win in his 2010 IAAF Diamond League debut at the Shanghai Golden Grand Prix", ". Bolt made an attempt to break Michael Johnson's best time over the rarely competed 300 metres event at the Golden Spike meeting in Ostrava. He failed to match Johnson's ten-year-old record of 30.85 and suffered a setback in that his 30.97-second run in wet weather had left him with an Achilles tendon problem.", "After his return from injury a month later, Bolt asserted himself with a 100 m win at the Athletissima meeting in Lausanne (9.82 seconds) and a victory over Asafa Powell at Meeting Areva in Paris (9.84 seconds). Despite this run of form, he suffered only the second loss of his career in a 100 m final at the DN Galan. Tyson Gay soundly defeated him with a run of 9.84 to Bolt's 9", ". Tyson Gay soundly defeated him with a run of 9.84 to Bolt's 9.97 seconds, and the Jamaican reflected that he had slacked off in training early in the season while Gay had been better prepared and in a better condition. This marked Bolt's first loss to Gay in the 100 m, which coincidentally occurred in the same stadium where Powell had beaten Bolt for the first time two years earlier.", "2011 World Championships\n\nBolt went undefeated over 100 m and 200 m in the 2011 season. He began with wins in Rome and Ostrava in May. He ran his first 200 m in over a year in Oslo that June and his time of 19.86 seconds was a world-leading one. Two further 200 m wins came in Paris and Stockholm the following month, as did a 100 m in Monaco, though he was a tenth of a second slower than compatriot Asafa Powell before the world championships.", "Considered the favourite to win in the 100 metres at the 2011 World Championships in Daegu, Bolt was eliminated from the final, breaking \"ridiculously early\" according to the starter in an interview for BBC Sport, and receiving a false start. This proved to be the highest profile disqualification for a false start since the IAAF changed the rules that previously allowed one false start per race", ". The disqualification caused some to question the new rule, with former world champion Kim Collins saying it was \"a sad night for athletics\". Usain Bolt's countryman, Yohan Blake, won in a comparatively slow 9.92 seconds.", "In the World Championships 200 m, Bolt cruised through to the final which he won in a time of 19.40. Though this was short of his world record times of the two previous major tournaments, it was the fourth fastest run ever at that point, after his own records and Michael Johnson's former record, and left him three tenths of a second ahead of runner-up Walter Dix. This achievement made Bolt one of only two men to win consecutive 200 m world titles, alongside Calvin Smith", ". Bolt closed the championships with another gold with Jamaica in the 4 × 100 metres relay. Nesta Carter and Michael Frater joined world champions Bolt and Blake to set a world record time of 37.04.", "Following the World Championships, Bolt ran 9.85 seconds for the 100 m to win in Zagreb before setting the year's best time of 9.76 seconds at the Memorial Van Damme. This run was overshadowed by Jamaican rival Blake's unexpected run of 19.26 seconds in the 200 m at the same meeting, which brought him within seven hundredths of Bolt's world record", ". Although Bolt failed to win the Diamond Race in a specific event, he was not beaten on the 2011 IAAF Diamond League circuit, taking three wins in each of his specialities that year.", "2012 Summer Olympics\n\nBolt began the 2012 season with a leading 100 m time of 9.82 seconds in May. He defeated Asafa Powell with runs of 9.76 seconds in Rome and 9.79 in Oslo. At the Jamaican Athletics Championships, he lost to Yohan Blake, first in the 200 m and then in the 100 m, with his younger rival setting leading times for the year.", "However, at the 2012 London Olympics, he won the 100 metres gold medal with a time of 9.63 seconds, improving upon his own Olympic record and duplicating his gold medal from the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Blake was the silver medallist with a time of 9.75 seconds", ". Blake was the silver medallist with a time of 9.75 seconds. Following the race, seventh-place finisher Richard Thompson of Trinidad and Tobago declared \"There's no doubt he's the greatest sprinter of all time\", while USA Today referred to Bolt as a Jamaican \"national hero\", noting that his victory came just hours before Jamaica was to celebrate the 50th anniversary of its independence from the United Kingdom", ". With his 2012 win, Bolt became the first man to successfully defend an Olympic sprint title since Carl Lewis in 1988.", "Bolt followed this up with a successful defence of his Olympic 200 metres title with a time of 19.32 seconds, followed by Blake at 19.44 and Warren Weir at 19.84 to complete a Jamaican podium sweep. With this, Bolt became the first man in history to defend both the 100 m and 200 m Olympic sprint titles", ". He was dramatic in victory: in the final metres of the 200 m race, Bolt placed his fingers on his lips, gesturing to silence his critics, and after crossing the line he completed five push-ups – one for each of his Olympic gold medals.", "On the final day of the 2012 Olympic athletics, Bolt participated in Jamaica's gold medal-winning 4×100 metres relay team along with Nesta Carter, Michael Frater and Blake. With a time of 36.84 seconds, they knocked two tenths of a second from their previous world record from 2011. He celebrated by imitating the \"Mobot\" celebration of Mo Farah, who had claimed a long-distance track double for the host nation.", "International Olympic Committee (IOC) President Jacques Rogge initially stated that Bolt was not yet a \"legend\" and would not deserve such acclaim until the end of his career, but later called him the best sprinter of all time. Following the Olympics he was confirmed as the highest earning track and field athlete in history.", "Bolt ended his season with wins on the 2012 IAAF Diamond League circuit; he had 200 m wins of 19.58 and 19.66 in Lausanne and Zürich before closing with a 100 m of 9.86 in Brussels. The latter run brought him his first Diamond League title in the 100 m.\n\n2013 World Championships", "Bolt failed to record below 10 seconds early season and had his first major 100 m race of 2013 at the Golden Gala in June. He was served an unexpected defeat by Justin Gatlin, with the American winning 9.94 to Bolt's 9.95. Bolt denied the loss was due to a hamstring issue he had early that year and Gatlin responded: \"I don't know how many people have beaten Bolt but it's an honour\"", ". With Yohan Blake injured, Bolt won the Jamaican 100 m title ahead of Kemar Bailey-Cole and skipped the 200 m, which was won by Warren Weir. Prior to the 2013 World Championships in Athletics, Bolt set world leading times in the sprints, with 9.85 for the 100 m at the London Anniversary Games and 19.73 for the 200 m in Paris.", "Bolt regained the title as world's fastest man by winning the World Championships 100 metres in Moscow. In wet conditions, he edged Gatlin by eight hundredths of a second with 9.77, which was the fastest run that year. Gatlin was the sole non-Jamaican in the top five, with Nesta Carter, Nickel Ashmeade and Bailey-Cole finishing next.", "Bolt was less challenged in the 200 m final. His closest rival was Jamaican champion Warren Weir but Bolt ran a time of 19.66 to finish over a tenth of a second clear. This performance made Bolt the first man in the history of the 200 metres at the World Championships in Athletics to win three gold medals over the distance.", "Bolt won a third consecutive world relay gold medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay final, which made him the most successful athlete in the 30-year history of the world championships. The Jamaican team, featuring four of the top five from the 100 m final were comfortable winners with Bolt reaching the finish line on his anchor leg three tenths of a second ahead of the American team anchored by Gatlin", ". Bolt's performances were matched on the women's side by Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, meaning Jamaica took a complete sweep of the sprint medals at the 2013 World Championships.", "After the championships, Bolt took 100 m wins on the 2013 IAAF Diamond League circuit in Zürich and Brussels. He remained unbeaten in the 200 m and his only loss that year was to Gatlin over 100 m in Rome. For the fifth time in six years, Bolt was named IAAF World Male Athlete of the Year.", "2014: Injury and Commonwealth Games", "An injury to Bolt's hamstring in March 2014 caused him to miss nine weeks of training. Having recovered from surgery, Bolt competed in the 4 × 100 metres relay of the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Not in peak form Bolt said that he was attending the Games for the fans and to show his progress since the injury. Bolt and his teammates won the 4 × 100 metres relay in 37.58 seconds – a Commonwealth Games record", ". Bolt and his teammates won the 4 × 100 metres relay in 37.58 seconds – a Commonwealth Games record. This was the foremost competition of the year for Bolt, given no Olympics or World Championships in 2014.", "In August 2014, Bolt set the indoor 100 m world record in Warsaw with a time of 9.98 seconds. This was his sole individual outing of the 2014 season. Soon afterwards he ended his season early in order to be fit for the 2015 season. In Bolt's absence, Justin Gatlin had dominated the sprints, holding the year's fastest times, including seven of the top ten 100 m runs that season.", "2015 Beijing World Championships\nAt the start of 2015, he intended to make the 2017 World Championships in Athletics his last major competition before retirement.", "Upon his return from injury, Bolt appeared a reduced figure at the start of the 2015 season. He ran only two 100 m and three 200 m before the major championship. He opened with 10.12 seconds for the 100 m and 20.20 for the 200 m. He won the 200 m in New York and Ostrava, but his season's best time of 20.13 seconds ranked him 20th in the world going into the championships. Two 100 m runs of 9", ".13 seconds ranked him 20th in the world going into the championships. Two 100 m runs of 9.87 in July in London showed better form, but in comparison, Justin Gatlin was easily the top ranked sprinter – the American had times of 9.74 and 19.57 seconds, and had already run under 9.8 seconds on four occasions that season. Bolt entered the World Championships to defend his sprint titles but was not the comfortable favourite he had been since 2008.", "In the World Championships 100 m, Bolt won his semi-final in 9.96, which lagged Gatlin's semi-final win in 9.77 seconds. However, Gatlin did not match that form in the final while Bolt improved through the rounds. In a narrow victory, Bolt leaned at the line to beat Gatlin 9.79 to 9.80 seconds. Bolt joined Carl Lewis and Maurice Greene on a record three 100 m world titles.", "A similar outcome followed in the 200 m World finals. In the semi-final, Gatlin outpaced Bolt – the Jamaican at 19.95 and the American at 19.87. Despite such slow times prior to Beijing, Bolt delivered in the final with his fifth fastest run ever for the 200 m at 19.55 seconds. Gatlin failed to reach his early season form and finished almost two-tenths of a second behind Bolt", ". Bolt's four consecutive wins over 200 m at the World Championships was unprecedented and established him clearly as the best ever sprinter at the competition.", "There was also a fourth straight win in the 4 × 100 metres relay with the Jamaica team (Nesta Carter, Asafa Powell, Nickel Ashmeade, Usain Bolt). The Americans initially had a lead, but a poor baton exchange saw them disqualified and Jamaica defend their title in 37.36 seconds – well clear of the Chinese team who took a surprise silver for the host nation.\n\nConscious of his injuries at the start of the season, he did not compete after the World Championships, skipping the 2015 IAAF Diamond League final.", "2016 Rio Olympics", "Bolt competed sparingly in the 200 m before the Olympics, with a run of 19.89 seconds to win at the London Grand Prix being his sole run of note over that distance. He had four races over 100 m, though only one was in Europe, and his best of 9.88 seconds in Kingston placed him fourth on the world seasonal rankings. As in the previous season, Gatlin appeared to be in better form, having seasonal bests of 9.80 and 19.75 seconds to rank first and second in the sprints", ".80 and 19.75 seconds to rank first and second in the sprints. Doping in athletics was a prime topic before the 2016 Rio Olympics, given the banning of the Russian track and field team for state doping, and Bolt commented that he had no problem with doping controls: \"I have no issue with being drug-tested...I remember in Beijing every other day they were drug-testing us\"", "...I remember in Beijing every other day they were drug-testing us\". He also highlighted his dislike of rival Tyson Gay's reduced ban for cooperation, given their close rivalry since the start of Bolt's career, saying \"it really bothered me – really, really bothered me\".", "At the 2016 Rio Olympics, Bolt won the 100 metres gold medal with a time of 9.81 seconds. With this win, Bolt became the first athlete to win the event three times at the Olympic Games. Bolt followed up his 100 m win with a gold medal in the 200 m, which also makes him the first athlete to win the 200 m three times at the Olympic Games. Bolt ran the anchor leg for the finals of the 4 × 100 m relay and secured his third consecutive and last Olympic gold medal in the event", ". With that win, Bolt obtained the \"triple-triple\", three sprinting gold medals in three consecutive Olympics, and finished his Olympic career with a 100% win record in finals. However, in January 2017, Bolt was stripped of the 4 × 100 relay gold from the Beijing Games in 2008 because his teammate Nesta Carter was found guilty of a doping violation.", "2017 season\n\nBolt took a financial stake in a new Australia-based track and field meeting series – Nitro Athletics. He performed at the inaugural meet in February 2017 and led his team (Bolt All-Stars) to victory. The competition featured variations on traditional track and field events. He committed himself to three further editions.", "In 2017, the Jamaican team was stripped of the 2008 Olympics 4×100 metre title due to Nesta Carter's disqualification for doping offences. Bolt, who never failed a dope test, was quoted by the BBC saying that the prospect of having to return the gold was \"heartbreaking\". The banned substance in Carter's test was identified as methylhexanamine, a nasal decongestant sometimes used in dietary supplements.", "At the 2017 World Athletics Championships, Bolt won his heat uncomfortably after a slow start in 10.07, in his semi-final he improved to 9.98 but was beaten by Christian Coleman by 0.01. That race broke Bolt's 4 year winning streak in the 100 m. In his final individual race, in the final, Bolt won the bronze medal in 9.95, 0.01 behind silver medalist Coleman and 0.03 behind World Champion Justin Gatlin", ".95, 0.01 behind silver medalist Coleman and 0.03 behind World Champion Justin Gatlin. It was the first time Bolt had been beaten at a major championship since the 4×100 m relay of the 2007 World Athletics Championships. Also at the 2017 World Athletics Championships, Bolt participated as the anchor runner for Jamaica's 4×100-metre relay team in both the heats and the final. Jamaica won their heat comfortably in 37.95 seconds", ". Jamaica won their heat comfortably in 37.95 seconds. In what was intended to be his final race, Bolt pulled up in agony with 50 metres to go and collapsed to the track after what was later confirmed to be another hamstring injury. He refused a wheelchair and crossed the finish line one last time with the assistance of his teammates Omar McLeod, Julian Forte, and Yohan Blake.", "Following his 2017 season, Bolt had a statue of him unveiled in his honour at the National Stadium in Kingston on 3 December 2017. The statue shows him in his signature \"lightning bolt\" pose.\n\nPersonal life", "Personal life\n\nBolt expresses a love for dancing and his character is frequently described as laid-back and relaxed. His Jamaican track and field idols include Herb McKenley and former Jamaican 100 m and 200 m world record holder Don Quarrie. Michael Johnson, the former 200 m world and Olympic record holder, is also held in high esteem by Bolt.", "Bolt has the nickname \"Lightning Bolt\" due to his name and speed. He is Catholic and known for making the sign of the cross before racing competitively, and he wears a Miraculous Medal during his races. His middle name is St. Leo.\n\nIn 2010, Bolt also revealed his fondness of music, when he played a reggae DJ set to a crowd in Paris. He is also an avid fan of the Call of Duty video game series, saying, \"I stay up late [playing the game online], I can't help it.\"", "In his autobiography, Bolt reveals that he has suffered from scoliosis, a condition that has curved his spine to the right and has made his right leg shorter than his left. A result of this is that his left leg remains on the ground 14 percent longer than his right leg, with left leg striking the ground with a force of and right with . Biomechanics researchers have studied, with no firm conclusions, whether this asymmetry has helped or hurt Bolt in his sprinting career.", "He popularised the \"lightning bolt\" pose, also known as \"to di world\" or \"bolting\", which he used both before races and in celebration. The pose consists of extending a slightly raised left arm to the side and the right arm folded across the chest, with both hands have the thumb and index finger outstretched. His performance of the pose during his Olympic and World Championship victories led to widespread copying of the move, from American President Barack Obama to small children", ". It has been suggested that the pose comes from Jamaican dancehall moves of the period, though Olympic sprint champion Bernard Williams also had performed similar celebration moves earlier that decade. His habit of fist bumping the volunteers for good luck has been noted in the media.", "In 2021, Bolt told the BBC that his love for video games, such as Mario Kart and Mortal Kombat, helped him during his Olympic career.", "Financial crisis", "Usain Bolt had fallen victim to a fraud scheme, resulting in the disappearance of more than $12 million from his retirement savings account, according to a letter from his attorneys obtained by the Associated Press. The account, held with Kingston-based investment firm Stocks and Securities Ltd., showed a balance of only $12,000, down from its previous $12.8 million. Bolt's legal team had stated that if the allegations were true, a serious act of fraud or larceny had been committed against their client.", "Family\nOn 17 May 2020, Bolt's longtime girlfriend Kasi Bennett gave birth to their first child, daughter Olympia Lightning. Bolt and Bennett welcomed twin boys Thunder and Saint Leo in June 2021.", "Other sports", "Cricket was the first sport to interest Bolt, and he said if he were not a sprinter, he would be a fast bowler instead. As a child, he admired the bowling of Waqar Younis. He is also a fan of Indian batsman Sachin Tendulkar, West Indian opener Chris Gayle, and Australian opener Matthew Hayden. During a charity cricket match, Bolt clean-bowled Gayle, who was complimentary of Bolt's pace and swing. Bolt also struck a six off Gayle's bowling", ". Bolt also struck a six off Gayle's bowling. Another bowler complimentary of Bolt's pace was former West Indies fast-bowling great Curtly Ambrose.", "After talking with Australian cricketer Shane Warne, Bolt suggested that if he were able to get time off he would be interested in playing in the cricket Big Bash League. Melbourne Stars chief executive Clint Cooper said there were free spots on his team should he be available. Bolt stated that he enjoyed the Twenty20 version of the game, admiring the aggressive and constant nature of the batting. On his own ability, he said, \"I don't know how good I am. I will probably have to get a lot of practice in.\"", "Bolt is also a fan of Premier League football team Manchester United. He has declared he is a fan of Dutch striker Ruud van Nistelrooy. Bolt was a special guest of Manchester United at the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final in London, where he stated that he would like to play for them after his retirement.\n\nIn 2013, Bolt played basketball in the NBA All-Star Weekend Celebrity Game. He scored two points from a slam dunk but acknowledged his other basketball skills were lacking.", "In an interview with Decca Aitkenhead of The Guardian in November 2016, Bolt said he wished to play as a professional footballer after retiring from track and field. He reiterated his desire to play for Manchester United if given a chance and added, \"For me, if I could get to play for Manchester United, that would be like a dream come true. Yes, that would be epic.\"", "In 2018, after training with Norwegian side Strømsgodset, Bolt played for the club as a forward in a friendly match against the Norway national under-19 team. He wore the number \"9.58\" in allusion to his 100 m world record. Bolt wore the same number whilst captaining the World XI during Soccer Aid 2018 at Old Trafford.", "On 21 August 2018, on his 32nd birthday, Bolt started training with Australian club Central Coast Mariners of the A-League. He made his friendly debut for the club as a substitute on 31 August 2018 against a Central Coast Select team, made up of players playing in the local area. On 12 October, he started in a friendly against amateur club Macarthur South West United and scored two goals, both in the second half, with his goal celebration featuring his signature \"To Di World\" pose.", "Bolt was offered a two-year contract from Maltese club Valletta, which he turned down on 18 October 2018. On 21 October 2018, Bolt was offered a contract by the Mariners. The Australian FA was helping the Mariners to fund it. Later that month, Perth Glory forward Andy Keogh was critical of Bolt's ability, stating his first touch is \"like a trampoline.\" He added Bolt has \"shown a bit of potential but it's a little bit of a kick in the teeth to the professionals that are in the league.\"", "Bolt left the Mariners in early November 2018 after 8 weeks with the club. In January 2019, Bolt decided not to pursue a career in football, saying his \"sports life is over.\"", "Bolt, a Green Bay Packers fan, stated in July 2021 he could have considered a career as a wide receiver in the National Football League had the rules on violent tackles related to concussions been as tightly regulated 'back in the day' as they were by that stage. If he had switched to gridiron football, his concern was that he would have been a high-priced target for very heavy hits which made him back out of his desire to try the sport", ". He also felt certain that even at 34 and being retired he would comfortably be the fastest player in the league.", "Documentary film\nA documentary film based on the athletic life of Bolt to win three Olympic gold medals, titled I Am Bolt, was released on 28 November 2016 in United Kingdom. The film was directed by Benjamin Turner and Gabe Turner.", "Infection with COVID-19 \nOn 24 August 2020, Bolt tested positive for COVID-19 and subsequently went into self-isolation in his home. He said that he was asymptomatic. Bolt had himself tested on 22 August, the day after celebrating his 34th birthday with a party where guests did not wear face masks. Coincidentally, the guests at the party danced in an open field to Jamaican reggae singer Koffee's song \"Lockdown\".\n\nSponsorships and advertising work", "After winning the 200 m title in the 2002 World Junior Championships in Kingston, Bolt signed a sponsorship deal with Puma. To promote Bolt's chase for Olympic glory in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, Puma released a series of videos including Bolt's then-world-record-setting run in Icahn Stadium and his Olympic preparations", ". After his record-breaking run in New York City, which was preceded by a lightning storm, the press frequently made puns on the Jamaican's name, nicknaming him \"Lightning Bolt\" and the \"Bolt from the blue\". During the 2008 Beijing 100 m final, Bolt wore golden Puma Complete Theseus spikes that had \"Beijing 100 m Gold\" emblazoned across them. Writing of Bolt's performance at the Olympics, The Associated Press said:", "In September 2010, Bolt travelled to Australia where his sponsor Gatorade was holding an event called the \"Gatorade Bolt\" to find Australia's fastest footballer. The event was held at the Sydney International Athletic Centre and featured football players from rugby league, rugby union, Australian rules football, and association football. Prior to the race Bolt gave the runners some private coaching and also participated in the 10th anniversary celebrations for the 2000 Summer Olympic Games.", "In January 2012, Bolt impersonated Richard Branson in an advertising campaign for Virgin Media. The campaign was directed by Seth Gordon and features the Virgin founder Branson to promote its broadband service. In March 2012, Bolt starred in an advert for Visa and the 2012 Summer Olympics. In July 2012, Bolt and RockLive launched Bolt!, an Apple iOS game based on his exploits. Bolt! quickly became the No. 1 app in Jamaica and climbed the UK iTunes charts to reach No. 2 on the list of Top Free Apps.", "In 2012, Bolt collaborated with headphone maker Soul Electronics to design his own line of headphones. Bolt designed both an in-ear bud and over-ear model with the Jamaican color scheme and his signature \"To Di World\" pose.\n\nBolt's autobiography, My Story: 9.58: Being the World's Fastest Man, was released in 2010. Bolt had previously said that the book \"...should be exciting, it's my life, and I'm a cool and exciting guy.\" His athletics agent is PACE Sports Management.", "As part of his sponsorship deal with Puma, the manufacturer sends sporting equipment to his alma mater, William Knibb Memorial High School, every year. At Bolt's insistence, advertisements featuring him are filmed in Jamaica, by a Jamaican production crew, in an attempt to boost local enterprise and gain exposure for the country", ". In 2017, Bolt had the third highest earning social media income for sponsors among sportspeople (behind Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar), and he was the only non-footballer in the top seven.", "Bolt is the highest paid athlete in the history of the sport. In 2016, Bolt earned about $33 million in one year putting him at No. 32 on Forbes list of The World's Highest-paid Athletes making him the only track and field athlete on the list.\n\nEntrepreneurship", "Usain Bolt co-founded electric scooter company Bolt Mobility in 2018, created in his namesake. Bolt founded the micromobility company, which provides electric scooters and other yet-to-be released mobility devices, such as the company's upcoming Bolt Nano. Bolt appeared in Bolt Mobility's debut commercial, released through YouTube and his official Facebook account. Bolt appeared in a number of interviews for the company, alongside CEO Sarah Pishevar Haynes", ". Bolt appeared in a number of interviews for the company, alongside CEO Sarah Pishevar Haynes. Bolt made his first public appearance for the company in March 2019, during the company's New York City launch and in CNBC interviews on the NYSE.", "In May 2019, the company expanded its services to Europe, introducing the product first in Paris.\nIn May 2019, Bolt spoke in Paris at the Viva Technology conference, where he introduced the company's future release of the Nano minicar. He also met with French president Emmanuel Macron while at the conference. While in France, Bolt participated in a CNN interview where he revealed his reasons for founding the company.", "Bolt argues that his scooter is different, which allows bag, shopping and mobile phone storage. The scooters have capabilities to reach up to 30 mph, but are typically capped at 15 mph depending on city regulation. The company has begun operations in a number of U.S. cities, and plans to expand throughout Europe and Asia.", "In early July 2022, Bolt Mobility abruptly ceased operations, leaving bike-sharing programs up in the air, including Burlington, Vermont; Portland, Oregon; Richmond, California; and Richmond, Virginia.", "Music producer\nIn July 2019, Bolt made his debut as a dancehall music producer with the release of the Olympe Rosé riddim that featured 5 tracks from Jamaican dancehall artistes: Dexta Daps \"Big Moves\", Munga Honorable \"Weekend\", Christopher Martin \"Dweet\", Ding Dong \"Top A Di Top\" and football player turned artist Ricardo \"Bibi\" Gardner \"Mount A Gyal\".", "In November 2019, he followed up with another compilation called Immortal Riddim that included tracks from Vybz Kartel, Masicka, Munga Honorable and Christopher Martin.\n\nIn early January 2021, Bolt released a single titled \"Living the Dream\" with his childhood friend and manager Nugent 'NJ' Walker.\n\nRecognition", "IAAF World Athlete of the Year: 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2016\n Track & Field Athlete of the Year: 2008, 2009\n Laureus World Sportsman of the Year: 2009, 2010, 2013, 2017\n BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year: 2008, 2009, 2012\n L'Équipe Champion of Champions: 2008, 2009, 2012, 2015\n Jamaica Sportsman of the year: 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013\n AIPS Male Athlete of the Year: 2015\n Marca Leyenda (2009)", "AIPS Male Athlete of the Year: 2015\n Marca Leyenda (2009)\n In October 2008, he was made a Commander of the Order of Distinction, which entitles him to use the post nominal letters CD.", "In 2009, at age 23, Usain Bolt became the youngest member so far of the Order of Jamaica. The award was \"for outstanding performance in the field of athletics at the international level\". In the Jamaican honours system, this is considered the equivalent of a knighthood in the British honours system, and entitles him to be formally styled \"The Honourable\", and to use the post nominal letters OJ.", "Statistics\n\nPersonal bests", "Records", "Bolt's personal best of 9.58 seconds in 2009 in the 100 metres is the fastest ever run. Bolt also holds the second fastest time of 9.63 seconds, the current Olympic record, and set two previous world records in the event. Bolt's personal best of 19.19 s in the 200 metres is the world record. This was recorded at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in Berlin against a headwind of . This performance broke his previous world record in the event, his 19", ". This performance broke his previous world record in the event, his 19.30 s clocking in winning the 2008 Olympic 200 metres title.", "Bolt has been on three world-record-setting Jamaican relay teams. The first record, 37.10 seconds, was set in winning gold at the 2008 Summer Olympics, although the result was voided in 2017 when the team was disqualified. The second record came at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, a time of 37.04 seconds. The third world record was set at the 2012 Summer Olympics, a time of 36.84 seconds.", "Bolt also holds the 200 metres world teenage best results for the age categories 15 (20.58 s), 16 (20.13 s, former world youth record), 17 (19.93 s) and 18 (19.93 s, world junior record). He also holds the 150 metres world best set in 2009, during which he ran the last 100 metres in 8.70 seconds, the quickest timed 100 metres ever.", "Bolt completed a total of 53 wind-legal sub-10-second performances in the 100 m during his career, with his first coming on 3 May 2008 and his last on 5 August 2017 at the World Championships. His longest undefeated streak in the 200 m was in 17 finals, lasting from 12 June 2008 to 3 September 2011. He also had a win-streak covering 14 100 m finals from 16 August 2008 to 16 July 2010.", "Guinness World Records \nBolt claimed 19 Guinness World Records, and, after Michael Phelps, holds the second-highest number of accumulative Guinness World Records for total number of accomplishments and victories in sports.\n Fastest run 150 metres (male)\n Most medals won at the IAAF Athletics World Championships (male)\n Most gold medals won at the IAAF Athletics World Championships (male)\n Most Athletics World Championships Men's 200 m wins\n Most consecutive Olympic gold medals won in the 100 metres (male)", "Most consecutive Olympic gold medals won in the 100 metres (male)\n Most consecutive Olympic gold medals won in the 200 metres (male)\n Most Olympic men's 200 metres Gold medals\n Fastest run 200 metres (male)\n Most Men's IAAF World Athlete of Year Trophies\n First Olympic track sprint triple-double\n Highest annual earnings for a track athlete\n Most wins of the 100 m sprint at the Olympic Games \n First athlete to win the 100 m and 200 m sprints at successive Olympic Games\n Fastest run 100 metres (male)", "Fastest run 100 metres (male)\n First man to win the 200 m sprint at successive Olympic Games\n Most Athletics World Championships Men's 100 m wins\n Most tickets sold at an IAAF World Championships \n Most competitive 100 m sprint races completed in sub 10 seconds\n Fastest relay 4×100 metres (male)", "Average and top speeds\nFrom his record time of 9.58 s for the 100 m sprint, Usain Bolt's average ground speed equates to . However, once his reaction time of 0.148 s is subtracted, his time is 9.44 s, making his average speed . Bolt's top speed, based on his split time of 1.61 s for the 20 metres from the 60- to 80-metre marks (made during the 9.58 WR at 100m), is 12.42 m/s ().\n\nSeason's bests\n\nWorld rank in parentheses\n\nWorld rankings\n\nInternational competitions", "Season's bests\n\nWorld rank in parentheses\n\nWorld rankings\n\nInternational competitions\n\nNational titles\nJamaican Athletics Championships\n100 m: 2008, 2009, 2013\n200 m: 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009\n\nCircuit wins", "100 m\nDiamond League / Golden League\nOverall winner: 2012\nZürich Weltklasse: 2008, 2009, 2013\nBrussels Memorial Van Damme: 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013\nParis Meeting Areva: 2009, 2010\nLausanne Athletissima: 2010\nRome Golden Gala: 2011, 2012\nMonaco Herculis: 2011, 2017\nLondon Anniversary Games: 2013, 2015\nOther World Tour / World Challenge meets\nRethymno Vardinoyiannia: 2007\nKingston Jamaica International: 2008, 2012\nNew York Reebok Grand Prix: 2008\nOstrava Golden Spike: 2009, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017", "New York Reebok Grand Prix: 2008\nOstrava Golden Spike: 2009, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017\nLondon Grand Prix: 2009\nDaegu Colorful Pre-Championships Meeting: 2010\nZagreb Hanžeković Memorial: 2011\nHampton International Games: 2008\nWarsaw Kamila Skolimowska Memorial: 2014\nKingston Racers Grand Prix: 2016, 2017", "200 m\nDiamond League / Golden League\nBrussels Memorial Van Damme: 2009\nShanghai: 2010\nOslo Bislett Games: 2011, 2012, 2013\nParis Meeting Areva: 2011, 2013\nStockholm DN-galan: 2011\nLausanne Athletissima: 2012\nZürich Weltklasse: 2012\nNew York Adidas Grand Prix: 2015\nLondon Anniversary Games: 2016\nOther World Tour / World Challenge meets\nKingston Jamaica International: 2005, 2006, 2010\nNew York Reebok Grand Prix: 2005\nOstrava Golden Spike: 2006, 2008, 2015\nZagreb Hanžeković Memorial: 2006", "Ostrava Golden Spike: 2006, 2008, 2015\nZagreb Hanžeković Memorial: 2006\nLondon Grand Prix: 2007, 2008\nAthens Grand Prix Tsiklitiria: 2008\nLausanne Athletissima: 2008, 2009\nHampton International Games: 2007\nKingston UTech Classic: 2015", "Other distances\nManchester GreatCity Games: 2010 (150 m)\nOstrava Golden Spike: 2010 (300 m)\n\nSee also\nAthletics in Jamaica\nJamaica at the Olympics\nList of multiple Olympic gold medalists\nList of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games\nMen's 100 metres world record progression\nMen's 200 metres world record progression\nSport in Berlin\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nUsain Bolt timeline via The Daily Telegraph", "Videos\nUsain Bolt wins the 2009 IAAF World Championships in Athletics men's 100 metres final in 9.58 seconds via IAAF on YouTube\nUsain Bolt wins the 2009 Great CityGames Manchester men's 150 metres final in 14.35 seconds via Athletics Weekly on YouTube\nUsain Bolt wins the 2009 IAAF World Championships in Athletics men's 200 metres final in 19.19 seconds via IAAF on YouTube\nUsain Bolt wins the 2012 Olympic Games men's 100 metres final in 9.63 seconds via the Olympic Channel on YouTube", "Usain Bolt wins the 2012 Olympic Games men's 200 metres final in 19.32 seconds via the Olympic Channel on YouTube\nUsain Bolt wins the 2016 Olympic Games men's 100 metres final in 9.81 seconds via the Olympic Channel on YouTube\nUsain Bolt wins the 2016 Olympic Games men's 200 metres final in 19.79 seconds via the Olympic Channel on YouTube\nAll of Usain Bolt's Olympic Games finals via the Olympic Channel on YouTube", "1986 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Trelawny Parish\nJamaican autobiographers\nJamaican male sprinters\nOlympic male sprinters\nOlympic athletes for Jamaica\nOlympic gold medalists for Jamaica\nOlympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)\nAthletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nAthletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nAthletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics\nAthletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nMedalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics", "Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nMedalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nMedalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics\nMedalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nCompetitors stripped of Summer Olympics medals\nCommonwealth Games gold medallists for Jamaica\nCommonwealth Games gold medallists in athletics\nAthletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games\nWorld Athletics Championships athletes for Jamaica\nWorld Athletics Championships winners\nWorld Athletics Championships medalists", "World Athletics Championships winners\nWorld Athletics Championships medalists\nWorld Athletics U20 Championships winners\nIAAF World Athletics Final winners\nDiamond League winners\nJamaican Athletics Championships winners\nWorld Athletics record holders\nWorld Athletics record holders (relay)\nBBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year winners\nLaureus World Sports Awards winners\nTrack & Field News Athlete of the Year winners\nMembers of the Order of Jamaica\nRecipients of the Order of Distinction", "Members of the Order of Jamaica\nRecipients of the Order of Distinction\nJamaican Roman Catholics\nCommonwealth Games competitors for Jamaica\nMedallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games" ]

[ "(; ; fem. , literally 'mixed person') is a person of mixed European and indigenous non-European ancestry in the Spanish Empire. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to people who are culturally European even though their ancestors are indigenous. The term was used as an ethno-racial exonym for mixed-race that evolved during the Spanish Empire. It was a formal label for individuals in official documents, such as censuses, parish registers, Inquisition trials, and others", ". Priests and royal officials might have classified persons as mestizos, but individuals also used the term in self-identification.", "The noun , derived from the adjective , is a term for racial mixing that did not come into usage until the twentieth century; it was not a colonial-era term. In the modern era, mestizaje is used by scholars such as Gloria Anzaldúa as a synonym for miscegenation, but with positive connotations.", "In the modern era, particularly in Latin America, has become more of a cultural term, with the term indio being reserved exclusively for people who have maintained a separate Indigenous ethnic and cultural identity, language, tribal affiliation, community engagement, etc. In late 19th- and early 20th-century Peru, for instance, mestizaje denoted those peoples with evidence of Euro-indigenous ethno-racial \"descent\" and accessusually monetary access, but not alwaysto secondary educational institutions", ". Similarly, well before the twentieth century, Euramerican \"descent\" did not necessarily denote Iberian American ancestry or solely Spanish American ancestry (distinct Portuguese administrative classification: mestiço), especially in Andean regions re-infrastructured by Euramerican \"modernities\" and buffeted by mining labor practices. This conception changed by the 1920s, especially after the national advancement and cultural economics of .", "To avoid confusion with the original usage of the term , mixed people started to be referred to collectively as . In some Latin American countries, such as Mexico, the concept of the Mestizo became central to the formation of a new independent identity that was neither wholly Spanish nor wholly Indigenous. The word acquired another meaning in the 1930 census, being used by the government to refer to all Mexicans who did not speak Indigenous languages regardless of ancestry", ". In twentieth- and twenty-first century Peru, the nationalization of Quechuan languages and Aymaran languages as \"official languages of the State...wherever they predominate\" has increasingly severed these languages from mestizaje as an exonym (and, in certain cases, indio), with indigenous languages tied to linguistic areas as well as topographical and geographical contexts", ". La sierra from the Altiplano to Huascarán, for instance, is more commonly connected to language families in both urban and rural vernacular.", "During the colonial era of Mexico, the category Mestizo was used rather flexibly to register births in local parishes and its use did not follow any strict genealogical pattern. With Mexican independence, in academic circles created by the \"mestizaje\" or \"Cosmic Race\" ideology, scholars asserted that Mestizos are the result of the mixing of all the races", ". After the Mexican Revolution the government, in its attempts to create an unified Mexican identity with no racial distinctions, adopted and actively promoted the \"mestizaje\" ideology.", "Etymology\nThe Spanish word is from Latin mixticius, meaning mixed. Its usage was documented as early as 1275, to refer to the offspring of an Egyptian/Afro Hamite and a Semite/Afro Asiatic. This term was first documented in English in 1582.\n\nCognates and related terms\n (), ( ou ), ( or ), (), (), (), (), mestee (), and mixed (English) are all cognates of the Latin word mixticius.", "The Portuguese cognate, , historically referred to any mixture of Portuguese and local populations in the Portuguese colonies. In colonial Brazil, most of the non-enslaved population was initially , i.e. mixed Portuguese and Native Brazilian. There was no descent-based casta system, and children of upper-class Portuguese landlord males and enslaved females enjoyed privileges higher than those given to the lower classes, such as formal education", ". Such cases were not so common and the children of enslaved women tended not to be allowed to inherit property. This right of inheritance was generally given to children of free women, who tended to be legitimate offspring in cases of concubinage (this was a common practice in certain American Indian and African cultures). In the Portuguese-speaking world, the contemporary sense has been the closest to the historical usage from the Middle Ages", ". Because of important linguistic and historical differences, (mixed, mixed-ethnicity, miscegenation, etc.) is separated altogether from (which refers to any kind of brown people) and (brown people originally of European–Indigenous American admixture, or assimilated Indigenous American). The term can also refer to fully African or East Asian in their full definition (thus not brown). One does not need to be a to be classified as pardo or caboclo.", "In Brazil specifically, at least in modern times, all non-Indigenous people are considered to be a single ethnicity (. Lines between ethnic groups are historically fluid); since the earliest years of the Brazilian colony, the () group has been the most numerous among the free people. As explained above, the concept of should not be confused with mestizo as used in either the Spanish-speaking world or the English-speaking one", ". It does not relate to being of American Indian ancestry, and is not used interchangeably with , literally \"brown people.\" (There are among all major groups of the country: Indigenous, Asian, , and African, and they likely constitute the majority in the three latter groups.)", "In English-speaking Canada, Canadian Métis (capitalized), as a loanword from French, refers to persons of mixed French or European and Indigenous ancestry, who were part of a particular ethnic group. French-speaking Canadians, when using the word métis, are referring to Canadian Métis ethnicity, and all persons of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry. Many were involved in the fur trade with Canadian First Nations peoples (especially Cree and Anishinaabeg)", ". Over generations, they developed a separate culture of hunters and trappers, and were concentrated in the Red River Valley and speak the Michif language.", "Mestizo as a colonial-era category", "In the Spanish colonial period, the Spanish developed a complex set of racial terms and ways to describe difference. Although this has been conceived of as a \"system,\" and often called the sistema de castas or sociedad de castas, archival research shows that racial labels were not fixed throughout a person's life", ". Artwork created mainly in eighteenth-century Mexico, \"casta paintings,\" show groupings of racial types in hierarchical order, which has influenced the way that modern scholars have conceived of social difference in Spanish America.", "During the initial period of colonization of the Americas by the Spanish, there were three chief categories of ethnicities: Spaniard (español), American Indian (indio), and African (negro). Throughout the territories of the Spanish Empire in the Americas, ways of differentiating individuals in a racial hierarchy, often called in the modern era the sistema de castas or the sociedad de castas, developed where society was divided based on color, calidad (status), and other factors.", "The main divisions were as follows:\n Español (fem. española), i.e. Spaniard – person of Spanish ancestry; a blanket term, subdivided into Peninsulares and Criollos\nPeninsular – a person of Spanish descent born in Spain who later settled in the Americas;\n Criollo (fem. criolla) – a person of Spanish descent born in the Americas;\n Castizo (fem. castiza) – a person with primarily Spanish and some American Indian ancestry born into a mixed family.", "Mestizo (fem. mestiza) – a person of extended mixed Spanish and American Indian ancestry;\n Indio (fem. india) – a person of pure American Indian ancestry;\n Pardo (fem. parda) – a person of mixed Spanish, Amerindian and African ancestry; sometimes a polite term for a black person;\n Mulato (fem. mulata) – a person of mixed Spanish and African ancestry;\n Zambo – a person of mixed African and American Indian ancestry;", "Zambo – a person of mixed African and American Indian ancestry;\n Negro (fem. negra) – a person of African descent, primarily former enslaved Africans and their descendants.", "In theory, and as depicted in some eighteenth-century Mexican casta paintings, the offspring of a castizo/a [mixed Spanish - Mestizo] and an Español/a could be considered Español/a, or \"returned\" to that status.", "Racial labels in a set of eighteenth-century Mexican casta paintings by Miguel Cabrera:\nDe Español e India, nace Mestiza\nDe Español y Mestiza, nace Castiza\nDe Castizo y Española, nace Española\nDe Español y Negra, nace Mulata\nDe Español y Mulata, nace Morisca\nDe Español y Morisca, nace Albino\nDe Español y Albina, nace Torna atrás\nDe Español y Torna atrás, \"Tente en el ayre\"\nDe Negro y India, Chino Cambuja\nDe Chino Cambujo y India, Loba\nDe Lobo y India, Albarazado\nDe Albarazado y Mestiza, Barcino", "De Chino Cambujo y India, Loba\nDe Lobo y India, Albarazado\nDe Albarazado y Mestiza, Barcino\nDe Indio y Barcina, Zambaiga\nDe Castizo y Mestiza, Chamizo\nIndios Gentiles (Barbarian Meco Indians)", "In the early colonial period, the children of Spaniards and American Indians were raised either in the Hispanic world, if the father recognized the offspring as his natural child; or the child was raised in the Indigenous world of the mother if he did not. As early as 1533, Charles V mandated the high court (Audiencia) to take the children of Spanish men and Indigenous women from their mothers and educate them in the Spanish sphere", ". This mixed group born out of Christian wedlock increased in numbers, generally living in their mother's Indigenous communities.", "Mestizos were the first group in the colonial era to be designated as a separate category from the Spanish (Españoles) and enslaved African blacks (Negros) and were included in the designation of \"vagabonds\" (vagabundos) in 1543 in Mexico", ". Although Mestizos were often classified as castas, they had a higher standing than any mixed-race person since they did not have to pay tribute, the men could be ordained as priests, and they could be licensed to carry weapons, in contrast to negros, mulattoes, and other castas. Unlike Blacks and mulattoes, Mestizos had no African ancestors", ". Unlike Blacks and mulattoes, Mestizos had no African ancestors. Intermarriage between Españoles and Mestizos resulted in offspring designated Castizos (\"three-quarters white\"), and the marriage of a castizo/a to an Español/a resulted in the restoration of Español/a status to the offspring", ". Don Alonso O’Crouley observed in Mexico (1774), \"If the mixed-blood is the offspring of a Spaniard and an Indian, the stigma [of race mixture] disappears at the third step in descent because it is held as systematic that a Spaniard and an Indian produce a mestizo; a mestizo and a Spaniard, a castizo; and a castizo and a Spaniard, a Spaniard", ". The admixture of Indian blood should not indeed be regarded as a blemish, since the provisions of law give the Indian all that he could wish for, and Philip II granted to mestizos the privilege of becoming priests. On this consideration is based the common estimation of descent from a union of Indian and European or creole Spaniard.\"  O’Crouley states that the same process of restoration of racial purity does not occur over generations for European-African offspring marrying whites", ". \"From the union of a Spaniard and a Negro the mixed-blood retains the stigma for generations without losing the original quality of a mulato.\"", "The Spanish colonial regime divided groups into two basic legal categories, the Republic of Indians (República de Indios) and the Republic of Spaniards (República de Españoles) comprised the Spanish (Españoles) and all other non-Native peoples. Indians were free vassals of the crown, whose commoners paid tribute while Indigenous elites were considered nobles and tribute exempt, as were Mestizos", ". Indians were nominally protected by the crown, with non-Indians (Mestizos, blacks, and mulattoes) forbidden to live in Indigenous communities. Mestizos and Indians in Mexico habitually held each other in mutual antipathy. This was particularly the case with commoner American Indians against Mestizos, some of whom infiltrated their communities and became part of the ruling elite", ". Spanish authorities turned a blind eye to the Mestizos' presence, since they collected commoners' tribute for the crown and came to hold offices. They were useful intermediaries for the colonial state between the Republic of Spaniards and the Republic of Indians.", "A person's legal racial classification in colonial Spanish America was closely tied to social status, wealth, culture, and language use. Wealthy people paid to change or obscure their actual ancestry. Many Indigenous people left their traditional villages and sought to be counted as Mestizos to avoid tribute payments to the Spanish. Many Indigenous people, and sometimes those with partial African descent, were classified as Mestizo if they spoke Spanish and lived as Mestizos.", "In colonial Venezuela, was more commonly used instead of . means being mixed without specifying which mixture; it was used to describe anyone born in the Americas whose ancestry was a mixture of European, Indigenous American, and African.\n\nWhen the First Mexican Republic was established in 1824, legal racial categories ceased to exist. The production of casta paintings in New Spain ceased at the same juncture, after almost a century as a genre.", "Because the term had taken on a myriad of meanings, the designation \"Mestizo\" was actively removed from census counts in Mexico and is no longer in official nor governmental use.\n\nGallery\n\nSpanish-speaking North America\n\nMexico", "Gallery\n\nSpanish-speaking North America\n\nMexico\n\nAround 50–90% of Mexicans can be classified as \"mestizos\", meaning in modern Mexican usage that they identify fully neither with any European heritage nor with an Indigenous ethnic group, but rather identify as having cultural traits incorporating both European and Indigenous elements. In Mexico, mestizo has become a blanket term that not only refers to mixed Mexicans but includes all Mexican citizens who do not speak Indigenous languages", "Sometimes, particularly outside of Mexico, the word \"mestizo\" is used with the meaning of Mexican persons with mixed Indigenous and European blood", ". This usage does not conform to the Mexican social reality where a person of pure Indigenous ancestry would be considered mestizo either by rejecting his Indigenous culture or by not speaking an Indigenous language, and a person with none or very low Indigenous ancestry would be considered Indigenous either by speaking an Indigenous language or by identifying with a particular Indigenous cultural heritage", ". In the Yucatán Peninsula, the word mestizo has a different meaning to the one used in the rest of Mexico, being used to refer to the Maya-speaking populations living in traditional communities, because during the Caste War of Yucatán of the late 19th century those Maya who did not join the rebellion were classified as mestizos. In Chiapas, the term Ladino is used instead of Mestizo.", "Due to the extensiveness of the modern definition of mestizo, various publications offer different estimations of this group, some try to use a biological, racial perspective and calculate the mestizo population in contemporary Mexico as being around a half and two-thirds of the population, while others use the culture-based definition, and estimate the percentage of mestizos as high as 90% of the Mexican population", ", and estimate the percentage of mestizos as high as 90% of the Mexican population, several others mix-up both due lack of knowledge in regards to the modern definition and assert that mixed ethnicity Mexicans are as much as 93% of Mexico's population", ". Paradoxically to its wide definition, the word mestizo has long been dropped off popular Mexican vocabulary, with the word sometimes having pejorative connotations, which further complicates attempts to quantify mestizos via self-identification.", "While for most of its history the concept of mestizo and mestizaje has been lauded by Mexico's intellectual circles, in recent times the concept has been a target of criticism, with its detractors claiming that it delegitimizes the importance of ethnicity in Mexico under the idea of \"(racism) not existing here (in Mexico), as everybody is mestizo", ".\" Anthropologist Federico Navarrete concludes that reintroducing racial classification, and accepting itself as a multicultural country, as opposed to a monolithic mestizo country, would bring benefits to Mexican society as a whole.", "Genetic studies", "A 2012 study published by the Journal of Human Genetics found that the Y-chromosome (paternal) ancestry of the average Mexican mestizo was predominantly European (64.9%), followed by indigenous American (30.8%), and African (4.2%). The European ancestry was more prevalent in the north and west (66.7–95%) and indigenous American ancestry increased in the centre and south-east (37–50%), the African ancestry was low and relatively homogeneous (0–8.8%)", ".8%). The states that participated in this study were Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Oaxaca, Sinaloa, Veracruz and Yucatán.", "A study of 104 mestizos from Sonora, Yucatán, Guerrero, Zacatecas, Veracruz, and Guanajuato by Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine, reported that mestizo Mexicans are 58.96% European, 31.05% indigenous American, and 10.03% African. Sonora shows the highest European contribution (70.63%) and Guerrero the lowest (51.98%) which also has the highest indigenous American contribution (37.17%). African contribution ranges from 2.8% in Sonora to 11.13% in Veracruz", ".17%). African contribution ranges from 2.8% in Sonora to 11.13% in Veracruz. 80% of the Mexican population was classed as mestizo (defined as \"being racially mixed in some degree\").", "In May 2009, the same institution (Mexico's National Institute of Genomic Medicine) issued a report on a genomic study of 300 mestizos from those same states. The study found that the mestizo population of these Mexican states were on average 55% of Indigenous ancestry followed by 41.8% of European, 1.8% of African, and 1.2% of East Asian ancestry", ".8% of European, 1.8% of African, and 1.2% of East Asian ancestry. The study also noted that whereas mestizo individuals from the southern state of Guerrero showed on average 66% of Indigenous ancestry, those from the northern state of Sonora displayed about 61.6% European ancestry", ".6% European ancestry. The study found that there was an increase in Indigenous ancestry as one traveled towards to the Southern states in Mexico, while the Indigenous ancestry declined as one traveled to the Northern states in the country, such as Sonora.", "Central America \n\nThe Ladino people are a mix of Mestizo or Hispanicized peoples in Latin America, principally in Central America. The demonym Ladino is a Spanish word that derives from Latino. Ladino is an exonym dating to the colonial era to refer to those Spanish-speakers who were not colonial elites (Peninsulares and Criollos), or Indigenous peoples.\n\nCosta Rica\n\n most Costa Ricans are primarily of Spanish or mestizo ancestry with minorities of German, Italian, Jamaican, and Greek ancestry.", "European migrants used Costa Rica to get across the isthmus of Central America as well to reach the U.S. West Coast (California) in the late 19th century and until the 1910s (before the Panama Canal opened). Other ethnic groups known to live in Costa Rica include Nicaraguan, Colombians, Venezuelans, Peruvian, Brazilians, Portuguese, Palestinians, Caribbeans, Turks, Armenians, and Georgians.", "Many of the first Spanish colonists in Costa Rica may have been Jewish converts to Christianity who were expelled from Spain in 1492 and fled to colonial backwaters to avoid the Inquisition. The first sizable group of self-identified Jews immigrated from Poland, beginning in 1929. From the 1930s to the early 1950s, journalistic and official antisemitic campaigns fueled harassment of Jews; however, by the 1950s and 1960s, the immigrants won greater acceptance", ". Most of the 3,500 Costa Rican Jews today are not highly observant, but they remain largely endogamous.", "Costa Rica has four small minority groups: Mulattos, Afro, Indigenous Costa Ricas, and Asians. About 8% of the population is of African descent or mulatto (mix of European and African) who are called Afro-Costa Ricans, English-speaking descendants of 19th century Afro-Jamaican immigrant workers.", "By the late 20th century, allusions in textbooks and political discourse to \"whiteness,\" or to Spain as the \"mother country\" of all Costa Ricans, were diminishing, replaced with a recognition of the multiplicity of peoples that make up the nation.\n\nEl Salvador", "In Central America, intermarriage by European men with Indigenous women, typically of Lenca, Cacaopera and Pipil backgrounds in what is now El Salvador happened almost immediately after the arrival of the Spaniards led by Pedro de Alvarado. Other Indigenous groups in the country such as Maya Poqomam people, Maya Ch'orti' people, Alaguilac, Xinca people, Mixe and Mangue language people became culturally extinct due to the mestizo process or diseases brought by the Spaniards", ". Mestizo culture quickly became the most successful and dominant culture in El Salvador. The majority of Salvadorans in modern El Salvador identify themselves as 86.3% Mestizo roots.", "Historical evidence and census supports the explanation of \"strong sexual asymmetry\", as a result of a strong bias favoring children born to European man and Indigenous women, and to the important Indigenous male mortality during the conquest. The genetics thus suggests the Native men were sharply reduced in numbers due to the war and disease. Large numbers of Spaniard men settled in the region and married or forced themselves with the local women", ". The Natives were forced to adopt Spanish names, language, and religion, and in this way, the Lencas and Pipil women and children were Hispanicized. This has made El Salvador one of the worlds most highly mixed race nations.", "In 1932, ruthless dictator Maximiliano Hernández Martínez was responsible for La Matanza (\"The Slaughter\"), known as the 1932 Salvadoran peasant massacre in which the Indigenous people were murdered in an effort to wipe out the Indigenous people in El Salvador during the 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising. Indigenous peoples, mostly of Lenca, Cacaopera, and Pipil descent are still present in El Salvador in several communities, conserving their languages, customs, and traditions.", "There is a significant Arab population (of about 100,000), mostly from Palestine (especially from the area of Bethlehem), but also from Lebanon. Salvadorans of Palestinian descent numbered around 70,000 individuals, while Salvadorans of Lebanese descent is around 27,000. There is also a small community of Jews who came to El Salvador from France, Germany, Morocco, Tunisia, and Turkey. Many of these Arab groups naturally mixed and contributed into the modern Salvadoran Mestizo population.", "Pardo is the term that was used in colonial El Salvador to describe a person of tri-racial or Indigenous, European, and African descent", ". El Salvador is the only country in Central America that does not have a significant African population due to many factors including El Salvador not having a Caribbean coast, and because of president Maximiliano Hernández Martínez, who passed racial laws to keep people of African descent and others out of El Salvador, though Salvadorans with African ancestry, called Pardos, were already present in El Salvador, the majority are tri-racial Pardo Salvadorans who largely cluster with the Mestizo population", ". They have been mixed into and were naturally bred out by the general Mestizo population, which is a combination of a Mestizo majority and the minority of Pardo people, both of whom are racially mixed populations. A total of only 10,000 enslaved Africans were brought to El Salvador over the span of 75 years, starting around 1548, about 25 years after El Salvador's colonization", ". The enslaved Africans that were brought to El Salvador during the colonial times, eventually came to mix and merged into the much larger and vaster Mestizo mixed European Spanish/Native Indigenous population creating Pardo or Afromestizos who cluster with Mestizo people, contributing into the modern day Mestizo population in El Salvador, thus, there remains no significant extremes of African physiognomy among Salvadorans like there is in the other countries of Central America.", "Today, many Salvadorans identify themselves as being culturally part of the majority Salvadoran mestizo population, even if they are racially European (especially Mediterranean), as well as Indigenous people in El Salvador who do not speak Indigenous languages nor have an Indigenous culture, and tri-racial/pardo Salvadorans or Arab Salvadorans.\n\nGuatemala", "Guatemala\n\nThe Ladino population in Guatemala is officially recognized as a distinct ethnic group, and the Ministry of Education of Guatemala uses the following definition: \n\"The Ladino population has been characterized as a heterogeneous population which expresses itself in the Spanish language as a maternal language, which possesses specific cultural traits of Hispanic origin mixed with Indigenous cultural elements, and dresses in a style commonly considered as western.\"\n\nSpanish-speaking South America", "Spanish-speaking South America\n\nArgentina and Uruguay", "Initially colonial Argentina and Uruguay had a predominantly mestizo population like the rest of the Spanish colonies, but due to a flood of European migration in the 19th century and the repeated intermarriage with Europeans, the mestizo population became a so-called Castizo population. With more Europeans arriving in the early 20th century, the majority of these immigrants coming from Italy and Spain, the face of Argentina and Uruguay has overwhelmingly become European in culture and tradition", ". Because of this, the term Mestizo has fallen into disuse. Nevertheless, the cultural practice of the region is commonly centred on the figure of the Gaucho, which intrinsically mixes European and native traditions.", "Argentine Northwest still has a predominantly mestizo population, especially in the provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Catamarca and La Rioja.\n\nChile", "In Chile, from the time the Spanish soldiers with Pedro de Valdivia entered northern Chile, a process of 'mestizaje' began where Spaniards began to intermarry and reproduce with the local bellicose Mapuche population of Indigenous Chileans to produce an overwhelmingly mestizo population during the first generation in all of the cities they founded", ". In Southern Chile, the Mapuche, were one of the only Indigenous tribes in the Americas that were in continuous conflict with the Spanish Empire and did not submit to a European power. But because Southern Chile was settled by German settlers in 1848, many mestizos include descendants of Mapuche and German settlers.", "A public health book from the University of Chile states that 30% of the population is of only European origin; mestizos are estimated to amount to a total of 65%, while Indigenous peoples comprise the remaining 5%. A genetic study by the same university showed that the average Chilean's genes in the Mestizo segment are 60% European and 40% Indigenous American.", "As Easter Island is a territory of Chile and the native settlers are Rapa Nui, descendants of intermarriages of European Chileans (mostly Spanish) and Rapa Nui are even considered by Chilean law as mestizos.\n\nColombia", "Colombia\n\nColombia whose land was named after explorer Christopher Columbus is the product of the interacting and mixing of the European conquistadors and colonist with the different Amerindian peoples of Colombia. With the arrival of Europeans came the arrival of the enslaved Africans, whose cultural element was mostly introduced into the coastal areas of Colombia. To this day, Afro-Colombians form a majority in several coastal regions of the country.", "Over time Colombia has become a primarily Mestizo country due to limited immigration from Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, with the minorities being: the mulattoes and pardos, both mixed race groups of significant partial African ancestry who live primarily in coastal regions among other Afro-Colombians; and pockets of Amerindians living around the rural areas and the Amazonian Basin regions of the country.", "An extraofficial estimate considers that the 49% of the Colombian population is mestizo or of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry. Approximately 37% is of mainly European ancestry, although with an average of 24% native, (predominantly Spanish, and a part of Italian, French, and German) and of Middle Eastern ancestry. 10.6% is of African ancestry, though those of at least some* partial African ancestry raise the percentage to well over half of the entire country's population. Amerindians comprise 3", ". Amerindians comprise 3.4% of the population. 0.01% of the population are Roma. The 2005 census reported that the \"non-ethnic population\", consisting of Europeans and Mestizos (those of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry), constituted 86% of the national population.", "Ecuador", "During the colonial era, the majority of Ecuadorians were Amerindians and the minorities were the Spanish conquistadors, who came with Francisco Pizarro and Sebastián de Belalcázar. With the passage of time these Spanish conquerors and succeeding Spanish colonists sired offspring, largely nonconsensually, with the local Amerindian population, since Spanish immigration did not initially include many European females to the colonies", ". In a couple of generations a predominantly Mestizo population emerged in Ecuador with a drastically declining Amerindian population due to European diseases and wars.", "Afro-Ecuadorians, (including zambos and mulattoes), are a significant minority in the country, and can be found mostly in the Esmeraldas Province and in the Valle del Chota of the Imbabura Province. They form a majority in both of those regions. There are also small communities of Afro-Ecuadorians living along the coastal areas outside of the Esmeraldas province", ". However, significant numbers of Afro-Ecuadorians can be found in the countries' largest cities of Guayaquil and Quito, where they have been migrating to from their ancestral regions in search of better opportunities.", "Mestizos are the largest of all the ethnic groups, and comprise 70% of the current population. The next 30% of the population is comprised by four ethnic groups with about 7.5% each, the Montubio (a term for Mestizos from the inland countryside of coastal Ecuador - who are culturally distinct from Mestizos from the rest of the country), Afro-Ecuadorian, Amerindians, and Europeans.\n\nParaguay", "During the reign of José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, the first consul of Paraguay from 1811 to 1840, he imposed a law that no Spaniard may intermarry with another Spaniard, and that they may only wed mestizos or Amerindians. This was introduced to eliminate any sense of racial superiority, and also to end the predominantly Spanish influence in Paraguay", ". De Francia himself was not a Mestizo (although his paternal grandfather was Afro-Brazilian), but feared that racial superiority would create class division which would threaten his absolute rule.", "As a result of this, today 90% of Paraguay's population is mestizo, and the main language is the native Guaraní, spoken by 60% of the population as a first language, with Spanish spoken as a first language by 40% of the population, and fluently spoken by 75%, making Paraguay one of the most bilingual countries in the world", ". After the tremendous decline of male population as a result of the War of the Triple Alliance, European male worker émigrés mixed with the female Mestizo population to create a middle-class of largely Mestizo background.", "Peru\n\nAccording to Alberto Flores Galindo, \"By the 1940 census, the last that utilized racial categories, Mestizos were grouped with white, and the two constituted more than 53% of the population. Mestizos likely outnumbered Indians and were the largest population group.\"\n\nVenezuela", "Venezuela\n\nMestizos are the majority in Venezuela, accounting for 51.6% of the country's population. According to D'Ambrosio 57.1% of Mestizos have mostly European characteristics, 28.5% have mostly African characteristics and 14.2% have mostly Amerindian characteristics.\n\nSpanish East Indies", "Guam and Northern Mariana Islands", "In Guam and Northern Mariana Islands, which were administered from the Philippines under the Spanish East Indies, the term mestizo referred to people of mixed Chamorro (indio) or Filipino and Spanish ancestry. In the administrative racial hierarchy, they were ranked below the full-blooded Spaniards (peninsulares and criollos), but ranked higher than full-blooded indigenous Filipinos and Chamorro", ". The term indio originally applied to both Filipinos and indigenous Chamorro, but they were later separately designated in Spanish censuses in Guam. Like in the Philippines, this caste system was legally mandated and determined what taxes a person must pay. Both full-blooded Spaniards and mestizos were exempt from paying tribute as specified in the Laws of the Indies.", "In modern Guam, the Chamorro term mestisu (feminine mestisa) refers to a person of mixed Chamorro and any foreign ancestry. It can be heritage-specific, such as mestisan CHamoru yan Tagalu (\"female of mixed Chamorro and Filipino descent\") or mestison CHamoru yan Amerikanu (\"male of mixed Chamorro and White American descent\").", "Philippines", "In the Philippines, the term mestizo was used to refer to a person with mixed native (indio) and either Spanish or Chinese ancestry during the Spanish colonial period (1565–1898). It was a legal classification and played an important part in the colonial taxation system as well as social status.", "The term most commonly applied to mestizos de español (\"Spanish mestizos\"), most of whom were descendants of intermarriage between Spanish settlers and the pre-colonial ruling families (caciques). They were part of the land-owning aristocratic class known as the Principalia. Like people of full Spanish ancestry (blanco, the peninsulares and insulares), mestizos de español were not required to pay the \"tribute\" (a personal tax) levied on natives specified in the Laws of the Indies.", "The mestizo classification was also applied to people of mixed native and Chinese ancestry who converted to Catholicism, of which there was a much larger population. They were differentiated from the Spanish mestizos as mestizos de sangley (\"Chinese mestizos\"), most of whom were merchants and traders. They paid about twice the amount of taxes than natives, but less taxes than someone of full Chinese ancestry (the sangleyes).", "Both mestizos de español and mestizos de sangley were often from wealthy families and thus part of the educated class in the late 19th century (the ilustrados). Along with children from wealthy native families, they played a prominent part in the Propaganda Movement (1880-1895), which called for reforms in the colonial government of the Philippines. Mestizos were a key demographic in the development of Filipino nationalism.", "During the American occupation of the Philippines (1898–1946), the term expanded to include people of mixed native and American ancestry.", "In the modern Philippines, the Tagalog term mestiso (feminine mestisa) refers to anyone who has the fair-skinned appearance of mixed native and European ancestry, often used as a compliment. It is commonly shortened to \"tisoy\" (feminine \"tisay\") in colloquial usage. Mestizo is also considered one of the archetypal beauty standards in the Philippines, the others being moreno (brown-skinned native appearance) and chinito (lighter-skinned East Asian appearance).", "Elsewhere in the Americas\n\nBelize\n\nUnited States \n\nIn the United States, a number of Latino Americans of Mexican or Central American or South American descent have family histories bound to categories such as mestizaje. The term mestizo is not used for official purposes, with Mexican Americans being classed in roughly equal proportions as \"white\" or \"some other ethnicity\".", "A 2015 report by the Pew Research Center showed that \"When asked if they identify as \"mestizo,\" \"mulatto\" or some other mixed-race combination, one-third of U.S. Hispanics say they do\". These were more likely to be U.S. born, non-Mexican, and have a higher education attainment than those who do not so identify.\n\nMestizaje in Latin America", "() is a term that came into usage in twentieth-century Latin America for racial mixing, not a colonial-era term. In the modern era, it is used to denote the positive unity of race mixtures in modern Latin America. This ideological stance is in contrast to the term miscegenation, which usually has negative connotations. The main ideological advocate of mestizaje was José Vasconcelos (1882–1959), the Mexican Minister of Education in the 1920s", ". The term was in circulation in Mexico in the late nineteenth century, along with similar terms, cruzamiento (\"crossing\") and mestización (process of \"mestizo-izing\"). In Spanish America, the colonial-era system of castas sought to differentiate between individuals and groups on the basis of a hierarchical classification by ancestry, skin color, and status (calidad), giving separate labels to the perceived categorical differences and privileging whiteness", ". In contrast, the idea of modern mestizaje is the positive unity of a nation's citizenry based on racial mixture. \"Mestizaje placed greater emphasis [than the casta system] on commonality and hybridity to engineer order and unity... [it] operated within the context of the nation-state and sought to derive meaning from Latin America's own internal experiences rather than the dictates and necessities of empire... ultimately [it] embraced racial mixture.\"", "In post-revolution Mexico", "At independence in Mexico, the casta classifications were abolished, but discrimination based on skin color and socioeconomic status continued. Liberal intellectuals grappled with the \"Indian Problem\", that is, the Amerindians' lack of cultural assimilation to Mexican national life as citizens of the nation, rather than members of their Indigenous communities. Urban elites spurned mixed-race urban plebeians and Amerindians along with their traditional popular culture", ". In the late nineteenth century during the rule of Porfirio Díaz, elites sought to be, act, and look like modern Europeans, that is, different from the majority of the Mexican population. Díaz was mixed-race himself, but powdered his dark skin to hide his Mixtec Indigenous ancestry. At the end of the nineteenth century, however, as social and economic tensions increased in Mexico, two major works by Mexican intellectuals sought to rehabilitate the assessment of the mestizo", ". Díaz's Minister of Education, Justo Sierra published The Political Evolution of the Mexican People (1902), which situated Mexican identity in the mixing of European whites and Amerindians. Mexicans are \"the sons of two peoples, of two races. [This fact] dominates our whole history; to this we owe our soul.\" Intellectual Andrés Molina Enríquez also took a revisionist stance on Mestizos in his work Los grandes problemas nacionales (The Great National Problems) (1909).", "The Mexican state after the Mexican Revolution (1910–20) embraced the ideology of mestizaje as a nation-building tool, aimed at integrating Amerindians culturally and politically in the construction of national identity. As such it has meant a systematic effort to eliminate Indigenous culture, in the name of integrating them into a supposedly inclusive mestizo identity. For Afro-Mexicans, the ideology has denied their historical contributions to Mexico and their current place in Mexican political life", ". Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and Manuel Gamio were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity on the concept of \"mestizaje\" (the process of ethnic homogenization).", "Cultural policies in early post-revolutionary Mexico were paternalistic towards the Indigenous people, with efforts designed to \"help\" Indigenous peoples achieve the same level of progress as the mestizo society, eventually assimilating Indigenous peoples completely to mainstream Mexican culture, working toward the goal of eventually solving the \"Indian problem\" by transforming Indigenous communities into mestizo communities.", "In recent years, Mestizos' sole claim to Mexican national identity has begun to erode, at least rhetorically.\" A constitutional changes to Article 4 that now says that the \"Mexican Nation has a pluricultural composition, originally based on its Indigenous peoples. The law will protect and promote the development of their languages, cultures, uses, customs, resources, and specific forms of social organization and will guarantee their members effective access to the jurisdiction of the State.\"", "Elsewhere in Latin America\nThere has been considerable academic work on race and race mixture in various parts of Latin America in recent years. Including South America; Venezuela Brazil, Peru and Colombia.\n\nMestizos migrating to Europe", "Mestizos migrating to Europe\n\nMartín Cortés, son of the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and of the Nahuatl–Maya Indigenous Mexican interpreter Malinche, was one of the first documented mestizos to arrive in Spain. His first trip occurred in 1528, when he accompanied his father who sought to have him legitimized by Pope Clement VII, the Pope of Rome from 1523 to 1534.", "There is also verified evidence of the grandchildren of Moctezuma II, Aztec emperor, whose royal descent the Spanish Crown acknowledged, willingly having set foot on European soil. Among these descendants are the Counts of Miravalle, and the Dukes of Moctezuma de Tultengo, who became part of the Spanish peerage and left many descendants in Europe", ". The Counts of Miravalle, residing in Andalucía, Spain, demanded in 2003 that the government of Mexico recommence payment of the so-called \"Moctezuma pensions\" it had cancelled in 1934.", "The mestizo historian Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, son of Spanish conquistador Sebastián Garcilaso de la Vega and of the Inca princess Isabel Chimpo Oclloun arrived in Spain from Peru. He lived in the town of Montilla, Andalucía, where he died in 1616.\n\nSee also", "See also\n\n African diaspora in the Americas\n Arab-Berber\n Brown (racial classification)\n Bronze (racial classification)\n Casta\n Castizo\n Zambo\n European colonization of the Americas\n Indigenous peoples of the Americas\n Indo people\n Melting pot \n Mestizo art\n Métis\n Mischling\n Mixed-blood\n Mulatto\n Spanish colonization of the Americas\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading", "References\n\nFurther reading\n\nAdes Queija, Berta. \"Mestizos en hábito de indios: Estraegias transgresoras o identidades difusas?\" Pasar as fronteiras: Actas do II Colóqyui Internacional sobre Mediadores Culturais, séculos XV a XVIII (Lagos-Outubro 1997). Ed. Rui Manuel Loureiro and Serge Gruzinski, 122-46. Lagos, Nigeria: Centro de Estudios Gil Eanes 1999.", "Bonil Gómez, Katherine. Gobierno y calidad en el orden colonial: Las categorías del mestizaje en la provincia de Mariquita en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Bogotá: Ediciones Uniandes 2011.\nChance, John K. Race and Class in Colonial Oaxaca. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1978.\nCope, R. Douglas. The Limits of Racial Domination: Plebeian Society in Col-515.onial Mexico City, 1660-1720. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1994.", "de la Cadena, Marisol. Indigenous Mestizos: The Politics of Race and Culture in Cuzco, Peru 1919-1991. Durham: Duke University Press 2000.", "Fisher, Andrew B. and Matthew O'Hara, eds. Imperial Subjects: Race and Identity in Colonial Latin America. Durham: Duke University Press 2009.\nFrederick, Jake. \"Without Impediment: Crossing Racial Boundaries in Colonial Mexico.\" The Americas 67. 4 (2011): 495-515.\n \nGruzinski, Serge. The Mestizo Mind: The Intellectual Dynamics of Colonization and Globalization. Trans. Deke Dusinberre. Longon: Routledge 2002.", "Hill, ruth. \"Casta as Culture and the Sociedad de Castas as Literature.\" Interpreting Colonialism. Ed. Philip Stueward and byron Wells, 231-59. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation 2004.\nKatzew, Ilona. Casta Painting: Images of Race in Eighteenth-Century Mexico. New Haven: Yale University Press 2004.\nLeibsohn, Dana, and Barbara E. Mundy, \"Reckoning with Mestizaje,\" Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520-1820 (2015). http://www.fordham.edu/vistas.", "Lewis, Laura. Hall of Mirrors: Power, Witchcraft, and Caste in Colonial Mexico. Durham: Duke University Press 2003. \nMartinez, Maria Elena. \"Interrogating Blood Lines: \"Purity of Blood,\" the Inquisition, and Casta categories.\" in Religion in New Spain. ed. Susan Schroeder and Stafford Poole, 196-217. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2007.\nMörner, Magnus. Race Mixture in the History of Latin America. Boston: Little, Brown 1967,", "Mörner, Magnus. Race Mixture in the History of Latin America. Boston: Little, Brown 1967,\nRappaport, Joanne. The Disappearing Mestizo: Configuring Difference in the Colonial Kingdom of Granada. Durham: Duke University Press 2014.", "Vinson, Ben III. Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018.\n\nExternal links\n\n The 1921 Mexican Census\n The Construction and Function of Race: Creating The Mestizo\n \nCopy of the Mestizo Day law - City of Manaus\nCopy of the Mestizo Day law - State of Amazon\nCopy of the Mestizo Day law - State of Roraima\nMestizo Nation Movement\nLegislative Assembly pays tribute to the caboclos and all Mestizos", "Ethnic groups in Argentina\nEthnic groups in Belize\nEthnic groups in Bolivia\nEthnic groups in Central America\nEthnic groups in Chile\nEthnic groups in Colombia\nEthnic groups in Costa Rica\nEthnic groups in Ecuador\nEthnic groups in El Salvador\nEthnic groups in Guatemala\nEthnic groups in Honduras\nEthnic groups in Mexico\nEthnic groups in Nicaragua\nEthnic groups in Panama\nEthnic groups in Paraguay\nEthnic groups in Peru\nEthnic groups in the United States\nEthnic groups in Venezuela\nLatin American caste system", "Ethnic groups in the United States\nEthnic groups in Venezuela\nLatin American caste system\nLatin American culture\nMultiracial affairs in the Americas\nSpanish words and phrases" ]

[ "The Citizenship Amendment Act (Bill) protests, also known as the CAA Protest, CAB Protest or CAA and NRC protests, occurred after the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) was enacted by the Government of India on 12 December 2019. The move sparked a widespread national and overseas ongoing protests against the act and its associated proposals of the National Register of Citizens (NRC)", ". The protests first began in North-Eastern state of Assam and spread swiftly in other states such as Delhi, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and Tripura on 4 December 2019. Protests broke out rapidly across the country, although the concerns of the protesters vary.", "The CAA amends the Indian citizenship act to accept illegal migrants who are Hindu, Sikh, Jain, Parsi, Buddhist, and Christian from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, and who entered India before 2014, following the religious persecutions. The bill does not mention Muslims and other communities who fled from the same or other neighbouring countries. Refugees from Sri Lankan Tamils in India, Rohingyas from Myanmar, and Tibetan refugees are also not mentioned in the bill", ". The proposed National Register of Citizens (NRC) will be an official record of all legal citizens of India. Individuals would need to provide a prescribed set of documents before a specified cutoff date to be included in it.", "The amendment has been widely criticised as discriminating on the basis of religion, particularity for excluding Muslims. Protestors against the amendment demand that it be scrapped and that the nationwide NRC not be implemented. The bill has raised concerns among the Indian Muslim community. They are also concerned that all citizens will be affected by the bureaucratic exercise of the NRC where they will have to prove their citizenship for inclusion in the registry", ". The protesters have raised voices against authoritarianism and the police crackdown in universities to suppress protests.", "Protesters in Assam and other northeastern states do not want Indian citizenship to be granted to any refugee or immigrant, regardless of their religion, as they fear it would alter the region's demographic balance, resulting in a loss of their political rights, culture, and land. They are also concerned that it will motivate further migration from Bangladesh that could violate the Assam Accord which was a prior agreement reached with the central government on migrants and refugees.", "The protests started in Assam on 4 December 2019, after the bill was introduced in parliament. Later on, protests erupted in Northeast India, and subsequently spread to the major cities of India. On 15 December, major protests took place near Jamia Millia Islamia in New Delhi and Aligarh Muslim University. As the protests broke out, mobs burnt and destroyed public as well as private properties and several railway stations were vandalised", ". Police forcibly entered the campus of Jamia, used batons and tear gas on the students, and more than 200 students were injured while around 100 were detained overnight in the police station. The police action was widely criticised and resulted students across the country protesting in solidarity.", "The protests resulted in thousands of arrests and 27 deaths as of 27 December 2019. Two 17-year-old minors were among those reported to have been killed due to police firing during a live ammunition on protesters in Assam. On 19 December, the police issued a complete ban on protests in several parts of India. As a result of defying the ban, thousands of protesters were detained.\n\nBackground\n\nCitizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019", "The Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 (CAB) was introduced by the Home Minister, Amit Shah on the floor of the Parliament of India on 9 December 2019 in response to the exclusion of 1.9 million people, predominantly Hindus and Muslims in the National Register of Citizens for Assam. The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA) was passed by the Parliament of India on 11 December", ". The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 (CAA) was passed by the Parliament of India on 11 December. It amends the Citizenship Act of 1955 to grant a swifter path to Indian citizenship under the assumption of religious persecution to any individual belonging to the specific minorities of Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians from Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, who entered India on or before 31 December 2014", ". The Act also seeks to relax the requirement of residence in India for citizenship by naturalisation from 11 years to 5 years for migrants covered under the Act.", "However, the Act does not mention Muslims and does not offer the same eligibility benefits to Muslim immigrants or immigrants belonging to other religions from those countries", ". The Act also does not mention any benefits for various other refugees which form the bulk of the refugees living in India, such as Sri Lankan Tamil refugees who faced persecution during the Sri Lankan Civil War, Rohingya refugees who were victims of the Rohingya genocide, Nepali refugees who faced ethnic cleansing in Bhutan, and Tibetan Buddhist refugees who faced persecution in China", ". According to the Intelligence Bureau, the immediate beneficiaries of the new law will be 25,447 Hindus, 5,807 Sikhs, 55 Christians, 2 Buddhists and 2 Parsis.", "Response", "The passage of the Act sparked massive protests in India. Protesters in Assam and other northeastern states oppose the grant of Indian citizenship to any refugee or immigrant, regardless of their religion, because they fear it would alter the region's demographic balance. They have campaigned since the 1970s against all refugees, and they fear that the new law will cause a loss of their political rights, culture and land", ". They are also concerned that it will trigger more migration from Bangladesh as well as violate the Assam Accord, which was a prior agreement reached with the central government on migrants and refugees. After the act was passed, protests in the northeastern region turned violent. Authorities had arrested over 3000 protesters as of 17 December 2019, and some news outlets have described these protests as riots. Protesters say that the Act violates Clause 5 and Clause 6 of the 1985 Assam Accord.", "Critics have stated that the amendment Act is unconstitutional. The major opposition political parties state that it violates Constitution's Article 14, one that guarantees equality to all. They allege that the new law seeks to make Muslims second-class citizens of India, while preferentially treating non-Muslims in India.", "Critics of the Act have also stated that due to the National Register of Citizens (NRC), Muslims could be made stateless, while the Citizenship Amendment Act would be able to shield people with Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi or Christian identity as a means of providing them with Indian citizenship even if they fail to prove that they were citizens of India under the stringent requirements of the NRC", ". Some critics allege that it is a deliberate attempt at disenfranchising and segregating Muslims in line with the ethnonationalist Hindutva ideology of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).", "Tavleen Singh described the Act as India's first Nuremberg Law.\n\nThe home minister Amit Shah had previously set a deadline for the implementation of a countrywide NRC by stating that the register would be rolled out before the 2024 Lok Sabha elections.", "The Act was criticised by various NGOs, students bodies, and liberal, progressive, and socialist organisations across the country, with the Indian National Congress and other major political parties announcing their staunch opposition. Protests led by these groups are concerned that the new law discriminates against Muslims, and believe that Indian citizenship should also be granted to Muslim refugees and immigrants", ". The states of Rajasthan, West Bengal, Kerala, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh – all ruled by political parties that oppose the BJP – have announced that they will not implement either the National Register of Citizens (NRC) or the Citizenship Amendment Act", ". The states of Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha have however refused to only implement the NRC, while the state of Punjab and the union territories of Delhi and Puducherry have refused to implement the Act while only expressing disapproval of the NRC.", "The states of West Bengal and Kerala have also put a hold on all activities relating to the preparation and update of the National Population Register which is necessary for the Census as well as the implementation of the National Register of Citizens. Although some of the states have opposed the Act, the Union Home Ministry clarified that states lack the legal power to stop the implementation of CAA", ". The Ministry stated that \"The new legislation has been enacted under the Union List of the 7th Schedule of the Constitution. The states have no power to reject it.\" The Indian Union Muslim League and various other bodies have also petitioned the Supreme Court of India to strike down the Act as illegal and unconstitutional.", "Chronology", "December 2019 \n 4 December\nThe Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2019 was cleared by the Union Cabinet for introduction in the parliament.\nAfter the bill was cleared, violent protests erupted in Assam, especially in Guwahati, and other areas in the state.\nIn Dispur, several thousands of protesters broke down police barricades to protest in front of the Assam Legislative Assembly building.\nDemonstrations were held in Agartala. Six people died and fifty people were injured in the protests against the Act.", "9 December\nThe bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha by the Minister of Home Affairs, Amit Shah.\n 10 December\nThe bill was passed with 311 members voting in favour and 80 against.\n 11 December\nThe bill was subsequently passed by the Rajya Sabha with 125 votes in favour and 105 votes against it. Those parties that had voted in favour include BJP allies such as the Janata Dal (United) and the AIADMK and non-aligned parties such as the Biju Janata Dal.\n 12 December", "12 December\nAfter receiving assent from the President of India, the bill assumed the status of an act. The act would come into force on 10 January, chosen by the Government of India, and would be notified as such.\nDipanjal Das and Sam Stafford were killed in police firing during a protest in Guwahati.\nAkhil Gogoi was taken in preventive custody.", "13 December\n UK, US, France, Israel and Canada issued travel warnings for their citizens visiting India's north-east region, where the protests were mainly taking place, asking them to \"exercise caution\".\nThe Chief Ministers of the Indian states of West Bengal, Punjab, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh had stated that they would not implement the act.\n 14 December\nIshwar Nayak was killed in police firing at a protest in Assam.", "14 December\nIshwar Nayak was killed in police firing at a protest in Assam.\nThousands of people protested against the law at the Jantar Mantar in New Delhi.\n 15 December", "In Assam, Abdul Alim, a protester, died due to police firing in a protest the previous day.\nIn Jamia Nagar, Delhi, three Delhi Transport Corporation buses were torched as protests took a violent turn.\nA group of artists in Guwahati staged a concert in protest against the Citizenship Amendment Act 2019.", "Police forcefully entered the campus of Jamia Milia Islamia university and detained students. According to video footage, the police used batons and tear gas on the students. More than two hundred students were injured and around a hundred were detained. The police action was widely criticised, and resulted in protests across the country and abroad. There were also allegations that the police attacked students who were not part of the protests.", "Protests were held outside the campus of the Aligarh Muslim University. In the evening, police officers forcefully entered the campus and attacked students. At least 80 students were injured in the attacks.\nIn West Bengal, violent protests occurred and five trains were set on fire by protesters in Lalgola and Krishnapur railway stations in Murshidabad district.\n 16 December", "16 December\nIn Lucknow, police prevented around 300 students of Nadwa University from staging a peaceful protest outside the campus; clashes ensued later. Around 15 to 20 students were injured and around 30 students were charged by the police for attempt to murder and violence.\nPriyanka Gandhi led a silent protest at the India Gate along with about three hundred Indian National Congress workers to show solidarity with the students of Jamia Milia Islamia after the previous day's incidents.", "A Satyagraha was organised by the All Assam Students' Union across Assam, which would continue till 18 December.\nIn West Bengal thousands of people joined a demonstration led by Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee and her ruling Trinamool Congress party.\nPrime Minister Narendra Modi appealed for calm on Twitter and clarified that CAA was for immigrants.\n 17 December", "Violent clashes occurred in Delhi's Seelampur area. Police retaliated with tear gas and batons against the stone throwing protesters. Several protesters and officers were injured. A police station was set on fire and buses were vandalised in the area.", "A dawn-to-dusk hartal (shutdown) was observed in Kerala by the Welfare Party of India, Bahujan Samaj Party, Social Democratic Party of India and 30 other organisations against the Citizenship Amendment Act and the police violence against students at various universities across the country, in relation to anti-CAA protests.\n 18 December", "18 December\nThe Supreme Court of India heard 60 petitions challenging the Act and declined to stay implementation of CAA. 22 January 2020 was set as the next date of hearing on the constitutional validity of the act.\nA statement \"condemning the recent police action and brutalisation of students at Jamia Millia University and Aligarh Muslim University\" was signed by signatories from more than 1,100 academic institutions across the world.\n 19 December", "19 December\n3 protesters (2 in Mangalore and 1 in Lucknow) were killed in police firing.\nVarious administrative authorities imposed bans against public gatherings, especially in BJP ruled states such as Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and parts of Delhi, where the police comes under the BJP-ruled central government. Access to mobile-based internet was shut down in certain places in Delhi and Bangalore.", "Internet was suspended in certain regions of Uttar Pradesh including the state capital, Lucknow where data and text services were restricted till noon of 21 December 2019. Internet services were also suspended in Sambhal, Aligarh, Mau, Ghaziabad, and Azamgarh districts, as well as Dakshina Kannada district in Karnataka.", "Protest meetings were held defying bans in Delhi's Red Fort and Bengaluru. Tens of thousands of people protested in Hyderabad, Patna, Chandigarh, Mumbai and other cities. Calls were made on social media platforms asking people to turn up and protest peacefully.\nIn Delhi, politicians Yogendra Yadav and Sitaram Yechury along with around 1,200 protesters were detained by the police.", "In Delhi, at least 700 flights were delayed and more than 20 cancelled due to traffic jams caused by police closing roads to stop protests.\nIn Bengaluru, historian Ramchandra Guha along with several other professors were detained by the police. According to the police, around 200 protesters had been detained in Bengaluru.", "Curfew was imposed in Mangaluru until 20 December, after violent clashes and the death of 2 people due to police firing. The police later allegedly forced its way into the hospital where the 2 victims were brought.\nUNICEF issued a statement asking the government to respect children's right of freedom of expression, peaceful assembly and protest as per the Convention on the Rights of the Child.", "In Ahmedabad, during a violent clash in the Shah-e-Alam's Roza area police used tear gas to defend themselves and counter stone pelting while trying to disperse a crowd of around 2000 protesters.\n90 protesters including 50 students of the Hyderabad university were detained by Hyderabad police.\nA crowd consisting of thousands of protesters gathered at Moulali in central Kolkata to peacefully protest against CAA and NRC.", "Protests involving 20,000 protesters concluded peacefully at the August Kranti Maidan at Mumbai.\n 20 December\n 6 protesters (one each in Meerut, Sambhal, Kanpur and Firozabad and 2 in Bijnor) were killed in separate police firing incidents in UP.\nBhim Army Chief Chandrashekhar Azad conducted a protest march at the Jama Masjid in Delhi.\n 21 December", "Chandrashekhar Azad was arrested along with 27 people and three FIRs were registered for certain violent incidents on 20 December at Delhi Gate and Seemapuri.\n 1100 academics and academia staff from around the world issued a joint statement supporting the act.\nPeaceful protests were conducted in West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Maharashtra and Delhi. An all-woman protest was organised across Assam.\nA spontaneous protest march, approximately 1.5 km long occurred in Kolkata.", "A spontaneous protest march, approximately 1.5 km long occurred in Kolkata.\nClashes were reported during protests near Chennai Central railway station.\n1 protester dies and several are injured in clashes at multiple locations in Uttar Pradesh. Access to the internet is still restricted at many places.\nIn Patna and other towns of Bihar, supporters of the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) protested at bus and train stations and blocked roads.", "An 18-year-old protester, Amir Hanzla was beaten to death by Hindu extremists for his role in the protests.\n 22 December", "The Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Ashok Gehlot held a protest march termed the \"Samvidhan Bachao Rally\" which was attended by around 300,000 people.\nThe Karnataka government announced an ex-gratia compensation of each to the families of the two men killed in violent protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act in Mangaluru on 19 December. However, the compensation was withheld on 26 December, impending an enquiry on the killed men.", "The Uttar Pradesh government created a panel to assess the damage to the property and to recover the losses by seizing the property of the alleged protesters.\n 23 December", "Protests involving 80,000 protesters concluded peacefully in Bangalore.\nDibrugarh police arrested 55 people for involvement in acts of violence in the district during protests against the Amendment.\nUnidentified people assaulted three migrant labourers from West Bengal for allegedly taking part in anti-CAA protests.\nAn FIR was registered against AAP MLA Amanatullah Khan over charges of \"sharing an objectionable post\" on the social media against the act.", "31 people were arrested for violence during an anti-CAA protest in Rampur, Uttar Pradesh.\n 24 December\nDespite widespread ongoing protests, the central government approved the updation of the National Population Register (NPR) and allocated for it.\nA German exchange student at IIT Madras was deported by the Indian authorities for participating in the CAA protests.", "Reports of police vandalising homes, shops and cars and accusing and arresting protesters of taking part in vandalism emerged from various parts of the state of Uttar Pradesh.\n1,000-1,200 protesters were booked for organising a candle march in Aligarh Muslim University for violating Section 144.\n 26 December", "26 December\nIn Sambhal, UP, the government sent notices to 26 people for their alleged involvement in damaging properties during protests and asked them to explain their position or pay for the loss due to damage of property. The losses to the property were assessed to be .\n 27 December\n357 people including 75 women protesting against CAA and police atrocities were detained by the Delhi police near the UP Bhavan.\n 28 December", "The Indian National Congress, on its foundation day, undertook a flag march in Mumbai and coined the slogan \"Save Bharat-Save Constitution\". Similar marches were held in many parts of the country.\nIn Meerut, U.P. government demanded each from more than 140 people, a total of as penalty for damages caused during protests on 20 December.\n 29 December", "The Shaheen Bagh protests, which started on 15 December and were participated in mainly by house wives and old women with their children, gathered mainstream media attention on 29 December. Despite Delhi experiencing the second coldest night in the last 100 years, the women protesters sat on an indefinite protest at Shaheen Bagh, .\n\nLGBT Rights activists protested against the CAA and NRC at the Kolkata Pride Parade.\n 30 December", "LGBT Rights activists protested against the CAA and NRC at the Kolkata Pride Parade.\n 30 December\n\n Delhi Police arrested street vendors, accusing them of stone pelting and inciting violence during the Jamia Milia Islamia attacks.\n 31 December\n\nProtests were held during New Year's Eve celebrations in Delhi, Hyderabad, Bhubaneshwar, Mumbai and Kolkata.\n\nJanuary 2020 \n 1 January", "January 2020 \n 1 January\n\n About 50,000–170,000 people participated in an anti-CAA rally organised by Muslim organisations in Kochi. The numbers swelled to 500,000, the unusually large size of the protest causing a complete standstill of traffic throughout the city.\n 3 January\n\n The UP Police admitted that it had wrongfully accused and arrested poor innocent people; and releases four minors from jail due to lack of evidence.\n 4 January", "More than 100,000 protesters attended a protest march named \"Million March\" against the Citizenship Amendment Bill held in Hyderabad.\nIn Bangalore hundreds of protesters participated in a rally and accused the Modi government of attempting to divide India on the basis of religion, and distracting people from the issues of economic slowdown and unemployment in the country.\n 5 January", "A masked mob, allegedly composed of Hindu extremists from the Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, armed with rods and sticks attacked the campus of Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi and injured more than 40 students and teachers. The attack was described as an attempt to suppress student activism during the Citizenship Amendment Act protests.\n 6 January\n\n50,000 women held an \"all women's rally\" in Malegaon, Maharashtra.\n 7 January", "50,000 women held an \"all women's rally\" in Malegaon, Maharashtra.\n 7 January\n\nWomen in Kolkata started a sit-in protest at the grounds of Park Circus in Kolkata.\n 8 January\n\nPM Modi cancelled his visit to Assam, while the CAA protests continue. AASU had planned huge protests during Modi's visit.\nThousands of people joined the anti-CAA protests at Dibrugarh, Guwahati and other parts of Assam.\n 9 January", "Students of JNU attempted to march towards Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official residence of the President of India while blocking Janpath. Police detained around 100 students when the march was blocking Janpath.\nThe Chief Justice of India dismissed a petition by a lawyer demanding that the CAA be declared constitutionally valid, stating that \"There is anyway a presumption of constitutionality\".", "Asom Jatiyatabadi Yuba Chatra Parishad (AJYCP) along with All Assam Students’ Union (AASU), the Krishak Mukti Sangram Samiti (KMSS) and 30 other organisations and artist communities organised protests against CAA in Guwahati. They demanded \"corruption-free, foreigner-free, terrorism-free and pollution-free Assam\" from the Chief Minister of Assam, Sarbananda Sonowal rather than implementing CAA-NRC.\n 10 January", "The Citizenship Amendment Act came into force.\nThe Delhi High Court dismissed a plea to remove the protesters occupying Shaheen Bagh.\n 11 January", "PM Modi visited Kolkata on a two day official visit. Hundreds of people protested against CAA at the Kolkata airport.\nSeveral parties and student unions launched a protest at the Dorina Crossing at Esplanade in Kolkata. SFI leader stated that the protests would continue till Sunday, until PM Modi (who had been visiting the city) was in Kolkata.", "A \"Tiranga Rally\" against the CAA was held in Hyderabad, with thousands of people displaying the national flag. Police officers were seen caning peaceful protesters.", "Pradyot Manikya Debbarma, the royal scion of the Manikya dynasty, led the largest protest in Tripura as of 11 January 2020 consisting of thousands of people. Debbarma stated that beneficiaries of CAA will not be allowed to settle in Tripura. He added that the state has already accommodated many migrants from East Pakistan and further immigration due to CAA will endanger the threatened indigenous residents of Tripura.\n 12 January", "In Kolkata, the protesters outside the venue of PM Modi's speech were detained by the police.\nThousands of people join the anti CAA protests at Jogeshwari in Mumbai. Slogans such as \"I Am From Gujarat, My Documents Burned in 2002\", \"No CAA, Boycott NRC, Stop Dividing India, Don't Divide us\", \"Save Constitution\", were displayed on the banners.\nThe Indian National Congress demanded the withdrawal of CAA, and stopping of the process to update NPR. It claimed that the NPR was a 'disguised NRC'.\n 13 January", "13 January\nThe Parliamentary panel on Home Affairs criticised the Delhi Police for the violent crackdown on Jamia and JNU and asked them not to be harsh.\nA meeting of 20 opposition parties in Delhi released a statement demanding a revocation of the CAA and asked all the Chief Ministers who have refused to implement the NRC in their states to stop the work of updating the National Population Register, as it is the foundation of NRC.", "At Jamia Millia Islamia, several student groups protested outside the office of Vice-Chancellor Najma Akhtar asking to reschedule the exam dates, filing a case against Delhi Police and ensuring the safety of students. The VC announced in the afternoon, that a case will be filed against police on 14 January.\n 14 January", "The Kerala government approached the Supreme Court to challenge the CAA under Section 131 of the Constitution and became the first state to do so.\nMani Shankar Aiyar of the Indian National Congress joined the anti CAA protesters at Shaheen Bagh.\n5000 women staged a sit-in protest at Mansoor Ali park in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh.\nIn Mumbai, a group of students attended the India v/s Australia match at Wankhede stadium and peacefully protested by wearing T-shirts with the message \"No NPR, NO NRC and NO CAA\".", "In Gujarat, people celebrated Makar Sankranti by flying kites with slogans for and against CAA.\n 15 January\nMore than 200,000 people joined the Anti-CAA protests in Mangalore, where hundreds of people came in boats carrying Indian flags. Activists Harsh Mander and former IAS officer Kannan Gopinathan gave speeches during the protests. The protests ended peacefully with the singing of National anthem.", "Women conducted sit-in protests at Patna's Sabzibagh and Kolkata's Park Circus, Allahabad's Roshan Bagh, Kanpur's Chaman Ganj, Gaya's Shanti Bagh along with Delhi's Shaheen Bagh.", "A petition was filed in Gujarat High court asking its intervention to allow citizens to hold Anti-CAA protests in Ahmedabad. The petitioners stated that the Gujarat Police did not grant them permission for peaceful protests but granted permission to 62 programmes held by the ruling BJP to support the CAA. The court asked the police to decide properly on the protesters' applications.", "A Delhi court granted bail and released Bhim Army chief Chandrashekhar Azad aka \"Raavan\", who had been arrested for his protest in December against CAA at Jama Masjid, Delhi.\nAligarh Muslim University (AMU) postpones all exams due to the ongoing CAA protests.\n 16 January\nPolice in Chennai banned all protests in the city for a period of 15 days. Five women and one man (including a physically disabled person) were detained by the police for protesting against CAA.\n 17 January", "Inspired by the Shaheen Bagh protest, a massive anti-CAA-NRC-NPR protest was started in Mumbai. Around 10,000 women gathered at the YMCA ground in Mumbai to protest in the evening. The protest was organised by a Non-governmental organisation named Mumbai Citizen Quorum.\nAround 500 women began a sit-in protest at the Clock tower grounds in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.\n 18 January", "Uttar Pradesh police cracked down on the CAA protesters demonstrating near the Clock Tower in Lucknow and snatched their personal belongings.\n 19 January", "In Delhi, hundreds of protesters joined a protest march holding lighted candles from Jamia University to Shaheen Bagh.\nIn Berlin, Germany more than 200 people join the protest march against CAA, NRC and the JNU attack. The march was led by the Indian diaspora and started at the Brandenburg Gate and ended at the Indian Embassy.", "An all women protest started on 11 January, outside Konark Mall in Pune, organised by Kul Jamaat-e-Tanzeem, an umbrella body of several organisations, reached its ninth day with around 500–600 protesters participating all throughout the day.\n 20 January", "Several Labour Party MPs of the Uk parliament discussed concerns regarding the CAA, in a meeting organised by South Asia Solidarity Group (SASG) and Ambedkar International Mission (UK) in London. The MPs expressed concern on its implications on human rights and disenfranchisement of the Muslim community.\n 21 January", "More than 300,000 people join an anti-CAA protest rally at Kalaburagi in Karnataka.\nIn UP's Etawah, a video emerged that showed Police chasing and attacking the women protesters with batons in their attempts to break the protest.\nIn a unique way of protesting, more than a hundred women protesters at Khureji Khas in Delhi released 10,000 gas filled black coloured balloons with the message \"No CAA NPR NRC\".", "Police register cases against 160 women for violation of the ban on assembly and protesting against CAA in Lucknow.\nDespite ban on assembly, Home Minister Amit Shah was allowed by the administration to address a pro CAA public rally at Lucknow. Amit Shah said that the protesters could continue protesting but the government would not revoke the CAA.", "Various college students' associations had called a complete shutdown of colleges and universities in the north-east on 22 Jan, asking the Supreme Court to declare CAA as unconstitutional.\n 22 January", "Thousands of students from 9 universities in North-East India boycott classes and join protest march in the states of Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh.\nA 5 kilometre long procession against CAA was led by CM Mamata Banerjee in Darjeeling, West Bengal.\nWomen continued sit-in protests for the third day at the Haj House near Kadru Over Bridge in Ranchi, Jharkhand.", "144 CAA related petitions scheduled for hearing in the Supreme Court of India were brought up. Chief Justice of India Sharad A. Bobde had led the three-judge bench. The court gave notice to the government on the petitions and allowed one month to respond in the next hearing in February. The Supreme Court also segregated the case of Assam and Tripura considering the fact of cross-border infiltration and assured of looking into the matter separately.", "A fact-finding team consisting of students of various prominent universities like Banaras Hindu University, Jamia Millia Islamia and JNU released a report after visiting 15 violence-affected cities in Uttar Pradesh and accused the Uttar Pradesh police of brutality in dealing with protesters and attacking Muslims. The police was accused of violating basic principles of fire arms usage by firing above the waist.", "While addressing a Pro-CAA public meeting in Lucknow the CM of UP threatened to charge the protesters with sedition if they raised slogans demanding Azadi (Freedom) in Uttar Pradesh.\n 24 January", "A statewide shutdown, \"Maharashtra Bandh\" was organised by Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi (VBA) across Maharashtra state, to protest against the CAA and the economic policies of the BJP-led central government, which according to the organisers \"were ruining the country\".\nCurfew was imposed in Jharkhand's Lohardaga district after a clash and violence between pro and anti CAA protesters.\n 25 January", "In London, around 2000 people from the Indian diaspora and the Human Rights organisation conducted a protest march against CAA from the Downing Street to the Indian High Commission.\nMore than a thousand women staged a sit-in protest at Frazer Town in Bangalore for 48 hours.\n 26 January\nMore than 300 eminent personalities in India including actor Naseeruddin Shah, Javed Jaffrey, and film-maker Mira Nair signed and issued an open statement against the CAA.", "On the occasion of Republic Day, protests were held in Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Chicago, and London.\n6-7 million people participated in a human chain extending from Kasaragod to Kaliyikkavila organised by the LDF in Kerala.\n 30 January", "A juvenile Hindu fundamentalist opened fire at a protest at the Jamia Milia Islamia, injuring one student. The event happened on the 72nd anniversary of the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, also by a Hindu fundamentalist. He was arrested and charged with attempted murder. The man shouted slogans of \"Jai Shri Ram\" (Victory to Lord Rama) and \"Delhi Police Zindabad\" (Long live Delhi police).", "Bihar Police detained CPI leader Kanhaiya Kumar before he could start his planned month-long \"Jan-Gana-Man Yatra\" which was organised at Champaran on Mahatma Gandhi's death anniversary.\nSeven protesters who were protesting at the Ghantaghar (Clock Tower) in Lucknow. They were arrested for taking out a candle march, which UP Police said was a violation of section 144 of the CrPC which was imposed in the area.\n 31 January", "Leaders from 14 opposition parties, led by the Indian National Congress, wore black armbands and vacated the front row seats to protest against the new law, the NRC and the NPR during President Ram Nath Kovind's address to the Joint Session of the Parliament of India for 2020 budget session", ". The Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha, Ghulam Nabi Azad said that the Union Government misused the President's office and it was \"shameful\" that the government had included the CAA in the President's speech as an achievement.", "February 2020 \n 1 February", "After the JMI firing incident on 30 January, another Hindu fundamentalist fired bullets in the air during the Shaheen Bagh protests. The man chanted the slogans \"Hindu Rashtra Zindabad\" (Long live the Hindu Rashtra) and \"Sirf Hinduo ki chalegi\" (Only Hindus will rule in this country).\n Amnesty International informed US lawmakers that the CAA clearly violates the Constitution of India and International human rights law and \"legitimises discrimination\" on the basis of religion.", "Thousands of LGBT rights activists protest raised slogans against the CAA at the Queer Azaadi Pride Parade in Mumbai.\n 6 February", "In Bidar, a mother and a school principal were arrested after the mother's daughter participated in a play against the CAA.\n 7 February", "The Bidar police interrogated 85 school-children studying in classes 4–6 for participating in an anti-CAA play.\n Ahead of the 2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election, two bike-borne men allegedly opened fired in the air near an anti-Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) protest site in Northeast Delhi's Jafrabad. The police, however, suspected personal enmity.\n 8 February\n A Muslim BJP councillor in Indore resigned from the party, accusing it of spreading \"politics of hatred\".\n 11 February", "11 February\nJamia Milia Islamia students staged a march to the Parliament against the CAA and NRC. The march was stopped by the Delhi police who detained protesters. The police allegedly sexually assaulted the protesters.\n 16 February\nImran Pratapgarhi, an Indian National Congress politician was fined for violating Section 144 by addressing protestors, participating in an anti-CAA protest in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, and allegedly instigating protesters at the Idgah ground.\n 17 February", "17 February\nOver 150 prominent citizens including former judges, bureaucrats, army officers and academicians wrote to President Ram Nath Kovind, claiming that the anti-CAA protests were based on a false narrative, and urged the centre to look into the ongoing protests with all seriousness, safeguard the nation's democratic institutions and take stern action against the people behind them.", "Magsaysay Award recipient Sandeep Pandey was arrested by the Lucknow police for attempting to protest. He was released on bail after being produced in the District Magistrate's court.\n 18 February\n The Uttar Pradesh government informed the Allahabad High Court that 22 had been killed in the protests and a total of 883 people had been arrested in connection with violence during the protests.\n 19 February", "19 February\n Secretary-General of the United Nations António Guterres expressed concerns over the possibility of millions being rendered stateless due to the CAA and NRC.\n In Chennai, a confederation of Muslim groups led a massive rally towards the Secretariat of Tamil Nadu in a demonstration against the CAA. It came a day after the Madras High Court denied permission to protesters to protest near the state assembly and press for passage of a resolution against CAA, NRC and NPR.\n 20 February", "All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen leader and spokesperson Waris Pathan stoked controversy at a rally in Karnataka's Gulbarga district by stating \"To those saying we have only put our women at the forefront – only the lionesses are out and you're already sweating. Imagine what would happen if we all came together. We are 15 crore, but that can outweigh 100 crore, remember that", ". We are 15 crore, but that can outweigh 100 crore, remember that.\" The politician withdrew his statement on 23 February, saying that he had no intentions of hurting the sentiments of any community, after criticism from both the ruling and opposition parties.", "22 February", "About 200 Women gathered near the Jaffrabad Metro Station in Delhi at night protesting against the CAA and NRC.\nChief Minister of Maharashtra Uddhav Thackeray decided to not pass a resolution against the CAA, making Maharashtra the first UPA-ruled state to decide not to pass a resolution.\n 23 February", "The protest in the Jaffrabad Metro Station continued for the second day. Around 500 people mostly women gathered around the metro station that leads to closing the entry and exit from the metro station.\n 24 February\n\n One policeman and four protestors were killed and several shops and vehicles were burnt during a violent protest in Delhi.\n 13 people were killed in the North East Delhi riots.\n 25 February", "A shoot-at-sight order was issued in the evening by Delhi Police after the Anti-CAA and Pro-CAA protests became violent.\n The Central Board of Secondary Education postponed board examinations for classes 10 and 12 in northeast Delhi, in view of ongoing riots in the area. However, exams for the rest of Delhi and India would be conducted as per schedule.\n 26 February", "The Delhi High Court in an emergency late-night hearing, asked the police to ensure safe passage for those injured in the North East Delhi riots to the hospitals.\n The Delhi High Court asked the police to file First information reports against various politicians who were involved in making inflammatory speeches, provoking rioters in North East Delhi.\n 27 February", "27 February\n One day after Delhi High Court judge S. Muralidhar directed Delhi police to file an FIR against those who had made inflammatory speeches, the President of India ordered his transfer with the recommendation of Supreme Court of India.", "March 2020 \n 3 March\n The UN High Commissioner filed an intervention application in the Supreme Court to be made a party in the case.", "Resolutions\nSo far, at least eight states have announced that they will not implement the Act or the National Register of Citizens (NRC). While one state and two Union Territories have refused to implement the CAA, three other states have only declined the implementation of the NRC. However, the Union Home Ministry said that states lack the legal power to stop the implementation of Citizenship Amendment Act.", "Resolutions against CAA\n A resolution to scrap the CAA was moved by Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan in the Kerala Legislative Assembly. It was eventually passed by an absolute majority, with only the lone BJP MLA voting against it.", "The Pattali Makkal Katchi, a member of the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance passed a resolution against the NRC. It had urged the Central Government and the State Government of Tamil Nadu not to extend the NRC in the state citing that it would create tension and fear in the society.", "The Punjab Legislative Assembly, that has the Indian National Congress in the majority, passed a resolution against the Act and urged the Modi Government to avoid discrimination on the basis of religion through the new Act. The resolution was moved by Punjab minister for parliamentary affairs Brahm Mohindra of the Congress and was supported by the Aam Aadmi Party and the Lok Insaaf Party.", "The Rajasthan Legislative Assembly that has the Indian National Congress in the majority, passed a resolution asking the Central government to repeal the CAA, making Rajasthan the third state to do so after Kerala and Punjab.", "A resolution to repeal the CAA was moved in the West Bengal Legislative Assembly by the All India Trinamool Congress headed by the Chief Minister, Mamata Banerjee and eventually got passed on 27 January 2020, becoming the fourth state assembly to do so. The West Bengal Assembly had also previously passed a resolution against the NRC in September 2019 and the first state assembly to pass a resolution against the proposed NRC.", "A five-page resolution against the CAA was drafted by 154 members of the European Parliament, who stated that it \"marks a dangerous shift in the way citizenship will be determined in India and is set to create the largest statelessness crisis in the world and cause immense human suffering\".\n The Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed a resolution against the CAA, becoming the fifth state to do so, after Rajasthan, West Bengal, Kerala and Punjab.", "The Bihar Legislative Assembly on 25 February 2020 unanimously passed a resolution not to implement the NRC in the State. It also said the NPR would be implemented in Bihar in the old 2010 format.\n The National Assembly of Pakistan passed a resolution labelling the Act as a \"discriminatory law\" and argued that it contravened \"bilateral agreements and understandings between India and Pakistan, particularly those on security and rights of minorities in the respective countries\".", "On 12 February 2020, Puducherry Legislative Assembly passed a resolution against the amended Citizenship Act, becoming the first union territory in the country to say no to the new law. The resolution passed by the Congress-led government in Puducherry also opposed the NRC and the NPR.", "The Gram panchayat of Islak, of Ahmednagar, Maharastra passed a resolution in January 2020 against the CAA, the NRC and the NPR, becoming the first Indian Gram Panchayat to do so. After Islak, Ghatnandur of Ambajogai, Maharastra, Loutolim of Goa and the panchayat of Patrud village of Beed, Maharastra have passed a resolutions against the CAA.\n On 13 March 2020, The Delhi Legislative Assembly passed a resolution against the CAA, becoming the second union territory to do so, after Puducherry.", "The Telangana Assembly has passed a resolution opposing the CAA, the NPR and the NRC moved by the Telangana Rashtra Samithi headed by the Chief minister K. Chandrashekar Rao. It has emerged as the 7th state to take decisions against the CAA, NPR and NCR. The resolution stated the Act as unconstitutional and urged the Union Government to remove all references to religion and any particular country.", "Several US cities and counties — Seattle, Albany, St. Paul, Hamtramck, Cambridge, San Francisco, Riverdale and Alameda County — have passed resolutions against the CAA and NRC.\n On 13 July 2020, New Westminster in the province of British Columbia, Canada passed a resolution against CAA and urged the Canadian government to \"take a position in opposition.\"", "The Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit (SSUS) at Kalady in Kerala become the first university in the country to pass a resolution against the Citizenship Amendment Act by its syndicate in January 2020. This was followed by Calicut University in the same month.", "Protests \nAfter the bill was approved on 4 December 2019, violent protests erupted in Assam, especially in Guwahati, and other areas in the state. Reactionary protests were held as well in several metropolitan cities across India, including Delhi, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata and Mumbai.", "Reactionary protests were also held at universities across the country including Cotton University, Gauhati University, IIT Bombay, Madras University, Presidency University, Kolkata, Jamia Millia Islamia, Osmania University, University of Hyderabad, University of Delhi, Panjab University and Aligarh Muslim University. By 16 December, the protests had spread across India with demonstrations occurring in at least 17 cities including Chennai, Jaipur, Bhopal, Lucknow and Puducherry.", "Between 16 and 18 December, a statement of solidarity \"condemning the recent police action and brutalization of students at Jamia Millia University and Aligarh Muslim University\" had acquired 10,293 signatories from over 1,100 universities, colleges and academic institutions across the world", ". Scholars from major academic institutions in India, including JNU, Delhi University, all the Indian Institutes of Technology, the Indian Statistical Institute, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, among many others had signed the solidarity statement. On 16 December, professors and students of IIM-Ahmedabad were detained by police citing demonstrating protest against the Act is illegal.", "On 19 December police banned protests in several parts of India with the imposition of Section 144 which prohibits the gathering of more than 4 individuals in a public space as being unlawful, namely, parts of the capital New Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka, including Bangalore. As Section 144 was imposed, the students of IIM-Bangalore demonstrate their protest peacefully by laying shoes and placards in front of the institute gate, which they called the Shoe Satyagraha", ". Following IIM-Ahmedabad and Bangalore, IIM-Calcutta raised their voice peacefully in solidarity against the Act and the brutal misconduct by police against the students who were protesting all over the country. Several institutes in Kozhikode including IIM-Kozhikode, NIT-Calicut, Government Medical College, Kozhikode and Farook College expressed their protest from 19 to 20 December. Police in Chennai denied permission for marches, rallies or any other demonstration", ". Police in Chennai denied permission for marches, rallies or any other demonstration. Internet services were also shutdown in some parts of Delhi. As a result of defying the ban, thousands of protesters were detained, primarily in Delhi, including several opposition leaders and activists such as Ramachandra Guha, Sitaram Yechury, Yogendra Yadav, Umar Khalid, Sandeep Dikshit, and D Raja", ". Despite the fear of being detained, tens of thousands of people protested in Hyderabad, Patna, Chandigarh, Mumbai and other cities. Civil society groups, political parties, students, activists and ordinary citizens used social medial platforms to ask people to turn up and protest peacefully. The protests involving 20,000 protesters concluded peacefully at the August Kranti Maidan at Mumbai.", "More than 300 eminent personalities in India signed and issued an open statement against the CAA. The signatories including actor Naseeruddin Shah, Ratna Patak Shah, Jaaved Jafferi, Nandita Das, Lillete Dubey film-maker Mira Nair, writers Anita Desai, Kiran Desai, actors, sociologist Ashis Nandy, activists Sohail Hashmi and Shabnam Hashmi among others.\n\nAssam", "Students of Cotton University began protesting against the CAA a few days before the controversial bill was produced on the floor of the Lok Sabha. On 29 November, the students staged a silent protest outside the university campus. After the bill was cleared on 4 December 2019, violent protests erupted in Assam, especially in Guwahati, and other areas in the state. Reuters reported that the protests in the state were violent, adding that at least two people were killed till 16 December", ". Buildings and railway stations were set on fire.", "The CAA made 2014 as the cut-off date to determine illegal foreigners but according to people opposing the act, Assam bore the brunt of immigrants from 1951 to 1971, while other states did not. The protesters were angry that the new law would allow thousands of Bengali speaking non-Muslim immigrants from Bangladesh to become legal citizens of India, thereby influencing the political and cultural environment of Assam", ". Thousands of members and workers of the All Assam Students Union (AASU) and 30 other indigenous organisations, artists, cultural activists of the state gathered at Latasil ground in Dispur to stage a satyagraha against the Act on 16, 17 and 18 December. Assam Police subsequently detained the general secretary and the adviser to the AASU and over 2,000 protesters in Guwahati during a protest rally on 18 December.", "On 12 December, security personnel, including CRPF jawans with batons and shields barged into the office of a private TV channel of Assam, Prag News in Guwahati and attacked its staffers with batons during protests. On 20 December, Assamese language newspapers reported violent incidents occurring during the protests across the state. Use of excessive force by the police was also reported", ". Use of excessive force by the police was also reported. In Dibrugarh, the All Assam Students Union members vandalised the district office of the Asom Gana Parishad, which had voted in favour of the act as part of the ruling Coalition.", "Peasant leader Akhil Gogoi was arrested in Jorhat on 12 December as a preventive measure by authorities to prevent him from organising any protests. A special court of National Investigation Agency (NIA) in Guwahati on Tuesday charged him under sedition for \"maoist links\" and sent him to 10-day NIA custody. The Assam Human rights Commission decided to take suo moto cognizance of reports of alleged torture upon Akhil Gogoi", ". According to the Assam Government, people have been arrested by the Assam Police for their alleged involvement in the violent incidents during the anti-CAA protests across the state, as of 17 December.", "In Dispur, several thousands of protesters broke down police barricades to protest in front of the Assam Legislative Assembly building. Demonstrations were also held in Agartala. On 15 December 2019, a concert was staged by artistes of Assam as a protest against the CAA. The concert was themed as 'No CAA, Concert for peace and harmony'. Along with music, paintings were also demonstrated in the event.", "Access to the internet was restricted in Assam by the administrative authorities. A curfew was also declared in Assam and Tripura due to the protests, leading to army deployment as protesters defied the curfews. Railway services were suspended and some airlines started to waive rescheduling or cancellation fees in those areas. Officials reported that at least four people died after clashes with police in Guwahati. Two men, Dipanjal Das and Sam Stafford, died due to police firing on 12 December", ". Two men, Dipanjal Das and Sam Stafford, died due to police firing on 12 December. On 15 December, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital official stated that Ishwar Nayak died on the night of 14 December and Abdul Alim died on 15 December morning. Both of them had been admitted to the hospital after suffering gunshot wounds. As of 15 December, it was reported that at least 6 people had died due to police firing during the protests", ". After ten days of restriction, mobile internet services in the state were restored from 20 December, although the Gauhati High Court had ordered the government of Assam to restore the service by 5 pm on 19 December. By 22 December, the number of arrested people rose to 393, with 28 cases being registered for making offensive and provocative posts on social media.", "On 21 December, an all-woman protest was organised across the state. Senior citizens across the state protested on 23 December. Chowkidinghee playground in Dibrugarh saw one of the largest mass gatherings of CAA protests in Assam organised by All Assam Students' Union on 24 December.", "On 8 January, PM Modi cancelled his visit to Assam while the protests continued in the state. AASU had planned huge protests during Modi's visit. Thousands of people joined the anti-CAA protests at Dibrugarh, Guwahati and other parts of Assam. The protesters dressed up in traditional dress of the region and sang devotional songs during the protest. The protesters also demanded the release of Akhil Gogoi and called the Modi government a dictatorship", ". On 9 January, musical protests were planned at Gauhati Club in Assam by AASU, along with 30 other organisations and artist communities.", "On 22 January, thousands of students from 9 universities in North East India boycotted classes and joined a protest march in the states of Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh.", "Tripura", "Several protests marches with thousands of protesters were held in Tripura. On 12 December BBC reported that the army had been deployed in the state and around 1800 people were arrested. Around 200 protesters were detained by police during a protest in the capital city of Agartala. On 11 December, Pradyot Manikya Debbarma, the royal scion, led the largest protest in Tripura so far consisting of thousands of people. Debbarma stated that beneficiaries of CAA would not be allowed to settle in Tripura", ". Debbarma stated that beneficiaries of CAA would not be allowed to settle in Tripura. He added that the state has already accommodated many migrants from East Pakistan and further immigration due to CAA would endanger the threatened indigenous residents of the state.", "The Act also ignited old conflicts between the Bengalis and the Reang refugees. Fresh clashes were reported in the northern district of Kanchanpur between the two communities. The Reang refugees were protesting against the CAA while the Hindu Bengalis were supporting it. Protesters reportedly threw stones and vandalised shops and a marketplace.\n\nCrackdown on Universities\n\nJamia Millia Islamia", "On 13 December 2019, the students of Jamia Millia Islamia University undertook a march to the Parliament protesting against the CAA. They were prevented from going ahead by the police who used batons and tear gas to disperse the protesters leading to clashes with them.", "Fifty students were detained by the police after the clash. According to the students, police attacked the peaceful protesters with stones and sticks, and several students were injured. The students then retaliated, and clashes ensued. Police denied the allegations, also claiming that the protesters attacked the policemen with stones after they were stopped from marching onwards. Police then used tear gas to disperse them", ". Police then used tear gas to disperse them. On the morning of 15 December 2019, more than two thousand students of Jamia joined the protests against CAA in Delhi. Jamia Millia Student Body and Jamia Millia Islamia Teacher's Association (JTA) condemned the violence that happened on the same day in Delhi and stated that no student or teacher was involved in the violence.", "At 6:46 pm on 15 December 2019, hundreds of police officers forcefully entered the campus of Jamia, without the permission of college authority. The police used batons and tear gas on the protesting students. Nearly a hundred students were detained by the Delhi police and released at 3:30 am next morning. The visuals of students being dragged and assaulted by the police was telecast by news channels. Students from all across Delhi joined the agitation", ". Students from all across Delhi joined the agitation. About two hundred people were injured and were admitted to AIIMS and the Holy Family Hospital.", "On 16 December 2019, two students of Jamia were admitted to the Safdarjung Hospital with bullet injuries received during the protests on 15 December. One of the victims, M. Tamin stated that he was not participating in the protest and was passing through the area on a motorcycle, when police suddenly started caning the protesters and he was shot in the leg by police from point blank range. According to the doctors treating him, the wounds were from a gunshot", ". According to the doctors treating him, the wounds were from a gunshot. The police stated that they were investigating the allegations of gunshot. The vice-chancellor stated that they will file a court case against the police, demanding an investigation on how police entered the university premises and assaulted the students. On 15 December, Delhi Police attacked students of Jamia Millia Islamia including Shaheen Abdullah, Chanda Yadav, Ladeeda Farzana and Aysha Renna at New Friends Colony.", "The university was shut until 5 January 2020 and the residents were asked to leave the campus.", "Response", "The police violence was heavily criticised by filmmaker Anurag Kashyap, actor John Cusack and Rajkummar Rao condemned the police violence, with Cusack referring it to fascism and Kashyap calling the government to be \"clearly fascist\". Actor Swara Bhaskar, praised the students protests for raising their voice against communalism and called the police action as dictatorial, brutal, shocking and shameful", ". She also questioned if it was the police and not the protesters who vandalised the property in Delhi and Aligarh.", "Amnesty International India criticised the police for the violence against the students of Jamia and Aligarh University and stated that the allegations of police brutality and sexual harassment against the students should be investigated and culprits be punished", ". Defending the right of the students to protest, its director stated that the arrest of protesters violate India's obligations under the Article 19 and Article 21 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), to respect and protect the right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.", "In response to the police crackdown in Jamia Millia Islamia University and Aligarh Muslim University, protests were also joined by the students of the educational institutions of IIT Kanpur, IIT Madras, Jadavpur University, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, IISc, Pondicherry University, IIM Ahmedabad, as well as organisations such as Pinjra Tod and the Students' Federation of India", ". The students of Jadavpur University, West Bengal, called a protest gathering on 16 December, to \"condemn the brutal state terror on the students of Jamia Millia Islamia University\". At the event of IIT Kanpur, communal slogans were also raised by the protesters.", "Aftermath\nOn 17 December, police arrested ten people (some of them having criminal history) in the case of the violent clashes in Jamia. None of the arrested were students of Jamia.", "On 13 January, several student groups protested outside the office of Vice-Chancellor asking to reschedule the exam dates, filing a case against Delhi Police and ensuring the safety of students. The VC announced in the afternoon, that a case will be filed against police on 14 January. On 15 January, the VC met Delhi police commissioner to discuss the violence and urged him to file an FIR. The Registrar of JMI filed a petition in a Delhi court for filing FIR on the violence at JMI", ". The Registrar of JMI filed a petition in a Delhi court for filing FIR on the violence at JMI. The court directed Delhi Police to submit by 16 March, a report on the actions taken on JMI administration's complaint.", "Aligarh Muslim University", "On 15 December, protests against CAA were held outside the campus of the Aligarh Muslim University. On the evening of 15 December, police officers forcefully entered the campus of the university and assaulted the students. At least 60 students were injured including the president of the students Union. The access to the internet was restricted in the area by the district administration. The university was closed from 15 December till 5 January 2020", ". The university was closed from 15 December till 5 January 2020. A report by three activist-lawyers alleged that the police had resorted to \"deceptive shelling\", firing explosives camouflaged as tear gas shells during the crackdown. On the evening of 17 December, police released 26 people (including 8 students) on personal bonds. They had been arrested on charges of violence.", "On 19 December, People's Union for Democratic Rights' fact-finding team consisting of activists Yogendra Yadav, Harsh Mander and Kavita Krishnan released a report on police crackdown at the Aligarh Muslim University. The report alleged that the police had called the students as terrorists and had used religiously charged slogans such as \"Jai Shri Ram\". The report also accused the police of breaking the protocols of the campus. It added that no bullet injury was reported", ". It added that no bullet injury was reported. The report was prepared after visiting the campus, based on the video and audio clips of the incident, statements of the injured students and witnesses.", "After a lull of four days, on 20 December, AMU campus again witnessed protests on Saturday with hundreds of AMU non-teaching staff joining hands with AMU teachers' association, protesting against the CAA and \"police atrocities\" against the agitators in various parts of the state. On 24 December 1000 – 1200 protesters were booked after organising a candle march inside Aligarh Muslim University for violating section 144.", "On 15 January, Aligarh Muslim University postponed all exams due to the ongoing CAA protests.", "Aftermath", "At 7 am on 16 January, Vice-Chancellor met the protesting students and expressed regret for calling police inside the AMU campus to handle the law and order situation inside campus. He defended his decision stating he had not thought that the police would enter the hostels. AMU had set up a fact-finding committee headed by Justice (retd.) V.K. Gupta for a detailed investigation of the events that occurred in the night of 15 December", ".) V.K. Gupta for a detailed investigation of the events that occurred in the night of 15 December. The VC asked to students to cooperate with the fact-finding committee and the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) team that was visiting the campus.", "Nadwa College", "On 16 December, around 300 students of Nadwa college, in Lucknow had planned a peaceful protest march against CAA and in solidarity with the students of AMU. The police prevented students from holding the march and forced them to return into the campus premises. The police locked the gates of the campus from outside and guarded it with a heavy deployment of police to prevent the students from coming out of the campus and undertaking the planned march", ". A clash between the police and the students locked inside the campus ensued and involved stone pelting from both sides. The police officers were seen hitting the students with sticks as in the video footage of the incident telecast on news channels.", "Around 15 to 20 students were injured. 30 students were charged by the police for attempt to murder, rioting etc. The police accused the students of blocking the road and engaging in violence by throwing stones. While the students claimed that the police had attacked the unarmed students who were holding a peaceful protest. The student stated that they were neither involved in any violence, nor did they block any roads and yet they were charged with batons", ". After the incident the college was shut down until 5 January, and the students were asked to leave the campus.", "Jawaharlal Nehru University", "On 5 January, at 6:30pm, a masked mob consisting of more than 60–100 people armed with rods and sticks attacked the campus of Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi. The assault and vandalism lasted for 3 hours, where the mob chanted slogans exclaiming the victims to be \"naxalites\" and \"anti-national\". The mob assaulted journalists and social activist, Yogendra Yadav in the presence of media and police, who attempted to enter the campus on receiving news of the incident", ". The mob also punctured the tires of ambulances attending to the victims of the assault which had left more than 42 students and teachers as severely injured. Street lights were shut off by authorities during the incident. Students of the campus including the JNUSU president, Aishe Ghosh who was brutally attacked on head and was hospitalised, alleged the police of intentional inaction as police were informed before the assault about unknown groups entering in the campus", ". Around 30 students who were members of the left wing groups were injured along with 12 teachers. Visually impaired students were also not spared from assault. The students and left wing organisations accused the members of the BJP's student wing, Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad of orchestrating the attacks, while ABVP accused the left wing organisations. Professors who tried to intervene and save the students were also attacked. The policemen inside the campus allegedly did nothing to stop the mob", ". The policemen inside the campus allegedly did nothing to stop the mob. The assault was orchestrated through a WhatsApp group called \"Unity against Left\" which were traced through messages from members of the ABVP in the group. Students in Mumbai, launched a protest called \"Occupy Gateway\" late at night to protest against the assault. As a reaction to the assault, protests occurred across the country and in several cities.", "Delhi", "On 14 December 2019, thousands of agitators packed into Jantar Mantar Road, filling up a space estimated to be half the size of a football ground, as multiple demonstrations occurred against the CAA in Delhi. The next day in Delhi near New Friends Colony, three Delhi Transport Corporation buses were torched. On 16 December, Priyanka Gandhi led a silent protest at the India Gate along with about three hundred congress workers to show solidarity with the students of Jamia Millia Islamia", ". On 17 December 2019, Delhi's Seelampur area had stone-throwing crowds face off against the police. The police retaliated with tear gas and batons, in which, according to local reports, several protesters and officers were injured. There were also reports of a police station being set on fire. According to police, buses were vandalised in the area.", "On 19 December 2019, the administrative authorities imposed a ban against public gatherings in parts of Delhi. 20 metro stations were closed to prevent the movement for protests. At least 700 flights were delayed and more than 20 cancelled due to traffic jams caused by police closing the roads to stifle protests. Protest meetings were held defying the ban in Red Fort and Mandi House. Access to the mobile internet was restricted in certain places in Delhi", ". Access to the mobile internet was restricted in certain places in Delhi. Digital rights activists, who accessed and studied the order suspending internet in several areas in Delhi on 19 December, stated that it was not issued from the \"right channels\" and, therefore, was \"illegal\". Politicians Yogendra Yadav, Sitaram Yechury, Nilotpal Basu, Brinda Karat, Ajay Maken, Brinda Karat, Prakash Karat, Sandeep Dikshit, Umar Khalid and D. Raja along with around 1,200 protesters were detained by the police.", "On 20 December 2019, two Delhi Metro stations – Jamia Millia Islamia and Jasola Vihar Shaheen Bagh were closed. Amid nationwide crackdown because of CAA, Bhim Army Chief Chandrashekhar Azad's permission for the march from Jama Masjid to Jantar Mantar had been denied by Delhi Police. In spite of the denial of permission and the imposition of Section 144, a protest march was held where Azad was able to escape after being detained by the police", ". The protests were peaceful throughout the day, but in the evening a car was torched in Daryaganj after which the police attacked the protesters with water cannons and lathi charge. On the aftermath, Chandrashekhar Azad accused the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh of being responsible for the violence and sought for the resignation of the Union Home Minister, Amit Shah", ". On 21 December, Chandrashekhar Azad was arrested along with 27 people and three FIRs were registered for the violent incidents on 20 December at Delhi Gate and Seemapuri. On 10 January 12 of those arrested were released on bail.", "On 15 January, a Delhi court granted bail and released Chandrashekhar Azad aka \"Raavan\".", "However, when presented in the Delhi Tis Hazari court on 14 January 2020, the court questioned the public prosecutor about what is wrong with protesting since many people who protested in past are sitting chairpersons in the present government.", "Protests were conducted by the journalists against the police brutality on the journalists covering the Anti-CAA protests especially in the states of Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka. In the protests, Sitaram Yechury stated that only the states ruled by the Bharatiya Janata Party were experiencing violence. He further added that the other states were peaceful and hinted that the differences between the situation in the states show the who were encouraging violence.", "On 23 December 2019, protests were held at multiple locations. 93 other students protesting outside Assam Bhawan and demanding the release of RTI activist Akhil Gogoi were detained by the police. The students alleged that the police used violence on the protesters.", "On 24 December 2019, Police imposed a ban on gatherings in central Delhi's Mandi House near the Lutyens' Zone to prevent the protest march of students from multiple universities. The anti CAA-NRC protest march was to start from Mandi House to Jantar Mantar. On 27 December, the Delhi Police used facial recognition software by recording a video of the protester and checking it with the database of criminals maintained by them.", "On 14 January, Supreme Court lawyers conducted a protest march from the Supreme Court to Jantar Mantar to protest against the CAA, NRC and NPR. On 19 January, in Delhi, hundreds of protesters joined a protest march holding lighted candles from Jamia University to Shaheen Bagh. Some of the protesters had dressed up as Mahatma Gandhi, BR Ambedkar and other revolutionaries of the Indian Independence movement. A model of detention camp was also paraded in the march.\n\nNorth East Delhi riots", "On 24 February, violent clashes occurred at Jaffrabad and Maujpur in which one police officer and a protester were killed. The pro-CAA demonstrators indulged in stone pelting with the anti-CAA protesters and vandalised houses, vehicles and shops. The police personnel used tear gas and lathicharge against the protestors. Later, it was reported that four protestors also died during the violence. The Ministry of Home Affairs stated that the violence appeared orchestrated because of U.S", ". The Ministry of Home Affairs stated that the violence appeared orchestrated because of U.S. President Donald Trump's visit to India.", "On 26 February, The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) condemned the violence in New Delhi. USCIRF Chair Tony Perkins said, \"We urge the Indian government to make serious efforts to protect Muslims and others targeted by mob violence.\"", "The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) has also condemned the New Delhi violence. It stated that steps must be taken to prevent the incidents of \"Islamophobia\" in the country. The OIC statement further went on to add that it \"condemns the recent and alarming violence against Muslims in India, resulting in the death and injury of innocent people and the arson and vandalism of mosques and Muslim-owned properties.\"", "The Government of India (GOI) has reacted by describing the criticism from the OIC as \"inaccurate, selective, and misleading.\" The GOI also described USCIRF's criticism as \"factually inaccurate and misleading, and appear to be aimed at politicising the issue.\"\n\nShaheen Bagh", "Since 14 December, a continuous 24/7 sit in protest is being conducted. The protest began in the afternoon of 14 December with just 15 local women, and went on to gather thousands of protesters with crowds reaching as high as 100,000 on Sundays. On New Year's Eve, thousands of protesters camping at the site sung the Indian national anthem. They were joined in by celebrities and activists on 31 December", ". They were joined in by celebrities and activists on 31 December. But in a turn of events, the protest took a turn for the worst when anti India slogans were shouted at Shaheen Bagh with reference to Jinnah and a call out to try and break India (Jinnah wali Azadi), where many miscreants with their own agenda had joined. The day was also recorded to have been the coldest in Delhi in the past 100 years. On 10 January, the Delhi High Court rejected a plea to shift the Shaheen Bagh protesters", ". On 10 January, the Delhi High Court rejected a plea to shift the Shaheen Bagh protesters. The area has been covered with protest artwork.", "West Bengal \nOn Saturday, 14 December 2019, violent protests occurred in West Bengal as the protesters attacked railway stations and public buses. Five trains were set on fire by the protesters in Lalgola and Krishnapur railway stations in Murshidabad district; railway tracks were also damaged in Suti.", "On Monday, 16 December 2019, tens of thousands of people joined a protest march led by Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee and her ruling Trinamool Congress party. Mamata Banerjee stated that the NRC and CAA would not be implemented in West Bengal state as long as she was alive. She appealed people not to resort to violence, while accusing people from outside the state and members of the BJP of engaging in arson.", "On Tuesday, 17 December 2019, protests that included road and rail blockades continued in parts of West Bengal including the districts of South 24 Parganas, North 24 Parganas and Nadia.", "On 19 December 2019, a crowd with thousands of protesters gathered at Moulali in central Kolkata to peacefully object CAA and NRC. Mamata Banerjee held a second rally in Kolkata and stated that the Central Government was trying to project the CAA Protests as though it was a Hindu vs Muslim fight. She also stated that \"BJP is buying skull caps for its cadres who are wearing them while vandalising properties to malign a particular community,\"", ". Earlier, on 18 December, a young BJP worker along with five associates, wearing lungi and skullcap were seen by the local residents throwing stones on a train engine. The arsonists were caught by the locals who handed them to the Murshidabad police.", "On 21 December 2019, a protest march that the police estimated to be of 10,000 people was held in Kolkata from Shahid Minar till Mahajati Sadan.\n\nBetween 13 and 17 December 2019, multiple incidents of violence were reported during the protests. According to the police, as of 21 December, more than 600 people had been arrested for allegedly being involved in the violence.", "On 23 December 2019, Governor Jagdeep Dhankhar was stopped by the students at Jadavpur University, from attending the university convocation ceremony. The vice-president of the BJP West Bengal unit raised questions that why the Muslims were excluded from the amendment if it was not about religion.", "On 24 December 2019, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee lead a protest march in Kolkata from Swami Vivekananda statue at Bidhan Sarani. She accused PM Narendra Modi and Union Home Minister Amit Shah of making contradictory statements. She stated \"The prime minister is saying there has been no discussion or proposal on NRC. But a few days ago, BJP president and Union Home Minister Amit Shah had said NRC exercise would be carried out across the country. Both the statements are contradictory", ". Both the statements are contradictory. We wonder who is speaking the truth. They are trying to create confusion,\".", "On 3 January, the radical Islamic organisation Popular Front of India (PFI) had planned an anti CAA protest for 5 January, but the West Bengal police denied permission for it. Since 7 January, women had been conducting a sit in protest at the grounds of Park Circus in Kolkata.", "On 11 January, PM Modi visited Kolkata on a two-day official visit. Hundreds of people protested against CAA at the Kolkata airport. Several parties and student unions launched a protest at the Dorina Crossing at Esplanade in Kolkata. SFI leader stated that the protests would continue till Sunday, until PM Modi (who had been visiting the city) was in Kolkata.", "On 22 January, a 5 kilometre long procession against CAA was led by CM Mamta Bannerjee in Darjeeling, West Bengal. The participants wore ethnic dresses and also played musical instruments. The participants chanted anti CAA slogans and carried banners and posters.\n\nOn 26 January (Republic Day), thousands formed parallel 11 km long human chains from Shyambazar to Golpark in Kolkata.", "Punjab", "Protests begun in Malerkotta, Patiala and Ludhiana with the support of Khalsa Aid, Alliance of Sikh Organisations and various Dalit organisations. By 17 December, protests were being held in Amritsar, Malerkotla, Machhiwara, Bathinda and Ludhiana. Students of Panjab University, Punjabi University and Central University of Punjab took a leading role in the protests backed by the Association of Democratic Rights", ". Razia Sultana, the only Muslim MLA and a Minister of the Punjab Cabinet organised a large protest in Malerkotla.", "A cabinet meeting in Punjab decided to proceed as per the decision of the state assembly. A statement was released stating, \"The ministers also expressed concern over the implications of the blatantly unconstitutional and divisive CAA, NRC and NPR,\" They also expressed concern on the violence over CAA stating, the issue \"threatened to rip apart the secular fabric of the nation\".\n\nUttar Pradesh", "Protests were held in Aligarh, Kanpur, Bareilly, Varanasi and Lucknow. Banaras Hindu University students also protested the police action targeting AMU and Jamia students. However, they also held a rally in support of the CAA and NRC. On 19 December, the administration banned public assembly all over the state to prevent further protests in the state. Access to the internet was restricted in Azamgarh district for 2 days, after protest continued for 2 days in the area", ". In Lucknow, several buses, cars, media vans and motorbikes were torched. Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath stated that the authorities would seize the properties of those who indulge in violence in the state.", "On 20 December 2019, six protesters are killed in police firing in UP. According to the Press Trust of India, the death toll from Friday's protests in Uttar Pradesh's 13 districts has risen to 11.", "On 21 December 2019, violent protests along with alleged police brutality were reported from several districts across the state. Access to the internet was restricted. The number of fatalities in the state increased to 16. Multiple clashes causing injuries to several people were reported. According to the police, 263 policemen were injured, of which 57 were firearm injuries", ". According to the police, 263 policemen were injured, of which 57 were firearm injuries. NDTV later reported that they could only find one policeman with bullet wound and the police did not share the list of 57 policemen with bullet injuries. Police arrested 705 people in the state, with 102 arrested for making allegedly objectionable remarks or social media posts. According to the UP Police, as of 21 December, a total of 218 people had been arrested in Lucknow.", "On 24 December, Uttar Pradesh Police stated that 21,500 people were charged in 15 FIRs for violent incidents in Kanpur. In Muzaffarnagar the government, sealed 67 shops. Chief Minister, Adityanath had threatened the protesters that his government would auction the properties of the rioters to recover the losses due to the damage made to the property.", "On 26 December, In Sambhal, UP, the government sent notices to 26 people for their alleged involvement in damaging properties during protests and asked them to explain their position or pay for the loss due to damage of property. The losses to the property were assessed to be . Earlier, on 22 December, the UP government had created a panel to assess the damage to the property and to recover the losses by seizing the property of the alleged protesters", ". The social activists accused the government of intimidating the protesters.", "On 28 December, the Indian Express reported that with 19 killed and 1,246 people arrested based on 372 FIRs lodged in the state, UP was the worst affected state with the biggest police crackdown in India. Even though the official figure of number of deaths so far in UP was 19, opposition parties claimed that the actual figure was higher", ". The UP police had maintained that the deaths of protesters were not the result of police firing, but later on they admitted that some deaths were indeed caused by the police but attributed those incidents to shots fired in self defence.", "On 17 January in Lucknow, around 500 women along with their children started a sit in protest at 2 pm near the Clock Tower. The police tried to convince them to end the protest but the protesters refused to move. On the night of 18 January, Uttar Pradesh police cracked down on the CAA protesters and snatched their blankets, utensils and food items. The video of policemen carrying away the blankets was recorded and shared on social media", ". The video of policemen carrying away the blankets was recorded and shared on social media. The conduct of UP police was criticised by the users and the phrase \"KAMBALCHOR_UPPOLICE\" (blanket thief UP Police) became the top trend on Twitter in India. The police responded saying that they had confiscated the blankets following due procedure. The protesters alleged that police also cut the electricity connection to the ground, locked the public toilet nearby and poured water on the bonfire in the winter night", ". The police had issued a prohibition on assembly in Lucknow, and stated that they will prosecute the protesters for violating it. On 21 January, police registered cases against 160 women for violation of the ban on assembly and protesting against CAA in Lucknow.", "On 16 December, in response to the police crackdown at Jamia Millia University in Delhi and Aligarh Muslim University over the Citizenship Amendment Act, clashes between the police and protesters occurred in Dakshintola area of Mau, Uttar Pradesh. On 17 December, students of IIT Kanpur assembled in a peaceful protest against the CAA and to express solidarity with the students of Jamia Millia Islamia.", "Karnataka \nOn 16 December, protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) were held in various parts of Karnataka. In Mysore, hundreds of protestors marched on the street, raising slogans and took out bike rallies. The police imposed a ban on public assembly in Mysore.\n\nIn Bangalore, the IISc students organised silent protest in the campus in solidarity with the students of Delhi and other parts of India.", "In Shimoga, former MLA K B Prasanna Kumar was leading the protests near Gandhi Park in the city. The police detained him alleging that the protests were turning violent. Protests also occurred in Bellary, Bidar, Gulbarga, Kodagu and Udupi. In Raichur protests were held after the announcement of the CAA, as the protestors had concerns that approximately 5,000 of the 20,000 Bangladeshi immigrants in the Sindhanur camp would get Indian citizenship.", "On 21 January more than 300,000 people join an anti-CAA protest rally at Kalaburagi in Karnataka. The rally was held 13-acre Peer Bangali ground, where people waving national flags had occupied the ground and the nearby roads. Sitaram Yechury, general secretary of Communist Party of India (Marxist) and M. Mallikarjun Kharge, general secretary of the All-India Congress Committee, activists Swamy Agnivesh and former IAS officer Sasikanth Senthil gave speeches in the event", ". Yechury asked the people to conduct a peaceful civil disobedience movement with aim to defy the CAA, NPR, and NCR to \"save the country from Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Home Minister Amit Shah\".", "Bangalore", "On 19 December, hundreds of protesters, including historian Ramachandra Guha, were detained by the Bangalore Police from Town Hall. On 20 December, Karnataka High Court asked the state government to explain the prohibitions on the assembly in the state. On 23 December, over 100,000 protesters gathered around the town hall in Bangalore", ". On 23 December, over 100,000 protesters gathered around the town hall in Bangalore. On 4 January in Bangalore hundreds of protesters participated in a rally and accused Modi government of attempts to divide India on the basis of religion, and distracting people from the issues of economic slowdown and job losses in the country.", "Respecting Section 144 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, in force in the city until the midnight of 21 December, around 60 students from the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore came out in turns at the campus gate and left blank placards and their footwear at the campus gate, letting their footwear represent them.", "As of 14 January 2020, 82 separate protest occasions had taken place in the city. The number was observed to be the highest number of protests in a month in the city's history. The protests were primarily held in Town Hall and Freedom Park.\n\nOn 25 January, more than thousand women staged a sit in protest at Frazer Town in Bangalore for 48 hours.", "Mangalore", "According to India Today, on 19 December seven CCTV recorded the arrival of a mob near a Mangalore police station along with a tempo carrying gunny bags full of stones. They then made an organised attempt to attack a police station, block all roads to the station, stone the police personnel and steal firearms. This was followed by the police firing on the mob, killing two people. The family of the deceased stated that the police used excessive force and should have tried to disperse the crowd instead.", "In Mangalore 38 protesters from Campus Front of India who were marching towards the Deputy commissioner residence were arrested by the police arrested on charges of blocking traffic on Balmatta Road. On 19 December, a curfew was imposed in Mangalore until 20 December, while protesters marched on the streets defying prohibitory orders. Two people died with gunshot wounds after police fired on the crowd", ". Two people died with gunshot wounds after police fired on the crowd. The police in riot gear then entered the Highland Hospital where the two people with gunshot wounds were brought. The police were accused of beating up patients and their relatives. The incident was caught on CCTV Cameras, in which the policemen were seen banging on the hospital's ICU doors.", "Home Minister of Karnataka Basavaraj Bommai accused the people from Kerala for the violence in Mangalore. Karnataka Police restricted the entry of people from Kerala to Mangalore at the Thalappady state border and detained more than 50 people without identity cards. On 20 December, the mobile phones of several journalists in Mangalore (many from Kerala) were confiscated and the journalists were detained", ". The Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan who condemned the action as an attack on media freedom and intervened after which the journalists were released.", "On 22 December, the Karnataka government announced a compensation of each to the families of the two men killed in violent protests in Mangalore on 19 December. The compensation was later withheld and an enquiry was initiated on the killed men.", "On 15 January, more than 200,000 people joined the anti-CAA protests in Mangalore, hundreds of whom came to the venue in boats carrying Indian flags. Activists Harsh Mander and Kannan Gopinathan gave speeches during the protests. An organiser said that they considered the CAA, an anti-constitutional law that will be affecting not just Muslims but all religions. The event ended peacefully with the singing of National anthem.", "Tamil Nadu\nOn 16 December, protests against CAA were organised by Muslim organisations and political parties in Tirupathur district of Tamil Nadu. Effigies of Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Home Minister Amit Shah were burnt, after which more than a hundred people were detained by the police. Demonstrations protesting against the CAA and the attack on students in Delhi were also held by the students of Government Law College at Katpadi and Government Arts College in Tiruvannamalai.", "On 20 December, actor Siddharth, singer T. M. Krishna and 600 others were detained for anti-CAA protests in Valluvar Kottam In Chennai. On 23 December Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam along with allied parties held a \"mega rally\" as an anti-CAA protest in Chennai. Protests were also continued to be held in various parts of Tamil Nadu including Salem and Krishnagiri.", "In Chennai, eight anti-CAA activists, including five women, were arrested for drawing kolams criticising the CAA and NRC. Following their arrest, the opposition DMK officially supported the kolam protest, and anti-CAA and anti-NRC kolams were drawn outside the houses of its leaders and members.\n\nOn 16 January, police in Chennai banned all protests in the city for a period of 15 days. 5 women and 1 man (including a physically disabled person) were detained by the police for protesting against CAA.", "Gujarat\nOn 16 December, around 50 people protesting outside the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad and CEPT University were detained by the Gujarat Police.", "On 17 December, five students were arrested by the Gujarat police for allegedly creating a graffiti against Citizenship Act. According to the police, the students (all in their early twenties) of the Maharaja Sayajirao University's Fine Arts department had made a graffiti that said \"no CAB Modi\", but instead of the letter 'o' in the phrase the students made a 'swastika' sign", ". The graffiti was made at locations that included police headquarters, Kala Ghoda Circle, the Fatehgunj pavilion wall and the wall of a hostel near Rosary School. A police complaint was registered on 16 December for \"using provocative and humiliating words to hurt sentiments of the people from one community and cause violence, and also damaging public property\"", ". The Police alleged that \"They used slogans with certain symbols in their graffiti to intentionally hurt religious sentiments of a particular community and affect public peace and cause riots against members of a community. They also damaged public property.\" The police has already arrested five and two students who were absconding were being searched.", "On 19 December 2019, peaceful protest march were carried out in several parts of Ahmedabad. The peaceful protest march in Shah-e-Alam's Roza area turned violent after police intervened to disperse the crowd. Police used tear gas to counter stone pelting while trying to disperse a crowd of 2000 protesters. Protest rallies and strikes were also organised in several cities of Gujarat.\n\nOn 19 December 2019, videos surfaced allegedly showing protestors attacking policemen in Ahmedabad and Banaskantha.", "On 25 December 2019, many activists alleged that Nirma University in Ahmedabad tried to \"intimidate\" its students who took part in protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act and also advised their parents to \"counsel\" them. The SMS sent by the university to the protesting students' parents read thus: \" It has come to our knowledge that your ward was involved in protest against recent issues. The Police and Intelligence Bureau-IB have taken details of your ward from us..", ". The Police and Intelligence Bureau-IB have taken details of your ward from us... This is also to inform you that if your ward continues to participate in the protest, the police might create a record against him.\"", "On 15 January 2020, a petition was filed in Gujarat High Court asking for the court's intervention to allow the petitioners to hold Anti-CAA protests in Ahmedabad. The petitioners stated that police did not grant them permission for peaceful anti-CAA protests but granted permission to 62 programmes held by the BJP to support the CAA. The petitioners said that the administration keeps denying the permission to Anti-CAA protesters and called it a violation of fundamental rights of the citizens", ". The Court asked the police to decide timely on the protests application.", "Kerala", "On 16 December, the ruling coalition, the Left Democratic Front (LDF), and the opposition coalition, the United Democratric Front (UDF), organised a joint hunger strike in the Thiruvananthapuram Martyr's Square. Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan stated that Kerala will \"stand together to fight against the evil designs of the Modi government undermining the secular credentials of India\", terming the Citizens Amendment Act \"anti-constitutional and anti-people\"", ". Leader of the Opposition Ramesh Chennithala observed that another struggle for Independence is required to save the constitution from \"fascist forces\".", "On 17 December, A dawn-to-dusk hartal (shutdown) was observed in Kerala by Welfare Party of India, Bahujan Samaj Party, Social Democratic Party of India and other 30 organisation against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act and the police violence against students at various universities across the country, in relation to anti-CAA protests. The Kerala police detained 233 people in connection with the hartal, including 55 people in Ernakulam, 51 in Thrissur and 35 in Idukki", ". In Palakkad 21 people have been detained, while 13 were detained in Kannur, 12 in Kottayam and 8 in Wayanad.", "On 23 December, multiple protests in Kochi was organised and took place. People's long march, which started from Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium premises and ended near Cochin Shipyard. Cultural activists led another march from the Gandhi Square to Vasco De Gama Square at Fort Kochi. Another march led by CPI state secretary Kanam Rajendran was also held at the same time started from Kalamassery and ended in Rajendra Maidanam", ". On 24 December, Differently-abled Come together against CAA and NRC at Marine Drive, Kochi.", "On 28 December, several delegates attending the Indian History Congress held at Kannur University protested during Kerala Governor Arif Mohammad Khan's speech. Some of them were detained by police, but were later released following an intervention by Kannur University.", "On 31 December, Kerala Legislative Assembly passed a resolution demanding scrapping of the Act. On 1 January 2020 in Kochi, around half a million assembled in peaceful rally to protest against the CAA-NRC, held between Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium and Marine Drive.", "On 14 January, the Kerala government approached Supreme Court to challenge the CAA under section 131 of the constitution and becomes the first state to do so. The article 131 of the Indian constitution provides Supreme Court the power to decide the disputes between the states and the Government of India. The Kerala government in its petition called the act \"a violation of India's secular constitution\" and accused the Indian government of dividing the country among religious lines", ". Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan said, \"Kerala will always remain in the forefront of this fight to protect the Indian constitution and the fundamental rights of its citizens,\". Vijayan added that Kerala will save the rights of the citizens from the unconstitutional CAA by fighting against it using constitutional methods.", "On 26 January, to protest against the CAA and the proposed NRC the Left Democratic Front led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) had organised the human chain. The chain was formed by approximately 6 to 7 million people and extended for a distance of 620 kilometres from Kasaragod to Kaliyikkavila.\n\nTelangana", "On 16 December, thousands of students from major institutes in Hyderabad such as University of Hyderabad, Osmania University and MANU University participated in protests, demanding a rollback of the CAA. On 21 December, numerous protests took place across Hyderabad organised by students, NGOs and various political parties. The Hyderabad Police stated that the protests remained peaceful. Protesters demanded Chief Minister K", ". Protesters demanded Chief Minister K. Chandrashekar Rao, whose party Telangana Rashtra Samithi had voted against the bill in parliament, to end his silence with respect to the CAA. By 23 December, it was reported that protests had spread to smaller towns, including Nizamabad.", "On 4 January, more than 100,000 protesters attended the protest march named \"Million March\" in Hyderabad. The protesters displayed placards with slogans saying \"Withdraw CAA immediately,\" and \"India's only religion in secularism\".", "Bihar", "On 17 December, posters describing Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar as \"missing\" were erected as a form of protest in Patna. Nitish Kumar had been criticised for his silence over the CAA. while his party, Janata Dal (United), had supported the bill in both the Houses of Parliament as part of the alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party. The JD(U) party strategist Prashant Kishor, party spokesperson Pavan Verma and MLC Gulam Rasool Balyawi had voiced dissatisfaction over the party's stance on CAA", ". On 19 December, Nitish Kumar declared that the NRC will not be implemented in the state, becoming the first major Bharatiya Janata Party ally to reject the controversial measure.", "On 19 December, a bandh was called by communist parties in Bihar, supported by a number of small parties, where protesters blocked rail and road traffic in protest against CAA and the proposed countrywide implementation of NRC.", "On Saturday, 21 December, a \"Bihar bandh\" was called by the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD), where bandh supporters reportedly blocked railway tracks in Araria and East Champaran districts. In Nawada, bandh supporters demonstrated on National Highway 31 where wheels were burned on the road and the movement of vehicles was disrupted, while in Vaishali, the highway was blocked with the help of buffaloes", ". In Patna, hundreds of party supporters with lathis entered the railway stations and bus stations with party flags, but were repulsed by policemen. At Darbhanga, RJD workers and supporters protested bare chest, sloganeering against Bihar chief minister Nitish Kumar and central government.", "During a protest at Phulwari Sharif near Patna, some of the miscreants started pelting stones and a clash broke out between protesters and the supporters of the Act. A nearby temple and a cemetery were damaged in the clash. Eyewitnesses said police had used tear gas and water cannon to disperse the people. Police said that people of Hindu community fired bullets that injured nine Muslim men", ". Police said that people of Hindu community fired bullets that injured nine Muslim men. During the stampede, an eighteen years old teenage protester Amir Hanzla ran towards the lanes of Sangat Mohalla, a neighbourhood that was a hub of RSS-affiliated right wing Hindutva members. His dead body was found a week after he was allegedly murdered by the Hindutva extremists. Police arrested six people accused in the case who belonged to Hindu Putra Sangathan, a Hindutva group", ". All of the suspects confessed their crimes and police is also investigating 18 other organisations related to this extremist group.", "Maharashtra", "On 19 December, different NGOs and college students, backed by Congress, Nationalist Congress Party and Left Democratic Front parties, jointly formed a front with the name \"Hum Bharat Ke Log\" and held a protest at the August Kranti Maidan", ". In Mumbai, several actors including Farhan Akhtar, Swara Bhaskar, Huma Qureshi, Raj Babbar, Sushant Singh, Javed Jaffrey, Aditi Rao Hydari, Parvathy Thiruvothu, Konkona Sen Sharma, Nandita Das, Arjun Mathur and filmmakers Anurag Kashyap, Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra, and Saeed Mirza joined in the protest venue. Mumbai police had deployed more than 2,500 policemen to monitor and control around 20,000 protesters. The peaceful protest concluded without any violent incidents", ". The peaceful protest concluded without any violent incidents. Mumbai police was praised by prominent artists including Farhan Akhtar, Swara Bhaskar, Kunal Kamra, politician Milind Deora and citizens for its professional conduct in maintaining law and order. Protests were held in other cities in the state such as Pune, Nashik, Malegaon, Kolhapur and Nagpur.", "On 28 December, on the occasion of the foundation day of the party, the state unit of the Congress party in Mumbai undertook a flag march and used the slogan \"Save Bharat-Save Constitution\". The march started from the August Kranti Maidan and ended at the statue of Lokmanya Tilak near Girgaum Chowpatty. It was attended by office bearers and workers of the party. Similar marches were held in many parts of the country.", "On the midnight of 6 January, students of IIT Bombay began a protest called \"Occupy Gateway\" in Mumbai in response to the attack on Jawaharlal Nehru University campus. They were joined in by hundreds of protesters, including activists Feroze Mithiborwala, Umar Khalid and comedian Kunal Kamra.", "On 12 January, thousands of people joined the anti-CAA protests at Jogeshwari in Mumbai. Slogans such as \"I Am From Gujarat, My Documents Burned in 2002\", \"No CAA, Boycott NRC, Stop Dividing India, Don't Divide us\", \"Save Constitution\", were displayed on the banners. Large number of policemen were also deputed for security.", "Inspired by the Shaheen Bagh protest, a massive anti-CAA-NRC-NPR protest started in Mumbai on 17 January. Around 10,000 women gathered at the YMCA Ground in Mumbai to protest in the evening. The protest was organised by a NGO named Mumbai Citizen Quorum.", "A statewide shutdown, \"Maharashtra Bandh\" was organised by Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi (VBA) along with 35 other organisations across Maharashtra state, to protest against CAA and the economic policies of the BJP-led central government, which according to the organisers \"were ruining the country\". The activists of VBA forced shopkeepers to shut down their stores. A bus was damaged due to stone pelting. On 6 January, 50,000 women held an \"all women's rally\" in Malegaon to protest against the CAA, NRC and NPR", ". The rally was organised by Dastoor Bachao Committee and Shan-e-Hind, an affiliate of Janata Dal (Secular).", "On 1 February, thousands gathered for the pride parade, Queer Azaadi Mumbai at August Kranti Maidan which joined in slogans against the CAA and NRC.\n\nPune", "On 11 January, an all women sit in protest was started outside Konark Mall in Kondhwa, in Pune, organised by Kul Jamaat-e-Tanzeem, an umbrella body of several organisations. the protests started with fewer people participating but the crowd grew steadily and reached around 500–600 protesters as reported on 19 January. According to a protester the movement was to save the constitution and the country. Candle light vigil, human chains and speeches were made as part of the protest", ". Candle light vigil, human chains and speeches were made as part of the protest. The venue had banners with slogans such as 'Tumhari Lathi Se Tej Hamari Awaaz Hai' and 'Liar Liar Desh on Fire', as well as 'India Needs Education, Jobs, Not CAA, NRC, NPR'. Shaheen Bagh-style protests against CAA, NPR and NRC were held over several days in Pune Camp.", "Nagpur\nIn Nagpur, on 24 January, lawyers, doctors and professors conducted a rally. In the rally a high court judge, Ravi Shakar Bhure said that the judiciary had become helpless as well and termed the actions of the government to be part of a massive conspiracy.", "Other states and union territories", "Meghalaya: On 9 December, large scale protests were held in the state. Vehicles and buildings were vandalised in Shillong. Curfew and internet restrictions were imposed in several parts of the state. On 20 December, the internet restrictions were lifted after an order from Guwahati High Court while night curfews remained in place. The agitations continued in the state with the capital of Shillong being primarily affected", ". The agitations continued in the state with the capital of Shillong being primarily affected. The agitations were led by student organisations with regular demonstrations taking place in universities like North East Hill University.", "Goa: On 13 December, Goa Forward Party chief, Vijai Sardesai, who dubbed the bill as \"communal ammunition bill\", took part in the protests in Margao. On 22 February, over 15,000 people gathered at a protest in the capital city Panaji, organised by the \"Goa Alliance Against CAA-NRC-NPR\" with support from the Goa Church.\n Chhattisgarh: On 15 December, a protest march was held under the banner of the \"Anti-CAB Agitation Forum\" from Marine Drive area to Ambedkar Chowk in Raipur in the evening.", "Odisha: On 16 December, thousands of protesters, including farmer leaders, student activists, Dalit leaders and people with disability, hit the road in Odisha against the CAA, NRC and the attack on Jamia students. They marched from Satyanagar Mosque towards the residence of Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik in Bhubaneswar. They also submitted a memorandum to the Chief Minister and Governor Ganeshi Lal. On 30 January, 25,000 protesters marched through central Bhubaneswar to protest against the CAA.", "Uttarakhand: On 16 December, protest marches were organised in Dehradun, Kashipur, Haridwar, Nainital and Udham Singh Nagar, Haldwani, districts opposing the law terming it discriminatory and unconstitutional.\n Chandigarh: On 19 December, over 700 students from Punjab University accompanied by students, activists and residents of surrounding districts like Ambala and Patiala conducted a protest march in city.", "Manipur: On 19 December, women vendors of Ima Market held a silent protest by closing down all their shops. Students also held protest rallies where a few minor scuffles broke out between them and security forces.\n Madhya Pradesh: On 20 December, protests reportedly turned violent in Jabalpur, leading to a curfew being imposed in four police station limits.", "Rajasthan: On 22 December, Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot led a protest march of nearly 300,000 people christened \"Samvidhan Bachao rally\" against CAA. The protestors stated that CAA was against the constitution and is an attempt to divide the people based on their religion. They demanded that the new law be repealed. The protest march was supported by several political parties including Congress, Aam Aadmi Party, Rashtriya Lok Dal and Janata Dal (Secular)", ". On 24 December 200,000 people attended a protest in Kota. On 25 January, Rajasthan Assembly, with Congress in the majority, passed a resolution asking the central government to repeal CAA and also objected against the NPR and NRC.", "Overseas\nVarious cities around the world, including New York City, Washington D. C., Paris, Berlin, Geneva, Barcelona, San Francisco, Tokyo, Helsinki, and Amsterdam, witnessed protests against the Act and the police brutality faced by Indian protesters.\n\nNorth America", "Protests were held in solidarity with Indian protesters outside the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial in Washington D. C. Protests were also held at Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States, where the students held demonstrations against the violent police crackdown in Jamia Milia Islamia", ". Around 100 students and faculty members of Columbia University tore up copies of the CAA and 150 others marched to the Indian consulate in Chicago to condemn the repressive behaviour of police against the students.", "On 19 December, around 400 present students along with former students of Harvard University, Columbia University, Yale University, Stanford University, Brown University, Johns Hopkins University, Cornell University, Carnegie Mellon University, Purdue University, University of California and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology condemned the arbitrary use of power of policing and asked the Home Minister of India, Amit Shah to curb the brutality.", "On 26 January 2020, the 71st Republic Day of India, protest held in 30 cities of the United States including cities which have Indian consulates like, New York, Chicago, Houston, Atlanta and San Francisco and in front of the Indian Embassy in Washington DC. Various organisations including Indian American Muslim Council (IAMC), Equality Labs, Black Lives Matter (BLM), Jewish Voice for Peace (JVP) and Hindus for Human Rights (HfHR) participated in the protest.\n\nEurope", "Europe\n\nThe first anti-CAA protests in Europe were held outside the High Commission of India in London, on 14 December 2019. On 16 December, students at University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom demonstrated their protest against the Act. The university and College Union, Edinburgh had released a statement in solidarity condemning the brutal inflictions exercised by state police on the students of various universities in the country who were protesting against the Act.", "On 20 December 2019, students from various universities in the Netherlands protested against the Act and the National Register of Citizens in front of the Indian Embassy at The Hague. Around 300 students from University of Leiden, University of Groningen, and Erasmus University assembled in a peaceful protest by reading the Preamble to the Constitution of India and anti-CAA slogans. Till date, four protests were held in front of the embassy by the Indian diaspora living in the Netherlands.", "Protests were also held in Berlin, Germany and Zurich, Switzerland with Berlin even seeing a protest march from the Brandenburg Gate till the Indian embassy.\n\nOn 21 December 2019, around a hundred students and professionals of Indian origin living in Munich, Germany gathered at the memorial to the White Rose Movement outside the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) and protested against the CAA, NRC, and the police action against the students of Jamia Millia Islamia and Aligarh Muslim University.", "Diverse voices from France too, joined in for anti-CAA, anti-NRC protests. A letter of solidarity with protests in India and condemning the citizenship legislation, signed by hundreds of students and other professionals including eminent writers like Shumona Sinha, Amit Chaudhuri, musicians- Jean-Philippe Rykiel, Prabhu Edouard et al. preceded a planned mass protest gathering", ". preceded a planned mass protest gathering. On 4 January 2020, peaceful and song-filled protests by students, educationists and others from the Indian and foreign diaspora were held at Parvis du Trocadéro in Paris and also in front of the Indian Embassy, Paris despite facing the irk of some local BJP supporters.", "On 14 January, more than 500 people gathered outside the Indian embassy in London to protest against the CAA. In Berlin, Germany more than 200 people join the protest march against CAA, NRC, JNU attack on 19 January. The march was led by the Indian diaspora and started at the Brandenburg Gate and ended at the Indian Embassy.", "On 20 January, several Labour MPs of the UK parliament discussed the concerns on the CAA, in a meeting organised by South Asia Solidarity Group (SASG) and Ambedkar International Mission (UK) in London. The MPs expressed concern on its implications on human rights and disenfranchisement of Muslims.", "On 25 January, in London, around 2000 of people from the Indian diaspora and the Human Rights organisation, conducted a protest march against CAA from the Downing street to the Indian High Commission. The protesters demanded the repeal of the CAA stating that it impacts the secular constitution of India. The protesters carried banners with slogans such as \"Protect the Constitution\", \"Stop Dividing India\", \"United Against Racism in India\" and \"No Citizenship on the Basis of Religion\"", ". The protester also asked for the abolishing the NPR and NRC which could be used along with the CAA for a mass disenfranchisement of Muslims in India.", "During the march, MP Sam Tarry, from the UK Opposition Labour Party while addressing the crowd, stated \"We are not here as any anti-India demonstration, we are here as a pro-India demonstration. It is incredibly important that our voices are heard against laws that are not good for the future of the country,\" he added that the human rights in any country is an international issue", ". Labour MPs Stephen Timms, Clive Lewis and Nadia Whittome supported the protest with written messages and asked the UK government to discuss it with the Indian government. Some of the groups backing the march were Indian Workers Association (GB), School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) India Society, CasteWatch UK, Tamil People in the UK, Indian Muslim Federation(UK), Federation of Redbridge Muslim Organisations (FORMO), Kashmir Solidarity Movement, South Asian Students Against Fascism.", "A five-page resolution against the CAA was drafted by more than 150 members of the European Union, who stated that it \"marks a dangerous shift in the way citizenship will be determined in India and is set to create the largest statelessness crisis in the world and cause immense human suffering\"", ". The members pointed out that the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has called the CAA 'fundamentally discriminatory', and also accused the Indian government of \"discriminating against, harassing and prosecuting national and religious minorities and silencing any opposition, human rights groups... and journalists critical of the government\"", "... and journalists critical of the government\". The members have asked EU to include a \"strong human rights clause with an effective implementation and suspension mechanism\" while negotiating any trade agreement with India.", "Asia and Oceania\n\nSeveral silent protests were held in December by students in Israel. On the same day, students of University of Dhaka assembled in solidarity for the student protesters who were beaten by police and also condemned the CAA.\n\nOn 22 December, members of the Indian community in Australia gathered at the Parliament of Victoria in Melbourne in huge numbers and protested against the new Act and police brutality through sloganeering.", "On 24 December, a 32-year-old Indian national protested against the CAA in the district of Marina Bay in Singapore. The local authorities called it an unauthorised protest on foreign politics.\n\nAfrica\n\nProtests were held outside the Indian Consulate in Cape Town.\n\nMethods \nThe protesters used various methods including demonstrations, civil disobedience, Dharna, Gherao, hunger strikes, Satyagraha, Hartal, vandalism, arsons, stone pelting, hashtag activism, general strike and Bandh against the bill.", "Protesters used several slogans and poems during the protests. Lyricist and Urdu poet Rahat Indori's famous ghazal \"Sabhi ka khoon hai shaamil yahan ki mitti mein; kisi ke baap ka Hindustan thodi hai\" (This land has seen sacrifices from everyone; Hindustan is not anyone's property) resonates throughout the protest", ". Revolutionary poems by Pash like \"Main Ghas Hoon; Main aapke Kiye Dhare Par Ugh Ayunga\" (I am grass, I will rise everywhere), lyricist and writer Varun Grover's poem like \"Tanashah aakar jayenge, hum kagaz nahi dikhayenge\" (Dictators will come and go but we will not show our documents), \"Main Inkaar Karta Hoon\" (I refuse) penned by singer Aamir Aziz and the popular poem \"Main Hindustani Musalmaan Hoon\" (I am an Indian Muslim) by Indian spoken word poet Hussain Haidry has been used during the protests", ". Along with poems, the famous revolutionary \"Aazadi!\" slogan by JNU students has been used extensively throughout the protest in all over the country and abroad.", "Slogans, poems and songs used during Indian independence movement like \"Inquilab Zindabad\" (Long live the revolution) coined by Indian freedom fighter Hasrat Mohani, \"Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna aab haamare dill mein hai; Dekhna hai zor kitna baazu-e-qatil mein hai\" (The desire for revolution is in our hearts; Let's see how much strength the enemy has) written by Bismil Azimabadi which were later popularised by martyr Bhagat Singh, Ashfaqullah Khan", ", Ashfaqullah Khan, Chandrashekhar Azad and Ram Prasad Bismil were used as main vocal resistance during the protest", ". Protesters used the poetry written by revolutionary poets such as Faiz Ahmad Faiz and Habib Jalib, both considered symbols of resistance against military dictatorships and state oppression in Pakistan. Poems such as \"Hum Dekhenge\" (We will witness) penned by Faiz and \"Main nahin janta, main nahin manta\" (I refuse to acknowledge, I refuse to accept) penned by Jalib inspired large scale protests in form of banners and recitations", ". \"Saare Jahan Se Achcha Hindustan Haamara\" (Better than the entire world, is our Hindustan) by Urdu poet Muhammad Iqbal was recited in the protests. Singer and lyricist Aamir Aziz wrote Main Inkaar Karta Hoon as a Hindustani protest poem. Aziz's work was political poetry which was used during the protests and also to protest against the police brutality on the student protesters who were demonstrating against the Act.", "Along with Hindi and Urdu literature, English poems and slogans were also used for the protests. Among those one such dramatic monologue by a teacher named Ajmal Khan, \"Write me down!, I am an Indian; This is my land, If I have born here, I will die here; There for, Write it down! Clearly In bold and capital letters, On the top of your NRC, that I am an Indian!\", improvised from Mahmoud Darwish's song Write Down!, questions the Act's secularism and the Government", ". The poem strongly urged not to question the identity and patroitism of the Indian Muslims, the tribals, the poor, the landless, the Dalits and questioned the various actions of right wing organisations in the country. Pink Floyd co-founder and musician Roger Waters recites \"Everything will be remembered, Everything recorded\", an English Transliteration of Aamir Aziz's poem \"Sab Yaad Rakha Jayega\" at a protest in London. Kannada poem were also recited to protest", ". Kannada poem were also recited to protest. Siraj Bisaralli, a Kannada poet, recited his own poem \"Ninna Dakhale Yaavaga Needuttee?\" (When will you show your documents?) at a cultural festival and got arrested", ". English placards like \"Modi-Shah, You Gave Me Depression\", \"Rise Against Fascism\", \"Don't Be Dead Inside For Democracy\", \"Fascism, Down Down\", \"I'll show you my documents, if you show your degree!\" were used against the CAA-NRC and the Government, and placards like \"Delhi Police: Shanti (Peace), Sewa (Service), Nyaya (Justice)?\" and \"Make Tea Not War\" questions the Delhi Police's brutal actions against student protesters.", "Art \nVarious artists created comics, illustrations, and posters against the CAA and NRC. Several political cartoonists created pieces covering the protests.", "A group of activists in Chennai drew kolams (geometrical patterns drawn on the ground with rice flour or chalk) criticising the CAA and NRC. This novel protest was then officially supported by the opposition DMK party. Following the kolam protests in Tamil Nadu, anti-CAA protestors in West Bengal also started drawing kolams, known as alpana or rangoli in Bengal.", "Government\nThe government used various methods to stop the protests, including mass shooting by riot police, lathi charge, mass arrest, Internet shutdown, curfew, transport restrictions, water cannon, and imposing ban on assembly (Section 144).", "Participants \nThe law was considered controversial since the time it was proposed, leading to protests from students, political organisations and citizen groups. On 4 December, the draft legislation was shared and the student organisation,  All Assam Students' Union (AASU) objected to the proposal. AASU had participated in the Assam Movement in the 1970s and 1980s against the illegal immigration of Bangladeshis.", "The protests started in Assam in early December. By 12 December, students in at least 50 colleges and universities nationwide had joined the protests. The student protests subsequently grew and spread all over the country and several political and citizen groups joined it. The protests came into national and international prominence after the police crackdown following the violent crackdown of protests in Aligarh Muslim University and Jamia Millia Islamia", ". Student leaders from Jamia Millia Islamia Aysha Renna and Ladeeda Farzana who were brutally attacked became the prominent faces of the movement.", "Student organisations", "Protesting \n Kerala State Muslim Students Federation \n Muslim Youth League\n All Assam Students’ Union\n Fraternity Movement\n Asom Jatiyatabadi Yuba Chatra Parishad\n All India Students Federation\n Chhatra Bharati\n Pinjra Tod\n Students For Society\n Ambedkar Students' Association\n Students Federation of India (affiliated to the Communist Party of India (Marxist))\n Democratic Youth Federation of India (youth wing of the Communist Party of India (Marxist))", "Democratic Youth Federation of India (youth wing of the Communist Party of India (Marxist))\n National Students' Union of India (student wing of the Indian National Congress)\n Indian Youth Congress (youth wing of the Indian National Congress party).\n All India Students Association (student wing of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation)\n All India Democratic Students Organisation (affiliated to the Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist))\n Krantikari Yuva Sangathan (KYS)", "Krantikari Yuva Sangathan (KYS)\n Birsa Ambedkar Phule Students' Association\n All India Catholic University Federation\n All Arunachal Pradesh Students' Union\n North East Students' Organisation\n Jawaharlal Nehru University Students' Union\n Students Islamic Organisation of India\n Campus Front of India\n Mizo Zirlai Pawl\n Twipra Students Federation\n All India Sikh Students Federation\n All Idu Mishmi Students Union\n All Tai Ahom Students’ Union", "Pro-government \n Akhil Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad (student wing of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh)\n Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (student wing of the Bharatiya Janata Party)", "Casualties \nAs of 4 January, 21 people were killed by police firing guns during the CAA protests in Uttar Pradesh, 3 killed in Karnataka and 5 in Assam. Overall, 27 people were killed in the whole of India. With 19 killed and 1,246 people arrested based on 372 FIRs lodged in the state, UP was the most affected state with the biggest police crackdown in India.\n 12 December", "Dipanjal Das (23), Sam Stafford (17), Abdul Alim (23), Ishwar Nayak (25), Azizul Haque (45) and Dwijendra Panging (35) in Assam.\n 19 December\n\n Nausheen Bengre (23) and Jaleel Kudroli (49) in Mangalore, Karnataka\n 20 December", "Mohammad Sageer (8), in Varanasi Uttar Pradesh, was killed in a stampede of people fleeing police lathi charge following CAA protests after Friday prayers.\n Mohammad Wakeel (25) in Uttar Pradesh.\nAftab Alam (22) and Mohammad Saif (25) in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh\nAsif (20), Arif (25), Zaheer (40), and Moshin (25) from Meerut, Uttar Pradesh\n Nabi Jahan (24) in Firozabad, Uttar Pradesh\n Faiz Khan (24) in Rampur, Uttar Pradesh\n Anas (22) and Sulaiman (26) from Nehtaur area, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh", "Anas (22) and Sulaiman (26) from Nehtaur area, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh\n Noor-e-Alam in Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh\n 21 December", "Mohammad Bilal (27) and Shehroz (22) in Uttar Pradesh.", "Impact", "As the ongoing protest against the Citizenship Act turned violent, authorities of Gauhati University, Dibrugarh University and Cotton University postponed all semester exams scheduled up-to 16 December 2019. No play was possible on the fourth day of the cricket match between Assam and Services in the 2019–20 Ranji Trophy because of the protests. BCCI shifted two fixtures featuring three northeastern teams to other venues", ". BCCI shifted two fixtures featuring three northeastern teams to other venues. The protests also affected the football matches of NorthEast United, with their fixture against Chennaiyin getting postponed. The India-Japan summit in Guwahati, which was supposed to be attended by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was also cancelled.", "Economy\nThe Indian Express reported that, during the second half of December, there had been a decline in the sales of cars, watches and other consumer goods, due to the ongoing protests.", "Transport", "Several trains and at least 700 flights were delayed and more than 20 cancelled as a result of the protests. Train services were completely suspended in parts of Assam after two railway stations in the state were set on fire. It was reported that the Indian Railways suffered losses worth in property damage due to the protests, including losses worth over in West Bengal alone", ". On 20 December, the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation suspended all bus services to Mangalore, while many Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation buses were blocked in Kerala.", "On 19 and 20 December, several stations of the Delhi Metro were closed as a precautionary measure. On 19 December, the Delhi-Gurgaon highway was closed in view of the protests scheduled in Delhi.\n\nCommunication\nThe government imposed internet shutdowns in the states of Assam and Tripura, five districts in West Bengal, Bhopal, Dakshina Kannada and parts of Delhi. Mobile internet and SMS services were suspended in several places in Uttar Pradesh such as Lucknow, Ghaziabad, Bareilly, Meerut and Prayagraj.", "Tourism\nCanada, France, Israel, Russia, Singapore, Taiwan, the U.S. and the UK have issued travel advisories for nationals travelling to northeast India. The protests reportedly resulted in a 60% decline in tourists visiting the Taj Mahal in Agra for the month of December. The number of visitors went down by at least 90% in the state of Assam, according to the head of Assam Tourism Development Corporation.\n\nReactions\n\nDomestic", "Reactions\n\nDomestic\n\nReturn of Awards and Honours\n Mujtaba Hussain returned his Padma Shri and claimed Indian democracy has reduced to \"a joke\".\n The crews of the Malayalam film Sudani from Nigeria, which had won a national award for the best Malayalam film in the 66th National Film Awards decided to boycott the awards ceremony over the protests.\n Shirin Dalvi decided to return his Maharashtra Rajya Sahitya Akademi Award.\n Jahnu Barua withdrew his film Bhoga Khirikee from the Assam State Film Awards.", "International \n: Former Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai urged Government of India to treat all minorities equally. In an interview to The Hindu, he said, \"We don't have persecuted minorities in Afghanistan.\" Mentioning about the Afghanistan conflict, he said, \"The whole country is persecuted. We have been in war and conflict for a long time. All religions in Afghanistan, Muslims and Hindus and Sikhs, which are our three main religions, have suffered.\"", ": In an interview to Gulf News Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said, \"Within India, people are facing many problems\" and expressed her concerns saying, \"We don't understand why (the Indian government) did it. It was not necessary\". Though she maintained her stance that the CAA and NRC are internal matters of India. But Hasina's government had previously said that minority communities did not leave Bangladesh because of persecution", ". She also said that Prime Minister Modi assured her of no reverse migration from India.", ": People's Daily, an official newspaper of Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, justified internet restrictions citing India's internet shutdowns. The newspaper said that India did not hesitate to shut down the internet in its two states when there was a significant threat to its national security; according to an article in The Times of India, activists described the justification as setting a dangerous precedent for internet freedom.", ": The Fidesz Hungarian government in Hungary has expressed support for India on Kashmir and the Citizenship Amendment Act protests.\n: In a statement issued during National Assembly session in Kuwait group of lawmakers expressed their concern regarding \"abusive legislative and repressive security measures\" taken by the Government of India.", ": Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad said \"Already people are dying because of this law, so why is there a necessity to do this thing?\". In response, the Government of India summoned the Chargé d'Affaires of the Malaysian Embassy over the matter.", ": The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Imran Khan criticised the CAA by claiming that \"the present Government. of India has been exposed of its fascist agenda as minorities have come out to protest against the CAA\". He also expressed his concern that, such policies by the government. may create a major refugee crisis in the sub-continent.\n: US Congress think tank Congressional Research Service expressed concerns that the CAA along with the NRC may affect the status of the Indian Muslim community.", "Organisation\n: EU resolution states that CAA marks 'a dangerous shift ' in the way citizenship will be determined in India and is set to create the 'largest statelessness crisis in the world'.\n: OIC expressed their concern about present situation of CAA-NRC and urged the Government of India to ensure the safety of the Muslim minority and to follow obligation of Charter of the United Nations.", ": Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres condemned the \"violence and alleged use of excessive force by security forces\" and urged the Government of India to respect the freedom of expression and opinion and freedom of peaceful assembly.", "Human rights organisations", "United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR): Stéphane Dujarric, the spokesperson for the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) had said that it is ‘concerned’ that the CAA is ‘fundamentally discriminatory in nature’", ". In a press briefing OHCHR said that CAA appears to \"undermine the commitment to equality before the law enshrined in India's constitution and India's obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination\", which prohibit discrimination based on racial, ethnic or religious grounds. It also said that \"all migrants, regardless of their migration status, are entitled to respect, protection and fulfilment of their human rights", ".\"", "Human Rights Watch (HRW): South Asia Director for HRW, Meenakshi Ganguly said that the \"government failed to grasp the extent of public opposition over the erosion of basic rights evident in these protests\". She urged that the government must establish an independent investigation into allegations of \"excessive force, brutality, and vandalism\" by police", ". Its \"strongest response to the protests would be to repeal\" the Act and \"withdraw its plan for citizenship verification that threatens marginalized communities\", the organisation said", ". According to an 82-page report published on 9 April 2020, by Human Rights Watch, \"‘Shoot the Traitors’: Discrimination Against Muslims Under India's New Citizenship Policy,\" the police forces and other law enforcement officials perpetually failed in intervening during clashes between the supporters of the BJP government and those protesting against the new citizenship policies, in which the latter became a victim of repeated attacks.", "Amnesty International: Avinash Kumar, Executive Director of Amnesty India said \"The CAA is a bigoted law that legitimises discrimination on the basis of religion.\" He also said that people should have the right to protest peacefully and should have right to freedom of peaceful assembly which facilitate freedom of expression and allows public debate", ". However, the Central Government and other state governments \"rather than respecting, protecting and promoting this right, are clamping down on protestors by using repressive laws\". Amnesty has also informed the US lawmakers that the CAA stands in \"clear violation\" of the constitution of India and international human rights law and \"legitimises discrimination\" on the basis of religion.", "Pro-CAA demonstrations", "Rallies and demonstrations in support of Citizenship Amendment Bill were held in New Delhi, Mumbai, Nagpur, Bangalore, Dehradun and many other places. A rally in Kolkata was headed by Jagat Prakash Nadda, working national president of BJP, and was attended by persecuted Hindu refugees from Pakistan and Bangladesh. Protests against CAA were condemned in these rallies and hailed Prime Minister Narendra Modi for taking a decision on CAA", ". Nine Jain organisations came out in support of CAA on 20 December 2019 and thanked a BJP politician and BJP for the Amendment.", "Over 1,000 academicians released statements in support of CAA. Signatories included Swapan Dasgupta, Shishir Bajoria, journalist Kanchan Gupta and JNU faculty and administration including professor Ainul Hasan, JNU dean of students Umesh Ashok Kadam and JNU registrar Pramod Kumar.", "The President of Delhi University Students' Union released a statement in support of the CAA which was condemned by partisan student unions of colleges under Delhi University.", "A pro-CAA rally named Jana Jagarana Rally, was organised at Tirupati and attended by BJP national vice-president and former Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan and mostly BJP workers. The participants raised slogans in support of CAA and carried placards with slogans such as ‘We support CAA’, ‘India supports CAA’, ‘CAA a punishment to intruders and traitors’ and ‘CAA protects refugees’. The participants also carried a 500-metre-long Indian national flag.", "Assam \nA rally was organised by BJP to support the Citizenship Amendment Act in Assam's Morigaon on 27 December in which over 50,000 civilians, including BJP workers, Asom Gana Parishad and Bodoland People's Front leaders took part. The 4-km long rally was led by Assam Chief Minister of Assam Sarbananda Sonowal and state Finance Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma.\n\nWest Bengal", "West Bengal \n\nThousands of BJP workers took out a massive rally named Abhinandan Yatra or Thanks-giving rally in North Kolkata in support of CAA on 30 December. It was led by the party's Working President J P Nadda to thank Prime Minister Narendra Modi for enacting the Citizenship Amendment Act.\n\nGujarat", "Gujarat \n\nOn 24 December, a large gathering was organised at Sabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad. Vijay Rupani, Chief Minister of Gujarat was present at the event, said that Gujarat will definitely implement CAA. He also stated that Muslims have 150 countries to go while Hindus have only one. BJP leaders and ministers took parts in the different rallies organised across all 33 districts of Gujarat.", "Maharashtra \nMaharashtra witnessed pro-CAA demonstrations in cities including Nagpur, Mumbai, Yavatmal, Wardha and Pune. On 23 December 2019, RSS linked organisations carried out rally in Nagpur which was attended by Nitin Gadkari and Devendra Fadnavis along with more than 25,000 people.\n\nDevendra Fadnavis, former chief minister of Maharashtra, targeted Shiv Sena at the event organised by BJP's Samvidhan Sanman Manch and also organised pro-CAA rally in Mumbai.", "Phone call campaign \nSeveral BJP leaders including Home Minister Amit Shah had publicised a phone number, asking people to call the number as a way to show their support for the CAA. Many accounts on social media were seen sharing the same number and asking people to call, intending to inflate the number of supporters of CAA. The number was also shared on bogus posts offering free six-month subscriptions to the streaming site Netflix for free. Netflix called the offer as fake.", "Fake videos \nA video of Naga Sadhus celebrating at Kumbh Mela at Allahabad in March 2019 was shared and made viral on social media, falsely claiming that this was the video of Hindus in the rally supporting CAA.", "Overseas\nMembers of the Indian-American community held a pro-CAA rally in front of the Indian Consulate in Houston on 20 December 2019. They also held other rallies at Victor Steinbrueck Park, Seattle and Texas State Capitol building in Austin on 22 December 2019. Rallies were also held at Ted Kaltenbach Park, Dublin, Ohio and at Nash Square Park, Raleigh, North Carolina.", "Petitions in Supreme Court", "On 14 January, the Kerala government approached Supreme Court to challenge the CAA under section 131 of the constitution that provides Supreme Court the power to decide the disputes between the states and the Government of India. The Kerala government in its petition called the act \"a violation of India's secular constitution\" and accused the Indian government of dividing the country among religious lines. The Supreme Court had scheduled the hearing of CAA related petitions on 22 January", ". The Supreme Court had scheduled the hearing of CAA related petitions on 22 January. The students' association have called a complete shutdown of the colleges and university in the north-east, on 22 January, asking the court to declare CAA unconstitutional.", "On 22 January 144 CAA related petitions scheduled for hearing in the Supreme Court of India were brought up. The Chief Justice of India (CJI) Sharad A. Bobde had led the three judge bench in hearing the petitions. The court gave notice to the government on the petitions and allowed one month time to respond in the next hearing in February.", "K.V. Vishwanathan, a senior advocate addressed the court, stating \"The most immediate concern now is the sweeping powers given to executive authorities to brand people as 'doubtful citizens'. Once this is done, there are no guidelines to help these people. This is sinister. It will lead to gerrymandering of electoral rolls. The concern is spread across both the majority Hindus and the minorities as well. You have to address this fear... Otherwise fear and insecurity will pervade the country", ". You have to address this fear... Otherwise fear and insecurity will pervade the country.\" Reacting to the concerns the CJI stated that the laws like the CAA are not irreversible, and the court will hear the interim prayer for a stay on CAA at a future date in February.", "On 3 March, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), filed an application in the Supreme Court and asked to be made a party in the case citing \"the exclusions of persons... on the basis of their religion\". The OHCHR Commissioner, Michelle Bachelet said that the \"differentiations\" drawn by the Act are not \"sufficiently objective and reasonable\"", ". However, the Ministry of External Affairs reacted to the move and said that the CAA is an \"internal matter\" of India and \"no foreign party had any locus standi on issues pertaining to India's sovereignty\".", "See also\n\n 2019 Jamia Millia Islamia attack\n 2020 JNU Attack\n Assam Accord\n Assam Movement\n National Register of Citizens\n North East Delhi Riots\n Shaheen Bagh protests\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \"The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019\". The Gazette of India (2019).", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n \"The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019\". The Gazette of India (2019).\n\n \n2019 protests\n2019 riots\n2020 protests\n2020 riots\nDecember 2019 events in India\nImmigration to India\nImmigration-related protests\nIslamophobia in India\nAnti-Islam sentiment in India\nJanuary 2020 events in India\nPolitics of India\nProtests in India\nSecularism in India\nXenophobia in Asia" ]

[ "The Anglo-French War, also known as the War of 1778 or the Bourbon War in Britain, was a military conflict fought between France and Great Britain, sometimes with their respective allies, between 1778 and 1783", ". As a consequence, Great Britain was forced to divert resources used to fight the American War of Independence (the rebellion by the Thirteen Colonies in North America) to theatres in Europe, India and the West Indies, and to rely on what turned out to be the chimera of Loyalist support in its North American operations. From 1778 to 1783, with or without their allies, France and Britain fought over dominance in the English Channel, the Mediterranean, the Indian Ocean and the Caribbean.", "Within days of the news of Burgoyne's surrender reaching France, King Louis XVI decided to enter into negotiations with the Americans that resulted in a formal Franco-American alliance and the French entry into the war, moving the conflict onto a global stage. Spain did not enter into the war until 1779, as an ally of France pursuant to the secret Treaty of Aranjuez", ". Vergennes' diplomatic moves following the French war with Britain also had material impact on the later entry of the Dutch Republic into the war, and declarations of neutrality on the part of other important geopolitical players like Russia. Opposition to the costly war was increasing, and in June 1780 contributed to disturbances in London known as the \"Gordon Riots\".", "At the same time France assisted the Spanish in operations against British-held Menorca and Gibraltar as well as islands in the Caribbean. Menorca was taken in 1781 as were many islands in the Caribbean. The Franco-Spanish alliance, however, in 1782 encountered severe setbacks with the defeat and capture of De Grasse at the Battle of the Saintes in April as well as the failure of the Great Siege of Gibraltar in September", ". France, also facing financial difficulties, wanted peace which meant coercing her Spanish ally into negotiations.", "In addition, a series of naval battles between Admirals Edward Hughes and Pierre André de Suffren were fought in a French attempt to displace Britain from her Indian territories. The fighting here was largely inconclusive but the French were unable to displace the British and fighting only ended upon learning of the provisional Anglo-French-Spanish peace treaties of 1783.", "The Bourbon War helped secure American independence and bring an end to the First British Empire but turned out to be detrimental to the French crown. The cost of participation in the American war inexorably led to France's own bankruptcy six years later, setting the stage for the French Revolution.\n\nBackground", "Ever since the Seven Years' War, France's Foreign Ministers, beginning with Choiseul, had followed the general idea that the independence of Britain's North American colonies would be good for France and bad for Britain, and furthermore that French attempts to recover parts of New France would be detrimental to that cause", ". When war broke out in 1775, the Comte de Vergennes, then the Foreign Minister, outlined a series of proposals that led to secret French and also Spanish support of the rebel movement, and preparations for the war, including expansion of their navies. To further the aim of French participation in the war, Vergennes closely monitored news from North America and London, and worked to remove impediments to Spanish participation in the war", ". Vergennes went so far as to propose war to King Louis XVI in August 1776, but news of Howe's capture of New York City delayed that plan.", "By 1777, the Thirteen Colonies' rebellion was entering its third year. John Burgoyne's surrender at the Battle of Saratoga had signalled that the struggle against the American colonies was likely to prove longer and more costly than expected. British defeat had raised the prospect of French intervention and of a European war", ". British defeat had raised the prospect of French intervention and of a European war. North's government, fearful of war with France, sought reconciliation with the American colonies and was willing to grant a fair measure of autonomy to this end, but what would be enough in 1775 would no longer suffice by 1778. North had no intention of offering independence, but in the wake of Saratoga and with the prospect of a French alliance, the Americans were unlikely to agree with lesser terms.", "Although equally interested in maintaining its influence among the German states, France had a double problem. As a supporter of the rebellious British colonies in North America, it was in France's interest to avoid a continental engagement. France could do more damage to the British in North America than in Europe", ". France could do more damage to the British in North America than in Europe. The diplomatic realignment in 1756 had overthrown 200 years of French foreign policy that united the French Crown and the French populace against the House of Habsburg, arguably bringing to France massive territorial gains in repeated wars with Habsburg Austria and Habsburg Spain. A reversal of this policy in 1756 tied French foreign policy in Europe to Vienna", ". A reversal of this policy in 1756 tied French foreign policy in Europe to Vienna. Despite this restructuring, there existed in the French Court at Versailles, and in France generally, a strong anti-Austrian sentiment. The diplomatic revolution of 1756, sealed in 1770 with the personal union (the diplomatic term for marriage) of Louis, the Dauphin of Viennois, and the Austrian Archduchess Marie Antoinette, was considered both a political and matrimonial mésalliance in the eyes of many Frenchmen", ". It flew in the face of 200 years of French foreign policy, in which the central axiom \"had been hostility to the House of Habsburg\". The French foreign minister, the Comte de Vergennes, maintained deep-seated hostility to the Austrians that pre-dated the alliance of 1756. He had not approved of the shift of France's traditional bonds, and considered the Austrians untrustworthy. He managed to extricate France from immediate military obligations to Austria by 1778.", "The war", "Anglo-French naval crisis 1778", "On 4 December 1777, word reached Benjamin Franklin at Versailles that Philadelphia had fallen and that Burgoyne had surrendered. Two days later, Louis XVI assented to negotiations for an alliance. The treaty was signed on 6 February 1778, and France declared war on Britain one month later, with hostilities beginning with naval skirmishes off Ushant in June, notably the action of 17 June 1778. George III did not welcome a war with France, but he was \"prepared\" for it", ". George III did not welcome a war with France, but he was \"prepared\" for it. The king believed he had tried to avoid the conflict, but \"France chooses to be the Aggressor\", and Britain had taken \"all the steps necessary if it should end in war\". He was \"prepared\" for armed conflict with the French by remembering British victories over that Bourbon power in the Seven Years' War.", "During that conflict, France had been pinned down in Europe fighting Continental powers while Britain defeated the French navy and won victories in India, the West Indies and North America. However, Britain's strategic position at the beginning of 1778 was far different from the one she enjoyed in 1756. Gone was the alliance with the Kingdom of Prussia: in 1778 Britain was diplomatically isolated and without European allies", ". In the first months of this year, Britain attempted, without success, to find a Continental ally to engage the power of France. This failure produced the central strategic fact of the War of 1778: there would be no competing European campaigns to absorb France's strength. European isolation was irrelevant in peacetime, but Britain was at serious disadvantage without European allies in war against France.", "Unlike previous wars against the French, this one would offer Britain few, if any, strategic options like choosing to fight in Europe as opposed to one in Asia and America. France and Britain fought over the control of the Channel, as one of the episodes of the globalised warfare that followed the start of the hostilities in 1778. Early in the war, the first fleet action in European waters was fought on 27 July 1778, 100 miles west of Ushant, an island at the mouth of the Channel", ". The two French and British battle fleets, of equal strength at 30 ships each, came to battle each other violently for several hours with neither side scoring a clear victory. The battle had been described since then as indecisive in its results.", "Caribbean, 1778–1779", "The strategic and operational situation in the West was complex. It consisted of battles for naval supremacy, raids on enemy convoys and colonies, and sorties in support of the sides fighting the War of the American Independence. The French blockaded Britain's most important sugar producers, Barbados and Jamaica, cutting them off from food and supplies, with thousands dying from starvation and disease", ". Colonial militias played only limited supporting roles and more French and British troops died from the Caribbean climate and disease than from fighting. One key territory that was of particular interest was the West Indies island of Dominica, which lay between French-held Martinique and Guadeloupe, and had been captured by Britain in 1761. Recapture of the island would improve communication among the islands, and deny the use of Dominican ports to privateers who preyed on French shipping", ". In August 1778, François Claude Amour, the marquis de Bouillé, the French governor-general of Martinique, received word that war had been declared.", "The French frigate Concorde reached Martinique on August 17 with orders from Paris to take Dominica at the earliest opportunity, and de Bouillé made immediate plans for such an operation. He had maintained contacts in the Dominican population, which had remained largely French during the years of British administration. As a result, he had an accurate picture of the condition of the Dominican defences, and knew that the island's garrison numbered fewer than \"fifty soldiers fit for duty\"", ". He was also concerned with the whereabouts of the British Leeward Islands fleet of Admiral Samuel Barrington, which significantly exceeded his in military power. Unbeknown to de Bouillé, Barrington, who had only recently assumed his post, was under orders to retain most of his fleet at Barbados until further instructions were received", ". The British regular forces on the island, which in total numbered about 100, were distributed amongst defences in the capital Roseau, the hills that overlooked it, and at Cachacrou.", "De Bouillé carefully maintained a façade of peace in his dealings with Dominican authorities while he began preparing his forces on Martinique. On 2 September he and Lieutenant Governor Stuart signed an agreement that formally prohibited privateering crews to plunder. The next day de Bouillé sent one of his officers to Dominica to see whether a Royal Navy frigate was still anchored in Prince Rupert's Bay (near present-day Portsmouth). Stuart, suspicious of the man, had him questioned and then released", ". Stuart, suspicious of the man, had him questioned and then released. On 5 September de Bouillé was informed that the frigate had sailed for Barbados. He struck fast, defeating the British at Dominica in September 1778. De Bouillé left a garrison of 800 (700 French regulars and 100 free black militia) on the island, turned its command over to the Marquis de Duchilleau, and returned to Martinique", ". These events were the first in a series of military actions resulting in the change of control of Caribbean islands during the war, in which De Bouillé was often involved.", "News of Dominica's fall was received with surprise in London; considering that a single ship of the line might have prevented the attack, Admiral Barrington was widely blamed for the loss, and criticised for adhering too closely to his orders. French Admiral the comte D'Estaing arrived in the West Indies in early December 1778 in command of a fleet consisting of 12 ships of the line and a number of smaller vessels", ". At about the same time a British fleet under Admiral William Hotham also arrived, augmenting the West Indies fleet of Admiral Samuel Barrington. The orders and reinforcements whose late arrival had held Admiral Barrington at Barbados were to launch an attack on French-held St. Lucia, which the British then captured in December 1778. Despite d'Estaing's attempt at relief, the British used St. Lucia to monitor the major French base at Martinique, where d'Estaing was headquartered.", ".", "The British fleet was further reinforced in January 1779 by ten ships of the line under Admiral John Byron, who assumed command of the British Leeward Islands station. Throughout the first half of 1779 both fleets received further reinforcements, after which the French fleet was superior to that of the British. Furthermore, Byron departed St. Lucia on 6 June in order to provide escort services to British merchant ships gathering at St. Kitts for a convoy to Europe, leaving d'Estaing free to act", ". Kitts for a convoy to Europe, leaving d'Estaing free to act. D'Estaing and de Bouillé, seized the opportunity to begin a series of operations against nearby British possessions. Their first target was the isle of Saint Vincent, south of St. Lucia. It fell on 18 June, and d'Estaing turned his attention to other islands. He had hoped to capture Barbados, a key British possession, but after making no progress against the prevailing easterly trade winds, he turned his attention instead to Grenada", ". The French fleet arrived off Grenada on 2 July, and stormed its main defences beginning late on 3 July. Terms of capitulation were agreed on the 4th.", "The first large expedition to the North was undertaken in 1779 by French Vice Admiral d'Estaing. In the attempt to invade the British-occupied Savannah, the French brought 20 ships-of-the-line and 3,000 troops in transports to Georgia. Although Washington failed to cooperate with his allies, being fixated on attacking the British in New York City, D'Estaing landed the troops in aid to the Americans before he returned to France, as he had been ordered to do", ". On 9 October 1779, in concert with a contingent of the Continental Army, the French admiral initiated an assault on the besieged city. The well-fortified British army repulsed the invaders; d'Estaing was seriously wounded and had to sail for Europe. Despite a correct strategic concept, allied cooperation eluded successful operational implementation.", "East Indies, 1778–1780", "One clear result of the renewal of the Anglo-French contest in the East Indies between 1778 and 1783 was a greater appreciation by the British of the strategic needs of their newly acquired possessions in Asia. The superimposition of a global struggle between European powers upon several localised Indian wars did unnerve the British East India Company and seriously embarrass its presidencies", ". Furthermore, the war exposed the rival geo-political ambitions of the French and these in turn provoked the more stolid, unreflecting British to formulate their own logic of empire. When word reached India in 1778 that France had entered the war, the company moved quickly to capture French colonial outposts there, notably capturing Pondicherry after two months of siege.", "In March 1779 the British forces won Mahé (\"Mahey\") from the French; the Nairs (\"Nayhirs\"), a Hindu community that was ruled by matriarchs and (to some extent) practiced polyandry, took this opportunity to rebel against Haidar Ali's rule. The uprising was supported, if not instigated, by the British but suppressed, and the French retook Mahé in 1780 with Haidar Ali's aid.\n\nSpain enters the war, 1779–1780", "In April 1779 France and Spain signed the Convention of Aranjuez, which laid out a summary of Bourbon War aims. Spain sought to recover Gibraltar and Minorca, Mobile and Pensacola in Florida, and to expel the British from Spanish Central America by ending their right to cut logwood in the Bay of Honduras and the coast of Campeche", ". France declared that her aims were to expel the British from the Newfoundland fishery, to end restrictions on French sovereignty over Dunkirk, to regain free trade in India, to recover Senegal and Dominica, and to restore the Treaty of Utrecht provisions relating to the Anglo-French commerce.", "Spain entered the war with one of the goals of recovering Gibraltar, which had been lost to England in 1704. Its garrison included troops from Britain and the Electorate of Hanover. Spain formally began the siege in June 1779, the fourteenth and longest of Gibraltar, with the Spanish establishing a land blockade around the Rock of Gibraltar", ". The Spanish strategy combined a steady bombardment of Gibraltar from the land with seaborne attacks and attempts to cut off the supply lines to Morocco, planning to retake Gibraltar by blockading and starving out its garrison. The matching naval blockade was comparatively weak, and the British discovered that small fast ships could evade the blockaders, while slower and larger supply ships generally could not", ". By late 1779, however, supplies in Gibraltar had become seriously depleted, and its commander, General George Eliott, appealed to London for relief.", "A supply convoy was organised, and in late December 1779 a large fleet sailed from Britain under the command of Admiral Sir George Brydges Rodney. Although Rodney's ultimate orders were to command the West Indies fleet, he had secret instructions to first resupply Gibraltar and Minorca and on 4 January 1780 the fleet divided, with ships headed for the West Indies sailing westward. This left Rodney in command of nineteen ships of the line which were to accompany the supply ships to Gibraltar.", "The supply convoy sailed into Gibraltar on January 19, driving the smaller blockading fleet to retreat to the safety of Algeciras. Rodney arrived several days later, and the British garrison was heartened by the arrival of the supplies and the presence of Prince William Henry. Upon the return of the ships from Minorca, Rodney put to sea again on February 13, for the West Indies, the detachment from the Channel fleet accompanied him three days' sail on his way, and then parted for Britain with the prizes", ". On this return voyage it fell in with fifteen French supply vessels, convoyed by two sixty-fours, bound for the Ile de France, in the Indian Ocean, one of the ships of war, the Protée, and three of the storeships were taken.", "In North America, the Spanish governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Gálvez, attacked the south part of the United States and took British garrisons by surprise.", "Attempted Invasion of Great Britain, 1779", "In order to help relieve pressure on other fronts, France and its new ally, Spain, planned and attempted to execute an invasion of Great Britain in late summer of 1779. The action, referring to a previous Spanish invasion attempt, the Spanish Armada of 1588, was called the Armada of 1779. The proposed plan was to seize the Isle of Wight and then capture the British naval base of Portsmouth", ". The combined French and Spanish fleet boasted 66 ships of the line, whose goal was to sweep the Royal Navy from the Channel in preparation for the landing of 30–40,000 troops who had been readied for the invasion.", "Despite superiority of numbers over the British fleet in the English Channel, the combined French-Spanish operation failed due to a comedy of errors of navigation, miscommunication, disease, food shortages, and bad weather. On 3 September, having failed to decisively engage the British fleet, which had by then taken up a strong defensive position in The Solent, the leaders of the great Armada decided to retreat with as many as 8,000 being afflicted with disease", ". The invasion caused alarm in Britain but George III was encouraged by its failure.", "North America, 1780–1781", "With d'Estaing back to France, Washington got stuck in New Jersey, while asking for a continuous French naval presence in North American waters. When in July 1780 the Lieutenant General Comte de Rochambeau, arrived in Newport with an army of 6,000 men, he described the situation: \"in any operation, and under all circumstances, a decisive naval superiority is to be considered as a fundamental principle, and the basis upon which every hope of success must ultimately depend\"", ". The Dutch were helping the American rebels by selling them guns and gunpowder from their ports in the Caribbean. The British used this as a pretext to declare war on the Netherlands in December 1780. Admiral Rodney spent the years of 1780 and 1781 in the Caribbean to plundering and sacking the Dutch Caribbean islands.", "By December 1780, the War in North America had reached a critical point. The Continental Army had suffered major defeats earlier in the year, with its southern armies either captured or dispersed in the loss of Charleston and the Battle of Camden in the south, while the armies of George Washington and the British commander-in-chief for North America, Sir Henry Clinton watched each other around New York City in the north", ". The national currency was virtually worthless, public support for the war, about to enter its sixth year, was waning, and army troops were becoming mutinous over pay and conditions.", "French military planners had to balance competing demands for the 1781 campaign. After a series of unsuccessful American attempts at cooperation (leading to unsuccessful attempts on Newport, Rhode Island and Savannah, Georgia), they decided more involvement in North America was necessary. They also needed to coordinate their actions with Spain, as there was potential interest in making an assault on the British stronghold of Jamaica", ". It turned out that the Spanish were not interested in operations against Jamaica until after they had dealt with an expected British attempt to reinforce besieged Gibraltar, and merely wanted to be informed of the movements of the West Indies fleet.", "As the French fleet was preparing to depart Brest in March 1781, several important decisions were made. The West Indies fleet, led by the Comte de Grasse, after operations in the Windward Islands, was directed to go to Cap-Français (present-day Cap-Haïtien) to determine what resources would be required to assist Spanish operations. Due to a lack of transports, France also provided six million livres to support the American war effort beyond of providing additional troops", ". The French fleet at Newport was given a new commander, the Comte de Barras. De Barras was ordered to take the Newport fleet to harass British shipping off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, and the French army at Newport was ordered to combine with Washington's army outside New York.", "In orders that were deliberately not fully shared with General Washington, De Grasse was instructed to assist in North American operations after his stop at Cap-Français. The French general, the Comte de Rochambeau was instructed to tell Washington that de Grasse might be able to assist, without making any commitment. (Washington learned from John Laurens, stationed in Paris, that de Grasse had discretion to come north.)", "De Grasse received these letters in July at roughly the same time Cornwallis was preparing to occupy Yorktown, Virginia. De Grasse concurred with Rochambeau and subsequently sent a dispatch indicating that he would reach the Chesapeake at the end of August but that agreements with the Spanish meant he could only stay until mid-October. The arrival of his dispatches prompted the Franco-American army to begin a march for Virginia", ". The arrival of his dispatches prompted the Franco-American army to begin a march for Virginia. De Grasse reached the Chesapeake as planned, and his troops were sent to assist Lafayette's army in the blockade of Cornwallis. A British fleet sent to confront de Grasse's control of the Chesapeake was defeated by the French on September 5 at the Battle of the Chesapeake, and the Newport fleet delivered the French siege train to complete the allied military arrival", ". The Siege of Yorktown and following surrender by Cornwallis on October 19 were decisive in ending major hostilities in North America.", "In March 1782 the British House of Commons had voted in parliament with a No offensive war against America as a result of the surrender of Yorktown. News of the surrender of Yorktown, Menorca and losses in the West Indies then brought down the government. The new government under Marquess of Rockingham soon began the negotiations leading to the Peace of Paris. Although offensive operations against America had ended, the war continued elsewhere in the West and East Indies as well as Gibraltar", ". The appointment of Lord Shelburne after Rockingham's death in July forced another change in government. Nevertheless, Shelburne accepted American independence without preconditions. Although a French naval expedition had destroyed British trading posts in Hudson Bay during the summer of 1782, no territory had actually been captured.", "Britain and the Atlantic 1780–1782\nIn Britain opposition to the costly war was increasing, and in June 1780 contributed to disturbances in London known as the Gordon riots.", "The war in the Atlantic had reached a stalemate by 1780. In January 1781 France failed to their attempt to invade Jersey, Channel Islands, their landing force being defeated in the battle of Jersey. The French Navy soon encountered a series of defeats in her home waters by the Royal Navy which would prove to be costly not just militarily but also financially", ". First at Ushant in December 1781 where a number of transports escorted by ships under the Comte de Guichen were captured by a Royal Navy fleet led by Richard Kempenfelt led to the loss of many French soldiers. In April the following year the larger third battle of Ushant took place in April where a Royal Navy fleet led by Samuel Barrington captured two valuable French ships of the line but also took two-thirds of its escorting convoy", ". This defeat was severe – the financial damage on the French treasury was significant, and was also a blow to the French forces operating in the Indian Ocean. More defeats followed with the loss of the brand new frigate Hébé in the action of 4 September 1782 where Chevalier de Vigny was condemned to fifteen years in prison – the case of his rank and service being declared as unfit for service", ". The next action proved to be the last naval battle of the American Revolutionary war where a Franco-American convoy was defeated by James Luttrell off Ferrol on 12 December 1782. The convoy was part of Pierre Beaumarchais's supply chain to the American colonists.", "Caribbean, 1781–1783\nIn October 1781, a plan had been worked out between de Grasse, commander of the French fleet in the West Indies, and Francisco Saavedra de Sangronis, General Bureau for the Spanish Indies, court representative and aide to the Spanish Governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Gálvez. The strategic objectives of this plan were to guide the Franco-Spanish military forces in the West Indies to accomplish the following objectives:", "To aid the Americans and defeat the British naval squadron at New York,\n The capture of the British Windward Islands, and\n The conquest of Jamaica.", "This plan became known as the De Grasse – Saavedra Convention and the first objective was essentially met with the surrender of the British army under General Cornwallis at the Siege of Yorktown in September 1781. De Grasse and his fleet had played a decisive part in that victory, after which they then sailed to the Caribbean. On arrival in Saint Domingue November 1781 he was given news that the plan was given the go ahead: to proceed with the conquest of Jamaica.", "Jamaica was the most profitable British possession in the New World, in particular the commodity that stood out the most was sugar; it was more valuable to the British economy than the thirteen American colonies combined. In a letter from King George III to Lord Sandwich he declared that he would risk protecting Britain's important Caribbean islands at the risk of Britain herself, and this was strategy implemented in 1779. Sugar made up 20% of all British imports and was worth five times as much as tobacco", ". Sugar made up 20% of all British imports and was worth five times as much as tobacco. As well as the gradual expulsion of the British from the West Indies by the French and Spanish, the conquest was to force a massive blow on the British economy. The invasion itself though was perceived in the courts at Paris and Madrid as an alternative to the Spanish and French attempts to take Gibraltar which for two years had been a costly disaster.", "While de Grasse waited for reinforcements to undertake the Jamaica campaign, he captured St. Kitts in February 1782. The rest of the Windward Islands (Antigua, St Lucia, and Barbados) still remained under British control, while Admiral George Rodney arrived in the Caribbean theatre the following month, having brought reinforcements. These included seventeen ships of the line, and gave the British a slight advantage in number.", "On 7 April 1782, de Grasse set out from Martinique with 35 ships of the line, including two 50-gun ships and a large convoy of more than 100 cargo ships, to meet with a Spanish fleet consisting of 12 ships of the line. In addition de Grasse was to rendezvous with 15,000 troops at Saint Domingue earmarked for the conquest by landing on Jamaica's North coast. Rodney on learning of this then sailed from St Lucia in pursuit now with 36 ships of the line the following day.", "The British ships by this time had hulls which had gone through a process known as copper sheathing; found to be a practicable means of protecting them from marine growth and fouling as well as salt water corrosion. The result of this was that their speed and sailing performance as a whole in good wind improved dramatically.", "Between 9 April 1782 and 12 April 1782 a British fleet under Admiral George Brydges Rodney engaged and defeated a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse at the battle of the Saintes. French losses were huge; nearly 8,000 to 9,000 men killed wounded or captured and lost five ships of the line, four of which were captured. French and Spanish plans for an invasion of Jamaica were thus cancelled", ". French and Spanish plans for an invasion of Jamaica were thus cancelled. The British fleet made its way to Jamaica, from where Rodney ordered Hood to seek out any disabled or damaged French ships that had escaped the battle. Hood's division of thirteen ships set out towards toward San Domingo, and while travelling through the Mona Passage, came across and captured a number of French ships which had become separated before the battle of the Saintes and were on their way to Cap-Français.", "News of the battle reached France in June and was met with despair. The defeat along with the loss of the Ville de Paris was a devastating blow to French King Louis XVI. The navy minister the Marquis de Castries greeted the news as 'a grim disaster'. The Comte De Vergennes felt undermined in the confidence of the French navy.", "By the end of 1782 the French had been on defensive in the Caribbean, which signalled a stalemate of the seas. Nevertheless, the Royal navy was able to conduct a blockade off Cap Francois and Fort Royal as well as keeping a watch off Havana. At the same time British frigates were battling both Spanish and French privateers.", "East Indies, 1782–1783", "Suffren, an aggressive fighter and seeker of decisive action, foiled a British attempt to take the Cape in early 1781, attacking a Royal Navy squadron at Porto Praya in the Cape Verde Islands which are in the Atlantic about 450 miles west of Africa. He arrived in southern India a year later. On land, the French supported Hyder Ali in his war against the British East India Company. At sea, Suffren fought five intense and hard contested battles against the British East Indies Fleet during 1782 and 1783", ". Vice Admiral Edward Hughes was aware that the French purpose was objectived at dislocating the British economic exploitation and military domination, and that the preservation of his squadron was crucial for the survival of the British presence in India. The two equally capable and determined fleets broke off their mutual challenge only when news arrived that peace treaties had been signed by Britain, France and Spain in early 1783", ". When news of the peace had filtered through the tactical situation in India had also ended in stalemate.", "Peace negotiations", "Serious negotiations began between Britain, France and Spain (for which Britain's chief negotiator was Alleyne Fitzherbert, and Spain's Count of Aranda). From time to time, news would arrive from India of continuing stalemate, both in the land wars (which involved the French only as supporters to local rulers) and in naval battles; the British still appeared to hold all the French territory there that they had captured in 1778–79, while the French held no British territory", ". In the West Indies, on the other hand, the French still held all the territory they had captured, while the British held only one French island, St. Lucia. Nevertheless, after the Battle of the Saintes the strategic initiative was passed to the British whose dominance at sea was reasserted and signaled a collapse in the Franco-American alliance. As a result, talks between America and Britain through Shelburne and Franklin began with the British agreeing to recognise the new 'United States'.", "France, under its treaty of alliance with Spain, could not make peace without Spain's agreement; not without a guarantee that Gibraltar would be handed over to Spain. Both wanted to speed up their major assault on Gibraltar with the hope of its capture, in order to gain a major diplomatic hand. Gibraltar thus became a main factor in the peace talks. French troops had reinforced the Spanish along with the ships of the French navy", ". French troops had reinforced the Spanish along with the ships of the French navy. The French commander the Duc de Crillon was now in charge of Franco-Spanish operations.", "Gibraltar and end of the war", "On 18 September the allies launched their grand assault with ten French designed floating batteries involving more troops than had ever been in service at one time on the entire North American continent. The assault that day and into the following morning however was a huge costly failure with the loss of all ten floating batteries. By 27 September news of the disaster had reached Paris and Madrid and was met with despair by both nations", ". All hope now lay on the defeat of the British squadron on its way to relieve Gibraltar. The French and Spanish hoped that its defeat or failure would lead to the surrender of the garrison prompting negotiation. The convoy got through without any problems and an attempt to defeat the British fleet ended in failure at the Battle of Cape Spartel. News of this further failure broke French and Spanish resolve", ". News of this further failure broke French and Spanish resolve. With Gibraltar safe along with Rodney's victory at the Saintes back in April, British demands at the peace talks had now greatly strengthened and had undermined the French confidence that had greeted the success at Yorktown. The British diplomats steadfastly refused to part with Gibraltar, despite offers by Spain to trade most of its gains.", "The French had done all they could to help the Spanish achieve their essential war aim, and began serious discussions on alternative exit strategies, the French diplomat Comte de Vergennes attempted to get Spain to offer Britain some very large concessions in return for Gibraltar. The Spanish under the Count of Aranda consented without consulting the court of Madrid.", "Vergennes was desperate for peace – for France the cost of the war became a huge issue they had approached the limits of its ability to borrow money. At the forefront of this cost was the French Navy – during the first four years of the war the French navy had lost four ships of the line, three of them to accidents. During 1782 however it would lose fifteen of the line (nearly half of these being in April alone)", ". During 1782 however it would lose fifteen of the line (nearly half of these being in April alone). The losses of these ships were significant financially – undaunted, Louis nevertheless promised to build more ships. New taxes were thus levied – the French finance minister Jean-François Joly de Fleury successfully secured the addition of a Vingtième income tax – the third and last one of its kind in the ancien regime.", "Soon after Gibraltar had been relieved Vergennes promptly reopened negotiations. The French accepted the preliminary peace treaty between Great Britain and America on 30 November, with protests but no action. Preliminary treaties were signed with Britain, France and Spain on 20 January 1783. The siege of Gibraltar was lifted three days later but news of the peace in Indian waters was not reached until June.", "Aftermath\nAs a result of the peace, France and Britain returned nearly all the territories they had taken from each other since 1778.", "For the French the results of the war were mixed; they succeeded in their war aim to separate America from Britain. The gains however were meagre – the tiny island of Tobago, which they had captured in 1781, and also some territory around the Senegal River in Africa which it had lost to Britain in 1763. The whole arrangement for fishing around the Newfoundland coast had to be renegotiated because of the rights awarded to the Americans", ". France was unable to reverse the humiliation of 1762 – India, Canada and Britain's West Indian colonies – all gains from 1762 remained intact. Aside from some lamentation, Britons were not traumatized by the loss of America. In addition to the fact that cultural and economic ties soon revived between America, Britain had effectively won the last year of the global war. They ended up with good trade links with their former colonists and out traded France within months of the final peace treaty", ". As the French foreign minister Vergennes later put it, \"The English buy peace rather than make it\".", "For France however the cost of the war would leave a serious mark; over 1.3 billion livres had been spent over the five year conflict. On top of the costs of French ship building after the Seven Years' war, the debt caused major economic and political problems and, as the country struggled to pay its debts, this eventually led to the Financial Crisis of 1786 and ultimately to the French Revolution in 1789.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (Paperback )", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (Paperback )\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n \nAnglo-French wars\nHistory of the Caribbean\nConflicts in 1782\nGreater Antilles\nLesser Antilles\n1782 in the Caribbean" ]

[ "The Telangana Rebellion, natively known as Telangana Sayudha Poratam, was a communist-led insurrection of peasants against the princely state of Hyderabad in the region of Telangana that escalated out of agitations in 1944–46.", "Hyderabad was a feudal monarchy where most of the land was concentrated in the hands of landed aristocrats known as Doras in Telangana. Feudal exploitation in the region was more severe compared to others of India; the had complete power over the peasants and could subject them to agricultural slavery. Conditions worsened during the 1930s due to the Great Depression and a transition towards commercial crops", ". In the 1940s, the peasants started turning towards communism, organised themselves through the Andhra Mahasabha and began a rights movement, catalyzed by a food crisis that affected the region following the end of the Second World War, the movement escalated into a rebellion after the administration and the attempted to suppress it.", "The revolt began on 4 July 1946, when a local peasant leader was killed in the village of Kadavendi, Warangal, by the agents of a dorra. Beginning in the districts of Nalgonda and Warangal, the rebellion evolved into a revolution across Telangana in response to continued repression by the Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan and later Kasim Razvi", ". The Hyderabad State Forces and the police, combined with the paramilitary Razakars, were unable to suppress it and were routed, while the rebel forces went on a successful guerrilla offensive.", "The rebels established a parallel system of government composed of (village communes) that caused a social revolution where caste and gender distinctions were reduced; women's workforce participation including in the armed squads increased and the conditions of the peasants significantly improved with land redistribution. At its peak in 1948, the rebellion covered nearly all of Telangana and had at least 4,000 villages directly administered by communes", ". It was supported by the left-wing faction of the Hyderabad State Congress, many of whom later joined the Socialist Party of India when it was formed by the Congress Socialist Caucus.", "The rebellion ended when the military administration set up by the Nehru government unexpectedly launched an attack on the communes immediately following the annexation of Hyderabad to fulfil assurances given by V. P. Menon to the American embassy that the communists would be eradicated, leading to an eventual call for the rebels to lay down arms issued by the Communist Party of India on 25 October 1951.\n\nBackground", "Background \n\nSituated on the Deccan Plateau in southern India, Hyderabad was a princely state of the British Raj, the second largest and most populous among them. The state had a patrimonial system with the Nizam of Hyderabad as the ruler and the British maintaining complete authority over it. Multiethnic in composition, its 17 districts were divided across three linguistic regions:", "Hyderabad-Karnataka consisted of three districts and was populated by Kannada speaking people.\n Marathwada consisted of five districts and was populated by Marathi speaking people.\n Telangana consisted of nine districts and was populated by Telugu speaking people. It contained more than half the population of the state and covered the entire eastern half including Hyderabad city, the capital of the state.", "Feudal system", "The princely state of Hyderabad retained a feudal system in its agrarian economy. It had two main types of land tenure, diwani (or khalsa) and a distinct category of land called jagir. The lands designated as jagir were granted to aristocrats called jagirdars based on their rank and order, while a portion of the jagir lands were held as the crown lands (sarf-e-khas) of the Nizam", ". The civil courts had no jurisdiction over the jagir lands which allowed the jagirdars to impose various forms of exorbitant arbitrary taxes on the peasants and extract revenue through private agents. The diwani tenures resembled the ryotwari system introduced by the British in other parts of the country. It had hereditary revenue collectors; deshmukhs and deshpandes who were granted land annuities called vatans, based on past revenue collections", ". The diwani lands legally held by the government were divided into small sections called pattas registered to occupants who were responsible for the payment of land revenue. The registered occupants included peasants who cultivated their own land or occupants who either employed agricultural labourers or rented out the land to tenants. The tenants, called shikmidars, had tenancy rights and could not be evicted on condition that they fulfill land revenue obligations", ". More than three-fourths of the tenants were tenants at will or asami shikmidars who retained land revenue obligations but did not have tenancy rights. They could become shikmidars after a period of twelve years, though in practice they were evicted within three to four years. The responsibility for registration lay with the deshmukhs and deshpandes. They had access to land records and there was a lack of literacy among the peasants", ". They had access to land records and there was a lack of literacy among the peasants. The system turned them into a hybrid of a feudal lord and a bureaucrat who frequently acquired more lands from the peasants and forced them into the status of tenants at will and landless labourers. The individual deshmukhs and deshpandes had multiple villages under their domains and appointed personal officials (seridars) to manage each village", ". The jagirs and diwani tenures constituted around 30% and 60% respectively of the territory of Hyderabad State.", "The feudal system was particularly harsh in the Telangana region of the state. The powerful deshmukh and jagirdar aristocracy, locally called , additionally functioned as money lenders and as the highest village official. The employed variants of the jajmani system called vetti and baghela which forced families of peasants into bonded servitude by means of customary and debt obligations", ". The power of the deshmukhs was augmented with additional hereditary positions such as patel, patwari and mali patel which granted them various political, judicial and administrative functions. They could determine taxation rates and managed land surveying; peasants had to offer nazaranas in the form of cattle, crops and money to prevent prejudiced treatment. The jagirdars were predominantly Brahmin, supplanted by the emergence of velama and Reddy deshmukhs", ". Markets and major businesses were controlled by Marwadi and Komti . In contrast, the bulk of the peasantry came from disparate caste backgrounds and even included Brahmins, Reddys and Komtis. The tribals such as Chenchus, Koyas, Lambadis, Konda Reddis, and untouchables like the Malas and Madigas were among the most impoverished and particularly vulnerable to severe forms of exploitation by , including agricultural slavery", ". Anti–slavery legislations were largely unenforced in the British Raj, and officials were instead reprimanded for mentioning slaves in documentation.", "Telangana had a higher concentration of land in the hands of a small group of landed magnates than the other regions. They owned vast tracts of lands covering several villages and thousands of acres. The land concentration was most pronounced in the districts of Nalgonda, Mahbubnagar and Warangal. They later became the epicenter of the insurrection", ". They later became the epicenter of the insurrection. The peasants were largely dependent on affluent urban interests, mostly composed of Marwadis, Komtis, Brahmins and upper caste Muslims, who controlled the centralised markets in Telangana. Land alienation continued to increase between 1910 and 1940 as more land was passed either to urban interests and aristocratic landlords or to Marwadi and Maratha sahukars (money-lenders)", ". Peasants with small landholding were pushed into landless agricultural labour or tenancy at will. Irrigation facilities were introduced from the late 19th century and a greater portion of the land transfer occurred on lands with these facilities. The system of subsistence farming gave way to commercial crops, strengthening the hold of traders and sahukars over the peasants, which was particularly worsened during the Great Depression", ". The period saw the rise of a section of well-to-do pattadars (landholding peasants) who began employing landless labourers of their own, though it did not change the landlord–tenant relations in the region to any significant degree. The landholding peasants too were severely affected after the depression.", "Communist mobilisation", "Communists had been active in the Telugu speaking Godavari–Krishna delta region of the neighbouring Madras Presidency since 1934 and largely organised through peasants organisations such as the Andhra Mahasabha (Madras), the All India Kisan Sabha and the Indian Peasant Institute", ". The first incursion of the communist movement in Telangana occurred in the Madhira–Khammam area of Warangal district, through peasants who had settled down at the Wyra and Paleru irrigation projects, and had relatives in Coastal Andhra. The first communist organisations were established in Warangal and Nalgonda districts through the efforts of Chandra Rajeswara Rao, a peasant working in Mungala", ". The Regional Committee of the Communist Party of India in Telangana was established under the leadership of Pervaelli Venkataramanaiah in 1941.", "The students' movement contributed significantly to the growth of the communist movement, disillusioned with Gandhian satyagraha politics. Having gained experience through the Vandemataram protests, a number of radical progressive student organisations were established which eventually merged to form the All Hyderabad Students Union in January 1942", ". Devulapalli Venkateswara Rao, a former student agitator during the Vandemataram protests, was instrumental in building up the Communist Party in the districts of Warangal and Nalgonda", ". The nationalist, progressive and secular intelligentsia in the city of Hyderabad turned towards political radicalism as well, through the influential Naya Adab (New Salute) which promoted communism in literature, and through the Comrades Association initially formed in reaction to the growth of communal sectarian organisations. The association became communist under the leadership of Raj Bahadur Gour and Makhdoom Mohiuddin.", "Andhra Conference", "In the meantime, the Andhra Conference, which was a cultural-literary forum acting as a front organisation for the Hyderabad State Congress, was overtaken by communists. It recruited students from colleges but was controlled by a conservative liberal and moderate leadership over whom the Hindu aristocracy had a strong influence and who advocated restraint, opposing activities against the \"law and order\" of the state", ". Following the withdrawal of a satyagraha movement for constitutional reforms in 1938–39 as a result of instructions of the national leadership, the Congress was largely discredited for its younger left-wing members. Convinced that the expulsion of the Nizam along with all the elites was a necessity for effective democratic gains, the left-wing faction decided to fight the feudal system, began embracing communism and started building up the organisation in the villages from 1941 onwards", ". They reduced the enrolment fee by one-fourth, encouraged participation by the landless and impoverished sections of the population. They took up peasants' causes such as the abolition of vetti, prevention of rack-renting and eviction of tenants, occupancy (patta) rights of cultivating tenants and reduction in taxes, revenue demands and rents, among others.", "The Andhra Conference, previously seen as a 's organisation, grew in popularity among the peasants and started being referred to as the Andhra Mahasabha (AMS) in Telangana. Prominent feminists disillusioned with the Congress who formed the Mahila Navjeevan Mandali in 1941, also joined the AMS and eventually became members of the Communist Party by 1943. Venkateshwara Rao directly recruited disillusioned Congress members and sympathisers into the Communist Party during the same period", ". Initially faced with opposition from the moderate leadership, landlords organisations such as the Agriculturalists Association and through heavy political repression from the government, the AMS was slowly transformed into a militant mass organisation opposed to the Nizamate with a coalition of peasants, the working class, the middle class and youths as its members", ". The process was completed in the 1944 Bhongir session of the AMS when two young communists, Ravi Narayan Reddy and Baddam Yella Reddy were elected as the president and secretary. The moderates expecting a rout, had resigned from their offices, boycotted the election and later formed a marginal splinter organisation, giving the communists free rein over the primary AMS", ". Arthur Lothian, the Resident at Hyderabad took note of the development in October 1943 and began directly intervening in state action with regard to the communists from thereon.", "Agitations of 1944–46", "Between 1944 and 1946, the communist movement became widespread in the Telangana countryside. The Andhra Conference controlled by communists substantially increased its membership in the districts of Nalgonda, Warangal and Karimnagar. The movement formed a class alliance between disparate caste groups, the middle peasantry with small landholdings and the rural poor and landless labourers. Numerous villages were enmeshed with communist organisations", ". Numerous villages were enmeshed with communist organisations. Agrarian radicalism was heightened and a mass movement developed with a series of agrarian agitations against the aristocrats beginning in 1944. The agitations were non-violent and employed tactics such as non-cooperation, withdrawal of services and refusal to pay technically illegal taxes, usually demanding the implementation of existent laws which were unenforced", ". The demands also included the Andhra communists' call for the breakup of Hyderabad State and the formation of Visalandhra, an unified Telugu speaking state composed of Telangana and the Andhra region of the Madras Presidency, in line with the Communist Party of India's demand for the linguistic reorganisation of states. The presence of large organised groups within the villages intimidated the and the administration", ". The presence of large organised groups within the villages intimidated the and the administration. The private militias of the landlords and the police were sent to conduct violent attacks on the agitators with greater frequency as the movement went on. Hyderabad State passed a legislation for minimum tenurial security in 1945, which only worsened conditions as landlords resorted to frequent mass evictions to prevent accrual of tenancy rights", ". The agrarian distress was further aggravated by rising prices and food scarcity after the Second World War.", "Rebellion\n\nSpontaneous uprising", "The post–war economic distress and political developments played a catalytic role in a feudal system already conducive for an uprising. The village level agitations against the aristocratic landlords escalated into an insurrection. The influence of the communists in Nalgonda and Warangal districts had become so strong by early 1946 that the administration, including the Nizam's firmans (writs), was unable to function in large areas", ". The expansion of the movement in these areas was facilitated by the presence of estates with thousands of acres. The first militant action occurred with a few instances of land seizures from the estates of in response to eviction of Lambadi tenant cultivators for non-compliance with additional taxation and demands of vetti forced labour", ". The village level communist s (organisations) during the 1944–46 agitations had laid down demands for better wages, disallowance of vetti and baghela slavery, evictions, exorbitant taxation and refusal of a new mandatory post–war grain levy.", "One major incident on 4 July 1946 marked the beginning of the rebellion; a procession of over 1,000 peasants was fired at by the men of Vishnur Deshmukh in Kadavendi village of Warangal district, Doddi Komarayya who was the leader of the local was killed and a number of others severely wounded. The group proceeded to and set fire to the residence of the deshmukh before they were dispersed by the arrival of a contingent of armed police", ". In the following days, 200 acres of land in a neighbouring village were seized from the deshmukh estate and redistributed by the peasants. The incident sparked a spontaneous movement where groups of villagers would go from one village to another, people would drop out and return to their village after coming some distance, while others from the villages they passed through would take their place and keep the movement going", ". In each village, they formed drawn out congregations upon their arrival to discuss prevalent local issues and relations with the of their area. By the end of July, around 300–400 villages in the districts of Warangal, Nalgonda and Khammam experienced militant action by peasants against the local estates and officials", ". In August 1946, the press wing of the Communist Party of India announced that the villages were under the control of the peasants and launched a national campaign to rally support for the rebellion, publicising the demands of the peasantry and highlighting the feudal exploitation and brutality.", "Peasants continuously resisted extortive action from officials and other agents, and refused to perform vetti labour. Small landholders refused to hand over paddy crops for the required levy, and landless labourers and tenants continued to occupy lands from which they had been evicted. The sent their private militias to prevent the seizure of their lands, but they were few in number and too poorly armed to contain mass unrest", ". Unable to control the villages, the started fleeing to safer regions, resorted to litigation, and relied on the state police and their private militias to suppress the rebellious peasants. The villages adopted a strategy of active defense in response to violent attacks by private militias and the state police", ". Village level organisations developed a signals network to inform other villages of the position of approaching state security forces and villagers adopted the tactic of gathering en masse armed with slingshots, stones and sticks to ward off reconnaissance units and smaller raiding parties. The rebels had neither the firearms nor the training to use them", ". The rebels had neither the firearms nor the training to use them. The , their agents and local officials became fearful of visiting their own estates or jurisdictions which were known to be established strongholds of the communist rebels without paying \"protection taxes\" themselves.", "The Andhra Conference was banned in October 1946 and the police had begun arresting communists and sympathisers throughout the state. Hundreds of Communist Party activists were arrested, and the number of police units assigned to the rebellious regions was increased exponentially. The frequency of raids increased through 1946, but during their attempts at arresting communist activists known to the police, crowds of hundreds would gather to obstruct them", ". The administration started assigning units of the Hyderabad State Forces to assist the police. Some of the villages formed ad hoc volunteer forces for defense. On 16 and 17 November, military personnel killed three villagers and wounded eight others in two raids on the villages of Patha Suryapet and Devarupal. On 27 November, in retaliation for the killing, a police convoy escorting arrested communist activists was ambushed successfully; four police personnel were killed, and the prisoners released.", "Following the ambush, the police and military forces began attempting to arrest entire villages and by December, the Suryapet prison alone was holding 600 prisoners. The military crackdown increased in December, resulting in even-heightened militancy; the earlier known as chitti due to their distribution of chittis (receipts), common after the enrolment fee for AMS was reduced, started being known as the lathi for their distribution of lathis (heavy sticks or batons) in this period", ". By the end of 1946, the police had reported 156 cases of assault by peasants and four major police–peasant battles had occurred, but neither the actions of the military, the police nor the private militias were able to dislodge the communists. Most of the confrontations occurred in the Suryapet and Jangaon taluqas of Nalgonda district; pockets in Khammam, Karimnagar, Nalgonda and Warangal districts had fallen under rebel control, while 4,000 army troops were deployed in Nalgonda district.", "The military, equipped with modern firearms, made it much harder for the rebels to operate and the movement became more clandestine in the presence of military camps near their villages; the Andhra communists in the Madras Presidency initiated dialogue with the rebels in preparation for open warfare with the Hyderabad State. Meanwhile, the military camps were withdrawn in January 1947 after a period of absence of any visible disturbances", ". Despite some instances of armed confrontations, the peasants uprising was spasmodic in their actions and lacked any systemically planned offensives in the initial period. It had begun as a spontaneous upsurge where the organised Andhra Mahasabha and Communist Party acted primarily in an auxiliary capacity.", "Reactions", "The Hyderabad State Congress was divided into two factions of moderates and leftists since 1938–39. While the left-wing members of the Andhra Conference had gravitated to the Communist Party, those in Maharashtra Parishad in the Marathawada region of Hyderabad State had aligned themselves with the Congress Socialist Caucus, influenced by their presence in Bombay Presidency. In late 1945, the Indian National Congress had adopted the policy of expelling all communists from its organisations", ". It convened the All India States Peoples' Conference (AISPC) containing delegates of regional organisations which boycotted the predominantly communist Andhra Conference and instead invited the marginal splinter organisation formed by the moderates. The socialists had protested against the policy, leading to further friction with the moderates in Hyderabad.", "At the onset of the rebellion, and in light of post–war negotiations between the Congress and the British administration, the Nizam of Hyderabad legalised the Hyderabad State Congress in July 1946. The three front organisations — the non-communist Andhra Conference, the Maharashtra Parishad and the Karnatak Parishad were merged, and a provincial working committee was formed; 164 delegates from the three organisations voted in an election for the president of the committee", ". The socialist candidate Swami Ramananda Tirtha from the Marathawada delegation won against the moderate Burgula Ramakrishna Rao from the Andhra delegation by a narrow margin of three votes. The moderate–left divide persisted with the moderates, mostly affluent lawyers with backing, refusing to budge and eventually reaching a crisis point over their position with respect to the communists following the Nizam government's military crackdown on the peasants in late 1946.", "In November 1946, the two factions sent separate fact finding teams to Suryapet, led by Tirtha and J. Keshav Rao respectively. Tirtha's group searched for police atrocities while Rao's group searched for reasons to condemn the communists. Tirtha praised the actions of the communists. The leftist faction wanted to not only admonish the government for repression but also convert the party into a more militant mass movement", ". They were prevented from doing so by the moderates, who were adamantly opposed to any further move to the left. The working committee drafted three resolutions demanding the government end their repression in Nalgonda, lift the ban on the Communist Party and cease criticising the communists for a sectarian approach towards the Congress. The moderates were dissatisfied with it, filibustered it, and did not allow it to pass", ". The moderates were dissatisfied with it, filibustered it, and did not allow it to pass. The State Congress stopped functioning because of the consequent resignation from the left and mediation with the national leadership until March 1947. The left issued a statement denouncing the \"barren constitutionalism\" of \"feudal elements\" in the State Congress.", "Wilfrid Vernon Grigson, Revenue and Police Minister for the Viceroy's Executive Council, conducted his own investigation in December and reported that the peasants had legitimate grievances and that it was not communist propaganda as previously assumed", ". The report stated that raiding villages and arresting communists would not succeed in stopping attacks on government officials without an administrative overhaul in the princely state, which according to him the Nizam's officials were incapable of conducting. The AISPC passed a resolution on 27 December condemning the activities of both the government and the communists, based on a report from their president, Dwarkanath Kachru, who had arrived in Hyderabad to conduct his own investigation", ". In a private letter, Kachru wrote to Tirtha that despite their official stance, the grievances of the peasants were genuine such that \"no organisation worthy of its name could put up with\" and admitted the communists had simply outflanked them through their mass mobilisation. The activities of the Congress in the state were being marginalised as the conflict between the Nizam's government and the communists engulfed Telangana.", "Communist–Left Congress alliance", "In February 1947, the British administration announced the transfer of power to the Indian leadership and gave the princely states the option of either joining India or Pakistan or becoming independent. The Nizam of Hyderabad, the Muslim aristocrats and the Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen wanted Hyderabad to become an independent state but the vast majority of people wanted the state to merge with India in hopes of political freedoms and participation in self-government", ". The Communist Party added merger with India into its list of demands and aligned itself with the Indian National Congress which had started pressuring the Nizam to accede. In March 1947, the working committee of the State Congress was restored and Swami Ramananda Tirtha was reelected with a wide margin of 751 to 498 votes against B.G. Rao, enabling him to completely exclude the moderates", ".G. Rao, enabling him to completely exclude the moderates. He praised the communists for their revolt and suggested the incorporation of a more revolutionary policy for the State Congress.", "The Congress went on satyagraha seeking the merger of Hyderabad with India and the State Congress under Tirtha launched a civil disobedience campaign. The communists joined up with Congress workers in their agitation although they held reservations over the effectiveness of Gandhian methods", ". Due to the organisational weakness of the Congress, most of the Congress agitation in Telangana especially in the rural areas was carried out instead by communists, the police were unable to differentiate between the two and assumed that they had entered into a league. In the urban areas, communists and Congressmen held joint meetings and demonstrations which provided material benefits to the rebels in the countryside", ". The general understanding among the communists was that the \"rightist congressmen\" were backed by the and opposed to any form of alliance with them while the \"leftist congressmen\" wanted an unification with the Communist Party but were too irresolute and timid to carry it forward.", "The communists started disassociating with the satyagraha as a consequence of incorporation of Gandhian ethics in the agitations, one key point of discontent became the symbolic cutting down of toddy trees as Gandhian ethics prohibited toddy drinking", ". The symbolism lay in the toddy plantations also being a major source of revenue for the state but toddy trappers who were subjected to untouchability, were a significant section of the communist activists and base of support, and relied on toddy for their livelihoods. Some degree of co-ordination continued to occur especially due to increase in police repression and the agitations becoming interspersed with instances of violent confrontations", ". One major incident occurred in Warangal district where a crowd of 2,000 armed with spears and lathis stormed a police station and released two Congress workers who were being subjected to torture, in the process killing an inspector and injuring several policemen. Another occurred within Hyderabad city when a group of agitators burned down the residences of the British Police Minister and the president of the Executive Council of Hyderabad", ". In Nalgonda, the epicenter of the rebellion, the communists toured across the district, releasing and redistributing grains hoarded in markets and storages, burning down checkpoints on the border and the records of officials and sahukars in the villages, while raising Indian flags in those locations.", "Rise of Kasim Razvi", "Meanwhile, the Ittehad was spreading sectarian propaganda and attempting to promote fanaticism among Muslims, along with the Arya Samaj and the Hindu Mahasabha attempting to do the same with Hindus in reaction to it. The situation created widespread fear and uncertainty, leading to political instability and a sudden deterioration of law and order across the state", ". The Nizam, who had isolated himself from the common population and their politics for years, perceived himself to be surrounded by a hostile Hindu population and started to rely increasingly on the Ittehad for support. The leadership of the Ittehad had by then passed to Kasim Razvi, a small-time lawyer from northern India who had supported the Pakistan movement and wanted Hyderabad to become a refuge for Muslims in the south", ". Gradually the Ittehad under Razvi was able to wrestle control over the Nizam government and was managing its day-to-day functioning. Razvi formed a paramilitary wing for the Ittehad called the razakars. They were deputed alongside the police and grew to 150,000 men, double the police force itself, contributing significantly to public disorder and a complete collapse of civil authority as they embarked on a campaign of political repression.", "Hindu–Muslim tensions and communal violence in Hyderabad reached its highest point upon Indian Independence. The razakars grew to 200,000 men by the end of August with the recruitment of Muslim refugees from India who had arrived in Hyderabad on the invitation of the Ittehad. The Congress agitations also peaked with a complete shutdown of the state accompanied by flag hoisting, meetings, processions and protests on 7 and 15 August", ". Tirtha was arrested in mid-August and violent repression of agitators continued to increase over the following period. The Congress leftists of Hyderabad under a new leadership, organised themselves through the Committee of Action, which set up camps outside the state and started conducting armed raids into Hyderabad. The camps were allowed by the Home Ministry of India, now under Vallabhbhai Patel and reluctantly approved of by Mahatma Gandhi", ". The moderates were completely opposed to the armed raids and excluded from the committee. In the following year, the Congress socialists would split from the party under the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan to form the Socialist Party of India, taking with them much of the leftists of the Hyderabad State Congress.", "Escalation and territorial expansion", "The crisis of authority in Hyderabad had enabled the influence of the rebels in the countryside to expand rapidly. They set up a parallel administration composed of (village communes) in the areas that came under their control. This parallel administration provided more stability and became a refuge from the violence in the rest of the state", ". Roving bands of razakars active across Hyderabad to quell agitations were instructed by the government to protect the and suppress the communists in Telangana after the withdrawal of the British. Initially attached to police and military forces, the razakars had come to supersede them when the Ittehad assumed power and started operating independently of the state forces", ". They plundered and looted villages, killed and arrested people on suspicion of being potential agitators and employed rape and torture to quell villages into submission. The communists, who had previously relied largely on defensive measures and unarmed resistance, began to openly endorse offensive warfare. The national leadership of the Communist Party officially approved armed rebellion in September 1947.", "Volunteer squads called dalams were organised by the communes. They were joined en masse by villagers frustrated with police, military and razakar atrocities, particularly in the districts of Nalgonda, Warangal and Kammam which were communist strongholds. The Communist Party was better organised in the neighbouring Andhra region of Madras State (previously Madras Presidency) and was sending arms, supplies and volunteers into Telangana", ". This considerably bolstered the organisational, tactical and logistical capabilities of the rebels, transforming the peasants uprising into an organised rebellion. Arms were acquired through black market purchases at increased prices in Telangana and from the estate agents and local government officials by theft and force. The rebels who were equipped with firearms went on guerilla warfare targeting infrastructure, supplies and garrisons of the government and the estates of the", ". Organised mobs were assigned to lower risk targets such as the forest department and offices of village officials, and would burn down their records, take away their lathis and grain stocks. In December, the armed assaults became excessively frequent, the police recorded 45 attacks on major targets within the span of 11 days in Warangal and Nalgonda districts.", "In response, the government authorised the police, the military and the razakars to indiscriminately target entire villages for harbouring sympathies for the (communists) or the Congress. The attacks involved reprisals in which the entire population of some villages was killed. There was widespread use of torture against villagers and rape against women as a terror tactic", ". There was widespread use of torture against villagers and rape against women as a terror tactic. The extreme measures employed by the state forces pushed otherwise skeptical people in the peripheral areas of the rebel dominated territories to be drawn towards the communists and the rebellion. In some cases, the razakars who the government was unable to control attacked the estates of the themselves and plundered them", ". Consequently, some of the entered into agreements with the communes to supply them with resources and abide by their governance in exchange for protection from the razakar bands. The reprisals made the communes strengthen their organisation and co-ordination. The Andhra and Telangana communists set up joint revolutionary headquarters at the Mungala estate, constituting an enclave of Hyderabad State within Krishna district of Madras State", ". By early 1948, much of Telangana was beginning to rebel in an all-out revolution as more of the rural poor and the peasantry organised themselves under the communists and took up arms against the and the Hyderabad State. This triggered a large-scale displacement of who fled to the cities, abandoning their private militias and properties", ". The communist influence was chipping away at the entire social hierarchy with a quasi divine Nizam at the top since the early 1940s, and had eventually enabled the mass uprising to occur.", "The rebels suffered from a persistent shortage of modern firearms and had to constantly rely on raids to gain more. As a consequence they were severely outnumbered as the communes refused to deploy more recruits as they were unable to arm them. Despite the shortages, the rebel forces were highly motivated, being entirely composed of volunteers, increasingly ideological and antagonised by years of repression", ". The rebels were also better adjusted to the terrain and shaped their organisation along the lines of geography and the strategic considerations of guerrilla warfare as they built it from the ground up. This made them much more effective in terms of tactics and logistics", ". This made them much more effective in terms of tactics and logistics. The rebel forces were organised into two categories — garrisons consisting of village dalams who would continue their civilian lives while maintaining hidden arms, and mobile guerrilla dalams who would become full-time operatives and engage in offensives across large distances. The revolutionary headquarters in Mungala became a key source of supplies, arms, literature and organisers as they were smuggled in through the border", ". Some demobilised war veterans also joined the communists during this period.", "In contrast, state forces and the paramilitary razakars lacked co-ordination; the former were demoralised as a consequence of the induction of the latter and having to serve in a subordinate role to them. The rising tensions between the Dominion of India and Hyderabad State made it more difficult for the government as they had to deploy more troops at the frontiers. One critical advantage the government forces had was in terms of transportation", ". One critical advantage the government forces had was in terms of transportation. They could use trucks, jeeps and railways to move troops quickly through the few hard bed roads and railway lines that existed in the region while the rebels were largely restricted to foot. Even captured vehicular transportation was not useful to the rebels, as they could not operate them clandestinely, nor did they possess heavy armament like artillery to engage in conventional warfare", ". To mitigate this advantage, the rebels dug trenches around the villages and roads were either blocked, breached or had planks with nails placed on them. The military would often respond by forcing a group of villagers to refill the trenches, shooting some of them while they worked on it", ". On 26–27 February, the rebels conducted a major operation with twenty simultaneous co-ordinated attacks on infrastructure targets including important telecommunication facilities, bridges and sections of railway tracks which paralysed the transportation and communication capabilities of the government forces from thereon.", "The rebels went on a successful campaign of territorial expansion and effectively routed the government forces by mid-1948. Much of the Telangana countryside came under their control, covering the entirety of Nalgonda, Warangal, Khammam and Karimnagar districts, more than half of Medak and Adilabad districts and a significant portion of the remaining three districts of Telangana namely, Mahabubnagar, Hyderabad and Nizamabad", ". In Adilabad, Medak and Karimnagar, the Tirtha Group of the Congress had established some bases that defected towards the communists. Around , covering 4,000 villages, were being directly administered by communes. The rebel forces had reached a peak with 10,000 troops in garrisons and 2,000 in guerrilla forces. There were an additional three to four million active workers and non-combatant supporters of the rebel forces", ". In August 1948, the number of razakars stood at 100,000 men even as it recruited 30,000 more in January, down from 200,000 in September 1947. They were increasingly sent by the government to engage with the communists as the rebellion expanded across Telangana, but they proved to be ineffective against them", ". In turn, the razakars became the victims of torture as retribution for their past atrocities, which continued until the communes and s prohibited and eventually banned such activities, declaring them to be primitive.", "Decline of the insurrection", "In September 1948, the Dominion of India launched a military intervention for the annexation of Hyderabad. The intervention officially described as a \"police action\" was justified on the grounds of ending the undemocratic feudal regime of the Nizam and the razakar repression enabled by him. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru had stated in a press conference the government's policy towards the communists would depend on how they respond during and after the intervention", ". The comment was misleading as the government was making preparations to liquidate the peasant communes and restore the aristocrats regardless of their response. Internally, the communists were described as the primary target rather than the Nizam and the razakars. V. P. Menon had briefed the American embassy about the intervention and promised them that the communists would be eradicated in return for their support in justifying the military action to the international community", ". The Home Ministry under Vallabhbhai Patel favoured military intervention as it would enable them to deploy military personnel in Telangana. They had initially stalled the intervention for over a year, despite ongoing razakar atrocities because it was feared that an invasion would allow the communists to strengthen their position. Menon wanted the rebel administration to be dealt with through military courts rather than by civil authorities.", "The Indian Army marched into Hyderabad State on 13 September and the already demoralised Hyderabad State Force, the police and the razakars surrendered within a week after minimal resistance. This military intervention was perceived by the peasant communes as a positive development and not as an attack on them. The villagers believed the army was helping them defeat the Nizam's government", ". The villagers believed the army was helping them defeat the Nizam's government. They launched a final parallel assault against the remaining military camps of the state forces, outposts of state agents and garrisons in estates, accompanied by victory celebrations. The rebels came across large stores of arms and ammunition during the assault", ". The rebels came across large stores of arms and ammunition during the assault. Many of them were handed over to the army after their objectives were accomplished, as the peasants returned to their villages with the belief that the armed conflict was over. The commanding officer selected for the invasion was Major General Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri, who was also a zamindar aristocrat from West Bengal", ". He set up a military administration after the Nizam's capitulation, banned the Communist Party, and immediately launched a military offensive against the peasant communes. The deshmukhs and officials returned as the redistributed lands were to be confiscated and granted back to their original owners.", "The military administration did not induct any local police personnel or civil servants, including those affiliated with the Hyderabad State Congress, who were sidelined. Vallabhbhai Patel distrusted them and justified it with the claim that they had a partisan character. They deployed officials and personnel from outside the state, as it was feared that locals might be apprehensive of conducting violence against their own and might even be covert communist sympathisers", ". Chaudhuri also issued a warning to the police personnel from outside the state about falling under communist influence. The administration orchestrated an anti–communist witch hunt in the state, attempting to arrest any and all communists. There was widespread use of torture against those suspected of harbouring information and the military personnel occasionally conducted indiscriminate arrests and mass shootings against villagers in Telangana", ". Meanwhile, the Nizam was not prosecuted and instead was made the Rajpramukh of Hyderabad State for a period of time. Kasim Razvi was arrested, tried and jailed but soon released and forced to migrate to Pakistan. The military administration actively promoted feudal restoration in Telangana.", "The offensive sent the peasant communes and the Communist Party into disarray, causing divisions within them. Some of them, including Ravi Narayan Reddy and the former general secretary Puran Chand Joshi, among other veteran party leaders wanted to abandon the armed rebellion and attempt to employ legal pathways to stop the repression to continue their movement, while others antagonised by the actions of the administration wanted to continue an armed guerrilla struggle against the military", ". Some, including the new general secretary Bhalchandra Trimbak Ranadive, even advocated for escalating the rebellion into a national revolution. Both sides exchanged accusations, denouncing each other as \"right wing reformists\" and \"left wing adventurists\". The government used this to its advantage, as they were occasionally able to coerce former participants into becoming informants", ". The urban population, unaware of the events in the countryside, had supported the intervention and were convinced by the government and with the help of various statements made by revolutionaries against the Congress, that they were indulging in an unnecessary peasants' partisan warfare after the annexation. On the other hand, the division weakened the communists", ". On the other hand, the division weakened the communists. Many of the peasants had abandoned the rebellion, especially those from the middle and richer peasantry, some of whom were dissatisfied with the latest land ceiling and who used to provide important contacts and financial support. Despite the desertions, most of the peasants remained sympathetic towards the guerrillas who had decided to keep fighting, and refused to cooperate with the police.", "In December 1948, the administration began a large-scale counterinsurgency campaign designed to frighten villagers into not assisting the guerrillas. The States Department sent Captain Nanjappa to act as the Special Commissioner of Police for the operation. Nanjappa ordered indiscriminate arrests, burning down of entire villages where land redistribution had occurred and extrajudicial killings of suspects after capture", ". Around 2,000 peasants, armed and unarmed, were killed and 25,000 arrested by the end of August 1949. The communes were dis-established and the former estates restored in their respective areas. The guerrillas had to retreat into the dense forests of the Godavari Basin and to the forests across the Krishna River in the Nallamala Range, with the support of the Koya and Lambadi tribals respectively", ". The landless and impoverished peasants, which included most of the tribals and untouchables, formed the backbone of the rebellion. The guerrillas adopted even more clandestine tactics; the size of individual squads was reduced to five from ten. They started leading civilian lives among the rural population without readily available arms, depended on intermediaries for communication and occasionally organised to conduct operations", ". The government adopted the strategy of the Briggs Plan in response; tribal communities were evacuated en masse and placed in large detention camps but guerrillas with widespread support from the locals continued to be able to operate and remain supplied.", "De-escalation", "The military force, with its high morale and modern equipment, had forced the Nizam and the razakar to surrender within weeks. Despite this, they were unable to suppress the poorly armed peasants for three years. Nehru was concerned with the continued military rule in the state imposed by Patel; civil authorities were introduced in the state after 16 months of military administration", ". Land reform measures such as the enactment of the Jagirdari Abolition Regulations and setting up of the Agrarian Enquiry Committee were introduced to contain the popularity of the communists. This somewhat reduced the power of the in the process. In 1950, the Constitution of India came into force and the dominion became a republic", ". In 1950, the Constitution of India came into force and the dominion became a republic. Fearing the loss of credibility as a democratic government and with the understanding that further repression would only popularise the communists, the Congress administration started making reconciliatory gestures towards the Communist Party from early 1951. There was increasing distrust of the Congress in the state as information from the Telangana countryside was spreading", ". The leftist congressmen involved in the earlier agitations against the Nizam had started being harshly critical of the government, referring to brutal and unjust repression. There were also ongoing student and labour agitations since 1948–49 in the urban areas.", "Meanwhile, Ranadive, who had become the general secretary in 1948 and adopted the policy of continuing the rebellion, was replaced by Chandra Rajeswara Rao in 1950. Opinions critical of the continuation rose through the year. Puran Chand Joshi was aggressively campaigning within the party for withdrawal of the rebellion. In April 1951, Acharya Vinoba Bhave spoke with a number of Communist Party leaders in detention and was able to secure the release of a large number of them", ". The guerrillas, who maintained a sophisticated courier system for communications and had made enormous sacrifices for the rebellion, were eventually convinced by the party to accept the continuation of armed struggle was a mistake. The rebellion was on the defensive, restricted to its remote safe havens in the forests and had no hopes for regaining lost ground. In the plains, the peasants had also started frequent agricultural strikes and agitations since the dissolution of the communes", ". The party attempted to negotiate with the Congress to retain some of the gains made by the peasantry by sending a three-man team to Hyderabad and in anticipation of taking the electoral route in the 1951–52 elections, the first ones to be held in independent India and with universal adult franchise. The demands included a halt on all land evictions, withdrawal of the military and release of all detained communists", ". These were rejected by the Congress, but the communists decided to call off the rebellion regardless.", "On 25 October 1951, the Central Committee of the Communist Party officially declared the end of the rebellion", ". In the state election and national elections, communist leaders, who were formerly part of the rebellion, were elected from almost all rural constituencies they contested in Telangana; Ravi Narayana Reddy, who had just been released from jail, was the candidate with the highest margin in any constituency in India, greater than that of Jawaharlal Nehru, which became a major source of embarrassment for the Congress", ". The Communist Party was still banned in the state and had contested through a registered, unrecognised organisation called the People's Democratic Front with no official symbol or much campaigning; the ban was lifted after the election. In 1956, the long-standing demand of the Andhra communists for Visalandhra was fulfilled through the States Reorganisation Act. Hyderabad State was dissolved, and the region of Telangana merged with Andhra State to form Andhra Pradesh", ". Under pressure from the party, the Congress government separated Andhra State from Madras State in 1953.", "Communes and guerrilla squads\n\nStructure and organisation", "The communist peasant rebellion set up a system of governance called or village communes which managed all administrative and judicial functions. They consisted of s (committees) elected in village meetings with universal adult franchise. The number of members in each ranged from five to seven and varied between villages. The s supervised the redistribution of land and organised systems for dispute resolution, and to address complaints, conflicts and abuses including family and personal issues", ". The former role of the deshmukhs was replaced by these systems. The communes in the later stage established judicial courts with a jury system. The individual communes lacked coordination with each other and suffered from isolation through the entire duration of the rebellion.", "The Andhra Mahasabha and Communist Party of India were undifferentiated by the villagers and collectively were simply known as (The Organisation), from their reference to the initial village level organisations called s. The porosity in membership of the was very high, anyone who supported and participated was de facto considered a member of the party which in turn made entire villages an extension of the party itself. Any villager could be elected to positions within it.", "The dalams (squads) were initially created for defensive purposes. They developed into an armed force and were reorganised separately from the organisation of the communes. The garrison village squads remained within them while guerrilla squads were divided into five area groups, each with a number of zones and a commanding officer in each zone overseeing several squads. The individual squads were composed of 10 combatants. The revolutionary headquarters became the coordination centre for the squads", ". The revolutionary headquarters became the coordination centre for the squads. The squad leaders in the early stages were usually middle peasantry with small landholding while the majority of the members were landless labourers and rural poor. The disparity existed as a consequence of much of the population being illiterate, and literacy became a requirement for effective long-distance communication", ". Only 10% of the population in Telangana was literate and the ones that could be found were from the middle peasantry.", "Social revolution", "The new system of governance marked a radical shift from a feudal autocracy to a network of decentralised village democracies, causing a social revolution in the duration of the rebellion. The entire feudal hierarchy intertwined with theological and caste-based justifications broke down in favour of a vision of an egalitarian new order. Chakali Ilamma later recalled, \"I was so proud of the . They said that the poor would be equal and their time would come ..", ". They said that the poor would be equal and their time would come ... How can the dream of a new order that they spoke of ever leave us?\" Ilamma was part of one of the first instances of resistance to coercion during the agitations of 1944–46.", "The village s instituted crash course education schemes, literacy programs, prohibited forced marriages, and legalised and introduced programs to destigmatise divorces and widow remarriages. Caste distinctions broke down during the rebellion as the villagers and especially the squad members were necessitated into working together. One of the most significant impacts of the rebellion was a change in the relations between sexes", ". One of the most significant impacts of the rebellion was a change in the relations between sexes. The workforce participation of women increased substantially and prevalent domestic gender norms were questioned. In the early stages, women had begun serving in auxiliary roles for the squads. They eventually began to be recruited in the squads themselves despite the abundance of male and female volunteers. Discriminatory attitudes persisted to an extent with a harsher reception to mistakes made by women", ". Discriminatory attitudes persisted to an extent with a harsher reception to mistakes made by women. Beliefs in gods, demons and superstitions also declined in the population during this period.", "The early onset of the land seizures marked the beginning of the land redistribution process. The task of managing land distribution was taken over by the s; land revenues were abolished. The communes also introduced regulations on interest rates, guarantees on repayments and price control measures. The period was marked by exhilaration among the peasantry. The rebels no longer had to pay exorbitant rents, taxes or repay debts", ". The rebels no longer had to pay exorbitant rents, taxes or repay debts. They had gained land through redistribution instead, and were able to feed themselves two meals a day for the first time in their lives.", "The lands of jagirdars and deshmukhs were the primary targets for redistribution, but government owned wastelands and forest lands also came under the redistribution scheme. Lands acquired by through coercion and lands worked by evicted tenants were readily granted to the evicted cultivators. The ceiling of land ownership was progressively reduced over time and ceiling surplus lands were redistributed", ". Initially set at 500 acres, it was reduced to 200 acres and eventually after pressure from the majority of the peasantry was reduced to 100 dry acres and 10 wet acres. Over one million acres of land were redistributed by 1948.", "Contrary to expectations, the land redistribution program resulted in an expansion of agricultural production in spite of the ongoing conflict with the state. The grains produced were hidden in scattered storage deposits in the fields. The communes were still dependent on the external market to sell the produce and had to bribe middlemen to market goods from the rebel villages.", "Medical support", "The medical facilities of the rebels in Telangana were poor, and preventative measures were emphasised. The city of Bezawada (Vijayawada) served as the primary source of medical support for the rebellion. Doctors sympathetic to the rebellion arranged a special ward in the Vijayawada General Hospital to treat injured combatants. They also supplied the rebellion with first aid kits and anti-venom against snake bites. Two doctors from the city joined the rebels to provide paramedic training to squad members", ". Two doctors from the city joined the rebels to provide paramedic training to squad members. The paramedics trained in ad hoc facilities by the doctors, were able to contain a cholera outbreak in villages near Bhongir during the rebellion by emphasising on disinfection of drinking water with the use of coal and lime.", "Legacy", "No official account of the attempted suppression of the rebellion, was released to the public even 70 years later. Meanwhile, the divisions that emerged within the rebel camp persisted and led to the 1964 split in the Communist Party of India. There was a renewed interest in the rebellion among academics and activists in the 1970s and 80s. The rebellion has since become a source of legends and inspiration among Telangana's population as well as the radical and progressive left across India", ". Krishan Chander's Hindi/Urdu novella Jab Khet Jage was based on the Telangana Rebellion. \"Palletoori Pillagada\", a song describing the rebellion was written by Suddala Hanmanthu and retained its popularity years afterwards particularly among the tribal population where it was incorporated into folk adaptations. The Telugu film Maa Bhoomi (1980) was set in the rebellion and became a significant commercial success", ". The cinematographer Rajendra Prasad made his first feature film Nirantharam (1995), in Telugu, starring Raghuvir Yadav and Chinmayee Surve on the subject.", "See also\n Tebhaga movement\n Nankar Rebellion\n Rojava conflict\n List of communist parties in India\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nCitations\n\nSources\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n\nTelangana Rebellion\n20th-century rebellions\nHyderabad State\nRevolutionary movement for Indian independence\nRebellions in Asia\nPeasant revolts\nCommunist rebellions\n1940s in India\nConflicts in 1946\nConflicts in 1947\nConflicts in 1948\nConflicts in 1949\nConflicts in 1950\nConflicts in 1951" ]

[ "Below is an annotated list of North American ethnic and religious fraternal orders;\n\nEthnic", "African American \n African Blood Brotherhood\n Afro-American Order of Owls\n Afro-American Order of Red Men\n Christian Knights and Heroines of Ethiopia of the East and West Hemispheres - This organization was incorporated in the probate court of Mobile County, Alabama, in 1915. The unique name was noticed by several publications including Law Notes, the Sacred Heart Review and the Fortnightly Review.", "Colored Brotherhood and Sisterhood of Honor - Founded in Franklin, Kentucky, in 1886 as a social and mutual benefit society. Listed in the 1890 census. Apparently extinct by 1923.\n Colored Consolidated Brotherhood - a mutual benefit society headquartered at Atlanta, Texas. Listed in the 1890 census", "Fraternal Order of Hawks - Also called the Improved, Benevolent Order of Hawks, this was an African American order that may have been modeled on the Fraternal Order of Eagles. Known to be active in Virginia and Oregon.", "Grand Order of Galilean Fishermen - Founded in 1856 in Washington, D.C., by Anthony S. Perpender. One of the oldest orders of its kind, by 1897 it was also one of the wealthiest with $125,000 in lodges, land, personal property and bonds. By that time it had 56,000 members in lodes \"from New England to the Gulf\". Men and women were admitted. The Order paid sick and death benefits which in 1897 were $5 per day for sickness and $300 to $400 for death", ". Claimed to be of Masonic origin, and its emblem used a fish, cross, rose and the letters INRI, similar to the 18th degree in Scottish Rite Masonry. Local lodges were called \"Tabernacles\". Apparently active into the 1980s.", "Grand United Order of Odd Fellows in America\n Grand United Order of True Reformers - Founded in 1873 in Kentucky and Alabama, an African American fraternal organization that was White-led by the Independent Order of Good Templars.\n Grand Fountain of the United Order of True Reformers – Founded in c. 1875 in Richmond, Virginia, by the Rev. William Washington Browne. It reached the 70,000 members by 1900, and by that time had also contributed $2 million in benefits and relief.", "Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks\n Independent Benevolent and Protective Order of Moose", "Independent Order of Good Samaritans and Daughters of Samaria - Founded September 14, 1847, as a temperance order in New York City by I. W. B. Smith. It was an authorized branch of the white Grand United Order of Good Samaritans which had been founded that March. Had initiated over 400,000 members by 1897. It was described as having educational as well as mutual benefit aspects including sickness, death, disability and old age benefits. In 1897 the Order had lodges in every US state and England", ". In 1897 the Order had lodges in every US state and England. Its logo was a dove and olive branch enclosed in a triangle with the words Love, Purity and Truth emblazoned on them. This symbolized perfection, equality and the trinity. The Orders headquarters were in Washington, DC.", "Independent Order of Immaculates of the United States of America - Founded June 23, 1872, in Nashville, Tennessee, by W. A. Hadley. Evolved from Young Men's Immaculate Association but was different in that it was patterned after secret fraternal orders and that it admitted men and women. Had about 5,000 members in 1897. Headquartered in Nashville.\n Independent Order of Saint Luke - Based in Richmond, Virginia. Had 49,498 members at the end of 1921. attempts to reach it in 1923 were unsuccessful.", "International Order of Twelve Knights and Daughters of Tabor\n Knights of Peter Claver - Founded in 1909 by members of Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church in Mobile, Alabama, as a Black Catholic fraternal order, as Blacks were barred from the Knights of Columbus due to their race. Among the founders were The Rev. John H. Dorsey (the second Black Catholic priest ordained in the US), a number of White priests, and three Black parishioners.", "Knights of Pythias of North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa\n Colored Knights of Pythias - Unclear if this was a separate group from above.\n Mosaic Templars of America\n Prince Hall Freemasonry\n Supreme Camp of American Woodmen\n United African Brotherhood - Organized in Clinton, Texas. Attempts to contact by mail in the late 1890s failed.", "United Brothers of Friendship - Founded August 1, 1861, by young local students in day or night schools. In 1868, on the advice of their teacher, W.H. Gibson, the society reorganized. Many chapters were formed in Kentucky, and a statewide Grand Lodge was formed in 1871. After establishing chapters outside Kentucky a National Grand Lodge was formed. W.H. Gibson served as the first State Grand Master for five years, and as National Grand Master four years", ". Unofficial female auxiliaries called the Sisters of Friendship until 1878 when the organization formed the official Sisters of the Mysterious Ten, organized in local Temples. In 1878 the Order had about 4,000 members. That was the year they decided to establish another auxiliary, the Knights of Friendship, based on the story of David and Jonathan. In 1892 the UBF had 100,000 member in 19 states and 2 territories with 30,000 in Missouri alone", ". In 1892 the UBF had 100,000 member in 19 states and 2 territories with 30,000 in Missouri alone. It was known to be active in Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, West Virginia, Virginia, the District of Columbia, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Kansas, Colorado, Washington, Canada, the West Indies and Africa. While predominantly black, the order had white members", ". While predominantly black, the order had white members. There was evidence that the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows had something to do with its founding.", "United Knights and Daughters of America - Headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri. Reportedly had many members in the Midwest. Attempts to contact the order in 1923 were unsuccessful.\nUniversal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League", "American Indian \n Alaska Native Brotherhood", "Brotherhood of North American Indians - Founded by Richard C. Adams of the Delaware Tribe of Oklahoma on December 5, 1911, in Washington, DC. Membership was open to people of Indian blood. Those married to Indians, the President of the United States, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs and other public officials could become honorary members, without vote", ". The Brotherhood advocated giving Indians the right to vote and granting them citizenship, the placement of Indian children in public school, more Indians working at the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and Indian representation in Congress. The national convention in Washington would elect 20 national chiefs, a Great Sachem, Chief Historian and Great Chaplain. The Brotherhood collapsed in 1913.", "Daughters of Sacajawea - Organized in the 1920s, possibly as the New York City chapter of the Teepee Order of America. Both groups were founded by Red Fox Francis St. James, which created difficulties, as he was intolerant of Catholics and blacks, so Catholic Indians and those that had black ancestry opposed his groups. In 1926 a Princess Chinquilla, a Cheyenne woman, was the \"Great Sacajawea\" of the group and worked with St", ". James to create an Indian cultural center in New York, but the project fell through.", "Loyal Order of Tecumseh - Founded by Arthur C. Parker as a society within the Society of American Indians to provide a common ground for those with greater and lesser degrees of Indian blood. Members of the group held no voting privileges, so they could not effect the outcome of the parent group. The Order evolved into other fraternal groups during the 1920s.", "Teepee Order of America - Founded in 1915 by Red Fox Francis St. James, an alleged Blackfoot Indian. Open to Indians and non-Indians from the US, Canada and Latin America, it excluded blacks and European immigrants. Originally similar to the Boy Scouts of America in appealing to youth and \"focusing on Indian activities and ceremonies that were romantic in nature.\" It was a Pan-Indian group, but not as successful as the Society of American Indians, though there was some membership overlap", ". It advocated for Native American citizenship and questioned the efficacy of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.", "English", "Order, Sons of St. George - Organized after the Civil War by Englishmen in the anthracite coal-mining region of Pennsylvania to counter the Molly Maguires. The organization \"took permanent shape\" at Scranton in 1871. Membership was open to \"Englishmen, their sons and grandsons, wherever born\". Beneficiary membership was limited to those between 18 and 50; those over 50 were allowed honorary membership", ". The Order required belief in a Supreme Being, reverence for the Holy Bible, and loyalty to one's adopted country. By 1896 the order had about 35,000 members in the United States, Canada and Hawaii. Ritual based on the legend of St. George included a \"language of words, signs and grips\" that the member learned upon initiation which could identify him to other members of the order. The Orders emblem was St. George conquering the dragon", ". The Orders emblem was St. George conquering the dragon. The system of sick benefits varied by lodge and the inclination of members. There was also a funeral benefit for members and their wives and a benevolent fund for brethren and \"any worthy Englishman in distress\". Some lodges also provided physicians and medicine for sick members. There was also a female auxiliary, the Daughters of St. George, but it was not officially recognized by the Supreme Lodge", ". George, but it was not officially recognized by the Supreme Lodge. In 1923 the Order was accused of promoting pro-British propaganda in textbooks used in New York by a representative of Mayor John Francis Hylan.", "Sons of England Benevolent Society - Fraternal order for Canadians of English descent.", "French", "Union Saint-Jean-Baptiste - Founded March 27, 1900 in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, as the Union Saint-Jean-Baptiste d'Amerique for Roman Catholic Franco-Americans. Activities include hospital volunteer work, comforting the bereaved, visiting shut-ins and work in Catholic Action. The Saint-Jean-Baptiste Educational Foundation provides scholarships; the group also helps fund the Catholic Communications Foundation whose mission was to spread understanding of the Catholic faith and doctrine in the mass media", ". Headquarters was Woonsocket. The motto is \"In Union there is strength\". Lodges called local councils, and the national convention is \"National Congress\". There was a ritual for initiation and the installation of officers. 62,000 members in 1968, 47,000 in January 1979. Merged with Catholic Family Life in 1991.", "Association Canado-Americaine - Founded in 1896 in Manchester, New Hampshire, which remained the organization's headquarters. Lodges called Courts, regions District Courts, highest body \"Supreme Court\" which met quadrennially. A \"High Court\" administered the group in between sessions of the Supreme Court and determined district boundaries. Motto: \"Religion, Patriotism, and Fraternity\"", ". Motto: \"Religion, Patriotism, and Fraternity\". The Association had rituals for initiation, installation and other rites; the rituals reflected the Catholic values of the society whose patron was St. John the Baptist. The organization offered beneficiary and social membership; the former consisted of adult and infant divisions, the infants becoming adult members when they turn 18", ". There was also honorary membership bestowed on those who had made unusual services to the Catholic faith, social or economic science, the arts, education, to French culture generally, or to any other ideal of the association. 1967 membership 30,424; 1979 membership 26,000. Absorbed Foresters Franco Americains in 1939. The ACA went into rehabilitation in 2008 and later was liquidated. Most of its insurance policies were assumed by the Royal Arcanum.", "German", "Alliance of Transylvania Saxons - Founded as the Siebenburger Bund on July 5, 1902. On August 31 of the same year became the Central Verband der Siebenburger Sachsen. Adopted current name in 1965. Headquarters in Cleveland, lodges called branches; there were 43 in 1978. The national convention meets annually", ". The national convention meets annually. Membership open to those \"of Transylvanian Saxon birth or descent thereof, or married to a Saxon of descendent thereof, or of German birth or descendent thereof\" ages 16–60 who were also healthy enough to pass the insurance requirements and of sound mind and habits and of high moral caliber. The Transylvanian Saxon Juniors Association was founded in 1931 to provide insurance for youth. The TSJA also conducts track and field, swim meets, golf, softball, and bowling", ". The TSJA also conducts track and field, swim meets, golf, softball, and bowling. Saturday German-study classes for youth began in 1925. No rituals, but local Branches have their own brief initiation ceremonies. Sponsored the Saxon Basketball League in 1927. Charitable activities included helping repatriate Saxon POWs in Siberia to Saxony in 1918; in 1920 it sent $33,000 to Saxon National School in Hermannstadt, a school for orphans, now has its own orphan fund", ". Sent $22,000 in 1970–1971 to Romania for flood relief. 9,871 members in 1967, 8,629 members in 1976 8,892 members in 1989. Membership had stabilized around 10,000 for decades.", "Ancient Order of Freesmiths - Claimed to be descended from the Vehmgericht of medieval Germany. First known lodge in the United States founded in Baltimore in 1865. Subsequent lodges were formed in Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia in 1866 and 1867 respectively. By the late 1890s the Order was said to have members in almost every state of the Union", ". By the late 1890s the Order was said to have members in almost every state of the Union. State divisions were called Grad Lodges, and the national organization was controlled by a Supreme Lodge of the United States that met \"one the first hour of every leap year.\" Lodge rooms were called Smithies, the presiding officer was titled Sun, his second in command the moon and other official had names based on the planets and other bodies in the firmament", ". The order worked nine degrees, six lower, called the Free Smiths, and three higher degrees - Grand Marshal, Grand Master and Cavalier - which were open to members who had been in the Order longer and were entitled to wear colored sashes and swords. The motto of the order was Truth, Fidelity and Security. The order also paid sick and death benefits. Correspondence sent to Baltimore in May 1923 by Arthur Preuss went unanswered.", "Bavarian National Association of North America - Founded 1884, incorporated in New York. In 1923 the Association had c.3,500 members in 56 lodges; membership \"not strictly limited to\", natives of Bavaria and their descendants. \"Supreme Office\" at 749 Broadway, Buffalo, New York. Merged with Unity Life and Accident Insurance Association in 1934.", "GUG Germania - Gegenseite Unterstutzungsgeselshaft Germania, founded in 1888 and incorporated the same year in Wisconsin, in which state they confined their operations. Their mission, in their words \"for the purpose of mutual aid in cases of sickness, accident and death of its members or their families\". In 1923 it had 8,000 members in 60 subordinate societies; that year it had a capital of over $500,000, with a further $100,000 in sick benefit funds held by local societies", ". All policy decisions determined by a \"Central Society\" made up of the officers, founders and representatives of the subordinate lodges. A central society meets as stated intervals to elect officers to administer the group and make needed changes. Membership open to men 18–50, of good moral character who have passed medical exams, regardless of religious or political creeds. Germania stated that it \"is not a secret society. No pass-words or grips feature its work", ". Germania stated that it \"is not a secret society. No pass-words or grips feature its work. In fact, any man is welcome to join its meetings.\";", "German Order of Harugari", "Greater Beneficial Union of Pittsburgh - Incorporated April 14, 1892 in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, as the Deutscher Unter-stuetzungs-Bund, within a month had 243 members in 6 districts. Began periodical, Union Reporter, the next year, now known as GBU Reporter. Rituals includes candidate signing an application and the president of the local lodge giving an address about the privileges of membership and how one should enter the lodge", ". Union claimed to be non-sectarian and had no secrets; open to all \"well-meaning persons\"; non-members accompanied by members allowed at meeting. Locals are \"Districts\"; national convention meets quadrennially; headquarters in Pittsburgh; in 1979 had $120,000,000 in insurance; also sponsored outings, baseball games etc. While originally for German men and women, by 1979 the Union was open to men and women of all ethnic backgrounds. In 1923 the Union had 54,000 members, in 1965 50,000, in 1979 37,000.", "Improved Order, Knights of Pythias\n Independent Order of Red Men", "North American Swiss Alliance - Founded July 14, 1865, as the Grütli Bund der Vereinigten Staaten von Nord Amerika in Cincinnati. Became Nordamerikanishcher Schweizerbund in July 1911. National convention meets quadrennially, locals are called branches or lodges. Open to Swiss, Swiss descendants or spouses of Swiss. Membership 2,000 in 1965, 4,000 in 1978 and 3,350 in 1994, about 10 to 15% are social, uninsured members. Periodical originally called Gruetlianer changed to Der Schweizer in 1911", ". Periodical originally called Gruetlianer changed to Der Schweizer in 1911. Headquarters in Cleveland in 1979, but it was an \"organization on wheels\" moving to a number of places every few years in the late 19th century", "Schwarzer Ritter, Deutscher Orden - Claimed great antiquity, though in 1899 it was said to have been present in the United States for about 30 years. Active in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia.\n Sons of Hermann\n United League of America", "Workmen's Benefit Fund - Founded as the Workmen's Sick and Death Benefit Fund in 1884, this organization was licensed to provide insurance in February 1899. The current name was adopted in 1939. Membership opened to non-Germans in 1976. Locals called \"Branches\", regional groups called \"Districts\", national convention meets quadrennially. \"Supreme Office\" reported to be at 9 Seventh Street, New York in 1923. Reported to be in Brooklyn in the 1970s. Now at 399 Conklin Street - Suite 310 Farmingdale", ". Reported to be in Brooklyn in the 1970s. Now at 399 Conklin Street - Suite 310 Farmingdale. Two Chicago-based German groups have merged into the WBF - the Mutual Benefit Aid Society and American Fraternal Insurance Society founded by Volga Germans. Two Jewish groups have merged into the WBF, the Free Sons of Israel in 2001 and the Workmen’s Circle in 2004. Among its activities were providing scholarships, donating to charities, operating a convalescent home, summer camp, and home for the aged", ". It also offers \"usual line of fraternal insurance and benevolencies for its members\" Had 384 lodges and 53,139 benefit members in 1923, 53,000 in 1965, 35,000 on December 31, 1978 and 15,000 in 1995.", "Greek \n American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association\n Pancretan Association of America\n Pan-Icarian Brotherhood", "Hispanic", "Alianza Hispano-Americana - Founded January 14, 1894, in Tucson, Arizona. The Supreme Lodge was incorporated under the laws of Arizona in October 1902. The first Supreme President was M. G. Samaniego, whose term lasted a year. He was succeeded by Samuel Brown, who continued in office until at least August 1918. The original death benefit was a levy assessment on all members in the event of the death of a single member. In 1907 the benefit scheme was changed to a reserve fund system", ". In 1907 the benefit scheme was changed to a reserve fund system. A table of rates was adopted in 1910 and women were allowed in 1913. Headquarters were at the AHA Building in Tucson, under the care of a Supreme Secretary. The Alienza was run by Supreme Executive Council which included the Supreme Secretary, as well as a Medical Director, Counselor and Treasurer. The \"field men\" were under the control of a General Organizer based in El Paso", ". The \"field men\" were under the control of a General Organizer based in El Paso. In 1918 it was reportedly the largest Spanish American organization in the country. In 1923 it had 109 branches, 5,189 members and operated in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, California, Colorado and Nevada.", "Hungarian \n American Hungarian Catholic Society - Founded in 1894. Headquarters in Cleveland. Aside from insurance they assist aged members, visit sick and bereaved, \"provides service\" to local parishes. 1965 members 2,430; 1977 members 1,200.\n Hungarian Reformed Federation of America", "Hungarian Reformed Federation of America\n Verhovay Fraternal Insurance Association - Founded in Pennsylvania as Verhovay Aid Association, changed name in 1935 21,512 members at the end of 1922, and at that time was headquartered in Hazleton, Pennsylvania. It had 40,000 members in 1955 the same year it merged with William Penn\n William Penn Association", "Irish \n Ancient Order of Hibernians\n Knights of Equity", "St. Patrick's Alliance of America - Founded in 1868 by members of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick and other groups, mostly Irish Catholic. However, the Alliance's ritual emphasized freedom of religion and denounced bigotry from any source. Other elements were borrowed from the Foresters and other like groups. The Alliance's emblem was a disc showing the tree of life and the letters S. P. A. of A. The Alliance provided sick and death benefits and benefits for the loss of a wife", ". P. A. of A. The Alliance provided sick and death benefits and benefits for the loss of a wife. Membership open to all regardless of political or religious belief as long as one was of Irish descent. There were a reported 50,000 members concentrated in \"New England, Middle, Pacific Coast and some other States\". The National Secretary was based in Newark, New Jersey", "Italian \n Italian Sons and Daughters of America Fraternal Association, formerly the Italo-American National Union\n Sons of Italy\n Venetian Fraternal Union - Founded in 1924 as the Unione Veneziana, this group had 862 members in 1928. Provided free medical care and sickness allowances.", "Jewish \n Ahavas Israel - Founded in New York in 1890. Paid sick and death benefits for members and their wives. Emblem was a pair of clasped hands. Founders included Masons, Oddfellows, members of the Sons of Benjamin and the Independent Order of B'rith Abraham.", "American Star Order - Founded in New York in 1884, this was an order for Romanian American Jews and their wives. In 1899 had 5,500 members, half of which were female. Paid sickness and death benefits. Motto: \"Charity, Harmony, and Brotherly Love\". Emblem was a five pointed star containing three Hebrew letters with the Roman numeral XIII below and the letter G above.", "B'nai Zion - also known as the Order of the Sons of Zion, B'nai Zion was founded in 1908 as the first explicitly Zionist fraternal order. Membership open to non-Jews since at least 1979. Had a benefit membership of 3,619 in 57 lodges in 1923. Had 24,000 members in the late 1960s, 40,000 in 115 chapters in 1979. 34,000 members in 1989. Headquarters in 1923 at 44 E. 23rd Street, New York City. Current headquarters at 136 East 39th Street", ". 23rd Street, New York City. Current headquarters at 136 East 39th Street. Licensed to sell insurance in 11 states, benefits include hospitalization and medical policies and retirement plans. Zionist work through B'nai Zion Foundation: sells Israel Bonds, sponsored Kfar B'nau Zion agricultural settlement with 500 members, an artist colony near Haifa, school of applied arts and hostel for art students, also built home for mentally challenged children in Israel", ". Annual award dinner for someone who promoted the ideals of Zionism and Americanism - honorees have included Gerald Ford, Robert F. Kennedy, Hugh Scott, and Frank Church. Through its American Israel Friendship League it distributed books and periodicals to over 2,000 university libraries, sponsored seminars and discussion groups. Absorbed B'rith Abraham in 1981.", "Free Sons of Israel - Originally Independent Order of Free Sons of Israel. The first lodge was established on January 10, 1849, in New York at the corner of Ridge and Houston Street. It was named Noah #1 after Mordecai Noah. A Constitutional Grand Lodge was convened on March 10 and 22 outlining the rules for order, regalia, and the process for creating subordinate lodges", ". Abraham Lodge #2 was instituted May 7, 1849, and later that year Reuben Lodge #3, which was joined by 30 former member of Struve Lodge #17 of the German Order of the Harugari. On April 15, 1865, the Order took part in the New York funeral ceremonies for Abraham Lincoln. Throughout the nineteenth century membership was restricted to Jewish men, but unofficial female auxiliaries did spring up. By the late 1970s women were accepted as regular members", ". By the late 1970s women were accepted as regular members. The order had 453 members in 7 lodges in 1856, and 928 in 10 lodges in 1863, all within the state of New York. The first lodge outside of New York was Benjamin #15 in Philadelphia, July 30, 1865. In 1899 the Order had 15,000 members in 104 lodges spread across 21 states. In 1923 the order had 6,645 members in 78 lodges", ". In 1923 the order had 6,645 members in 78 lodges. In the late 1960s and 1979 the Order's membership was reported as 10,000, though the number of lodges fell from 46 to 42 during the same time span. The Free Sons had 8,000 members in 1994. In 1923 its headquarters were at 21 W. 124th Street, New York City. The Grand Lodge's current home is 37th Street near 6th Avenue, sharing office space with the Workmens Circle. National convention meets triennially", ". National convention meets triennially. The Order is led by a \"Grand Master\", and the other \"grand lodge\" officers have \"grand\" prefix. Has secret ritual, initiation ceremony, passwords. Motto \"Friendship, Love Truth\". Offers members \"usual life insurance\" benefits; also a Free Sons credit union which gives members low interest loans", ". The Order sponsors a scholarship program for Jewish students who show high proficiency in Hebrew, sponsors blood banks, bond drives for United Jewish Appeal, distributes toys for handicapped kids, homes for seniors, convalescent homes and \"summer camps for elderly citizens and for needy children\". There is also a Free Sons Athletic Association which sponsors youth baseball, softball, basketball, bowling, ping pong, golf and track and field.", "Improved Order of B'nai B'rith - Founded in 1887 in Baltimore by two lodges of the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith who were dissatisfied with the leadership. Originally had 230 members. By 1899 it had spread to some of the larger cities in the United States east of the Mississippi and had approximately 3,000 members. Membership open to Hebrew men only. It insured the lives of its members for $1,000 dollars and that of members wives for half that amount", ". Sick benefits were administered by the subordinate lodges and death benefits by the Supreme Lodge. Ritual was based on the covenant between God, Noah, Abraham and Moses. Emblem was the All Seeing Eye above three pillars with the tablets of the ten commandments between them.", "Independent Order of B'rith Abraham - Founded in 1887 as a split from Order of Brith Abraham, whose leadership they felt was incompetent. Some sources give the name as the Improved Order of B'rith Abraham. Admitted women and was smoothly run. Added social membership option to what was already essentially an insurance society in 1924. Had a peak membership of 206,000 in 1917. In 1923 it had 585 lodges and a benefit membership of 142,812. Had 58,000 immediately before World War II", ". Had 58,000 immediately before World War II. Changed name to simply B'rith Abraham in 1968. Merged with B'nai Zion in 1981. Headquarters in 1923 at 37 Seventh Street New York City. New York was still the headquarters in 1979. The Order's stated objectives in 1969 were to \"foster fraternity in the context of Jewish ideals, tradition and welfare\", provide fraternal benefits to its members, and support programs for underprivileged children and seniors. It also promoted Zionism.", "Independent Order of American Israelites - Founded 1894 in New York City by a group of men, some or all of whom had been members of the Independent Order, Free Sons of Israel, and the Sons of Benjamin. Order paid $1,000 death benefit for male members and $500 for female members. Sick benefits were administered by the subordinate lodges. In 1899 it was limited to the United States and had 3,000 men and 2,500 women members", ". In 1899 it was limited to the United States and had 3,000 men and 2,500 women members. The orders seal was a spread eagle with shield holding an American flag and the words \"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity\" emblazoned on it.", "Independent Order of B'nai B'rith", "Independent Order of B'rith Sholom - Founded in 1905 to assist Jewish immigrants to the US. As Jewish immigration increased, it became more of a human rights organization. Membership open to Jews and gentiles over 16. Female auxiliary named B'rith Sholom Women. Had 52,596 members in 1917. Had 20,000 members in 1979. 6,000 members in 1988. Headquarters in 1917 was at 510-512 5th Street, Philadelphia. Headquarters still at Philadelphia in 1979, when the order had 130 lodges and three statewide organizations", ". They had a secret ritual, but it was only used by a few lodges. Offers scholarships. Did not have an insurance fund, per se, but offered death and burial benefits and financial aid when members are in need; also taught English language and Americanization. The group saved 50 children aged 5 to 14 during the Holocaust; these were housed at a Camp Sholom. Operates a retirement home in Philadelphia that housed 500", ". Operates a retirement home in Philadelphia that housed 500. Sponsors Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University and a recuperation center for Israeli soldiers in Haifa. Contributed a tract of land for Eagleville Sanatorium.", "Independent Order of Sons of Abraham - Founded in 1892 by a group of Jewish men who were already members of the Masons, Sons of Benjamin and the Order of B'rith Abraham. Membership in 1899 almost exclusively in New York and Brooklyn, numbered about 2,400 divided equally between men and women.", "Independent Order of Sons of Benjamin - Founded in 1877 in New York by a group of men who were already members of the Brith Abraham. By 1899 it had spread to the \"principal cities of the United States and the Dominion of Canada.\" It authorized the creation of female lodges, of which there were about 20 in 1899. In 1899 there were about 18,000 male members and 2,500 women. In 1918 it had 800 members in 25 lodges, of which 450 were located in New York City with 18 lodges", ". In 1918 it had 800 members in 25 lodges, of which 450 were located in New York City with 18 lodges. Its headquarters in 1918 were at 953 Third Avenue. Offered the \"usual secret society forms, and privileges\". Emblem was a triangle between the letters F and P with an L under it. Offered insurance against death under the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.", "Independent Western Star Order - Founded in 1894. \"Eastern Division\" headquartered at 40 Rivington Street. Had 21,000 members in 1918, with 2000 members in 24 lodges in New York City. Offered accident, death and burial insurance May or may not be related to an order of the same name operating out of Chicago.", "Independent Workmens Circle - Founded in 1906 in Boston. Open to workingmen and women and \"those in sympathy with the cause of labor\". In 1923 had 77 lodges with 5,726 benefit members. Headquarters 86 Leverett Street, Boston. \"Took up the co-operative movement\" at its annual convention in 1919. Moved into its new 4-story building in the West End at the corner of Leverett and Ashland Street and moved in on November 13, 1920", ". The building contained the group's offices, co-operative grocery, creamery, shoe and dry goods store and printing plant. The \"Co-operative Wholesale Society\" consisting of the \"Finnish, Lithuanian, and Italian Co-operative of New England\" had its offices and warehouse in this building as well.", "Jewish Progressive Order - Headquartered in Philadelphia. Supported the Palestine Restoration Fund by a \"shekel tax\" of 25 cents per member.\n Jewish National Workers Alliance", "Order of Brith Abraham - Founded in New York in 1859. Originally restricted to Reform Jews. Female lodges, consisting of the female relatives of members of the order, could be formed with the sanction of the Grand Lodge and could elect one of the Past Presidents of the male lodges as their officers. In 1899 there were 11,000 regular members and 1,000 members of the female lodges. 8,000 regular members and three fifths of the 160 lodges were located in New York City", ". 8,000 regular members and three fifths of the 160 lodges were located in New York City. In 1923 it had 198 lodges, 15,152 benefit members and 195 social members. It had 8,000 members when it became defunct in 1927. Headquarters in 1923 located at 266-268 Grand Street New York City. The ceremony of the order was calculated to inculcate the values of harmony, wisdom and justice. The orders emblem was an \"interlaced triangle\" with a representation of Abraham about to sacrifice Jacob", ". the order offered sickness and death insurance, assuring its members would be buried in accordance with Jewish law and become good American citizens.", "Order of United Hebrew Brothers - Founded in 1915. in 1917 was reported to have 1,800 members and 12 lodges in New York City. Orders stated objectives included promoting social intercourse, discussions of subjects relating to their community and acting upon them. Provided free burials, helped members in distress and encouraging enrollment in the Postal Life Insurance Company.", "- Founded by Henrietta Bruckman, wife of a prominent New York doctor, with 12 other ladies to provide assistance to Hebrew housewives. Had 5,991 members in 21 lodges in 1918. Had 12,000 members in 1995. Headquarters in New York. National structure called \"Grand Lodge\". Has degrees, secret ritual regalia, etc. Originally German speaking, first English lodge organized in 1892, by 1918 German language \"essentially discontinued in all lodges\"", ". Although originally a benevolent society for sick and widows, by the late 1970s had become primarily a philanthropic group, particularly with cancer related causes. The United Order True Sister Inc, Cancer Service created in 1947, contributes $300,000 a year to hospitals and research centers sponsors two post doctoral fellowships at Frederick Research Cancer Center in Frederick, Maryland. In 1966 opened an outpatient clinic in NYC", ". In 1966 opened an outpatient clinic in NYC. The cancer service has no salaried employees; also contributes to specialized care hospitals in 13 and Israel.", "Workmen's Circle", "Lithuanian \n Association of Lithuanian Workers - Founded in 1930. In 1972 the Association had 100 locals. By 1979 this had dropped to 80. In 1965 the ALW had 4,555; this dropped to 1,000 in 8 states in 1979. In 1994 it had 1,800 members. Headquarters in Ozone Park, Queens. National convention meets biennially. Women's groups called \"sororities\", which carried out the group's charity work. Conducts \"fraternal social and cultural activities\" including three scholarships per year for its members.", "Lithuanian Alliance of America - The idea for forming this society first came up in the Lietuwiszka Gazieta of New York on August 16, 1879. The constituting convention was held in Plymouth, Pennsylvania, on November 22, 1886, from Polish and Lithuanian parish societies. Originally meant to be a joint Polish-Lithuanian society, but after \"heated discussion\" the convention decided that American Lithuanians were \"badly in need of de-Polonized churches\"", ". In the early 1900s there was tension between the lay and the clergy leading to the split of the Lithuanian Socialist Federation. Communist sympathizers within the group apparently revolted in 1920, and there was a warning against Communist infiltration in 1925; \"progressives\" also apparent disrupted many lodges and brought litigation in the 1930s. Headquartered in New York. National convention meets biennially. Had 12,492 members in 303 lodges and 425 in the Juvenile Department in 1923", ". Had 12,492 members in 303 lodges and 425 in the Juvenile Department in 1923. 22,332 members in 332 lodges throughout 24 states. Had 270 lodges in 1972 and 209 lodges in 1979 with 6,563 members. Had 5,000 in 1994. Open to people of Lithuanian descent; sponsors Lithuanian cultural programs, gives aid to widows, and orphans, relief for victims of natural disasters, and awards scholarships. On July 1, 2012, the insurance aspects of the organization passed to the Croatian Fraternal Union", ". On July 1, 2012, the insurance aspects of the organization passed to the Croatian Fraternal Union. A Special Convention convened on September 22, 2012, authorized the leadership to reconstitute the LAA as a not-for-profit cultural group.", "Lithuanian Catholic Alliance - Founded 1886 as the Lithuanian Roman Catholic Alliance of America, adopted current name in 1975. Headquarters in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. National convention meets triennially. There were 163 lodges in 1972 and 147 in 1977. 1965 membership was 7,000, which declined to 4,000 in 1979. In 1994 there were 3,069 members, despite membership being opened to non-Catholics", ". In 1994 there were 3,069 members, despite membership being opened to non-Catholics. Sponsors Lithuanian cultural activities, cookbooks, films and radio programs; also sponsors scholarships for members, supports Community Chest, blood donor clinics, Catholic youth programs, youth camps, and Catholic Social Services.", "Portuguese", "Luso-American Financial - A Fraternal Benefit Society - Founded in 1868 as the Portuguese Protective and Benevolent Association of the City and County of San Francisco. Grand Council, most likely a state organization, founded in 1872, Supreme Council in 1921. Changed name to Benevolent Society of California in 1948. Women admitted in 1945. Merged with the Uniao Portuguesa Continental do Estado da California (f.1917) in 1957 to become United National Life Insurance Society, later adopted current name", ".1917) in 1957 to become United National Life Insurance Society, later adopted current name. Reincorporated in 1975. Luso-American Fraternal Federation founded in 1957 to administer fraternal aspect. Administers Luso-American Educational Foundation which grants scholarships to students interested in Portuguese history and culture. Headquarters in Oakland, lodges called \"Subordinate lodges\" which were present in California, Nevada, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. In 1978 it had 14,000 members", ". In 1978 it had 14,000 members. In 1994 it was reported to have 15,000. Membership is open to Americans of Portuguese descent or birth.", "Society of the Holy Spirit of the State of California - Founded in Santa Clara, California, in 1895. Headquartered in Santa Clara. Lodges are called Subordinate Councils; highest is known as the \"Supreme Council\" which holds a convention annually. Membership open to all. 1979 membership 11,500, a slight increase since 1972. There is a ritual with provisions for questions and answers, hymns pledges and passwords", ". There is a ritual with provisions for questions and answers, hymns pledges and passwords. Besides insurance, it sponsors scholarships, Masses for its members and assist members who are sick or affected by natural disasters.", "Scandinavian", "Scandinavian American Fraternity - Founded in 1893. Membership open to Christians of Scandinavian descent who were of good moral character. The by-laws prohibited discussing religious or political subjects. There was a ritualistic element to the fraternity, including a lodge altar and a burial service, that were criticized by Christian Cynosure as being \"heathen\", though prominent churchmen such as the Rev. P. R", ". P. R. Syrdal of the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America were active members who defended the organization. Grand Lodge headquarters at Eau Claire, Wisconsin. In 1923 it had 8,085 benefit members and 71 social members spread across Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, and North Dakota.", "Scandinavian Fraternity of America - Founded in 1915 as the consolidation of three other groups including the Scandinavian Brotherhood of America, which had been founded in 1894. Membership began to decline in the 1980s, dropping from 37 lodges in 1983 to 28 in 1985. In 1991 it was reported to have only 2,500 members, a number repeated in 1995.", "Danish \n Danish Brotherhood in America", "Danish Sisterhood - Founded December 15, 1883, in Negaunee, Michigan, by Mrs. Christine Hemmingsen. A supreme lodge was formed in 1887, and all the officers were women by 1910. Membership was open to women of Danish descent or married to a man of Danish descent. Admission is by black ball, with one blackball enough to disqualify; there is always a second ballot; if there is another blackball a selected secret committee is appointed to determine cause", ". Had a secret ritual, and no uninitiated person may attend secret meetings of the lodge. Locals called \"lodges\"; regional groups called \"Districts\". National convention meets quadrennially. Supreme Lodge headquarters is in Chicago. Provides funeral benefits of up to $1,000, no more than two beneficiaries can be designated, in special circumstances other benefits can be applied for. Membership in 1922, 8,000, 1934, 7,000, and 1979, 4,500.", "Norwegian \n Sons of Norway", "Swedish", "Independent Order of Svithiod - Founded in 1881 for people of Swedish extraction. Headquartered in Chicago at 139 N. Clark Street. Rituals based on Norse gods such as Baldur, Thor, and Odin and required a secret oath of each initiate. Lodge session open and closed with a prayer by the chaplain. Women allowed to become members in 1916. In 1923 the Order was active in Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, Washington and Missouri with 64 lodges, 13,036 benefit members, and 279 social members", ". Opened membership to non-Swedish Scandinavian Americans in 1962. Merged with Bankers Mutual Life Insurance of Freeport, Illinois, in 1978.", "Independent Order of Vikings\n Vasa Order of America", "Scottish \n Daughters of Scotland - Incorporated in Ohio on October 3, 1899. Membership open only to those of Scottish blood. Ritual had signs, oaths and prayers. Grand Lodge dissolved in the early 1970s, though some local groups continued to meet afterwards.\n Order of Scottish Clans", "Sons of Scotland Benevolent Association - Founded 1876 in Toronto. Incorporated in Ontario in 1880, and on the federal level in 1937. Headquartered in Toronto, the association's lodges are called \"Subordinate Camps\", and the national structure \"Grand Camp\", which meets in convention triennially. Slogan \"Lealty, Loyalty, Liberality\". In the late 1970s it still had an initiation ceremony and \"affinity for fraternal ritualism\", annual passwords and regalia", ". In addition to insurance, it sponsors Scottish dancing and piping competitions, parades in Scottish kilts. Membership open to men and women of Scottish descent or their spouses. Five classes of membership - insured, central camp, juvenile, associate and at large. Members chosen by blackball. 1973 membership 12,887; 1979 membership 12,640 in 80 camps. 9,000 members in 1995. Charitable activities include Kidney Foundation of Canada and Alzheimer's disease organizations", ". Charitable activities include Kidney Foundation of Canada and Alzheimer's disease organizations. Lost a third of its membership over the 1980s.", "Western Slavs", "Polish", "Alliance of Poles in America - Founded on September 22, 1895, in Ohio as Alliance of Poles. Added \"of America\" in 1914. Headquarters in Cleveland. Locals called \"Groups\", regional groups \"Circles\", and the national structure \"Central Body\", which meets quadrennially. Membership open to both sexes from the start. Now open to anyone 15–65, of good moral character, physically and mentally healthy, Polish or Lithuanian by birth or consanguinity. Has no ritual, but it does have an oath", ". Has no ritual, but it does have an oath. Had 16,000 in the late 1960s, 20,000 in 72 locals in 1979. Had 20,000 members in 1994.", "Federal Life Insurance of America - Founded in 1911 as a pressure group with the US Catholic church for Polish interests. Its original name was the Federation of Polish Catholic Laymen. The insurance aspect was added in 1913, and the name changed to the Federation of Poles in America. Became Federal Life Insurance of America in 1924. Local groups are called \"Lodges\"; in 1979 there were 28 lodges in 7 states. The national convention meets quadrennially. Poles or people of Polish descent eligible", ". The national convention meets quadrennially. Poles or people of Polish descent eligible. A women's division was added in 1940. There were 5,000 members in 1960, and 5,543 in 1979. There were 4,476 in 1994. Sent food and clothing to Poland and Polish refugees during World War II; aided the Ochronka Orphanage in Poland since the war; also supports International Folk Fair in Milwaukee.", "Polish Beneficial Association - Founded in 1899 in Philadelphia and headquartered there. Locals called \"groups\". National convention meets quadrennially. Open to people of good moral character of Polish, Lithuanian or Slavic descent and of the Roman Catholic, Byzantine Catholic or Greek Catholic Church or those married to one of the acceptable ethnics and a member of the approved churches", ". Honorary membership given to those who rendered a great service to the Association, Catholicism, the United States or mankind in general. Minimum age is 15, though juvenile insurance/membership available. In 1967 it had 24,500 members, in 1979 16,000 in 105 groups. No ritual, but there is an oath. Offers scholarships, organizes folk dances, polka and Halloween parties, etc. Involved with the Catholic church. Patron saint is St", ". Involved with the Catholic church. Patron saint is St. John Cantius, holds Masses and organized a pilgrimage to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa in Doylestown, Pennsylvania.", "Polish Falcons of America\n Polish National Alliance of Brooklyn - Founded in 1903. Despite name it had members and was licensed to sell insurance in Connecticut, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey and New York. Absorbed Polish American Workmens Aid Fund in 1960. Had 21,413 in 1965, approximately 12,000 in 1979 and 11,135 in 1995. Had 155 lodges in 1972, 87 in 1978. Offers Masses to its members, yearly grants to the Catholic Foundation and theological seminaries.\n Polish National Alliance", "Polish National Union (Sponjnia - Founded in February 1908 in the parish hall of St. Stanislaus Cathedral, in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Received charter by the end of the year. Women's lodges authorized in 1909. Had difficulty retaining membership because it was actuarially unsound. Adopted the American Experience table at its sixth convention in Buffalo, New York, in September 1920, but it wasn't until 1923 that it was actuarially sound. Headquarters in Scranton", ". Headquarters in Scranton. Local groups called \"branches\", regional groups called \"Districts\". National convention meets quadrennially. 20,000 members in 1930, 32,142 in 247 branches in the mid-1960s, 31,649 in 210 branches in 1979. 30,000 members in 1994. No ritual or secrecy, but there is a pledge. Open to both sexes 16 and up. 1979 constitution didn't say anything about Polish ancestry. Purchased Sponjnia Farm in 1929 in Waymart, Pennsylvania, and developed it into a home for aged and sick members", ". Began Warsaw Village in Thornhurst Township, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, in 1948 as summer vacation area. Helped fund Church of Our Lady of Perpetual Help near Zarki, Poland. Their first constitution declared \"Religious, political and social convictions may not hinder admission\", but has nevertheless been tied to the Polish National Catholic Church.", "Polish Roman Catholic Union of America\n Polish Union of America - Founded in 1890. 10,000 members in 1979. 9,000 in 1994. Active in anti-defamation campaigns, provides scholarships, contributes to churches, charities and educational foundations; also sponsors radio broadcast. Maintains library, museum, speakers bureau, ethnic awareness programs, and vocational placement services. Also runs White Eagle Young Adults Club.\n Polish Women's Alliance of America\n Sons of Poland", "Union of Polish Women of America - Founded on October 17, 1920, in Philadelphia by women who had previously been active in the Red Cross, White Cross, Emergency Aid and Polish War Mothers. Local units called \"Branches\", regional structures called \"Districts\", and there are also youth \"Juvenile Circles\". National convention meets quadrennially, at which point a \"convention Queen\" is crowned to reign for four years. \"Supreme Executive Body\" runs organization between conventions", ". \"Supreme Executive Body\" runs organization between conventions. In 1979 membership was open to people of Polish origin or their spouses. 1979 membership. Motto \"\"Unity, Stability, and Prosperity\". Strong connections with Catholic Church. Grants \"partial scholarships\" and educational loans to Americans of Polish descent.", "Czech", "Catholic Womens Fraternal of Texas - Founded on September 16, 1894, by Czech Catholic women in the Yoakum and Hallettsville area of Texas. Incorporated in 1927. Headquartered in Austin. Had 24,000 in 1972 and 25,000 in 1977. Membership is now open to people of both genders, irrespective of religion or ethnic background. Junior membership is available for those 17 and under", ". Junior membership is available for those 17 and under. Has sponsored Newman Clubs at UT and A&M as well as a clerical endowment fund for priest education, the Czech Christian Academy in Rhome, Texas, Right to Life, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty as well as other charitable, community and Catholic projects.", "CSA Fraternal Life - Founded on March 4, 1854, as the Czecho-Slovak Protective Society. On January 1, 1933, merged with the Society of Taborites, Bohemian-Slavonic Fraternal Benefit Union, the Bohemian-Slavonic Union and the Bohemian American Foresters. The organization changed its name to the Czechoslovak Society of America, but maintained the original 1854 charter. The Unity of Czech Ladies and Men was absorbed in 1977", ". The Unity of Czech Ladies and Men was absorbed in 1977. According to its current constitution, membership is open to \"Any person of good character and who subscribes to the purpose for which the Society is organized and meets all requirements for membership established by the Society.\" Had 52,000 members in the late 1960s, 50,000 in 1979 and 30,000 in 1990. Motto \"Equality - Harmony - Fraternity\". Had elaborate ritual with altar, passwords, knocks etc., but not apparently secret", ". Had elaborate ritual with altar, passwords, knocks etc., but not apparently secret. Charitable activities include aid for the Bohemian Home for the Aged; school for retarded children, Chicago Lung Association, American Red Cross, Heart Research Foundation, Cancer Research Foundation, Muscular Dystrophy Association, firemen's and police benevolent associations, and other humanitarian projects.", "Czech Catholic Union - Founded in 1879 as the Czech Roman Catholic Central Union of Women by the merger of two altar and rosary societies at the St. Wenceslaus Church in Cleveland - St. Ann Society #1, founded in 1867 and St. Ludnila Society #2 founded in 1871. The union was arranged by Rev. Anthony Hynek and Emil Prucha. Adopted current name in 1938. Headquartered in Cleveland. 6,600 members in 1967. 9,800 in 1979, 10,000 in the mid 1980s and 5,000 in 1995. Sponsors seminary scholarship for St", ". 9,800 in 1979, 10,000 in the mid 1980s and 5,000 in 1995. Sponsors seminary scholarship for St. Procopius Abbey, supports Czech Benedictines, youth programs etc. Bought a bomber during WWII and the Cleveland local a Red Cross ambulance.", "Slavonic Benevolent Order of the State of Texas - Founded December 28, 1896, in La Grange, Texas. Headquarters in Temple, Texas. Local groups called lodges, of which there were 130 in the late 1970s. There are currently \"almost 100 lodges\". These are divided into 7 districts covering Texas. The \"Supreme Lodge\" meets quadrennially. Membership open to both sexes if of good health and US citizens. Had 35,000 in 1969, 54,000 in 1979, and 60,000 in 1995", ". Had 35,000 in 1969, 54,000 in 1979, and 60,000 in 1995. Initiation is done once each year, every lodge choosing its date, five votes necessary to reject a candidate for initiation. Supports two homes for the elderly in Taylor and Needville, Texas. During WWII funded a B-24 Liberator.", "Western Fraternal Life Association", "Slovak", "First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association - Founded January 1, 1892, at St. Ladislaus Church in Cleveland as the First Catholic Slovak Ladies Union. Adopted the current name in the late 1960s. Absorbed a number of smaller fraternals over the years, including the Cleveland Slovak Union in 1945, the Slovak Catholic Cadets Union, the Catholic Slovak Benefit Organization of Cleveland, and the Catholic Slovak Brotherhood from Braddock, Pennsylvania", ". In 1969 it absorbed the Catholic Slovak Union, which had 1,500 members. Had 102,000 members in 1965, 95,000 in 1979 and 87,000 in 1994 Headquarters in Beachwood, Ohio. Locals called \"Branches\", present in 12 states and two Canadian provinces. National convention meets quadrennially. Gives aids to convents, monasteries, a theological seminary in Rome, a \"priest scholarship\" underwritten by the Cleveland diocese", ". Awards $10,000 in nursing and college scholarships annually; maintains home for the aged in Beachwood. Organizes biannual youth conferences for people 16-20 which emphasizes the fraternal benefit system. Those who have been with the group 25 years receive a pin, 50 years a cash reward.", "First Catholic Slovak Union of the United States of America and Canada - Slovak name Prva Katolicka Slovenska Jednota Originally organized as the St. Joseph Society for Slovak Catholics in Cleveland, May 5, 1889. On April 9, 1890, they voted to form a union of all Slovak Catholic societies in the US. A union convention took place in Cleveland on September 4, 1890, united seven Slovak Catholic societies", ". Original membership requirements: faithful Catholic who lives his faith, sends children to Catholic school, supports the parish and parochial school, never ridicules the church's ceremonies and never writes anything against the Church or the clergy", ". 1979 membership requirements: male or female of Slovak birth or descent, or married to same; sound in body and mind, of exemplary habits, good moral character, practical Catholic of the Latin or Byzantine Rite, resident in the US or Canada, approved by a recognized Catholic priest and obeys the law of the church and his country. Those in \"unlawful wedlock\" were ineligible. Had 105,000 members in 1969. 105,000 members in the early 1980s, 80,000 in 1993", ". Had 105,000 members in 1969. 105,000 members in the early 1980s, 80,000 in 1993. Lodges called \"Branches\", each attached to a \"Slovak Catholic\" parish. There were 600 branches in the US and Canada in 1979. Regional structures called districts. National assembly is called \"Supreme Convention\" which meets triennially. Board of directors administers the Union between conventions. Headquarters in Cleveland. Sponsors scholarships, summer camps, bowling, golfing, etc", ". Headquarters in Cleveland. Sponsors scholarships, summer camps, bowling, golfing, etc. Also sends relief for natural disaster relief.", "Ladies Pennsylvania Slovak Catholic Union - Founded in 1898, chartered in 1900 in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Originally known as the Women's Pennsylvania Slovak Roman and Greek Catholic Union. Headquartered in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Had 16,000 members in 1965 and in 1978. 14,600 in 1994 Licensed to sell insurance in eight states outside of Pennsylvania; supports Slovak Seminary in Rome, and the Slovak Catholic Federation.", "National Slovak Society of the United States of America - Rovnianek was expelled from theological school in Budapest for promoting Pan-Slavism. He came to the United States in the 1880s and enrolled in an American seminary, but left after a year to become a newspaper editor. His group was opposed by pro-Hungarian Slovaks, particularly clergy who had been trained in Hungarian seminaries. Some priests even refused absolution for members of the group", ". Some priests even refused absolution for members of the group. It encountered opposition from clergy from other denominations as well. Headquarters in Pittsburgh. Locals are called \"subordinate assemblies\", regional groups are district assemblies, and the national structure is the \"Supreme Assembly\", which meets every four years. Late 1960s membership 35,000, 1979 membership 21,000, 18,000 in 1994. Has a ritual. Slogan: \"One for all and all for one\"", ". Has a ritual. Slogan: \"One for all and all for one\". Membership open to Christians of Slovak or Slavic birth or ancestors and their non-Slav friends of sound health and good moral character. Sponsors scholarships, spelling bees, Christmas parties, softball, baseball and dart ball games, dinners, dances, bazaars. Maintains Slovak Hall of Fame, advocated a free Slovakia during the Cold War.", "Presbyterian Beneficial Union - Founded 1901 in Pennsylvania by Slovak Calvinist Presbyterians. Affiliated with the church. Published a number of pamphlets and a hymnal in Slovak. Membership open to Protestants of good health and good moral character 16–60; juvenile department for those under 16. 1,350 members in 1979. Locals called \"Subordinate Assemblies\"; national \"Supreme Assembly\" meets quadrennially, board of directors runs things in between those. Headquarters in Philadelphia.", "Slovak Catholic Sokol - Founded in 1905 as the Roman and Greek Catholic Union; a gymnastic society much like Sokol USA, but with a stronger religious, Catholic emphasis, including financial assistance to missionaries and people preparing for the priesthood. Sponsors annual track and field event. In 1921 had 19,025 members, more than 42,000 in 1936, 44,243 in 1946, 50,000 in 1979. 50,000 members in 1995. Headquarters in Passaic, New Jersey. Slogan: \"Sound mind in a sound body in a sound society\"", ". Headquarters in Passaic, New Jersey. Slogan: \"Sound mind in a sound body in a sound society\". Motto: Za boha a narod, \"For God and Nation\". Patron saint Martin of Tours. Had 25% million in assets in 1921; attended 26th International Eucharistic Congress; gives out 20 scholarships of $500 per year.", "Sokol U.S.A. - \"Sokol\" movement apparently popular among people of Czech and Slovak descent in the mid-19th century. The earliest antecedent of this particular organization was apparently a lodge founded in 1896, full name Slovak Gymnastic Union Sokol of the United States of America. Sponsors gymnastic events called Slets, insurance benefits, dances and calisthenics, scholarships and \"camps and halls\" in several states. 23,000 members in 1979, 12,000 in 1995", ". 23,000 members in 1979, 12,000 in 1995. Absorbed the Slovak Evangelical Society and the Tatran Slovak Union in 1944.", "United Lutheran Society - Traces its origins to the Slovak Evangelical Union founded in 1893 in Freeland, Pennsylvania. In 1906 the Evangelical Slovak Women's Union was founded. These merged in 1962 creating the ULS. In 1979 the society had 11,000 members in 11 states and Canada. Headquarters in Ligonier, Pennsylvania.", "Zivena Beneficial Society - Founded in 1891. Headquartered in Ligonier, Pennsylvania, since at least the late 1970s, but in the early 1920s headquartered in Braddock, Pennsylvania. Had 5,611 at the end of 1918. 7,277 members in 1927, 4,357 in 1965, 2,500 in 1977. National convention met quadrennially. Licensed to sell insurance in Illinois, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania. Sponsored scholarships, gave aid to aged and handicapped members, donated to civic and charitable groups", ". Merged into Croatian Fraternal Union in 1995.", "Carpatho-Rusyn (Ruthenian) \n Greek Catholic Union of the USA", "United Societies of the USA - First founded in 1903 by three ecclesiastical lodges of the Greek Catholic Union in McKeesport and one from Glassport, Pennsylvania, as the United Societies of the Greek Catholic Religion of the United States. Original purpose not to form a fraternal group but to spread Greek Catholicism, foster Ruthenian nationalism, organize Greek Catholic schools and help sick or disabled members and the families of deceased members. Headquarters in McKeesport, Pennsylvania", ". Headquarters in McKeesport, Pennsylvania. Local groups are \"subordinate lodges\". National convention, which meets quadrennially, is the \"Supreme Governing Body\". Membership open to any member of the Greek or Latin rite of the Catholic church. 4,900 in 190 lodges in 1968. 4,400 in 142 lodges in 1979. 3,875 members in 1995. No ritual, but there is an oath; saved some churches from going on sheriffs' auctions, \"came to the defense of some falsely maligned\" Greek Catholic clergy in the 1930s.", "South Slavic", "Sloga Fraternal Life Insurance Society - Founded in 1897 as the South Slavic Benevolent Union. Adopted the name Sloga Fraternal Life Insurance Society in 1968. Headquarters in Milwaukee. In 1978 it was noted that \"in recent years non- also are eligible for membership\" as well as non-Catholics. 1978 membership was 1,400 in 14 lodges. 1995 membership 2,247. In the late 1970s it was reported to sell insurance only in Wisconsin. By the late 1990s they were reported to sell insurance \"principally\" in Wisconsin", ". By the late 1990s they were reported to sell insurance \"principally\" in Wisconsin. Awards scholarships to members, conducts blood drives, athletics include bowling and softball. Members are encouraged to contribute to community charities such as United Fund and Easter Seals. Merged with Croatian Fraternal Union in 1994.", "Western Slavonic Association", "Slovene \n American Slovenian Catholic Union\n Slovene National Benefit Society", "Croatian", "Croatian Catholic Union of the United States of America and Canada - Founded in 1921. Headquarters in Hobart, Indiana. Convention meets quadrennially. In 1978 membership was described as being open to Croats and their spouses who are Latin or Greek rite Catholics. In 1997 it was described as open to all Latin or Greek rite Catholics in the United States and Canada. In 1965 the union had 13,772. In 1978 the Union had 119 local units in 16 states and Canada with about 13,500 in 1978", ". In 1978 the Union had 119 local units in 16 states and Canada with about 13,500 in 1978. In 1988 it was reported to have 13,000. The union provides assistance to Catholic church, theology students, scholarships and disaster relief. In addition, the union performs \"works of mercy\" extended to members who are ill or hospitalized, and arranges sporting events. Merged with the Croatian Fraternal Union in 2006.", "Croatian Fraternal Union", "Serbian", "First Serbian Benevolent Society - The First Serbian Benevolent Society of San Francisco is the oldest Serbian organization in America. Founded in 1880, the FSBS was originally called the Serbian-Montenegrin Literary and Benevolent Society. It was organized to promote social and intellectual interchange, and establish a system of general philanthropy and benevolence for Serbian immigrant laborers toiling far from their homeland", ". The eight founding members were Antonije Vukasovich, Jovan Jovovich, Jovan Pavkovich, Krsto Gopcevich, Rade Begovich and Vladimir Jovovich, all from Boka Kotorska, George S. Martinovich from Montenegro, and Mikhail Rashkovich from Vojvodina. The Society, which has recently celebrated its 135th anniversary, is headquartered in Colma, CA where it maintains a Serbian Cultural Center and Museum along with a Serbian Cemetery and the Chapel of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary.", "Serb National Federation - Created after the merger of several Serbian American organizations in 1929. Headquarters in Pittsburgh. Membership open to people of Serb or Slav descent 16–60. Those under 16 can join \"Junior Order\". In 1979 it had 20,000 members, and \"membership groups\" existed in 10 states and Canada. In 1995 it had 15,200 members. Sponsors social gatherings, cultural events, sports programs, finances church buildings and meeting halls.", "Macedonian \n Macedonian Patriotic Organization\n\nEastern Slavs", "Russian", "Russian Brotherhood Organization of the U.S.A. - Founded in 1900, incorporated 1903. Headquarters in Philadelphia. National convention meets quadrennially. 365 lodges in 1975, 386 lodges in 1972. Mid-1960s membership 12,000; 9,000 members in 1978, 7,832 in 1995. Many lodges attached to orthodox churches. Mostly concentrated in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Grants scholarships and helps parochial schools; organizes choral groups, balalaika orchestras, and folk dancing", ". Built cultural and sports centers.", "Russian Independent Mutual Aid Society - Founded in 1931. Operates mainly in Illinois and Michigan. 1,475 members in 1965, less than 900 in 1978, 789 in 1989 and 825 in 1995. Headquarters in Chicago. Lodges are called \"branches\", biannual national convention. Works closely with Russian Orthodox Church, supports study of Russian language, music, folk dances, and customs; sponsors concerts, dramatic presentations, picnics and banquets.", "Russian Orthodox Catholic Mutual Aid Society of the USA - Founded in 1895. Headquarters in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Conventions every four years. In 1965 it had 2,777 members in 170 local lodges, in 1978 1,500 in 152 lodges. Had only 1,510 members in 1995. Closely associated with the church, and contributes to its theological seminaries, aids boy and girl scouts, and the Red Cross.", "Russian Orthodox Catholic Womens Mutual Aid Society - Founded in 1907. Headquarters in Pittsburgh. Had 50 lodges, all of them in Pennsylvania in 1979. 1965 membership 2,425, 1978 membership 1,700. 1995 membership 1,789. Grants scholarships and donations to St. Tikhon's Seminary and Monastery, St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary; and the Monastery of the Transfiguration, Orthodox Press Fund, Alaskan Fund and the UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh.", "Ukrainian", "Providence Association of Ukrainian Catholics in America - Founded in 1912. Headquartered in Philadelphia where the annual convention always meets. Membership open to \"any Ukrainian, either Ukrainian Catholic or of another Christian denomination, who is not hostile to the Ukrainian Catholic Church, is morally stable, mentally and physically sound, honest, practicing his/her Christian faith, of good character, and fully abiding by these Bylaws..", "...[a] Ukrainian, or a person of Ukrainian descent, or of another ethnic affiliation related to a person of Ukrainian origin, in good health, not exceeding 70 years of age, is also eligible for membership.\" In 1979 had 210 lodges in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Had the same number of lodges in 2015. Had 11,000 members at the beginning of the 1930s, 8,000 in 1942, 16,994 in 1965, 18,000 in 1979, 17,927 in 1994", ". Members are admonished to send their children to parochial schools in accordance with the law of the church. One of the group's original objectives was to create low-interest loans for religious institutions, particularly parochial schools.", "Ukrainian Fraternal Association - Founded in 1910 as the Ruthenian National Union, became Ukrainian Workingmen's Association in 1918, and adopted the present name in 1978. It was open to Ukrainians, Russians and others Slavs without regard to religious or political affiliations; clergy and those who insisted on debating religious questions were encouraged to join another group. In 1966 membership was open to any person of Ukrainian descent 16-65 except those who are pregnant, alcoholics or drug addicts", ". Had 24,134 members in 1965, 20,000 members in 1995. Headquarters in Scranton, Pennsylvania, where the UFA was founded. National convention held quadrennially. Locals either called lodges or \"local assemblies\", Schmidt uses the terms inter-changeably. Later apparently called branches. There was a ritualistic initiation; besides its insurance benefits, it has helped out in natural disaster and war relief; supported the Ivan Franko Scholarship Foundation", ". Merged with Providence Association of Ukrainian Catholics in America in 2009.", "Ukrainian National Aid Association - Founded in 1914, more political than the UNA. Headquartered in Pittsburgh. National convention held quadrennially. Locals called lodges, of which there were 170 in 1979. Primarily active in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois and Canada. 6,928 members in 1965, 8,000 in 1978, 8,710 members in 1995. Merged into the Providence Association of Ukrainian Catholics in America in 2001.\n Ukrainian National Association", "Religious", "Baptist Life Association - Founded in 1884 as the German Baptist Life Association. Adopted current name in 1934. Had 1,158 members in 1911; at the time it readjusted its inadequate rate system. By 1921 this had grown to 2,639. In 1965 it had 12,335 members, in 1979 about 13,000 in 49 branches in 26 states. Had 12,705 members in 1994. Headquarters in Buffalo, New York. National convention meets quadrennially. Motto \"Honoring God while serving Mankind\". Offers scholarships ranging from $800 – $2,000", ". Motto \"Honoring God while serving Mankind\". Offers scholarships ranging from $800 – $2,000. A \"Branch match\" program where the branch is given $100 for a parish project and the parish matches it. Home Bible studies prepared by Moody Bible Institute, summer family camping and Bible conferences, art and photo contests, etc.", "Mennonite Mutual Aid Association - Founded in July 1945 as Mennonite Mutual Aid. In its first ten years it expended loans to Civilian Public Service workers following their service in World War II. In the following 15 years different insurance programs were established, including automobile insurance, hospital and burial benefits, etc. Became a fraternal benefit society in January 1966 as the Mennonite Mutual Aid Association. Merged with other Mennonite financial union groups to become Everence in 2010", ". Merged with other Mennonite financial union groups to become Everence in 2010. Originally open to Mennonites 16 and up, the association's denominational scope was enlarged to include other Anabaptist denominations in 1984. Today Everence, while remaining the stewardship agency of the Mennonite Church USA, offers its \"products and services ... to everyone who is interested in practicing stewardship that aligns with our founding values", "... to everyone who is interested in practicing stewardship that aligns with our founding values.\" In 1979 locals were called \"Branches\" and were usually affiliated with congregations of the Mennonite General Conference. Each branch must meet at least 12 times a year. The highest authority was the \"Biennial Conference\". There were also district conferences. February 1979 membership 4,984 in 12 states", ". There were also district conferences. February 1979 membership 4,984 in 12 states. Sponsored seminars on church leadership, family life training, estate planning, financial counseling, youth leadership, and family communications. Programs include helping local families with emergency needs, aiding local church projects;", "Orange Institution - The Grand Orange Lodge of British America, more commonly known as the Grand Orange Lodge of Canada or simply Orange Order in Canada, is a Protestant fraternal organization established in Toronto in 1830.", "Catholic", "American Order of United Catholics - Founded in January 1896 in New York City by Catholics who wished to counter the influence of the American Protective Association. It was \"expected of the founders\" that they would demand candidates for office who disapproved of the APA or other organizations which sought to discriminate against Catholics. A Supreme Council was organized on March 7, 1896, and the Order was organized \"upon the usual secret society lines\"", ". They issued a circular that proclaimed that the Church did not oppose secret societies, except those which were oathbound.", "Catholic Aid Association - Founded in 1878 by German Catholics in Minnesota. The order began with 464 members from 10 parishes and was called the Deutsche Römisch-Katholische Unterstützungs-Gesellschaft von Minnesota; adopted present name in 1923. Had 58,722 members in 1965, approximately 78,000 in 1979. Headquarters in St. Paul, Minnesota. Local groups are called \"subordinate Councils\", of which there were 240 in 1979. Annual convention called the \"Grand Council\"", ". Annual convention called the \"Grand Council\". Has ritual for initiation, installation of officers and other purposes. Open to Roman Catholics 16-65 who are not a member of a secret society condemned by the Church. Sponsors matching grants program for Catholic elementary schools and religious education programs. Also a College Tuition Scholarship Program which has helped 800 CAA members receive degrees. Also sponsors banquets, family outings, dances and youth activities; now Catholic United Financial.", "Catholic Benevolent Legion\n Catholic Daughters of the Americas", "Catholic Family Life Insurance - Founded August 1868 by John Martin Henni, the first Archbishop of Milwaukee, as the Family Protective Association. Incorporated in March 1869. Claims to be the oldest Catholic fraternal order, the first to adopt the legal reserve system, first to insure women and children, and first to provide Masses for living and deceased members. Changed name to Catholic Family Life Insurance in 1949", ". Changed name to Catholic Family Life Insurance in 1949. Had 37,000 members in 1967, 47,000 in 54 branches in 1979, 45,000 in 78 branches in 2010. Open to all members of the Catholic faith who were over 18. Headquarters in Milwaukee. Locals called Branches, of which there were 54 in 1979. National convention is the \"Supreme Governing Body\", which meets every four years", ". National convention is the \"Supreme Governing Body\", which meets every four years. Sponsors home and foreign missions, invests and makes loans to the building of churches and Catholic schools, hospitals (apparently not loans), a \"respect for life\" campaign against abortion, and also includes concern for aged and handicapped. Supports a number of charities such as \"Catholic Rural Life\" movement for family farms, Cancer Fund, Heart Fund, Red Cross, Community Chest", ". Also sponsors summer camps, social dances, athletic events, family campouts, picnic and teen parties. Merged with Union Saint-Jean-Baptiste in 1991. Merged with Northern Fraternal Life in 1993. Merged with Catholic Knights on April 1, 2010, into Catholic Financial Life.", "Catholic Fraternal League - Originally incorporated in Massachusetts on June 19, 1889, as the International Fraternal Alliance. Reorganized in 1893-5 when the Massachusetts legislature was considering closing fraternal benefit orders. A trustee was appointed to wind up the affairs of the order, and the endowment rank was permanently closed", ". However, a new benefit scheme was created and the order reformed as the Union Fraternal League, another \"International Fraternal Alliance\" having been found in another state. Became the Catholic Fraternal League in 1916. Arthur Preuss noted that this was the only time he had found that a secular order had become a religious one. In 1899 it had about 2,000 members in \"Ontario and Quebec, in most of New England and Middle, Northwestern and Pacific states.\" Local groups called \"subordinate assemblies\"", "Catholic Knights of America\n Catholic Knights and Ladies of America", "Catholic Knights and Ladies of Illinois - Founded in 1884 in Carlyle, Illinois, as the Catholic Knights of Illinois. Always admitted men and women, ages 18–50. Had 2,000 members in 1899. Had 8,500 members in 1965, 13,000 in 1978. Headquarters in Belleville, Illinois. 45 units in Illinois, the only state in which it is licensed to sell insurance. \"Supreme legislative body\" meets quadrennially", ". \"Supreme legislative body\" meets quadrennially. Original purpose to \"offer cheap life insurance without the danger of going into associations or orders forbidden by our Holy Mother Church.\" Active in promoting Fraternal Week; a Mass is offered every month for the local members; contributes to Catholic Communication Foundation; \"Teens Encounter Christ\" retreat for high school youth.", "Catholic Knights of Ohio - Founded September 20, 1891, in Hamilton, Ohio, by 27 men who paid a $1 initiation fee. On March 20, 1892, the group had 1,018 members who had paid the $1 during a special six-month offer. Adapted the reserve fund early; in 1894 put the reserve fund into the hands of a 5-member commission. It had previously been run by local branches. Began offering juvenile insurance for those under 18. Admitted women to full membership in 1920, first female branch set up at St", ". Admitted women to full membership in 1920, first female branch set up at St. Vitus's Church, Cleveland. 18,000 members in 1979. Headquarters in Lakewood, Ohio. In 1979 had 50 local branches in Ohio and Kentucky, each attached to a Catholic parish. Supreme convention is a \"State Council\". Open only to Catholics over 16. Works two degrees, one the initiatory degree, the other a ritualistic secondary degree, designed to motivate further commitment. Motto \"Morality, Manliness, and Manners\"", ". Motto \"Morality, Manliness, and Manners\". Supports Catholic schools system, education of Catholic priests, fifty-year golden rosaries and Catholic Communication Foundation; scholarships for Catholic schools, etc. Local branches, aid and visit the disabled, sick and bereaved; also sponsors bowling and baseball.", "Catholic Knights of St. George - Founded by German refugees from the Kulturkampf in Pittsburgh in 1881. They had received permission to form a fraternal society from the Bishop of Pittsburgh in 1880. Original name was German Roman Catholic Knights of St. George. Ladies auxiliary founded in 1939. In 1967 had a membership of 16,000 in eight states. In 1979 had 70,000 in 13 states, Illinois being the farthest west. Headquarters in Pittsburgh. Locals called branches and are affiliated with a Catholic parish", ". Headquarters in Pittsburgh. Locals called branches and are affiliated with a Catholic parish. 300 branches in 13 states in 1979. Regional groups called districts, highest authority called \"Supreme Assembly\", which meets biennially. Opened Knights of St. George Home for the aged and infirm in 1923. Opened Camp Rolling Hills for boys and girls in 1969. The camp was open to non-Catholics. Both establishments located in Wellsburg, West Virginia", ". The camp was open to non-Catholics. Both establishments located in Wellsburg, West Virginia. Had an altar boy recognition program that was extended to altar girls in 1978. Scholarships for high school students who have been members of the group for two years are offered; collects medical supplies from local physicians to ship to missionaries. Has also supported American Federation of Catholic Societies, National Catholic Welfare Council and Catholic Central Verein of America", ". Adopted graded assessment plan in 1904, adopted an actuarially sound method in 1915.", "Catholic Workman - Founded in 1891 in St. Paul, Minnesota, by Fr. John Rynda for Czech Catholics. In 1965 there were 19,000 members, 18,000 in 1979. Had 15,000 members. Headquarters in St. Paul, Minnesota. National convention meets quadrennially. In 1978 there were 124 locals and 12 state groups. Absorbed the Western Bohemian Catholic Union in 1930 and the Daughters of Columbus in 1937", ". Absorbed the Western Bohemian Catholic Union in 1930 and the Daughters of Columbus in 1937. Sponsors Boy and Girl Scout troops, Red Cross, various parish functions, church retreats, visits the sick and assists the needy, sponsors masses; supports students studying theology and Catholic educational activities. Merged into the First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association in 2004.", "Knights of Columbus\n Knights of Peter Claver - Founded in 1909 by members of Most Pure Heart of Mary Catholic Church in Mobile, Alabama, as a Black Catholic fraternal order, as Blacks were barred from the Knights of Columbus due to their race. Among the founders were The Rev. John H. Dorsey (the second Black Catholic priest ordained in the US), a number of White priests, and three Black parishioners.", "Knights of St. John - Founded in 1879. Membership open to \"practical Catholic gentlemen\" ages 16–55. Social membership available was also available, even to those over 55. In 1978 there were 7,144 members. The international structure is called the \"Supreme Commandery\", regional structures \"Grand Commanderies\", and local units called \"Commanderies\". There were 172 Commanderies in 1978 including 27 in \"West Africa\", 5 in Togo and 8 in Trinidad and Tobago", ". The order has a secret ritual but dropped password in April 1977 because it was time-consuming and had \"no appreciable organizational value\". The group appears in uniforms for Catholic ceremonies such as first communions and Masses, confirmations. The order has sports program that sponsors golf and bowling. There is also a death benefit.", "Knights of Saint John, Supreme Ladies Auxiliary - Female auxiliary of above; open to \"practical Catholic ladies\" ages 16–55. Social membership available was also available, even to those over 55. Those under 8-16 can join junior auxiliary. In April 1978 there were 14,251 members. The highest authority is the \"Supreme Convention\" which meets biennially. State structures are \"Grand Auxiliaries\", which meet annually, and locals \"Subordinate Auxiliaries\"", ". There were 161 of these in the US in 1978, as well as 28 in foreign countries. Headquarters were in Rochester, New York. The group has secret ritual, uniformed drill team and death benefits. Supports mission work, Red Cross, American Cancer Society, American Heart Association, Muscular Dystrophy Association, National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis.", "Loyal Christian Benefit Association - Founded on April 6, 1890, as Ladies' Catholic Benevolent Association, originally for Catholic women. In 1927 any offspring from birth to 16 were eligible for fraternal insurance. In 1960 admitted Catholic husbands, brothers and nephews. By 1979 open to Christians of good moral character and in good health. In 1967 had 85,000 members, had 51,369 in December 1978, 46,000 members in 1994. Headquarters in Titusville, Pennsylvania", ". Headquarters in Titusville, Pennsylvania. Locals are Branches, national structure is called the \"National Council\". Some ritual involved in the initiation, and \"Marshalls also are utilized on the national and local organizational levels.\" Has given millions to Catholic churches, hospitals, orphan asylums, schools, colleges, foreign missions, religious orders, and the aged. Began national project of providing for the deaf in 1945. In 1978 \"studied legislation affecting the family's well being\"", ". In 1978 \"studied legislation affecting the family's well being\". Gave funds to the Catholic Communications Foundation, and monitored TV for family programming. Had an orphans program for children of deceased members. On the local level it visits the sick, comforts the bereaved, aids seniors and assists the blind and exceptional children.", "Western Catholic Union - Founded October 16, 1877. Juveniles admitted in 1881 and women in 1912. Enrolled 1,000 in 1978, its best recruiting year ever. Had 27,730 members in 1995. Headquarters in Quincy, Illinois. Headquarters building constructed in 1925, the largest in Quincy through the 1970s. Locals called branches, there are also divisions, and the national level is called the Supreme Council", ". In 1976 purchased a Catholic high school and a Presbyterian church, other buildings were built contiguous to these properties. The entire city block was supposedly taken up with the structure. Originally just provided aid to widows and orphans of its members on the assessment plan, now on an actuarially sound system. Distributes food to needy families at Christmas, sponsors \"Keep Christ in Christmas\" campaign", ". Distributes food to needy families at Christmas, sponsors \"Keep Christ in Christmas\" campaign. Gives aid to \"Catholic Communications\" which produces TV and radio programs explaining the Catholic faith to Catholics and non-Catholics alike; annual pilgrimages to shrines; prayer card distributions; conducts picnics, bus trips, socials etc.", "Lutheran \n Aid Association for Lutherans\n Concordia Mutual Life Association - Founded in 1908 to sell life insurance to Lutherans. Licensed to sell insurance in 11 states; 1979 membership 25,000. Headquarters in Chicago.\n Lutheran Brotherhood\n\nOther \n National Fraternal Society for the Deaf\n\nReferences\n\nSee also \n List of North American fraternal orders\n\nethnic and religious fraternal orders" ]

[ "Star Trek is a 2009 American science fiction action film directed by J. J. Abrams and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman. It is the 11th film in the Star Trek franchise, and is also a reboot that features the main characters of the original Star Trek television series portrayed by a new cast, as the first in the rebooted film series. The film follows James T", ". The film follows James T. Kirk (Chris Pine) and Spock (Zachary Quinto) aboard the USS Enterprise as they combat Nero (Eric Bana), a Romulan from their future who threatens the United Federation of Planets. The story takes place in an alternate reality that features both an alternate birth location for James T. Kirk and further alterations in history stemming from the time travel of both Nero and the original series Spock (Leonard Nimoy)", ". The alternate reality was created in an attempt to free the film and the franchise from established continuity constraints while simultaneously preserving original story elements.", "The idea for a prequel film which would follow the Star Trek characters during their time in Starfleet Academy was discussed by series creator Gene Roddenberry in 1968. The concept resurfaced in the late 1980s, when it was postulated by Harve Bennett as a possible plotline for what would become Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, but it was rejected in favor of other projects by Roddenberry", ". Following the critical and commercial failure of Star Trek: Nemesis and the cancellation of Star Trek: Enterprise, the franchise's executive producer Rick Berman and screenwriter Erik Jendresen wrote an unproduced film titled Star Trek: The Beginning, which would take place after Enterprise. After the separation of Viacom and CBS Corporation in 2005, former Paramount Pictures president Gail Berman convinced CBS to allow Paramount to produce a new film in the franchise", ". Orci and Kurtzman were soon approached to write the film, and Abrams was approached to direct it. Kurtzman and Orci used inspiration from novels and graduate school dissertations, as well as the series itself. Principal photography commenced on November 7, 2007, and ended on March 27, 2008. The film was shot in locations around California and Utah. Abrams wanted to avoid using bluescreen and greenscreen, opting to use sets and locations instead", ". Abrams wanted to avoid using bluescreen and greenscreen, opting to use sets and locations instead. Heavy secrecy surrounded the film's production and was under the fake working title Corporate Headquarters. Industrial Light & Magic used digital ships for the film, as opposed to miniatures used in most of the previous films in the franchise. Production for the film concluded by the end of 2008.", "Star Trek was heavily promoted in the months preceding its release; pre-release screenings for the film premiered in select cities around the world, including Austin, Texas, Sydney, Australia, and Calgary, Alberta. It was released in the United States and Canada on May 8, 2009, to critical acclaim. The film was a box office success, grossing over $385.7 million worldwide against its $150 million production budget", ".7 million worldwide against its $150 million production budget. It was nominated for several awards, including four Academy Awards at the 82nd Academy Awards, ultimately winning Best Makeup, making it the first (and to date only) Star Trek film to win an Academy Award. It was followed by the sequels Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond in 2013 and 2016, respectively.", "Plot", "In 2233, the Federation starship USS Kelvin investigates a \"lightning storm\" in space. A Romulan ship, Narada, emerges from the storm and attacks the Kelvin, then demands that Kelvins Captain Robau come aboard to negotiate a truce. Robau is questioned about the current stardate and an \"Ambassador Spock\", whom he does not recognize. Naradas commander, Nero, kills him, and resumes attacking the Kelvin", ". Naradas commander, Nero, kills him, and resumes attacking the Kelvin. George Kirk, Kelvins first officer, orders the ship's personnel, including his pregnant wife Winona, to abandon ship while he pilots the Kelvin on a collision course with Narada, since the Kelvin's autopilot is disabled. Kirk sacrifices his life to ensure Winona's survival as she gives birth to James Tiberius Kirk.", "Seventeen years later on the planet Vulcan, a young Spock is admitted to the Vulcan Science Academy. Realizing that the Academy views his human mother, Amanda, as a \"disadvantage\", he joins Starfleet instead. On Earth, Kirk becomes a reckless but intelligent adult. Following a bar fight with Starfleet cadets accompanying Nyota Uhura, Kirk meets Captain Christopher Pike, who encourages him to enlist in Starfleet Academy, where Kirk meets and befriends doctor Leonard McCoy", ". Three years later, Commander Spock accuses Kirk of cheating during the Kobayashi Maru simulation. Kirk argues that cheating was acceptable because the simulation was designed to be unbeatable. The disciplinary hearing is interrupted by a distress signal from Vulcan. With the primary fleet out of range, the cadets are mobilized. McCoy and Kirk board Pike's ship, the .", "Realizing that the \"lightning storm\" observed near Vulcan is similar to the one that occurred when he was born, Kirk convinces Pike that the distress signal is a trap. When the Enterprise arrives, they find the fleet destroyed and Narada drilling into Vulcan's core. Narada attacks Enterprise and Pike surrenders, delegating command of the ship to Spock and promoting Kirk to first officer. Kirk, Hikaru Sulu, and Chief Engineer Olson perform a space jump onto the drilling platform", ". Kirk, Hikaru Sulu, and Chief Engineer Olson perform a space jump onto the drilling platform. While Olson is killed mid-jump, Kirk and Sulu disable the drill, but are unable to stop Nero launching \"red matter\" into Vulcan's core, forming an artificial black hole that destroys Vulcan. The Enterprise rescues Spock's father, Sarek, and the high council before the planet's destruction, but Amanda falls to her death before the transporter can lock onto her", ". As Narada approaches Earth, Nero tortures Pike to gain access to Earth's defense codes.", "Spock maroons Kirk on Delta Vega after he attempts mutiny. On the planet, Kirk encounters an older Spock from an alternate timeline, who explains that he and Nero are from 2387. In the future, Romulus was threatened by a supernova, which Spock attempted to stop with red matter. His plan failed, resulting in Nero's family perishing along with Romulus, while the Narada and Spock's vessel were caught in the black hole and sent back in time", ". They were sent back 25 years apart, during which time Nero attacked the Kelvin, changing history and creating a parallel universe. After Spock's arrival, Nero stranded him on Delta Vega to watch Vulcan's destruction. Reaching a Starfleet outpost, Kirk and the elder Spock meet Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott, who devises a trans-warp transporter system, allowing him and Kirk to beam onto Enterprise.", "Following the elder Spock's advice, Kirk provokes younger Spock into attacking him, forcing Spock to recognize himself as emotionally compromised and relinquish command to Kirk. After talking with Sarek, Spock decides to help Kirk. While Enterprise hides within the gas clouds of Titan, Kirk and Spock beam aboard Narada. Kirk fights Nero and rescues Pike, while Spock uses the elder Spock's ship to destroy the drill. Spock leads Narada away from Earth and sets his ship to collide with Narada", ". Spock leads Narada away from Earth and sets his ship to collide with Narada. Enterprise beams Kirk, Pike, and Spock aboard. The older Spock's ship and Narada collide, igniting the red matter. Narada is consumed in a black hole that Enterprise barely escapes.", "Kirk is promoted to captain and given command of Enterprise, while Pike is promoted to rear admiral. Spock encounters his older self, who persuades his younger self to continue serving in Starfleet, encouraging him to do what feels right rather than what is logical. Spock becomes first officer under Kirk's command. Enterprise goes to warp as the elder Spock speaks the \"where no one has gone before\" monologue.\n\nCast", "Chris Pine as James T. Kirk: Pine described his first audition as awful, because he could not take himself seriously as a leader. Chris Pratt and Timothy Olyphant also auditioned. Abrams did not see Pine's first audition, and it was only after Pine's agent met Abrams' wife that the director decided to give him another audition opposite Quinto. Quinto was supportive of Pine's casting because they knew each other as they worked out at the same gym", ". After getting the part, Pine sent William Shatner a letter and received a reply containing Shatner's approval. Pine watched classic episodes and read encyclopedias about the Star Trek universe, but stopped as he felt weighed down by the feeling he had to copy Shatner. Pine felt he had to show Kirk's \"humor, arrogance and decisiveness,\" but not Shatner's speech pattern, which would have bordered on imitation", ". Pine said when watching the original series, he was also struck by how Shatner's performance was characterized by humor. Instead, Pine chose to incorporate elements of Tom Cruise from Top Gun and Harrison Ford's portrayals of Indiana Jones and Han Solo.", "Jimmy Bennett as Young Kirk.", "Zachary Quinto as Spock: Quinto expressed interest in the role because of the duality of Spock's half-human, half Vulcan heritage, and how \"he is constantly exploring that notion of how to evolve in a responsible way and how to evolve in a respectful way. I think those are all things that we as a society, and certainly the world, could implement", ". I think those are all things that we as a society, and certainly the world, could implement.\" He mentioned he heard about the new film and revealed his interest in the role in a December 2006 interview with the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: the article was widely circulated and he attracted Abrams' interest. For the audition, Quinto wore a blue shirt and flattened his hair down to feel more like Spock", ". For the audition, Quinto wore a blue shirt and flattened his hair down to feel more like Spock. He bound his fingers to practice the Vulcan salute, shaved his eyebrows and grew and dyed his hair for the role. He conveyed many of Spock's attributes, such as his stillness and the way Nimoy would hold his hands behind his back. Quinto commented the physical transformation aided in portraying an alien, joking \"I just felt like a nerd. I felt like I was 12 again", ". I felt like I was 12 again. You look back at those pictures and you see the bowl cut. There's no question I was born to play the Spock role. I was sporting that look for a good four or five years.\" Adrien Brody had discussed playing the role with the director before Quinto was cast.", "Jacob Kogan as Young Spock.", "Leonard Nimoy as Spock Prime: Nimoy reprises the role of the older Spock from the original Star Trek timeline. He was a longtime friend of Abrams' parents, but became better acquainted with Abrams during filming. Although Quinto watched some episodes of the show during breaks in filming, Nimoy was his main resource in playing Spock", ". Abrams and the writers met Nimoy at his house; writer Roberto Orci recalled that the actor gave a Who are you guys and what are you up to?' vibe\" before being told how important he was to them. He was silent, and Nimoy's wife Susan Bay told the creative team he had remained in his chair after their conversation, emotionally overwhelmed by his decision after turning down many opportunities to revisit the role. Had Nimoy disliked the script, production would have been delayed for it to be rewritten", ". Had Nimoy disliked the script, production would have been delayed for it to be rewritten. Nimoy later said, \"This is the first and only time I ever had a filmmaker say, 'We cannot make this film without you and we won't make it without you'\"", ". He was \"genuinely excited\" by the script's scope and its detailing of the characters' backstories, saying, \"We have dealt with [Spock's being half-human, half-Vulcan], but never with quite the overview that this script has of the entire history of the character, the growth of the character, the beginnings of the character and the arrival of the character into the Enterprise crew", ".\" Abrams commented, \"It was surreal to direct him as Spock, because what the hell am I doing there? This guy has been doing it for forty years. It's like 'I think Spock would.... Leonard Nimoy voices the \"Space, the final frontier...\" lines at the end of the film, lines which were voiced by William Shatner in the original TV series and original cast films.", "Karl Urban as Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy. Like Pine, Urban said of taking on the role that \"it is a case of not doing some sort of facsimile or carbon copy, but really taking the very essence of what DeForest Kelley has done and honoring that and bringing something new to the table\". Urban has been a fan of the show since he was seven years old and actively pursued the role after rediscovering the series on DVD with his son", ". Urban was cast at his first audition, which was two months after his initial meeting with Abrams. He said he was happy to play a comedy-heavy role, something he had not done since The Price of Milk, because he was tired of action-oriented roles. When asked why McCoy is so cantankerous, Urban joked the character might be a \"little bipolar actually!\" Orci and Kurtzman had collaborated with Urban on Xena: Warrior Princess, in which he played Cupid and Caesar.", "Zoe Saldana as Nyota Uhura: Abrams had liked her work and requested that she play the role. Saldana never saw the original series, though she had played a Trekkie in The Terminal (2004), but agreed to play the role after Abrams had complimented her. \"For an actor, that's all you need, that's all you want. To get the acknowledgment and respect from your peers,\" she said. She met with Nichelle Nichols, who explained to her how she had created Uhura's background, and also named the character", ". Saldana's mother was a Star Trek fan and sent her voice mails during filming, giving advice on the part. Sydney Tamiia Poitier also auditioned for the part. The film officially establishes the character's first name, which had never been previously uttered on TV or in film.", "Simon Pegg as Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott: Abrams contacted Pegg by e-mail, offering him the part. To perform Scotty's accent, Pegg was assisted by his wife Maureen, who is from Glasgow, although Pegg said Scotty was from Linlithgow and wanted to bring a more East Coast sound to his accent, so his resulting performance is a mix of both accents that leans towards the West sound. He was also aided by Tommy Gormley, the film's Glaswegian first assistant director", ". He was also aided by Tommy Gormley, the film's Glaswegian first assistant director. Pegg described Scotty as a positive Scottish stereotype, noting \"Scots are the first people to laugh at the fact that they drink and fight a bit\", and that Scotty comes from a long line of Scots with technical expertise, such as John Logie Baird and Alexander Graham Bell. Years before, Pegg's character in Spaced joked that every odd-numbered Star Trek film being \"shit\" was a fact of life", ". Pegg noted \"Fate put me in the movie to show me I was talking out of my ass.\"", "John Cho as Hikaru Sulu: Abrams was concerned about casting a Korean-American as a Japanese character, but George Takei explained to the director that Sulu was meant to represent all of Asia on the Enterprise, so Abrams went ahead with Cho. Cho acknowledged being an Asian-American, \"there are certain acting roles that you are never going to get, and one of them is playing a cowboy. [Playing Sulu] is a realization of that dream — going into space", ". [Playing Sulu] is a realization of that dream — going into space.\" He cited the masculinity of the character as being important to him, and spent two weeks fight training. Cho suffered an injury to his wrist during filming, although a representative assured it was \"no big deal\". James Kyson Lee was interested in the part, but because Quinto was cast as Spock, the producers of the TV show Heroes did not want to lose another cast member for three months.", "Anton Yelchin as Pavel Chekov: As with the rest of the cast, Yelchin was allowed to choose what elements there were from their predecessor's performances. Yelchin decided to carry on Walter Koenig's speech patterns of replacing \"v\"s with \"w\"s, although he and Abrams felt this was a trait more common of Polish accents than Russian ones. He described Chekov as an odd character, being a Russian who was brought on to the show \"in the middle of the Cold War\"", ". He recalled a \"scene where they're talking to Apollo [who says], 'I am Apollo.' And Chekov is like, 'And I am the czar of all Russias.' [...] They gave him these lines. I mean he really is the weirdest, weirdest character.\"", "Eric Bana as Captain Nero: The film's time-traveling Romulan villain. Bana shot his scenes toward the end of filming. He was \"a huge Trekkie when [he] was a kid\", but had not seen the films. Even if he were \"crazy about the original series\", he would not have accepted the role unless he liked the script, which he deemed \"awesome\" once he read it. Bana knew Abrams because they coincidentally shared the same agent. Bana improvised the character's speech patterns.", "Bruce Greenwood as Christopher Pike: The captain of the Enterprise.\n Ben Cross as Sarek: Spock's father.\n Winona Ryder as Amanda Grayson: Spock's mother.\n Clifton Collins, Jr. as Ayel: Nero's first officer.\n Chris Hemsworth as George Kirk: Kirk's father, who died aboard the USS Kelvin while battling the Romulans. Before Hemsworth was cast, Abrams met with Matt Damon about playing the role.\n Jennifer Morrison as Winona Kirk: Kirk's mother.\n Rachel Nichols as Gaila: An Orion Starfleet cadet.", "Rachel Nichols as Gaila: An Orion Starfleet cadet.\n Faran Tahir as Richard Robau: Captain of the USS Kelvin.\n Deep Roy as Keenser: Scotty's alien assistant on Delta Vega.\n Greg Ellis as Chief Engineer Olson: The redshirt who is killed during the space jump.\n Tyler Perry as Admiral Richard Barnett: The head of Starfleet Academy.\n Amanda Foreman as Hannity, a Starfleet officer on the Enterprise bridge.", "Amanda Foreman as Hannity, a Starfleet officer on the Enterprise bridge.\n Spencer Daniels as Johnny, a childhood friend of Kirk. Daniels was set to play his older brother, George Samuel \"Sam\" Kirk, Jr., but the majority of his scenes were cut and James Kirk's callout was overdubbed.\n Victor Garber as Klingon Interrogator, the officer who tortures Nero during his time on Rura Penthe. His scene was cut from the film and was featured on the DVD.", "Chris Doohan, the son of the original Scotty, James Doohan, makes a cameo appearance in the transporter room. Pegg e-mailed Doohan about the role of Scotty, and the actor has promised him his performance \"would be a complete tribute to his father\". Chris Doohan previously cameoed in Star Trek: The Motion Picture. Greg Grunberg has a vocal cameo as Kirk's alcoholic stepfather. Grunberg was up for the role of Olson but dropped out due to a scheduling conflict", ". Grunberg was up for the role of Olson but dropped out due to a scheduling conflict. Grunberg was also interested in playing Harry Mudd, who was in an early draft of the script. Brad William Henke filmed scenes in the role which were cut out. Diora Baird appears in a deleted scene as an Orion cadet that Kirk mistakes for Gaila. Star Trek: Enterprise star Dominic Keating also auditioned for the role", ". Star Trek: Enterprise star Dominic Keating also auditioned for the role. Paul McGillion auditioned for Scotty, and he impressed producers enough that he was given another role as a 'Barracks Leader'. James Cawley, producer and star of the webseries Star Trek: New Voyages, appears as a Starfleet officer, while Pavel Lychnikoff and Lucia Rijker play Romulans, Lychnikoff a Commander and Rijker a CO. W", ". W. Morgan Sheppard, who played a Klingon in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, appears in this film as the head of the Vulcan Science Council. Wil Wheaton, known for portraying Wesley Crusher on Star Trek: The Next Generation, was brought in, through urging by Greg Grunberg, to voice several of the other Romulans in the film. Star Trek fan and Carnegie Mellon University professor Randy Pausch (who died on July 25, 2008) cameoed as a Kelvin crew member, and has a line of dialogue", ". Majel Barrett, the widow of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, reprised her role as the voice of the Enterprises computer, which she completed two weeks before her death on December 18, 2008. The film was dedicated to her, as well as Gene, to whom the film was always going to be commemorated as a sign of respect.", "Orci and Kurtzman wrote a scene for William Shatner, where old Spock gives his younger self a recorded message by Kirk from the previous timeline. \"It was basically a Happy Birthday wish knowing that Spock was going to go off to Romulus, and Kirk would probably be dead by the time,\" and it would have transitioned into Shatner reciting \"where no man has gone before\". But Shatner wanted to share Nimoy's major role, and did not want a cameo, despite his character's death in Star Trek Generations", ". He suggested the film canonize his novels where Kirk is resurrected, but Abrams decided if his character was accompanying Nimoy's, it would have become a film about the resurrection of Kirk, and not about introducing the new versions of the characters. Nimoy disliked the character's death in Generations, but felt resurrecting Kirk would also be detrimental to this film.", "Nichelle Nichols suggested playing Uhura's grandmother, but Abrams could not write this in due to the Writers Guild strike. Abrams was also interested in casting Keri Russell, but they deemed the role he had in mind for her too similar to her other roles.\n\nProduction", "Development", "As early as the 1968 World Science Fiction Convention, Star Trek creator Roddenberry had said he was going to make a film prequel to the television series. But the prequel concept did not resurface until the late 1980s, when Ralph Winter and Harve Bennett submitted a proposal for a prequel during development of the fourth film. Roddenberry rejected Bennett's prequel proposal in 1991, after the completion of Star Trek V: The Final Frontier", ". Then David Loughery wrote a script entitled The Academy Years, but it was shelved in light of objections from Roddenberry and the fanbase. The film that was commissioned instead ended up being Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country", ". The film that was commissioned instead ended up being Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. In February 2005, after the financial failure of the tenth film, Star Trek: Nemesis (2002), and the cancellation of the television series Star Trek: Enterprise, the franchise's executive producer Rick Berman and screenwriter Erik Jendresen began developing a new film entitled Star Trek: The Beginning", ". It was to revolve around a new set of characters, led by Kirk's ancestor Tiberius Chase, and be set during the Earth-Romulan War—after the events of Enterprise but before the events of the original series.", "In 2005, Viacom, which owned Paramount Pictures, separated from CBS Corporation, which retained Paramount's television properties, including ownership of the Star Trek brand. Gail Berman (no relation to executive producer Rick Berman), then president of Paramount, convinced CBS' chief executive, Leslie Moonves, to allow them eighteen months to develop a new Star Trek film, otherwise Paramount would lose the film rights", ". Berman approached Mission: Impossible III writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman for ideas on the new film, and after the film had completed shooting she asked their director, Abrams, to produce it", ". Abrams, Orci, and Kurtzman, plus producers Damon Lindelof and Bryan Burk, felt the franchise had explored enough of what took place after the series, Orci and Lindelof consider themselves trekkies, and feel some of the Star Trek novels have canonical value, although Roddenberry never considered the novels to be canon. Kurtzman is a casual fan, while Burk was not. Abrams' company Bad Robot Productions produced the film with Paramount, marking the first time another company had financed a Star Trek film", ". Bill Todman, Jr.'s Level 1 Entertainment also co-produced the film, but, during 2008, Spyglass Entertainment replaced them as financial partner.", "In an interview, Abrams said that he had never seen Star Trek: Nemesis because he felt the franchise had \"disconnected\" from the original series. For him, he said, Star Trek was about Kirk and Spock, and the other series were like \"separate space adventure[s] with the name Star Trek\". He also acknowledged that as a child he had actually preferred the Star Wars movies", ". He also acknowledged that as a child he had actually preferred the Star Wars movies. He noted that his general knowledge of Star Trek made him well suited to introduce the franchise to newcomers, and that, being an optimistic person, he would make Star Trek an optimistic film, which would be a refreshing contrast to the likes of The Dark Knight", ". He added that he loved the focus on exploration in Star Trek and the idea of the Prime Directive, which forbids Starfleet to interfere in the development of primitive worlds, but that, because of the budgetary limitations of the original series, it had \"never had the resources to actually show the adventure\". He noted he only became involved with the project as producer initially because he wanted to help Orci, Kurtzman, and Lindelof.", "On February 23, 2007, Abrams accepted Paramount's offer to direct the film, after having initially been attached to it solely as a producer. He explained that he had decided to direct the film because, after reading the script, he realized that he \"would be so agonizingly envious of whoever stepped in and directed the movie\". Orci and Kurtzman said that their aim had been to impress a casual fan like Abrams with their story", ". Abrams noted that, during filming, he had been nervous \"with all these tattooed faces and pointy ears, bizarre weaponry and Romulan linguists, with dialogue about 'Neutral Zones' and 'Starfleet' [but] I knew this would work, because the script Alex and Bob wrote was so emotional and so relatable. I didn't love Kirk and Spock when I began this journey – but I love them now.\"", "Writing", "Orci said getting Leonard Nimoy in the film was important. \"Having him sitting around a campfire sharing his memories was never gonna cut it\" though, and time travel was going to be included in the film from the beginning. Kurtzman added, saying the time travel creates jeopardy, unlike other prequels where viewers \"know how they all died\"", ". The writers acknowledged time travel had been overused in the other series, but it served a good purpose in creating a new set of adventures for the original characters before they could completely do away with it in other films. Abrams selected the Romulans as the villains because they had been featured less than the Klingons in the series and thought it would be \"fun\" to have them meet Kirk before they do in the series", ". Orci and Kurtzman noted it would feel backward to demonize the Klingons again after they had become heroes in later Star Trek series, and the Romulan presence continues Spock's story from his last chronological appearance in \"Unification\", an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation set in 2368. The episode of the original continuity in which Kirk becomes one of the first humans to ever see a Romulan, \"Balance of Terror\", served as one of the influences for the film", ". Orci said it was difficult giving a good explanation for the time travel without being gimmicky, like having Nero specifically seeking to assassinate Kirk.", "Orci noted while the time travel story allowed them to alter some backstory elements such as Kirk's first encounter with the Romulans, they could not use it as a crutch to change everything and tried to approach the film as a prequel as much as possible. Kirk's service on Farragut, a major backstory point to the original episode \"Obsession\", was left out because it was deemed irrelevant to the story of Kirk meeting Spock, although Orci felt nothing in his script precluded it from the new film's backstory", ". There was a scene involving Kirk meeting Carol Marcus (who is revealed as the mother of his son in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan) as a child, but it was dropped because the film needed more time to introduce the core characters. Figuring out ways to get the crew together required some contrivances, which Orci and Kurtzman wanted to explain from old Spock as a way of the timeline mending itself, highlighting the theme of destiny. The line was difficult to write and was ultimately cut out.", "The filmmakers sought inspiration from novels such as Prime Directive, Spock's World and Best Destiny to fill in gaps unexplained by canon; Best Destiny particularly explores Kirk's childhood and names his parents. One idea that was justified through information from the novels was having Enterprise built on Earth, which was inspired by a piece of fan art of Enterprise being built in a shipyard. Orci had sent the fan art to Abrams to show how realistic the film could be", ". Orci had sent the fan art to Abrams to show how realistic the film could be. Orci explained parts of the ship would have to be constructed on Earth because of the artificial gravity employed on the ship and its requirement for sustaining warp speed, and therefore the calibration of the ship's machinery would be best done in the exact gravity well which is to be simulated", ". They felt free to have the ship built in Iowa because canon is ambiguous as to whether it was built in San Francisco, but this is a result of the time travel rather than something intended to overlap with the original timeline. Abrams noted the continuity of the original series itself was inconsistent at times.", "Orci and Kurtzman said they wanted the general audience to like the film as much as the fans, by stripping away \"Treknobabble,\" making it action-packed and giving it the simple title of Star Trek to indicate to newcomers they would not need to watch any of the other films. Abrams saw humor and sex appeal as two integral and popular elements of the show that needed to be maintained. Orci stated being realistic and being serious were not the same thing", ". Orci stated being realistic and being serious were not the same thing. Abrams, Burk, Lindelof, Orci and Kurtzman were fans of The Wrath of Khan, and also cited The Next Generation episode \"Yesterday's Enterprise\" as an influence. Abrams' wife Katie was regularly consulted on the script, as were Orci, Kurtzman and Lindelof's wives, to make the female characters as strong as possible. Katie Abrams' approval of the strong female characters was partly why Abrams signed on to direct.", "Orci and Kurtzman read graduate school dissertations on the series for inspiration; they noted comparisons of Kirk, Spock and McCoy to Shakespearian archetypes, and Kirk and Spock's friendship echoing that of John Lennon and Paul McCartney. They also noted that, in the creation of this film, they were influenced by Star Wars, particularly in pacing", ". \"I want to feel the space, I want to feel speed and I want to feel all the things that can become a little bit lost when Star Trek becomes very stately\" said Orci. Star Wars permeated in the way they wrote the action sequences, while Burk noted Kirk and Spock's initially cold relationship mirrors how \"Han Solo wasn't friends with anyone when they started on their journey.\" Spock and Uhura were put in an actual relationship as a nod to early episodes highlighting her interest in him", ". Orci wanted to introduce strong Starfleet captains, concurring with an interviewer that most captains in other films were \"patsies\" included to make Kirk look greater by comparison.", "USS Kelvin, the ship Kirk's father serves on, is named after J.J. Abrams' grandfather, as well as the physicist and engineer Lord Kelvin (William Thomson). Kelvins captain, Richard Robau (Faran Tahir), is named after Orci's Cuban uncle: Orci theorized the fictional character was born in Cuba and grew up in the Middle East. Another reference to Abrams' previous works is Slusho, which Uhura orders at the bar where she meets Kirk", ". Abrams created the fictitious drink for Alias and it reappeared in viral marketing for Cloverfield. Its owner, Tagruato, is also from Cloverfield and appears on a building in San Francisco. The red matter in the film is in the shape of a red ball, an Abrams motif dating back to the pilot of Alias.", "Design", "The film's production designer was Scott Chambliss, a longtime collaborator with Abrams. Chambliss worked with a large group of concept illustrators, including James Clyne, Ryan Church, creature designer Neville Page, and Star Trek veteran John Eaves. Abrams stated the difficulty of depicting the future was that much of modern technology was inspired by the original show, and made it seem outdated", ". Thus the production design had to be consistent with the television series but also feel more advanced than the real world technology developed after it. \"We all have the iPhone that does more than the communicator,\" said Abrams. \"I feel like there's a certain thing that you can't really hold onto, which is kind of the kitschy quality. That must go if it's going to be something that you believe is real", ". That must go if it's going to be something that you believe is real.\" Prop master Russell Bobbitt collaborated with Nokia on recreating the original communicator, creating a $50,000 prototype. Another prop recreated for the film was the tricorder. Bobbitt brought the original prop to the set, but the actors found it too large to carry when filming action scenes, so technical advisor Doug Brody redesigned it to be smaller", ". The phaser props were designed as spring-triggered barrels that revolve and glow as the setting switches from \"stun\" to \"kill\". An Aptera Typ-1 prototype car was used on location.", "Production designer Scott Chambliss maintained the layout of the original bridge, but aesthetically altered it with brighter colors to reflect the optimism of Star Trek. The viewscreen was made into a window that could have images projected on it to make the space environment palpable. Abrams compared the redesign to the sleek modernist work of Pierre Cardin and the sets from 2001: A Space Odyssey, which were from the 1960s. He joked the redesigned bridge made the Apple Store look \"uncool\"", ". He joked the redesigned bridge made the Apple Store look \"uncool\". At the director's behest, more railings were added to the bridge to make it look safer, and the set was built on gimbals so its rocking motions when the ship accelerates and is attacked was more realistic. To emphasize the size of the ship, Abrams chose to give the engine room a highly industrial appearance: he explained to Pegg that he was inspired by , a sleek ship in which there was an \"incredible gut\".", "Abrams selected Michael Kaplan to design the costumes because he had not seen any of the films, meaning he would approach the costumes with a new angle. For the Starfleet uniforms, Kaplan followed the show's original color-coding, with dark gray (almost black) undershirts and pants and colored overshirts showing each crew member's position. Command officers wear gold shirts, science and medical officers wear blue, and operations (technicians, engineers, and security personnel) wear red", ". Kaplan wanted the shirts to be more sophisticated than the originals and selected to have the Starfleet symbol patterned on them. Kirk wears only the undershirt because he is a cadet. Kaplan modelled the uniforms on Kelvin on science fiction films of the 1940s and 1950s, to contrast with Enterprise-era uniforms based on the ones created in the 1960s. For Abrams, \"The costumes were a microcosm of the entire project, which was how to take something that's kind of silly and make it feel real", ". But how do you make legitimate those near-primary color costumes?\"", "Lindelof compared the film's Romulan faction to pirates with their bald, tattooed heads and disorganized costuming. Their ship, Narada, is purely practical with visible mechanics as it is a \"working ship\", unlike the Enterprise crew who give a respectable presentation on behalf of the Federation", ". Chambliss was heavily influenced by the architecture of Antoni Gaudí for Narada, who created buildings that appeared to be inside out: by making the ship's exposed wires appear like bones or ligaments, it would create a foreboding atmosphere. The ship's interior was made of six pieces that could be rearranged to create a different room", ". The ship's interior was made of six pieces that could be rearranged to create a different room. The Romulan actors had three prosthetics applied to their ears and foreheads, while Bana had a fourth prosthetic for the bitemark on his ear that extends to the back of his character's head. The film's Romulans lack the \"V\"-shaped ridges on the foreheads, which had been present in all of their depictions outside the original series", ". Neville Page wanted to honor that by having Nero's crew ritually scar themselves too, forming keloids reminiscent of the 'V'-ridges. It was abandoned as they did not pursue the idea enough. Kaplan wanted aged, worn, and rugged clothes for the Romulans because of their mining backgrounds and found some greasy looking fabrics at a flea market. Kaplan tracked down the makers of those clothes, who were discovered to be based in Bali, and commissioned them to create his designs.", "Barney Burman supervised the makeup for the other aliens: his team had to rush the creation of many of the aliens, because originally the majority of them were to feature in one scene towards the end of filming. Abrams deemed the scene too similar to the cantina sequence in Star Wars and decided to dot the designs around the film. A tribble was placed in the background of Scotty's introduction. Both digital and physical makeup was used for aliens.", "Filming", "Principal photography for the film began on November 7, 2007, and culminated on March 27, 2008; however second unit filming occurred in Bakersfield, California, in April 2008, which stood in for Kirk's childhood home in Iowa. Filming was also done at the City Hall of Long Beach, California; the San Rafael Swell in Utah; and the California State University, Northridge in Los Angeles (which was used for establishing shots of students at Starfleet Academy)", ". A parking lot outside Dodger Stadium was used for the ice planet of Delta Vega and the Romulan drilling rig on Vulcan. The filmmakers expressed an interest in Iceland for scenes on Delta Vega, but decided against it: Chambliss enjoyed the challenge of filming scenes with snow in southern California. Other Vulcan exteriors were shot at Vasquez Rocks, a location that was used in various episodes of the original series", ". A Budweiser plant in Van Nuys was used for Enterprises engine room, while a Long Beach power plant was used for Kelvins engine room.", "Following the initiation of the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike on November 5, 2007, Abrams, himself a WGA member, told Variety that while he would not render writing services for the film and intended to walk the picket line, he did not expect the strike to impact his directing of the production. In the final few weeks before the strike and start of production, Abrams and Lindelof polished the script for a final time", ". Abrams was frustrated that he was unable to alter lines during the strike, whereas normally they would have been able to improvise new ideas during rehearsal, although Lindelof acknowledged they could dub some lines in post-production. Orci and Kurtzman were able to stay on set without strikebreaking because they were also executive producers on the film; they could \"make funny eyes and faces at the actors whenever they had a problem with the line and sort of nod when they had something better\"", ". Abrams was able to alter a scene where Spock combats six Romulans from a fistfight to a gunfight, having decided there were too many physical brawls in the film.", "The production team maintained heavily enforced security around the film. Karl Urban revealed, \"[There is a] level of security and secrecy that we have all been forced to adopt. I mean, it's really kind of paranoid crazy, but sort of justified. We're not allowed to walk around in public in our costumes and we have to be herded around everywhere in these golf carts that are completely concealed and covered in black canvas. The security of it is immense. You feel your freedom is a big challenge", ". The security of it is immense. You feel your freedom is a big challenge.\" Actors like Jennifer Morrison were only given the scripts of their scenes. The film's shooting script was fiercely protected even with the main cast. Simon Pegg said, \"I read [the script] with a security guard near me – it's that secretive.\" The film used the fake working title of Corporate Headquarters. Some of the few outside of the production allowed to visit the set included Rod Roddenberry, Ronald D", ". Moore, Jonathan Frakes, Walter Koenig, Nichelle Nichols, Ben Stiller, Tom Cruise and Steven Spielberg (who had partially convinced Abrams to direct because he liked the script, and he even advised the action scenes during his visit).", "When the shoot ended, Abrams gave the cast small boxes containing little telescopes, which allowed them to read the name of each constellation it was pointed at. \"I think he just wanted each of us to look at the stars a little differently,\" said John Cho", ". \"I think he just wanted each of us to look at the stars a little differently,\" said John Cho. After the shoot, Abrams cut out some scenes of Kirk and Spock as children, including seeing the latter as a baby, as well as a subplot involving Nero being imprisoned by the Klingons and his escape: this explanation for his absence during Kirk's life confused many to whom Abrams screened the film", ". Other scenes cut out explained that the teenage Kirk stole his stepfather's antique car because he had forced him to clean it before an auction; and that the Orion he seduced at the Academy worked in the operations division. Afterward, she agrees to open the e-mail containing his patch that allows him to pass the Kobayashi Maru test.", "Abrams chose to shoot the film in the anamorphic format on 35mm film after discussions about whether the film should be shot in high-definition digital video. Cinematographer Dan Mindel and Abrams agreed the choice gave the film a big-screen feel and the realistic, organic look they wanted for the film setting. Abrams and Mindel used lens flares throughout filming to create an optimistic atmosphere and a feeling that activity was taking place off-camera, making the Star Trek universe feel more real", ". \"There's something about those flares, especially in a movie that potentially could be incredibly sterile and CG and overly controlled. There's just something incredibly unpredictable and gorgeous about them.\" Mindel would create more flares by shining a flashlight or pointing a mirror at the camera lens, or using two cameras simultaneously and therefore two lighting set-ups", ". Editor Mary Jo Markey later said in an interview that he had not told her (or fellow editor Maryann Brandon) this, and initially contacted the film developers asking why the film seemed overexposed.", "Visual effects", "Industrial Light & Magic and Digital Domain were among several companies that created over 1,000 special effect shots. The visual effects supervisors were Roger Guyett, who collaborated with Abrams on Mission: Impossible III and also served as second unit director, and Russell Earl. Abrams avoided shooting only against bluescreen and greenscreen, because it \"makes me insane\", using them instead to extend the scale of sets and locations", ". The Delta Vega sequence required the mixing of digital snow with real snow.", "Star Trek was the first film ILM worked on using entirely digital ships. Enterprise was intended by Abrams to be a merging of its design in the series and the refitted version from the original film. Abrams had fond memories of the revelation of Enterprises refit in Star Trek: The Motion Picture, because it was the first time the ship felt tangible and real to him", ". The iridescent pattern on the ship from The Motion Picture was maintained to give the ship depth, while model maker Roger Goodson also applied the \"Aztec\" pattern from The Next Generation. Goodson recalled Abrams also wanted to bring a \"hot rod\" aesthetic to the ship", ". Goodson recalled Abrams also wanted to bring a \"hot rod\" aesthetic to the ship. Effects supervisor Roger Guyett wanted the ship to have more moving parts, which stemmed from his childhood dissatisfaction with the ship's design: The new Enterprises dish can expand and move, while the fins on its engines split slightly when they begin warping", ". Enterprise was originally redesigned by Ryan Church using features of the original, at long, but was doubled in size to long to make it seem \"grander\", while the Romulan Narada is five miles long and several miles wide. The filmmakers had to simulate lens flares on the ships in keeping with the film's cinematography.", "Carolyn Porco of NASA was consulted on the planetary science and imagery. The animators realistically recreated what an explosion would look like in space: short blasts, which suck inward and leave debris from a ship floating. For shots of an imploding planet, the same explosion program was used to simulate it breaking up, while the animators could manually composite multiple layers of rocks and wind sucking into the planet", ". Unlike other Star Trek films and series, the transporter beam effects swirl rather than speckle. Abrams conceived the redesign to emphasize the notion of transporters as beams that can pick up and move people, rather than a signal composed of scrambled atoms.", "Lola Visual Effects worked on 48 shots, including some animation to Bana and Nimoy. Bana required extensive damage to his teeth, which was significant enough to completely replace his mouth in some shots. Nimoy's mouth was reanimated in his first scene with Kirk following a rerecording session", ". Nimoy's mouth was reanimated in his first scene with Kirk following a rerecording session. The filmmakers had filmed Nimoy when he rerecorded his lines so they could rotoscope his mouth into the film, even recreating the lighting conditions, but they realized they had to digitally recreate his lips because of the bouncing light created by the camp fire.", "Sound effects", "The sound effects were designed by Star Wars veteran Ben Burtt. Whereas the phaser blast noises from the television series were derived from The War of the Worlds (1953), Burtt made his phaser sounds more like his blasters from Star Wars, because Abrams' depiction of phasers were closer to the blasters' bullet-like fire, rather than the steady beams of energy in previous Star Trek films", ". Burtt reproduced the classic photon torpedo and warp drive sounds: he tapped a long spring against a contact microphone, and combined that with cannon fire. Burtt used a 1960s oscillator to create a musical and emotional hum to the warping and transporting sounds.", "Music", "Michael Giacchino, Abrams' most frequent collaborator, composed the music for Star Trek. He kept the original theme by Alexander Courage for the end credits, which Abrams said symbolized the momentum of the crew coming together. Giacchino admitted personal pressure in scoring the film, as \"I grew up listening to all of that great [Trek] music, and that's part of what inspired me to do what I'm doing [...] You just go in scared. You just hope you do your best", "...] You just go in scared. You just hope you do your best. It's one of those things where the film will tell me what to do.\" Scoring took place at the Sony Scoring Stage with a 107-piece orchestra and 40-person choir. An erhu, performed by Karen Han, was used for the Vulcan themes. A distorted recording was used for the Romulans", ". A distorted recording was used for the Romulans. Varèse Sarabande, the record label responsible for releasing albums of Giacchino's previous scores for Alias, Lost, Mission: Impossible III, and Speed Racer, released the soundtrack for the film on May 5. The music for the theatrical trailers were composed by Two Steps from Hell.", "Marketing", "The first teaser trailer debuted in theaters with Cloverfield on January 18, 2008, which showed Enterprise under construction. Abrams himself directed the first part of the trailer, where a welder removes his goggles. Professional welders were hired for the teaser. The voices of the 1960s played over the trailer were intended to link the film to the present day; John F. Kennedy in particular was chosen because of similarities with the character of James T", ". Kennedy in particular was chosen because of similarities with the character of James T. Kirk and because he is seen to have \"kicked off\" the Space Race. Orci explained that: \"If we do indeed have a Federation, I think Kennedy's words will be inscribed in there someplace.\" Star Treks later trailers would win four awards, including Best in Show, in the tenth annual Golden Trailer Awards.", "Paramount faced two obstacles in promoting the film: the unfamiliarity of the \"MySpace generation\" with the franchise and the relatively weak international performance of the previous films. Six months before the film's release, Abrams toured Europe and North America with 25 minutes of footage. Abrams noted the large-scale campaign started unusually early, but this was because the release delay allowed him to show more completed scenes than normal", ". The director preferred promoting his projects quietly, but concurred Paramount needed to remove Star Treks stigma. Abrams would exaggerate his preference for other shows to Star Trek as a child to the press, with statements like \"I'm not a Star Trek fan\" and \"this movie is not made for Star Trek fans necessarily\". Orci compared Abrams' approach to The Next Generation episode \"A Matter of Honor\", where William Riker is stationed aboard a Klingon vessel", ". \"On that ship when someone talks back to you, you would have to beat them down or you lose the respect of your crew, which is protocol, whereas on a Federation ship that would be a crime. So we have to give [J. J. Abrams] a little bit of leeway, when he is traveling the 'galaxy' over there where they don't know Trek, to say the things that need to be said in order to get people onto our side.\"", "Promotional partners on the film include Nokia, Verizon Wireless, Esurance, Kellogg's, Burger King and Intel Corporation, as well as various companies specializing in home decorating, apparel, jewelry, gift items and \"Tiberius\", \"Pon Farr\" and \"Red Shirt\" fragrances. Playmates Toys, who owned the Star Trek toy license until 2000, also held the merchandise rights for the new film. The first wave was released in March and April 2009. Playmates hope to continue their toy line into 2010", ". Playmates hope to continue their toy line into 2010. The first wave consists of 3.75\", 6\" and 12\" action figures, an Enterprise replica, prop toys and play sets. to recreate the whole bridge, one would have to buy more 3.75\" figures, which come with chairs and consoles to add to the main set consisting of Kirk's chair, the floor, the main console and the viewscreen", ". Master Replicas, Mattel, Hasbro and Fundex Games will promote the film via playing cards, Monopoly, UNO, Scrabble, Magic 8-Ball, Hot Wheels, Tyco R/C, 20Q, Scene It? and Barbie lines. Some of these are based on previous Star Trek iterations rather than the film. CBS also created a merchandising line based around Star Trek caricatures named \"Quogs\".", "Release\n\nTheatrical", "In February 2008, Paramount announced they would move Star Trek from its December 25, 2008, release date to May 8, 2009, as the studio felt more people would see the film during summer than winter. The film was practically finished by the end of 2008. Paramount's decision came about after visiting the set and watching dailies, as they realized the film could appeal to a much broader audience", ". Even though the filmmakers liked the Christmas release date, Damon Lindelof acknowledged it would allow more time to perfect the visual effects. The months-long gap between the completion of the production and release meant Alan Dean Foster was allowed to watch the whole film before writing the novelization, although the novel would contain scenes absent from the final edit. Quinto narrated the audiobook.", "A surprise public screening was held on April 6, 2009, at the Alamo Drafthouse theater in Austin, Texas, hosted by writers Robert Orci, Alex Kurtzman, and producer Damon Lindelof. The showing was publicized as a screening of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, followed by a ten-minute preview of the new Star Trek film", ". A few minutes into Khan, the film appeared to melt and Nimoy appeared on stage with Orci, Kurtzman and Lindelof, asking the audience, \"wouldn't you rather see the new movie?\" Following the surprise screening in Texas, the first of many premieres across the world was held at the Sydney Opera House in Sydney on April 7, 2009", ". For almost two years, the town of Vulcan, Alberta had campaigned to have the film premiere there, but because it had no theater, Paramount arranged instead a lottery where 300 winning residents would be taken to a prerelease screening in Calgary.", "Home media\nThe film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 17, 2009, in North America, November 16 in the United Kingdom and October 26 in Australia and New Zealand. In Sweden and Germany, it was released on November 4. First week sales stood at 5.7 million DVDs along with 1.1 million Blu-ray Discs, giving Paramount Pictures their third chart topping release in five weeks following Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen and G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra.\n\nReception", "Box office", "Official screenings in the United States started at 7 pm on May 7, 2009, grossing $4 million on its opening day. By the end of the weekend, Star Trek had opened with $79,204,300, as well as $35,500,000 from other countries. Adjusted and unadjusted for inflation, it beat Star Trek: First Contact for the largest American opening for a Star Trek film. The film made US$8.5 million from its IMAX screenings, breaking The Dark Knights $6.3 million IMAX opening record", ".5 million from its IMAX screenings, breaking The Dark Knights $6.3 million IMAX opening record. The film is the highest-grossing in the United States and Canada from the entire Star Trek film franchise, eclipsing The Voyage Home and Star Trek: The Motion Picture. Its opening weekend numbers alone outgross the entire individual runs of The Undiscovered Country, The Final Frontier, Insurrection and Nemesis", ". Star Trek ended its United States theatrical run on October 1, 2009, with a box office total of $257,730,019, which places it as the seventh highest-grossing film for 2009 behind The Hangover. The film grossed $127,764,536 in international markets, for a total worldwide gross of $385,494,555", ". While foreign grosses represent only 31% of the total box office receipts, executives of Paramount were happy with the international sales, as Star Trek historically was a movie franchise that never has been a big draw overseas.", "Critical response\n Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.", "Ty Burr of the Boston Globe gave the film a perfect four star rating, describing it as \"ridiculously satisfying\", and the \"best prequel ever\". Burr praised the character development in the film, opining that \"emotionally, Star Trek hits every one of its marks, functioning as a family reunion that extends across decades, entertainment mediums, even blurring the line between audience and show", ".\" He continued: \"Trading on affections sustained over 40 years of popular culture, Star Trek does what a franchise reboot rarely does. It reminds us why we loved these characters in the first place.\" Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly gave the film an 'A−' grade, commenting that director Abrams \"crafts an origin story that avoids any hint of the origin doldrums\". Similar sentiments were expressed by Rolling Stone journalist Peter Travers, who gave the film a 3.5 out of 4 stars", ".5 out of 4 stars. He felt that the acting from the cast was the highlight of the filming, asserting that the performance of Pine radiated star quality. Likewise, Travers called Quinto's performance \"sharp\" and \"intuitive\", and felt that Quinto \"gave the film a soul\". Manohla Dargis of the New York Times wrote, \"Star Trek [...] isn't just a pleasurable rethink of your geek uncle's favorite science-fiction series", "...] isn't just a pleasurable rethink of your geek uncle's favorite science-fiction series. It's also a testament to television's power as mythmaker, as a source for some of the fundamental stories we tell about ourselves, who we are and where we came from", ". Slate Dana Stevens felt that the film was \"a gift to those of us who loved the original series, that brainy, wonky, idealistic body of work that aired to almost no commercial success between 1966–69 and has since become a science fiction archetype and object of cult adoration\". Time Out London Tom Huddleston praised the aesthetic qualities of the film, such as the design of Enterprise, and praised the performances of the cast", ". He wrote, \"The cast are equally strong: Quinto brings wry charm to an otherwise calculating character, while Pine powers through his performance in bullish, if not quite Shatner-esque, fashion.\"", "The chemistry between Pine and Quinto was well received by critics. Gleiberman felt that as the film progressed to the conclusion, Pine and Quinto emulated the same connection as Kirk and Spock. Tim Robey of The Telegraph echoed similar attitudes; \"The movie charts their relationship [...] in a nicely oblique way", "...] in a nicely oblique way.\" Robey resumed: \"It's the main event, dramatically speaking, but there's always something more thumpingly urgent to command their attention, whether it's a Vulcan distress signal or the continuing rampages of those pesky Romulans", ".\" Burr opined that Abrams had an accurate understanding of the relationship between Kirk and Spock, and wrote, \"Pine makes a fine, brash boy Kirk, but Quinto's Spock is something special – an eerily calm figure freighted with a heavier sadness than Roddenberry's original. The two ground each other and point toward all the stories yet to come", ". The two ground each other and point toward all the stories yet to come.\" Similarly, The Guardian writer Peter Bradshaw expressed: \"The story of Kirk and Spock is brought thrillingly back to life by a new first generation: Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto, who give inspired, utterly unselfconscious and lovable performances, with power, passion and some cracking comic timing.\"", "Some film critics were polarized on Star Trek. Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club gave the film a 'B+' grade, and asserted that it was \"a reconsideration of what constitutes Star Trek, one that deemphasizes heady concepts and plainly stated humanist virtues in favor of breathless action punctuated by bursts of emotion. It might not even be immediately recognizable to veteran fans", ". It might not even be immediately recognizable to veteran fans.\" In concurrence, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times stated that \"the Gene Roddenberry years, when stories might play with questions of science, ideals or philosophy, have been replaced by stories reduced to loud and colorful action.\" Ebert ultimately gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars. Similarly, Marc Bain of Newsweek opined: \"The latest film version of Star Trek [..", ". Similarly, Marc Bain of Newsweek opined: \"The latest film version of Star Trek [...] is more brawn than brain, and it largely jettisons complicated ethical conundrums in favor of action sequences and special effects", ".\" Slate journalist Juliet Lapidos argued that the new film, with its \"standard Hollywood torture scene\", failed to live up to the intellectual standard set by the 1992 Next Generation episode \"Chain of Command\", whose treatment of the issue she found both more sophisticated and pertinent to the ongoing debate over the United States' use of enhanced interrogation techniques.", "A 2018 article by Io9/Gizmodo ranked all 11 versions of the USS Enterprise seen in the Star Trek franchise up to that point. The version seen in the film placed in the second lowest position.\n\nAccolades", "The film garnered numerous accolades after its release. In 2010, it was nominated for four Academy Awards at the 82nd Academy Awards, for Best Sound Editing, Best Sound, Best Visual Effects, and Best Makeup. Star Trek won in the category for Best Makeup, making it the first Star Trek film to receive an Academy Award. The film was nominated for three Empire Awards, to which it won for Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy", ". The film was nominated for three Empire Awards, to which it won for Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy. In October 2009, Star Trek won the Hollywood Award for Best Movie, and attained six Scream Awards at the 2009 Scream Awards Ceremony. The film attained a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture at the 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards.", "Star Trek received several nominations. The film was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media, but was beaten out by Up, also composed by Michael Giacchino. At the 36th People's Choice Awards, the film received four nominations: the film was a contender for Favorite Movie, Zoe Saldana was nominated for Favorite Breakout Movie Actress, and both Pine and Quinto were nominated for Favorite Breakout Movie Actor", ". On June 15, 2009, the film was nominated for five Teen Choice Awards. In addition, Star Trek was nominated for five Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards and was named one of the top-ten films of 2009 by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures.", "Sequels\n\nThe film's major cast members signed on for two sequels as part of their original deals. Abrams and Bryan Burk signed to produce and Abrams signed to direct the first sequel. The sequel, Star Trek Into Darkness, starring Benedict Cumberbatch as Khan Noonien Singh, was released on May 15, 2013.", "A third film, Star Trek Beyond, directed by Justin Lin and starring Idris Elba as the main antagonist, was released on July 22, 2016, to positive reviews. In July 2016, Abrams confirmed plans for a fourth film, and stated that Chris Hemsworth would return as Kirk's father. Most of the cast and producers of Beyond have also agreed to return; however, Abrams stated Anton Yelchin's role would not be recast following his death.\n\nSee also\n Star Trek film series\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links", "2009 films\n2000s English-language films\n2009 science fiction action films\n2000s science fiction adventure films\nAlternate timeline films\nAmerican science fiction action films\nAmerican science fiction adventure films\nAmerican films about revenge\nFiction about black holes\nFilms about parallel universes\nFilms about time travel\nFilms set in Iowa\nFilms set in San Francisco\nFilms set in the 23rd century\nFilms set in the 24th century\nFilms shot in California\nFilms shot in Los Angeles\nFilms shot in Utah", "Films set in the 24th century\nFilms shot in California\nFilms shot in Los Angeles\nFilms shot in Utah\nFilms that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup\nIMAX films\nFilms about interracial romance\nReboot films\nStar Trek (film franchise)\nFiction about supernovae\nTitan (moon) in film\nBad Robot Productions films\nSpyglass Entertainment films\nParamount Pictures films\nFilms scored by Michael Giacchino\nFilms directed by J. J. Abrams\nFilms produced by J. J. Abrams\nFilms produced by Damon Lindelof", "Films directed by J. J. Abrams\nFilms produced by J. J. Abrams\nFilms produced by Damon Lindelof\nFilms with screenplays by Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci\n2000s American films" ]

[ "The 2014–15 North American winter was frigid and prolifically wintry, especially across the eastern half of North America in the months of January–March. The season began early, with many places in North America experiencing their first wintry weather during mid-November. A period of below-average temperatures affected much of the contiguous United States, and several records were broken. An early trace of snowfall was recorded in Arkansas", ". An early trace of snowfall was recorded in Arkansas. There were greater accumulations of snow across parts of Oklahoma as well. A quasi-permanent phenomenon referred to as the polar vortex may have been partly responsible for the cold weather. Temperatures in much of the United States dropped below average by November 19, following a southward \"dip\" of the polar vortex into the eastern two-thirds of the country", ". The effects of this dip were widespread, bringing about temperatures as low as in Pensacola, Florida. Following a significant snowstorm there, Buffalo, New York received several feet of snow from November 17–21", ". In addition, significant winter weather occurred throughout the season, including a major blizzard that struck the Northeastern United States at the end of January, another blizzard that affected much of the Northern United States days later in early February, and several significant snow events paired with very frigid temperatures for much of February.", "Many records for snowfall and temperature were broken, many for the month of February, with every state east of the Mississippi River being colder than average, some for the entire winter. However, this meteorological winter was the 19th-warmest of the past 120 winters over the Contiguous United States, largely due to persistent warm weather in the Western United States", ". During the 2014–15 winter season, Boston broke its all-time official seasonal snowfall record from the winter of 1995–96, with a total snowfall record of as of March 15, 2015.", "While there is no well-agreed-upon date used to indicate the start of winter in the Northern Hemisphere, there are two definitions of winter which may be used. Based on the astronomical definition, winter begins at the winter solstice, which in 2014 occurred on December 21, and ends at the March equinox, which in 2015 occurred on March 20. Based on the meteorological definition, the first day of winter is December 1 and the last day February 28", ". Both definitions involve a period of approximately three months, with some variability.", "Seasonal forecasts", "On October 16, 2014, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Prediction Center issued its U.S. Winter Outlook. This outlook indicated that below-average temperatures in parts of the south-central and southeastern United States would be favored, with above-average temperatures favored in the western U.S., Alaska, Hawaii, and New England", ".S., Alaska, Hawaii, and New England. Drought conditions were expected to improve in California's southern and northwestern regions, but no improvements were expected earlier than December or January. Above-average conditions were also expected to pervade the winter months in the western U.S., the Intermountain West extending across the U.S.–Canada border through New York and New England, and Alaska and Hawaii", ".S.–Canada border through New York and New England, and Alaska and Hawaii. The Precipitation Outlook favored above-average precipitation across the southern tier and Atlantic coast of the United States, with above-average precipitation also favored in southern Alaska and the Alaska panhandle. Below-average precipitation was favored in Hawaii, the northwestern United States, and near the Great Lakes region", ". The rest of the country was given an \"equal chance\" for either above- or below-average temperatures and/or precipitation.", "On November 30, 2014, Environment Canada's monthly prediction system produced a forecast for the months of December, January, and February across Canada. Areas in and just off the western coast of British Columbia were considered the most likely areas for above-average temperatures. Other areas where above-average temperatures were favored by the forecast included Yukon, the Northwest Territories, northern parts of Alberta and Saskatchewan, and northwestern parts of Manitoba", ". Below-average temperatures were favored in and near Lake Superior in Ontario, across much of Hudson Bay, in far-eastern parts of Nunavut, and in northern parts of Quebec. The most favorable locations for above-average precipitation were northwestern British Columbia, southwestern Yukon, eastern parts of the Northwest Territories, western parts of Nunavut, and Newfoundland", ". The most favorable areas for below-average precipitation were southeastern British Columbia, southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, some northern parts of Quebec, and an isolated spot in the northern half of Nunavut.", "Seasonal summary", "The North American winter season of 2014–15 expressed a significant level of variance. First, a cyclone in the Bering Sea enabled a change in the atmospheric pattern to occur; according to Jeff Masters from Weather Underground, this cyclone brought about a \"ripple\" in the jet stream, and the presence of a high-pressure ridge over the western United States and a low-pressure trough over the southern and central United States enabled a great intrusion of very cold air to pervade southward out of Canada", ". Following the onset of the cold wave, multiple snow events occurred; one significant storm dropped as much as of snow in a single area, and impacts covered a broad area. In late November, around Thanksgiving, a nor'easter traveled up the East Coast, dropping up to a foot of snow in some areas, and causing major travel headaches for much of the country", ". Due to the storm, over 4,500 flights were canceled and over 400,000 people were without power on November 27; southern New Hampshire was the worst hit, experiencing up to 200,000 outages. December was, at the time, the second warmest across the US. However, 2015 and 2021 had warmer December’s since", ". However, 2015 and 2021 had warmer December’s since. In December, yet another storm impacted parts of North America; the storm brought relief to drought-stricken parts of California, but it also brought dangerous mudflows to fire-ravaged areas where the soil could not handle the excess precipitation", ". Less than two weeks after this events, another storm impacted the Pacific coast of the United States; this storm, fueled by the \"Pineapple Express\", knocked out power to over one hundred thousand customers in the San Francisco Bay Area after producing strong winds. Hurricane-force winds were reported in parts of the northwestern United States. Regions reported as much as of rainfall, and parts of the Sierra Nevada reported of snowfall.", "Due to a persistent stationary high-pressure pattern over the west coast that redirects the jet stream, it remained (and remains) in a wavy ideal configuration to bring warm air north over the western U.S. and cold air towards the south over the continental states, and to favor winter storms over the East Coast", ". Severe winter blizzards over New England are often associated with this configuration, and nearly all of the snow storms this season followed very similar tracks and had marked similarities in their synoptic evolution. Boston in particular saw the effects of this, experiencing six major snow storms in the first two months of the year, leaving it with over of snow", ". January 27 saw first major snowfall of 2015, with observations showing a blocked flow with warm air over the west coast, accompanied by a pronounced cold trough downstream, which pattern looks very similar to the blizzard that Boston saw on January 23, 2005.", "As a result, February was record-breaking for many cities in the United States, yet in opposite extremes. Much of February saw below-average cold in the eastern part of the country, it was markedly warm in the West. A multitude of cities east of the Mississippi experienced their coldest February in decades, including Chicago, Ill.; Cleveland, Oh.; Grand Rapids, Mich.; Harrisburg, Pa.; Hartford, Conn.; and Portland, Maine. Marquette, Mich. Syracuse, Buffalo and Rochester, N.Y", ".; Hartford, Conn.; and Portland, Maine. Marquette, Mich. Syracuse, Buffalo and Rochester, N.Y. also set records for coldest month overall, as did Bangor, Maine where the average temperature was . And with an average temperature of , the state of Maine itself also set a record low. For Worcester, Mass, February was the coldest month out of any month on record with an average temperature of just , while also accumulating more than of snow this winter.", "In contrast, in the West a persistently strong ridge of high pressure over the warm eastern Pacific Ocean and western North America elevated temperatures to record levels from Arizona to Washington. It was the warmest winter month (December, January, February) on record in San Francisco; Seattle; Portland, Ore.; Reno, Nev.; Las Vegas; and Salt Lake City, with the latter realizing an average temperature for February of , breaking the old record set in 1907", ". Meanwhile, just of snow fell in the entire month in Anchorage, Alaska, making it the fifth-least-snowy February on record.", "Portland and Salem had their warmest February on record, with the latter tying the record set in 1934 for their warmest at degrees with the year. For the first time in record keeping, every day in February was at least in Salem.", "California averaged warmer than the previous warmest winter (2013–14), which had broken the previous record (1980–81) by . February was the warmest on record in Washington, California, Utah and Arizona, while February was among the top 10 warmest in four other states. Overall, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration reported that about 30.6 percent of the country was \"very warm\" – meaning February was in the warmest 10 percent of the historical record – while 31", ".5 percent of the country was \"very cold,\" or in the coldest 10 percent historically.", "Events \n\nThere were several winter weather events during the 2014–15 North American winter. Significant events include cold waves, snowstorms, and other notable events outside the conventional limits of winter.\n\nNovember Bering Sea cyclone", "In early November 2014, Typhoon Nuri peaked in intensity as a Category 5-equivalent typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. The storm became extratropical on November 8, and it was absorbed by a new center of circulation. The new, more powerful cyclone entered the Bering Sea, and intensified to become the most powerful storm to ever impact the region, with a minimum barometric pressure of . This compares to the previous record of from a storm on October 25, 1977", ". This compares to the previous record of from a storm on October 25, 1977. In association with the storm, there were winds exceeding hurricane-force with a wind gust of recorded at Shemya, Alaska. The storm also produced waves as high as , although waves were lesser on the Alaska coast. The storm weakened as it moved westward, and it produced a \"ripple\" in the jet stream which allowed for a strong cold front to dive southward out of Canada into the United States, producing a cold wave.", "November cold wave", "In early November, a cyclone in the Bering Sea entered Alaska, generating a ripple in the jet stream. The coincident presence of high pressure over the western United States and low pressure over the southern and central United States enabled very cold air in Canada to travel southward", ". Denver, Colorado experienced a record low temperature for November 13 when temperatures dropped to , breaking the previous record of set in 1916, and Freeze Watches and Freeze Warnings were issued across the Deep South by the National Weather Service. The cold wave was accompanied by multiple snow events as well. By November 10, Winter Storm Warnings and Winter Weather Advisories had been issued across most areas from the northern Rocky Mountains to the Great Lakes", ". Michigan received snow totals as high as through December 12 from a system associated with the early cold wave. The storm also brought high winds; Snowbasin, Utah even received wind gusts of , and parts of several mountain states and Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma recorded gale-force winds.", "Mid-November winter storm", "While the cold wave was still ongoing, a storm entered the northwestern United States transporting much warmer and moister air over shallow cold air near the surface. On November 13, Portland, Oregon recorded accumulation of ice. Other areas in the state recorded additional ice accumulations and one area recorded of snow. By state, maximum snow totals as high as were recorded near Ouray, Colorado, with six other states reporting totals of at least", ". Several states in the Great Plain region received over of snow, and Dallas–Fort Worth reported a trace of snow on November 16 for the first time in 117 years of records. An Oklahoma Mesonet station in Boise City, Oklahoma recorded a high temperature of on December 12 only two days after recording a high temperature of . Snow accumulations of and greater occurred across western, northern, and central Oklahoma", ". Snow accumulations of and greater occurred across western, northern, and central Oklahoma. On November 13, a total of of snow was recorded in Little Rock, Arkansas, the earliest accumulating snow measured in the area in over 20 years. Gaylord, Michigan received a record amount of snow for any time of the year, with from November 18–20. In Buffalo, New York, significant snowfall occurred during the November 17–21 period, with of snow recorded.", "Thanksgiving Week nor'easter", "In late November, around Thanksgiving, a nor'easter traveled up the East Coast, dropping up to a foot of snow in some areas, and causing major travel headaches for much of the country. The storm originated from a stationary front that was situated off Florida late on November 25. The entire system was rain at this point. An area of low pressure formed around midnight November 26, and this low began to track up the East Coast", ". With cold air in place, snow began to break out in West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, all the way to Vermont, with the rain/snow line in central New Jersey. The winter storm ended up dropping up to of snowfall in a swath extending up the Appalachian Mountains into Canada. The storm moved out into the northern Atlantic Ocean by November 27", ". The storm moved out into the northern Atlantic Ocean by November 27. Due to the storm, over 4,500 flights were canceled and over 400,000 people were without power on November 27; southern New Hampshire was the worst hit, experiencing up to 200,000 outages. The Nor’easter was dubbed Winter Storm Cato by the weather channel.", "Early December nor'easter", "On December 9, a strong nor'easter moved ashore over New England, bringing with it heavy rain, wind, some ice, and snow in interior parts of the region, some which were battered hard by Hurricane Sandy more than 2 years prior. Developing from a stalled frontal boundary off the East Coast, it then moved up the coast late on December 8 and continued to intensify and then move inland on Long Island around noon December 9, before stalling for a day or so", ". Cold air coming in from the north resulted in the western side becoming snow. The system gradually moved to the east, before dissipating on December 11. Snowfall totals peaked at from this system. The Nor’easter was Named Winter Storm Damon by the weather channel. At JFK Airport, a daily record of of rain was set.", "Mid-December storm complex", "On December 9, 2014, ahead of a system moving onto the California coast, the National Weather Service issued several watches and warnings, including a Gale Warning, a Flash Flood Watch, a High Wind Watch, and a Hazardous Seas Advisory. The storm complex brought heavy rain and snow to much of California. On hillsides scorched by wildfires, the rains brought down mud and rocks which covered part of California State Route 91. The system brought from about to over of rain in some areas", ". The system brought from about to over of rain in some areas. High snowfall totals were recorded as well, with a maximum snowfall of near Lodgepole, California. Recorded gusts of hurricane-force were recorded in California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington, with a peak gust of recorded near Benton, Nevada. On December 12, an EF0-rated tornado struck Los Angeles. It was the most significant Los Angeles tornado since 1983, when a tornado struck the Los Angeles Convention Center", ". While the rain was not great enough to bring an end to the intense drought affecting the area, it did help to bring some places above average in terms of annual precipitation.", "Early January winter storm & cold wave", "On December 27, an arctic cold front swung into the Northwestern United States, bringing very cold temperatures behind it. An area of low pressure formed along this front, and was originally weak at first and produced moderate to heavy snowfall in the Northwest through December 28", ". As it approached the Southwest early on December 29, the low intensified somewhat as it neared the subtropical branch of the jet steam, and slowly began to draw moisture from the Pacific Ocean and the western half of the Gulf of Mexico. This resulted in snowfall totals of up to in the higher elevations, but also moderate to heavy snow in the lower elevations as well", ". As cold air continued to filter in over warm air into the morning of December 30–31, freezing rain began to develop across the southwestern parts of Texas, with accumulations up to . The low began to coalesce into a winter storm in the first two days of 2015, as the low began to track to the northeast, its sights set on the Upper Midwest, Ohio Valley, and Northeast", ". On January 3, the winter storm began to develop thunderstorms along its cold front as it tracked into the Deep South, which was also a threat for tornadoes. The storm began to producing a swath of accumulating snow of anywhere from into the Upper Midwest and Northeast. A wintry mix and freezing rain was the majority of the precipitation in southwestern New England; however, areas to the south received rain. The storm system then gradually moved out into Canada by January 4", ". The storm system then gradually moved out into Canada by January 4. Sixteen people were killed due to the winter storm.", "While bringing a wide swath of wintry weather from coast to coast, the winter storm also brought along with it a cold wave, in which some places broke record low temperatures.\nOn January 1, 2015, Los Angeles experienced a record low of , a temperature matched in Pasadena, where the Tournament of Roses Parade was not the coldest in history as forecasters had expected.", "On January 8, Estcourt Station, Maine was the coldest place in the United States with . Montpelier, Vermont had a record low of , and Jackson, Kentucky was . Schools closed in Portland, Maine and Chicago. In New York City the temperature was , with a wind chill of . Nearly 2000 flights were delayed, and 500 cancelled. Washington, D.C. had delays when railroads froze. In Pittsburgh, two baby African penguins at the National Aviary had to go inside.\n\nLate January blizzard", "On January 23, a low-pressure area developed off the Pacific Northwest, before quickly moving over the Canadian Prairies by January 24. The storm system quickly moved southeastward into the Upper Midwest during the evening of January 24, taking a path typical of an Alberta clipper. As it progressed southward, the storm intensified, with frontogenesis occurring the next day", ". As it progressed southward, the storm intensified, with frontogenesis occurring the next day. By noon on January 25, the upper-level low was centered near the border between Iowa and Missouri in correlation with a weak shortwave trough. Moisture from the Gulf of Mexico wrapped around the system from the south, resulting in widespread rainfall and snow over the Midwest. Throughout the day, the system traversed eastward along the Kentucky-Tennessee border", ". Throughout the day, the system traversed eastward along the Kentucky-Tennessee border. Snowfall remained concentrated along a cold front north of the Ohio River.", "At 09:00 UTC on January 26, the Weather Prediction Center began issuing storm summaries on the developing disturbance while the low-pressure system was centered near Bluefield, West Virginia. At the time, mixed precipitation was occurring over northern Appalachia. As this system tracked eastward, it gradually weakened; however, at the same time, a new low pressure formed off the coast of North Carolina and began to track north-northeastward, eventually becoming the dominant low of the storm", ". Early on January 30, the nor'easter left the East Coast, even as another winter storm began to impact the region.", "Late January–early February blizzard", "A major winter storm occurred from January 31 – February 2, bringing blizzard conditions to the Chicago area with of snow, being the fifth-largest snowfall in city history. Detroit received , the third-largest recorded total and largest storm in 40 years. Over a foot of snow was reported in locations in Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, and Wisconsin. At least of snow fell near Toronto", ". At least of snow fell near Toronto. Some parts of the Northeast received up to two feet of snow from this storm, as a heavy band of snow stalled over Southern New England. However, widespread amounts of between 10 and 15 inches were much more the norm.", "Early February winter storm", "On February 8, Boston experienced its fourth winter storm in as many weeks, with added to already on the ground, the most ever. Already, the city had set a record snow amount for seven days. Boston had received in a month, surpassing the previous record of from February 1978. Governor of Massachusetts Charlie Baker declared a state of emergency, and MBTA subway and commuter rail trains were suspended on February 10. The Storm was Named Winter Storm Marcus by the weather channel.\n\nFebruary cold wave", "Throughout nearly the entire month of February, extreme cold plagued the eastern half of the nation. Multiple blasts of arctic air associated with the polar vortex dove into the Northeast, but the coldest was the shot of arctic air that brought the coldest air recorded over portions of the eastern Great Lakes in decades on February 15, and possibly over the entire forecast record", ". Well below normal temperatures covered a large portion of the eastern United States and were expected to stay in place, with only slight moderation, through the rest of the month. Through February 21, primarily on February 16 and February 20, over 600 record low temperatures were recorded in the eastern U.S., including all-time record lows and record lows for February", ".S., including all-time record lows and record lows for February. As of February 15, Lake Erie had 94 percent ice cover while Lake Superior and Lake Huron were over 80 percent covered, and Lakes Michigan and Ontario were between 50 and 60 percent iced over.", "Mid-February blizzard \n\nFrom February 14–15, the Northeast experienced yet another winter storm, with Boston receiving over of snow. Other locations around Massachusetts received up to , bringing the total snowfall up to almost in some areas. Residents of Boston and surrounding areas were urged to stay inside, due to the increasingly dangerous conditions. There were numerous automobile accidents and roofs caving in throughout the Northeast and Midwest, and at least six people were confirmed dead.", "Parts of the central and southern U.S. received heavy snow and ice. Washington, D.C. received over of snow and parts of the mid-South received of freezing rain. The ice storm caused over 200,000 people to lose power. A second winter storm hit the mid-South on February 25–26, bringing an additional to of snow much of North Carolina.\n\nLate February–early March winter storms", "Late February–early March winter storms \n\nIn the last week of February into the first week of March, four separate winter storms impacted areas from western Texas to the Northeast, all which included a messy swath of snow and ice.", "The first winter storm occurred on the weekend of February 20–22. During this time period, a weak area of low pressure formed in the central parts of the U.S, and began to track eastward. Precipitation was at first relatively scattered, but as the day went on it began to blossom, reaching the Mid-Atlantic by the evening of February 21", ". There was more ice then snow in this system, and as a result, periods of freezing rain and sleet were expected in a swath extending from North Carolina to Long Island, with ice accumulations ranging from , and snow accumulations of . This system moved off the coast early on February 22.", "The second winter storm focused on the South and Southeast on February 25–26. A stationary front coalesced into an area of low pressure in the center of Louisiana, and moved to the east. Originally composed of all rain, snow began to break out on the northern side of the winter storm due to cold air beginning to penetrate into the Deep South. It consisted of wet snow, which would cause numerous power outages", ". It consisted of wet snow, which would cause numerous power outages. Heavy snowbands also began to set up, which was the result of heavy accumulations ranging from in eastern North Carolina. The winter storm also produced a small but potent line of thunderstorms in the Florida Peninsula, as such a tornado watch was issued. The system began to accelerate somewhat as it began to emerge off the Southeast coast early on February 26, as snow continued to fall into the southern parts of the Mid-Atlantic.", "The third in the series of winter storms happened from February 28 into late March 1, and spread a swath of snow and ice from the High Plains to New England. The system organized from an upper-level impulse associated with a developing southward dip in the jet stream, which led to the formation of a weak area of low pressure. This weak disturbance began to develop a stripe of snow from the Midwest to the Ohio Valley, and it began to push into the Northeast as the sluggish winter storm tracked to the east", ". Snowfall was sometimes heavy at times, with snowfall rates of up to 2 inches per hour, but didn't last long. Freezing rain also began to develop in the Mid-Atlantic, setting the stage for more ice accumulations. As the snow moved to the east, warm air began to run over the cold air in place over the Mid-Atlantic, and snow changed over to a mix of freezing rain and sleet by evening on March 1 in areas near Maryland and southern New Jersey", ". Ice accumulations ranged from , and snow totals in a swath from the Midwest near Illinois to southern New England. The entire wintry mess moved off by mid-morning on March 2.", "The fourth and final winter storm came right on the heels of the previous system, and actually occurred in two phases, with the latter bringing record cold in its wake. It occurred from March 3–5, and brought up to a foot of snow in the Northeast, while also causing multiple travel issues and/or delays. One such included a pileup on Interstate 65 in Kentucky, where some people were stranded for many hours.\n\nEarly May storm complex", "Another late season winter storm occurred on Mother's Day, and brought snowfall up to in areas around Denver, in pretty much the same spots and time that a winter storm impacted a year prior. It first started spreading snow in the Sierra Mountains from May 6–9. Afterwards, it began to move northeastwards towards the High Plains. The snowstorm dumped up to 2 feet of snow in the mountains of Colorado and up to 12 inches in the lower elevations", ". The storm complex also produced flooding and several tornadoes in the Great Plains region, including multiple intense EF3 tornadoes.", "Records\n\nNortheastern United States\n\nNine states in the Northeast United States had one of their coldest recorded January–March ever on record. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, from February 1 to 28, 2015, 898 lowest minimum temperature records were broken and 91 were tied in the Northeastern United States. In addition, 736 records for the highest snow depth were broken and 138 were tied during the same period.", "Over a large portion of New England, February 2015 was the most extreme winter month observed in modern record keeping. Eastport, Maine was one of many places also seeing record snowfall, with over five weeks. Snowflakes fell on 19 out of 28 days in the Boston, Massachusetts area, setting records in numerous locations with depths up to over deep in certain places. Boston broke the previous record for the snowiest month by almost .", "With a total of as of March 16, Boston broke its previous all-time winter season (July 1 through June 30) record of set in 1995–96. Previously Boston saw a record 30-day snowfall of from January 24 – February 22, 2015. Other broken records included four calendar days with at least of snow, and the fastest snowfall in 18 days from January 24 – February 10, 2015, and the fastest snowfall during 23 days, from January 24 – February 15, 2015", ". Overall, Boston saw three of its top seven heaviest snowstorms in just over two years. Record cold temperatures were involved as Boston failed to reach for 43 consecutive days, from January 20 through March 3. Boston also spent the second longest amount of time below freezing in the city records at 15 days.", "Providence, Rhode Island saw its second snowiest season with , with February being their second all-time snowiest month with .\n\nBoston, Massachusetts, received of snow for the meteorological winter of 2014–15, which was over the average, and broke the 1993–94 record of . Most of this snow was during February, which saw . For the year, Boston's record snow as of March 31 was . Despite Boston’s record snow in February, however, this was still the 40th driest February in Massachusetts.", "Baltimore (as measured at BWI), averaged below the freezing temperatures for first three months of 2015, making it the coldest start to any year there on record. January averaged below normal, and February was the second-coldest on record, being below normal, while March continued the chilly trend, finishing below normal.", "In February 2015, nine states (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Vermont) had their second coldest February. New York and Vermont had its coldest first quarter on record in 2015.", "Western United States", "Despite an intrusion of cold air near the end of the month, temperatures in the Western United States averaged above normal for December, with temperatures in much of the area averaging over 3 °F (1.6 °C) above normal. The greatest departures from normal occurred in the vicinity of southern Idaho, where temperatures in Pocatello averaged , the seventh-warmest December in the area's 72-year record. Salt Lake City, Utah observed a monthly average temperature of , 7 °F (3", ". Salt Lake City, Utah observed a monthly average temperature of , 7 °F (3.8 °C) above average, making the month the third-warmest December on record for the city. Ontario, Oregon too experienced its third-warmest December on record, averaging , 8.4 °F (4.6 °C) above normal. Fresno, California observed its warmest December on record, with an average of 51.9 °F (11.1 °C). Mount Shasta experienced its second-warmest December on record, with an average temperature of , above normal.", "California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming all experienced a top-10 warm January in 2015. California also experienced its fourth-driest January on record, receiving only 15 percent of its average precipitation for what would ordinarily be the wettest month of the year. San Francisco recorded no measurable precipitation in January for the first time on record, and as with the state, January is typically the wettest month of the year for the city", ". As of March 27, 2015 snowpack in the Sierra Nevada was at a record low of eight percent of the historical average for April 1. Winslow, Arizona recorded above the normal precipitation level for the month with of precipitation during the month of January. With 270 percent of the average monthly precipitation, Tucson, Arizona saw its fourth-wettest January in a 69-year record with of precipitation", ". With an average monthly temperature of ( above normal), Los Angeles experienced its sixth-warmest January in its 139-year record. Rock Springs, Wyoming saw its third-warmest January on record with an average temperature of for the month, above the temperatures typically observed.", "Much of the Western United States, including Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, and Washington, experienced its warmest winter on the 120-year record, and Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming experienced one of their top-three warmest winters.\n\nCanada \nToronto, Ontario recorded its coldest month on record in February with at Pearson Airport, tying with February 1875 (recorded in downtown) and beating the previous record of set in January 1994.", "In Quebec, Montreal experienced its coldest February on record with an extended cold spell and an average temperature of .\n\nOn February 13, Guelph, Ontario matched a 116-year-old record with a temperature of .\n\nBy the end of April 2015, a record of snow fell on parts of the Prince Edward Island.\n\nBy the end of February, the maximum extent of ice cover in the Great Lakes was 88.8%, the first time since the late 1970s that two consecutive winters had resulted in ice cover of greater than 80%.", "Season effects\nThis is a table of all of the events that have occurred in the 2014–15 North American winter. It includes their duration, damage, impacted locations, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. All of the damage figures are in 2015 USD.\n\nSee also", "See also \n\n 2015 Texas–Oklahoma flood and tornado outbreak\n Early 2014 North American cold wave\n 2013–14 North American winter\n 2014 Pacific typhoon season\n 2015–16 North American winter\n Tornadoes of 2014\n Tornadoes of 2015\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n 2014 Storm Summaries from the Weather Prediction Center\n 2015 Storm Summaries from the Weather Prediction Center\n\n \n2014-15\nWinter\nWinter" ]

[ "Dianne Emiel Feinstein (; June 22, 1933 – September 29, 2023) was an American politician who served as a United States senator from California from 1992 until her death in 2023. A member of the Democratic Party, she served as mayor of San Francisco from 1978 to 1988.", "A San Francisco native, Feinstein graduated from Stanford University in 1955. She was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1969 and immediately became the board's first female president upon her appointment in 1970. In 1978, during a third stint as the board's president, the assassinations of Mayor George Moscone and City Supervisor Harvey Milk drew national attention. Feinstein succeeded Moscone as mayor and became the first woman to serve in that position", ". Feinstein succeeded Moscone as mayor and became the first woman to serve in that position. During her tenure, she led the renovation of the city's cable car system and oversaw the 1984 Democratic National Convention. Despite a recall attempt in 1983, Feinstein was a popular mayor and was named the most effective mayor in the country by City & State in 1987.", "After losing a race for governor in 1990, Feinstein was elected to the U.S. Senate in a 1992 special election. In November 1992, she became California's first female U.S. senator; shortly afterward, she became the state's senior senator when Alan Cranston retired in January 1993. Feinstein was reelected five times. In the 2012 election, she received 7.86 million votes, the most popular votes received by any U.S. Senate candidate in history. Feinstein authored the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban", ".S. Senate candidate in history. Feinstein authored the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban. She was the first woman to chair the Senate Rules Committee and the Senate Intelligence Committee and the first to preside over a U.S. presidential inauguration. Feinstein chaired the Senate Intelligence Committee from 2009 to 2015 and was the ranking member of the Senate Judiciary Committee from 2017 to 2021.", "During her final years in office, there were concerns about her fitness to serve due to poor health. In February 2023, Feinstein announced she would not seek reelection in 2024. She died in office in September 2023, at the age of 90. By the time of her death, Feinstein was the oldest sitting U.S. senator and member of Congress. She was also the longest-serving U.S. senator from California and the longest-tenured female senator in history.", "Early life and education", "Feinstein was born Dianne Emiel Goldman on June 22, 1933, in San Francisco to Leon Goldman, a prominent surgeon, and his wife, Betty (née Rosenburg), a former model. Her paternal grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Poland. Her maternal grandparents, the Rosenburgs, were from Saint Petersburg, Russia. Although they were of German-Jewish ancestry, they practiced the Russian Orthodox (Christian) faith, as was required of Jews in Saint Petersburg", ". Christianity was passed down to Feinstein's mother, who insisted on her transfer from a Jewish day school to a prestigious local Catholic school, but Feinstein listed her religion as Judaism.", "She graduated from Convent of the Sacred Heart High School in 1951 and from Stanford University in 1955 with a Bachelor of Arts in history. According to multiple sources, Feinstein's mother was abusive. Feinstein's sister, Yvonne Banks, said their mother had unpredictable moods. Later, Feinstein's mother received a brain scan that found that the part of her brain responsible for judgment had atrophied, \"possibly because of complications from a severe illness as a child\".\n\nEarly political career", "Early political career \n\nFrom 1955 to 1956, Feinstein was a fellow at the Coro Foundation in San Francisco, an organization that provides young people with political experience. Governor Pat Brown appointed her to the California Women's Parole Board in 1960. She served on the board until 1966.", "San Francisco Board of Supervisors and assassination attempt \nFeinstein was elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1969. She remained on the board for nine years, serving as its first female president from 1970 to 1971, with additional tenures from 1974 to 1975 and January to December 1978.", "During her tenure on the Board of Supervisors, she unsuccessfully ran for mayor of San Francisco twice, in 1971 against Mayor Joseph Alioto, and in 1975, when she lost the contest for a runoff slot (against George Moscone) to Supervisor John Barbagelata.", "Because of her position, Feinstein became a target of the New World Liberation Front, an anti-capitalist terrorist group that carried out bombings in California in the 1970s. In 1976, the NWLF placed a bomb on the windowsill of her home that failed to explode. The group later shot out the windows of a beach house she owned.\n\nMayor of San Francisco", "Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk were assassinated by former supervisor Dan White on November 27, 1978. Feinstein became acting mayor, as she was president of the Board of Supervisors. Supervisors John Molinari, Ella Hill Hutch, Ron Pelosi, Robert Gonzales, and Gordon Lau endorsed her for an appointment as mayor by the Board of Supervisors. Gonzales initially ran to be appointed by the Board of Supervisors as mayor, but dropped out", ". Gonzales initially ran to be appointed by the Board of Supervisors as mayor, but dropped out. The Board of Supervisors voted six to two to appoint Feinstein as mayor. She was inaugurated by Chief Justice Rose Bird of the Supreme Court of California on December 4, 1978, becoming San Francisco's first female mayor. Molinari was selected to replace Feinstein as president of the Board of Supervisors by a vote of eight to two.", "One of Feinstein's first challenges as mayor was the state of the San Francisco cable car system, which was shut down for emergency repairs in 1979; an engineering study concluded that it needed comprehensive rebuilding at a cost of $60 million. Feinstein helped win federal funding for the bulk of the work. The system closed for rebuilding in 1982 and was completed in time for the 1984 Democratic National Convention", ". Feinstein also oversaw policies to increase the number of San Francisco's high-rise buildings.", "Feinstein was seen as a relatively moderate Democrat in one of the country's most liberal cities. As a supervisor, she was considered part of the centrist bloc that included White and generally opposed Moscone. As mayor, Feinstein angered the city's large gay community in 1982 by vetoing legislation which would have extended city-employee benefits to domestic partners", ". In the 1980 presidential election, while a majority of Bay Area Democrats continued to support Senator Ted Kennedy's primary challenge to President Jimmy Carter even after it was clear Kennedy could not win, Feinstein strongly supported the Carter–Mondale ticket", ". She was given a high-profile speaking role on the opening night of the August Democratic National Convention, urging delegates to reject the Kennedy delegates' proposal to \"open\" the convention, thereby allowing delegates to ignore their states' popular vote, a proposal that was soundly defeated.", "In the run-up to the 1984 Democratic National Convention, there was considerable media and public speculation that Mondale might pick Feinstein as his running mate. He chose Geraldine Ferraro instead. In 1982, Feinstein proposed banning handguns in San Francisco, and became subject to a recall attempt organized by the White Panther Party. She won the recall election and finished her second term as mayor on January 8, 1988.", "Feinstein revealed sensitive details about the hunt for serial killer Richard Ramirez at a 1985 press conference, antagonizing detectives by publicizing details of his crimes known only to law enforcement, and thus jeopardizing their investigation.\n\nCity & State magazine named Feinstein the nation's \"Most Effective Mayor\" in 1987. She was a member of the Trilateral Commission in 1988.", "Gubernatorial election \nFeinstein made an unsuccessful bid for governor of California in 1990. She won the Democratic nomination, but lost the general election to U.S. Senator Pete Wilson, who resigned from the Senate to assume the governorship. In 1992, Feinstein was fined $190,000 for failure to properly report campaign contributions and expenditures in that campaign.\n\nU.S. Senate\n\nElections", "U.S. Senate\n\nElections \n\nIn 1991, Wilson resigned from the Senate to take office as governor of California. Feinstein ran for U.S. Senate in a 1992 special election to complete Wilson's term. In the Democratic primary, she defeated Joseph Alioto and California State Controller Gray Davis. In November, she faced Republican John Seymour, whom Wilson had appointed to the Senate the previous year. Feinstein won the November 3 special election, 54.3%–38%.", "Like Feinstein, Barbara Boxer was first elected to the Senate on November 3, 1992. Because Feinstein was elected to complete an unexpired term, she was sworn in as a senator in November 1992, while Boxer did not take office until January 1993; therefore, Feinstein became California's senior senator. She also became the first female Jewish U.S. senator. Feinstein and Boxer were the first female pair of U.S. senators to represent any state at the same time.", "Feinstein was reelected in 1994, 2000, 2006, 2012, and 2018. \n\nIn October 2017, Feinstein declared her intention to run for reelection in 2018. She lost the endorsement of the California Democratic Party's executive board, which opted to support State Senator Kevin de León. Nevertheless, Feinstein finished first in the state's \"jungle primary\" and was reelected in the November 6 general election, defeating de Leon, 54.2–45.8%.", "In February 2023, Feinstein announced that she would not seek reelection in 2024.\n\nTenure \nFeinstein has been described as \"a titan of US political history who notched countless legislative achievements\" in her Senate career. She was known for her work on gun control issues. In 1994, she spearheaded the passage of a federal assault weapons ban. In the 2000s and 2010s, she investigated \"the Central Intelligence Agency's program of detention and interrogation after the Sept. 11 attacks\".", "In 2009, Feinstein chaired the first inaugural ceremony of President Barack Obama. She was the first woman to chair the Senate Rules Committee (2007–2009) and the first to chair the Select Committee on Intelligence (2009–2015). Feinstein became the top Democrat on the Senate Judiciary Committee in 2017, and was the first woman to hold that position. On March 28, 2021, she became the longest-serving U.S. senator from California ever, surpassing Hiram Johnson", ".S. senator from California ever, surpassing Hiram Johnson. On November 5, 2022, Feinstein became the longest-serving female senator in U.S. history.", "In the fall of 2020, media reports indicated that Feinstein was experiencing cognitive decline and short-term memory loss. She responded that there was no cause for concern and that she had no plans to leave the Senate. After her performance at Amy Coney Barrett's October 2020 Supreme Court nomination hearings was criticized, Feinstein did not seek to chair the Senate Judiciary Committee or serve as its ranking member in 2021", ". Articles in The New Yorker and The New York Times cited unnamed Democratic senators and aides expressing concern over her age and ability to lead the committee. In mid-2022, NPR and other outlets ran a series of stories questioning Feinstein's cognition. On October 22, 2022, Feinstein said that due to family matters, she was not interested in serving as president pro tempore in 2023; the position is traditionally held by the senior member of the Senate's majority party.", "In February 2023, Feinstein said she would not seek reelection in 2024 and that she intended to retire upon the completion of her term.", "Feinstein's two-month hospitalization for shingles in early 2023 effectively stalled many of the Biden administration's judicial and executive nominees. Feinstein served on the Judiciary Committee, which was evenly split between Democrats and Republicans without her. Representatives Ro Khanna, Dean Phillips, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, a group of California progressive organizations, and the New York Times editorial board publicly urged Feinstein to resign", ". She resisted calls to resign, but requested temporary removal from the Judiciary Committee, which Senate Republicans rejected.", "Feinstein returned to the Senate on May 10, 2023, amid continuing concern about her capacity to serve.", "Committee assignments \nFeinstein was the first woman to chair the Senate Rules Committee (2007–2009) and the first to chair the Select Committee on Intelligence (2009–2015). She became the top Democrat on the Senate Judiciary Committee in 2017, and was the first woman to hold that position. Her committee assignments for the 118th Congress were as follows:\n Committee on Appropriations\n Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies", "Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies\n Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies\n Subcommittee on Defense\n Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development (Chair)\n Subcommittee on Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies\n Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies\n Committee on the Judiciary\n Subcommittee on the Constitution (Chair)", "Committee on the Judiciary\n Subcommittee on the Constitution (Chair)\n Subcommittee on Criminal Justice and Counterterrorism\n Subcommittee on Federal Courts, Oversight, Agency Action and Federal Rights\n Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law\n Committee on Rules and Administration\n Select Committee on Intelligence\nShe previously sat on the Foreign Relations Committee (104th Congress) and Energy and Natural Resources Committee (107th–109th Congress)", "Caucus memberships \n Afterschool Caucuses\n Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus\n Senate New Democrat Coalition (defunct)\n\nPolitical positions", "In 2018, the Los Angeles Times wrote that Feinstein had emphasized her centrism when she first ran for statewide offices in the 1990s (when California was more conservative than it became during Feinstein's later career). Over time, she moved leftward as California became one of the most Democratic states in the nation. In 2013, The New York Times called her a \"liberal lioness\". Feinstein was known for her advocacy of gun control, abortion access, environmental protection, and strong national defense.", "Abortion \nFeinstein supported abortion rights during her Senate career. In 2003, she voted against the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, a proposal to ban intact dilation and extraction, although the proposal eventually became law. After the Supreme Court ruled against abortion rights in 2022, Feinstein called for congressional action to protect abortion rights and stated her support for lifting the Senate filibuster rule to allow such legislation to pass with a simple majority.", "Capital punishment \nWhen Feinstein first ran for statewide office in 1990, she supported capital punishment. In 2004, she called for the death penalty in the case of San Francisco police officer Isaac Espinoza, who was killed while on duty. By 2018, she opposed capital punishment.\n\nEnergy and environment\n\nClimate change mitigation", "In 2007, Feinstein led a bipartisan effort as part of the wider Energy Independence and Security Act to significantly reduce automotive greenhouse gas emissions, which accounted for 26 percent of total U.S. emissions at the time. Her legislation, the Ten-in-Ten Fuel Economy Act, raised corporate average fuel economy standards for America's fleet of vehicles by at least 10 miles per gallon between 2010 and 2020 - the largest increase in fuel efficiency in almost three decades", ". Thereafter, said CAFE standards became subject to periodic adjustments by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration under the Administrative Procedure Act. As a result of Feinstein's legislation, average fleet fuel economy for new automobiles will climb to approximately 60 miles per gallon by 2032, cutting greenhouse gas emissions from passenger and commercial vehicles in half without impeding automotive performance or degrading traffic safety.", "During the 110th Congress, Feinstein authored an amendment to the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008, mandating all major sources of greenhouse gasses to annually report their emissions to the Environmental Protection Agency. These emissions disclosures in turn inform EPA's nationwide, multi-sector inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and sinks, which is submitted to the United Nations in accordance with the Framework Convention on Climate Change.", "Feinstein co-sponsored (with Oklahoma Republican Tom Coburn) an amendment through the Senate to the Economic Development Revitalization Act of 2011 that eliminated the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit. The Senate passed the amendment on June 16, 2011. Introduced in 2004, the subsidy provided a 45-cent-per-gallon credit on pure ethanol, and a 54-cent-per-gallon tariff on imported ethanol. These subsidies had resulted in an annual expenditure of $6 billion.", "In February 2019, when youth associated with the Sunrise Movement confronted Feinstein about why she did not support the Green New Deal, she told them, \"there's no way to pay for it\", and that it could not pass a Republican-controlled Senate. In a tweet after the confrontation, she said that she remained committed \"to enact real, meaningful climate change legislation\"", ". Conversely, the Sunrise Movement tweeted that Feinstein had reacted with \"smugness and disrespect\", and that \"her reaction is why young people desperately want new leadership in Congress.\"", "Later in the 116th and 117th Congresses, Feinstein authored the Addressing Climate Financial Risk Act, to prepare U.S. financial institutions for risks posed by climate change. While Feinstein's bill ultimately died in the Senate, President Biden issued an executive order containing several of its provisions, including directing the Treasury Department to study climate-related financial risks", ". In addition, Feinstein co-sponsored with Senator Coons the Climate Action Rebate Act of 2019 - legislation that would create a nationwide carbon fee and dividend program to decarbonize the American economy and transition it to net-zero. As with the Addressing Climate Financial Risk Act, the Climate Action Rebate Act also failed to make it out of committee", ". However, a separate battery storage tax credit bill co-sponsored by Feinstein was ultimately incorporated into the Inflation Reduction Act, legislation she also supported.", "Lake Tahoe", "Feinstein, who spent her childhood visiting the lake, regarded Lake Tahoe as \"a national treasure\" and \"the Jewel of the High Sierra\". She founded the Lake Tahoe Summit in 1997 and successfully authored the landmark Lake Tahoe Restoration Act of 2000", ". This act of Congress formally created the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit within the National Forest System and authorized $900 million in federal spending over ten years for invasive species control, stormwater management, environmental protection, and fire risk mitigation projects throughout the Lake Tahoe watershed", ". Later in 2016, Feinstein co-sponsored with senators Barbara Boxer, Harry Reid, and Dean Heller a bipartisan seven-year extension of the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act, authorizing another $415 million to combat invasive species, improve water quality and forest health, restore habitat for fish and wildlife, and reduce the threat of catastrophic wildfires", ". She co-sponsored a second bipartisan, bicameral reauthorization of the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act's activities with senators Catherine Cortez Masto, Jacky Rosen, and Alex Padilla on March 1, 2023 – six months before her passing.", "Public lands", "Feinstein co-sponsored legislation in 2006 with Barbara Boxer that permanently protected approximately 300,000 acres of wilderness in Northern California, namely the King Range, Yolla-Bolly Middle Eel, and Trinity Alps wilderness areas, along with 21 miles of the Black Butte River in Mendocino County", ". The King Range Wilderness, part of the King Range National Conservation Area, has the longest stretch of undeveloped coastline anywhere in the lower 48 states; its Lost Coast is often considered the \"crown jewel\" in the National Landscape Conservation System. The Yolla-Bolly Middle Eel Wilderness, which surrounds the Middle Fork Eel River, hosts roughly half of California's summer-run steelhead population. The river is the largest remaining wild run of these fish in the lower 48 states", ". The river is the largest remaining wild run of these fish in the lower 48 states. The Trinity Alps Wilderness encompasses rugged mountains, alpine meadows, myriad pristine lakes and streams, 550 miles of maintained hiking trails, and California's third-largest swath of previously unprotected old-growth, predominantly Douglas-fir forest.", "Feinstein also helped secure $250 million in federal matching grants to purchase the 7,500-acre Headwaters Forest, the world's last unprotected, intact, old-growth redwood forest. Her 1999 legislation also guaranteed the continued conservation of 12 ancient redwood groves by bringing them under federal management. Several threatened species call the Headwaters Forest home, including coho salmon, the northern spotted owl, and the marbled murrelet", ". The resulting Headwaters Forest Reserve is managed by the Bureau of Land Management in partnership with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife as part of the National Landscape Conservation System.", "Perhaps Feinstein's greatest contribution to public lands conservation came through her advocacy for California's Mojave and Sonoran deserts. She authored landmark legislation in 1994 that established Death Valley National Park, Joshua Tree National Park, and Mojave National Preserve, and designated another 7.6 million acres of California desert as federal wilderness", ".6 million acres of California desert as federal wilderness. This California Desert Protection Act was followed in 2000 by Feinstein's Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument Act, designating 272,000 acres in the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto mountain ranges as a national monument. Later in 2016, Feinstein requested President Obama create Mojave Trails, Sand to Snow, and Castle Mountains national monuments under the Antiquities Act", ". She also authored the California Desert Protection and Recreation Act as part of the bipartisan omnibus public lands package passed in 2019, furthering landscape conservation and outdoor recreation opportunities in the California desert. The combined acreage of the 1994, 2000, and 2019 acts of Congress, in concert with the presidentially authorized national monument designations, protect the largest tract of public lands anywhere in the lower 48 states.", "Foreign policy\n\nChina \nFeinstein supported a conciliatory approach between China and Taiwan and fostered increased dialogue between high-level Chinese representatives and U.S. senators during her first term as senator. When asked about her relation with Beijing, Feinstein said, \"I sometimes say that in my last life maybe I was Chinese.\"", "Feinstein criticized Beijing's missile tests near Taiwan and called for dismantlement of missiles pointed at the island. She promoted stronger business ties between China and Taiwan over confrontation, and suggested that the U.S. patiently \"use two-way trade across Taiwan Strait as a platform for more political dialogue and closer ties\".\n\nShe believed that deeper cross-strait economic integration \"will one day lead to political integration and will ultimately provide the solution\" to the Taiwan issue.", "On July 27, 2018, reports surfaced that a Chinese staff member who worked for 20 years as Feinstein's personal driver, gofer and liaison to the Asian-American community was caught reporting to China's Ministry of State Security. According to the reports, the FBI had contacted Feinstein five years earlier warning her about the employee. The employee was later interviewed by authorities and forced to retire by Feinstein. No criminal charges were filed against him.", "Iran \nFeinstein supported the Iran nuclear deal framework in July 2015, saying that it would usher in \"unprecedented & intrusive inspections to verify cooperation\" by Iran.\n\nOn June 7, 2017, Feinstein and Senator Bernie Sanders issued dual statements urging the Senate to forgo a vote for sanctions on Iran in response to the Tehran attacks that occurred earlier in the day.\n\nIraq \n\nFeinstein voted for the Iraq War and later said she regretted it.", "Iraq \n\nFeinstein voted for the Iraq War and later said she regretted it.\n\nIsrael \nIn September 2016—in advance of UN Security Council resolution 2334 condemning Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories—Feinstein signed an AIPAC-sponsored letter urging Obama to veto \"one-sided\" resolutions against Israel.", "Feinstein opposed President Donald Trump's decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital, saying, \"Recognizing Jerusalem as Israel's capital—or relocating our embassy to Jerusalem—will spark violence and embolden extremists on both sides of the debate.\"", "North Korea \nDuring a July 2017 appearance on Face the Nation after North Korea conducted a second test of an intercontinental ballistic missile, Feinstein said the country had proven itself a danger to the U.S. She also expressed her disappointment with China's lack of response.", "Responding to reports that North Korea had achieved successful miniaturization of nuclear warheads, Feinstein issued an August 8, 2017, statement insisting that isolation of North Korea had proven ineffective and that Trump's rhetoric was not helping resolve potential conflict. She also called for the U.S. to \"quickly engage North Korea in a high-level dialogue without any preconditions\".", "In September 2017, after Trump's first speech to the United Nations General Assembly, in which he threatened North Korea, Feinstein released a statement disagreeing with his remarks: \"Trump's bombastic threat to destroy North Korea and his refusal to present any positive pathways forward on the many global challenges we face are severe disappointments.\"\n\nGun control", "Feinstein introduced the Federal Assault Weapons Ban, which became law in 1994 and expired in 2004", ". In January 2013, about a month after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, she and Representative Carolyn McCarthy proposed a bill that would \"ban the sale, transfer, manufacturing or importation of 150 specific firearms including semiautomatic rifles or pistols that can be used with a detachable or fixed ammunition magazines that hold more than 10 rounds and have specific military-style features, including pistol grips, grenade launchers or rocket launchers\"", ". The bill would have exempted 900 models of guns used for sport and hunting. Feinstein said of the bill, \"The common thread in each of these shootings is the gunman used a semi-automatic assault weapon or large-capacity ammunition magazines. Military assault weapons only have one purpose, and in my opinion, it's for the military.\" The bill failed on a Senate vote of 60 to 40.", "Health care", "Feinstein supported the Affordable Care Act, repeatedly voting to defeat initiatives aimed against it", ". She voted to regulate tobacco as a drug; expand the Children's Health Insurance Program; override the president's veto of adding 2 to 4 million children to SCHIP eligibility; increase Medicaid rebate for producing generic drugs; negotiate bulk purchases for Medicare prescription drugs; allow re-importation of prescription drugs from Canada; allow patients to sue HMOs and collect punitive damages; cover prescription drugs under Medicare, and means-test Medicare", ". She voted against the Paul Ryan Budget's Medicare choice, tax and spending cuts; and allowing tribal Indians to opt out of federal healthcare. Feinstein also favored the creation of a public option in order to achieve universal healthcare, co-sponsoring a bill with that aim. Feinstein's congressional voting record was rated as 88% by the American Public Health Association (APHA), the figure ostensibly reflecting the percentage of time the representative voted the organization's preferred position.", "At an April 2017 town hall meeting in San Francisco, Feinstein was booed when she stated that she did not support a proposal for single-payer health insurance. Feinstein said, \"[i]f single-payer health care is going to mean the complete takeover by the government of all health care, I am not there.\" During a news conference at the University of California, San Diego in July 2017, she estimated that Democratic opposition would prove sufficient to defeat Republican attempts to repeal the ACA", ". Feinstein wrote in an August 2017 op-ed that Trump could secure health-care reform if he compromised with Democrats: \"We now know that such a closed process on a major issue like health care doesn't work. The only path forward is a transparent process that allows every senator to bring their ideas to the table.\"", "Immigration", "In September 2017, after Attorney General Jeff Sessions rescinded the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, Feinstein admitted the legality of the program was questionable while citing this as a reason for why a law should be passed", ". In her opening remarks at a January 2018 Senate Judiciary Committee hearing, she said she was concerned the Trump administration's decision to terminate temporary protected status might be racially motivated, based on comments Trump made denigrating African countries, Haiti, and El Salvador.", "LGBTQ+ rights \nIn 1996, Feinstein was one of only 14 senators to vote against the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defined marriage as an opposite-sex union for purposes of federal law. In 2011, she introduced a bill to repeal DOMA. In 2022, she was the lead Senate sponsor of the Respect for Marriage Act, which repealed DOMA and required the federal government and all state governments to recognize same-sex and interracial marriages.", "Marijuana", "Feinstein opposed a number of reforms to cannabis laws at the state and federal level. In 2016 she opposed Proposition 64, the Adult Use of Marijuana Act, to legalize recreational cannabis in California. In 1996 she opposed Proposition 215 to legalize the medical use of cannabis in California. In 2015 she was the only Democrat at a Senate hearing to vote against the Rohrabacher–Farr amendment, legislation that limits the enforcement of federal law in states that have legalized medical cannabis", ". Feinstein cited her belief that cannabis is a gateway drug in voting against the amendment.", "In 2018, Feinstein softened her views on marijuana and cosponsored the STATES Act, legislation that would protect states from federal interference regarding both medical and recreational use. She also supported legislation in 2015 to allow medical cannabis to be recommended to veterans in states where its use is legal.\n\nNational security\n\nDefense policy\nWhile delivering the commencement address at Stanford Stadium on June 13, 1994, Feinstein said:", "Feinstein was described during her lifetime as taking a \"hawkish\" stance on matters of national security. She voted for the extension of the Patriot Act and the FISA provisions in 2012. Feinstein also voted for President Trump's $675-billion defense budget bill for FY 2019. Later in 2017, she criticized the banning of transgender enlistments in the military under the Trump administration.", "Mass surveillance and citizens' privacy \nFeinstein co-sponsored PIPA on May 12, 2011. She met with representatives of technology companies, including Google and Facebook, in January 2012. A Feinstein spokesperson said she \"is doing all she can to ensure that the bill is balanced and protects the intellectual property concerns of the content community without unfairly burdening legitimate businesses such as Internet search engines\".", "Following her 2012 vote to extend the Patriot Act and the FISA provisions, and after the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures involving the National Security Agency (NSA), Feinstein promoted and supported measures to continue the information collection programs. Feinstein and Saxby Chambliss also defended the NSA's request to Verizon for all the metadata about phone calls made within the U.S. and from the U.S. to other countries", ".S. and from the U.S. to other countries. They said the information gathered by intelligence on the phone communications is used to connect phone lines to terrorists and that it did not contain the content of the phone calls or messages. Foreign Policy wrote that she had a \"reputation as a staunch defender of NSA practices and [of] the White House's refusal to stand by collection activities targeting foreign leaders\".", "In October 2013, Feinstein criticized the NSA for monitoring telephone calls of foreign leaders friendly to the U.S. In November 2013, she promoted the FISA Improvements Act bill, which included a \"backdoor search provision\" that allows intelligence agencies to continue certain warrantless searches as long as they are logged and \"available for review\" to various agencies.\n\nIn June 2013, Feinstein called Edward Snowden a \"traitor\" after his leaks went public. In October 2013, she said she stood by that.", "In 2014, Feinstein accused the CIA of snooping and removing files from Congressional computers, saying that the \"CIA's search may well have violated the separation of powers principles embodied in the United States Constitution\". Several months later the CIA admitted to having hacked Senate Intelligence Committee computers", ". Several months later the CIA admitted to having hacked Senate Intelligence Committee computers. Feinstein's displeasure at having been spied on was contrasted with her support for government surveillance of US citizens, with public figures and privacy advocates such as Jon Stewart and Edward Snowden noting the apparent incongruity.", "After the 2016 FBI–Apple encryption dispute, Feinstein and Richard Burr sponsored a bill that would likely have criminalized all forms of strong encryption in electronic communication between citizens. The bill would have required technology companies to design their encryption so that they can provide law enforcement with user data in an \"intelligible format\" when required to do so by court order.", "In 2020, Feinstein co sponsored the EARN IT Act, which seeks to create a 19-member committee to decide a list of best practices websites must follow to be protected by section 230 of the Communications Decency Act. The EARN IT Act effectively outlaws end-to-end encryption, depriving the world of secure, private communications tools.", "Torture", "Feinstein served on the Senate's Select Committee on Intelligence, her time on the committee coinciding with the Senate Report on Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq and the debates on the torture/\"enhanced interrogation\" of terrorists and alleged terrorists. On the Senate floor on December 9, 2014, the day parts of the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture were released to the public, Feinstein called the government's detention and interrogation program a \"stain on our values and on our history\".", "Presidential politics \nDuring the 1980 presidential election, Feinstein served on President Jimmy Carter's steering committee in California and as a Carter delegate to the Democratic National Convention. She was selected to serve as one of the four chairs of the 1980 Democratic National Convention.", "Feinstein endorsed former Vice President Walter Mondale during the 1984 presidential election. She and Democratic National Committee chairman Charles Manatt signed a contract in 1983, making San Francisco the host of the 1984 Democratic National Convention.", "As a superdelegate in the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, Feinstein said she would support Clinton for the nomination. But after Barack Obama became the presumptive nominee, she fully backed his candidacy. Days after Obama amassed enough delegates to win the nomination, Feinstein lent her Washington, D.C., home to Clinton and Obama for a private one-on-one meeting. She did not attend the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver because she had fallen and broken her ankle earlier in the month.", "Feinstein chaired the United States Congress Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies and acted as mistress of ceremonies, introducing each participant at the 2009 presidential inauguration. She was the first woman to have presided over a U.S. presidential inauguration.\n\nAhead of the 2016 presidential election, Feinstein was one of 16 female Democratic senators to sign an October 20, 2013, letter endorsing Hillary Clinton for president.", "At an August 29, 2017, event in San Francisco, Feinstein expressed hope that Trump could become a good president. \"The question is whether he can learn and change\", she said. \"If so, I believe he can be a good president\". The next day, Feinstein released a clarifying statement: \"I've been strongly critical of President Trump when I disagree on policy and with his behavior..", "... While I'm under no illusion that it's likely to happen and will continue to oppose his policies, I want President Trump to change for the good of the country\".", "On January 9, 2018, Feinstein caused a stir when, as ranking member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, she released a transcript of its August 2017 interview with Fusion GPS co-founder Glenn Simpson about the dossier regarding connections between Trump's campaign and the Russian government. She did this unilaterally after the committee's chairman, Chuck Grassley, refused to release the transcript.", "As the 2020 presidential election approached, Feinstein indicated her support for former Vice President Joe Biden. This came as a surprise to many pundits, due to the potential candidacy of fellow U.S. Senator from California Kamala Harris, of whom Feinstein said \"I'm a big fan of Sen. Harris, and I work with her. But she's brand-new here, so it takes a little bit of time to get to know somebody.\"\n\nSupreme Court nominations", "Supreme Court nominations \n\nIn September 2005, Feinstein was one of five Democratic senators on the Senate Judiciary Committee to vote against Supreme Court nominee John Roberts, saying that Roberts had \"failed to state his positions on such social controversies as abortion and the right to die\".", "In January 2006, Feinstein said she would vote against Supreme Court nominee Samuel Alito, but expressed disapproval of a filibuster: \"When it comes to filibustering a Supreme Court appointment, you really have to have something out there, whether it's gross moral turpitude or something that comes to the surface. This is a man I might disagree with, [but] that doesn't mean he shouldn't be on the court.\"", "On July 12, 2009, Feinstein said the Senate would confirm Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotomayor, praising her for her experience and for overcoming \"adversity and disadvantage\".\n\nAfter President Obama nominated Merrick Garland to the Supreme Court in March 2016, Feinstein met with Garland on April 6 and later called on Republicans to do \"this institution the credit of sitting down and meeting with him\".", "In February 2017, Feinstein requested that Supreme Court nominee Neil Gorsuch provide information on cases in which he had assisted with decision-making. In mid-March, she sent him a letter saying her request had not been met. Feinstein stated her opposition to Gorsuch's nomination on April 3.", "After Brett Kavanaugh was nominated to the Supreme Court, Feinstein received a July 30, 2018, letter from Christine Blasey Ford in which Ford accused Kavanaugh of having sexually assaulted her in the 1980s. Ford requested that her allegation be kept confidential", ". Ford requested that her allegation be kept confidential. Feinstein did not refer the allegation to the FBI until September 14, 2018, after the Senate Judiciary Committee had completed its hearings on Kavanaugh's nomination and \"after leaks to the media about [the Ford allegation] had reached a 'fever pitch'\"", ". She faced \"sharp scrutiny\" for her decision to keep quiet about the Ford allegation for several weeks; she responded that she kept the letter and Ford's identity confidential because Ford had requested it. Feinstein opposed Kavanaugh's nomination. After an additional hearing and a supplemental FBI investigation, Kavanaugh was confirmed to the Supreme Court on October 6, 2018.", "In the fall of 2020, in her capacity as ranking member of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Feinstein participated in the confirmation hearings for President Trump's nomination of Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court. Shortly before the 2020 presidential election, Barrett was nominated to the Court following Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg's death, and the nomination was intensely controversial", ". Feinstein opposed Barrett's nomination, but at the conclusion of the hearings, she hugged Republican Senator Lindsey Graham, saying, \"this has been one of the best set of hearings that I've participated in\". Outraged progressives responded by calling for Feinstein to step down from her leadership role on the committee. Barrett was confirmed to the Court. After the hearings, Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer said he had had a \"long and serious\" talk with Feinstein", ". After the 2020 election, Feinstein announced that she would not seek to serve as chair or as ranking member of the Judiciary Committee in 2021.", "Awards and honors", "Feinstein was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Golden Gate University in San Francisco on June 4, 1977. She was awarded the Legion of Honour by France in 1984. Feinstein received with the Woodrow Wilson Award for public service from the Woodrow Wilson Center of the Smithsonian Institution on November 3, 2001, in Los Angeles. In 2002, Feinstein won the American Medical Association's Nathan Davis Award for \"the Betterment of the Public Health\". She was named as one of The Forward 50 in 2015", ". She was named as one of The Forward 50 in 2015.", "Personal life", "Feinstein was married three times. She married Jack Berman ( 2002), who was then working in the San Francisco District Attorney's Office, in 1956. She and Berman divorced three years later. Their daughter, Katherine Feinstein Mariano ( 1957), was the presiding judge of the San Francisco Superior Court for 12 years, through 2012. In 1962, shortly after beginning her career in politics, Feinstein married her second husband, neurosurgeon Bertram Feinstein, who died of colon cancer in 1978", ". Feinstein was then married to investment banker Richard C. Blum from 1980 until his death from cancer in 2022.", "In 2003, Feinstein was ranked the fifth-wealthiest senator, with an estimated net worth of $26 million. Her net worth increased to between $43 and $99 million by 2005. Her 347-page financial-disclosure statement, characterized by the San Francisco Chronicle as \"nearly the size of a phone book\", claimed to draw clear lines between her assets and her husband's, with many of her assets in blind trusts.", "Feinstein took up pencil drawing as a hobby in the 1990s, primarily depicting scenes from nature and still lifes of flowers taken from her gardens. She later made prints from her original pieces for charity auctions and as gifts to Senate colleagues, ambassadors, and other dignitaries. Despite her works being seen as collector's items, Feinstein considered herself merely \"a doodler\".", "Decline in health \nFeinstein had an artificial cardiac pacemaker inserted at George Washington University Hospital in January 2017.", "In 2020, investigative journalist Jane Mayer reported that it had been evident to some colleagues and staffers for several years that Feinstein was experiencing cognitive decline. Mayer reported that among various short-term memory issues, Feinstein could not remember Chuck Schumer's repeated attempts to convince her to relinquish her leadership of the Senate Judiciary Committee", ". Stories of Feinstein's cognitive issues continued to circulate in the press for the last few years of her life: in 2022, The New York Times reported that she struggled to remember her colleagues' names, meetings she had attended, and phone calls she had received. When asked about her, some colleagues and staffers argued that Feinstein was following in the footsteps of Strom Thurmond, who remained in office with mental infirmity until age 100.", "In March 2023, Feinstein was diagnosed with shingles and hospitalized. She then suffered complications, including encephalitis, which caused swelling in her brain, and Ramsay Hunt syndrome, which caused paralysis on the left side of her face and problems with her balance and eyesight. This delayed her return to the Senate. Feinstein, then 89, returned to the Senate floor in early May 2023, after a 10-week absence. At the time, she was described as noticeably thinner and frail, using a wheelchair", ". At the time, she was described as noticeably thinner and frail, using a wheelchair. Soon after her return, when asked about her absence, Feinstein told reporters: \"I've been here. I've been voting.\" This raised further questions about her memory loss.", "On July 17, 2023, Feinstein ceded power of attorney to her daughter, Katherine. In August 2023, Feinstein was hospitalized after falling at her home in San Francisco. A spokesperson said it was \"a minor fall\" and Feinstein was subsequently cleared to return home.\n\nDeath and funeral", "Death and funeral \n\nFeinstein died of natural causes at her home in Washington, D.C., on September 29, 2023, at the age of 90. Despite longstanding health problems that had caused her to miss Judiciary Committee meetings for several months, her death was sudden, with Feinstein having cast a vote on the Senate floor the previous day that was needed for Democrats' efforts to avert a government shutdown.", "Feinstein received many tributes from politicians such as Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer; Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell; President Joe Biden; Vice President Kamala Harris, who served with Feinstein during her time in the Senate; former presidents Barack Obama and Bill Clinton; House Speaker Kevin McCarthy; former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi; former Secretary of State, First Lady and Senate colleague Hillary Clinton; fellow Senators Alex Padilla, Bob Casey Jr", "., Marco Rubio, Susan Collins, Kirsten Gillibrand, Patty Murray, Rick Scott, Josh Hawley, Lindsey Graham, and Chuck Grassley; Representatives Barbara Lee, Adam Schiff, and Katie Porter, who are running for Feinstein's Senate seat in the 2024 election; and California Governor Gavin Newsom.", "Feinstein's death marked the first time an active senator had died since John McCain died in 2018 of brain cancer, and the first time in U.S. history that a female senator died in office.", "Feinstein lay in state at San Francisco City Hall on October 4, 2023. A memorial service was held the next day on the front steps of the Hall, and the public was discouraged from attending. At the service, President Biden eulogized Feinstein as \"a great American hero\", Vice President Harris said of Feinstein \"You helped move the ball forward, and our nation salutes you\", and a lone protester held a sign saying \"If you want the People to feel sad when you die, retire before you go senile\"", ". The service was punctuated by flyovers of the Blue Angels, coinciding with San Francisco's Fleet Week.", "On October 1, 2023, Governor Newsom appointed Laphonza Butler to fill Feinstein's vacant Senate seat. He had previously promised to appoint a black woman. Butler is not running for Feinstein's Senate seat in the 2024 election.\n\nIn mass media \nThe 2019 film The Report, about the Senate Intelligence Committee investigation into the CIA's use of torture, extensively features Feinstein, portrayed by Annette Bening.\n\nElectoral history", "Electoral history\n\nSee also \n 2020 congressional insider trading scandal\n 2024 United States Senate special election in California\n \n Rosalind Wiener Wyman, co-chair of Feinstein political campaigns\n Women in the United States Senate\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nAdditional sources \n Roberts, Jerry (1994). Dianne Feinstein: Never Let Them See You Cry, Harpercollins. \n Talbot, David (2012). Season of the Witch: Enchantment, Terror and Deliverance in the City of Love, New York: Simon and Schuster. 480 p. .", "Further reading\n\nExternal links \n\n Senator Dianne Feinstein – Official U.S. Senate website", "1933 births\n2023 deaths\n20th-century American Jews\n20th-century American politicians\n20th-century American women politicians\n21st-century American Jews\n21st-century American politicians\n21st-century American women politicians\nActivists from California\nAmerican gun control activists\nAmerican Jews from California\nAmerican people of German-Jewish descent\nAmerican people of Polish-Jewish descent\nAmerican people of Russian-Jewish descent\nAmerican politicians of Polish descent", "American people of Russian-Jewish descent\nAmerican politicians of Polish descent\nCandidates in the 1990 United States elections\nDemocratic Party United States senators from California\nFemale United States senators\nJewish American people in California politics\nJewish United States senators\nJewish American activists\nJewish mayors of places in the United States\nJewish women politicians\nMayors of San Francisco\nSan Francisco Board of Supervisors members\nSchools of the Sacred Heart alumni", "San Francisco Board of Supervisors members\nSchools of the Sacred Heart alumni\nStanford University alumni\nWheelchair users\nWomen city councillors in California\nWomen mayors of places in California" ]

[ "The Ibans or Sea Dayaks are a branch of the Dayak people on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is believed that the term \"Iban\" was originally from the Kayan Language. \"Iban\" or \"Hivan\" means human or person.", "Ibans were renowned for practicing headhunting and tribal/territorial expansion, and had a fearsome reputation as a strong and successful warring tribe in the past. Since the arrival of Europeans and the subsequent colonisation of the area, headhunting gradually faded out of practice although many other tribal customs and practices as well as the Iban language continue to thrive. The Iban population is concentrated in Brunei, the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan and the Malaysian state of Sarawak", ". They traditionally live in longhouses called rumah panjai in Sarawak or betang (trunk) in West Kalimantan, because the jointed family rooms are built by jointing the tree trunks from base to tip to the left and right of the middle headman's room, which symbolizes a tree with a branch on the left and right side.", "Religion and belief", "For hundreds of years, the ancestors of the Iban practiced animistic beliefs, although after the arrival of James Brooke, many were influenced by European missionaries and converted to Christianity. Although the majority are now Christian; many continue to observe both Christian and traditional ceremonies, particularly during marriages or festivals, although some ancestral practice such as 'Miring' are still prohibited by certain churches", ". After being Christianized, the majority of Iban people have changed their traditional name to a Hebrew-based \"Christian name\" such as David, Christopher, Janet, Magdalene, Peter or Joseph, but a minority still maintain their traditional Iban name or a combination of both with the first Christian name followed by a second traditional Iban name such as David Dunggau, Kenneth Kanang, Christopher Changgai, Janet Jenna or Joseph Jelenggai.", "The longhouses of Iban Dayaks are constructed in such a way as to act as an accommodation and a religious place of worship. The entire structure is built as a standing tree when viewed along its length or sideways. The open veranda () is exposed to sunrise (), thus facing to the east and the sunset () is the back of the longhouse", ". The first pillar to be erected during the longhouse construction is the (the main post) from which the (the bottom of any tree trunks) is started and followed along the longhouse construction. Any subsequent rituals will refer to the and .", "Iban religion and pantheon", "Among Iban Dayaks, their belief and way of life can be simply called the Iban religion () as per Jenson's book with the same title and has been written by Benedict Sandin and others extensively. It is characterized by a supreme being in the name of Bunsu (Kree) Petara who has no parents and creates everything in this world and other worlds", ". Under Bunsu Petara are the seven gods whose names are: Sengalang Burong as the god of war and healing, Biku Bunsu Petara as the high priest and second in command, Menjaya as the first shaman (manang) and god of medicine, Selampandai as the god of creation, Sempulang Gana as the god of agriculture and land along with Semarugah, Ini Inda/Inee/Andan as the naturally born doctor and god of justice and Anda Mara as the god of wealth.", "The life actions and decision-making processes of Iban Dayaks depend on divination, augury, and omens. They have several methods to receive omens where omens can be obtained by deliberate seeking or chance encounters. The first method is via dream to receive charms, amulets ( or medicine () and a curse () from any gods, people of Panggau Libau and Gelong, and any spirits or ghosts", ". The second method is via animal omens (burong laba) which have long-lasting effects such as from deer barking which is quite random in nature. The third method is via bird omens (burong bisa) which have short-term effects that are commonly limited to a certain farming year or a certain activity at hand", ". The fourth method is via pig liver divination after festival celebration At the end of critical festivals, the divination of the pig liver will be interpreted to forecast the outcome of the future or the luck of the individual who holds the festival. The fifth but not the least method is via or (self-imposed isolation) to receive amulet, curse, medicine, or healing.", "There are seven omen birds under the charge of their chief Sengalang Burong at their longhouse named Tansang Kenyalang (Hornbill Abode), which are Ketupong (Jaloh or Kikeh or Entis) (Rufous Piculet) as the first in command, Beragai (Scarlet-rumped trogon), Pangkas (Maroon Woodpecker) on the righthand side of Sengalang Burong's family room while Bejampong (Crested Jay) as the second in command, Embuas (Banded Kingfisher)", ", Embuas (Banded Kingfisher), Kelabu Papau (Senabong) (Diard's Trogon) and Nendak (White-rumped shama) on the lefthand side", ". The calls and flights of the omen birds along with the circumstances and social status of the listeners are considered during the omen interpretations.", "The praying and propitiation to certain gods to obtain good omens which indicate God's favour and blessings are held in a series of three-tiered classes of minor ceremonies (), intermediate rites ( or ), and major festivals () in ascending order and complexity. Any Iban Dayak will undergo some forms of simple rituals and several elaborate festivals as necessary in their lifetime from a baby, adolescent to adulthood until death", ". The longhouse where the Iban Dayaks stay is constructed in a unique way to function for both living or accommodation purposes and ritual or religious practices. Nearby the longhouse, there is normally a small and simple hut called langkau ampun/sukor (forgiveness/thanksgiving hut) built to place offerings to deities. Sometimes, when potentially bad omens are encountered, a small hut is quickly built and a fire is started before saying prayers to seek good outcomes.", "Common among all these propitiations is that prayers to gods and/or other spirits are made by giving offerings (\"piring\"), certain poetic leka main and animal sacrifices (\"genselan\") either chickens or pigs. The number (leka or turun) of each piring offering item is based on ascending odd numbers which have meanings and purposes as below:\n piring 1 for piring jari (feeding)\n piring 3 for piring ampun (mercy) or seluwak (wastefulness spirit)\n piring 5 for piring minta (request) or bejalai (journey)", "piring 5 for piring minta (request) or bejalai (journey)\n piring 7 for piring gawai (festival) or bujang berani (brave warrior)\n piring 9 for sangkong (including others) or turu (leftover included)\n contains an offering of various traditional foods and drinks while is made by sacrificing chickens for bird omens or pigs for animal omens.", "is commonly held for any general purposes before holding any rites or festivals during which a simple ceremony is done to prepare and divide offerings into certain portions followed by a (prayer and cleansing) poetic speeches. These simple ceremonies have categories such as held at the longhouse family room, performed at the family ruai gallery, (cleansing) carried out at the and river, (request for rain or sunniness).", "The intermediate and medium-sized propitiatory rites are known as (ritually working) with its main highlight called (poetic incantation) that is recited by bards besides miring ceremonies. This category is smaller than or sometimes relegated from the full-scaled and thus costly festivals for cost savings but still maintaining the effectiveness to achieve the same purpose", ". Included in this category are \"sandau ari\" (mid-day ritual) held at the tanju verandah, (unripe feast), (luck feast), (head feast), and (life caring feasts.", "The major festivals comprise at least seventh categories which are related to major aspects of Iban's traditional way of life i.e. agriculture, headhunting, fortune, health, death, procreation, and weaving.", "With paddy being the major sustenance of life among Dayaks, so the first major category comprises the agricultural-related festivals which are dedicated to paddy farming to honour Sempulang Gana who is the deity of agriculture. It is a series of festivals that include Gawai Batu (Whetstone Festival), Gawai Ngalihka Tanah (Soil Ploughing Festival), Gawai Benih (Seed Festival), Gawai Ngemali Umai (Farm Healing Festival), Gawai Matah (Harvest Initiation Festival), and Gawai Basimpan (Paddy Storing Festival)", ". According to Derek Freeman, there are 27 steps of hill paddy farming. One common ritual activity is called \"mudas\" (making good) any omens found during any farming stages, especially the early bush clearing stage.", "The second category includes the headhunting-related festivals to honour the most powerful deity of war, Sengalang Burong that comprises Gawai Burong (Bird Festival) and Gawai Amat/Asal (Real/Original Festival) with their successive ascending stages with the most famous one being Gawai Kenyalang (Hornbill Festival). This is perhaps the most elaborate and complex festival which can last into seven successive days of ritual incantation by lemambang bards", ". It is held normally after instructed by spirits in dreams. It is performed by tuai kayau (raid leader) called bujang berani (leading warriors) and war leader (tuai serang) who are known as \"raja berani\" (bravery king). In the past, this festival is vital to seek divine intervention to defeat enemies such as Baketan, Ukit, and Kayan during migrations into new territories.", "With the suppression of headhunting, the next important and third category relates to the death-related rituals among which the biggest celebration is the Soul Festival (Gawai Antu) to honour the souls of the dead especially the famous and brave ones who are invited to visit the living for the Sebayan (Haedes) to feast and to bestow all sorts of helpful charms to the living relatives. The (brave king) can be honoured by his descendants up to three times via Gawai Antu", ". The (brave king) can be honoured by his descendants up to three times via Gawai Antu. Other mortuary ceremonies are (flower separation) held three days after burial, (mourning termination), (), or (entombing festival).", "The fourth category in term of complexity and importance is the fortune-related festivals which consist of Gawai Pangkong Tiang (Post Banging Festival) after transferring to a new longhouse, Gawai Tuah (Luck Festival) with three ascending stages to seek and to welcome lucks, and Gawai Tajau (Jar Festival) to welcome newly acquired jars.", "The fifth category consists of the health-related festivals to request for curing of sickness by Menjaya or Ini Andan such as in Gawai Sakit (Sickness Festival) which is held after other smaller attempts have failed to cure the sicked persons such as (touching), (various manang rituals), (to ask Keling for curing via magical power) and (to ask for curing by ) in the ascending order. Manang is consecrated via an official ceremony called (Manang Consecration Festival)", ". Manang is consecrated via an official ceremony called (Manang Consecration Festival). The shaman () of the Iban Dayaks have various types of (ritual healing ceremony) to be held in accordance with the types of sickness determined by him through his glassy stone to see the whereabouts of the soul of the sick person. Besides, Gawai Burung can also be used for healing certain difficult-to-cure sickness via magical power by Sengalang Burong especially nowadays after headhunting has been stopped", ". Other self-caring ritual ceremonies that are related to wellness and longevity are (hair adding ceremony), (destiny ceremony), and (life-bamboo ceremony).", "The sixth category of festivals pertains to procreation. Gawai Lelabi (River Turtle Festival) is held to pray to the deity of creation called Selampadani, to announce the readiness of daughters for marriage and to solicit a suitable suitor. This is where those men with trophy head skulls become leading contenders. The wedding ceremony is called Melah Pinang (Areca nut Splitting). The god of creation Selampandai is invoked here for the fertility of the daughters to bear many children", ". There is a series of ritual rites from birth to adolescence of children.", "The last and seventh category is Gawai Ngar (Cotton-Dyeing Festival) which is held by women who are involved in weaving for conventional use and ritual purposes. Ritual textiles woven by Iban women are used in the Bird Festival and in the past used to receive trophy heads. The ritual textiles have specific (anthropomorphic) motifs that represent (trophy head), (shrine pole), cultural heroes of Panggau and Gelong, deities, and (demon figure).", "The Iban religion involves worshiping and honouring at least four categories of beings, i.e. Bunsu Petara (the supreme god), and his seven deities (the divine people of Tansang Kenyalang), the holy spirits of Orang Panggau Libau and Gelong, the ghost spirits (Bunsu Antu) and the souls of dead ancestors.", "The domains of these beings are as follows:\n from the sky () which refers to gods living in the sky i.e. Sengalang Burung, Ini Andan, Seragindit, Bunsu Bintang Banyak, Bunsu Bintang Tiga, Bunsu Bintang Tujuh, Bunsu Bulan and Bunsu Guntur.\n from the tree top () which refers to omen birds i.e. Ketupung, Beragai, Bejampung, Pangkas, Embuas, Papau and Nendak", "from the land () which refers to augury animals, snakes, reptiles and insects i.e. Simpulang Gana, Selempandai, Seragindah and People of Panggau Libau and Gelung Batu Nakung\n from the water () which refers to fishes and water creatures i.e. Seragindi, Bunsu Ikan, Bunsu Tekuyung, Bunsu Lelabi, Bunsu Gerama and Bunsu Baya\n from the sea (ari tasek) such as Ribai and his group\n from the forest (ari kampong baong) notably antu grasi (huntsman demons)", "from the forest (ari kampong baong) notably antu grasi (huntsman demons)\n from the tree branch (ari dan pun kayu) i.e. bujang inin (leopard cat) \n from the cave (ari lubang batu) i.e. bujang lembau (remaong tiger) \n from the under world (sebayan) i.e. Raja Niram and his kingdom of the dead", "The supreme God is called Bunsu (Kree) Petara, and is sometimes called Raja Entala or even Tuhan Allah Taala (Arabic defines the article al- \"the\" and ilāh \"deity, god\" to al-lāh meaning \"the [sole] deity, God\") in modern times. The Iban calls this supreme god who creates the universe by the three names of Seragindi which makes the water (), Seragindah which makes the land () and Seragindit which makes the sky ().", "There are seven deities or demi-gods or regents of the Iban who act as the messengers between human beings and God. These deities are the children of Raja Jembu and the grandchildren of Raja Durong who originated from Sumatra. Their names are as follows:\n Sengalang Burong the god of war \n Biku Bunsu Petara (female) the high priest\n Sempulang Gana the god of agriculture along with his father-in-law Semarugah as the god of land\n Selempandai/Selempeta/Selempetoh the god of creation and procreation.", "Selempandai/Selempeta/Selempetoh the god of creation and procreation.\n Menjaya Manang the god of health and shamanism being the first manang bali\n Anda Mara the god of wealth and fortune.\n Ini Andan/Inee (female) the natural-born doctor and the god of justice", "In addition to these gods, there are mystical people namely the and Gelong who hailed from Java, with the most notable ones being Keling and Laja with their respective wives, Kumang and Lulong who often help the Iban Dayaks to be successful in life and adventures.", "There are splinter groups from the People of Tansang Kenyalang, People of Panggau and Gelong and the Iban Bejie group which are the Nising group who run away to the upper sky, Ribai group to the land across the sea and the antu grasi group who roam the forest (from Telichai and Telichu) respectively.", "Other spirits are called (animal spirits), (plant spirits), (ghosts) such as (huntsman) and (place spirits like hills or mounts). These spirits can be helpful in achieving success in life or malevolent like causing sickness or even madness to humans. Therefore, the Iban in general needs to keep peace and harmony with nature.", "The souls of dead ancestors are invoked by the Iban when seeking their blessings. They pay their respects to their souls during Gawai Antu (Festival of the Dead) and when visiting their graves.\n\nIban propitiation \nMasing in 1981 and Sandin clearly categorise Iban's propitiation and worshiping into three main successive stages of increasing importance, complexity and intensity, i.e. (serving and distributing offerings), (literally working) and (festival).", "Bedara (miring) is called (unripe rite) if the service is performed inside the family room () and (ripen rite) if it is held at the family gallery (). IN the upper Rajang, the offering ceremony inside the family room can be performed by women while that at the open gallery must be carried out by men of stature", ". Other specific miring rituals are called (asking for rain), (asking for sunniness), (soul cleansing), (omen appreciation), (praying to the region), (cleansing the territory), (smearing the earth with blood) or (paying land rent). Other bedara or miring ceremonies include (dinner at the gallery), (mid-day ceremony) and (head receiving ceremony).", "Gawa includes all the medium-sized rites that normally involve one day and one night of ritual incantations by a group of bards such as (self-caring rituals) and (fortune ritual). There are various types of such as (Life Measuring Chant), (Human Mantle Chant), (Soul Bamboo Chant), (Jar Board Chant), (Wooden Platform Chant) and (House Post Chant). As this category of rites involves mainly (chant), it is also normally called (chanting)", ". As this category of rites involves mainly (chant), it is also normally called (chanting). Gawa Tuah has three stages called (fortune seeking), (fortune welcoming) and ( fortune termination).", "Gawai comprises seven main categories of large festivals which mostly involve long ritual incantation by a group of bards that can last from several to seven successive days and nights to follow the paddy farming cycle in succession of stages. These categories are namely (farming festivals), (real/original festival) or (bird festival), (fortune festival), (River turtle/marriage festival), (Healing festival), (festival of the dead) and (dyeing/weaving festival).\n\nIban ritual festivals and rites", "Significant traditional festivals, or , to propitiate the above-mentioned gods can be grouped into seven categories which are related to the main ritual activities among the Iban Dayak:\n Farming-related festivals to propitiate the deity of agriculture Sempulang Gana, \n War-related festivals to honor the deity of war Sengalang Burong, \n Fortune-related festivals dedicated to the deity of fortune Anda Mara, \n Reproductivity-related festival (Gawai Melah Pinang) for the deity of creation Selampandai,", "Reproductivity-related festival (Gawai Melah Pinang) for the deity of creation Selampandai, \n Health-related festivals for the deity of shamanism Menjaya and Ini Andan and \n Death-related festival (Gawai Antu or Ngelumbong) to invite the dead souls for final separation ritual between the living and the dead.\n Weaving-related festival (Gawai Ngar) for patrons of weaving.", "Besides these seven main categories, there are two more types of rituals i.e. dream festival and intermediate-scale chanting rites.\n\nFarming ritual festivals", "Because rice farming is the key life-sustaining activity among Dayaks, the first category of festivals is related to agriculture. Thus, there are many ritual festivals dedicated to this foremost vital activity namely:\n Gawai Batu (Whetstone Festival), \n Gawai Benih (Seed Festival), \n Gawai Ngalihka Tanah (or Manggol) (Soil Ploughing Festival), \n Gawai Ngemali Umai (Farm-healing Festival), \n Gawai Matah (Harvest-starting Festival)\n Gawai Ngambi Sempeli (Taking Secondary Paddy Festival),", "Gawai Matah (Harvest-starting Festival)\n Gawai Ngambi Sempeli (Taking Secondary Paddy Festival), \n Gawai Basimpan (Rice-Keeping) Festival and\n Gawai Tajau (Jar Welcoming Festival).", "The Jar festival also invokes Raja Sempulang Gana as the god of agriculture because surplus paddy is used to buy jars and brassware in the past. There is one important rite called for strengthening any omen encountered during farming activity. Several of these festivals have been relegated to simpler or intermediate ceremonies, which mainly involve (incantation) only and are thus no longer prefixed with the word , e.g", ".g. in the case of Gawai Benih, , by a (healer) for minor or intermediate damage of paddy farm instead of a full-scale Gawai Ngemali Umai, and .", "The rice planting stages start from (ritual initial clearing to seek good omen using a birdstick (), (clearing undergrowth), (felling trees), (drying out trees), (burning), and (clearing unburnt trees and dibbling), (weeding), (surveying the paddy growth), (hanging the protective rope), (first harvesting), (harvesting), (separating rice grains), (rice keeping) and (cotton planting).", "With the coming of rubber and pepper planting, the Ibans have adapted the Gawai Ngemali Umai (Paddy Farm Healing Festival) and Gawai Batu (Whetstone Festival) to hold Gawai Getah (Rubber Festival) to sharpen the tapping knives and Gawai Lada (Pepper Festival) to avoid diseases and pests associated with pepper planting respectively.\n\nWar ritual festivals", "The second most important activity among the Iban in the past is headhunting (ngayau) in enemy country. Hence, the war-related festivals is held in honour of the war god, Sengalang Burong (Hawk the Bird) which manifests as the brahminy kite. These festivals are collectively called Gawai Burong (Bird Festival) in the Saribas/Skrang region or Gawai Amat (Proper Festival) in the Mujong region or Gawai Asal (Original Festival) in the Baleh region", ". Each set of festivals has a number of successive stages to be initiated by a notable man of prowess from time to time and hosted by individual longhouses. It originally honors warriors, but during more peaceful times has evolved into a wellness or fortune seeking ceremony.", "The rules regarding headhunting and skull-related rites are as follows:", "If a warrior got 3 human skulls, he can hold to cleanse and strengthen his souls against bad elements. \n If a warrior got 3 human skulls, he can hold to parade and praise his trophy heads by the women. This ceremony declares him a bujang berani (a lieutenant).\n If he got 7 human skulls, he can hang a (a loop made of rattan or randau) to hang and display his skull trophies over an open bedilang hearth.\n If he got one , he can become a raid leader (at a major) attacking one longhouse at a time.", "If he got one , he can become a raid leader (at a major) attacking one longhouse at a time.\n If he got 3 , he can become a war leader (a general) and hold a (bird festival) befitting his accomplishments where his human skulls are paraded, chanted for, and respected. This festival declares him a raja berani (the king of valour).\n If he does not hold a , he can hold a (brave hornbill festival) instead.", "If he does not hold a , he can hold a (brave hornbill festival) instead.\n After praising the hornbill () statue, he can parade and praise it () along the longhouse gallery and among the audience.\nAccordingly, the rank and status of the warrior will ascend from a bujang berani (brave warrior), tau kayau (raid leader) and tau serang (war general). Alternatively, the war leaders are called raja berani (the brave and rich)", "Bird Festival\nGawai Burong which is mainly celebrated in the Saribas and Skrang region comprises nine ascending stages as follows: \n Gawai Kalingkang (munti/payan pole) – until \n Gawai Sandong (betung/pinang trunk)- from until \n Gawai Sawi (sawi/rian pole) – from to \n Gawai Salangking – with a – until \n Gawai Mulong Merangau (Weeping Palm) or Lemba Bumbun (durian tree trunk cleverly carved like an old sago palm tree after all of its fruits has fallen to the ground – until", "Gawai Gajah Meram (Brooding Elephant) with Besandau Liau (a strong tree trunk with branches decorated with skulls and isang leaves)- until \n Gawai Meligai (Upper Palace) (decorated strong wood pole) – until \n Gawai Ranyai (Tree of life) or Mudur Ruruh (the pole is made up of a bunch of warriors' spears) – until \n Gawai Gerasi Papa (Demon Huntman) – the house where this is held is abandoned because the inhabitants have to transfer to a new house.", "The chiefs and elders of the longhouses will convene and decide which stage of the Bird Festival fits the life achievements of each celebrant-to-be.", "After a warrior obtains his first three heads, a ritual called 'enchaboh arong' (head feast) is held to honour (naku) and clean the heads by throwing out all the skin, flesh and brain inside by the most senior war leader using a war knife and a rattan to swirl out the brain in a flowing river water", ". During this ritual, the chief would first take a bit of the brain using the tip of his sword and put it into a lump of glutinous rice and then eat it while reciting a prayer to declare that his spirit presides over the spirit of the head and the victim. This 'eating' symbolizes the master-slave relationship between the victim and the owner of the skull", ". Upon reaching the longhouse, the wives or mothers would receive the heads obtained by their husbands or sons respectively using a ceremonial plate underneath of which was placed a ritual cloth (pua kumbu) which has been woven by the respective women earlier. The common motive of the ritual cloth is called \"lebur api' (the heath of fire). Therefore, the women would weave ceremonial cloths according to the progress of their men", ". Therefore, the women would weave ceremonial cloths according to the progress of their men. In a way, the weaving of a certain motive would incite the men to obtain heads of their traditional enemy as necessary. A guiltless people shall not be attacked and doing so would result in adverse curse called 'busong' of the perpetrators.", "Hornbill Festival", "Alternatively, the Iban can choose to celebrate another type of bravery-related rite i.e. a rhinoceros hornbill festival (gawai kenyalang). This festival comprises three stages of chanting i.e. nesting (besarang), egg laying (betelu) and flying (terebai). The Iban believes this festival originated by the heroes of Panggau and Gelong i.e", ". The Iban believes this festival originated by the heroes of Panggau and Gelong i.e. Keling and Laja when they beautifully handcrafted a hornbill statue for their sweethearts (Kumang and Lulong) respectively which become alive and flew to the doors of their sweethearts' family rooms upon revelation to the audience. The beaks of the hornbill statues must be directed to the country of the enemies so that the hornbills fly there to attack and peck the eyes of the enemies in advance of the incoming attack", ". Hence, the hornbill festival is held to honour and propitiate the heroes of Panggau and Gelong who are believed to be able to assist in major undertakings like wars, depending on the guardian of the warrior.", "Proper Festival", "In the Baleh region, the Iban there celebrates a slightly different set of Gawai Amat (Proper Festival) as listed by Masing but certainly for similar purposes:\n Gawai Tresang Mansau (a red bamboo pole receptacle)\n Gawai Kalingkang (a bamboo pole receptacle with a pan made of bamboo)\n Gawai Ijok Pumpong (decapitating of gamuti palm ritual)\n Gawai Tangga Raja (notched-ladder of wealth)\n Gawai Kayu Raya (tree of wealth ritual)\n Gawai Kenyalang (hornbill ritual)", "Gawai Kayu Raya (tree of wealth ritual)\n Gawai Kenyalang (hornbill ritual)\n Gawai Nangga Langit (notched-ladder to the sky)\n Gawai Tangga Ari (notched-ladder of day) – this festival is a reconstruction of the Iban famous ancestor, Bejie's undertaking of building a notched ladder to the sky to meet God.", "The chiefs and elders of the longhouses will convene and decide which degree of the original festival that fits the achievement of each celebrant to be.", "There are nine levels of the timang inchantation length with their respective end timing as follows:\n Ngerara rumah (start of timang to discovery of Lang's absence)\n Ngua (nursing the trophy head) – Afternoon second day\n Nyingka (end of forging) – Later afternoon third day\n Bedua antara (dividing the land) – Afternoon fourth day\n Nyulap (first rite of planting) – Morning fifth day\n Ninjau balayan (surveying the padi) – Morning fifth day\n Nekok (first rite of harvesting) – Afternoon fifth day", "Nekok (first rite of harvesting) – Afternoon fifth day\n Nyimpan padi (storing the padi) – Afternoon fifth day\n Nempalai kasai (planting of cotton) – Morning seventh day", "Original Festival", "Besides that, there is another list of (original gawai) of Iban living the upper Batang Rajang with eight successive stages as per Saleh:\n Gawai Tresang Mansau (a bamboo receptacle erected under the roof atap downend) \n Gawai Kalingkang (a woven huge bamboo receptacle erected in the middle of the tanju)\n Gawai Ijok Pumpong (a woven huge bamboo basket or mat hung using a rattan which will be slashed by a sword)\n Gawai Sempuyung Mata Ari (a split bamboo cone to receive fresh head skull)", "Gawai Sempuyung Mata Ari (a split bamboo cone to receive fresh head skull) \n Gawai Lemba Bumbun (Lemba split leaves which represent taken enemy's hairs)\n Gawai Kenyalang (erection of hornbill statues to attack enemies before headhunting raids)\n Gawai Sandung Liau (a wooden pole with a boat head statue (udu prau)\n Gawai Mapal Tunggul (Decapitating tree stump with erected three poles in series in the tanju)", "For all three groups of war-related festival above, as the stage of the celebration ascends the list, the level of the timang incantation also increases, following the paddy farming stages with the first stage normally ends up to ngua (nursing) level after which gods will presents gifts in the forms of charms or medicines which help or eases the life building activities of the festival host and fellow celebrants.\n\nFortune ritual festivals", "Fortune ritual festivals\n\nSeeking health, wealth, fame and prosperity is another important activity of the Iban. Therefore, the third category of festivals is fortune-related festivals which include Gawai Pangkong Tiang (House Main Post Striking Festival) or Gawai Tuah with three successive stages (Luck Seeking, Luck Welcoming and Luck Growing). Some Iban people call Gawai Pangkong Tiang as Gawai Niat (Intention Festival) or Gawai Diri (Rising up Festival).\n\nReproductivity ritual festivals", "Furthermore, the Iban love to bear and raise many children to continue their descendancy (), as a means to acquire more land and wealth and perhaps to multiply in numbers as a natural defence against enemy tribes. So comes the fourth category of festival which is reproductivity-related i.e. Gawai Lelabi (River Turtle Festival) that is held for announcing readiness of daughters for marriage and to call for suitable suitors", ". The wedding ceremony is itself called Melah Pinang (Areca beetle nut splitting) which is celebrated with much fanfare and ritual. Here the God invoked is Selampandai for fertility and reproductive purposes to bear many children. In addition, if an Iban married couple could not bear any child after some years of marriage, they can decide to adopt via a Gawai Bairu-Iru (Adoption Festival) to declare that they have adopted someone which shall have the same rights as their own born child", ". Furthermore, Gawai Batimbang (Manutrition Festival) can be held to free slaves (war captives) or serfs (debtors) and/or to adopt them as children or siblings or relatives of their masters.", "Health ritual festivals", "The Iban pay great attention to their health and well-being to have a long life (). So the fifth category of festivals is health-related festivals which are Gawai Sakit (Sickness Festival), Gawai Betawai (Name Changing Festival), Besugi Sakit (Healing by Keling) and Barenong Sakit (Healing by Menjaya). Before employing these healing festivals, there are various types of (healing ceremony) by a (traditional healer), (short prayers) and (touching) by a (medicinal healer) to be tried first", ". A candidate will become a (shaman) after an official ceremony called Gawai Babangun (Manang-Officiating Festival).", "Death ritual festivals", "The sixth category of festivals by the Iban is related to death which is called the Spirit festival for the dead (Gawai Antu) or Gawai Rugan (Dead Soul Altar Festival) or Gawai Sungkop (Tomb Festival) in the Saribas/Skrang region or Gawai Ngelumbong (Entombment Festival) in the Baleh region. This festival is used to be held once every 10 to 30 years per longhouse", ". This festival is used to be held once every 10 to 30 years per longhouse. This festival is the last honouring event in a series of morturial rites from (death vigil), (burial), (soul separation) and (mourning termination). During this festival, the dead souls or spirits are invited to attend.", "A warrior is appointed to drink the (believed to be the lipid liquid from the dead body) as symbolized using tuak kept in a short bamboo cylinder placed inside a beautifully woven basket called hung on the erected tree. Another junior warriors may drink the (put in several ceremonial cups) which is chanted for the whole night.", "The chanting is to narrate the invitation and coming of souls from the land of the dead () led by their king by the name of Raja Niram. Among the entourage are the Iban famous warriors in the region who have died. So, the drinking ceremony is performed in memory of the famous warriors", ". So, the drinking ceremony is performed in memory of the famous warriors. Before drinking the two sacred wines, the chanting bard will ask the warriors of their praisenames which they declare to the audience, which indicate the achievements of the warriors and are often followed by war cries and standing ovations. Only warriors who ever obtain enemy heads are permitted to drink both sacred wines. A sacred hut is made for each dead and erected over their grave on the following day.", "Weaving ritual festivals", "While the Iban man strives to be a successful in headhunting and wealth acquisition, the Iban women aims to be skillful in weaving which is considered women's own warpath because weaving needs guiding spirits (albeit female) like those for headhunting. For women involved in weaving, their ritual festival is called Gawai Ngar (Cotton-Dyeing Festival). This can perhaps be considered the seventh category of festivals among the Iban", ". This can perhaps be considered the seventh category of festivals among the Iban. Pua Kumbu, the Iban traditional hand-woven cloth and custom, is used for both conventional and ceremonial uses in many occasions. There are various types of (motives or patterns) of which can be for ritual purposes or normal uses. A motive called \"Lebor Api\" (Melting Fire) is used to ceremously receive freshly-taken heads", ". A motive called \"Lebor Api\" (Melting Fire) is used to ceremously receive freshly-taken heads. Both female and male Iban will be graded according to their own personal accomplishments in their lifetime during the rite of (widow/widower fee taking).", "Dream Festival\n\nThere is an emerging category of life-building gawai called dream festivals such as Gawai Lesong (Rice Mortar Festival) and Gawai Tangga (Notched Ladder Festival) and some newly innovated variants of the gawai proper as a result of dream by a person or several individuals. These are popular among the Iban in the upper Rajang region. It appears that the Iban people in this region distinguishes (original/customary/traditional festival) from (dream festival).", "The original festival consists of the nine successive and ascending stages of major celebrations as listed by Dr. Robert Menua of Tun Jugah Foundation during an individual Iban man life as if he ascends the longhouse notched ladder rungs. This category of original festival can be celebrated by any Iban if it is deemed fit to do so as he ages during his lifetime, even without any dream.", "The Iban will hold a dream festival when told to do so in a dream which will instruct the type and sometimes even the procedure of the festival to be held and thus it is fittingly coined as dream festival. Some variants of the (mortar festival) and (ladder festival) were inspired by dreams as mentioned in Dr. James Masing's PhD thesis so these can actually be considered as dream festival", ". James Masing's PhD thesis so these can actually be considered as dream festival. However, these are called (proper/real festival) as the full, elaborate and complex procedure of an Iban festival is strictly followed and implemented during its celebration. A good example to accompany this explanation is the hornbill festival which was held not only as an original festival but also as a dream festival with variations in its procedure of celebration.", "Several types of Iban festivals originate from its own epic stories like the hornbill festival from the story of Keling and Laja of Panggau making a hornbill statue for their resptive maidens Kumang and Lulong whom they courted for their famous wives from Gelong while the Gawai Kayu Raya (Massive Tree Festival) also originates from Keling's adventure to fetch the massive tree from overseas that can bear many types of nutritional fruits as if it is a (tree of life).\n\nIntermediate ritual rites", "For simplicity and cost savings, some of the have been relegated into the medium category of propitiation called such as Gawai Tuah into Nimang Tuah, Gawai Benih into Nimang Benih and Gawa Beintu-intu into their respective nimang category wherein the key activity is the timang inchantation by the bards. Gawai Matah can be relegated into a minor rite simply called matah", ". Gawai Matah can be relegated into a minor rite simply called matah. The first dibbling () session is normally preceded by a miring offering ceremony of medium size with (paddy's net) is erected with three flags. The paddy's net is erected by splitting a bamboo trunk into four pieces along its length with their tips inserted into the ground soil", ". Underneath the paddy's net, all the paddy seeds in baskets or gunny sacks are kept before being distributed by a line of ladies into dibbled holes by a line men in front.", "With headhunting banned and with the advance of Christianity, only some lower ranking ritual festivals are often celebrated by the Iban today such as Sandau Ari (Mid-Day Rite), Gawai Kalingkang (Bamboo Receptacle Festival), Gawai Batu (Whetstone Festival), Gawai Tuah (Fortune Festival) and Gawai Antu (Festival for the Dead Relatives) which can be celebrated without the (ceremonial cup chanting) which reduces its size and cost.", "It is common that all those festivals are to be celebrated after the rice harvesting completion which is normally by the end of May during which rice is plenty for holding feasts along with poultry like pigs, chickens, fish from rivers and jungle meats like deer etc. Therefore, it is fitting to call this festive season among Dayak collectively as the Gawai Dayak festival which is celebrated every year on 1 June, at the end of the harvest season, to worship the Lord Sempulang Gana and other gods", ". On this day, the Iban get together to celebrate, often visiting each other.", "Iban piring or ritual offerings\nThe Iban which is the number of each offering item is basically according to the single odd numbers which are 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. (the number of each offering item) depends on how many deities are to be invited and presented with offerings which number should normally be an odd figure.", "The list of deities to be prayed to and offered with foods and drinks are as follows: \n Sengalang Burong – when preparing for war or major event like participating in election. Gawai Burong is usually held to honor him and to seek his blessing.\n Raja Simpulang Gana – when dealing with farming related activities, during Gawai Umai and related festivals.\n Raja Menjaya & Ini Inda – when asking for better health during Gawai Sakit and related activities such as belian.", "Anda Mara – when seeking good fortune and material wealth, during Gawai Pangkong Tiang.\n Selampandai – when seeking blessings in marriage, growth of children, or fertility, during Gawai Melah Pinang.\n Raja Semarugah – when seeking permission to use land for construction and other activities like agricultural activities (when erecting the first pole).", "Keling and orang Panggau and Gelong – when seeking their help to go to war, election, defence from enemies, or when seeking their help to invite gods to festivals.\n Souls of dead ancestors – when seeking their blessing and showing respect for their soul. Usually during Gawai Antu and when visiting their graves.\n Bunsu Antu – as and when instructed in dreams.", "The set of offerings () is dedicated to each part of the long house room () such as four corners, (verandah), (gallery), (kitchen), (rice jar), (verandah behind the kitchen), farm (), garden of rubber or black pepper, other possessions like long boat () with its engine, (jar), cannon () and modern items like, car, motorcycle, etc. as deemed fit and necessary.", "The rule on how to choose the according to its purpose is as follows:\n (personal offering inside a pair of hands made into a bowl-like to be eaten by the owner of the hands)\n (for apologies or economy)\n (for requests or journey)\n (for festivals or brave men)\n (for including others)\n (for including others and any leftover offering items are placed together)", "(for including others and any leftover offering items are placed together)\n 9 (11, 13, 15, 18 up to 30) – (leftover offering items must be all offered and cannot be eaten). These are for (base) or (tip) (offerings for setting up (ritual shrine) during major festivals.", "The number of each item of offerings () can be varied according to the importance of the god or item. The number of each item of offerings can be multiplied to correspond with the locations for placing the offerings. A plate, wide leave or a woven bamboo basket will be used for serving the offerings. Most of the times, the offerings are hung onto a part of the building or tree branch or trunk, placed over a jar or simple platform or a bamboo stick with a receptacle at its top.", "Whenever a simple set of offerings need to be prepared, simple ilum pinang (clumps of Ereca nuts with sireh leave with a splash of white kapu carbonate) will be offered. This is especially so during travelling i.e. when encountering undeliberate omens.", "The basic items for common piring offerings include at least the following items in a sequential order: \n betel nuts, sirih leaves, sedi leaves and chalk \n cigar leaves and tobacco\n a lump of normal cooked rice\n a pinch of salt \n ' (sacheted glutinous rice) corresponding with the number of offerings\n (wrapped glutinous rice)\n (glutinous rice cooked in bamboo container)\n (flattened glutinous rice flour cake)\n (semi-fermented glutinous rice)", "(flattened glutinous rice flour cake)\n (semi-fermented glutinous rice)\n (disc-shaped cake made from glutinous rice flour which is deep-fried in cooking oil)\n (flowery-shaped molded biscuit made from glutinous rice flour) \n (ant nest biscuit made of glutinous rice)\n or (pop glutinous paddy)\n (alcoholic drink fermented from glutinous rice with yeast)\n hard-boiled chicken eggs () and uncooked chicken eggs ()\n A live chicken or a pig is caught and kept ready within a short distance", "Special offerings to Lang (god of war) or Keling (cultural hero) has several unique offering items.", "So it can be seen from the list of items above that it is customary to offer guests or gods cigarettes, sireh leaves and betel nuts as courtesy dictates. These first items are placed into a brass container which is always ready by each Iban family in the longhouse in anticipation of guests. Secondly it is necessary to offer food and drinks as essential items", ". Secondly it is necessary to offer food and drinks as essential items. It is customary to ask whether guests have already eaten or to invite them straight away to eat once food and dishes are ready, especially during meal times.", "In addition, biscuits and deserts are offered after meals as a sign of hospitality in Iban custom. All these ingredients are put onto plates or woven baskets made of bamboo or rattan which are then arranged in several rows on a ritual (ceremonial blanket).", "In urgent or emergency cases, (an odd number of lumps of sireh, betel nuts and cigarettes are offered because many Iban would always carry these items anywhere they go or during their travels to negate any bad omens or to show thanks for a good augury. A small offering platform may be built to place this simple offering and a short prayer is recited. At least a fire is lit in recognition of the omen and to warm up those present which necessitates a pause from the current activities at hands.", "A number of worthy men are chosen or nominated to divide and serve the offerings onto old clay plates (plastic plates are to be avoided because they are recent invention and indicative of cheapness or lower status unless clay plates are not available or cannot be borrowed from neighbors; at a minimum, the main offering plate must be on a clay plate). Women can be selected especially if the offering is done within the room.", "Alternatively, if plates are not available as in the old times or interior upriver regions, square-bottom baskets (called ) made of bamboo split skins, woven-concave plates made of rattan or coils with or leaves are used. Some offerings are placed on a long bamboo pole with a conical receptacle at its top (). A bigger and more important set of offerings is served on (brass tray) or (brass snare).", "The items are taken by those chosen one by one in the order listed above or some people take the oily penganan (sweet disc shaped pancake) as the first favorite delicacy and placed it in the middle of the place or container to prevent stickiness of the fingers and followed by other items. The aim is to serve and present the offerings beautifully and as attractive as possible to arouse the appetite of the guests or gods.", "As the propitiation increases in importance and size from normal and brief offerings, to medium-sized ceremonies to huge and lengthy festivals, the number and set of offerings also increases accordingly. All major and minor gods are offered offerings to ensure prosperity and peace during the occasions and in life.", "The (animal offering) is normally made in the form of a chicken or a pig, depending on the scale of the ceremony. For small ceremonies, e.g. bird omens, chickens will be used, while on larger occasions such as animal omens, pigs will be sacrificed.", "The chicken feathers are pulled and smeared into the blood of the chicken whose throat has been slit and the chicken head may be put onto the main offering plate. For festivals, one or several pigs and tens of chickens may be sacrificed to appease the deities invoked and to serve human guests invited to the festivals within the territorial domain of the feast chief.", "The pig head may be offered with the offerings or buried into ground. The body of the chicken or pig and leftover materials can be eaten by guests, provided the chicken or pig is not killed or sacrificed to cleanse sin or bad luck like in incest cases which can cause havoc () in the Iban faith. If not eaten, the body may be buried as sacrifice.\n\nAdat Iban or customary law", "The Iban use a customary law called adat which are used as social control measures to maintain law and order, keep security and peace, and ensure shared prosperity among them. Among the main sections of customary adat of the Iban Dayaks according to Benedict Sandin are as follows:\n Adat berumah (House building rule)\n Adat melah pinang, butang ngau sarak (Marriage, adultery and divorce rule)\n Adat beranak (Child bearing and raising rule)\n Adat bumai and beguna tanah (Agricultural and land use rule)", "Adat bumai and beguna tanah (Agricultural and land use rule)\n Adat ngayau (Headhunting rule)\n Adat ngasu, berikan, ngembuah and napang manyi (Hunting, fishing, fruit and honey collection rule)\n Adat tebalu, ngetas ulit ngau beserarak bungai(Widow/widower, mourning and soul separation rule)\n Adat begawai (festival rule)\n Adat idup di rumah panjai (Order of life in the longhouse rule)\n Adat betenun, main lama, kajat ngau taboh (Weaving, past times, dance and music rule)", "Adat betenun, main lama, kajat ngau taboh (Weaving, past times, dance and music rule)\n Adat beburong, bemimpi ngau becenaga ati babi (Bird and animal omen, dream and pig liver rule)\n Adat belelang tauka bejalai (Journey or Sojourn rule)", "The Iban social structure is egalitarian. Upon the death of an Iban, there will be a session called ngambi tebalu (taking a fee of appreciation) from the living spouse or the family of the last surviving spouse). After this ceremony is over, the surviving spouse can remarry if he or she wished to do so. The amount of the fee depends on the accomplishment of the deceased during his or her lifetime. The common careers of Iban men are being a warrior, chief, bard, shaman, farmer, trader, etc", ". The common careers of Iban men are being a warrior, chief, bard, shaman, farmer, trader, etc. while those of Iban women centre on bearing and raising children, farming, weaving, etc.", "Cuisine\n\nThe Iban's traditional cuisines include lulun or pansoh (foods cooked in bamaboo containers), kasam (meat, fish or vegetables salted and preserved in jars or tin), tuak (glutinous rice wine) and Langkau (vodka from distilled from boiled rice wine).\n\nThe Iban's staple food is rice from paddy planted on hill or swamp with hill rice having better taste and more valuable. A second staple food used to be \"mulong\" (sago powder) and the third one is tapioca.", "The Iban's famous cuisine is called \"lulun\" or \"pansoh\" which is wild meat, fish or vegetable cooked in wild bamboo containers over fire. Another dish is called \"kasam\" which is preserved wild meat, fish or vegetable in salt and placed in a ceramic jar. Natural nuts and leaves (called buah and duan kepayang) are often added into the salt-preserved foods.", "Glutinuous rice (asi pulut pansoh) cooked in bamboo containers is a delicacy among the Iban. Powder of glutinous rice is used to make penganan pancake, kui sepit (crab crawls) and sarang semut ant nest biscuit. The source of sugar is honey and sugar cane. The Iban likes to cook their meat or fish as lulun or pansuh to which salt, ginger and vegetable leaves (such as bungkang, riang, tapioca) are added", ". Soup (sabau) is made of meat and vegetables such as shoots is cooked in an earthenware (periuk tempa) and later in a copper pot (temaga) and steel pot.", "Tuak is originally made of cooked glutinous rice (Asi Pulut) mixed with home-made yeast (Chiping/Ragi) for fermentation. It is a rice wine drunk after dinner and served to guests, especially as a welcoming drink when entering a longhouse. Nowadays, there are various kinds of tuak, made with rice alternatives such as sugar cane, ginger and corn. However, these raw materials are rarely used unless available in large quantities.", "Tuak and other types of drinks (both alcohol and non-alcoholic) can be served on several rounds in a ceremony called nyibur temuai (serving drinks to guests) as ai aus (thirst quenching drink), ai basu kaki (feet washing drink), ai basa (respect drink) and ai untong (profit drink). The drink server will give the toast speech before each round of the drink.", "Another type of a stronger alcoholic drink is called langkau or \"arak panduk\", which contains a higher alcohol content. It is made from tuak which has been distilled over fire to boil off the alcohol into vapour, which is then cooled and collected into a container. Ijok (gamulti palm) drink is another type of alcoholic drink among the Iban.", "Other traditional cakes are called sarang semut (ants' nest, penganan or penyaram (discus-shaped cake) and kui sepit (twisted cake) which can last longer due to deep frying in cooking oil. Other delicacies include emping padi (rice oat), rendai (popped rice), tumpi (disc-shaped cake), asi pulut (cooked in bamaboo container or daun long leaves), senupat (cooked in woven containers or pokyuk).", "Besides rice, the Iban eat linut mulong (sago flour) and tapioca. Lingkau or nyeli and millet are also planted among the hill paddy. The Iban's signature vegetable is called the \"terung asam\" which is in a globe shape and sour in taste. Ensabi iban is a type of spinach planted after burning of hill paddy farm.\n\nIban omens and augury", "The augury system for the Iban Dayaks depends on several ways to obtain indicative omens for decision making and action taking, either deliberately sought or accidentally encountered:\n dream to present charm gifts or sumpah (curse) by spirits which normally has a long or life-time effect.\n omen animals (burong laba) such as deer barkings which also has life-time effects.\n omen birds (burong Mali) which give temporary effects limited to certain activities at hands e.g. that year of farming.", "pig liver divination (Betenong ati babi) at the end of certain festival to read the future luck.\n areca nut blossom flower (betenong ngena bungai pinang) after pelian healing ceremony. \n nampok (seclusion) or betapa (isolation)\nThe omens can be either deliberately sought via dream during sleep, langkau burong (bird hut), pig liver divination and seclusion/isolation or unexpectedly encountered y chance especially the animal and bird omens e.g. while working at farms or walking to enemy country.", "For agricultural augury, there are eleven augury animals which are under Sempulang Gana and empowered by the deities to send a stroke of luck (nganjong laba) to human farmers in the world of men: \n Tuchok or Belangkiang (lizard with a white stripe along its mouth), \n Ulat Bulu (Hairy caterpillar), \n Ingkat (Tarsier), \n Bengkang (Slow Loris), \n Menarat (Monitor Lizard), \n Pelandok (Mousedeer), \n Landak (Porcupine), \n Kijang (Barking deer), \n Rusa (Sambar deer), \n Beruang (Bear) and", "Landak (Porcupine), \n Kijang (Barking deer), \n Rusa (Sambar deer), \n Beruang (Bear) and \n Jani Babas (Wild boar).", "Logically, the presence of these animals indicate that the land is fertile for agriculture as the animals find foods and drinks, and may live in this area where the natural growth of the forest or jungle has reached a mature stage with plenty of dead things which act as natural fertilizer when burnt in addition to ash of cut and burnt trees and bushes", ". The Iban would observe the size of trees to be about a hug around the perimeter of the tree trunk to roughly indicate the fertility and suitability of the land for farming.", "The augury snakes that represent the earthly forms of People of Panggau and Gelong include kendawang coral snakes (Maticora spp.), cobra (tedong), hamadryad (belalang) and python (sawa). The presence of these poisonous snakes indicate danger to humans so it is advisable to return home and take the day off for safety purposes to avoid untoward harms.", "The omen birds that sends guidance and warnings from Sengalang Burong are seven in total namely:\n ketupong also known as jaloh or kikeh or entis (rufous piculet), \n beragai (scarlet-rumped trogon), \n pangkas (maroon woodpecker) on the right hand of the Sengalang Burong's longhouse bilek and \n Bejampong (crested jayshrike), \n embuas (banded kingfisher), \n kelabu papau (Senabong) (Diard's trogon) and \n nendak (white-rumped shama).", "kelabu papau (Senabong) (Diard's trogon) and \n nendak (white-rumped shama). \nTheir types of calls, flights, places of hearing and circumstances of the listeners are factors to be considered during the interpretation of the bird omens. The bird omens can be sought deliberately before starting major activities or encountered accidentally while working or travelling.", "The type of sacrifice (genselan) used is determined by the type of omen i.e. a chicken is used for bird omens while a pig is used for animal omens. In the absence of a pig, two chickens can be used instead.", "The Iban Dayaks used to believe in having charms namely ubat (medicine), pengaroh (amulet), empelias (anti-line of fire) and engkerabun (blurredness) given by gods and spirits to help them to accomplish successes in life such as getting bountiful harvest, game or jars, to make them kebal (weapon-proof), unseen to human eyes or to make them extraordinarily stronger (kering) than other men. These attributes are wanted for rice farming, headhunting and other activities", ". These attributes are wanted for rice farming, headhunting and other activities. For ladies, the charms will help them to be fertile in bearing children and skillful in weaving.", "Headhunting\nAmong the Iban Dayaks, the origin of headhunting was believed to be meeting one of the mourning rules given by a spirit which is as follows:\n The sacred jar is not to be opened except by a warrior who has managed to obtain a head, or by a man who can present a human head, which he obtained in a fight; or by a man who has returned from a sojourn in enemy country.", "There were various reasons for headhunting as listed below:\n For soil fertility, Dayaks hunted fresh heads before the paddy harvesting seasons after which a head festival would be held in honour of the new heads.\n To add supernatural strength which Dayaks believed to be centred in the soul and head of humans. Fresh heads can give magical powers for communal protection, bountiful paddy harvesting, and disease curing.", "To exact revenge for murders based on the \"blood credit\" principle unless \"adat pati nyawa\" (customary compensation token) is paid.\n To pay the dowry for marriages e.g. \"derian palit mata\" (eye blocking dowry) for Ibans once blood has been splashed prior to agreeing to marriage and, of course, new fresh heads show prowess, bravery, ability and capability to protect his family, community and land", "For the foundation of new buildings to be stronger and meaningful than the normal practice of not putting in human heads.\n For protection against enemy attacks according to the principle of \"attack first before being attacked\".", "As a symbol of power and social status ranking where the more heads someone has, the more respect and glory due to him. The warleader is called tuai serang (warleader) or raja berani (king of the brave) while kayau anak (small raid) leader is only called tuai kayau (raid leader) whereby adat tebalu (widower rule) after their death would be paid according to their ranking status in the community.", "For territorial expansion where some brave Dayaks intentionally migrated into new areas such as Mujah \"Buah Raya\" or migrated from Skrang to Paku to Kanowit while infighting among Ibans themselves in Batang Ai caused the Ulu Ai Ibans to migrate to Batang Kanyau River in Kapuas, Kalimantan and then proceed to Katibas and later on Ulu Rajang in Sarawak", ". The earlier migrations from Kapuas to Batang Ai, Batang Lupar, Batang Saribas, and Batang Krian rivers were also made possible by fighting the local tribes like Bukitan.", "Often, a war leader had at least three lieutenants (called manuk sabong) who in turn had some followers. The war (ngayau) rules among the Iban Dayaks are listed below:\n If a warleader leads a party on an expedition, he must not allow his warriors to fight a guiltless tribe that has no quarrel with them.\n If the enemy surrenders, he may not take their lives, lest his army is unsuccessful in future warfare and risk fighting empty-handed war raids (balang kayau).", "The first time that a warrior takes a head or captures a prisoner, he must present the head or captive to the warleader in acknowledgement of the latter's leadership.\n If a warrior takes two heads or captives, or more, one of each must be given to the warleader; the remainder belongs to the killer or captor.\n The warleader must be honest with his followers in order that in future wars he may not be defeated (alah bunoh).", "When considering a headhunting (ngayau) expedition, only an enemy shall be attacked. A guiltless tribe shall not be attacked and doing so shall result in an adverse curse called 'busong. Besides, the longhouse elders do not sanction any unwarranted provocation. The expedition must be conducted for good and the benefit of all inhabitants of the longhouse and the region", ". For example, a hostile enemy who attacks during farming or other routine activities can be eliminated for security and peace purposes after conflict resolution has failed. A surrendering enemy shall be not killed but taken as a slave who would be given chance to redeem themselves over time. Often, a male slave is commissioned to attack the enemy in return for his freedom and perhaps marrying a daughter of a chief who instructed him in the first place", ". Otherwise, the slave can plant a lot of paddy for his master in return for his freedom. A female slave can take care of the master's family especially his secludedly-raised daughter in a raised palace (meligai).", "Among others, the Iban instituted a compensation custom called \"adat pati nyawa' to pay the killed victim's relative, swapping of a slave or valuable jar to establish brotherhood agreement (bamboo madi) or a marriage to achieve settlement among the parties in dispute and peace in general. Hence, a headhunting is indeed a last resort. In fact, territorial disputes were the bulk of the causes of headtaking e.g", ". In fact, territorial disputes were the bulk of the causes of headtaking e.g. during a chance encounter between the wandering tribe and the local inhabitants which resulted in conflicts regarding ownership and conservation of forest resources. In other occasions, headhunting is usually performed on a traditional enemy who reciprocated the act from time to time. So, it is engaged in as a necessity for survival.", "There is a set of rules used in engaging in headhunting between the leader and his followers. A usual procedure of headhunting starts when a group of warriors agree to go on a sojourn to an enemy country during the month of adventure (belelang) which is the period waiting for the paddy to grow and bear rice seeds before the harvesting season comes. Often, a junior warrior may go alone or in small group to attack an enemy by an element of surprise", ". Only a proven leader having seven heads to his credit can mobilize and lead a larger troop to raid a longhouse. A well-established leader with more than twenty one heads (three rings of skulls) can lead and wage a war against a region.", "After defeating and severing a head, the winning warrior will shower himself in the fresh blood dripping from the enemy's severed head (mandi darah) while shouting triumphs of victory (panjung). He also puts the severed head on his shoulders. The taken heads shall then be presented to the leader who then decides whether the warrior can own the head or not. Usually, the first head taken by a warrior will be owned by the leader while the rest owns by the warrior", ". The same rules applies to live catch of enemy (tangkap) or taken goods. Severed heads will be smoked by the second in command. Upon reaching the longhouse, the warrior will shout in triumph to announce victory.", "After obtaining the first three heads, a warrior and his longhouse can hold a ritual ceremony called 'enchaboh arong' to celebrate, honour and clean the taken head", ". The headtaking (ngayau) chief shall clean the smoked head in three steps: cutting off the hair for safekeeping and decorating the end of a sword handle, taking a small lump of the brain using the tip of his sword and puffing it into a lump of glutinous rice before eating it in one go, skinning off the skin and flesh using his sword, churning out the brain inside using a rattan to swirl out and stir the brain out of the skull in a flowing river water, making a rattan basket to keep the cleaned skull", ", making a rattan basket to keep the cleaned skull, drying the cleaned skull in sunlight for several days and smoking it during the night over a fire heath (bedilang) at the gallery (ruai)", ". Once a warrior has obtained seven skulls, he can formally make a ring (bengkong) to hand his head trophies at the gallery for safekeeping and showcasing them. The skulls need to be ritually well-cared for and fed regularly as valuable possessions which were considered worth more than gold.", "To be an effective warrior, the Iban invoke divine assistance by performing various ritual festivals in ascending order according to the warrior's accomplishment. The Iban likens their warrior's career path to the rung of the longhouse ladder until he reaches the pinnacle", ". Meanwhile, the women will indulge in their own war path in weaving a string of ritual cloths called 'pua kumbu' whose design motive is ideally one step ahead of the current achievement of his husband or son to inspire and motivate their men for more skulls.", "Piracy", "The Sea Dayaks, as their name implies, are a maritime set of tribes, and fight chiefly in canoes and boats. One of their favorite tactics is to conceal some of their larger boats, and then to send some small and badly manned canoes forward to attack the enemy to lure them", ". The canoes then retreat, followed by the enemy, and as soon as they passes the spot where the larger boats are hidden, they are attacked by them in the rear, while the smaller canoes, which have acted as decoys, turn and join in the fight. The rivers arc are chosen for this kind of attack, the overhanging branches of trees and the dense foliage of the bank affording excellent hiding places for the boats.", "Many of the Sea Dayaks were also pirates led by Brunei chiefs. In the 19th century there was a great deal of piracy, and it was secretly encouraged by the Brunei rulers, who obtained a share of the spoil, and also by the Malays who knew well how to handle a boat. The coastal fleet consisted of a large number of long war boats or prahu, each about 90 feet (27 m) long or more, and carrying a brass gun in the bow, the pirates being armed with swords, spears and muskets", ". Each boat was paddled by from 60 to 80 men. These boats skulked about in the sheltered coves waiting for their prey, and attacked merchant vessels making the passage between China and Singapore. The Malay pirates and their Dayak allies would wreck and destroy every trading vessel they came across, murder most of the crew who offered any resistance, and the rest were made as slaves", ". The Dayak would cut off the heads of those who were slain, smoke them over the fire to dry them, and then take them home to treasure as valued possessions.", "Iban traditional musics\n\nAs from time immemorial, the people of the longhouse have been skilled in playing all kinds of and gong music.\n\nDrum music\nThere are three categories of long cylindrical drum music according to their purpose of play i.e. ritual, entertainment and shamanic.", "One important and frequently played long cylindrical drum music performed by the Ibans is called . It is played only for religious festivals with the following instruments:\n The music from a first gong is called \n The music from a second gong is called \n The music from a third gong is called \n As the three gongs sound together, then a first gong is beaten and is added to by the beating of another gong to make the music.", "The music is played using the drums by one or up to eleven drummers performing at the same time. These drums are long and their cylinders are made from strong wood, such as or and one of their ends are covered with a piece of animal skin such as that of a monkey and mousedeer or the skin of a monitor lizard. The major types of drum music are known as follows:\n Gendang Bebandong\n Gendang Lanjan\n Gendang Enjun Batang\n Gendang Tama Pechal\n Gendang Pampat\n Gendang Tama Lubang\n Gendang Tinggang Batang", "Gendang Tama Pechal\n Gendang Pampat\n Gendang Tama Lubang\n Gendang Tinggang Batang\n Singkam Nggam", "All these types are played by drummers on the open air verandas during the celebration of the Gawai Burong festival. The Singkam Nggam music is accompanied by the quick beating of a beliong adze. After each of these types has been played, the drummers beat another music called , which is followed by still another called . To end the orchestral performance, the music of is again beaten.", "The ordinary types of music beaten by drummers for pleasure are as follows:\n Gendang Dumbang\n Gendang Ngang\n Gendang Ringka\n Gendang Enjun Batang\n Kechendai Inggap Diatap\n Gendang Kanto", "When a Gawai Manang or festival is held for a layman to be consecrated as a (shaman), the following music must be beaten on the drums at the open veranda () of the longhouse of the initiate:\n Gendang Dudok\n Gendang Rueh\n Gendang Kelakendai\n Gendang Tari\n Gendang Naik\n Gendang Po Umboi\n Gendang Sembayan\n Gendang Layar\n Gendang Bebandong\n Gendang Nyereman", "Gendang Bebandong also must be beaten when a dies and is beaten again when his coffin is lowered from the open air verandah () to the ground below on its way to the cemetery for burial.", "Taboh music\nOne Iban writer briefly describes the rhythms of taboh music played the Iban's brass band orchestra which translates as \"The number of musicians to play taboh music is four ie one playing the bebendai (small gong) which is beaten first of all to determine the rhythm of the taboh, responded to by the gendang or dedumbak drum, followed by the tawak (big gong) and finalized by the engkerumong set.\"", "To the laymen's ears, the rhythms of music for ngajat dance is only two i.e. fast or slow but actually it has four types namely Ayun Lundai (slow swing), Ai Anyut (flowing water), Sinu Ngenang (sad remembrance) and Tanjak Ai (against the water flow). The first three taboh types are slow to accompany the (group dance), (accompanying dance) and (comedial dance). The fourth rhythm of is fast which is suitable for the (killing dance).", "Other rhythms of music are for (taking the bride for wedding) and (rayah music) for and (pathway clearing and fencing dance).\n\nNgajat dance\nThere are about four categories of Iban traditional dance according to their respective functional purpose i.e. showmanship, ritual, comedial and self-defence. These are described below:", "Showmanship dance\n (welcoming dance) by a group of females\n (female dance)\n (a female dance with a woven blanket which is most likely woven by herself)\n (male dance)\n (rice mortar dance)\n (dance with one rice ceramic plate held on each palm while tapping the plates with an empty bullet shell inserted into the middle fingers of both hands)\n (warrior dance with full costume, a shield and sword)\n (hand combat dance normally between two male dancers)\n (fort defence dance)", "(hand combat dance normally between two male dancers)\n (fort defence dance)\n (dance by a group of men and ladies)\n (dance by a group of men and ladies on a raised up wooden plank)\n (dance on top of gongs by ladies with gentlemen in the background)\n (dance by a man with several ladies behind who lead the procession of guests during festivals)", "These types of dance can be performed either on an open space or around the which is the tree of life\n\nRitual dance\n as a group of men with a sword and leaves.\n (pathway-clearing), (pathway fencing)\n (longhouse contribution collection)\n (dancing around the festival ritual pole)\n (welcoming human heads)\n (welcoming hornbill statue)", "Comedial dance\n (monkey dance)\n (stinging Ants' nest collection)\n (rattan pulling dance)\n (blowpiping dance)\n (paddling dance)\n (drunk dance)\n (running scared dance e.g. scared of animals while hunting)\n (lazy woman dance)\n (frog dance)\n (upside down huntsman dance)\n (coconut shell dance)\n (squirrel going down dance)\n (other animal mimicking dance)\n\nSelf-defence dance\n (self-defence dance)\n (martial art dance)", "According to one Iban writer, when a warrior performs the dance with the music of a orchestra, he does it as if he is fighting against an enemy. With occasional shouts he raises his shield with one arm and swings his ilang knife with his other arm as he moves towards the enemy. While he moves forward he is careful with the steps of his feet to guard them from being cut by his foe. The tempo of his action is very fast with his knife and shield gleaming up and down as he dances.", "The man dance has various unique moves such as (apologising to guests first), showing skills of playing with the sword and the shield, biting the sword in the mouth for affirming his strength, balancing the sword over his shoulder while still dancing, (fast foot movement to distract the attention of the enemy), running forward with the sword pointed towards the enemy and shouting war cries to strike the enemy and finally the glory of holding the enemy's freshly chopped head", ". The enemy head may be symbolised by a coconut which is hung beforehand on the tree of life and the ending move is apologising to the guests again.", "The performance of is done in slower tempo and with graceful movements. The dancer softens his body, arms and hands as he swings forward and backward. When he bends his body the swinging of his hands is very soft. The performance of the dance is more or less like the dance. Only when the dancer bites and raises the heavy wooden mortar () with his teeth and place it again carefully on the floor, does he use extraordinary skill.", "When the dancers take the floor to dance, the musicians beat two drums, a gong, a set of seven small gongs () and a large gong. The music for the performance of dance is quicker in tempo than the music for the and dances, as in the dance itself.\n\nPoetry", "Poetry\n\nThe recitation of pantun and various kinds of leka main (traditional poetry) is a particularly important aspect of festivals. Any ordinary person can recite poetry for entertainment and customary purposes but sacred inchantations to invoke deities are only recited by specialists which are either a manang (shaman) or lemambang (bard) or tukang sabak.", "According one Iban scholar, the leka main (poems, proses and folklores) for Iban Dayaks can be categorised into three major groups i.e. leka main pemerindang (for entertaining purposes), leka main adat basa (for customary purposes) and leka main invokasyen (for invocation purposes).\n\nEntertainment\nThe entertaining leka main includes:\npantun\njawang\nsanggai\nramban\nentelah (riddle)\nensera (plain story)\nkana (sung story)\npelandai ara\npelandai karong\nwak anat mit (lullaby).", "Customary\nThe customary leka main comprises:\njaku ansah (instroductory/invitational speech)\njaku geliga (rule and fine speech)\ntanya indu (asking the lady for marriage)\nmuka kuta (ceremonial stockade opening)\nmuka kujuk (food coverage opening) \njaku karong (speech with hidden meanings) \njaku dalam (deep speech)\njaku sempama (exemplary speech) \njaku silup (speech with inter-twined meanings)\nsugi semain\nrenong semain \nrenong ngayap (courting) etc.", "Invocation\nThe invocation leka main consists of:\nsampi (prayer)\nbiau (cleansing)\ndenjang (blessing)\nrenong sabong\nrenong kayau\ntimang (chanting by a group of lemambang bards)\npengap (chanting by a group of lemambang bards) \npelian \nsugi sakit\nrenong sakit\nsabak bebuah or sungkop or rugan (dirge)", "These invocatory inchantations must be accompanied with piring (ritual offerings) to appease the gods invoked during the festival. The inchantation can last the whole night of the festival and the next morning a pig is sacrificed for divination of its liver which is interpreted to forecast the luck, fortune, health and success of the feast host and his family in the future.\n\nTraditional possessions", "Traditional possessions\n\nHead Skull\nThe Ibans used to regard human skulls (called ) obtained during headhunting raids (ngayau) as their most prized trophy and possession.\n\nJar\nThe Ibans treasure jars which are called or which include, and . Possession of these jars mark someone's wealth and any fines may be paid using or in the old days and presently used nowadays as part of (pay) for bards and shamans.\n\nBrassware", "Brassware\n\nIban strive to own a full set of brass musical instruments which comprises a (gong), (snare), (small gong) and (drum).\n\nPaddy\nGetting a lot of paddy used to be highly regarded and perhaps an indication of wealth.", "Paddy\nGetting a lot of paddy used to be highly regarded and perhaps an indication of wealth.\n\nShaman and bard\nHaving a shaman and bards is also regarded necessary possession with the Iban riverine community. This practice used to be to have one set per river tributary, if not per a longhouse. Nowadays, obtaining educational degrees is foremost in the Iban minds e.g. the target is to have a degree graduate per family within a longhouse.", "Land", "The Iban aims to own land as much as possible via (jungle clearing) before when fresh jungles were still available in abundance. Therefore, the Ibans were willing to migrate to new areas. Before the arrival of James Brooke, the Iban had migrated from Kapuas to Saribas and Skrang, Batang Ai, Sadong, Samarahan, Katibas, Kapit and Baleh in order to own fress tracks of jungles among the reasons", ". Some Ibans participated in Brooke-led punitive expeditions against their own countrymen in exchange for areas to migrate to.", "Longhouse\nMany Iban still believes in the necessity and importance of living in longhouses rather single-houses within a village e.g. during gatherings, meetings, farming and festivals.\n\nDefence weaponry\nIban males will have a set of war weaponry which include a knife, a shield, a blowpipe, a spear and a (tough animal skin shirt). In addition, the Iban will look for charms called etc.\n\nLongboat\nEach Iban family will own at least one long boat for transportation along rivers.\n\nModernized culture", "Head taking has been prohibited a long time ago while the traditional belief system of the Iban has been replaced by new religions. In view of this, the Iban institutes a modernized version of their culture. For example, the main activity nowadays is obtaining education instead of farming and head taking. The progress in obtaining the ascending levels of education has been likened to the ascension in the career path of traditional farming and head taking", ". For example, obtaining a bachelor's degree or holding executive positions is regarded as equivalent to obtaining several heads which qualifies the bachelor holders to be called 'bujang or dara berani' (brave bachelor or bachelorette). A master's degree holder is ranked to be qualified as a raid leader (tau kayau) or holding middle management posts. The PhD degree holder is qualified to be a war leader (tau serang) or top management heads.", "Likewise, all traditional Iban rituals can be replaced by equivalent Christian prayer sessions. It is not necessary to replace the Iban cultural system with that of the Western as performed by Jesus Christ in the Bible. The Iban cultural, language, literature, adat customary law and augury and way of life system form the foundation of the Iban's own identity and religion.\n\nReferences \n\nIban people\nMalaysian culture\nIndonesian culture" ]