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Chidambaram Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, located at the center of the temple city Chidambarama, Tamil Nadu. The temple is 78 km south of Pondicherry and 235 km away from Chennai, the capital of Southeast India. Sangam Classics, Viduvelvidugu Perumtakan, refers to the respected tribe of traditional Vishwakarma as the chief architect of the temple restoration. There have been many restorations in its history, especially in the days of the Pallav/Chol emperors in the ancient and pre-Medie times.
Chidambaram is one of the five most sacred Shiva temples, each represents one of the five natural elements; Chidambarams represent the Akash (Ether). There are four other temples in this category: Thiruvanaikwal Jambukeshwar, Trichy (water), Kanchi Ekambareshwar (earth) Kanchipuram, Thiruvannamalai Arunachaleshwar (Agni), Thiruvanna Malai and Kalahasti Nathar (Hava), Kalahaasti
Chidambaram Temple :
The temple premises spread over 50 acres in the middle of the city. This is an ancient and historical temple dedicated to Lord Shiva Natraj and Lord Govindraj Perumal, one of the few temples where both Lord Shiva and Vaishnava reside in the same place. For Shaivism (Shivism) or Shaiv followers, the very word refers to Koil Chidambaram. Similarly, for the followers of Vaishnavism it refers to Srirangam or Thiruvarangam.
Meaning of Chidambaram :
The word Chidambaram can be derived from Chit, which means “consciousness”, and Ambaram, which means “sky” (from sky or Akayam); it refers to the sky of consciousness, which is the ultimate goal according to all Vedas and scriptures that must be achieved. Another theory is that it comes from Chit + Ambalum. Ambalam means a “stage” for performing arts. Chidakasam is a state of ultimate joy or joy and Lord Natraj is symbolic representation of Param Anand or Anand Natnam. Shaviyas believe that the journey of Chidambaram leads to liberation. Yet another theory is that this is derived from the word Chitrambalam, which means “God’s game or dance” and Ambalam means “stage”.
Special traits :
A unique feature of this temple is the gemstone statue of Natraj. This reflects Lord Shiva as the God of Bharatanatyam dance and one of the few temples where Shiva is represented by a human form instead of classical, ionic lingam. The cosmic dance of Lord Nataraj is the symbol of the continuous movement of the universe by Lord Shiva. The temple has five courts. Argalur Uday Iraratevan Ponparappinan (aka Vancovarayan) reconstructed Shiva temple in Chidambaram around 1213 AD. The same Bana chief also built the Tiruvannamalai temple. The temple is traditionally administered by an intermarried group of Shiavi Brahmins named Dixitar, who also act as its priests.
The story of the Chidambaram Temple :
Chidambaram’s story begins with the story of Lord Shiva while walking in Lord Shiva’s Thilai Vanam (Vanam means forest and Thilai Tree – botanical name Exokoria Agalocha, a species of mangrove trees – which currently grows in the Pichvaram humidabhoomi near Chidambarm) Yay! Temple statues indicate the thilai trees are from second century CE).
There was a group of saints or ‘saints’ living in the forests of Thilai who believed in the supremacy of magic and that God could be controlled by rituals and ‘mantras’ or magical words. God beggars a simple beggar, walking in the forest with stunning beauty and sharpness. After that comes his grace and wife who is Lord Vishnu as Mohini. Rishi and his wives are mesmerized by the talent and beauty of the beautiful monk and his wife.
Seeing their women enchanted, sages get angry and call for many ‘snakes’ (Sanskrit: Naga) by performing magical rituals. As a monk God lifts up snakes and wear them as ornaments on his tangled rhymes, neck and waist. More angry, the sages call for a fierce tiger, which God wears as a shawl around his waist. Totally disappointed, the sages gather all their spiritual power and call for a powerful demon assessment – the symbol of absolute ego and ignorance. God, wearing a gentle smile, steps on the demon’s back, stabilize him and performs anandava (dance of eternal joy) and reveal his true self. Saints surrender, realizing that this God is truth and He is beyond magic and rituals.
Anandava pose :
Lord Shiva’s Anand Tandav Mudra is one of the famous mudras recognized by many people around the world. This celestial dance pose tells us how a Bharatanatian dancer should dance.
The demon beneath the feet of Natraj shows that ignorance is beneath his feet. In this hand fire (power of destruction) means the lifted hand that destroyer of evil shows that he is the Savior of all lives. The ring behind is the symbol of the universe. The drum in His hand is the symbol of the origin of life.
These are the main things that Nataraj idol and celestial dance poses. A rare type of orgasm is seen in Melakadambur temple about 32 km away from here. In this caracoil, the Nataraj dances on a bull and circulates the structure of the God, this is a sail art being placed in this temple.
Chidambaram is also referred to in various works such as Thilai (after the earlier Thilai forest which is now located), Perumptrapuliyur or Vyagrapuram (in honor of Saint Vyagrapathar). The temple is considered located in the heart of Lotus. Cosmos” : the big heart lotus place. The place where God performed his dance of joy, Anand Thandavam – a place just south of “Thirumultaneshwar Temple”, today Ponnambalam/Porsabai (Pon means Sona, Ambalam/Sabai) Earth Manch) Lord Shiva’s abode in His dance form. That is why God is also called Sabhanayakar, which means God of the stage.
This gold roof platform is the womb of Chidambaram temple and holds God in three forms:
- “Form” – The human form as the presence of Lord Nataraj, called Gross Thirumeni
- “Semi-form” – Chandramauleshwar’s crystal gender, semi-anthropological form as gross flawless Thirumeni
- “Foelless” – Chidambara mystery as space, a vacant space within the womb, impeccable thirumeni
The Punch Booth Venue :
Chidambaram is one of the Panchabutha places where God is worshipped in the form of sky or agayam (“Punch” – which means five, booths – which means elements: Earth, Water, Fire, Air and Space and “Place” meaning Place).
Others are :
Ekambareshwar Temple in Kanchipuram, where God is worshiped as earth, Jambukeshwar Temple at Thiruvanaikwal in Tiruchirapalli, where God is worshipped as water Annamalaiyar Temple in Thiruvannamalai, where God’s worship as fire Kalahasti is done in Srikalahasti Temple, where God is worshipped as air/air. Chidambaram is also one of the five places where Lord Shiva performed his dance and all these places have platforms/ meetings. Apart from Chidambaram, those who have Por Sabai, others are Rathina Sabai in Thiruvalangadu (Rathinam – Manik / Red), Chitra Sabha at Kutralam (Picture – Painting), Rajath Sabha at Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple (Rajatha) or Valley Ambalam / Valley – Silver) and Thamira Sabai, Nelleup Par Temple, Tirunelveli (Thamiram – Copper). | <urn:uuid:00db8b35-39be-4168-b834-4bb049e0d9fe> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://todaypassion.in/chidambaram-temple-tamil-nadu-india/ | 2024-02-25T03:14:01Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.946188 | 1,864 | 2.65625 | 3 | [
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OEMs, suppliers and EU officials are considering how best to develop Europe’s semiconductor manufacturing to mitigate current and future shortages, but the broad gaps at many levels – including for older, larger chips – mean there will be no magic bullet
That production of semiconductors is of growing importance for today’s cars has become more evident across automotive manufacturing. But the post-Covid shortage of computer chips, combined with the automotive industry’s reliance on just a handful of suppliers, has created a perfect storm in supply chain and production. Globally, the automotive industry has lost more than 2m vehicles in terms of production in 2021 through to the middle of April, according to IHS Markit, including around 450,000 units in Europe.
As in the US, officials in the EU are anxious to avoid further disruption to the automotive and electronics sector. The European Commission is pushing to increase local investment and production in semiconductors in Europe. The question is: how feasible is it for Europe to make gains in this sector and will it help the automotive sector to mitigate the current crisis?
Raising local production of semiconductors
There are numerous initiatives underway to expand local computer chip and semiconductor production in the EU. In March this year, the European Commission announced the Digital Compass Plan with a view to at least double current production in Europe, thereby controlling 20% of global chip output.
It is an ambitious target. However, the EU will need to address what type of computer chips are in most demand and establish an accurate picture of those that will be most needed in automotive production in the coming years. The current chip shortage is complex in that there are shortages across the spectrum, and especially in some of the less complex, older chip technology that has existed for more than 20 years, such as 40nm (nanometer), 90nm and 130nm chips, as Mike Hogan, senior vice-president of automotive, industrial and multimarket business unit at GlobalFoundries, an important chip producer, recently discussed on a panel at Automotive Logistics and Supply Chain Europe Live. In fact, many electric vehicles are expected to use more of these less advanced chips as well, which will imply yet higher demand.
Carmakers such as Audi have also confirmed that automakers use much older versions of chips than those used in products such as iPhones, which are often also larger in size. According to an Audi spokesperson, such automotive chips also have longer lifecycles than those used in consumer electronics such as smartphones.
However, many companies and governments, including the European Commission, have focused programmes more on increasing production of higher value, more advanced chips, such as 5nm and 2nm chips. While producing such chips will play a role in the long-term production high-tech goods and applications for artificial intelligence, they will not go far in addressing the current supply issues in the car industry.
Joe Biden also wants his country to become the new hot house for chip production and has set aside $50 billion of the administration’s $2 trillion infrastructure funding proposal for semiconductor production. Intel will itself invest $20 billion in two new factories in Arizona to include expanding its own chip production. TSMC has also announced a $12 billion new facility in Arizona to expand its footprint outside of Taiwan with production of 5nm chips to begin in 2024. Samsung is also said to be considering a new plant in Arizona, USA.
The European Commission clearly feels that it is strategically important that the EU gains more competency in these advanced chips. “While Europe has strong research competences and dynamic industrial actors in the semiconductors field, it is however dependant on chips, including processors, produced in other parts of the world,” according to a spokesperson for the EC.
The European automotive industry will eventually need to address a lack of capacity in advanced, AI chips. Some tier one suppliers already use advanced 5Nm fabs in the vehicle electronics industry but they themselves do not produce them. Only a handful of companies globally currently make these chips, including Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), Samsung Electronics, Asahi Kasei Microdevices (AKM) and Renesas Electronics Corporation.
That is why the EU has initiated a number of initiatives to increase advanced chip production. Under the Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) initiative, for example, if companies commit production of 5nm and 2nm chips with 60-80% investment, state subsidies will top up with additional funds of between 20-40%. Such projects have long-term timelines, however, with targets up to 2030.
The good news is that semiconductor manufacturers globally are already increasing production, including in Europe. Infineon Technologies is planning to begin production this summer at a €1.6 billion ($1.93 billion) chip plant in Villach, Austria, where the group also has its competence centre for power semiconductors. It was here that the company developed manufacturing of power semiconductors on 300mm thin wafers and then expanded into fully automated high-volume production at a plant in Dresden, Germany. Infineon estimates that it has an 18.5% global market share in power semiconductors, but only 7 of its 20 global production bases are in Europe.
Robert Bosch, meanwhile, will open a €1 billion automotive chip plant in June this year in Dresden, Germany. “We operate two wafer fabs in Reutlingen [near Stuttgart, Germany] and are currently expanding the third wafer fab in Dresden at full speed – as the largest investment project in our company’s history,” he says.
The new wafer fab in Dresden is Bosch’s response to the surging number of areas of application for semiconductors, as well as a renewed demonstration of its commitment to Germany as a high-tech location, according to Bosch. The Dresden facility includes a 300mm fabrication lab, in which a single wafer can accommodate 31,000 chips. Currently, Bosch’s wafer fab in Reutlingen is based on 150mm and 200mm wafers.
To produce these chips, Bosch procures the wafers of around 1mm thickness, which are then produced into thickness of 100-60 micrometers (1 micrometer is equivalent to 1,000 nanometers).
And more recently, the European Commission has also noted the need for Europe to expand its chip production base more broadly. On April 30, Thierry Breton, European Commission for the Single Market, met with TSMC Europe president Maria Marced as well as separately with Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger to discuss global semiconductor needs. Breton presented a vision for the European semiconductor industry based on a twin-track alliance with key manufacturers, which includes building up production capacity of 20nm to 10nm chips in parallel to its plan for chips below 5nm to 2nm.
Understanding the chip supply chain: deeply intertwined between old and new technology
While it is a lack of older chip technology that is currently leading to the most automotive production shortfalls, the same suppliers are approved to make both older and newer chips used by tier suppliers in both the automotive and consumer electronics industries. The sheer complexity of the circuit boards, which often use a variety of different chips sourced from different suppliers, has caused bottlenecks in a myriad of industries.
Speaking at the Automotive Logistics and Supply Chain Europe Live forum on the ongoing chip saga, Bettina Weiss, chief of staff at electronics association SEMI, said the current situation highlights the “increasing interdependence of the electronics supply chain and the automotive supply chain. One needs the other, and this is a pretty stark example of what happens when one key component in car manufacturing is not available”.
For example, a key fob has four main microchips and numerous other components. While the main supplier for the microchips could be NXP, there are others that make other chips used in the device. In its ‘Top 100 Supplier List’ NXP lists a range of companies that make the materials it needs to produce its semiconductors, which it then sells to its customers. For example, NXP procures from Samsung Semiconductors’ locations at Asan and Yongin Si in South Korea, as well as from San Jose in California. NXP also procures from TSMC at its locations in Taichung and Tainan in Taiwan, as well as San Jose, California. NXP also lists GlobalFoundries bases in Dresden (Germany) and Singapore.
This list highlights how intertwined is the electronics industry. While automakers might currently need more of the older tech chips, the supplier network is interdependent, with some suppliers, specifically contract manufacturers such as TSMC, making a variety of chips with different fabrication sizes. TSMC makes chips for its customers from 2 micron (micrometer) down to 5nm.
NXP’s end customers include automakers, as well as top tier suppliers such as Bosch and Delphi, as well as companies such as Apple.
Automakers in Europe try to put on a brave face
Automakers with production bases in Europe are between a rock and a hard place. On one hand they need to highlight how over dependent the industry has become on using chips made by just a handful of suppliers. On the other hand, by admitting to a growing backlog of unfinished vehicles, extensions of furloughs and the shortening of working weeks, and in quite a few cases the actual closure of plants for a duration of time, these automakers risk impacts to their share prices. Most manufacturers are thus suggesting that things will be rectified by year end.
A spokesperson from Mercedes-Benz said early in April: “We drive on sight. The situation is volatile and it is not possible to make a prognosis on the impact. As things currently stand, we expect to keep our planned sales programme for the year 2021, despite previous production downtimes, which we will catch up on over the course of the year.”
Since this comment was received, Daimler has announced 18,500 staff will be given shorter working hours, and production has been halted at Rastatt and Bremen in Germany.
An official from Jaguar Land Rover initially said it was monitoring the situation closely but confirmed on April 22 that it had temporarily closed Castle Bromwich and Halewood in the UK from April 26.
Meanwhile a spokesperson for Audi explained that it is currently missing parts, although it has largely been able to maintain normal production: “However, we must proceed with caution due to the aforementioned factors that influence each other. Therefore, further production adjustments cannot be ruled out. Our aim is to eliminate bottlenecks as quickly as possible and make up for the production shortfall to the greatest possible extent over the course of the year.”
A Skoda official dismissed reports that it has put Karoq production on hold in favour of its new Enyaq IV EV production. “Karoq production will not be stalled, only the ratio between the production plants will be optimised.”
BMW officials, on the other hand, have reiterated that it has largely circumvented the crisis. “The supply of electronic components to our production sites has not led to any production interruptions so far,” said a spokesperson. “Our aim is to ensure supplies continue to reach our plants. We ordered the required volumes for 2021 at the appropriate time and expect our suppliers to fulfil these orders as stipulated by the contract.”
Renault has partially idled three of its four car plants in Spain because of the ongoing chip shortage. The plants will now be put on extended partial idling until the end of September this year, with up to 9,000 workers on furlough.
Toyota maintains that it has a stockpile of chips and therefore production is currently ongoing. However, it has also used its Rescue system to narrow down suppliers likely to be severely impacted, carefully discussing with suppliers to ensure that they have adequate inventories.
Toyota’s Rescue system is all about improving supply chain transparency. Toyota established a database known as the REinforce Supply Chain Under Emergency (Rescue) system after the Fukushima earthquake in 2011. According to the system ‘Under strict protection of suppliers’ confidential information, Toyota conducts regular training with suppliers to utilise the system in case of a disaster.’ This then ensures that Toyota’s business continuity plan can be maintained even following a disaster, once humanitarian aid, and affected communities and areas have recovered.
Stockpiles can only last so long, however, and the issue now is whether Toyota can secure new orders to replenish stocks. The carmaker said that for some components, such as semiconductors, which have a long production cycle time, “it takes time to recover and start alternative production and shipments, so we are carefully discussing with our suppliers to ensure that they have adequate inventories”.
Can retrofitting be a bridge over troubled waters?
OEMs currently find themselves in a supply predicament and the chances of rectifying the situation by the end of the year are diminishing. To tie things over many are turning to retrofitting, which involves building the vehicle and fitting in the parts as and when they become available.
This is a last-minute resort, however. Building vehicles and letting them sit in expensive compounds for indefinite periods is costly and risks damage from weather and other factors. In addition, retrofitting is no easy task. While retrofitting a key fob and adding the second sought after microcontroller is easy, actually retrofitting the electronics in an entire ECU is laborious and potentially prone to scratch and damage the actual finished vehicle.
Then there is the possibility of stretching the use of the microcontrollers that are installed in the vehicles, which automakers are both investigating, and in some cases, implementing. Continuing with the example of the key fob, if it continues to work with just one ultra-wideband (UWB) chip rather than two (for which it has originally been designed), then a carmaker can continue with one and it is unlikely that the a second will be retrofitted at a later date.
Another possibility of getting through this crisis is prioritising production of the most profitable cars. This means that while regular ICE cars do also have a large number of chips, these vehicles are currently put on the back burner. Staff at these plants are being given shorter working weeks, and in some cases have been furloughed. Production at these plants is prioritised for the high-value cars.
Again, this is not ideal. Customers are still waiting for cars they purchased, while dealers are looking to stock inventory. The outcome is that car prices go up. Simple economics: supply shortage in the case of increasing demand results in an increase in price.
Speaking at the Automotive Logistics and Supply Chain Europe Live event, Jeremie Bouchard, director at analyst firm IHS Markit, said the current chip shortage situation has seen OEMs double orders just to make sure they get their hands on the prized chips. However, in effect this is causing greater problems for an already struggling supply chain.
“Inflation of demand makes it difficult to predict the real shortage,” said Bouchard. It’s a classic case of the ‘toilet paper effect’, he said implying the reference to the initial stages of the Covid-19 pandemic when consumers bought more than they needed, stockpiling to make sure they did not lose out on essential supplies. However, this then produced a quota system where shops limited how much they sold per consumer. A situation that OEMs should take heed of and not over inflate orders, thereby creating a more complex situation to mitigate. | <urn:uuid:4a7ec48a-11e4-4888-a950-6f385789f6c9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.automotivemanufacturingsolutions.com/insight/how-the-european-automotive-industry-aims-to-build-back-semiconductor-and-chip-supply/41851.article | 2024-02-25T01:54:32Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.960771 | 3,260 | 2.71875 | 3 | [
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] |
Save the Bees
Bees are profound contributers to the ecosystem, but their population size is decreasing tremendously. Without them, key factors to everyday life will be negatively affected. The honey bees pollinates flowers. Pollination is when pollen is transferred to a flower’s reproductive organs and enables it to fertilize. When fruits and vegetables are growing, they start of as small flowers on the plant, eventually becoming whatever food they are. Pollination is how the flowers are able to grow into the fruit or vegetable. The natural, and best way, a plant gets pollinated is through bees.
Admittedly, some may argue that honey bees are not a necessity because there are alternate ways to pollinate crops. For example, other insects such as butterflies, beetles, flies, and wasps are able to pollinate (Gordon). Looking at this point of view, it may seem that bees would not be necessary for pollination. Bees are not the only pollinating animal, so there should be no need to protect them. These insects do not pollinate the same way as bees, so how do they do it? Active insects get covered in pollen when visiting flowers, which then rubs off onto the next flower visited (Gordon). Bees do essentially the same thing, except they do it purposely, making it the process more effective. In summation, because there are other insects that have the ability to pollinate, opposers of saving the honey bees think that it is unnecessary to aid them in survival. Bees however,
Click here to unlock this and over one million essays
Get AccessWhen we think of bees, we think of pesky, harmful insects. What we don’t know is everything they do for not just us, but the world. Bees influence our food supply greatly. Without bees, the would be absolutely no honey whatsoever and the amount of pollen could increase greatly without their presence. You might be thinking, “What does pollen have to do with anything?” but actually the amount of pollen not only influences our allergies, but also the plants. It is definitely possible plants we eat could become over pollinated and there would go another one of our food sources
The honey bee is vital to an estimated $117 billion annual production of crops through pollination within the United States more than a half of the food that humans consume has a correlation with the bee either directly or indirectly. The USDA reports the following food products would be immediately damaged if no bees were available to pollinate:
Since the late 1990s, beekeepers around the world have observed the mysterious and sudden disappearance of bees, and report unusually high rates of decline in honeybee colonies. Bees do more than just make honey! Bee transfer pollen and seeds from one flower to another, fertilizing the plant so it can grow and produce food. Cross-pollination helps at least 30 percent of the world's crops and 90% affects our food. The sweet fruits humans eat such as, strawberries, mangoes, grapes, apples, and bananas would not be the same taste wise as they are now. We simply couldn’t live in the same world if it weren’t for the bees.
Bees pollinating crops produce every third mouthful of food we eat. Bees contribute to thirty- five Percent of global food production, 87 of the leading 115 food crops are dependent on animal pollinators, including bees. (The United States White House, 2014). Without bees pollinating plants, there would not be very many fruits or vegetables to eat, Bees transfer pollen between the male and female parts, allowing plants to grow seeds and fruit. In the last decade scientist and beekeepers have observed remarkable decline of bees, in the US alone 30% of the national bee population has disappeared and nearly a third of all bee colonies in the U.S. have
In recent years, many citizens have been pushing the idea that we need to “save the bees,” specifically the western honey bee. Advocates for saving the bees spread information on social media. These posts can show how to start a bee garden and list off the plants that would become “extinct” without honey bees and claim that without honey bees agriculture in the United States would cease to exist. Others have bees that say “If we die, you die with us,” and state that the ecosystem would fail without the honey bee. But are either of these claims true?
Bee populations are declining at an alarming rate all around the world, and daily life without bees would be detrimental. Without the bees around to help pollinate our food, 30 percent of which is grown using bees, there is an incredibly high chance that we would starve. “Mankind will not survive the honeybees’ disappearance for more than five years.” (Albert Einstein) By using harmful pesticides in our agriculture, and the excessive use of high fructose corn syrup, we are killing the bees at an alarming rate. One of every three bites of food rely on pollination for a profitable harvest. We must acknowledge everything that the bees provide for humans, then ban pesticides that hard bees, move away from industrial agriculture and put our focus
I chose this topic because of how important it is. Despite our fears and allergies to this species of insect, they have so much meaning and impact on our lives.Their appearance frightens many of us and leas to us shooing them away as if they have no affect on our world and the nature that surrounds us; when, in fact, that have a whole lot to do with not only what we eat but our society as well. Our strong usage of pesticides and insecticides have extremely harmful effects of the bees, causing for their population to decline.So, what exactly do honeybees do? The most commonly known and important job of these insects is pollination; the act of bees and other pollinators transferring pollen from the anther of the flower of a plant to the stigma,
Honeybees are very important insects, they pollinate flowers and plants. If the bees died out we wouldn't have a lot of the food or plants we have today. Bees are mostly dying out due to the fact that a lot of people use chemicals to keep plants free of plants. We need bees or much more people would be left penniless and starving.
Bees are beneficial to our environment. They help with pollination of crops, flowers, orchards as well as yielding honey (Ryde, 7). Because of these benefits, the beekeeper learns about the surrounding environment, land, and community, for which he can help. Pollination yields beautiful wildflowers, healthy crops, fruits and vegetables (Ryde, 7).
Bees pollinate one third of the world’s food, they do this by landing on a plant once on the plant the pollen is unknowingly transferred on the bee’s feet and between plants. If bees don’t pollinate it will put millions of farmers and beekeepers out of business, this will put a strain on the economic growth of Australia as the Australian economy is highly dependent upon agricultural exports.
One third of our fruit and vegetables are pollinated by bees, and they pollinate around 70 of the 100 crop species that feed 90% of the earth. To put it simply, the human race can barely survive without bees. Sure, we would probably find ways to pollinate some crops without bees, but humans will never be able to do their job as well as they
Are bees really that important? A world without bees means a world without vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds (What Our World Would Look Like Without Honeybees). Nearly one half of the produce consumers have available to them today could not be grown without bees (What Our World Would Look Like Without Honeybees). Bees play an extremely vital role in pollination and in people’s everyday lives in ways that individuals often overlook. However, pesticides are killing off bees by the thousands (List of Foods We Will Lose if We Don't Save the Bees). Without honey that is produced by bees, consumers wouldn’t have nearly as many modern medications.
Honeybees play a major role in some land ecosystems where there is green vegetation which are covered for 3 to 4 months a year. Many plants and animals would not survive in certain temperatures, deciduous woodlands, and tropical forests if bees were not existent. This is due to their crucial manufacture of fruits, seeds, berries and nuts which are very reliant on insect pollination and Honeybees are great pollinators. In different ecosystems honeybee’s main function is their duty of pollination. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a male plant to a female plant. In many cases some plants can undergo self-pollination where the pollen transfers from the male plant to the female plant within the same flower (Cunningham 936). Flowers pollinated by honeybees comprise of various colors, but are infrequently red; they also blossom during the
There are several different species of insect pollinators, but the bees in general make up sixty-two percent of them. Honeybees make up thirty-nine percent of that number, and the other twenty-three is composed of several different species of bees. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, one-third of the homo-sapiens diet is insect pollinated and honeybees are accountable for eighty percent of the pollination of that one-third. The population of the honeybees in the United States has been noticeably declining from the late 1990 's, so the threat to the majority of the world food supply is slowly increasing as our pollinators population decreases. | <urn:uuid:d592fb96-6c1e-4cb9-a9ee-cd97ada855e6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Honey-Bees-Pollinates-Bees-FJFNVJF2GR | 2024-02-25T02:17:30Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.959655 | 1,972 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
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In today’s fast-changing job market, high school graduates are challenged to bridge the gap between their education and practical skills demanded by employers. Traditional paths often lack hands-on experience, driving the rise of apprenticeship programs as a transformative solution.
These programs offer real-world skills and work experience, becoming a dynamic pathway for direct entry into the workforce. This exploration delves into the reasons behind their popularity, the benefits they provide, and their impact on education and careers.
By understanding the advantages of apprenticeships, we uncover their role in reshaping the future of work and education for high school graduates.
The Rise of Apprenticeship Programs
Apprenticeship programs are experiencing a rapid ascent in popularity due to a multitude of factors that address the evolving needs of both students and employers. Here are additional reasons contributing to their swift rise:
1. Mentorship and Guidance
- Experienced Mentors: Apprentices work closely with experienced professionals, gaining valuable mentorship and guidance, which accelerates their learning curve.
- Industry Exposure: Exposure to industry experts and mentors provides apprentices with insights into real-world challenges and best practices, enhancing their skill set.
2. Flexibility and Adaptability
- Diverse Fields: Apprenticeships are available in a wide array of fields, from traditional trades to emerging tech sectors, catering to diverse interests and career aspirations.
- Adaptability: These programs can adapt swiftly to changing industry demands, ensuring that apprentices acquire the most relevant skills for the current job market.
3. Enhanced Soft Skills
- Communication and Teamwork: Apprenticeships cultivate essential soft skills such as effective communication, teamwork, and problem-solving, making graduates valuable assets in any workplace.
- Professional Etiquette: Exposure to professional environments instills a strong work ethic and professional etiquette, preparing apprentices for long-term success in their careers.
4. Industry Recognition
- Certifications and Credentials: Completing apprenticeship programs often leads to industry-recognized certifications, enhancing graduates’ credibility and employability.
- Employer Trust: Employers tend to trust the skills acquired through apprenticeships, making it easier for graduates to secure job opportunities and advance in their careers.
5. Bridge to Higher Education
- Higher Education Opportunities: Apprenticeships can serve as a bridge to higher education, allowing graduates to work in their field of interest while pursuing further academic qualifications, creating a seamless transition between practical experience and theoretical knowledge.
- Credit Transfers: Some apprenticeship programs offer credit transfers, enabling apprentices to apply their practical learning toward higher education degrees, saving time and resources.
6. Government Support and Incentives
- Financial Support: Many governments provide financial support to employers offering apprenticeships, encouraging more businesses to participate in these programs.
- Tax Benefits: Employers often benefit from tax incentives and grants, making apprenticeships a cost-effective talent development strategy for businesses.
7. Technological Integration
- Virtual Apprenticeships: The integration of technology allows for virtual apprenticeships, enabling students to access opportunities globally and participate in programs regardless of geographical constraints.
- Digital Skills: Apprenticeships now encompass digital skills training, ensuring graduates are proficient in technologies relevant to their fields, enhancing their competitiveness in the job market.
The combination of these factors not only explains the rise of apprenticeship programs but also underscores their importance in shaping a skilled and adaptable workforce for the future.
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Benefits of Apprenticeship Programs for Students
1. Hands-on Learning:
- Practical Application: Apprenticeships provide real-world, hands-on experience, allowing students to apply theoretical knowledge in actual workplace scenarios.
- Skill Development: Students acquire practical skills specific to their chosen field, making them job-ready upon completion of the program.
Apprenticeship programs offer a multitude of advantages for students, enhancing their educational experience and preparing them for successful and fulfilling careers. Here are the key benefits for students engaging in apprenticeships:
2. Earning While Learning:
- Financial Support: Apprentices receive stipends, wages, or benefits while they learn, easing the financial burden of education and enabling self-sufficiency.
- Reduced Debt: Unlike traditional college routes, apprenticeships help students avoid accumulating significant student loan debt, promoting financial independence.
3. Direct Career Pathways:
- Employment Opportunities: Successful completion of apprenticeships often leads to immediate job placement within the company, ensuring a smooth transition from education to employment.
- Career Advancement: Apprenticeships lay the foundation for continuous career growth, offering opportunities for promotions and specialized training.
4. Skill Diversification:
- Versatility: Apprenticeships expose students to various aspects of a particular industry, allowing them to diversify their skill set and explore different roles.
- Adaptability: The diverse skills acquired make apprentices adaptable, enabling them to navigate different job roles and industries.
5. Professional Development:
- Soft Skills: Apprenticeships foster the development of essential soft skills such as communication, teamwork, time management, and problem-solving, enhancing overall professionalism.
- Work Ethic: Exposure to workplace environments instills a strong work ethic and a sense of responsibility, preparing students for long-term success in their careers.
6. Industry Recognition:
- Credentials: Apprenticeships often result in industry-recognized certifications, enhancing students’ credibility and employability in the job market.
- Trustworthiness: Employers value the practical experience gained through apprenticeships, making graduates trustworthy candidates for job positions.
7. Networking Opportunities:
- Professional Connections: Apprenticeships provide students with opportunities to network with industry professionals, creating valuable connections that can lead to mentorship, job referrals, and future collaborations.
- Industry Insights: Networking exposes students to industry trends and insights, helping them stay updated and informed about their chosen field.
8. Personal Growth:
- Confidence Building: Successfully completing apprenticeships boosts students’ confidence, providing them with a sense of accomplishment and belief in their abilities.
- Career Clarity: Hands-on experience helps students gain clarity about their career goals, allowing them to make informed decisions about their future paths.
Embracing these benefits, apprenticeship programs empower students to excel in their chosen fields, equipping them with the skills, confidence, and professional networks necessary for a successful and fulfilling career journey.
Benefits of Apprenticeship Programs for Employers
Apprenticeship programs not only offer advantages to students but also provide substantial benefits to employers.
Engaging with apprenticeships can significantly enhance a company’s workforce and overall productivity. Here are the key benefits for employers:
1. Skilled Workforce Development:
- Tailored Training: Employers can design apprenticeship programs to meet specific skill requirements, ensuring that apprentices receive training aligned with the company’s needs.
- Job-Relevant Skills: Apprenticeships create a pipeline of skilled workers, ensuring employees possess the exact skills needed for the company’s operations.
2. Cost-Effective Talent Acquisition:
- Reduced Recruitment Costs: Apprenticeships reduce the need for costly external recruitment processes, as employers can train and hire apprentices who already understand the company culture and workflow.
- Long-Term Investment: Investing in apprenticeships is a long-term strategy, reducing turnover rates and retaining skilled employees within the organization.
3. Increased Productivity:
- Immediate Contribution: Apprentices are integrated into the workforce during their training period, contributing to projects and tasks, thereby enhancing overall productivity.
- Innovation: Skilled apprentices bring fresh perspectives and innovative ideas to the workplace, driving creativity and problem-solving within the company.
4. Workforce Diversity and Inclusion:
- Diverse Talent Pool: Apprenticeships attract candidates from diverse backgrounds, promoting inclusivity and diversity within the workforce.
- Equal Opportunities: Apprenticeships provide equal opportunities for all individuals, enabling companies to foster a more inclusive work environment.
5. Employee Loyalty and Engagement:
- Loyalty: Apprentices who receive training often display a higher level of loyalty to the company, appreciating the investment made in their professional development.
- Enhanced Morale: Employees appreciate the opportunity to mentor apprentices, boosting morale and job satisfaction among existing staff.
6. Corporate Social Responsibility:
- Community Impact: Engaging in apprenticeship programs demonstrates a company’s commitment to community development, positively impacting local economies by providing skills and employment opportunities.
- Positive Brand Image: Companies supporting apprenticeships are often viewed positively by the public, enhancing their brand image and corporate reputation.
7. Government Incentives:
- Tax Benefits: Many governments offer tax incentives, grants, and financial support to companies participating in apprenticeship programs, reducing the overall cost of training.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration with government initiatives strengthens public-private partnerships, fostering a supportive ecosystem for skill development and employment.
8. Succession Planning:
- Internal Talent Pipeline: Apprenticeships create a pipeline of skilled workers, enabling employers to identify and nurture potential future leaders within the organization.
- Smooth Transitions: When experienced employees retire or leave, having apprenticeships in place ensures a seamless transition, mitigating the impact on productivity and knowledge loss.
By embracing apprenticeship programs, employers gain access to a skilled and motivated workforce, contributing to their growth, innovation, and long-term sustainability.
These programs not only meet immediate skill needs but also foster a culture of learning, development, and employee engagement within the organization.
In the realm of modern education and employment, apprenticeship programs have emerged as transformative avenues, offering high school graduates a direct route from classrooms to careers. With their emphasis on practical skills, financial support, and industry relevance, these programs empower both students and employers.
Apprenticeships are not just shaping careers; they are shaping a future where education meets the demands of the evolving workforce, creating a skilled and confident generation prepared for the challenges ahead. | <urn:uuid:e171cd1e-6586-4006-9e78-bfb62cf4c09a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.capcitytradetech.com/how-apprenticeship-programs-are-fast-becoming-the-best-option-for-high-school-grads/ | 2024-02-25T00:51:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.93464 | 2,093 | 3.203125 | 3 | [
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] |
In the past decade smart thermostats have saved Brits £325 million on energy bills and 1 million tons of carbon emissions
- New data released by Hive to mark the 10-year anniversary of its smart thermostat demonstrates the impact the technology has had
- Extreme weather, working from home and a desire to be more sustainable has seen customers look for ways to better manage their energy use and save moneyi
- Despite these drivers, Brits are unsure about how to make their home more sustainable – a smart thermostat helps to take the confusion out of this, allowing Brits to easily track and monitor their heating use
4th October 2023, London: New data taken over a decade has found that Hive’s customers have collectively saved over 1 million tons of carbon emissions being emitted into the atmosphere and almost £325 million on their energy bills.i
"We’ve come a long way since we launched Hive back in 2013. What started as a single thermostat has transformed into a whole eco-system of heating products - all working together. It’s astounding to see the collective impact our customers have made on both the planet and their wallets. And we look forward to seeing what the next 10 year brings."
Gavin Murray, Director, Hive
The data has been released to mark 10 years since Hive launched their smart thermostat in 2013 – an industry first which enabled customers to easily control their heating from their phone, smart watch or tablet.
To put that into context, Hive’s two million thermostat users have saved the same amount of carbon required to power over 366,000 homes annually, almost 700,000 return flights from London to JFK or to drive over 4 million car miles.i
Hive launched back in 2013 and has since amassed 2 million thermostat users, suggesting a huge shift in the public's attitude towards smart homes, climate change, and the UK’s ambition of being net zero by 2050.
What is causing the shift in attitude?
The British Gas Net Zero Homes Index, published last month, found that 87% were concerned about climate change and the impact that human behaviour was having on the environment.ii Combine this with the recent cost of living crisis and it’s understandable that people are turning to technology to help them better manage their energy use and save money.
Futurist Dan Sodergren commented: "The cultural shift in the UK towards environmental conservation and digitalisation is driving investment in smart tech. These tools, such as the smart thermostat, give Brits superior control over their homes. Enhanced energy efficiency, home comfort, and an easy-to-capture outlook on energy usage are proliferating the adoption of such smart devices."
Extreme weather and cultural events have also played a role, with peaks in Hive sales aligning with key weather events, such as the floods in 2014 and Beast from the East in 2018.i With weather being increasingly unpredictable and people more concerned about how much energy they are using, it’s fitting they are turning to technology to help them to better manage their energy use and save money.
Technology such as Hive’s smart subscription service Hive Heating Plus, shows customers how much they are likely to spend based on factors such as their heating history, energy tariff and the weather. It allows customers to set a budget, sharing predictions on how unpredictable weather spells can impact their spending, whilst providing personalised tips to help them to stay on track and in budget.
The shift towards working from home has also seen an increase in people using smart technology. Sales of the Hive thermostat have steadily increased since Covid in 2020, as customers spend more time at home and look to better manage their energy use and save money.i
Ensuring homes are future fit
Against a cost of living and sustainability focused backdrop, Brits are also more interested in future proofing their homes. Two thirds of Brits (64%) feel there is more they could do to help tackle climate change.iii And there is evidence to suggest they are doing so – in a recent survey from Hive almost half of Brits (47 percent) said they had already made changes to their current home for the purpose of making it greener. Installing a smart meter (37 percent), adding energy efficient lighting (34 percent), upgrading their roof insulation (33 percent) and installing a water meter (26 percent) were the main changes.iii
Despite, this, there is still some confusion on the potential energy efficiency and costs savings that can be made by investing in energy efficiency products for the home. The Centre of Business and Economics reports, despite the potential for considerable long-term savings, factors including a lack of awareness and upfront cost, mean huge amounts of energy are wasted.ivFuturist, Dan Sodegren commented: "Smart thermostats represent an easy and accessible gateway for Brits to contribute towards becoming Net Zero. Their adoption facilitates an eco-friendly lifestyle and serves as the first step in the journey towards sustainable living. These smart devices are introducing practical ways to implement small but impactful changes in homes."
What will the next 10 years look like?
Sodergren continued: "In the next decade, smart thermostats hold tremendous potential to catalyse environmental transformations. Their wider adoption can substantially reduce carbon emissions, as has been seen with Hive's smart thermostat users in the UK. As more people look to incorporate smart technology into their homes, smart thermostats will be at the forefront of this movement. These devices not only optimise energy use but also align with the shift towards smart homes, steering us towards a future of living that's more sustainable, digitally integrated, and efficient."
Gavin Murray, Director, Hive commented: “We’ve come a long way since we launched Hive back in 2013. What started as a single thermostat has transformed into a whole eco-system of heating products - all working together. It’s astounding to see the collective impact our customers have made on both the planet and their wallets. And we look forward to seeing what the next 10 year brings. As we hit our 10th year, advancements in our technology mean it’s easier than ever before for customers understand the impact their heating has on their wallets and the environment.”
HIVE 10 Year Anniversary Data
Combined Saving 2013 – 2023
Energy Bill Savings |
Carbon Emission Savings |
CO2e Equivalents |
(kgCO2e per unit) |
Wheelie bins out of landfill |
Car miles driven (On average milage per year, that’s over 300,000 cars off the road. |
Smartphones charged |
Bin lorries out of landfill |
Homes annual energy use |
Cars annual emission |
Return flights LHR to JFK |
About Dan Sodergren:
Tech futurist. Keynote speaking, public speaker, TedxTalker, ex marketing agency owner and serial tech startup co-founder, Dan Sodergren is a digital marketing and technology expert who works on the BBC Breakfast, BBC new channels, BBC Watchdog, the One Show, RipOffBritain and on countless radio shows. He is a optimistic futurist. Who produces keynotes and thinking about how the future of business, work and technology will change our world for the better.
Hive launched in 2013 and is one of the top smart thermostat providers in the UK. With 2 million thermostat customers and counting, it is part of British Gas, one of Britain’s leading suppliers of energy and services. Our Hive smart thermostat and other services help our customers manage their energy use, enabling them to lower their carbon footprint. Hive focusses on making everyday life a little easier, freeing people up to spend time doing the things they love. The range of Hive products and services are designed to work together, to offer affordable, easy to use solutions and make a difference in people’s lives.
About Hive Heating Plus:
There’s a lot to like about Hive Heating Plus. It helps you reduce bills, lower your carbon footprint and monitor your heating efficiency all from the Hive app.
- Save up to £26 a month over cold months
- Track your usage with daily, weekly and monthly insights
- Relax with 24/7 heating efficiency monitoring and alerts if anything goes wrong
- Enjoy an extended warranty on your Hive products and 10% off across the Hive website
Innovative features include:
- Schedule Assist:
- Using data based on customers’ specific heating behaviours, Schedule Assist monitors energy usage to offer truly personalised tips on how customers can control their heating effectively. This means Hive will be able to show customers exactly how they can save energy in the home through small adjustments to their usage, including guidance on where cost savings can be made
- Carbon Calculator:
- Helping customers to become more energy efficient and start their net zero journey, Hive’s Carbon Calculator tracks the amount of CO2 customers have saved through adjustments they’ve made to their heating habits, whilst displaying what carbon savings equate to in straightforward metrics, such as the number of trees planted or miles in a car travelled.
[i] Hive thermostats show an average 6% reduction in gas consumption in the year following installation after adjusting for variation in weather. 10-year savings from January 2013 to June 2023 calculated by modelling this monthly consumption reduction alongside customer sales history to calculate a cumulative gas reduction of 6,208.8 GWh. Costs were calculated according to the variations in average UK gas prices across the study period.
[ii] British Gas Net Zero Homes Index – Survey conducted by Public First between 12th May – 18th May 2023. Online survey amongst 4007 UK adults
[iii] Research of 2,000 UK based adults commissioned by Hive and conducted by Perspectus Global in March 2023
[iv] Centre of Business and Economics, 2022
Brits are future proofing their homes, increasingly valuing sustainable elements
Hive teams up with leading futurologist to share predictions on smart green tech
Hive launches a new smart home monitoring service that helps you protect your home from the convenience of your smartphone
Over 20 Million Brits feel out of control in their home life
Lack of quality time with loved ones leaves 1 in 3 of us feeling guilty
New research on ageing independence conversations | <urn:uuid:a362f6d1-c24b-4b90-bbd8-e69bea2348e7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.centrica.com/media-centre/news/2023/smart-thermostats-save-brits-325-million-on-energy-bills-over-10-years/ | 2024-02-25T02:55:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.941843 | 2,151 | 2.609375 | 3 | [
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10/17/2018 The End of the 1st Quarter64 consecutive days. 1,536 hours 92, 160 minutes 5, 529,600 seconds 1/4 of a school year From your perspective, how did your son or daughter succeed and make strides in their performance this quarter? What worked? What struggles did you notice? How was their time used? Chances are if you are reading this...you truly care about the performance of your children. We all do. According to recent studies, only 20% of the population sets goals, and as many as 92% of those goals are never achieved. That said, I’ve never met a highly successful person who doesn’t regularly set personal goals. Goals are critical. They keep you focused on what’s important, and allow you to make the best use of your 24 hours each day. When tackled correctly, they force you out of your comfort zone and help you grow more than you would without them. And, perhaps most importantly, they give us control of our destiny. Just by setting a goal, you are taking an active role in driving new and better results in your life. What could be more important than that? Teaching our teenagers to set goals effectively can be life-changing. However, as we teach goal-setting to our children, we need to make sure we’re showing them how to use goals to have the greatest possible positive impact on their lives. Here are six strategies annotated from 7 Mindsets: Teaching Minds, Changing Lives for smart goal setting for teens that can help them maximize the potential of their lives: 1. It must be on their terms The most important thing to remember is that these are their goals, not yours. One of the biggest mistakes we can make as parents is wanting their children to live in their images and in alignment with their definitions of success. In doing so, parents can unconsciously push their children down disingenuous paths that can result in reduced success and meaning from their goals. 2. Connect their goals to the ultimate currency… happiness! What we want for our children is happiness on their terms. Now, what does happiness mean? Is it financial success, simply having fun, or is it much deeper than that? The first part of happiness is defined by high emotions such as love, gratitude and joy. The second aspect of happiness involves actions that seem to make time stand still- because they are finding their way and their purpose. The final component of happiness is finding meaning in what is accomplished in life. As we teach them the value of goal-setting, we should orient them toward this authentic life. A great way to do this is to support their process of self-discovery. This could be as simple as a discussion about their interests and strengths, or as involved as applying and sharing their strengths in the service of others. 3. Help them frame their lives Every year, we ask students to share their dreams and goals. Almost invariably, they focus on planned professions, from athletics to music and medicine to law. Because of the extrinsic nature of our society, it’s easy to get very narrow with our vision for life and lose sight of some crucial components to our happiness. One of the first things you want to do is help your teens frame their lives. Walk them through a simple list of life priorities, which might include things like family, friends, faith, health, education, profession, wealth and social impact. Ask them to consider all these areas as they think about and plan for the future, so they can set goals that will provide the greatest benefit to them. I suggest having them identify their top two or three to get started. This will help them stay focused on a few areas, get some early wins, and set themselves up for larger and greater successes in the future. 4. Teach them to dream big but play small I see goals more as the critical steps we take on the path to our dreams. The things we measure most often improve in our lives, so we must help teens set goals that are specific and measurable. For example, setting a goal to get straight A’s is much less powerful than a goal to use Cornell note-taking to prepare for each course.. Remember that success is never one huge leap. It is almost always a succession of hundreds or thousands of tiny steps forward… and most likely with a few steps backward along the way. The greatest replicator of success is success. It’s both easy and common to give up on goals – and, therefore, dreams – if they’re too lofty or far away. That’s why it’s essential that goals be discrete and achievable. The sense of gratification they get from accomplishing small yet meaningful goals will help sustain the energy and belief as they move towards greater accomplishments. Help them learn the benefits of keeping goals small, manageable and short-term. 5. They need to take stock along the way Setting goals can be a double-edged sword. It can drive purposeful action in our lives and allow us to achieve more over a shorter period of time. However, we need to be careful with ourselves and with our children, because goals can also be a source of anxiety. All of us have the tendency to create a hyper-focus on future circumstances. This can produce an “I’ll be happy when…” mentality, when what we want is to find inner happiness in this moment. With this awareness in mind, try to intertwine the process of goal-setting with an ongoing habit of recognizing existing successes and accomplishments. The present should never be sacrificed for the future, and goals should simply be tools to get the most out of time we have. 6. Make goal-setting as engaging as possible We all know that, when working with teens, we’re competing with a constant barrage of distractions – video games, social media, and high school relationships. This process is predicated on patience and self-discipline, but we need to change it up a bit sometimes to help get the process started. We all want what’s best for our kids. Teaching them to think in terms of setting and accomplishing goals will help them become their own best sources for fulfillment, and provide the recognition that they control the outcomes in their lives. Through smart goal setting for teens, we can give our children the most important gift any parent can give: the ability to thrive in life without us. Fall ConcertThe CHS Choir Department presented their fall concert titled "Roots & Wings" on the evening of Wednesday, October 17th. The theme stems from the calling of parents and the wishes they have for their children. "Roots" refers to the grounding, nurturing, and support necessary to grow into strong independent individuals. The "Wings" refers to the hopes and aspirations for the future that we have for our student's lives. The opportunity to make the world their own and fly free in pursuit of a fulfilling life. The concert featured Women's Choir, Chorale, Chamber, and Mass Ensemble. The concert was under the direction of Mr. Fritz Streiff, with accompaniment by Mrs. Cassie Tarbet, and Mr. Brandon Lichtinger on the guitar. The choirs sang beautifully and with much connection to the themes. They share their story and hopes through the music they sang. Songs presented messages of unity, compassion, peace, living life in a way that reflects who we want to be, paying it forward, and finding inspiration and grit in the face of adversity. The program opened with all of the CHS choir women in a Wailin Jennys piece titled "One Voice", as they united their voices as they sang from throughout the audience. Special vocal solos were shared by Madie Houser and Katy Lessick. The Mass Ensemble closed with a powerful spiritual titled "My Soul's Been Anchored in the Lord". This massive closing piece, brought the audience to their feet with applause and a sharing of joy. Very proud of the work of all of the CHS Choir members. The CHS Holiday Program will be held at Mentor Performing Arts Center on Monday, December 10th at 7:00 PM. It will feature the CHS Choirs and Bands. Lean Six Sigma: The Training Has BegunSince Tuesday, a group of educators, administrators from several departments from Chardon spent 22 hours training in Lean. This system analysis introduces organizations, functions and individuals to a problem-solving process using a structured model to define an area of improvement to maximize time, energy, and outcomes. This model ensures that identified problems are resolved by finding the root cause of the performance or process problem rather than just blindly jumping to solutions. When thinking about this for Chardon, it is not just about the curriculum, and not just about focusing on the students, teachers or administration. School systems are complex systems, much of which have commonalities with traditional businesses. There are many opportunities to look at process improvements and money saving efforts so they can continue to support a well-rounded curriculum of programs. For example, schools can optimize processes and save money by streamlining the purchase requisition and form management processes. There is a significant potential to remove inefficiencies in these areas that can lead to savings and increasing time. Schools can also reduce costs and waste with proactive and process driven facilities management. This includes not only preventative maintenance but also energy management, technology integration, green and sustainable building projects. Applying Lean to the cafeteria can ensure that staff orders right quantities of food and prepared in order to eliminate food waste...something that Mrs. Cullington does really well already. These are just a couple of examples to highlight the potential. All of these improvements require an understanding of who the internal customer is as well as their requirements. The next step is mapping these requirements to the current situation, identifying the root causes for the process or performance gap and then finding solutions which will improve the current situation. Once the situation is improved, they can establish measurements to monitor and maintain the changes, including using a balanced scorecard. This is exactly what Lean Six Sigma can help with. It provides a foundation for not just problem resolution, but also elimination of waste and improved efficiency. The Lean system will be implemented curricularly to parts of our Circuit of Success, CCP Business courses and training will be added to approximately 40 students who will learn and implement their first Kaizen-change for the good. Later this year, we will have a career fair at CHS! More to come on that! ConferencesThursday, November 1 (4:30-8:00 pm) As you prepare your schedule, please click on the link below to sign up a timeslot for parent teacher conferences for Session 2 https://www.ptcfast.com/schools/Chardon_High_School Topper TimeSophomores, Juniors, and Seniors, Attached you will find the link to sign up for Topper Time for Quarter 2. Please be sure to sign up for 1 option before the end of the week. While you may sign up for something, please understand that you may be placed into a specific Topper Time based on teacher, counselor, or principal recommendation. Please see Mr. Bandiera or your school counselor if you have any questions. Once all Topper Times are selected, your schedule in Infinite Campus will be updated to show which Topper Time you are in and the location of that Topper Time. Senior Mentors do not need to sign up for a Topper Time this quarter as you will resume your duties as a mentor. Those students with Open Campus during Topper Time will not need to sign up unless you are no longer meeting the requirements for open campus. All Open Campus passes will be reviewed at the end of the quarter and those students who are not meeting the requirements may have their passes revoked. Student Directions: To sign up for a Topper Time, please click on the link under Topper Time Selections. You will be directed to the EventBrite Website for that Topper Time. If this is the selection you would like to sign up for, click the Green Register Button. Enter your First Name, Last Name, and Email Address to register. Please only register for 1 Topper Time. Selections are first come, first serve. Selections will fill up quickly. Science ACT Prep Schneider Fun Foreign Films Niedzwiecki Chemistry Help Rohr Board Games Armelli and Bunker English Language Arts Help Downs Leadership and Decision Making Through Chess Fronk Girls who Code Eby Math Homework Help DiCato Band Special Projects Lichtler AIR Prep for US History Grantham Physical Science, Physics, and Chem Help McGovern Spanish Help Korenke 2D Art Studio Blaschke Vocal Solo and Ensemble Streiff Land Ethics Goss Algebra II and Stats Help Shafer Physical Science Remediation Carpenter Core Values Blackburn, Clark, Herner, Laseak French Lab Dalton Chardon Chic Boutique Britt CHS Film Society Lichtinger Discussion Topics for Seniors Monaco Silent Reading DeShetler Examining end times literature from a western culture perspective Cole Jigsaw Puzzles Heintz, Fisher, Bonvissuto Geometry Help Britt The Universe Mr. Robertson English Lab Tersigni Intramural Long Visual Art Portfolio/Laser Cut Assistance Hauber 20th Century US History Through Film Mosnik Persuasive Writing Help Biernacki Stress and Relaxation Through Coloring Mrs. Robertson Rest and Relaxation Leikala Algebra II Help Steinmetz Pre Calc Help Mr. Ricci Little Heads, Big Hearts (Crochet) Mrs. Ricci College Algebra Help Chenoweth HalloweenSeveral students have asked me about Halloween. I felt that it was important to share this communication with you now as you prepare for lessons and student experiences. Wednesday, October 31 is Halloween. However, with all of the excitement leading into the week- the Chardon Crazies and the CHS Administration are moving the traditional costume day to Friday, October 26 to align with the theme for the night. This is has been the plan for the last several years. Our students have traditionally dressed in appropriate costumes at school for the day. All Students will be permitted to dress this year, as long as the outfit properly follows the guidelines below. Staff and administration will be extremely diligent to ensure that all costumes are school appropriate and not a distraction to other students in their classes. Some things to consider when creating your costume:
On Wednesday, October 31, students will dress in regular attire and NOT in costume. Students may certainly dress in Halloween shirts, sweatshirts, etc on this day. 8th Grade Images of the WeekWinter Try-outsWinter Sports Start Dates All athletes must have OHSAA Physical pages 3-4 on file in CHS Athletic Office and all other athletic forms completed in Final Forms prior to Day 1 of winter sport. (https://chardon-oh.finalforms.com) Final Forms information attached. BOYS BASKETBALL High School, 9-12 V/JV: Friday, November 2, 4:00 pm Freshman: Friday, November 2, 2:45-4:00 Head Coach Chad Murawski [email protected] Middle School 8th grade: Monday, Oct. 22, 7:15 pm, CMS Gym Coach Bill Gray [email protected] 7th grade: Monday, Oct. 22, 5:30 pm, CMS Gym Coach Dan Dinko [email protected] GIRLS BASKETBALL High School, 9-12 V/JV: Friday, 10/26, 4:00 pm Freshmen: Saturday, 10/27, 1:00 pm Head Coach Cullen Harris [email protected] Middle School: TBA. Tryouts will be in December; season runs Jan-Mar. WRESTLING High School, 9-12 Friday, 11/9, 3:00 pm Head Coach Nick Salatino [email protected] Middle School, 7-8 Friday, 11/9, 3:30 pm, CMS Head Coach Nik Wheatley [email protected] SWIMMING (9-12 High School Only) Monday, Nov. 5, 4:00 pm, Spire Institute Head Coach Matt Parrish [email protected] GYMNASTICS (9-12 High School Only) Sunday, Nov. 4, Lake Erie Gymnastics School 4:00 pm Head Coach Kasey Eichele [email protected] Topper Bistro
2020 Greece Global AdventureChardon High School is pleased to announce the 2020 Global Adventure to Greece! This amazing 10-day journey will explore Athens, one of the most historical and ancient cities in the world and cruise the Greek Islands in the blue Aegean Sea. Tour dates are June 4-13th, 2020 (next summer). Come to the Informational Meeting on October 25th, 2018, Thursday, at 7:00 pm in the CHS Media Center. Please RSVP HERE Contact Mrs. Niedzwiecki with any questions. The earlier you enroll the cheaper the cost! [email protected] Check out the Promotional Video: Chardon Goes to the MusicalsUnited Way’s Youth Fund Distribution Committee Empowering YouthUnited Way’s Youth Fund Distribution Committee (YFDC) is seeking High School Students to join a unique program with the goal of engaging and empowering students. Students help solve community problems affecting youth and collaborate with other young leaders. This committee provides a challenging opportunity to instill volunteerism in future adult leaders and identifies critical issues important to students through hands-on experiences. Students will learn about the needs of the community, particularly the needs of our youth, and the agencies addressing those issues, generate fundraising to help support agencies and programs, and research, interview and make funding decisions to distribute dollars to non-profit partners that serve youth in Geauga County. Student applications should be submitted by November 1, 2018 and be approved by the student’s parents and High School Advisor. Meetings will be held once a month on Monday evenings plus two days during the week in Spring 2019. More information and the application can be found attached to this email or on our web site www.uwsgc.org/yfdc. In Closing: A Note All Students Received from MeI have spent the past nineteen years as an educator. This year just might be the most invigorating and challenging at the same time. Why is it so invigorating? Maybe it is because we spent so much time preparing for this year and now we are able to see everything come to fruition. Maybe it is related to all of the activities that we have designed for students. What strikes me the most is the number of students that we are able to assist on the journey. I really love working with students and helping them find their purpose in life. Every single one of you will eventually graduate and I hope that through the courses and experiences at CHS-- your journey will help you find your purpose in life. I believe in each of you and I know that everyone has a story along the way. We are closing out the first quarter...this is a time to assess your goals and outcomes. I will be the first to tell you that grades are not the "tell-all" to school. Learning is what matters the most. Yet, our country places so much emphasis on the mark in a grade book. Certainly, having a positive mark in the grade book helps out in many ways. It helps your motivation, relationships, and may even keep you from being grounded. Grades can get you places...but learning takes you places where grades can't take you. For me, I was barely a 3.0 Chardon High Student...but, I was involved in so many activities in school. I also had a story. Life wasn't perfect for me. I have faced many situations in my life that were difficult. Yet, I dug deep to focus on finding my purpose. I didn't have a principal that wrote me emails. I have felt just about every emotion that you have. Look at me now--several college degrees later and numerous experiences brought me back as principal of CHS. Anything is possible if you put the time in. We all find ourselves at various plots on the graph of life. The purpose of this email is to remind you that I care deeply for your success and I hope that you have taken the time to see the goodness in you; in others. We are at the first stage of a four-part race. If you are satisfied with the outcome of the first quarter--keep striving for greatness. If you have experienced some victories and losses this quarter--keep striving. If you have more losses than victories--keep striving. You got this and I will always be one of your biggest fans! If you ever need me- email, send me a Remind101 message (code @TopperUp to 81010), use twitter...anything. I will continue to take time to support you! I will be out of the building during the next three days for Training, but Mr. Bandiera and Mr. Higham are in to guide you in our shared mission and vision for each of you! Your teachers will always be there for you--take the time to continue building your relationships with them. They care so deeply for you! Stay warm!
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] |
It has been nearly ten years since the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, China and the U.S. government’s ratification of the Beijing Platform for Action. To commemorate the occasion, analysts and organizations have begun to assess the expected gains in preparation for the UN Commission on the Status of Women meeting in March, 2005.
One fact stands out: in the area of the macroeconomy, women in the U.S. and abroad have experienced major shifts, many of them negative. These shifts have occurred in employment, consumption, and general well-being for women, their families, and their communities. Some of the shifts can be linked to NAFTA and other free trade agreements, while other trends are part of the long-term privatization and deregulation agenda (implemented in the U.S. since the 1980s) that forms the foundation for much of the U.S. trade agenda in key sectors such as services, agriculture, and investment.
Making Macroeconomics a Women’s Issue
Prior to the World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995, few in the U.S. women’s movement were focused on macro-economic questions. Women’s traditional focus had been on national poverty and economic justice. In Beijing , however, activists and policy analysts pushed the U.S. government to agree to language acknowledging the sometimes negative impact of macroeconomic policies on women globally and to bring gender concerns into all levels of macroeconomic decisionmaking. Some examples of the commitments the U.S. government made in Beijing in the area of poverty and the economy include:1
* Revising laws and administrative practices to ensure women’s equal rights and access to economic resources;
* Developing gender-based methodologies to conduct research to address the feminization of poverty;
* Promoting women’s economic rights and independence, including access to employment, appropriate working conditions, and control over economic resources;
* Facilitating women’s equal access to resources, employment, markets, and trade;
* Eliminating occupational segregation and all forms of employment discrimination;
* Promoting harmonization of work and family responsibilities for women and men (i.e. labor protections, job benefits, parental leave, education reform, and technological innovation).
From a structural analysis, the Beijing Platform recognized the need for strong national programs on the advancement of women and the promotion of gender equality, which require political commitment at the highest level. Such commitment includes monitoring policies, introducing and implementing legislation, programs and capacity building, as well as public dialogue on gender equality as a societal goal.
The results have been less than satisfying. On a global level, there has been an increase in economic disparities among and within countries. Increasingly, nation states are unable to provide social protections, social security, or funding to implement the Platform. The shift of service provision from the public sphere to the household, and inadequate attention to the different nature of work for women and men (remunerated and unremunerated, formal and informal), are having a disproportionately negative impact on women.
Ten years after Beijing , U.S. women in solidarity with their sisters in other parts of the world are assessing progress in the area of the economy–not only for themselves, but for their families and their communities. In the United States , it is clear that the government has not lived up to the promises made in Beijing .
Despite advocacy from national women’s, development, labor, and human rights groups, since Beijing Washington has done little to incorporate a gender analysis into its macroeconomic policies and into decisionmaking processes, nor has it acknowledged that its trade policies are having a negative and heavier impact on women and children than on men.
It is no surprise that trade necessarily affects women differently than men because of their different and often secondary social status in the economy. In employment, women tend to hold different positions than men, they receive less pay than men, and they are often the first laid off when companies downsize. Women are more likely to move in and out of the formal and informal sectors as they struggle to balance work and family with little federal support. Women and children are also the most negatively affected when social programs are privatized and/or deregulated. This can raise the cost of provision, making it impossible for families to receive proper care and assistance.
Many women of color are even harder hit by negative economic trends than white women, since shifts in the economy have differential impacts based on race and class. As trade drives the global economic agenda of the U.S. government and, to a certain degree, its national and foreign policy, U.S. women’s voices from a race, class, and gender perspective are critical for identifying positive goals and implementation processes.
A gender perspective must also take into account environmental and sustainable development goals to create a comprehensive quality-of-life assessment. Solutions also should be developed with such a comprehensive understanding in mind.
NAFTA Through a Gender Lens
The U.S. Government ratified NAFTA with Canada and Mexico in 1993. Ten years later, the administration considers it a success and uses it as the blueprint for other trade negotiations.
When it was being drafted, policymakers predicted that NAFTA would open borders, narrow the gap between rich and poor within and among the three countries, and create new jobs. The results of NAFTA paint a different picture. Goods are able to cross the borders, but people are not. Thousands of undocumented workers try to get into the United States every day and are turned back. Additionally, hundreds of undocumented workers are killed each year trying to cross the border from Mexico into the U.S.
The gap between the haves and have-nots has widened in all the NAFTA countries. Millions of jobs have been lost across the three NAFTA countries. The nature of work has changed as well.
The supposed gains from NAFTA have not been realized and this has left many people concerned about the current and future direction of trade rules that use NAFTA as a model. Within this analysis, different sectors of civil society–including labor and environmental groups–emphasize the negative effects of NAFTA from their particular angle. As vital actors in the changes, women have begun to do the same.
Preliminary statistics from a gender perspective offer compelling evidence that in the United States and the other signatory countries the differential impact of NAFTA on the quality of peoples’ lives, on the environment, and on sustainable development is often very negative. Some statistics in the areas of labor, agriculture, and migration follow.
In the U.S., job loss has occurred in key sectors such as steel and textile manufacturing. The nature of work has also shifted over time from being primarily stable, long-term positions to work that is flexible, precarious, and tenuous. U.S.-owned multinationals have found it economically advantageous to shift production to Mexico and other places in the Global South where they can bypass labor and environmental regulations. This production model has resulted in weaker unions, flexible, tenuous labor with less benefits, and job loss. The following statistics demonstrate the losses:
* In the United States , all 50 states have experienced job loss under NAFTA. The industrial states have experienced noticeable decreases in employment as industry has moved to Mexico .2 Many women who have lost jobs in the manufacturing sector and found new jobs in the service industry suffer a decrease in wages and stability.3 For example, Registered Nurses are increasingly contracted as part-time employees with no benefits and no overtime –as of 2000, 97.8% of the more than 2.6 million Registered Nurses in the U.S. are women.4
* In the state of Texas, for example, more than 17,000 garment manufacturing jobs have been lost as firms relocated to Mexico, and now China. Most of the workers affected by this transnational shift in production are first-generation Mexican women, many of whom are illiterate, speak little English, and have few prospects for finding comparable work.5
In 1996, the maquila industry in Mexico accounted for over U.S. $29 billion in annual export earnings and trailed only petroleum-related industries in economic importance.6 Although growing numbers of men now work in the maquiladora sector, almost 70% of the maquila workforce in Mexico is comprised of women.7 Working conditions in the maquilas are often unsafe for women and adolescent girls. Women have been denied fair working conditions and wages as a direct result of the type of foreign direct investment that was implemented under NAFTA. The jobs created under NAFTA did not improve the living conditions for many Mexican women workers who may be receiving a salary but work in precarious and unsafe conditions with social costs to their lives and that of their families related to violence, scarcity, long hours and forced overtime, and other hardships.8
Agricultural export-led production, as encouraged under NAFTA and promoted in other FTAs that the U.S. has initiated, largely favors U.S.-owned agribusiness by maintaining domestic supports and unfair subsidies while at the same time forcing open export markets. This model has changed the nature of farming and food production. Shifts in agricultural ownership and production over time have all but eliminated small family farming in the United States and largely wiped out the small farmers in Mexico ‘s rural sector. In addition, both prices for commodities and family farm incomes have plummeted and threats to the environment have increased.9
A few statistics on rural employment, environmental, food security, and gender-specific concerns are included below:
* U.S. export-led production has driven down prices relative to costs and created massive rural unemployment in Mexico. For example, Mexican corn farmers comprise 29% of rural unemployment as a direct result of U.S. corn production under NAFTA.10
* Chemical fertilizers are used on the vast majority of U.S. corn crops. The run-off is a major source of water pollution, affecting drinking water throughout the cornbelt in the center of the country. Run-off into the Mississippi River contributes to a well-documented “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico, an area the size of a small U.S. state in which all life has been killed off.”11
* Despite U.S. citizen’s concerns about the potential health dangers of genetically modified crops, over 30% of U.S. corn production and over 70% of soy production is genetically modified.12
* Approximately 1.2 billion pounds of pesticides are used each year in the U.S., roughly 75% in agricultural production, much of which is targeted toward production for export.13 Farm workers, their families, and their communities are among those at greatest risk from pesticide exposure and related illness. An estimated 300,000 farm workers suffer pesticide poisoning every year in the U.S.14 In the adult sampling, women and Mexican Americans have the highest body-burden levels of several organochlorine pesticides. Children also carry high body-burden of many these pesticides, which damage the nervous system.15
* U.S. farm workers, the majority of whom are foreign-born and from Mexico, are among the poorest laborers in the U.S., falling well below the poverty threshold for single adults and families.
* According to an OXFAM America report, workers in many cases are paid 30% less today than they were in 1980.
* Women farm workers face particular discrimination in getting semi-skilled and skilled jobs. While men account for 80% of farm workers in the U.S., women are mainly hired in the packing houses and processing plants rather than in the fields. Women often need to work longer hours in order to earn the same income as men. At the same time, they often have primary responsibility for caring for their children and completing household chores.16
* The majority of U.S. farm workers are undocumented. They are more likely to have temporary jobs and migrate for seasonal work. Ninety-nine percent of all farm workers do not have social security or disability insurance and 95% do not have health insurance for non-work related injuries or illness.17 Migratory and seasonal work separates families, a burden further intensified by declining benefits.
* Thirty-seven percent of adolescent farm workers in the U.S. work full time.18
Migration to the U.S. due to rural unemployment and overall lack of jobs has risen post-NAFTA. Foreign-born workers in the U.S. , many from Mexico , are increasingly sending remittances back to their home countries to help their families survive economically. Undocumented workers trying get into the U.S. are facing serious violence and even death. To date, there is not enough gender analysis of migration in the U.S. specifically related to NAFTA. Nonetheless, some statistics are available that indicate the growing number of women migrants and the specific problems they face:
* Of the over 8 million undocumented workers in the U.S., over half are from Mexico.19 The majority of undocumented Mexican workers are men20, but the number of women is growing.
* 346 people died along the 2,000 mile U.S. border with Mexico over the fiscal year 2002/2003. The number was 320 the year prior.21
* The Inter-American Development Bank projects that remittances sent from the United States to Latin America will exceed 30 billion in the year 2004. The border-states such as Texas, California, Arizona, and Florida as well as other areas like Washington, DC represent the largest populations from which money is being sent.22
* 43.5% of families receiving remittances in the rural sector of Mexico post-NAFTA are female-headed.23
* In the year 2000, women constituted more than half of the migrants in the Americas region as whole. (This includes South/South migration between Latin America and the Caribbean as well as South/North migration from Latin America and the Caribbean to the U.S. and Canada).24
Privatization and Deregulation
Privatization and deregulation of services and other key sectors are prerequisites for opening up markets for trade and their impact on women is profound. The U.S. steps toward NAFTA and other free trade agreements are based on the assumption that privatization and deregulation have worked successfully at the national level. These shifts have taken place without ensuring the proper safeguards and regulations to ensure that peoples’ basic needs are being met.
The reality is that along with the shifts toward private-sector services associated with NAFTA, people in the U.S. are experiencing a crisis in healthcare, social security, pensions, and welfare programs. These programs are being dismantled at the federal level through privatization and deregulation policies. As part of this trend, over 44 million people in the U.S. are uninsured for healthcare. The 1996 “Welfare to Work” legislation has resulted in major cuts in federal and state assistance to the poor, which are comprised mostly of women and ethnic minority groups. In 2002, households headed by single women comprised half of the families living in poverty.25
In many cases, privatization and deregulation compound the hardships caused by job loss and flexibilization of labor, since social services are reduced precisely when many families most need them.
This preliminary set of statistics shows that the NAFTA model based on trade, finance, and investment liberalization, in line with ongoing privatization and deregulation policy shifts, is having a negative impact on many women and their families’ livelihoods. Ten years after the World Conference on Women in Beijing and after NAFTA, U.S. women should demand different macroeconomic policies that will promote rather than reverse our human rights, and that will increase and not diminish our solidarity with our sisters in the global women’s movement.
ALEXANDRA SPIELDOCH is with the Center of Concern and coordinator of the International Trade and Gender Network.
1. United Nations Beijing Platform for Action. Chapters on Poverty and the Economy. Beijing, China. 1995.
2. Robert E. Scott, “The High Cost of Free Trade: NAFTA’s Failure Has Cost the United States Across the Nation.” Economic Policy Insitute. November, 2003.
3. Elizabeth Kahling, ” U.S. Women Workers: Trends and Trade.” August, 2002
4. Bill Brubaker. “Hospitals Go Abroad to Fill Slots for Nurses.” Washington Post, 2001.
5. Charlie LeDuff, “Mexicans Who Came North Struggle as Jobs Head South.” New York Times, October 13, 2004.
6. Miriam Ching Louie. Sweatshop Warriors: Immigrant Women Take on the Global Factory. 2001, p. 69.
8. Bama Athreya and Cathy Feingold. “How will the FTAA Impact Women Workers?” excerpt from Breaking Boundaries II: The Free Trade Area of the Americas and Women: Understanding the Connections. U.S. Gender and Trade Network. September 2003, p.5.
9. Robert E. Scott and Adam S. Hersch. “Trading Away U.S. Farms.” September, 2001.
10. “Making Global Trade Work for People.” Heinrich Boell Foundation, Wallace Global Fund, UNDP, the Rockefeller Foundation, 2003, 132.
11. Alejandro Nadal and Timothy Wise, “The Environmental Costs of Agricultural Trade Liberalization: U.S.-Mexico Maize Trade Under NAFTA,” in Globalization and the Environment, Lessons from the Americas, Working Groups on Trade and Environment in the Americas, Heinrich Boll Foundation, June 2004, p. 29. Available at http://www.boell.de/downloads/global/Boell_LessonsAmericas.pdf.
12. “Genetically Modified Crops in the United States.” Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology. A Project of the University of Richmond. August, 2004.
13. Kristin Shafer, Margaret Reeves, Skip Spitzer and Susan E. Kegley, Chemical Trespass: Pesticides in our bodies and Corporate Accountability. Pesticide Action Network in North America . May 2004, p. 31.
14. Oxfam America. Like Machines in the Fields: Workers Without Rights in American Agriculture. March 2004, p. 3.
15. Ibid, p. 5-7.
16. Ibid, p. 2-7.
17. Ibid, p.3 -8.
18. Ibid., p. 7.
19. Michael Fix and Passel, Jeffrey S. “Immigration and Immigrants: Setting the Record Straight,” The Urban Institute (May 1994).
20. “NAFTA and the FTAA: A Gender Analysis of Employment and Poverty Impacts in Agriculture.” Women’s EDGE. November, 2003, p. 29
21. “Border Deaths hit Record High.” Compiled by Weekly News Update on the Americas, available at http://www.americas.org/news/nir/20031003_border_deaths_hit_record_high.asp
22. Inter-American Development Bank. “Sending Money Home: Remittances from the U.S. to Latin America, 2004.” http://www.iadb.org/exr/remittances/ranking.cfm?Language=English
23. “NAFTA and the FTAA: A Gender Analysis of Employment and Poverty Impacts in Agriculture.” Women’s EDGE. November, 2003, p. 30.
24. Hania Zlotnik. The Global Dimensions of Female Migration, March 2003. www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=109
25. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. “Number of Americans Without Health Insurance Rose in 2002. October 8, 2003. www.cbpp.org | <urn:uuid:fba1a99f-48dd-4d63-aa2f-b819d4c639c7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.counterpunch.org/2004/12/30/what-quot-free-trade-quot-pacts-mean-for-women/ | 2024-02-25T02:56:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.948618 | 4,121 | 2.8125 | 3 | [
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In Philip K. Dick’s short story “Autofac,” which appeared in the November 1955 edition of Galaxy Science Fiction, tungsten shortages in Pittsburgh and Detroit pinch the network operating autonomous underground factories around the planet.
The Autofac network searches far and wide for scrap metal to fill self-driving ore carts. Governing the whole system, artificial intelligence remains oblivious to humans. “We’re licked,” one character says, “like always. We humans lose every time.” The primary concern is the factories’ self-replication, no matter the cost to the environment or people.
The story appeared a year before AI research got started with a conference at Dartmouth College. Attendees proposed to “make machines use language, form, abstractions, and concepts to solve all kinds of problems now reserved for humans, and improve themselves.” The name “artificial intelligence” was coined at this time.
More than 60 years and a couple of developmental pauses later, AI is infused in every aspect of manufacturing, from product design to distribution. And Dick’s sci-fi nightmare looks archaic.
“In many cases, AI is freeing up time, creativity, and human capital, essentially letting people work more like humans and less like robots,” write Paul R. Daugherty and H. James Wilson in “Human + Machine: Reimagining Work in the Age of AI.”
“By collaborating with robots, we will reach new levels of productivity with more adaptive assembly lines. The safer, less bored worker will update a co-bot on each shift, maybe entering some new code. If things get sticky, a data hygienist — one of the new specialized jobs to be created — is on hand in the plant. Even back office functions — order processing and production runs — will benefit from AI gnawing through large amounts of data and, as a big bonus, making decisions.”
A “lights-out” factory operating on its own with just occasional checks by humans might still be a little far out, although FANUC, which has its American headquarters in Rochester Hills, has had robots building robots since (fittingly) 2001. Even as we embrace the current level of manufacturing technology, Industry 4.0, obstacles remain before there can be full acceptance and implementation of important tools.
“The biggest challenges that we’re seeing are in good data-collection,” says Chuck Werner, lean program manager at the Michigan Manufacturing Technology Center in Plymouth Township. Imparting Six Sigma practice fires Werner up. “Most places, if they’re collecting data, it’s manual. Some are still not collecting data.”
Industry 4.0 requires a big push among manufacturers to become real-time, data-driven organizations, Werner says. The first step is to identify the best data to collect, which means broadly installing sensors before looking at key performance indicators like uptime, throughput, and costs.
“Large manufacturers can throw sensors on everything, try to figure out which are important, then reproduce only the things they need to be collecting,” Werner says. The problem is, many small- to medium-sized manufacturers lack the R&D, and maybe even the initiative, to sprinkle sensors around like salt.
Another bugbear is in implementing technology already at hand. Werner has seen companies buy programs to automate things such as purchasing raw materials, scheduling workflow, and tracking inventory — yet a paucity of training on these programs can lead to limited use and little return on investment.
He summons up a manager’s voice: “I can’t see the reports I want to see, and nobody knows how to modify the program to get them. So I’m just not going to use the system — I guess I’ll go back to Excel.”
As an example of a manufacturer “well down the lean journey,” Werner cites Brembo’s 750,000-square-foot operation in Homer, southwest of Jackson. Brembo, which was formed in Italy in 1961, makes brakes for the seventh-generation Chevrolet Corvette and other high-performance production vehicles. Acquiring the former Hayes Lemmerz International operation in 2007, Brembo has expanded at the site, including a $100-million investment to open its first North American cast-iron foundry in 2016. The company’s North American headquarters in Plymouth Township houses R&D, sales and marketing, and central staff units. Altogether in the United States, Brembo employs about 800 people.
“I think the plant has done an excellent job working on several of the advanced manufacturing principles,” says Dan Sandberg, president and CEO of Brembo North America, who has had responsibilities at the Homer plant since 1999 and now oversees operations in Mexico, as well. “They use a lot of technical tools to improve the flow and flexibility of the plant. It’s very clean. The automated process flow is very well-drawn-out, so you don’t have a lot of wasted movement.”
Brake rotors are heavy, of course, so Brembo has robots to do the lifting. Raw materials go in one door and precisely finished products get loaded onto trucks outside another. “We sensor almost the entire line operation. A single machine may give us 15 to 20 items that we’re tracking,” Sandberg says.
Data accumulates and evaluations are made on such factors as vibration, temperature, weight, and cutting dimensions. What’s more, AI removes human judgment about adjustments and replacements from the equation. “Based on data that we give them that shows the variation in our machining process, the machine will automatically adjust to the pressure of the tool when it sees that the process is deviating,” he says. “You don’t want people making a change in the tooling process just based on how they’re feeling that day.”
It shouldn’t be taken personally. In fact, with Industry 4.0, workers have a new array of implements and tasks, along with added authority. A tablet computer is essential for many station operators, who collaborate with AI robots in customized production. “That robot is working side by side with an employee in doing some of the things that a person may be doing,” Sandberg says. “We don’t like our employees to be loaders and unloaders. That’s terrible work. It’s work that’s boring and not very challenging.” Instead, the operator is managing robots and doing maintenance on the systems.
Predictive maintenance is especially crucial for Brembo because, as Sandberg says, “All of our capacity is pretty precious for us.” At the foundry in particular, unanticipated downtime causes a chain reaction — or, as he calls it, an I Love Lucy situation — throughout the plant.
Brembo is a large company that operates on four continents and has a workforce of 9,000 people. For small- to medium-sized companies that can’t afford high-priced programmable logic controllers to interface with production machines, startups like Oden Technologies in New York City provide new ways to analyze real-time efficiencies. Companies also face obstacles in adding sensors everywhere, to network through the Internet of Things.
A 2018 report by CB Insights looked at this question and concluded, “Slapping cheap IoT sensors on everything isn’t a cure-all, and it’s entirely possible that more value gets created from a smaller number of more specialized, highly accurate IoT sensors.” To answer this question, Augury, an Israeli startup, provides machine-health solutions to more easily perform predictive maintenance.
With an increasing emphasis on modular production methods and more customized goods — Brembo offers its brake calipers in a plethora of colors — CB Insights foresees a day when “humans are largely uninvolved with manufacturing.” The report asserts, “Presumably, tomorrow’s manufacturing process will eventually look like one huge, self-sustaining cyber-physical organism that only intermittently requires human intervention.”
That means the “Autofac” of Dick’s imagination is coming true. But is the lights-out
factory and elimination of most related jobs really that close?
“It doesn’t bear out in the data,” says Tom Kelly, executive director and CEO of Automation Alley in Troy, a nonprofit think tank that bills itself as Michigan’s “Industry 4.0 Knowledge Center.” Kelly says a fall-off of jobs is worth watching for, “but every time robot sales go up, jobs go up. Every time robots sales dip, jobs dip. Companies apply robots to become more efficient because they see, on the horizon, more orders coming in. So as they become more efficient, they’re able to take more orders. Even though they’re using less people per order, they need more people.”
The greater short-term problem may be that executives and managers of small- and mid-sized companies are resisting change. It could be due to apathy or limited technical background, but failing to move forward on automation means “we’re going to stagnate and decline.”
Kelly recommends two things to prepare for the accelerating trend of AI integration. “If you’re in a position of leadership, you really need to understand what’s happening in the technology space, and then start to make educated guesses on what could disrupt your business as you know it,” he says.
Depending on the chief information officer may not be enough. AI, 3-D printing, sensors, and big data could be disruptive forces, and the organization’s leader must ask how to ameliorate the problem. Outside help is available. “Don’t be the frog that boils in the water,” Kelly says. “Develop a plan for how you will act, and how you will mitigate the risks.”
Part of that plan could involve managing changes that eliminate the most menial tasks. A 2017 New Yorker article, “Welcoming Our New Robot Overlords,” introduces the topic. The magazine visited Steelcase, the large office furniture manufacturer in Grand Rapids, and workers there said automation had made the factory “cleaner, less noisy, and more productive.” They were less bored and less physically taxed, as well.
“So the question becomes, why continue to train people to work like robots?” ask the co-authors of “Human + Machine.” Their rosy picture of co-bots on the production line includes postulations about new positions that will be created for people. The Steelcase workers spoke of on-the-fly fixes in their plant.
“When something went wrong with the assembly (process), they could diagnose the problem swiftly by consulting the data,” the article says. This observation anticipates one of the jobs for advanced AI — an algorithm forensics analyst. The analyst, say Daugherty and Wilson, will conduct an “autopsy” to explain a system’s logical mistake.
A company of the right size should also have a transparency analyst who classifies why an algorithm acts as a “black box” — that is, protects intellectual property or is simply a critical piece of code and therefore hard to access. The transparency analyst’s database will be invaluable to the explainability strategist, who determines which AI technology is best for the application.
“In many industries and countries, the most in-demand occupations or specialties did not exist 10 or even five years ago, and the pace of change is set to accelerate,” according to the most recent World Economic Forum report on the future of jobs. “By one popular estimate, 65 percent of children entering primary school today will ultimately end up working in completely new job types that don’t yet exist.”
Thinking of jobs that have been displaced by technology in combination with social shifts, consider the gas lamplighters of the 19th century, who were displaced by electric lights. Other examples include railroad brakemen, newsroom copy boys and print shop typesetters, gas station attendants, bowling alley pinsetters, and baseball park scoreboard operators — not to mention all the manual assemblers who have disappeared in the mists of time.
But in a conundrum that experts are still trying to solve, staffing today is the biggest problem for many companies. Consider Michigan’s manufacturing sector is one of the most advanced in the world, and yet the state’s unemployment rate is 4.1 percent (October 2019).
“The simple truth is that companies can achieve the largest boost in performance when humans and machines work together as allies, not adversaries, in order to take advantage of each other’s complementary strengths,” write Daugherty and Wilson.
Rather than being the threat envisioned by Philip K. Dick, AI holds the promise of expanding productivity — and the wealth that goes with it — as well as pushing humans to achieve their fuller potential.
Jobs Of The Future
Computers learn to adapt to humans. People teach them things like empathy and world views. Some computers might not understand, though. Screaming at the phone about the performance of the Cincinnati Bengals football team still gets you to their billing department.
Bots coach managers, too. Someone has to explain to Sleepy Sam, head of purchasing, how the water will continue to sweep over his bow unless he starts using internal combustion engines instead of oarsmen. And stop blaming human resources for sending over extra people.
Meet the AI safety engineers, who offer a cheery, machine-like refrain to any human question. They might respond: “We’re here to allay distrust. Your inquiry is not a problem. Awesome! I’m reaching out to our machine relations manager right now and we will solve your problem lickety-split.”
Automation Alley, a nonprofit think tank in Troy that bills itself as the Industry 4.0 Knowledge Center for Michigan, centers its focus on future productivity offerings. “We’re trying to look around the bend and over the hill about what technology is coming,” says Tom Kelly, executive director and CEO of Automation Alley.
Yes, Industry 4.0 will affect manufacturing, but also the health care, agriculture, and retail sectors. DBusiness recently spoke with Kelly about what’s happening.
DB: Who are smart manufacturing leaders?
TK: Obviously, looking at the OEMs, Ford, GM, and FCA have been leaders for decades. They don’t get the credit they deserve. “Automation” and “smart factory” have been synonymous with the Detroit area for a long time. The (Big Three) have done a very good job of driving out waste, automating as much as they could, and finding that balance between automation and human labor. If you go down the food chain, you see companies like Hirotec America, a door and closure manufacturer in Auburn Hills. They sit on our board of directors. They’ve done a wonderful job in smart manufacturing. Most of the people in the region don’t do smart manufacturing very well because they don’t really understand it.
DB: Do you see small and medium companies without in-house R&D outsourcing AI development?
TK: The jury’s still out on what’s going to happen to the small and middle markets. As technology rapidly expands, one of the risks is that the benefits of technology and AI accrue to the very wealthy, i.e., the biggest corporations that can afford them. We’ve seen that happen in the purely digital side. In Silicon Valley, the first movers tend to be monopolistic: There’s one search engine, Google; there’s one social network, Facebook; there’s one online movie platform, Netflix; there’s one retailer, Amazon. So it’s not theoretical that all the wealth could accrue to a very few. Our job at Automation Alley is to make sure that doesn’t happen, especially in Michigan. We’re trying to protect that (supply and distribution) chain. Small businesses, by their very nature of being more innovative and agile, have the ability to survive and play a role going forward.
DB: What frustrates you?
TK: What’s frustrating is the apathy and lack of desire to understand and want to participate in the future. We’re having a dickens of a time getting the smaller players to pay attention. We’re shouting “Fire!” in the theater. They’re telling us, “Get lost, we want to finish the movie.” That’s our pain, and our shame. We can’t get them to move faster. | <urn:uuid:a85ebe95-4114-43c4-a29e-79771d556143> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.dbusiness.com/business-features/sensory-overload/ | 2024-02-25T02:45:15Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.950591 | 3,595 | 2.6875 | 3 | [
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18,
20,
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Some of the first recorded competitive fights, happened within the simple confines of a chalk or sand circle, crudely strewn on the ground around the combatants.
Ancient wall paintings found inside the caves of Mongolia depict images of nude combatants fighting whilst surrounded by a group of onlookers in the crowd. The paintings have been dates as far back as 9,000 years ago during the Neolithic period.
In ancient Greece, wrestling matches were a key part of the ceremonial games with prestigious combatants grappling it out on a squared mat or cordoned off area with a circle painted in chalk around them.
In China, records of sporting events from between 221 and 207 BC shown public wrestling matches being displayed for the crowd’s amusement. The bouts took place atop an elevated structure known as a Lei Tai.
The second oldest book on Japanese history, which was first released in the year 720 is called The Ninon Shoki and outlines the events of the very first sumo bout, which is said to have taken place in 23BC.
At this point in time, the bouts were little more than unregulated punching and grappling contests often with no rules, no referee and no real confined to contain the fighters.
In 1578, Oda Nobunaga held an enormous 1,500-man sumo contest in Japan and needed a way to display several bouts at once in order to speed up the rounds.
This is where the ‘circular arenas’ were used in order to keep the fighters in and the fans out.
This tradition continued in many forms around the World, most notably in Japan where beloved Sumo wrestlers have continued to fight for pride in one of Japan’s most iconic athletic endeavours.
This is where we derive the name for the modern combat ring and we see the evolution from a simple rope or sand barrier being refined, elevated and better protected in order to further limit the risk of interaction between fighters and fans.
Another beloved form of combat to take place all over the world is boxing. Where, at this time no real rules or regulations were in place surrounding contests, with fighters using taped fists surrounded by a hoard of betting fans who would often encroach on the arena and slow down the pace of the fights.
In 1743 the London Prize Ring Rules were established, which saw the fighters meeting in a small, designated circle to begin the bout.
In 1838 a 24 by 24-foot square ring was first developed by the Pugilistic Society in London and is seen by many as the beginning of the evolution into today’s modern boxing that we see around the world.
The widely accepted rules at this time stated:
“That the ring shall be made on turf, and shall be four-and-twenty feet square, formed of eight stakes and ropes, the latter extending in double lines, the uppermost line being four feet from the ground, and the lower two feet from the ground. That in the centre of the ring a mark be formed, to be termed a scratch; and that at two opposite corners, as may be selected, spaces be enclosed by other marks sufficiently large for the reception of the seconds and bottle-holders, to be entitled ‘the corners.”
This vast history of combat sports being displayed for the crowds is long and storied. These key areas which I have alighted in this brief history are the clues as to where the term squared circle is commonly said to originate.
In this video we will hear from leading experts from within the pro wrestling business, those who have spent decades honing their skills and perfecting their craft to bring us as fans the most entertaining show possible. But perhaps not the experts you might expect, maybe even experts who you may have never heard of.
However, if you have ever watched two of your favourite superstars fighting it out in a bout of glitter and glory, then these men’s work, you will be more than familiar with. I’m talking about the engineers who imagine what a pro wrestling ring should be and designers who attempt to make those plans better.
The road and international transport crew who take these megalithic structures and bring them to your local city.
And of course, the ring crew who toil away tirelessly to set up and bring down the ring before and after ever show.
These men and women often go unrecognised in their efforts and as we are about to discuss, I believe its time we shine a light on these incredible people and pay respect to their craft.
The construction of the modern-day wrestling ring is very much inspired by sports rings of the past. Take a boxing ring and the two seem almost identical. Some boxing rings vary and have 4 ropes, some of which are connected by another fifth rope, but apart from that – it’s the same thing.
The basic premise for the modern-day wrestling ring, consists of a square canvas, foam and wood layered mat, elevated by a steel box construction, and stabilised by four metal corner pillars, protected by turnbuckle padding and supported by three concentric ropes either elasticated or made from cable. The bottom sides of the ring are usually obscured by a skirt or material apron.
Every element of the basic ring construction has been finely tuned in order to better enhance the athletes’ capabilities during a match as well as adding a sense of spectacle and grandiosity within WWE events.
As with many aspects of sports entertainment, World Wrestling Entertainment has led the way in the evolution of the wrestling ring and the hard-work and dedication to create something innovative has spread around the world, evidence of which can be seen in most top promotions internationally.
However, not everyone likes to follow the crowd.
While most wrestling companies choose the traditional 4-sided ring for their shows, some have made a name for themselves using six sides of rope – such as TNA, now Impact wrestling.
TNA used the distinct 6-sided ring through it’s arguably hottest run coming before the company reverted back to four sides in 2010.
There was always much debate a hot topic for discussion which has continued amongst wrestling statisticians and performers alike, no true consensus has ever been reached about the success of the 6 sides. Some speak of the rings unique appeal, it’s very nature to be contrasting to most every other promotion around the world, an encapsulation of Impact’s desire to break the mould.
Whilst other traditionalists speak of the awkwardness of performing in an unusually shaped ring.
Most wrestlers train for years inside of 4 sides and making the change just didn’t come naturally to everyone, which I must say I can completely appreciate. It’s not simply the number of sides that are changed for this special ring. The ropes are shorter which can impact the springiness.
As well as the angles are all completely off for when rebounding across the ring, making it possibly disorientating when acting upon instinct as so many of these vastly experiences athletes do. There is a reason the 4-sided ring is used by 99.9% of all wrestling companies around the world after-all.
Impact wrestling even gave the 6-sided ring a second run-out from 2014 to 2018. A moment which was yet again received with a mixed reception from fans and wrestlers within the grappling world.
AAA Lucha Libre in Mexico is also known for whipping out the hexagonal bad boy for special events and the 6-sided ring is said to have originated in Mexico, where multi-man matches and high flying action lends itself well, to the use of a construct with more posts and more spots for the athletes to climb and inevitably leap from.
Who builds WWE’s rings?
In the case of the world’s most profitable federation, World Wrestling Entertainment has had the largest market share in wrestling for almost two decades, throughout that entire time, their rings have been made by one man.
Mark Carpenter, The founder of MTJ Manufacturing in Connecticut USA has specialized skills in creating parts for farmers, hard wearing lorry load bearers and most notably WWE’s iconic ring.
“I’m a welder by trade,” Mark Carpenter a man with an almost fitting surname— mentioned during a WWE interview . Carpenter has created more than 50 rings for WWE over the last quarter century. Every body slam, piledriver and top rope dive since Wrestlemania 10 has been performed in one of Carpenter’s creations.
“I don’t have a full set of plans anywhere,” Carpenter revealed. “You could reverse engineer it, but only I know how to build one. To have everything laser cut and have the materials in place, it takes about three weeks to build a ring.”
From The WWE Performance Centre in Full Sail, Florida, to the main event of Wrestlemania, the wrestlers learn, evolve and succeed between the turnbuckles welded together by a man dedicated to his passion and driven to improve his craft.
Mark Carpenter, in my opinion deserves more recognition amongst wrestling fans for just how influential his wrestling ring design has been over the years.
As he strived to make the ring more safe for the performers and more conducive to a good wrestling show for the audience those who had wrestled within WWE’s ring. Those who created it spread these ideas to different wrestling companies to make the area in which so many of these men and women take so many thousands of hard falls and bumps, just that little bit nicer a place to ply their trade.
So many ex-wrestlers and industry icons talk of the brutality of taking a flat back bump in an old ring. The feeling of utter shock when they entered training and made that first leap from the top turnbuckle and landed on their face. So many wrestlers of the past’s careers could have been extended, the wear on their bodies lessened if they had been taking all those slams inside of a ring inspired by Mark Carpenter’s design.
So, for that, thanks Mark.
When measured rope to rope the average wrestling ring measures from 16 to 20 feet on each side, Famed 90’s promotions WCW & ECW for instance both used an 18 foot ring. World Wrestling Entertainment has used a ring on the larger end of the scale at 20 feet.
All Elite Wrestling also uses the 20 foot ring, which brings a larger sense of scale to the combat in many fans opinion.
Many have commented over the years how when transitioning from other promotions into WWE and now AEW and their enormous rings, some performers have appeared dwarfed in scale.
WWE have also had their fair share of issues with their decision to use a ring which takes up so much space and is so heavy to transport from show to show.
One of WWE’s long term ring builders, A longstanding WWE veteran who will be recognisable to long term wrestling fans as a ringside hand and time keeper in WWE, but who is officially a production manager for the wrestling giant, Mark Yeaton recalled: “We used to do a tent tour in New England every summer.” “In Rhode Island we could not use our ring because it was on a round stage that was smaller than our ring. So we’d have to bring in a 16-foot ring. When you watch someone like Sid Vicious who was 6 foot 6, he’d take one step, hit the rope, turn around, take another step and end up on the other side of the ring. You couldn’t do highflying stuff off the ropes, because the lights were so low in these tents.”
Under The Ring
The underneath of the ring is not immune to Yeaton & Carpenter’s innovation: “When I started in 1984, we made the ring to be transported,” Mark Yeaton said. “It broke down into 10-foot sections.
Each piece had four corner poles, four side poles and a spring in the centre so we’d make an ‘X.’ Then we’d put the 10-foot beams across, then 10-foot plywood and it fit in a 12-foot cube van truck without a problem. “
The current WWE ring doesn’t utilise springs under the ring like many assume. However, they once did:
“It was the worst thing that could happen to the wrestlers, because a spring could bottom out,” Yeaton said. “We don’t have a spring anymore. We had a ring that we kept up in Alaska, and the wrestlers started raving about how nice that ring was. It wasn’t as physically demanding on the body. Vince [McMahon] brought it back down to the continental states, and we used that to build rings that are better for the wrestlers’ bodies.”
Most wrestling companies use some sort of spring or suspension mechanic under the canvas and mats to help absorb some of the impact from a falling or thrown performer.
Wrestling promoters around the world must make a choice when creating their show’s ring. The spring can be looser and softer, creating s much easier landing for the wrestler and absorbing much more of the force, however the floor of the ring become visually bouncy and some complain of a lack of realism in these circumstances. The other option is to have a hard, stiff ring which bounces much less but also pushes a lot of the impact back onto the wrestler’s bodies during matches.
Mick Foley said, “Rings built for the WWF before approximately 1998 were particularly "stiff," and one of them contributed to my injury suffered during my Hell in the Cell match against The Undertaker.”
The newest form of ring design uses a specialised beam under the ring, which allow the steel construction which supports the ring to flex upon impact and create an effect where the entire mat can act as a spring, without the ring appearing ‘bouncy’.
The ring’s main designer, Mark Carpenter is solely responsible for the metal work and construction, focused on making the steel components and strong and versatile as possible, with years of innovation. However, that is not where the construction of the ring ends..
Hiding Under The Ring
The space below the ring is used for storage.
Items which may be needed during a match such as a chair to whack an opponent with or a table to slam them through during a particularly hardcore event. Any other tool needed on hand quickly during the show is often kept here.
The distance between the ring and the entrance to the backstage area can vary, sometimes with a long stretch separating the two. If a particular match requires the use of a steel cage, ladders or other large objects, some of the tools and items needed will be kept alongside them under the ring.
On occasions where an extra touch of entertainment magic is needed, such as the classic wrestling spot where the lights go out and a wrestler appears within seconds in the ring as the lights flick back on and the crowd is left amazed. Those moments are usually choreographed to have said performer hidden under the ring in order to quickly pull off this trick of the eye stunt.
The Undertaker may be one of the most well-respected figures in all of pro wrestling history, but he has spent countless hours with all 6 foot 8 of his muscular frame hunched down beneath the canvas whilst some random match goes on above him, the whole time the fans unaware.
Kurt Angle and his brother hid under the ring. Drake Maverick famously made that spot his secret hiding place. Kane has burst into matches from beneath the ring on several occasions. Hornswoggle made a name for himself as the little Irish stereotype, clambering out from under the ring to meddle in others matches as well as a host of countless others.
SLIDING UNDER THE RING TITUS
One man who made a memorable moment from doing the opposite.
A man who surprised us all not by appearing from beneath the ring, but surprised us by disappearing instead. Is Titus O’neil.
Titus’s entrance in 2018 at WWE’s Greatest Royal Rumble maybe the time in which I can remember being most shocked whilst watching a wrestling show. Forget Hulk Hogan’s turn to the dark-side and allegiance with the NWO.
Forget the separation of the shield at the hands of Seth Rollins.
As Titus made his way down the ramp with a big smile on his cheeky face, nobody could have predicted what would happen next. As he lost his footing and began to fall forwards it seemed as if he may be about to injure himself on the edge of the ring. But narrowly avoiding the peril, Titus began to slide on his stomach and disappeared out of sight.
The announce team erupted in laughter at what we had just witnessed. As Titus began to back up his bum appeared from beneath the curtain, and he regained his feet.
At home at the time and even now as I am remembering it all I cannot help but laugh. This unfortunate accident in front of millions of people around the world might be one of the single greatest unscripted moments in all live entertainment, wrestling or otherwise.
If I was Titus in that moment, as I felt my entire body enveloped by the ring curtain, realising the embarrassing fate which awaits outside – I may be tempted to have remained under the canvas with hornswoggle and drake maverick and finally have that argument about which of the three of us has the most annoying British accent in wrestling.
Much like its boxing counterpart, the wrestling ring attempts to confine it’s action between a physical perimeter. The 3 sets of concentric ropes that surround the ring and are crucial for momentum when being Irish whipped or bouncing off the ropes, spring boarding through the air.
Some have choked their opponents with the ropes, climbed them to celebrate iconic victories and been tossed over them in some of the most memorable royal rumble moments.
The ring ropes can be a natural fibre, twisted into strong ropes and wrapped in coloured tape the way that WWE have done it for years. However, some prefer the old steel cables covered in rubber hosing, the likes of which are used in many promotions around the world.
“Rope, of course, can break over time if you don’t replace it often enough,” Mark Yeaton explained. “I remember back in New York when we used to tape three weeks of TV in one night, there was a match with Hulk Hogan where he hit the ropes and the weld on the bottom of the pole snapped. All the ropes went limp and slid down the canvas. We put a bolt in and were able to finish the night of tapings. It’s never happened again, but now we carry a collar around just in case.”
Another man who I believe deserved recognition for his work behind the scenes in WWE is Charles Robinson a man who you may know from his long career serving as a pro wrestling referee, but who you may not know acted as the head of WWE’s ring setup crew, commanding a large group of workers in the goal of making the ring set up and take down as reliable as possible.
So knowledgeable has Robinson become in his duties of setting up the ring, he can mark out the distance of the 20 by 20 ring simply by eye and footsteps alone. He is the start and finish of every set up with is initial layouts being drawn with chalk for the builders to follow.
Charles then oversees and is heavily involved with every other stage of the construction each time WWE take down or put up a ring.
It is incredible to think that alongside his duty as one of the more familiar faces of pro wrestling refereeing, in the later years of his career Charles Robinson has continued to travel the world alongside the performers and has been a critical part of almost every show which he has been associated with for decades and never received the kudos which I think he deserves.
So for that, thanks Charles.
As the nature of wrestling has changed over time, and with the differing needs of athletes between the ropes, the ring posts have needed to be adapted too.
“This is like version five or version six of reinforcement of the corner poles,” Mark Yeaton said “With the force of hitting the ropes, the poles used to bend like crazy. Now you need two people to pick ‘em up.” “When a big body hits those ropes, it pulls the corner poles continuously and bending them. When I was building the ring, I could carry two poles from the ring truck to the center of the arena without a problem,” Yeaton said. “I can’t even lift one pole up now.”
This goes so far in showing the differences with the modern-day ring improvements. The Posts also now need to support the additional weight of WWE’s use of LED screens for branding and effects around the ring.
Pads & Turnbuckle
The tension of the ring ropes pulled between the posts creates the iconic square ‘ring’ shape. The four corners of the ring are where the ropes are joined to the posts and to one another, leaving otherwise exposed metal links or turnbuckles.
This is where the pads come in. Not only a neat way to advertise your wrestling brand on television and in photographs, but crucial to protecting the athletes.
The designs of these turnbuckle pads and coverings varies between companies, with some using a single pad which stretches down across all three ring corners. However most use three individual cushioned pads in each corner with the colours and logos of the show emblazoned upon them.
The pads and turnbuckle also allow a platform for daredevils to climb up and perform the adrenaline pumping top rope dives, flips and slams.
Online textile wiki states: “Canvas is an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, and other items for which sturdiness is required, Modern canvas is usually made of cotton or linen, along with polyvinyl chloride (PVC), although historically it was made from hemp.”
The ring uses canvas for it’s, well, canvas. Pulled tight and thin across the entirety of the mat and usually extensively covered in relevant marketing and branding material. WWE even have layers of different branded canvases one on top of another pre-prepared before live television shows, allowing them for instance to transition between branding for Smackdown & 205 Live.
When I speak of the improvements made to aide with the safety of the performers involved in pro wrestling in the ring, I do not in any way intend to mislead you. Falling from a height, at speed whilst twisting and contorting your body, only to come to a sudden crashing halt must hurt. It must continue to hurt and probably never stops hurting.
There is only so much these wizards with wood behind the scenes can accomplish, only so soft the mats can be before the wrestlers lose their footing, only so springy the canvas before every match looks like it is performed on a trampoline.
The canvas is rough and unforgiving, and I respect each person who has ever been brave enough to go out there and slam into it repeatedly for our enjoyment.
The ring floor and mat and approx. 3 feet off the arena ground below, allowing a large space under the ring to install speakers and mics so as to allow amplification of the ring noise in an otherwise loud stadium.
As well as of course being a place to hide fire extinguishers, blinding salt powders and a whole host of other crazy weaponry and foreign objects to be brought into a match. This is all hidden by large curtains of material draped from within the mat and canvas layers, hanging over the outer side of the 4 sides of the ring and allowing for more branding opportunities.
In recent years, WWE have used LED boards around 2 or more sides of the ring for further promotion and visual effects.
Many have argued that the move into the LED era has drastically taken away from the feeling of what pro wrestling was in the dark and gritty era of the late 90s. I can understand this view point and it’s obvious if you watch even a single minute of WWE programming today that the bright and overly saturated LED’s are all a part of their desire for wider appeal and a target of a younger audience.
For me I can understand WWE’s desire for this modern look which has more of a big sports feel like a NFL match with the advertising boards and neon lights everywhere. But for me, when I’m trying to watch the in-ring competition in between the 10 million camera cuts per match, it’s even harder to focus when there are lights on almost every surface which isn’t a wrestler on the screen, and it becomes so distracting.
New Japan is much more paired back, due in part to financial restrictions and in part due to a desire to keep the focus on the action between the athletes and in my opinion this approach just feels much more respectful to the craft and the combat.
Constructing The Ring
Mark Yeaton worked on rings for WWE in the USA and around the world for more than 29 years, overseeing many changes on the design and construction of the ring. On first view, the ring appears to have changed little over time, but very few understand the evolution than Yeaton. Who has referred to the ring as an “ever evolving entity”.
After the boom of the late 90’s in wrestling, WWE was afforded the funds to expand with their Times Square restaurant in New York, this was one of the first times Carpenter & Yeaton had to completely re-think the rings construction and logistics.
Carpenter explain: “They couldn’t bring the ring to the second floor,” he explained. “It had to go in the freight elevator. We had to design the tube system to come apart and put it together on the second floor. We built that ring specifically for that. I went and took a look at it and designed the new rings,” Carpenter said. “I came up with the structure, the frame, everything that went into that ring.
When the time called for WWE’s first ever ‘inferno match’ a stipulation which saw the combatants surrounded by a ring of fire, Carpenter was called upon to manufacture a solution as to how best display the flames for most visual impact, whilst also being safe.
“We had to use different poles so they wouldn’t burn and melt away,” Yeaton revealed.
For special events in recent years which have been held in open air areas, such a Wrestlemania, Carpenter was tasked with the construction of a system that would help warm the wrestlers and performers in the ring, in anticipation for cold temperatures at the MetLife Stadium.
The crew hung large heaters above the ring as to be away from view and allow air to be forced down onto the ring. But his other idea was ingenious.
“The outer frames were the same, but we had to make special poles to bring the heat up,” Carpenter described. “We hooked furnaces into the poles so warm air could blow up and out through holes in the poles.”
Taking into account large stiff masses and heavy heaving units is second nature to metal worker Mark Carpenter. So allowing precautions to make the ring sound and stable when ham hocks like the big show and Braun Strowman collide.
Legendary referee and backstage staff Mike Chioda spoke of how during a match between the Big Show and Brock Lenar, the ring was expertly rigged in order to implode and create a truly memorable moment:
“They had us stay out of the corner. It was controlled by a gentleman by the name of Mark Carpenter. He used to make the rings for the WWE. I believe he still does. Ellis was part of production in the back. He was with props and was a stunt guy. He took care of all the stunts. He mostly had that on a timer and he was ready to explode it when a certain spot came when they hit the corner off the top. That all came down to Mark Carpenter and Ellis and Big Show and Brock. The thing I had to do was sell that bump. I remember Michael Hayes and a bunch of people were thrilled at how I sold that bump and looked around and dumbfounded and shocked. That’s exactly what they wanted out of me. I remember the crowd just went nuts. It was a pretty good feeling that we accomplished that because it was not something easy and we never did it before.”
Even more steps are taken when the ring is set to be put under additional stress, such as in multi-man matches, the royal rumble and large battle royals sometimes holding up to 40 men.
“We use the same thing, but shore it up. A regular ring is put together with 12 beams — four crossbeams and eight beams on top of that and then the boards on top,” Yeaton explained. “If we know we’re going to have a 40-Man Battle Royal, we’d add more beams underneath and above. If we don’t want any bounce to the ring, we put jacks underneath some of the beams and shore it to the ground, like a jack under a car.”
OUTSIDE THE RING
Sometimes a confrontation in pro wrestling becomes so brought to a boiling point, that the action explodes outside of the ring.
From powerbombs onto the ramp, slams through the announce tables and even death defying dives from inside the ring to out, the area surrounding the ring is just as important to the action as the area inside when it comes to enhancing the performers abilities and attempting to keep them safe.
In WWE we see the highest standards of protection in this regard. They use ¾ inch mats simililar to those you’d find in a jiu-jit-su dojo or karate gym. These mats are sometimes held in place with anti-slip tape and often interlocked with Velcro or staps to prevent them moving under the action.
Some wrestling purists believe that these mats take away from the reality of the action and they have been known to become rather slippery when wet, on occasion causing incidents like these due to the sweat dripping from the wrestlers and the beer being spilt by the barricade side fans.
But in reality, these mats in WWE are essential in order to protect the athletes from the hard concrete or steel which lays below them in the arena or stadium flooring.
Would you really be able to say you’d prefer to see your favourite wrestler slammed head-first into the brutal reality of WWE without mats at ringside?
If so, then there are plenty of promotions around the world who wear their lack of ringside protection like a badge of honour.
The same crew has worked behind the scene of WWE production for years, overseen by Vincent Mcmahon.
In 30 years, on screen we’ve gone from the wild Samoans eating roast chicken on their way to the ring, to Roman Reigns proudly showing his heritage whilst being a key figure at the top of the wrestling card.
And women going from bra and panties matches and 1 minute segments amounting to little more than teenage titillation, to modern women’s wrestling main eventing and leading the way.
The ring however in the most part looks the same, react the same and sounds the same. But when you look deeper you can gain a better understanding that has gone into the evolution of wrestling ring, the hard work and joy that has gone into them…
“I enjoy it. The rings are in Europe, they’re in Japan, five rings had to be sent to South America to move through customs fast enough,” Carpenter said. “It’s great to have the rings around the world.”
So as we move forward into what is more evolution and progression from within the world of wrestling, let us say thank you to those dedicated craftsmen and women who work tirelessly in order to deliver a spectacular show to the very best of their abilities, before the show even starts and long after all the fans have gone home.
Who knows what these creative folk will come up with in the next 20 years of wrestling ring evolution, but I for one am looking forward to finding out.
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11103,
372,
87,
847,
500,
18,
203,
6069,
45,
1373,
372,
88,
437,
261,
2052,
1075,
289,
3855,
7186,
1272,
2388,
84,
11103,
6351,
18,
538,
7556,
911,
8387,
9550,
362,
16,
566,
794,
334,
698,
667,
292,
2115,
597,
18,
1122,
437,
3423,
7123,
2333,
291,
437,
268,
1811,
288,
1349
] |
For ease of reference, the following factors for converting metric measurements into imperial equivalents are provided:
The following is a glossary of technical terms that may be found in this website and in the documents incorporated by reference:
A passage driven horizontally into a mountainside provide access to a mineral deposit from the surface of the working of a mine.
The attachment of one substance to the surface of another.
A rock condition where andesite, an igneous rock that has a silica content of approximately 60 percent, is present.
An alteration characterized by quartz clay mix chloride.
A whitish to steel gray coloured arsenian mineral (FeAsS).
The Australasian Code for Reporting of Identified Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves.
The equipment used in an oxidation process in which high temperatures and pressures are applied to convert refractory sulphide mineralization into amenable oxide ore.
Grinding ore without the use of media such as steel balls or rods.
Waste material used to fill and support the void created by mining an ore body.
A rock formation that shows pronounced banding of iron rich minerals and fine-grained quartz. Where mineralized the formation contains sulphide and carbonate mineral.
A substance that contains calcium carbonate.
A Carbon in leach. CIL is a recovery process in which a slurry of gold ore, carbon granules and cyanide are mixed together. The cyanide dissolves the gold which is then adsorbed on the carbon. The carbon is subsequently separated from the slurry, and the gold removed from the carbon.
Tailings material (sub-economic ground residue from mineral processing operations) that has been processed to remove fine-grained solids to promote free drainage of water. Commonly used as underground fill material.
A corporation formed under laws other than the federal laws of Canada may apply to be "continued" under the federal Canada Business Corporations Act (the "CBCA") by applying for a certificate of continuance from the Corporations Directorate. Once the certificate is issued, the CBCA applies to the corporation as if the corporation was incorporated under the CBCA.
An underground working or tunnel that is perpendicular to the trend of the rock layering.
A plant in which run-of-mine ore is reduced in size by mechanical crushing to improve the liberation of gold particles for downstream recovery.
A method of stoping in which ore is removed in slices (or lifts) and then the excavation is filled with rock or other waste material known as back fill, before the subsequent slice is mined.
The process of extracting gold or silver through dissolution in a weak solution of sodium cyanide.
An underground passageway connecting one or more levels in a mine and providing adequate traction for heavy, self-propelled equipment. These underground openings are often driven in a downward spiral, much the same as a spiral staircase.
Faults whose apparent direction of relative movement to each side is towards the right.
A type of rotary drill in which the cutting is done by abrasion rather than percussion. The cutting bit is set with diamonds and is attached to the end of long hollow rods through which water is pumped to the cutting face. The drill cuts a core of rock which is recovered in long cylindrical sections, an inch or more in diameter.
Waste material not separated from mined ore that was below the calculated economic cut-off grade of the deposit. Dilution results in increased tonnage mined and reduced overall grade of the ore.
A light to dark coloured, crystalline intrusive igneous rock, composed of calcium, sodium and ironbearing alumino-silicate minerals.
The angle which a geological structure forms with a horizontal surface, measured perpendicular to the strike of the structure.
Unrefined gold and silver in bullion form.
A device or technology that recovers airborne particular matter.
A surface or zone of rock fracture along which there has been displacement, from a few centimeters to a few kilometers in scale.
A channelway in a rock through which mineral-bearing and/or metal-bearing solutions or gases likely moved.
A type of analytical procedure that involves the heat of a furnace and a fluxing agent to fuse a sample to collect any precious metals (such as gold) in the sample. The collected material is then analyzed for gold or other precious metals by weight or spectroscopic methods.
A byproduct of the flotation process containing primary metals.
A process by which some mineral particles are induced to become attached to bubbles and float, and other particles to sink, so that the valuable minerals are concentrated and separated from the host rock.
A parallel orientation of platy minerals or mineral banding in rocks. Most common in metamorphic rocks.
Grams of gold per metric tonne.
A dark coloured, crystalline intrusive igneous rock, composed principally of the calcium, iron and magnesium bearing alumino-silicate minerals.
Minerals that are sub-economic to recover as ore.
The weight of precious metals in each tonne of ore.
The process of stacking ore in a heap on an impermeable pad and percolating a solution through the ore that contains a leaching agent such as cyanide. The gold that leaches from the ore into the solution is recovered from the solution by carbon absorption or precipitation. After adding the leaching agent, the solution is then recycled to the heap to effect further leaching.
The body of rock in which mineralization of economic interest occurs.
Denotes the specific diameter of core in diamond drilling.
That part of a mineral resource for which quantity grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics can be estimated with a level of confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough for geological and grade continuity to be reasonably assumed.
That part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality can be estimated on the basis of geological evidence and limited sampling and reasonably assumed (but not verified) geological and grade continuity. The estimate is based on limited information and sampling gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes.
Induced polarization, a method of ground geophysical surveying using an electrical current to determine indications of mineralization.
Refers to a folded rock, in which two adjacent limbs are parallel.
Kilometres per hour.
Gold being dissolved in cyanide solution in heap leaching or in tanks in a processing plant (agitated leach, carbon in pulp, carbon in leach).
Life of mine.
A method of mining that involves drilling holes (typically up to 30 meters long) into an ore body and then blasting a slice of rock which falls into an open space. The broken ore is extracted and the resulting open chamber is not filled with supporting material.
Meters above sea level.
That part of a mineral resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics are so well established that they can be estimated with confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters to support production planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough to confirm both geological and grade continuity.
The science of extracting metals from ores by mechanical and chemical processes and preparing them for use.
A plant where ore is crushed and ground to expose metals or minerals of economic value, which then undergo physical and/or chemical treatment to extract the valuable metals or minerals.
An excavation in the earth for the purpose of extracting minerals. The excavation may be an open pit on the surface or underground workings.
That part of a measured or indicated mineral resource that could be economically mined, demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study that includes adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate (at the time of reporting) that economic extraction can be justified. A mineral reserve includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined. Mineral reserves are those parts of mineral resources that, after applying all mining factors, result in an estimated tonnage and grade that, in the opinion of the qualified person(s) making the estimates, is the basis of an economically viable project after taking account of all relevant processing, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environment, socio-economic and government factor. The term "mineral reserve" need not necessarily signify that extraction facilities are in place or operative or that all governmental approvals have been received, although it does signify that there are reasonable expectations of such approvals. Mineral reserves are subdivided into proven mineral reserves and probable mineral reserves. Mineral reserves fall under the following categories:
A concentration or occurrence of natural, solid, inorganic or fossilized organic material in or on the earth's crust in such form and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a mineral resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge. Mineral resources fall under the following categories:
Rock containing minerals or metals of potential economic interest.
A coarse-grained igneous rock containing less than 10 percent quartz.
An excavation for removing minerals that is open to the surface.
A natural aggregate of one or more minerals that, at a specified time and place, may be mined and sold at a profit, or from which some part may be profitably separated.
Troy ounce, equal to approximately 31.103 grams.
Mineralized rock in which some of the original minerals, usually sulphide, have been oxidized. Oxidation tends to make the ore more porous and permits a more complete permeation of cyanide solutions so that minute particles of gold in the interior of the minerals will be readily dissolved.
Troy ounces per short ton.
Unit of geologic time spanning from 570 to 245 million years ago.
A metamorphic rock containing fine-grained, planar-oriented mica minerals. This orientation imparts a layering to the rock.
A light-coloured, crystalline intrusive igneous rock, composed of sodium and calcium bearing alumino-silicate minerals and quartz (SiO2).
Texture of an igneous rock in which larger crystals are set in a finer groundmass.
An alteration type characterized by the pressure of quartz, potassium, feldspar and biotite.
That part of an indicated (and in some circumstances a measured) mineral resource that is economically mineable, demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study that includes adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, and other relevant factors that demonstrate (at the time of reporting) that economic extraction can be justified.
Unit of geologic time spanning from 2,500 to 570 million years ago.
That part of a measured mineral resource that is economically mineable, demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study that includes adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, and other relevant factors that demonstrate (at the time of reporting) that economic extraction is justified.
Rotary Air Blasting.
An inclined underground tunnel which provides access for mining or a connection between levels of a mine.
A term, generally stated as a percentage, used in process metallurgy to indicate the proportion of valuable material obtained in the processing of an ore.
Gold mineralized material in which the gold is not amenable to recovery by conventional cyanidation without any pre-treatment. The refractory nature can be either silica or sulphide encapsulation of the gold or the presence of naturally occurring carbon, which reduces gold recovery.
A method of oxidizing refractory ore using heat.
A product of the roasting process.
Run of mine. Pertains to the ore that has been mined but not crushed.
Pertains to the ore which has been mined but not crushed.
Semi-autogenous grinding. A method of grinding rock into fine powder whereby the grinding media consist of larger chunks of rocks and steel balls.
A device that removes SO 2from gaseous emissions.
A vertical or sub-vertical passageway to an underground mine for moving personnel, equipment, supplies and material, including ore and waste rock.
Equal to 2,000 pounds, equivalent to 0.893 long tons or 907.185 kilograms.
A method of stoping which utilises part of the broken ore as a working platform and as support for the walls.
A tabular intrusive igneous rock that parallels the planar structure of the surrounding rock.
Faults whose apparent direction of relative movement to each side is towards the left.
Sulphur dioxide gas.
A series of minor faults at the extremities of a major fault.
An underground excavation from which ore is being extracted.
Azimuth of a plane surface aligned at right angles to the dip of the plane used to describe the orientation of stratigraphic units or structures.
Ore containing a significant quantity of unoxidized sulphides.
The material that remains after all metals or minerals of economic interest have been removed from ore during milling.
A metric tonne: 1,000 kilograms or 2,204.6 pounds.
A type of fine-grained igneous rock.
Barren rock in a mine, or mineralized material that is too low in grade to be mined and milled at a profit.
A vertical or inclined shaft sunk from a point inside a mine.
A chemical process whereby gold in solution is collected on carbon particles. | <urn:uuid:5c3247c4-4fad-4a14-ba32-b2f4f7d1e49e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.eldoradogold.com/glossary/default.aspx | 2024-02-25T02:48:05Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.9343 | 2,878 | 2.75 | 3 | [
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] |
Significance of Proxima Centauri:
Proxima Centauri is significant for several reasons. First, it is the closest star to Earth, making it a prime target for astronomical research. Second, as a red dwarf star, Proxima Centauri is much cooler and smaller than our own sun, making it a useful object for studying the properties and behavior of this type of star. Finally, Proxima Centauri has been found to have a potentially habitable planet orbiting it, known as Proxima b, which has generated considerable excitement in the scientific community.
Research on Proxima Centauri:
Research on Proxima Centauri is focused on a number of different areas, including its structure, behavior, and potential for supporting life. One area of particular interest is the study of the star's flares, which are sudden releases of energy that can be many times more powerful than similar events on our own sun. These flares can have significant effects on any planets orbiting the star, potentially causing atmospheric erosion and other forms of damage.
Implications of Proxima Centauri Research:
The research being conducted on Proxima Centauri has significant implications for our understanding of the universe and our place within it. The discovery of a potentially habitable planet around the star has generated considerable excitement, and has fueled speculation about the possibility of life beyond our own solar system.
In addition, the study of Proxima Centauri's flares and other properties can provide valuable insights into the behavior of red dwarf stars, which are the most common type of star in the universe. This research can also help us to better understand the potential impact of flares on any planets that may be orbiting these stars, and can inform our search for other potentially habitable planets.
Proxima Centauri, the closest star to Earth, has captivated the scientific community and sparked a surge of research in recent years. This red dwarf star, along with the discovery of a potentially habitable planet in its orbit, has ignited excitement and curiosity about the possibilities of life beyond our solar system. The ongoing studies and investigations revolving around Proxima Centauri not only contribute to our knowledge of red dwarf stars but also offer valuable insights into the potential existence of extraterrestrial life, providing us with a deeper understanding of the vast universe we inhabit.
Red dwarf stars like Proxima Centauri are smaller and cooler than our Sun, making them the most abundant type of star in the galaxy. Due to their commonality, studying these stars provides us with a broader perspective on stellar behavior and evolution. Proxima Centauri, in particular, offers a unique opportunity for scientific exploration due to its proximity to Earth, enabling us to gather detailed observations and data.
The most significant development that has fueled scientific enthusiasm is the detection of an exoplanet in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, named Proxima b. This planet orbits within the star's habitable zone, where conditions may be suitable for the existence of liquid water—a crucial ingredient for life as we know it. The discovery of Proxima b has sparked discussions and debates about the potential for habitability and the likelihood of finding life beyond Earth. Scientists are striving to gather more information about this intriguing exoplanet, such as its composition, atmosphere, and potential signs of biological activity, in order to assess its habitability further.
Studying Proxima Centauri and its exoplanet also presents an opportunity to explore the complex dynamics and challenges associated with planetary systems around red dwarf stars. Red dwarfs are known for their high levels of magnetic activity, including stellar flares and intense radiation. Understanding how planets in such environments fare against these conditions is crucial when assessing their potential habitability. By studying the interactions between Proxima Centauri and Proxima b, scientists can gain insights into the resilience and adaptability of planets in similar systems, informing our search for life in other corners of the galaxy.
Moreover, investigating Proxima Centauri expands our understanding of the broader context in which our solar system exists. By comparing and contrasting the characteristics of our Sun with those of Proxima Centauri, we can gain insights into the diversity of stars and planetary systems throughout the universe. This knowledge is essential for developing comprehensive models of stellar evolution and planetary formation, enhancing our understanding of the conditions necessary for life to arise.
The technological advancements made in recent years have been instrumental in studying Proxima Centauri in greater detail. Powerful telescopes, space probes, and instruments designed to detect exoplanets have all contributed to our ability to investigate this intriguing star system. The wealth of data collected from these observations continues to shape our understanding of Proxima Centauri and its potential for hosting life.
As our exploration of Proxima Centauri unfolds, it holds the promise of not only providing answers but also posing new questions that will fuel further scientific research. The ongoing investigations into the star's properties, its exoplanet, and the potential for habitability stimulate curiosity and inspire the next generation of scientists and astronomers to delve deeper into the mysteries of the universe.
In conclusion, Proxima Centauri, the closest star to Earth, has become a focal point of scientific research and exploration. Through our efforts to understand this red dwarf star and its potentially habitable exoplanet, we are gaining invaluable insights into the behavior of red dwarfs, the possibilities of extraterrestrial life, and our place within the vast cosmic web. By continuing to study Proxima Centauri, we are pushing the boundaries of human knowledge, expanding our understanding of the universe, and deepening our appreciation for the diversity and complexity of stellar systems.
One of the key areas of focus in the research on Proxima Centauri is to further investigate its stellar activity, particularly the occurrence of flares and their impact on the surrounding environment. Red dwarfs are known for their frequent and energetic flares, which release intense bursts of radiation and charged particles. By closely monitoring and studying these flares, scientists can better understand the mechanisms behind them and their effects on nearby planets, including Proxima b. This research not only sheds light on the potential challenges that habitable exoplanets around red dwarfs might face but also provides valuable data for assessing the habitability of other exoplanets within our galaxy.
Additionally, scientists are actively engaged in studying the atmosphere of Proxima b using advanced spectroscopic techniques. Analyzing the composition of the exoplanet's atmosphere can provide crucial clues about its potential habitability and the presence of life-supporting conditions. By analyzing the light that passes through or is reflected by the planet's atmosphere, researchers can detect the presence of specific gases such as oxygen, methane, and carbon dioxide. The identification of such bio-signatures would significantly enhance the prospects of finding extraterrestrial life, as they could indicate the presence of biological processes.
In addition to studying Proxima Centauri and its exoplanet, researchers are also exploring the possibility of additional planets within the system. The discovery of multiple planets would not only expand our understanding of the dynamics and formation of planetary systems around red dwarfs but also increase the chances of finding potentially habitable worlds. The search for additional planets around Proxima Centauri involves employing sophisticated detection methods, such as radial velocity measurements and transit observations, which allow scientists to detect subtle gravitational and photometric signals indicative of orbiting planets.
The research conducted on Proxima Centauri has far-reaching implications beyond the immediate study of this particular star system. The knowledge gained from studying Proxima Centauri and its exoplanet extends to our broader understanding of planetary systems, stellar evolution, and the conditions necessary for life to thrive. This knowledge can be applied to other red dwarf stars and exoplanetary systems, providing a framework for future investigations and advancing our overall comprehension of the universe.
Furthermore, the exploration of Proxima Centauri serves as a catalyst for technological advancements. The development of more sensitive instruments, advanced space telescopes, and innovative observational techniques are all driven by the quest to unravel the mysteries of this nearby star system. The pursuit of knowledge about Proxima Centauri pushes the boundaries of our technological capabilities, paving the way for future astronomical missions and discoveries.
In conclusion, Proxima Centauri and its potentially habitable exoplanet, Proxima b, continue to be the subject of intense research and investigation. The study of this closest star system to Earth provides invaluable insights into the behavior of red dwarf stars, the potential for habitable exoplanets, and the complexities of planetary systems. The ongoing research not only expands our knowledge of the universe but also ignites our imagination and curiosity about the possibilities of life beyond our own solar system. By delving deeper into the mysteries of Proxima Centauri, we are pushing the boundaries of human understanding, unraveling the secrets of the cosmos, and taking significant strides towards answering the age-old question: are we alone in the universe? | <urn:uuid:9e008595-d339-4217-a13d-f9bbf3aa7f57> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.global-intel.org/2023/04/proxima-centauri-nearest-star-to-earth.html | 2024-02-25T02:55:33Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.930407 | 1,778 | 3.84375 | 4 | [
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A possessive noun is a noun that shows ownership, usually identified by ’s. For example, in the phrase the student’s notes, the word student’s is a possessive noun, showing that the notes belong to the student.
Some parts of possessive nouns can be confusing, such as how to make a noun ending in s possessive, or what the correct possessive form of plural nouns is. Below, we explain everything you need to know about possessive nouns, including possessive noun examples. But first, let’s answer the question “What does possessive mean?”
What is a possessive noun?
Possessive nouns are nouns that show ownership or a direct connection. Typically, singular possessive nouns use an apostrophe ( ’ ) and the letter s at the end of the word to take the possessive form. Almost any noun can become possessive, even abstract nouns.
- dog -> dog’s
- Maria -> Maria’s
- the Empire State Building -> the Empire State Building’s
Pay close attention to that apostrophe: in English, we also add s to the end of words to make them plural. So the apostrophe can determine whether a noun is possessive or plural, as in the case with boys versus boy’s. In these examples, boys means more than one boy (plural), but boy’s means one boy has ownership over something (singular possessive).
Possessive nouns are followed by the object of the possessive. In this possessive example, the desk is the thing that Kali owns because it comes directly after the possessive noun:
- Kali’s desk
In other words, Kali owns the desk. The object of the possessive is the first noun after the possessive noun, usually immediately afterward. However, you can still include some adjectives to describe the object of the possessive.
- Kali’s messy desk
You can also show ownership or connection without possessive nouns by using the preposition of:
- the desk of Kali
In this case, the owner (Kali) is the object of a prepositional phrase with of, and the thing that is owned (the desk) comes first. When using this construction, you do not need an apostrophe or the letter s.
There are four types of possessive nouns: singular possessive nouns, plural possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, and irregular possessive nouns. We discuss each individually, including possessive noun examples.
What is possessive form?
Before we get into the specifics of possessive nouns, let’s define possessive in general when it comes to grammar. The possessive case is used to show ownership of something (Sanjay’s phone) or a direct connection to something (Sanjay’s sister).
Let’s look at some examples in an actual sentence.
- Aiguo grabbed his hat from Tony’s car.
There are two possessives in this sentence. The possessive adjective his, which reflects Aiguo, shows ownership of the hat. The possessive noun Tony’s, which is identified by the ’s at the end, shows that the car belongs to Tony.
What is a possessive adjective?
Like possessive nouns, possessive adjectives also show ownership or direct connection. Possessive adjectives correspond to the English pronouns, matching person, gender, and number.
Singular | Plural | |
First Person | my | our |
Second Person | your | your |
Third Person | his, her, their, its | their |
Additionally, the possessive adjective whose acts as the possessive form of the relative pronoun who, and it can introduce relative phrases and clauses.
Unlike the possessive nouns below, possessive adjectives do not use apostrophes. This is especially pertinent for the possessive adjective its, which is notoriously confused with the contraction it’s, meaning it is.
In this guide we focus specifically on possessive nouns, so we won’t talk much about these possessive adjectives. We thought it’d be helpful to include them here just for comparison.
Singular possessive nouns
The most basic form of possessive nouns is the singular possessive noun. These are standard singular nouns that become possessive by adding an apostrophe and the letter s.
[singular noun] + [’s]
Nouns that end in s, especially proper nouns, can cause a lot of confusion. However, it’s OK to add an ’s after an s, as long as the noun is singular (the boss’s chair).
Keep in mind that this includes both mass nouns and collective nouns. Mass nouns are nouns that are uncountable and don’t have a plural form, like sand or money. Collective nouns are singular nouns that represent multiple things, like team or family.
Singular possessive noun examples
- Carlos’s school
- team’s captain
- love’s labor
Plural possessive nouns
Plural nouns are more difficult to make possessive because they already have an s at the end. As you can see by the plural possessive examples below, the proper construction is to add only an apostrophe to the end.
[plural noun] + [ ’ ]
This is the way for plural nouns that end in s, although proper nouns and general nouns that end in s, such as class or Carlos, still use ’s. However, irregular plural nouns, like children, do not always use this construction (see below).
Plural possessive noun examples
- bottles’ shelf
- teams’ tournament
- three years’ experience
Possessive pronouns refer to the noun form of pronouns that show possession. Like regular pronouns, they are used in place of other nouns to avoid repetition.
Unlike other possessive nouns, possessive pronouns do not come before the object of the possessive. Usually, what the pronoun refers to is mentioned earlier, and we use the possessive pronoun instead of repeating the original word.
Singular | Plural | |
First Person | mine | ours |
Second Person | yours | yours |
Third Person | his, hers, theirs | theirs |
Be careful not to confuse possessive pronouns with the possessive adjectives mentioned above. Possessive pronouns act as nouns, not adjectives. You must use them as nouns.
Possessive pronouns examples
- I don’t have a calculator. Can I borrow yours?
- I wish I had hair like hers.
- Sarah’s parking spot is closer than mine is.
Irregular possessive nouns
Not all nouns take a plural form by adding s. Irregular plural nouns, like children or teeth, each have unique plural forms. The possessive form of irregular plural nouns depends on whether or not they already end in an s.
- If the irregular plural noun has an s at the end, add only an apostrophe.
- If the irregular plural noun does not have an s at the end, add both an apostrophe and an s.
Irregular possessive nouns examples
- geese’s flock (singular: goose’s flock)
- wolves’ den (singular: wolf’s den)
- heroes’ feast (singular: hero’s feast)
Possessive noun rules
1 How to form possessives with two or more nouns
What if something is owned by more than one person? There are two ways to handle possessives with multiple nouns, known as compound possessives. The correct method depends on whether the nouns relate to the same thing or whether they each relate to different things.
If multiple nouns own or connect to the same object, only the last one in the series is possessive.
If multiple nouns each own different versions of the same thing, make each separate noun possessive.
- science teacher’s and art teacher’s rooms
- America’s and Canada’s political policies
Notice how, in these examples, the objects of the possessive are also plural (rooms and policies) because there’s more than one.
2 How to form possessives with hyphenated and compound nouns
Hyphenated and compound nouns can seem tricky, but they’re actually pretty simple. If they’re singular, just add an apostrophe and an s to the final word.
- trash can’s lid
- mother-in-law’s cooking
If the nouns are plural with a regular s at the end, add only an apostrophe to the final word.
- news blogs’ articles
- X-rays’ images
However, if the word is plural without an s at the end, add both an apostrophe and an s to the final word.
- mothers-in-law’s behaviors
3 How to add emphasis with the adjective own
Use the adjective own before the object of the possessive to add a special emphasis. This comes in handy if you want to draw attention to the connection or ownership to better communicate your meaning.
- Abel’s own brother betrayed him!
- Napoleon’s own mansion is now a national museum.
Possessive noun FAQs
What is a possessive noun?
A possessive noun is a noun form used to show ownership or a direct connection. It’s commonly recognized by the apostrophe and letter s at the end, as in Charlotte’s web or the tree’s branches.
What are the different kinds of possessive nouns?
There are four kinds of possessive nouns: singular possessive nouns (one dog’s bone), plural possessive nouns (many dogs’ bones), possessive pronouns (bones of theirs), and irregular possessive nouns (the wolves’ bones).
When should you use possessive nouns?
Possessive nouns are used to show ownership or a direct connection, usually coming directly in front of the object of ownership. Alternatively, you can show ownership with the preposition of, as in the bone of the dog. | <urn:uuid:a53681a1-654f-4561-ac6e-956b67cea094> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.grammarly.com/blog/possessive-nouns/ | 2024-02-25T01:20:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.929193 | 2,211 | 3.890625 | 4 | [
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Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses. Below, we’ve explained what antidepressants are, how they work and shared some of the most common types of antidepressants used to manage anxiety and depression.
We’ve also shared 13 signs that your antidepressant isn’t working at all, or just isn’t working like it should to treat your depression, anxiety or other mental health issues.
In fact, the World Health Organization estimates that around five percent of the entire global adult population is affected by some form of depressive illness.
If you’re one of the tens of millions of Americans affected by depression every year, medications such as antidepressants can be a valuable lifeline.
Antidepressants work by changing the levels of certain chemicals, called neurotransmitters, that are present in your brain and body.
They can produce real improvements for people with anxiety or depression, but they aren’t always effective for everyone.
In fact, it’s normal for people with depression or anxiety to use several different antidepressants before finding the medication that works best for them.
If your antidepressant isn’t working, it’s important that you let your healthcare provider know as soon as you can.
Antidepressants are medications used to treat depression. They work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in your brain and body, including neurotransmitters that are involved in controlling your moods, thoughts and feelings.
Although antidepressants are mostly associated with the treatment of depression, they’re widely used to treat other mental illnesses.
Your healthcare provider may prescribe antidepressants to treat anxiety disorders, chronic pain conditions, eating disorders and even certain forms of addiction.
Several different types of antidepressants are prescribed by mental health providers. Based on your symptoms, needs and previous use of medication, your healthcare provider may prescribe one of the following antidepressants:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs are common medications for depression. They work by increasing the amount of serotonin in your brain and are often used as a first-line depression treatment.Compared to older antidepressants, most SSRIs are less likely to cause side effects and drug interactions.
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). SNRIs work by increasing the amount of serotonin and norepinephrine in your brain. SNRIs are also widely used as a treatment for depression.
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). TCAs are an older class of antidepressants. They’re equally as effective as SSRIs, but are typically used less often due to their increased risk of causing side effects.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). MAOIs are an older class of antidepressants that have been in use for decades. They’re often effective, but have a higher risk of drug interactions than newer antidepressants. MAOIs are sometimes used to treat treatment-resistant depression that doesn’t improve with other medications.
Other antidepressants. Some medications used to treat depression are referred to as “atypical” antidepressants. These may be used when other medications aren’t effective, or if conventional antidepressants cause side effects or drug interactions.
Our full list of antidepressants provides more information about the categories above and lists a range of commonly used SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs and other antidepressants.
Research shows that antidepressants increase the number of people who notice improvements in their depression symptoms over time.
However, not everyone who uses antidepressants experiences improvements. Research on the efficacy of antidepressants has found that 20 percent to 40 percent of people with depression will notice improvements naturally over the course of six to eight weeks.
In comparison, 40 percent to 60 percent of people who use antidepressants report improvements in their symptoms over the same time period.
In other words, antidepressants can significantly increase the number of people who feel better, but not by 100 percent.
While this may not sound ideal, the good news is that it’s often possible to improve your results from antidepressants by switching medications, adjusting your dosage or making other changes to the way you use your medication.
Look for the following signs that your antidepressant may not be fully effective at improving your depression symptoms.
Antidepressants are usually effective, but their effects aren’t immediate. It generally takes a few weeks for antidepressants to begin working, and you may notice improvements to your sleep or appetite before you experience any changes to your moods.
If you haven’t noticed any improvements after using an antidepressant for two months or longer, it may be a sign that your medication isn’t right for you, or that you need to adjust your dosage.
Your healthcare provider may switch you to a different type of medication or adjust your dosage to provide better results.
Make sure not to make any changes to your medication without talking to your healthcare provider first.
While this may sound strange, if you feel better as soon as you start using an antidepressant, it could be a sign that your medication isn’t working as intended.
Almost all antidepressants need several weeks to start working. Researchers believe that this is because it takes time for antidepressants to gradually accumulate in certain parts of the plasma membrane of your cells.
If you feel better the moment you start using an antidepressant, it’s more likely to be the placebo effect than an actual effect of the medication.
Now, this doesn’t mean that your antidepressant won’t ever work — just that it probably isn’t fully working yet.
Give it a few weeks and see if your improvements continue. If not, you may need to discuss your medication with your healthcare provider.
The risk of these side effects varies between antidepressants, with some common medications more likely to cause issues than others.
Sex is an important part of life, and when medication interferes with your ability to have sex, it can have a serious impact on your wellbeing.
Luckily, not all antidepressants are linked to sexual issues. Some, like bupropion (Wellbutrin®), have even been studied as potential treatments for sexual health issues caused by SSRIs and other antidepressants.
If you experience sexual side effects after starting an antidepressant, it’s a good idea to inform your healthcare provider.
They may recommend switching to a different type of antidepressant, adjusting your dosage or using additional medication to improve your sexual function.
Although many people associate depression with a sad, empty mood, most forms of depression actually cause a range of symptoms.
Common symptoms of depression include irritability, a reduced level of interest in your hobbies, slow movement and speech, difficulty concentrating and remembering things, and even weight loss or gain.
Sometimes, you may notice your moods and feelings improving after you start treatment with an antidepressant, but still have other persistent depression or anxiety symptoms.
This could signal that your antidepressant isn’t quite right for you, or that you may need to adjust your dosage of medication.
As always, make sure to talk to your healthcare provider before you make any changes to the way you use your antidepressant.
On the other hand, sometimes you may notice your physical symptoms getting better after you start taking an antidepressant, all with few or no improvements to your mood.
This is common during the first few weeks of using an antidepressant. Many people notice that their appetite, sleep and ability to concentrate get better before their moods and feelings slowly begin to improve.
As such, it’s best not to panic if you notice this issue early in your treatment. However, if you’ve taken an antidepressant for several months and still don’t feel any better despite improvements in your physical health, it’s best to let your healthcare provider know.
Some antidepressants are associated with insomnia, meaning they may make it harder for you to fall asleep, stay asleep or wake up at a normal time.
For example, antidepressants that have activating effects like fluoxetine (sold as Prozac®) and venlafaxine (sold as Effexor®) are associated with sleep disruption.
Other antidepressants are linked to lower sleep quality, meaning they may affect how rested you feel after sleeping.
If an antidepressant improves your depression or anxiety symptoms but hurts your ability to fall and stay asleep, it may not be the best choice for you.
It’s worth noting that sleep difficulties are a common symptom of depression and many anxiety disorders, meaning this issue isn’t always caused by medication.
While some antidepressants can prevent you from falling or staying asleep, others may cause you to feel drowsy and ready to sleep all the time.
In a meta-analysis published in the Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology in 2015, a team of researchers looked at the side effects associated with a range of different antidepressants.
They found that eleven antidepressants were associated with somnolence, or a state of feeling drowsy and ready to sleep.
Other reports have highlighted the medications doxepin, trazodone and mirtazapine as antidepressants that may induce sleep.
This side effect can be both an annoyance and a serious safety risk, especially if you work in an environment in which injury is possible or need to drive after taking your antidepressant.
If you feel tired, fatigued or simply unable to concentrate after using your medication, it could be a sign that a different antidepressant is a better choice for you.
Sometimes, an antidepressant works well at first, but over time it may become less effective at controlling your depression or anxiety symptoms.
This issue is referred to as antidepressant tachyphylaxis. It happens when your response to an antidepressant gradually declines over time, all without changes to your dosage or the way you use your medication.
Antidepressant tachyphylaxis can be quite common.
In fact, some research has found that more than 30 percent of people who use certain SSRIs experience a recurrence of symptoms under regular long-term use.
It’s worth noting that the study referenced only involved 77 patients, and the antidepressant they took was fluoxetine, the generic version of Prozac.
Researchers found a recurrence of symptoms in 33.7 percent of patients between 14 and 54 weeks of use.
Other research found that the number varies widely. One meta-analysis of data found that rates of tachyphylaxis varied anywhere from nine percent to over 50 percent, depending on things like the duration of use and sample size.
Like with other antidepressant problems, it’s important to talk to your healthcare provider if you start to notice your depression or anxiety symptoms returning.
They may switch you to a different antidepressant, increase your dosage or recommend other changes to prevent your depression or anxiety from coming back.
Sexual dysfunction, insomnia and somnolence are some of the most well-known negative side effects of antidepressants. However, they’re not the only issues you may experience.
Other adverse effects of antidepressants include nausea, sweating, dry mouth, weight changes and even flu-like symptoms.
While side effects don’t necessarily mean that your antidepressant isn’t working, they can serve as a warning sign that it might not be the right medication for you, especially if they’re severe or persistent.
As always, if you experience side effects from your antidepressant, the best approach is to bring them up with your healthcare provider.
Antidepressants can interact with other medications, including some medications available over the counter.
Some of these interactions may be harmful and even life-threatening. For example, when some antidepressants are taken at the same time as medications that increase serotonin levels, they can result in a group of severe, potentially deadly symptoms called serotonin syndrome.
Drug interactions are a particular risk with older antidepressants, such as MAOIs, which stay in the bloodstream for a long time.
Some antidepressants can even cause severe interactions when used with health supplements like St. John’s wort.
If you’re worried about potential drug interactions, or if you think you might have experienced an interaction from your antidepressant, it’s important to alert your healthcare provider.
Even when an antidepressant is effective at treating your depression or anxiety, it might not be the right medication for you.
Most antidepressants need to be taken daily in order to be effective. If you often forget to take your medication, or if you skip it because of side effects or interactions, it may not be the best treatment option for you.
If this happens to you, it’s always best to talk to your healthcare provider and find a medication that you can use on a regular, ongoing basis.
Antidepressants work by making you feel better at the chemical level. This is great if you have depression, but it can be a major source of frustration, confusion and mood swings if you have bipolar disorder.
Bipolar disorder is often misdiagnosed, usually as depression. In fact, studies have found that almost 40 percent of people affected by bipolar disorder are misdiagnosed with different forms of depression.
If you have bipolar disorder and mistakenly receive antidepressants, you might notice that you feel unusually elated or overjoyed. You may also notice other unusual changes in your moods and feelings.
These may not just be signs that your antidepressant isn’t working — they could also be signs that you’ve been diagnosed with the wrong mental illness.
Although rare, some antidepressants are associated with an elevated risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior, particularly in children, adolescents and young adults.
Because of this, all antidepressants carry a black box warning from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that’s designed to inform users about these risks.
If you feel severely depressed after taking an antidepressant, or if you start to develop suicidal thoughts or feelings, it’s important that you contact your healthcare provider immediately or call 9/11 for emergency care.
First of all, don’t panic. If your depression symptoms don’t get better with one antidepressant, that doesn’t mean that they’re untreatable. In fact, it’s common to try several antidepressants before finding one that’s a good match for you.
If you’re experiencing unpleasant side effects from your antidepressant, it’s important that you inform your healthcare provider as soon as possible.
Let your healthcare provider know about what you’re experiencing, as well as how severe the side effects are.
Make sure to tell them if you’re taking any other medications or supplements that could interact with your antidepressants.
If your antidepressants aren’t effective, make sure not to increase your dosage or stop taking them on your own.
This may increase your risk of experiencing side effects or antidepressant discontinuation syndrome (a collection of withdrawal-related symptoms).
Based on your symptoms, needs and other factors, your healthcare provider may switch you from your current antidepressant medication to a different one, adjust your dosage or provide you with additional medication to take with your antidepressant.
It might take several tries before you find the right antidepressant for your needs. Understand that treating depression is a process, and finding the right antidepressant is an important step towards overcoming your symptoms and improving your quality of life.
Although antidepressants are effective for most people with depression, finding the medication that best suits your needs can involve some trial and error.
If you notice any of the signs mentioned above, it’s best to let your mental health provider know so that they can recommend suitable adjustments.
This could mean switching medications, adjusting your dosage or using another medication with your antidepressant.
If you feel depressed and want help, it’s important to talk to a professional. You can connect with a licensed provider from home using our online mental health services and receive personalized care, including therapy and, if appropriate, medication management.
Kristin Hall is a board-certified Family Nurse Practitioner with decades of experience in clinical practice and leadership.
She has an extensive background in Family Medicine as both a front-line healthcare provider and clinical leader through her work as a primary care provider, retail health clinician and as Principal Investigator with the NIH.
Certified through the American Nurses Credentialing Center, she brings her expertise in Family Medicine into your home by helping people improve their health and actively participate in their own healthcare.
Kristin is a St. Louis native and earned her master’s degree in Nursing from St. Louis University, and is also a member of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. You can find Kristin on LinkedIn for more information. | <urn:uuid:86d44a93-c6d1-4d10-8ec7-97604208960c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.hims.com/blog/antidepressants-not-working | 2024-02-25T02:46:16Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.936153 | 3,426 | 2.984375 | 3 | [
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] |
There are certain questions that most colleges require applicants to respond to as part of their application. These questions aim to gauge the applicant’s academic abilities, personal characteristics, extracurricular involvement and fit with the college’s community and values.
Colleges typically ask for a personal statement, a broad, open-ended question that asks applicants to share their story, background or significant experiences that have shaped who they are, in order to give the admissions office insight into the applicant’s personality, values and goals.
Applicants are often asked to explain why they are interested in attending the specific college or university, including what aspects of the institution’s program, community or values appeal to them in order to assess fit and how seriously they have researched the institution.
Then there are questions about the applicant’s academic interests, their intended majors, specific courses or research opportunities the applicant is interested in exploring, as well as their future goals and aspirations and how they plan to make a difference in a particular field or community. These questions help admissions officers assess the applicant’s ambition, vision and potential impact.
Many colleges ask applicants to describe their involvement in extracurricular activities, leadership roles, volunteer work or other interests outside the classroom, to help the admissions committee understand the applicant’s passions, commitments and potential contributions to campus life.
Many institutions ask applicants about the challenges, obstacles or failures they have faced and how they overcame them. These questions aim to reveal an applicant’s resilience, problem-solving skills, personal growth and distance traveled. They might also ask about the applicant’s experiences with diversity, their understanding of inclusion and how they have contributed to or learned from diverse communities.
Finally, there might be a question that prompts applicants to think outside the box—for example, asking them to describe an invention they wish existed, their favorite book and why, or what superhero power they would choose to have.
There’s nothing wrong with such questions. But if it were within my power, I’d ask two additional questions.
The first has to do with free speech and academic freedom: “How would you respond to a classmate who expressed an opinion in or outside of class that you found offensive or potentially harmful or if an instructor presented material in a manner that was intentionally provocative or seemed to promote a specific ideological or political perspective? How would you balance the importance of free speech and academic freedom with the need for a respectful and inclusive learning environment?”
The second question involves the value of the humanities at a moment when student interest in this area of study is declining: “How do you believe studying the humanities, including literature, history, philosophy and the arts, can contribute to your personal development and your ability to address contemporary societal challenges? Draw on your own experiences to articulate your view of the value of the humanities in education and society.”
Both questions are open-ended. Neither is meant to be rhetorical. Yet both questions are purpose-driven.
The applicants’ responses to the question about free speech and academic freedom can reveal how they balance respect for diversity and inclusivity with the right to free expression, a crucial consideration in today’s multicultural and ideologically diverse and divided academic environments. It offers a way to gauge applicants’ understanding and appreciation of these fundamental democratic principles. It can also offer insights into applicants’ conflict-resolution skills, empathy and ability to engage constructively with challenging viewpoints. This can indicate their potential to contribute positively to the campus community and to navigate complex social dynamics.
The question about the value of the humanities assesses applicants’ recognition of the broader purposes of higher education beyond vocational training. It reveals their capacity to see education as a means for personal development, ethical reasoning and engaging with societal issues, reflecting a holistic view of learning.
Both questions require applicants to think critically and articulate reasoned arguments. Their responses can demonstrate their analytical skills, ability to synthesize diverse information, deploy evidence and examples and engage in reflective thinking, all of which are important for academic success and informed and engaged citizenship.
For institutions that prioritize diversity, inclusivity and a well-rounded liberal arts education, these questions can help identify applicants whose personal values and educational goals align with those of the college or university. This alignment is important for fostering a cohesive campus culture and supporting the institution’s mission.
By offering insights into applicants’ intellectual and moral frameworks, these questions can help identify students who are not only academically capable but who are poised to contribute to a vibrant, respectful and dynamic campus community.
Certainly, some applicants might regard such questions as an ideological or political litmus test—as a way to exclude candidates with strongly held political opinions or a passionate commitment to activism. I disagree. Such questions seek to identify applicants who have wrestled seriously with the biggest challenges that today’s campuses confront: cultivating an environment that is truly safe for intellectual and cultural diversity and that values a holistic liberal education that prioritizes well-rounded intellectual, cultural, social and ethical development.
I was struck, when I taught at Columbia, by the number of undergraduates who regarded the institution as a generic elite university that happened to be located on Manhattan’s Upper West Side rather than as a campus uniquely committed to a curriculum that required every undergrad to engage with identical core courses on moral and political philosophy; masterworks of literature, art and music; and the frontiers of science, including brain and behavioral science, biodiversity, cosmology, global climate change, and relativity.
I felt, at the time, that Columbia would do well to require applicants to reflect on THE university’s distinctive core curriculum and ask them to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the institution’s idiosyncratic approach. After all, the Columbia core ensures that all students that all share a common intellectual foundation, even as it reduces flexibility and choice and may well run the risk of cultural bias by potentially downplaying non-Western perspectives and contributions even as it grapples with timeless and enduring questions about beauty, democracy, ethics, justice and the nature of the good life.
Why not admit students who buy in to your campus’s distinctive mission and identity even at the risk of reducing the number of applications?
I understand full well why colleges and universities are reluctant to embrace a distinctive mission and identity that differs in any significant way from their peers’. After all, acting outside the box might well place their reputation and financial stability at risk, narrowing their appeal and inadvertently excluding applicants who do not fully align with the institution’s core values or areas of focus and might reduce the campus’s intellectual and demographic diversity.
Such concerns are not unfounded. Many of the campuses that have been in trouble are those with the most unique identities, especially those with religious identities, but also many arts schools, military academies and more experimental institutions. Still, there’s something to be said for a clear, distinctive mission. These campuses can more effectively attract students who are passionate about the same values and interests, leading to a more engaged and cohesive student body.
A unique mission and identity can help an institution stand out in the crowded higher education landscape, making it more attractive to potential students, faculty members and donors who are seeking what that institution specifically offers. It can also allow for more strategic allocation of resources toward programs, research and initiatives that align with the institution’s core identity and goals, potentially contributing to excellence in those areas. In addition, institutions with a clear identity often have a stronger sense of community and culture, which can enhance student and faculty satisfaction, loyalty, and a sense of belonging.
Regardless, I feel strongly that campuses need to reaffirm the value of open debate and the free exchange of ideas, where students feel free to explore, discuss and challenge ideas without fear of censorship or reprisal. They also need to uphold the value of a well-rounded liberal education, which seeks to promote student development across all vectors, cognitive, cultural, moral, social and especially intrapersonal: self-awareness, self-reflection, emotional self-regulation and a capacity for independent thought. Intrapersonal skills are critical for personal development, allowing individuals to understand and manage their emotions, motivations and behaviors effectively. These skills are essential for goal setting, personal growth and the ability to navigate one’s internal landscape, contributing to mental health and overall well-being.
In his 1841 essay, “Self-Reliance,” Emerson wrote, “The virtue in most request is conformity. Self-reliance is its aversion. It loves not realities and creators, but names and customs.”
“Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist.”
Ask yourself: Is your campus truly encouraging intellectual independence? Is it fostering intrapersonal growth? If it isn’t, it’s not doing college’s most important job. That’s not to award a job credential or prepare graduates for a career, but to nurture the kind of growth and development that we associate with the Jesuit notion of educating the whole person and the German idea of Bildung.
Those philosophies emphasize moral, spiritual and cultural growth alongside intellectual development. They offer a more integrated approach to education with a goal of producing thoughtful, ethically grounded, culturally literate and socially responsible members of society. These philosophies contrast with the typically more specialized, training- and career-oriented focus typical of American education.
Let’s send applicants a powerful message: that in addition to preparing them for a vocation, we really do want to help them become well-rounded adults who truly are capable of flourishing in diverse cultural and ideological environments. | <urn:uuid:66db026b-b898-4724-ba6e-40bd415e2b05> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.insidehighered.com/opinion/blogs/higher-ed-gamma/2024/02/07/two-questions-colleges-should-ask-applicants | 2024-02-25T03:06:29Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.949914 | 1,993 | 2.59375 | 3 | [
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"Ethics is not just an abstract intellectual discipline. It is about the conflicts that arise in trying to meet real human needs and values." - John Ziman.
Our human needs are real. As Maslow put it in his hierarchy, we need to put food on the table, make sure our loved ones are safe, love to be loved, and work to be accepted by society. If we look at animals, most of the needs are the same, even the need for acceptance. Then what makes us human?
With the emergence of homo sapiens around 200,000 years ago, a new self-reflective consciousness was born. For the first time, a species could draw paintings in the cave and create fire from the stones. With progression, as humans, we were able to reflect on the past and plan our future. We could contemplate the nature of our existence and were even able to determine that the universe was created 14 billion years ago through an explosion in a void. We humans have changed the nature of existence through our participation.
However, in our daily lives, we can sometimes feel like being on auto-pilot. The reflective consciousness becomes an over-thinking mechanism. How often we envy cats or dogs to be having a good life? Caught in the hamster's wheel of meeting needs or growing self-esteem, we even forget to ask, what are we striving for?
If we had asked Aristotle this question, he would have said, "Eudaimonia," the Greek word for loosely translated happiness, fulfillment, or flourishing. The state of being when we live the life of our fulfilled values. Each individual connects to some values, which makes their life worth living. In Platonic terms, we can call them "ideals" of, e.g., justice, truth, beauty, or goodness, which we connect with and strive for.
Our ethical value is what Joe Batten said, "is the sum total of our values." Ethical Individualism is about bringing our individuality forth in the world by acting on our own moral values.
Why Ethical Individualism?
Albert Camus, a french existential philosopher, famously said, "A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world."
With Individualism, as an evolution from collective society, Western society has celebrated the advance of reason and science. The power of individual thought with Descartes, Newton, Einstein, or Freud challenged the established norms and provided us a more objective perspective of understanding our reality's nature. When got mixed with unlimited greed or desire, the same individualized thought has created the system where everyone is for themselves.
The extreme capitalism of Milton Friedman, a Nobel-prize-winning economist, where he claimed that "the social purpose of companies is to make profits," harbored the one-sided development of the economy devoid of ethical principles. The threats of climate change, the extinction of wildlife, and the crisis of meaninglessness leading to widespread depression are a few challenges we face in the 21st century due to unhinged Individualism.
If only we are aware of our values when we consume. If only we relate to others the way we want others to relate to us. If only we become the change we wish to see in the world.
Individual thought coupled with self-defined ethical principles provides us the unique north star that can guide us towards the life of "eudaimonia." The flame of ethics burns away the impurities of our decisions and actions and allows us to create a world we would like to thrive in. The world where we are not a wild beast scavenging the planet but a fellow participant in its sustainable development.
Gandhi's path of non-violence, Martin Luther King's dream of equality, Dalai Lama's inspiration of compassion, and Nelson Mandela's heart filled with forgiveness are few examples of Ethical Individualism where individual effort based on an ethical principle has changed the world for the better.
Sometimes we can feel like a drop in the ocean thinking, "What difference can my values make?" The small acts of Ethical Individualism have a snowball effect of inspiration which creates a heroic community of like-minded people. In this age of mass personalizations, if we can personalize our lives based on our values, we can take back control from the algorithms based on others' values.
The collective consciousness emerging from ethical Individualism can have power much more significant than each of us individually. When Greta demanded justice, the entire generation woke up, initiating policy changes for the future. Each voice of ethical individualist is righteous in action. For the 21st century, no lesser ideal shall suffice.
How can we become Ethical Individualist?
This is the question which philosophy, with its love for wisdom, has explored for centuries. For Soren Kierkegaard, a Danish Philosopher, "ethics" is a level of existence where individuals start giving direction to their lives and making choices. The Ethical Individualist of Kierkegaard makes the subjective choice based on their unique nature rather than societally defined morality.
This ability to choose wisely, again and again, is an essential skill for an ethical individualist. Then the question arises, how can we choose well?
Rudolf Steiner, an Austrian philosopher, stressed the need for developing one's intuitive capabilities to engage with what is emerging. Our mental patterns might not be able to comprehend the emerging complexities of the situation entirely. The connection with one's moral will can provide the correct answers for the individual self.
It is not about societal morality of what right or wrong, but about the individual's ethical intuitive connection. It is also not about "how someone else would act in my position" but about the moral actions the concerned individual must take based on their ethics.
The capacity to connect with one's values can be developed using a three-step process:
Moral Ideas: What are the big ideas I am fascinated by or passionate about? What are the moral principles I strive for? e.g., when Gandhi was mistreated in South Africa due to the color of his skin, he wanted to fight with non-violence. A big idea or value he strived for his entire life.
Moral Imagination: How does the world I want to thrive in would look like? How would I feel about it? e.g., MLK Jr. sold his dream for a "just" world to fellow citizens with his famous "I have a dream" speech. His connection with his vision was much bigger than his fear of death.
Moral Technique: What actions I need to take to make a difference? What would I do differently? e.g., Nelson Mandela asked for universal forgiveness from people of color when apartheid ended. He even designed the new system based on equality, not to repeat the same mistakes that the apartheid era has made.
The big ideas fuels our imagination, and techniques convert imagination to reality. Ethical individualists' work demands both imagination and rigor, not once but repeatedly whenever their morals are tested. Steiner wrote, "A person is free in so far as they are able to obey themselves in every moment of their life. A moral deed is their deed only."
What if individuals have conflicting Ethics?
An Ethical Individualist acts from freedom, and this freedom does not exclude the moral laws. It is just not dependent upon that.
One of the most simple moral laws is to live and let live. Steiner said, "To live in love towards our actions and to let live in the understanding of the person's will is the fundamental maxim of free human beings." When we love our actions, we will automatically generate respect for other person's love for theirs. The deep resonance and the respect is the game through which the world of an ethical individualist moves.
However, there is always a possibility of conflict between the apparent "ethical" principles. More so in such cases, it is imperative to stick to personal values than support the world of antithetical values. There have always been few people in history who have lived the life of values and moved the world's consciousness needle forward.
If MLK Jr. or Nelson Mandela had accepted either the pervading values of the society where slavery or colonialism was a norm or of their oppressors who could have provided them a good life, the world as we know it now would not have existed. Ethical individualists' progress through acceptances and conflicts has weaved a path for us to live a life of aspirations.
Otto Scharmer calls the movement a "revolution from within." The changes in an individual's personal perception can manifest into socio-cultural change. Whether for good or bad, the societies has been changed throughout the values of few people. The choice is always with us what values we want to bring to the world.
In this age of mass personalizations, we are becoming more and more alienated from ourselves. We personalize our Spotify playlist, or Instagram feeds but mostly remain unaware of the values we want to bring to the world. This article calls to bring an ethical dimension to our individualization forward. Ethical Individualism is a process of connecting to our inner values, imagining the world we would like to thrive in, and taking actions from the place of inner clarity.
The concept of ethical Individualism was a response by philosophers like Soren Kierkegaard and Rudolf Steiner to Immanuel Kant's theory of morality, where the focus was on duty to follow society's structures. Ethical Individualism argues that it was individual morals that people should follow rather than societally dictated obligations whose validity might even have expired.
The problem, however, is individuals do not know how to connect with their own selves and end up following the easy path. An Ethical Individualist develops capacities for intuitive knowledge and operates from that place.
Sometimes Ethical Individualism requires starting from "the blank canvas," a concept advocated by Otto Scharmer. Other times, it shows in actions coming from the depths of our values and purpose. Rather than a concept, it is the feeling of finding or living our true self when the strength of vision is much higher than our existential angst.
It is the point where living a life of values becomes our fundamental human need, and John Ziman's conflict resolves itself. Ethical Individualism is about connecting to our human-ness once again.
MQ Learning offers values based leadership program to develop the practice of ethical individualism. Please check out our offerings at: https://www.mq-learning.com/trainings
a) Soren Kierkegaard: Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments (Journals)
b) Rudolf Steiner: The Philosophy of Freedom (Book)
c) Otto Scharmer: Theory U - Leading from the Emerging Future (Book)
d) Aristotle: The Nicomachean Ethics (Book) | <urn:uuid:b27cd8cb-540b-4417-95dd-5fc4e5723a16> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.mq-learning.com/post/ethical-individualism-the-value-of-values | 2024-02-25T02:56:31Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.950762 | 2,232 | 3.1875 | 3 | [
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- Joshua was a slave in Egypt until age 40.
- From age 40-80 he was under the authority of Moses as Moses led the people from Egypt and through the wilderness.
- At age 80 God put Joshua in charge of the people under Jesus Christ as they entered the Promised Land.
- Joshua is a book about victory by faith.
- The three keys to spiritual success shown in this book are: 1. Cooperate with God. 2. Continue in His strength. 3. Meditate day and night in His word.
1 After the death of Moses, the servant of the LORD, it happened that the LORD spoke to Joshua the son of Nun, Moses' assistant, saying: 2 Moses My servant is dead. So arise, go over this Jordan, you and all this people, to the land that I am giving to them, the children of Israel. 3 Every place that the sole of your foot will tread on I have given to you, as I said to Moses.
- The land was already theirs.
- God had given it to them.
- They had to walk in and take it.
- God leads us into our Promised Land through the 7,000 promises of His word.
- Having all the promises in the Word, but not in our heart is like having lots of money in the bank but never writing a check or withdrawing any of it.
- Psalm 37:34 Wait on the LORD, and keep his way, and he will exalt you to inherit the land: when the wicked are cut off, you will see it.
- Psalm37:4 Delight yourself in the LORD; and he will give you the desires of your heart.
4 Your territory will be from the wilderness and Lebanon as far as the great river, the River Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites, and to the Great Sea toward the going down of the sun. 5 No man will be able to stand before you all the days of your life. As I was with Moses, so I will be with you. I will not leave you or forsake you. 6 Be strong and courageous, for to this people you will divide as an inheritance the land that I swore to their fathers to give them. 7 Only be strong and very courageous, that you may observe to do according to all the law which Moses My servant commanded you; do not turn from it to the right hand or to the left, that you may prosper wherever you go.
- God has promised total uncontested victory.
- He will be with us.
- He will not leave us or forsake us.
- Forsake means let go. He will not let go of us.
- He tells us what our job is.
- He commands strength and courage because He provides all we need.
- Hebrews 13:5 Let your way of life be without covetousness; and be content with what things you have: for he has said, I will never leave you, or forsake you.
God has given the only true secret to lasting prosperity
8 This Book of the Law will not depart from your mouth, but you will meditate in him day and night, that you may observe to do all that is written in it. For then you will make your way prosperous, and then you act wisely. 9 Have I not commanded you? Be strong and of good courage; do not be afraid, or be dismayed, for the LORD your God is with you wherever you go.
- Fear is a choice.
- It is a waste of energy.
- It produces nothing fruitful.
- It destroys faith.
- God is with us.
- He made all things and controls all things.
- His power is infinite.
- Psalm 1:1-3 Blessed is the man that does not walk in the counsel of the ungodly, or stand in the way of sinners, or sit in the seat of the scornful. 2 But his delight is in the law of the LORD; and in his law he meditates day and night. 3 And he will be like a tree planted by the rivers of water that brings forth fruit in its season; his leaf also will not wither; and whatever he does will prosper.
10 Then Joshua commanded the officers of the people saying, 11 Pass through the camp and command the people saying, Prepare provisions for yourselves, for in three days you will cross over this Jordan, to go in to possess the land that the LORD your God is giving you to possess. 12 And to the Reubenites, the Gadites, and half the tribe of Manasseh Joshua spoke saying, 13 Remember the word which Moses the servant of the LORD commanded you saying, The LORD your God is giving you rest and is giving you this land. 14 Your wives, your little ones, and your livestock will remain in the land that Moses gave you on this side of the Jordan. But you will pass before your brothers armed, all your mighty men of valor, and help them, 15 Until the LORD has given your brothers rest, as He gave you, and they also have taken possession of the land that the LORD your God is giving them. Then you will return to the land of your possession and enjoy it, which Moses the LORD'S servant gave you on this side of the Jordan toward the sunrise.
- Two and a half tribes wanted the land on the east side of the Jordan.
- Moses allowed them to have it on the condition that they help their brothers conquer their lands west of the Jordan River.
- Matthew 11:28-30 Come to me, all you that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest. 29 Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me; for I am meek and low in heart: and you will find rest for your souls. 30 For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.
16 And they answered Joshua saying, We will do all that you command us, and we will go wherever you send us. 17 Just as we obeyed Moses in all things, so we will obey you only the LORD your God be with you, as He was with Moses. 18 Whoever rebels against your command and does not heed your words, in all that you command him, will be put to death. Only be strong and of good courageous.
- God wants His first and best for us but can’t give it when we rebel against His words and do not obey His commands.
- 1 Corinthians 2:9 But as it is written, Eye has not seen, nor ear heard, neither has entered into the heart of man, the things which God has prepared for them that love him.
1 And Joshua the son of Nun sent two men out of Shittim to spy secretly, saying, Go look over the land, and Jericho. So they went and came to a harlot’s house, named Rahab, and lodged/lay there. 2 And the king of Jericho was told saying, Behold, men of the children of Israel came in here tonight to search out the country. 3 And the king of Jericho sent to Rahab saying, Bring out the men that have come to you, who have entered into your house: for they have come to search out all the country. 4 And the woman took the two men, and hid them, and said this, Men came to me, but I do not know where they are: 5 About the time of shutting of the gate, when it was dark, the men went out: I do not know where the men went: chase them quickly for you will overtake them. 6 But she had brought them up to the roof of the house and hid them with the stalks of flax that she had set in a row on the roof. 7 And the men chased after them toward the Jordan, to the fords: and as soon as those that chased them left, they shut the gate.
- These two men would have been arrested and killed.
- God provided a safe haven in the harlots house.
- This woman lied to protect God’s people and His plan.
- God honored this woman forever for this act.
- He brought her into His eternal royal family.
- She is in the line of descendants of Jesus Christ.
- Acts 10:34 Then Peter opened his mouth, and said, Truly I perceive that God is no respecter of persons: 35 But in every nation he that fears him, and works righteousness, is accepted with him.
8 Before they laid down, she came up to them on the roof; 9 And she said to the men, I know that the LORD has given you the land, and that your terror has fallen on us; all the inhabitants of the land faint because of you. 10 For we have heard how the LORD dried up the water of the Red sea for you, when you came out of Egypt; and what you did to the two kings of the Amorites, that were on the other side Jordan, Sihon and Og, whom you utterly destroyed.
- Genesis 35:5 And they journeyed: and the terror of God was on the cities that were round about them, and they did not pursue after the sons of Jacob.
The LORD is God in heaven above and on earth beneath
11 And as soon as we heard these things our hearts melted, no courage remained in any man any longer because of you: for the LORD your God, he is God in heaven above, and in earth beneath. 12 Now therefore, I beg you, swear to me by the LORD, since I have showed you kindness that you will also show kindness to my father’s house, and give me a pledge of truth: 13 And that you will save alive my father, my mother, my brothers, my sisters, and all that they have, and deliver our lives from death. 14 And the men answered her, Our life for yours, if you do not tell our business. And when the LORD has given us the land, we will deal kindly and truly with you.
- Rahab’s faith is shown in verses 9-14. Our God also deals kindly and truly with all who believe.
- John 3:17 For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world; but that the world through him might be saved.
15 Then she let them down by a rope through the window: for her house was on the town wall; she dwelt on the wall. 16 And she said to them, Go to the mountain so you won’t meet the patrol chasing you; hide yourselves there three days, until the patrol has returned: and afterward go your way. 17 And the men said to her, We will be free from this oath which you have made us swear. 18 Behold, when we come into the land, you are to tie this cord of scarlet rope in the window that you let us down by: and bring/gather your father, your mother, your brothers, and all your father’s household home to you. 19 And it will happen that whoever goes out of the doors of your house into the street, his blood will be on his head, and we will be guiltless: and whoever is with you in the house, his blood will be on our head, if any hand is upon him. 20 And if you tell our business, then we will be free of your oath that you have made us swear. 21 And she said, Let it be according to your word. And she sent them away, and they departed: and she tied the scarlet rope in the window. 22 And they went, and came to the mountain, and stayed there three days, until the patrol returned: and the patrol sought them throughout all the way, but did not find them. 23 So the two men returned, descended from the mountain, crossed over, and came to Joshua the son of Nun, and told him all things that happened to them: 24 And they said to Joshua, Truly the LORD has delivered into our hands all the land; all the inhabitants of the country faint/melt because of us.
- God guided them safely.
- Psalm 32:8 I will instruct you and teach you in the way that you are to go: I will guide you with my eye.
- Psalm 48:14 this God is our God forever and ever: he will be our guide even unto death.
God, the LORD of all the universe, does the impossible for His people
1 And Joshua rose early in the morning; they left Shittim and came to Jordan, he and all the children of Israel, and stopped there before they crossed over. 2 And it came to pass after three days that the officers went through the camp; 3 And they commanded the people saying, When you see the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, and the priests the Levites carrying it, then move from your place, and go after it. 4 But keep a space between you and it, stay about half a mile behind them: do not come near it, so that you may know the way which you must go: for you have not passed this way before.
- The Ark of the Covenant was their picture of God.
- The box was made of wood, which represented the humanity of the Savior and overlaid with gold which represented the deity of the Savior (The Savior was God).
- The mercy seat where God sat was solid gold and placed on the box between two cherubim.
- Instead of the Ark of the Covenant, we look to Jesus Himself and follow Him.
- Hebrews 12:2 Looking to Jesus the author and finisher of our faith…
5.And Joshua said to the people, Sanctify yourselves: for tomorrow the LORD will do wonders among you. 6.And Joshua spoke to the priests saying, Take up the Ark of the Covenant, and cross over before the people. And they took up the Ark of the Covenant, and went before the people. 7.And the LORD said to Joshua, Today I will begin to magnify you in the sight of all Israel so that they may know that, as I was with Moses, so I will be with you. 8.And you will command the priests that bear the ark of the covenant saying, When you are come to the brink of the water of Jordan, stand still in Jordan.
- The people were to bath, wash their clothes, and stay clean.
- Sanctify means set apart.
- Standing still in the Jordan took faith. The silt deposits in the Jordan from the Sea of Galilee were 40 feet deep.
- God magnified Joshua in the sight of the nation.
- He promises to be with His leaders.
- Romans 15:16… being sanctified by the Holy Spirit.
9 And Joshua said to the children of Israel, Come here and hear the words of the LORD your God. 10 And Joshua said, By this you will know that the living Godis among you, and that he will without fail drive out from before you the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Hivites, the Perizzites, the Girgashites, the Amorites, and the Jebusites.
- ‘Come here and hear the words of the Lord’ is a banner for all peoples of all times.
- The Living God is among us.
- He will drive out from before us all evil.
- Crossing Jordan is an act of faith.
- Stepping out when you don’t see it and expecting God to do what He has promised, to provide the way as you go forward.
11 Behold, the ark of the covenant of the Lord of all the earth crosses over before you into Jordan. 12 Now take twelve men out of the tribes of Israel, a man out of every tribe. 13 And as soon as the soles of the feet of the priests that bear the ark of the LORD, the Lord of all the earth, rest in the waters of Jordan, the waters of Jordan will be cut off from the waters that come down from above; and they will stand up in heap/pile up. 14 And it happened, when the people set out from their tents, to cross over Jordan, and the priests bearing the Ark of the Covenant before the people; 15 And as those that carried the ark came to Jordan, and the feet of the priests that carried the ark were dipped in the brim of the water, (for Jordan overflows all its banks all the time of harvest,) 16 That the waters which came down from above stood and rose up in a heap very far from the city Adam, that is beside Zaretan: and those that came down toward the sea of the plain, the salt sea, failed and were cut off: and the people crossed right over opposite Jericho. 17 And the priests that carried the Ark of the Covenant of the LORD stood firm on dry ground in the midst of Jordan, and all the Israelites crossed over on dry ground, until all the people had completely crossed over Jordan.
- A miracle of God brought them over safely right in the face of the enemy.
- God wants our lives to be just like these priests—standing on solid ground of His promises and His presence rather than being overwhelmed with the problems of life.
- Psalm 96:5 For all the gods of the nations are idols: but the LORD made the heavens.
- Job 5:9 who does great things and unsearchable; marvelous things without number.
God makes a way when there is no way
1 And when all the people had completely crossed over Jordan, the LORD spoke to Joshua saying, 2 Take twelve men out of the people, a man from every tribe, 3 And command them saying, Take twelve stones out of the middle of Jordan, from the place where the priests' feet stood firm, and carry them over with you, and leave them in the lodging place, where you stay tonight. 4 Then Joshua called the twelve men he had prepared of the children of Israel, a man out of every tribe: 5 And Joshua said to them, Cross over before the Ark of the LORD your God into the midst of Jordan, and every man of you take up a stone on his shoulder, according to the number of the tribes of the children of Israel: 6 That this may be a sign among you, so when your children ask their fathers in time to come saying, What do you mean by these stones? 7 Then you will answer them, The waters of Jordan were cut off before the Ark of the Covenant of the LORD; when it passed over Jordan, the waters of Jordan were cut off: and these stones will be a memorial to the children of Israel forever.
- God had the Israelites set up a memorial of their miraculous crossing of the Jordan River.
- God held back the waters so they could pass over on dry land.
- Silt deposits in the Jordan from the Sea of Galilee are 40 feet deep.
- Joshua chose 12 men like Christ chose 12 men.
- The whole procedure was symbolic of our death, burial, and resurrection with Christ.
- They crossed over the Jordan by a miracle of God leaving the old life of the wilderness of unbelief behind to walk in the new life of the Promised Land with God who is our rock.
- It is no accident that John the Baptist came baptizing in the Jordan, paving the way for the Messiah who brings us newness of life.
- John 15:5 I am the vine, you are the branches: He that abides in me, and I in him, the same brings forth much fruit: for without me you can do nothing.
- Deuteronomy 32:4 He is the Rock, his work is perfect: for all his ways are judgment: a God of truth and without iniquity, just and right is
8 And the children of Israel did as Joshua commanded, and took twelve stones out of the middle of Jordan, as the LORD spoke to Joshua, according to the number of the tribes of the children of Israel, and carried them over with them to the place where they lodged, and laid them down there. 9 And Joshua set up twelve stones in the midst of Jordan, in the place where the feet of the priests who carried the Ark of the Covenant stood: and they are there to this day. 10 For the priests who carried the ark stood in the midst of Jordan, until everything was finished that the LORD commanded Joshua to speak to the people, according to all that Moses commanded Joshua: the people hurried and crossed over. 11 And when all the people were completely crossed over, the Ark of the LORD crossed over, and the priests, in the presence of the people. 12 And the children of Reuben, and the children of Gad, and half the tribe of Manasseh, crossed over armed before the children of Israel, as Moses spoke to them: 13 About forty thousand prepared/armed for war crossed over before the LORD to battle, to the plains of Jericho.
- Notice that God went ahead of the people in the symbol of the ark and stood in the midst of the danger until they were completely through it. Then He came behind them.
- Deuteronomy 1:30 The LORD your God which goes before you, he will fight for you, according to all that he did for you in Egypt before your eyes;
- Isaiah 52:12 But you will not leave in haste or go in flight; for the LORD will go before you, the God of Israel will be your rear guard.
The Lord magnified Joshua in the sight of all Israel
14 On that day the LORD magnified Joshua in the sight of all Israel; and they feared him, as they feared Moses, all the days of his life. 15 And the LORD spoke to Joshua saying, 16 Command the priests that carry the ark of the testimony, to come up out of Jordan. 17 Joshua therefore commanded the priests saying, Come up out of Jordan. 18 And when the priests that carried the Ark of the Covenant of the LORD came up out of the midst of Jordan, and the soles of the priests' feet were lifted up to the dry land, the waters of Jordan returned to their place, and flowed over all his banks, as they did before.
- God instructed at each point.
- In His word, He has given full instructions about all things.
- He left nothing uncertain.
- He released the waters of the river when the priests were safe.
- He makes a way for us through the impossible.
- The volume of water involved in this was tremendous, but God released the water in a way so that no damage was done, no one was swept away. Everything returned to normal.
19 And the people came up out of Jordan on the tenth day of the first month, and camped in Gilgal, in the east border of Jericho. 20 And those twelve stones that they took out of Jordan Joshua set up in Gilgal. 21 And he spoke to the children of Israel saying, When your children ask their fathers in time to come saying, What is the meaning of these stones? 22 Then let your children know saying, Israel came over this Jordan on dry land. 23 For the LORD your God dried up the waters of Jordan from before you, until you crossed over, as the LORD your God did to the Red sea, which he dried up from before us, until we crossed over: 24 That all the people of the earth might know the hand of the LORD, that it is mighty: that you might fear the LORD your God forever.
- That all the people of the earth might know (Mark 16:15).
- God wants everyone to know.
- Waters often symbolize unbelieving people in scripture (Revelation 17).
- This includes those people who oppose our passing from unbelief into living in our promised land of a life of faith and abundance with God.
- God will hold back opposition until we have crossed safely into faith.
SUMMARY: Joshua 1-4
- God brings us into the Promised Land He has given us by faith in His word
- He is with us
- He won't leave us, fail us, or forsake us
- He gives rest
- He protected His spies by a harlot and brought her into His eternal family
- He is God in heaven above and earth beneath
- He does the impossible for His people
- He is among us
- He dried us the Jordan River for them to cross on dry ground
- The hand of the LORD is mighty | <urn:uuid:ea0a5d0b-1172-4399-96a4-d5c44af11968> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.streets-of-gold.info/bible-studies/joshua/ | 2024-02-25T01:14:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474573.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20240225003942-20240225033942-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.971946 | 5,115 | 2.8125 | 3 | [
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It would be easy to argue that any critical discourse concerning the metaphor of “shame” in the South has to be interpreted in terms of race. As recent scholarly work has asserted, “Shame is used in America to draw the boundaries between black and white” (Mandible 3). In this sense, contempt is strictly embedded in an ideology of color. This claim, even more prominently in the American South, implied a sense of discrimination identifying blackness as the shameful ethnicity and yet serving power to whiteness as the shameless superior category. The Old South—land of proud aristocrats, faithful slaves, and cotton fields, also known as the Antebellum South—offered the image of a clear racial hierarchy that justified the existence of acts of shame, committed by the whites, in one of its greatest moral and historical burdens, namely the segregation of blacks through slavery. The traditional South, as we may properly define that image of massive social immobility that anticipated the Civil War, revolved around a white-centric ideal, which created a social order deeply rooted in a black/white binary paradigm. The stigmatization of race in the Antebellum period, through actions of disgrace (such as lynching, torture, and rape), cast blackness into an underclass through the “figurative, concrete marginalization of African-Americans as outcasts, criminals, aliens” (Mandible 10).
By employing this categorization, we seek to consider contempt as an active part in that climate of racial inequality that characterized the pre-War South. The notion of shame is deeply inscribed in black bodies, which represent the social stigma of different discriminating identities. Narrowing the scope of analysis onto literature, southern writers used this cliché to epitomize the racial tension between black and white. This essay attempts to shed some light on the ambiguous relationship between the white identity and the meaning of cultural blackness in the American South through the mechanics of shame in southern narratives. However, the line of color in literature is problematized by shades of guilt and humiliation that, as we shall see, reverse the binary logic of these opposing dualisms.
Critical and psychological studies on shame are characterized by a variety of approaches that in its more recent interpretations relate the emotion of shame to the sentiment of grief. In his existentialist debate, Sartre focused on the pseudo-reflective intentional nature of shame. Having first discussed the concept from a philosophical perspective, Sartre’s interpretation then runs in two different directions. On the one hand, shame lies in the individual’s consciousness (“conscience of the self”), which explains how the notion is accessible to reflection. Shame is what forms the relation of myself to myself, or to one’s own self-consciousness in a personal experience in which the sentiment inevitably arises from an internalized mechanism of auto-introspection. In other words, one always feels ashamed of something and, more specifically, of what Sartre defines as the “for-self” (or simply the self to put it in less philosophical terms), which becomes the exclusive participant exposed to this feeling. While engaged in shameful acts, the ego lives in a state of perpetrated self-reflection. The subject, who then becomes object, feels inevitably ashamed of himself. As Sartre notes, “Shame therefore realizes an intimate relation of myself to myself. Through shame I have discovered an aspect of my being” (301).
There is, however, another, more engaging interpretation in which the psychology of shame shifts the attention to a second subject. This hypothesis considers the emotion as being inevitably produced by the exposure to another. “Through the encounter of the objectifying gaze of a second subject, when one is looked at by another, he is reduced to an object that is seen” (Dolezal 426). Simply put, the objectification of the other is for Sartre what defines the experience of shame. In Sartrean terms, the intentional nature of disgrace is produced by the gaze in which the subject becomes the object of exposure to diverse forms of humiliation. In this second, more reliable case, one is ontologically dependent on the presence of the other. As such, one always feels ashamed toward someone. The “other” erupts in the conscience of the self, who then makes judgements not on himself but rather on that subject, who in turn becomes the object of embarrassment. In this regard shame assumes the form of a sense of recognition or rather an identification, of being as others tend to see us. From this perspective, the “other” is what shapes the sentiment of contempt produced by “the look” (Sartre 359). It is on this second interpretation that we will focus our attention in this essay, namely, the metaphor of shame and its relationship to alterity.
Given this necessary relation between me, myself, and the other, it would be easy to argue that—from a Jungian perspective—shame is also described as a state of physical embarrassment. We hereby refer to what is known as “skin shame,” that sense of guilt generated on the skin, by the skin, when one is exposed or expelled from others in a perpetrated state of mortification. This aspect invites us to consider the body as the physical inscription of indignity. Investigating the psychological aspect of shame, Elspeth Probyn recently explained that “the color, the place, the history of bodies all come alive in shame” (Probyn 40). As such, corporeality becomes the bodily incarnation of shame, in which acts of contempt necessarily originate from observation. Such vision would furthermore emphasize the status of shame and its inherent link between body and gaze. In this picture, which emerges from Sartre’s ontological definition, observation is the driving force behind forms of contempt. Physical vulnerability, as Sartre has so clearly demonstrated, suddenly becomes the source of the phenomenology of shame. In sum, as Max Scheler would argue, “Shame must be taken as an independent emotion directed toward a self whether my own or someone else” (qtd. in Emad 363). It would be easy, on this account, to mention Sigmund Freud’s attitude to personal disgrace with reference to a prominent sense of social inferiority. In Three Essays on Theory and Sexuality (1905), considering psychosexual development at the origin of the concept, Freud delineates a new scenario in which guilt and shame are often equated as similar forms of a state of moral inadequacy and personal rejection, both attributable to a state of human suffering. Following Freud’s interpretations, recent discussions on shame have further elaborated this distinction, considering shame as an extreme experience of guilt (see Probyn). For Probyn, “shame is deeply related not only to how others think about us, but also to how we think of ourselves. Guilt is triggered in response to specific acts” (45). More recently, in his seminal work Shame & Guilt (2007) Ernest Kurtz further elaborates this distinction considering shame as a form of embarrassment produced, in Sartrean terms, by the act of being seen. Conversely, guilt arises from the violation of an infraction, it derives from “a breaking of rules” (3). On this point, the proposition Probyn sets forth considers shame as not necessarily tied to a negative or bad experience. In her words, “shame does not necessarily imply that the experiencer has done something wrong” (38). This statement allows one to consider contempt as a racial prejudice stigmatizing “difference” as the source of shame. In line with the mechanics of shame in the American South we will further discuss, considering the Australian Aboriginal community, Probyn offers the example of the encounter between aboriginals and whites, implying the construction of an ideology of color. The impossibility for aboriginals to fit the standards of white norms makes them subjected to color discrimination and to a Self/Other dynamic strictly embedded in racial shaming. Aligning with Probyn, Kurtz reminds us that the Other is not merely the origin of shame, it rather becomes the source of shame (2).
The aforementioned mechanisms and their intrinsic connection between self and other, white and colored, would be easily applicable to the American context and, more specifically, to the elusive interaction between black and white in the American South. Moreover, critical whiteness studies have shown how in America the meaning of whiteness has been an essential parameter to measure and thus define African identity. Despite the contradictory trajectories of scholarship on whiteness, from a rather broad angle, recent studies in the field demonstrate that, in the United States, “whiteness circulates as an axis of power and identity” (Rasmussen et al. 3). If on the one hand, as we have seen, whiteness is generally related to a supremacist, shameless ideology, on the other, it becomes the basis necessary to define black identity. As such, the presence of whiteness in America is fundamental to categorize blackness from a social and cultural position. On this point, David Leverenz sees the representation of disgrace in America through racial discrimination. In his study on stigma and the body politics, Leverenz notes that “Fear, honor and shame, are generally used in America to explain the divide between blacks and whites and—more precisely—white skin and black skin become fictions of honor and shame” (2). Getting back to the social structure of the white South, racial shaming prefigured the existence of hierarchical relations between dominants and subalterns, which lends itself to a social categorization “shaming black people’s acts to reconsolidate white power” (Leverenz 9). Since early postcolonialism, racial shaming structured the relation between the two races around concepts of weakness and disadvantage and even power and privilege. Taking up this thread, Leverenz goes on to argue, “No one is black or white. Instead, some people have been made to feel black so that others can feel more white” (18). This statement would furthermore support the claim that blackness is considered as a cultural stigma, whereas whiteness is bound to shamelessness and honor. It is thus evident how the honor-shame dynamics in America shape the binary logic between black and white. In his book Southern Honor: Ethics and Behaviors in the Old South (1982), historian and critic Bertram Wyatt-Brown applied these issues to the American South, claiming, “The treatment of shame and contempt in the Antebellum South, intensified young southerners’ preoccupation with honor” (qtd. in Leverenz 23).
To contextualize this claim, Wyatt-Brown asserted that honor and its opposite, shame, played a fundamental role in the construction of slavery in the plantation era. The concept functioned as a mask to escape the implications of weakness and inferiority. In the Old South’s aristocracy of whiteness, there was an overall sense of unacknowledged shame, which is transformed into hostility and rage toward a discriminated black identity. Following the South’s racist ideology, considering its diverse forms, the metaphor of shame becomes a sort of moralistic violence toward those endangered bodies that carry the social stigma of victimized identities.
However, in any critical discourse on shame and the meaning of blackness in southern culture, it would be incorrect not to mention Frantz Fanon’s theory. Acknowledging the importance of humiliation as a fundamental component of black subjectivity, Fanon contends, “The interiorization of shame is part of black discrimination-subordination and manifests itself on the plantation-colonial relation or even in the single hostility in which black subjects live” (qtd. in Drabinski 126). By addressing this issue, Fanon looks at the abjection of black bodies. The debasement of the body in its social context produces a subject fundamentally structured by shame thus implying a sense of disgrace and disrepute which questions the meaning of its identity. As for colonialism, blacks in America carry a decisive stigma of their racial condition. Fanon calls into question the so-called “Inferiority Complex,” a perpetrated state of inadequacy generated in blacks by the vilification of their bodies. In the colonizer-colonized relationship, expressed in the Old South by the bond between slave and master—dominator and dominated—to be colonized or to submit to a so-called superior race is to be psychologically wounded, stigmatized for difference, and thus, to be an object of shame. As Hegel has shown in the Master-slave dialectic, the master obtains recognition from the other by imposing himself as the slave’s value, whereas the slave can only acknowledge his “true” identity in the presence of the other, the master. This conception, although it is full of contradictions, proves the need to objectify the value of the slave as a person, eventually producing a form of contempt. At this point, it would therefore be easy to assume that the main structure of raciological thinking in the South is based on this sense of inferiority, which implies the existence of acts of humiliation toward blackness. The old order of the plantation logic and the society of the white South function in relation to acts of contempt in which black subjects are isolated and marginalized by the power of white domination. To analyze this statement even further, the human vs in-human distinction has been later epitomized by the Jim Crow laws which constituted an example of visible and public shame.
Indeed, the weaponry of shame in the Old South materializes also in those violent acts of sadism and torture, such as lynching and whipping, which symbolize racial injustice through physical punishment. Slavery, as the South’s Holocaust, produced forms of mortification such as suffering and abuse that were publicly used as acts of intimidation toward blackness. In this sense, shame in the Deep South—embodied in the practice of slavery—assumed also the form of a public spectacle. As famously discussed by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish (1975), torture has often been considered as a form of communal shame imposed by society to construct a public spectacle of humiliation. For Foucault, punishment has been well epitomized by the theatrical phenomenon of executions, which have evolved in the prison system and, as Foucault suggests, have become an important form of punishment instituted by the state to impose its own form of public power. According to this view, as Toni Morrison has pointed out, “Race is an important arbiter of difference […] and it is about power and the necessity for control” (Origin 3).
Among the different modes that illustrate race in literature, shame is certainly one fundamental way to explain its ideology. Recent scholarship on shame has explored literature’s complex approach to the concept from multiple perspectives. Drawing on the African American experience of cultural shame, in The Origin of Others (2017) Toni Morrison observes that “literature has played an important role in the history of race in America” (xiii). As she masterfully conveys in Playing in the Dark (1992), American literature is also shaped by the black and white encounter and the presence of a racial view. As such, the psychological mechanism of Othering, recurrently illustrated by American fiction, suggests there is a sort of “natural and divine delineation between the enslaver and the enslaved” (Morrison, Origin xiii). In this way, American literature has employed skin color prominently to reveal signs of innate white superiority, relating the question of shame to black inferiority. Stephen Pattison’s recent work on shame, therapy, and theology notes that the issue of contempt is embedded, hidden, and anatomized in many fictional works (Pattison 43). Within the wide spectrum of American literature, shame in its relation to blackness has been recurrently used as a key theme which served a multiplicity of meanings, tackling, for instance, deviance, difference, and black discrimination. Indeed, Toni Morrison’s fiction has repeatedly disentangled the problematic issue of shame through the trauma of racial discrimination. Morrison’s literature increasingly draws on the damaging impact of racism, rooted in shameless whiteness versus shameful blackness. This dynamic is masterfully illustrated in The Bluest Eye (1970) where “she explores the chronic shame of being black and poor in white America” (Bouson 24). Pecola’s sense of humiliation comes from the white sense of otherness which considers her unable to achieve the white ideal of beauty and thus discriminates against her for physical appearance. As Bouson puts it, “Morrison’s novels deal not only with the effects of shame, contempt and disgust, but also with the feeling of shame-shame, being ashamed about shame in an endless and paralyzing spiral of feelings” (4). Delving into the depths of contempt as a strategy to explain the dynamics of whiteness and blackness, we can certainly draw the conclusion that configurations of blackness in literature come from a constant confrontation with whiteness as a parameter to define black identity, in part through the phenomenology of shame. Indeed, blackness and enslavement in the Old South fueled the minds of novelists, who used the polarity created by skin color as a trope for novels constructing “a unique image of Otherness and American Africanism” (Morrison, Playing in the Dark 38).
After thoroughly investigating this concept, we can now turn our attention to the literary representation of shame in two canonical southern novels: William Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom! (1936) and William Styron’s The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967). Indeed, shame is a recurrent refrain in much of Southern literature, becoming the trope of narratives about black versus white dynamics. If, as we have seen, the emotion of disgrace in the South tends to be associated with the black as a discriminated subject, vehemently demarcating the distinction between races, the boundaries of shame in literature have thus become porous. The line of color in southern narratives is problematized by shades of guilt that mutually shift between black and white subjects, redefining the White South’s social dynamic and eventually subverting standards and patterns of color perception.
As Morrison suggests, for framing the meaning of color for the horror of race, there is no better guide than William Faulkner. In his fiction, colorism is necessary to explain race and disentangle the problematic issue of racism through the fear of racial contagion. Absalom, Absalom! can be considered one of William Faulkner’s major fictional achievements and one of the toughest, most complex, and at the same time realistic depictions of the plantation era. Set before, during, and after the Civil War, the novel is permeated by scenes of mortification. The narrative is based on parameters of power and shame, and it is rich in motifs that illustrate psychological introspections of contempt. With one of Faulkner’s distinctive narrative traits, the story is explained in terms of racial conflict. However, if one looks more closely at the repetitive presence of grief, one would easily argue that the mechanics of shame in Faulkner are polarized. They go in the direction of both blackness and whiteness, challenging the myth of one dominant race.
In the novel, Thomas Sutpen, a white man from Virginia, tries to avoid racial shaming right from his arrival in Jefferson, as he is initiated into a society based on preordained conventions of race and class. His “design” requires the construction of a white empire, forged through the logics of slavery and the plantation, so as to allow the decontamination from blackness. Nonetheless, slavery becomes for Sutpen an instrument of revenge, a project of building his white empire by avoiding “contagion” with the blacks. In spite of this, the racial distinction between black and white in the novel is never fully delineated. In fact, many scenes show both the contamination and the physical contact between the two races; this is well demonstrated by the scene of Sutpen fighting with his own slaves, which symbolizes a reshuffling of bodies that is strongly ambiguous, even from a sexual standpoint. The more constantly the separation is threatened by the intermingling of the two races, the more clear is the fact that it is never well defined. Most notably, the purity of whiteness leaves space for a perpetual and ambiguous intersection with blackness in cases of métissage and miscegenation. As a consequence, racial impurity becomes a recurrent trope in a continuous blend between the two.
In this twist of ambiguities, Faulkner disarticulates the racial experience through the consistency of shame. Contempt is the decisive element that leads Sutpen to that desire for revenge and racial decontamination. The first and probably most pivotal scene of embarrassment in the novel comes when young Sutpen, who lives in conditions of absolute poverty, when asked to deliver a message to the front door of Pettibone’s plantation, is humiliated by the black butler who forces him to enter through the back door, a treatment usually reserved for slaves. To repair his shattered self-esteem after mortification, Sutpen—in a state of profound shame—runs into the woods and hides in a cave. The passage which follows is worth citing in its entirety:
He didn’t even remember leaving. All of a sudden, he found himself running and already some distance from the house, and not toward home. . . . He went into the woods. . . . He said he crawled back into the cave and sat with his back against the uptorn roots, and thought. Because he couldn’t get it straight yet. . . . He was just thinking, because he knew that something would have to be done about it; he would have to do something about it in order to live with himself for the rest of his life and he could not decide what it was because of that innocence which he had just discovered he had, which he would have to compete with. (Faulkner 233- 34)
As the quote clearly indicates, shame is provoked by the subversion of roles prompted by the butler. The “uptorn roots” are a clear symbolic reference that further emphasizes the subversion of roles. In this moment, Sutpen formulates his design and then leaves for Haiti to subvert that order, somehow converting the passive experience of being ashamed into becoming ruthless and shameless. He feels the need to acquire what a planter has: “money, a house, a plantation, slaves, a family—incidentally of course, a wife” (Faulkner 263). He wants to turn others away from that threshold, which represented to him the exclusion from the social order that made up the Old South. Quite simply, Sutpen turns the reality of being dismissed from the front door into being the white owner who forbids entrance on the threshold of his own plantation. Furthermore, to heal his assaulted self, he scorns his first wife as soon as he discovers she has mixed blood. She is thus suddenly repudiated as she might destroy his dream of decontamination.
However, in a succession of acts of humiliation, Sutpen is also denigrated by Rosa, his wife’s younger sister, and stigmatized as the outrageous demon responsible for racial impurity. His major guilt originates from his inability to preserve the cleanliness of the white race. In this sense, shame in the novel coincides with the incongruity of being “Other.” Black, white, mulatto, owner or butler, all forms of contempt in Absalom Absalom! exist in their convoluted relationship to otherness. It would therefore be obvious to claim that all characters in the novel are pursued by shaming behaviors. Sutpen is originally humiliated by the black butler, Rosa is shamed by Sutpen, and slaves and blacks become objects of contempt in Sutpen’s white dynasty. In this continuous chain of shaming acts, Rosa is also prevented from entering the plantation by Clytie, Sutpen’s mulatto daughter born from his adulterous relationship with a black slave. Rosa’s reaction to the black woman’s gesture is another example of a perpetrated act of racial shaming.
“Don’t you go up there, Rosa.” That was how she said it: that quiet, that still, and again it was as though it had not been she who spoke but the house itself that said the words. . . . Because it was not the name, the word the fact that she had called me Rosa. . . . I know only that my entire being seemed to run at blind full tilt into something monstrous and immobile, with a shocking impact too soon and too quick to be mere amazement and outrage and that black arresting and untimorous hand on my white woman’s flesh. . . . Yes, I stopped dead—I crying not to her, to it; . . . I spoke:
“Take your hand off me, nigger.” (Faulkner 138-40)
For Rosa, “the inquisitor’s face belongs to Clytie who—like the balloon face that haunted Sutpen—penetrates right to the core of Rosa’s self, becoming an internalized face that shames” (Clarke 178). We can therefore draw the conclusion that “shame filters down through the generations of Faulkner’s novel” (Clarke 178) and that the sentiment is caused by a sense of incongruity and inappropriateness. Blacks and whites respectively feel embarrassed in a society that, as Faulkner shows, targets them both as marginalized and excluded. In this ambiguous scenario, Faulkner’s South is populated by a continuous subversion and mingling of races in which the danger of métissage and contact itself is the inevitable source of infection, eliciting those racial controversies rooted in a sense of shame that questions the kinship between black and white.
Following the literary trajectory of shame in the Old South, William Styron’s The Confessions of Nat Turner offers a similar and yet different form of indignity. In this fictive retelling of the true story of America’s most famous Virginia slave revolt, led by African American slave Nat Turner, who led the insurrection in 1831, murdering more than fifty white people, Styron depicts disgrace in the form of shameful guilt and shameless cruelty. However, Styron’s attempt to penetrate the mind of one of America’s most famous black slaves and ambiguous figures inevitably produces racial controversies in the novel. The traditional southern order is unavoidably reversed in different ways. Turner, a slave, rebels against the white South’s system that is responsible for the cruel white carnage. His action suppresses the white social order which considered him discriminated in his condition of being black and enslaved. In addition to this, in Styron’s fictional representation, the figure of the ruthless slave falls in love with one of his white victims, Margaret Whitehead, the wealthy daughter of a cruel southern landlord. Here, Styron reverses the traditional southern model and its hierarchical order in the contamination and consequent suppression of racial boundaries.
It is also important to emphasize that the term “confession,” per se, presupposes an implied formal statement admitting guilt, thus acknowledging a preexisting form of contempt. In this view, the novel opens with a seemingly guilty slave who, awaiting his execution, confesses his remorse as the perpetrator responsible for the massacre of the whites. Therefore, repentance, which seems to never arrive for Turner, is transformed into a form of guilt for the crimes committed, namely the extermination of the whites. As such, shame in the novel coincides with remorse in relation to violence. In this sense, shame is for Nat the sense of blame produced by the rebellion. Although Turner never presents a form of explicit culpability, being tarnished even by Styron’s introspective narration, the real conclusion of the events exposes him to physical and communal shame. His body is publicly dissected and skinned, his flesh made into grease, and his bones sold as trophies. Despite Styron’s effort to give authenticity to the character and to humanize the violent figure of Nat Turner, the slave’s struggle for freedom and the brutality with which the events take place lead us to implicitly consider Nat as a shameless murderer. According to a recent body of criticism, there is at the core of the novel the stereotyped belief that black people primarily rebel because of an unfulfilled psychological need to become white, thus being ashamed of their condition of blackness (Poussaint 18). Following this thread, Alvin Poussaint suggests, “Nat Turner as a character seems to be quite white. His speech sounds more like Styron’s than that of a heroic black slave of nineteenth-century America” (19). Turner’s affection for the white woman is another example of his need to encompass the white stereotype, thus feeling less black. All his gestures in the novel are somehow imitations of a desire to appear more white. In this sense, Nat feels ashamed for his condition and at the same time is longing for shamelessness so as to embody the white ideal.
This state of mortification is well epitomized by Nat in the following passage when he declares,
Now, looking down at the shops and barns and cabins and distant fields, I was no longer the grinning black boy in velvet pantaloons; for a fleeting moment instead I owned all, and so exercised the privilege of ownership by unlacing my fly and pissing loudly on the same worn stone where dainty tiptoeing feet had gained the veranda steps a short three years before. What a strange, demented ecstasy! How white I was! What a wicked joy! But my blackness immediately returned, the fantasy dissolved, and I was again overtaken by wrenching loneliness and a pang of guilt. (Styron 227; emphasis added)
As this quote clearly indicates, the sense of humiliation targets Nat as shameless in his cruel behavior and, at the same time, ashamed of his condition of being black, slave, submissive, and discriminated. Following this logic, the metaphor of shame in The Confessions of Nat Turner can be interpreted as a state of human affliction.
Bearing in mind the porosity of the boundaries between races, let us look at another scene portraying a moment of emotional guilt and embarrassment, involving Nat’s first benevolent master. In Styron’s version, the sadism and the brutality generally associated with the figure of the white owner leave space for remorse and benevolence. When Nat’s first compassionate master cannot guarantee him freedom and moves to Alabama, his reaction is a concrete example of shame and humiliation over the brutalities committed in slave trading. The narrator avers,
He ceased speaking for a moment, then again the weary voice resumed: “What should I have done instead? Set them free? What a ghastly joke!” . . . He fell silent and then finally he said . . . “I sold them out of desperation to hang on pointlessly a few years longer.” He made an abrupt gesture with his lifted arm, and it seemed that he passed his hand in a quick angry motion across his eyes. . . . “How else account for such cruelty? . . . Ah, what bitter tears God must weep at the sight of the things that men do to other men!” He broke off then and I saw him shake his head convulsively, his voice a sudden cry: “In the name of money! Money!” (Styron 215-16; original emphasis)
In this scene, the evils of slavery represent a moment of mortification associated with a sense of dishonor. The voice broken with tears and the hand passing stealthily across the eyes visually represent shame generated by guilt produced after an act to be considered as shameful per se. Again, then, the novel offers a complex representation of the sentiment of disgrace, which represents the distinction between races but redefines their boundaries in a state of contempt that shifts respectively from black to white.
On the basis of this literary evidence, one might conclude that shame is the element that explains and illustrates the intricate relation between opposed dualisms of color in the Deep South, where the concept is rooted in the circularity between black and white. Increasingly, however, the literary boundaries of acts of ignominy become porous. Embarrassment, which tends to be consistently associated with the black individual as the discriminated subject (and therefore object) of humiliation, in its literary representation becomes the human emotion that describes race relations and yet is correlated with both races. As seen, the black aims to regain his identity through contamination and contagion with the white.
We might draw the conclusion that Americans talk about the meaning as well as the sense of white identity through what Toni Morrison defined as “the always chocked representation of an Africanist presence” (Playing in the Dark 17). This is what occurs with the psychology of shame that becomes the essential parameter through which to interpret racial ideology. In many ways, southern narratives show that the metaphor of shame is the analogy that serves, in part, to reaffirm the role of blacks in a society that marks them as inferiors. In such an interpretative approach, we can therefore consider contempt as the unstable and thus necessary narrative trope to interpret the meaning of cultural blackness and its bond with white identity. Shame is therefore the crucial element that illustrates the dynamics of race and that represents the deep and unresolved racial tension that characterized the Antebellum South.
Shame per se is an umbrella term that combines varied and multiple experiences. In a short essay, I cannot hope to provide a philosophical, detailed analysis of all forms of contempt. For a discussion on the relationship between power and shame, see Slavoj Žižek. Žižek contends that the power of the state inhabits the unconscious, provoking shameful acts that expose the subject to a sense of passive shame through its connection with forms of power produced by the state.
Despite recent contemporary theories, Jean-Paul Sartre’s philosophical masterpiece, Being and Nothingness (1943), can still be considered the most accurate text for his exhaustive debate on existentialism and his extensive analysis of shame as the essential structure of human existence.
This is the line of argument taken up also by the German philosopher Max Scheler. In his phenomenological insights into shame, he considers this phenomenon to be associated with being ashamed of myself. For a discussion of Scheler’s theory, see Parvis Emad.
For a preliminary discussion on shame from a Jungian perspective, see Mario Jacoby. Drawing heavily on Jung’s theory, Jacoby provides a comprehensive exploration of the many aspects of shame, showing its importance in our emotional experience. Jacoby demonstrates that a lack of self-esteem is often at the root of excessive shame.
We can think, for example, of leprosy as a pathology that generates a sense of physical and bodily shame.
In her seminal text Blush, Faces of Shame (2005), Probyn also devotes a chapter to discussing the question of shame in relation to gender and feminism.
Criticism in this field suggests that even the meaning of whiteness is rather complicated for its general association to violence and terror in relation to blackness. In his recent book Whiteshift (2018), Erik Kauffman refers to what he terms “whiteshift,” explaining that the widespread presence of immigrants and the rather complicated meaning of “otherness” today leads society to a cultural shift, ranging from white-centric to minority-centered, producing a demographic decline of whiteness as a prevailing community. For a preliminary discussion on critical whiteness studies see David Roediger’s The Wages of Whiteness (1991); Toni Morrison’s pioneering analysis in Playing in the Dark (1992); Brigit B. Rasmussen, Erik Klinenberg, et al., The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness (2001); and the recently published volume co-edited by David Roediger, Stephen Middleton, and Donald Schaffer, The Construction of Whiteness: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Race and the Meaning of a White Identity (2018).
With the phrase “White South,” we refer to the Old South or the Deep South of the antebellum period, prior to the Civil War, when society was grounded in the old order of the plantation ideal.
For a thorough discussion on race and shame in America, see Steven Selden. By incorporating eugenics into his analysis of shame and race, Selden looks at how racist discrimination and contempt in America manifested in eugenics becoming an integral part of education in popular culture through the publicly sponsored sterilization of the so-called “inferior blood.”
For a preliminary discussion on Fanon and his study of shame, see his seminal work on black identity and race theory Black Skin, White Masks (1952). Despite his postcolonial-centric analysis, Fanon’s work can certainly be used to explain those dynamics present in the Antebellum South as well as in Postcolonialism represented by the relationship between binaries of color, respectively black and white.
For further discussion of violence and public shame in the South, see Clarke.
On this point, Angela Davis vividly argues that, through what has been defined as the “Prison Industrial Complex,” the prison labor system in the United States is rooted in slavery. To a certain extent, “Mass Incarceration” aims at perpetuating the criminal activities of blacks, thus perpetrating a form of shame determined by racial confinement. For more on this, see “Slavery, Civil Rights and Abolitionist Perspectives Toward Prison” in her Are Prisons Obsolete?
An implicit reference here goes to Hawthorne’s visual and physical representation of contempt in The Scarlet Letter (1850), where humiliation serves to achieve religious control, repressing sin as a deviant attitude of the Puritan society.
For more on Morrison’s analysis of shame, see Bouson.
The events of the story, before Sutpen’s return to Jefferson, take place in Haiti during the Haitian slave revolt in 1821. Sutpen leaves to return to Mississippi with a gang of “wild” Haitian slaves and a captive French architect that will serve to form the social model of that white conformist society which characterized the White South.
Prior to his voyage in the Caribbean, Sutpen abandons his first wife Eulalia once he discovers she is of mixed race. The son from this marriage, Charles Bon, who fortuitously reappears in Jefferson as the friend of his white son from his second marriage, Henry, will also become engaged to his white daughter Judith. Bon will be murdered by his white brother, Henry, in front of the gates of Sutpen’s plantation once he discovers that Bon, his stepbrother, is in part black.
This fact is historically ratified in the history of the United States by the case of Rosa Parks in the 1950s.
Also important is the episode in which Sutpen engages in a bloody fight with a black man, and his whole white family, including Henry and Judith, watches the scene, peeking into the barn in which a black slave lies bloody and wounded at Sutpen’s feet. The scene, as an act of profound humiliation of the slave, plays out in front of a desperate Ellen, who tries in vain to persuade her husband not to let their children see such a violent confrontation.
“Balloon-face” was the insult that Sutpen used to refer to the butler after he was prevented from entering Pettibone’s plantation. The profuse balloon imagery is another example of the white South’s discrimination against blackness.
The novel, published in 1967 during a period of intense racial tensions, is based on the realistic confession of Turner to the white lawyer Thomas Gray. The reliability of the document, however, remains questionable. Styron was strongly criticized for his choice to humanize the figure of the Nat Turner and for his controversial depiction of issues of race and class. White landlords are depicted as generous and benevolent, whereas Nat Turner and his fellow slaves fantasize about sexually assaulting white women. The greatest controversy, in this sense, lies in the impossibility of a white southern novelist inhabiting the mind of a black slave.
One should remember that the “Myth of the Black Rapist,” or white female racial anxiety, was common in the postwar South and above all in the Reconstruction Era. As one of the great fears of post-war racial integration, this alleged abuse justified racist violence. In this regard, it is important to recall the famous scene of D.W. Griffith’s epic film The Birth of a Nation (1915), in which the female protagonist, trapped on a precipice after being chased by a black man, leaps to her death to avoid sexual assault. This scene is proof of how violation in the South was part of a popular xenophobic ideology, becoming a cultural trauma for white women, demonizing blacks, and thus creating a racist stereotype.
Turner is treated like a slave for most of the novel, and he is certainly whipped by his second landlord. However, Nat’s first master was extremely benign, instructing him and then trying to guarantee his freedom. This narrative choice differs from the reality of the facts that generally associated the figure of the landowner with acts of cruelty, violence, and torture toward slaves. In this sense, Styron portrays slavery as a somehow positive institution.
The Birth of a Nation. Directed by D.W. Griffith, Epoch Producing, 1915.
Bouson, J. Brooks. Quiet as It’s Kept: Shame, Trauma and Race in the Novels of Toni Morrison. State University of New York P, 2000.
Clarke, James W. “Without Fear or Shame: Lynching, Capital, Punishment and the Subculture of Violence in the American South.” British Journal of Political Science, vol. 28, no. 2, 1998, pp. 269-89.
Davis, Angela. Are Prisons Obsolete? Seven Stories Press, 2003.
Drabinski, John E. “Affect and Revolution: On Baldwin and Fanon.” PhanEx: The Journal of Existential Theory and Phenomenological Theory and Culture Society, vol. 7, no. 2, 2012, pp. 124-58.
Dolezal, Luna. The Body and Shame. Phenomenology, Feminism and the Socially Shaped Body. Lexington Books, 2016.
Emad, Parvis. “Max Sheler’s Phenomenology of Shame.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 32, no. 3, 1972, pp. 361-70.
Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. Translated by Richard Philcox, Grove P, 2008.
Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom! Vintage Classics, 2005.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan, Penguin Books, 1991.
Freud, Sigmund. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. Translated by James Strachey, Martino Fine Books, 2011.
Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. Penguin Classics, 2016.
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Kaufmann, Eric. Whiteshift. Populism, Immigration, and the Future of White Majorities. Allen Lane Editions, 2018.
Kurtz, Ernst. Shame & Guilt. iUniverse, 2007.
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Rasmussen, Brigit B., Erik Klinenberg, et al. The Making and Unmaking of Whiteness. Duke UP, 2001.
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Image credit: “First-edition dust jacket cover of Absalom, Absalom! (1936) by the American author William Faulkner,” via Wikimedia Commons, is in the public domain because it was published in the United States between 1926 and 1977, inclusive, without a copyright notice. According to Raptis Rare Books, the dust jacket was designed by George Salter and published by Random House. | <urn:uuid:f468fef1-ac0c-4b77-9b5f-fb4b092304bb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://ijas.iaas.ie/issue-10-beatrice-melodia-festa/ | 2024-02-26T08:44:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.951328 | 9,825 | 3.015625 | 3 | [
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297,
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427,
261,
2359,
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2092,
6425,
336,
16,
288,
268,
1855,
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16,
538,
1624,
297,
7563,
1918,
9134,
352,
363
] |
This article has been extracted from THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA , 1908. OXFORD, AT THE CLARENDON PRESS. |
Note: National, provincial and district boundaries have changed considerably since 1908. Typically, old states, ‘divisions’ and districts have been broken into smaller units. Therefore, this article is being posted mainly for its historical value.
(Ar-budha, 'the hill of wisdom,' identified as the Mons Capitalia of Pliny). — A celebrated mountain in the south of the State of Sirohi, Rajputana, situated in 24 degree 36' N. and 72 degree 43' E., 17 miles north-west of Abu Road station on the Rajputana-Malwa Railway, and 442 miles north of Bombay. Although regarded as a part of the Aravalli range, it is completely detached from that chain by a narrow valley, 7 miles across, through which flows the Western Banas, and it rises suddenly from the flat plain like a rocky island lying off the sea-coast of a continent. In shape it is long and narrow ; but the top spreads out into a picturesque plateau nearly 4,000 feet above the sea, about 12 miles in length, and 2 to 3 miles in breadth.
Its principal peak, Guru Sikhar ('the hermit's pinnacle'), is situated towards the northern end, and is 5,650 feet above sea-level, the highest point between the Himalayas and the Nilgiris. The climate is agreeable and healthy for the greater part of the year. The mean temperature is about 69 , varying from 59 in January to 79 in May; and the average diurnal range is about 14 , varying from 7 degree in August to 17 degree in May. The natural features of Abu are very bold, and the slopes, especially on the western and northern sides, extremely precipitous ; on the east and south the outline is more broken by spurs, with deep valleys between.
The slopes and base of the hill are clothed with fairly dense forests of the various trees common to the plains and the neighbouring Aravalli range, interspersed with great stretches of bamboo jungle. Owing to its heavy rainfall, Abu is, as regards vegetation, by far the richest spot in Rajputana. On the higher parts humid types appear, which are unknown on the plains below. Most noteworthy of these is an epiphytal orchid (ambartari), which clings to the mango and other trees, and in the rains produces fine racemes of delicate pink or lilac flowers.
The occurrence of a charming white wild-rose and of a stinging nettle (Girardinia heterophylla) at once reminds the visitor that he has left the arid region below, while the karanda (Carissa Carandas) is so abundant that during part of the hot season its white flowers scent the air for miles round the station with their delicious fragrance. The kara (Strobelanthus callosus), a large handsome plant, blooms but once in six or seven years ; but its blue and purple flowers, when they do appear, make a great show in September. Several kinds of ferns are also to be found.
The beauty of Abu is much enhanced by the Nakhi Talao, or lake said to have been excavated by the ' finger-nails ' (nakhi) of the gods. Tod described it as about 400 yards in length and the counterpart of the lake 3 miles above Andernach on the Rhine, while Fergusson knew no spot in India so exquisitely beautiful. The lake is now about half a mile long by a quarter of a mile broad, most picturesquely situated between high hills except at the western end, where a peep of the distant plains is obtained through a gorge. The slopes and ravines in the vicinity are well wooded, and several rocky islands add to the beauty of the scene. Colonel Tod, well-known as the author of The Annals of Rajasthan, was the first European who visited Abu, and, for practical purposes, he may be said to have discovered the place in 1822; for, as he expresses it in his Travels in Western India, 'the discovery was my own. To Abu 1 first assigned a local habitation and a name, when all these regions were a terra incognita to my countrymen.'
From the time of Tod's visit till 1840, Abu was used to some extent as a summer residence by the Political Superintendent of Sirohi and the officers of the old Jodhpur Legion. In 1840 invalid European soldiers were sent up for the first time, encamping for the hot season only. In 1845 the Sirohi chief made over to the British Government certain lands for the establishment of a sanitarium, the grant being fettered by several conditions, one of which was that no kine should be killed on, or beef brought up, the hill ; and about the same time the Governor- General's Agent made the place his head-quarters. In this way the station has gradually grown up, and may now be divided into the military and the civil portion.
The barracks were originally built near the Nakhi lake, but were subsequently pulled down as the situation was feverish, and the present site, north of the civil station, was fixed on. They have accommodation for 160 single men and 28 families. The civil portion consists of the Residency of the Agent to the Governor- General, eighty or ninety scattered houses, the bazar, and the lines of the detachment of the 43rd (Erinpura) regiment.
The population of Abu varies, and, as in other hill stations, is greater from April to June than at any other period of the year. On March 1, 1901, the inhabitants numbered 3,488. Scattered about the hill are seventeen small villages, with a population of 1,752 persons, mostly Loks or Bhils. The former are said to be descended from Rajputs by Bhil women, and are a good-tempered, indolent, and generally ill-clad and dirty people, who eke out a living partly by labour and partly by agriculture and the produce of their cattle.
The sanitary arrangements, lighting, &c.of the civil portion of the station are in the hands of a municipal committee, of which the Magistrate of Abu is the secretary. The annual receipts average about Rs. 11,000, derived mainly from a conservancy cess, taxes on dogs, horses, ponies, and rickshaws, and a contribution of Rs. 3,000 from the Maharao of Sirohi ; the average expenditure is slightly less than the receipts. Civil and criminal juris- diction in the civil station, including the road thence to the Abu Road railway station, the bazar at the latter place, and the village of Anadra at the foot of the western slope of the hill, has been granted to the British Government by the Darbar, except in cases in which both parties are subjects of the Sirohi State; and since 1866, with the Maharao's consent, numerous British enactments have been extended to the area described. This jurisdiction is now exercised by an officer termed the Magistrate of Abu, who on the civil side exercises the powers of a Judge of a Court of Small Causes and of a District Court (the Governor- General's Agent being the Appellate and High Court), while on the criminal side he has the powers of a District Magistrate (the Commis- sioner of Ajmer-Merwara and the Governor-General's Agent respectively being the Court of Session and the High Court).
There are three schools on the hill. The oldest is the Abu Lawrence school, founded in 1854 by Sir Henry Lawrence 'to provide a refuge in a good climate for the orphans and other children of soldiers, and there to give them a plain, practical education adapted to the condition of the inmates and to train them to become useful members of society.' This institution, which has accommodation for 48 boys and 32 girls, is main- tained at a cost of about Rs. 30,000 a year, half of which is contributed by Government, one-fourth from private subscriptions, and the balance from fees and the interest on the endowment.
A primary vernacular school, kept up by the municipality at a cost of about Rs. 800 a year, is attended by about 44 boys. The third school, known as the high school (for European and Eurasian children), is about 2.5miles south- east of the station on an excellent site. Originally maintained by the Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway, it came under private management in 1903, and is now assisted by a grant-in-aid from Gov- ernment. It has accommodation for 100 children, and the daily average attendance is about 72. The Lawrence and high schools be- tween them form the Abu Volunteer cadet company, which contains about 40 members. There are two hospitals on Abu, one for the British troops and the other for the rest of the population.
The celebrated Delwara temples (devalwara, ' the place of temples ') are situated about a mile to the north of the station. They are five in number and all Jain ; and two of them require special notice, being, in many respects, unrivalled in India. The first is the temple of Vimala Sah, built, as the inscription records, in 1032. It is dedicated to Adinath, the first of the twenty-four Tirthankars of the Jains. The second, which is just opposite, is the temple of the two brothers Vastupala and Tejpala ; it is dedicated to Neminath, the twenty-second of the Tirthankars, and was built in 1231. Both are of white marble, and carved with all the delicacy and richness of ornament which the resources of Indian art at the time of their creation could devise. The temple of Vimala Sah consists of a shrine, containing a large brazen image of Adinath with jewelled eyes and wearing a necklace of brilliants. In front is a platform which, with the shrine, is raised three steps above the surrounding court. The platform and the greater part of the court are covered by a mandap or portico, cruciform in plan and supported by forty-eight pillars. The eight central pillars are so arranged as to form an octagon supporting a dome, which, together with its circular rims and richly carved pendant, forms the most striking and beautiful feature of the entire composition.
The whole is enclosed in an oblong courtyard surrounded by fifty-two cells, each of which contains an image of one of the Tirthankars. Externally the temple is perfectly plain, and the visitor is totally unprepared for the splendour of the interior. At the entrance is the hathi-khana or elephant-room, in the doorway of which stands a life-size equestrian statue of Vimala Sah, a painful stucco monstrosity, 'painted in a style that a sign-painter in England would be ashamed of.' Round the room are ten marble elephants which formerly bore riders, but the figures have nearly all been removed. In the other temple (that of Vastupala and Tejpala), the dome is the most striking feature. It stands on eight pillars and is a magnificent piece of work. It has a pendant which is a perfect gem.
'Where it drops from the ceiling it appears like a cluster of the half- -disclosed lotus, whose cups are so thin, so transparent, and so accurately wrought that it fixes the eyes in admiration.'
'It is finished with a delicacy of detail and appropriateness of ornament which is probably unsurpassed by any similar example to be found anywhere else. Those introduced by the Gothic architects in Henry the Seventh's Chapel at Westminster, or at Oxford, are coarse and clumsy in comparison.'
Round the courtyard are thirty-nine cells containing one or more images, and some of the ceilings of the porches in front of these cells are elaborately carved. Like its neighbour, this temple has its elephant- room, which, however, is much larger, taking up one side of the court. It is enclosed by a pierced screen of open tracery, ' the only one,' so far as Fergusson knew, ' of that age — a little rude and heavy, it must be confessed, but still a fine work of its kind.' Inside the room are ten elephants, which, with their trappings, knotted ropes, &c., have been sculptured with exquisite care. As in the older building, the riders have disappeared, but the slabs behind the elephants tell us who they originally were : for example, Vastupala with his two wives, Lalita Devi and Wiruta Devi ; and Tejpala with his wife Anupama.
[J. Fergusson, Picturesque Illustrations of Ancient Architecture (1848), and History of Indian and Eastern Architecture (1899); C. E. Luard, Notes on the Delwara Temples and other Antiquities of Abu (Bombay, 1902).] | <urn:uuid:b1775197-34bc-4a22-9b8a-b7f8634a7df0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://indpaedia.com/ind/index.php/Abu | 2024-02-26T08:47:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.967181 | 2,766 | 2.90625 | 3 | [
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LIVING WITH ELECTROHYPERSENSITIVITY
A Survival Guide
Human beings are bioelectrical systems. Our hearts and brains are regulated by internal bioelectrical signals. Environmental exposures to artificial EMFs can interact with fundamental biological processes in the human body.
(Havas & Stetzer, 2004)
In today's world, everyone is exposed to two types of EMFs:
1. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF) from electrical and electronic appliances and power lines
2. Radiofrequency radiation (RF) from wireless devices such as cell phones and cordless phones, cellular
antennas and towers, and broadcast transmission towers. (Sage, 2007)
What is Electrohypersensitivity or EHS?
In addition to numerous other health problems, electromagnetic pollution has been associated with an increase in the number of individuals suffering from a condition known as electrohypersensitivity (EHS). EHS is defined by the World Health Organization as: “…a phenomenon where individuals experience adverse health effects while in the vicinity of devices emanating electric, magnetic, or electromagnetic fields.”
In Sweden, it is classified as a disability and health care facilities with low levels of exposure to electromagnetic fields and radiofrequency radiation are available. The Canadian Human Rights Commission report also acknowledges environmental sensitivity attributed to electromagnetic exposure. (28) Researchers estimate that approximately 3% of the population has severe symptoms of EHS, and another 35% of the population has moderate symptoms such as an impaired immune system and chronic illness (Havas, 2007).
SYMPTOMS OF EHS
The biological effects from exposure to EMF/EMR include both adverse health effects and loss of homeostasis and well-being. Symptoms vary from patient to patient depending on their physical biology and exposure intensity and duration. Symptoms quickly improve when away from EMF/EMR sources, particularly when the patient moves away from computers, fluorescent lighting, transformers, wireless antenna, cell and cordless phones, appliances and out of proximity to cell phone towers, electrical substations and power lines. All these are potential sources of higher than normal EMF/EMR exposure. Symptoms recur on returning to the irradiated environment. Over time, sensitivity is increased to smaller and smaller EMF/EMR exposures. (Sage, 2001)
SO, YOU HAVE EHS. NOW WHAT? HOW DO YOU LIVE WITH IT?
I won't lie and tell you it's easy. It's not. Not in the world we live in today. Most importantly, you need to reduce your exposure to EMFs and get your body as healthy as possible. If you follow the methods outlined below, you will experience much less pain and discomfort, and fewer symptoms. Your body will also be able to recouperate from exposure to EMFs more easily. Believe me, I have been there. I am there. However, by doing many of the things I mention below, life has improved immensely over the last year.
When I first found out I had EHS and was told the things I should do to get better, it just seemed so overwhelming. But once I took action, I started feeling much better. I was quite shocked when I realized how much subliminal pain and discomfort I had been living with. This was pain and discomfort other than the acute pains I was experiencing, and I didn't even know it was there until after it was gone! My head actually felt ten times lighter and cooler. I was ecstatic from the physical relief I felt. I think my family thought I had gone mad. Here I was with a terrible diagnosis and I was dancing around the house singing.
Very quickly, all my symptoms started to abate. I could walk, think, and speak without difficulty; the ringing in my ears decreased; there were no daily headaches and no more seizures! I also had a nice surprise when other things improved too. Things I hadn't associated with EHS; Chronic sinus and ear pain and pressure that the doctors couldn't explain, Fibromyalgia symptoms, sensitivity to perfumes, nosebleeds, vision, and bladder problems (that had gotten very bad). All the symptoms improved or went away within weeks of staying home from work, eliminating wireless technologies and reducing the sources of EMFs in my home. The symptoms do return, when I'm exposed, but not as badly as before. And it will take a while for my body to heal enough that I don't have any symptoms from short term exposure. I will never be able to tolerate exposure to wireless and cell towers.
After all I've been through, I'm just thankful that I'm not a frog or I'd still be boiling away in that pot of water.
EMF Mitigation and AvoidanceThe Medical Aspects of Regaining Your Health
EMF Mitigation and Avoidance
The first and most important thing you can do for yourself, is to avoid exposure to EMFs. This is next to impossible in today's world, but you can greatly reduce your exposure by knowing what and where the sources are in your environment, and then taking action to eliminate or minimize your exposure to them.
GET RID OF YOUR WIRELESS PARAPHERNALIA. (All wireless technology emits RF)
Yes, you can live without it. In fact, you can’t live with it and withdrawal from these conveniences/pleasures is necessary to avoid eventual withdrawal from society.
WIRELESS INTERNET AND BLUETOOTH SYSTEMS - hard wire it.
(Bluetooth applications include all close range wireless communication devices such as wireless keyboards, mouse, printers, hands-free headsets, gaming consoles, bar code scanners.)
WIRELESS BABY MONITORS - use corded, plug in, sound activated type and keep it well away from your baby.
CELL PHONES AND BLACKBERRIES - Use a land line. Some people keep one in their glove compartment in case of emergencies. Not using a cell phone regularly not only protects you and those near you but it also reduces the number of signals transmitting from cell phone towers and improves the environment for everyone.
REPLACE FLOURESCENT LIGHTS AND BULBS with incandescent bulbs. Although the government is encouraging everyone to use fluorescent bulbs, they only have power savings in mind. They are toxic in more ways than one: they emit strong EMFs and contain mercury. Research is being conducted on a certain type of LED lighting which may be safer to use.
The following is excerpted from Environment Canada's website: "Because mercury is toxic and has significant impacts on human and environmental health, even small mercury spills should be considered hazardous and should be cleaned up with caution. Liquid mercury, commonly found in household thermometers, thermostats and barometers, volatilizes easily to form a poisonous, colourless and odourless vapor when spilled. If inhaled, this vapor is rapidly absorbed through the lungs of an exposed individual. Children are especially at risk of exposure because mercury vapors, which are heavier than air, often linger near the floor where children crawl and play."
read the protocol for cleaning up a 'small' mercury spill
Your body heals and regenerates while you sleep. If you are being bombarded with EMFs during this time, not only will you be causing more damage but your body will not get the chance to heal itself.
REMOVE ALL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FROM THE BEDROOM. Clock radios, T.V.s, phones, electric blankets.
- If you must have them in the bedroom, place them as far away from the head of the bed as possible. It would be best to use a wind up or battery operated alarm clock.
- If you sleep in a water bed, unplug it (only switching off is not sufficient) before getting in at night.
- Do not use electric blankets. Use a hot water bottle or preheat bed with electric blanket, but unplug during sleep (only switching off is not sufficient).
- Sleep with your head away from power outlets.
- Place kitchen and laundry appliances on outside walls.
- It is highly beneficial to turn the power to the bedroom off at night. Remember there may also be lighting fixtures in ceilings below your bedroom and these should be turned off at the main also.
Generally, standard transmission and deisel powered vehicles emit fewer EMFs. Deisel being the best. Some vehicles have high electrical fields and low electromagnetic fields and some the opposite.
- Do not use GPS
- Limit the use of the heater and air conditioner
- Disconnect onboard DVD players etc. Not only are they usually placed very close to the heads of those in the front seats, the EMFs they emit are being bounced around inside the vehicle striking everyone multiple times.
- The stereo system can also be a bad source of EMFs, from the digital display, even when turned off. You can 'disconnect' it by pulling the fuse.
- There is a transparent window shielding that can be installed on you vehicle's windows but you may need special permission to do this. It will protect against RF from the plethora of cell towers along the highways. All windows will need to be coated so RF signals don't get in and ricochet around inside the vehicle. See: Protective fabrics
- While driving on the highway try to stay away from commercial vehicles. They usually have high powered transmitters for communications
ONLY SUBMIT YOURSELF TO X-RAYS, MRI's OR CT SCANS in emergency situations. Although exceptional diagnostic tools, these procedures are extremely dangerous and will only make your symptoms worse. Unless your situation is dire, it would be unwise to submit to them.
(Updated information Mar 25, 2008)
For information on the technology of MRIs please see:
Whole Body Screening using MRI or CT Technology (Health Canada);
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) (Georg Frese, Hans Engels);
Euro Work Safe; and Guidelines for Ethics Approval of Research Protocols Involving Human Exposure to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (HSREB, 2005)
LIMIT EXPOSURE AND STAY A SAFE DISTANCE FROM ALL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
- TV's, computers and monitors. Use a flat screen monitor. If you use long extensions on your mouse keyboard and monitor, you can have your computer further away from your desk and body. You can also sit further back from the monitor. Do not use a wireless keyboard and mouse. Be aware: the mouse and keyboard also have EMFs.
- If you have a laptop, do not sit with it on your body. Use an external keyboard, mouse, and possibly monitor. Using it on battery power will also reduce EMF exposure. Recharge the battery away from high use areas of your home.
- Refrigerators can be put on timers so they run periodically to maintain their temperature but don’t have current running to them constantly.
- Do not sit between two sources of EMFs. Electromagnetic fields attract one another, which expands the field from one source towards the other. Sitting between two sources puts you in this expanded field and increases your exposure. An example would be an attraction between your computer and TV. This can even have an effect if the TV is in an adjacent room.
- Unplug all electrical equipment when not in use. Even when something is turned off it will still conduct ‘dirty electricity’ from power surges and bring that into the room and closer to you.
- Remove or unplug lamps and other electrical equipment from occasional and end tables, if they are near to where you will be sitting. This includes telephones. Use overhead lighting or place lamps at a distance from where you will be sitting.
- Do not use a microwave oven. These not only emit high levels of EMF’s but they also irradiate your food, causing it to be less nutritious.
- Some people turn the power off in their homes for short periods to give their body a break.
- Other common high EMF/EMR sources are: furnace, water heater and pump, air conditioning unit, induction stoves, hair dryers, heating pads, tanning beds, sewing machines, printers, copiers, fax machines and radiant heating systems. See Building Biology Indoor Environment Checklist ©
CHECK THE WIRING IN YOUR HOME to make sure all connections are secure and there is no breakage anywhere.
CHECK ALL ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES to ensure they are in perfect working order. Do not break off the ground prong on the plugs.
CHECK THE OUTSIDE CONNECTION TO THE MAIN POWER LINES Call your electric utility provider and have them check to make sure they are all secure and there is no breakage anywhere. Also have them trim tree branches around the supply cable so they don’t touch and create surges on your line.
ANOTHER MAJOR SOURCE OF EMFs IS GROUND CURRENT ENTERING YOUR HOME ON WATER AND GAS PIPES. Install a dielectric coupling (electrically insulating piece) after having it checked by a licensed electrician. Replacing copper pipe with PVC can also reduce the transmission of EMFs around the home.
Because metal is an ideal transmitter and reflector of electricity and electromagnetic radiation, it is wise to keep your distance from and reduce the number of metallic objects in your environment.
- Consider replacing your spring bed with a natural material mattress. This is especially important because your body heals and regenerates while at rest.
- When purchasing new furniture take into consideration the amount of steel or metal it contains.
- Because of stray current on water pipes, a steel bathtub can be a high source of EMFs.
- Metallic jewellery can also attract EMFs. You may have already noticed aching in your hands, wrists, and neck from this.
- DO NOT WEAR HATS WITH METAL STUDS and BUCKLES. Check the little button on top of baseball caps. This can cause major injury, especially near cell phone towers or in wireless internet environments.
- Wear eyeglasses with as little metal as possible. Even those plastic frames have metal posts in the arms.
- At work, take frequent outside breaks to give your body a rest. See section on accommodation below.
- As with inside the house, it is always a good idea to measure EMF/EMR in your outside environment, so you know the best place to sit and relax.
- Stay away from overhead or underground high power lines, electrical transformers, substations, cell phone towers etc.
- Near the power supply and supply cable
- Underground water, gas pipes, TV cable, TV antennae, phone lines, and metal fences. Sitting in steel frame lawn chairs is also not a good idea. Sitting away from the house will reduce your proximity to steel veranda supports and rails, aluminum soffits, fascia, and eaves troughs.
There are a lot of EMF protective devices and materials on the market and they do work but only under certain conditions. For instance there are protective fabrics that will deflect or absorb EMFs. So you may think it a good idea to line your bedroom with some of the more reflective fabric. This will only work if you have no sources of EMF inside the shielded area because they would bounce around inside the room, increasing your exposure. (If you were to do this you would have to make sure that the floor and ceiling are also lined.)Fabric for protective clothing.
At first, I thought that the more protective the fabric the better. However, this isn’t the case. It can actually attract and retain EMFs instead of repel them.
One person has complained of having terrible pains in her head when she goes to bed. She wore a foil hat to protect against cell tower emissions.
This isn’t a very good idea. If you are being exposed to EMFs from any direction other than from the side or top, of your head, the EMFs will travel through your body and brain, out the top of your head; reflect off the shield and then travel back down through your brain and body, increasing your exposure.
I wear a hat made from NATURELL fabric. I have lined a hat with it that I wear to go out and I also have a couple made only of this fabric for in the house and to sleep in. I wear a hat 24/7. When I first started wearing it I couldn’t believe the relief I got. My head instantly felt ten times cooler and most of the pressure was gone within days. This is the pain I mentioned earlier that I didn’t know was there.
This fabric is strong enough to reflect most of the ambient EMFs from the electrical paraphernalia around me but only partially blocks out the direct RF signals from cell towers and wifi. It also isn’t strong enough to attract EMFs to my head. In blocking the ambient EMFs it actually reduces my exposure which in turn helps my body deal with the stronger RF signals. It also lets the stronger exposures I may experience from an upward angle to my body, pass right through. Once in a while, when I start feeling pain on the top of my head, I take the hat off because it is usually something affecting me from below. This may happen more if you are on an upper floor of a building and there are EMF sources on the floor(s) below.
As with everything that can be used for protection against EMFs, some things work for some but not for others. I know people who have tried wearing ‘the hat’ and find it doesn’t help at all or gives them a headache. This may due to the direction and type of the exposure in their environment and/or their particular biology. It is all trial and error and you will need to be patient to find what works for you.
Although WEEP does not usually promote specific devices or commercial companies, I feel that in this instance if you don’t use the right fabric, you may injure yourself further. The fabric I used is NATURELL by Swiss Shield®.
back to topThe Medical Aspects of Regaining Your Health
GETTING THE RIGHT MEDICAL HELP
Equally important to mitigation and avoidance of EMFs, is healing and strengthening your body. Since most family doctors only treat the symptoms of illness, seeing a registered complimentary and alternative medical practitioner is necessary to receive the right care. You have become electrohypersensitive because EMFs have affected your body on a broad spectrum and at a cellular level, so it is important to treat the root cause and not just the symptoms. For a list of Registered Naturopathic Doctors, by province see: Canadian Association of Naturopathic Doctors
It is also important to contact the Environmental Health Clinic at The New Women’s College Hospital in Toronto, and ask them for a referral package. There is a waiting list to get into the clinic, so the sooner this is done, the better. The Doctors at The Environmental Health Clinic will help you better understand EHS and what you need to do to regain your health. They will also help your family doctor understand EHS and what he or she can do to help you. Because the body of evidence is only now being taken seriously, most family practitioners are still unaware of EHS or anything that is involved in treating it. To help you talk to your doctor about EHS, we have prepared a document for you to take with you when you visit him/her. A printable version is available here. Talking to Your Doctor
Having a diagnosis from the Environmental Health Clinic will also help when you talk to your employer and insurance providers.
The Environmental Health Clinic is the clinical part of a joint clinical and research program of Women's College Hospital and the University of Toronto.
The purpose of the Clinic is to:
- Educate our clients, the public and health-care professionals about environmental health issues
- Provide a comprehensive multidisciplinary assessment for clients with Environmental Sensitivities/Intolerances (and related conditions), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia, and to make recommendations to their treating physicians regarding the management of their ongoing health care needs
- Gain a better understanding of the health-care needs of those with Environmental Sensitivities/Intolerances, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia through participation in clinical research a better understanding of the health-care needs of those with Environmental Sensitivities/Intolerances, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Fibromyalgia through participation in clinical research
Other environmental health care facilities in Canada:
In Nova Scotia, the Environmental Health Centre was established at a permanent site in 1997. This facility is associated with Dalhousie University and includes Canada’s only environmental control unit for treatment and research.
The provinces and territories, rather than the Government of Canada, are primarily responsible for the administration and delivery of health care services. It is therefore, recommended that you contact provincial/territorial Ministries of Health to find out what is available to you. The following Health Canada website provides links to provincial and territorial health ministries: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hcs-sss/delivery-prestation/ptrole/ptmin/index_e.html#1
MEDICAL ISSUES OF EHS
I strongly reccommend that you read the The Canadian Human Rights Commission Research Project, The Medical Perspective on Environmental Sensitivities. (Sears, 2007) Link. It will help you better understand the issues surrounding your health care and recovery.
The following are excerpts from this report.
ORIGINS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITIES
The "General Adaptation Syndrome" model underpins modern medicine, describing how the body responds to "stressors" (e.g. chemical agents, vigorous exercise, emotional loss). If the stress does not kill, initially there is a "flight/fight" response, then a period of adaptation and then resistance to the stressor. Eventually, if the stress continues for long enough, or there is a sudden surge of stress, adaptive mechanisms are exhausted. This brings generalized breakdown of body systems and non-specific illness. Recognition of these universal bodily reactions to stressors of all types, which are mediated via the pituitary/hypothalamus/adrenal axis, spawned the science of psychoneuroendocrine immunology.
Ashford and Miller described this scenario as "Toxicant-Induced Loss of Tolerance" (TILT), a disease paradigm affecting a broad cross-section of society, including veterans of war, workers in many professions and trades, and children in poorly ventilated or maintained schools. This toxic overload is treated by reducing the number of stressors, including chemicals and allergens in the body, the surroundings, food and water, as well as electromagnetic fields, currents and radiation. Reduction of emotional stressors may also help.
The balance of scientific evidence and experience indicates that environmental sensitivities generally arise from physiological causes, although there are many neurological and psychological consequences. Physiological responses to environmental factors vary greatly among individuals, and individuals’ experiences must play an important role in determining treatments. Once environmental factors initiating and triggering environmental sensitivities are addressed with safe housing, workplaces, food and water, then psychosocial interventions may assist people. The comprehensive biopsychosocial model of medicine, treating the body, mind and environment, is therefore the most appropriate and effective framework for treating environmental sensitivities.
ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITIES - MEDICAL ISSUES
http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/research_program_recherche/esensitivities_hypersensibilitee/page6-en.aspEarly recognition, avoidance of symptom-triggering agents, environmental control, treatments that may reduce residual toxins and recovery of normal biological processes are key to regaining health for people with sensitivities. Without mitigation of the incitant, people with environmental sensitivities may become severely debilitated. Once exposure to incitants is eliminated, helpful interventions include:
- treating gastrointestinal infections which, if untreated, can lead to absorption of internal toxins and large-molecule food antigens, or conversely, may lead to poor absorption of nutrients;
- regimens to enhance detoxification and elimination such as sauna and exercise therapy;
- reduction of heavy metal contamination using oral and intravenous chelation for toxic metals (shown to be safe to treat lead in children; it is currently in clinical trials for children with autism);
- oral and intravenous vitamins;
- securing hormonal homeostasis, given that many of the toxins observed are endocrine disruptors;
- correcting biochemical irregularities;
- psychological, social and spiritual support;
- occupational accommodation.
I am not a health care practitioner and I don't claim to know anything about human biological systems, so I asked my Naturopathic Doctor, Edie Pett (D.C., D.T.) to help me with this section.
To regain your good health you must repair and strengthen your body as much as possible before embarking on other more intensive treatments to rid your body of heavy metals.Your food should be organic, non GMO (genetically modified) and as local and seasonal as possible for optimal nutrient value.
It is recommended to eat: 8 to 10 servings of vegetables. Eat a variety of colours, red peppers, green kale, white cauliflower, orange carrots and squash. Use a variety of cooking methods from steaming, sautéing, baking, and some raw. Vegetable juice is especially useful if digestion is poor as it is high in enzymes and absorbable nutrients. Some suggestions would be to use a combination of carrot, celery, beet, ginger and cabbage.
1 to 3 servings of Fruit, but only if local and seasonal. Fruit must be picked ripe to have any significant nutritional value. Freezing or canning local fruit in the summer is a way to provide great fruit in the winter.
Whole Grains: Brown rice (all kinds), millet, quinoa, buckwheat, oatmeal, rye, amaranth, kamut, spelt
Legumes: chick peas, lentils, black beans, aduki, lima, split peas, navy, kidney beans, soybeans and tofu.
These provide great fibre for assisting in the elimination of wastes and toxins from the body, as well as plentiful nutrients and protein. Eat some of each of them on a daily basis. Great in soups, as side dishes, dips, salads.
Protein: When eating any animal protein choose only that which is hormone and antibiotic free and as organically raised as possible. Fish should be wild when possible. Larger fish such as tuna should be eaten less frequently due to their higher mercury content. Smaller fish such as anchovies and sardines provide high quality omega 3 essential fatty acids as well as being good protein sources. Complete vegetable protein is derived from combining legumes and whole grains together as well as the addition of nuts and seeds. Almonds, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, pecans and walnuts are good sources of oil and protein. Of course eggs are also a good protein source.
Extra virgin olive oil, coconut oil, sesame oil and sunflower oil are great oils to use in cooking and salads.
Herbs and spices add flavour and medicinal value: use garlic, onions, leeks, shallots often. Curries, cilantro, basil, oregano, turmeric etc.
Water in sufficient amounts is required to keep the body detoxifying well. Usually it is recommended to drink half your body weight in ounces. It should be purified, a Brita filter, reverse osmosis filter etc. Avoid buying water in plastic bottles or using plastic bottles to drink from. There are harmful chemicals that leach out of the plastic into our water.
AVOID all foods that contain sugar, high fructose corn syrup or artificial sweeteners. Better choices would be honey, maple syrup or stevia. A basic rule of thumb, if there are more than 5 ingredients listed on a product it’s best to avoid it!
Most people do better if they minimize their consumption of cow’s milk dairy products and wheat products.
If you do use them choose organic ones, or as an alternative try goat or sheep milk products. Many alternative choices to wheat are available: brown rice pasta, rye or spelt breads and crackers, brown rice cakes and crackers, granolas and mueslis. Corn and corn products are also not tolerated well by many individuals. If you do eat it, make sure it is organic as there is a lot of modified, gmo corn on the market.
REALLY, THE WAY TO GO IS TO DO YOUR OWN COOKING FROM SCRATCH SO THAT YOU KNOW ALL OF THE INGREDIENTS IN YOUR FOOD. Get to know local farmers, go to farmers’ markets, many are growing organically now. Read labels, ask questions, know what you’re eating!
BASIC HEALTHY LIFESTYLE SUGGESTIONS:Sleep: Get 7 to 8 hours of sleep every night. You may need to darken your room to help with this.
Dry brush your skin daily with a natural bristle brush or loofa. Eliminates wastes and acids from the skin as well as assisting in lymphatic drainage.
Get outside daily for at least ½ hour.
Movements…do something! Walk, swim, dance, run, and jump……every day.
Excerpted from Natural Health Techniques (See this site for details on dry brushing.)
- The skin is the largest most important eliminative organ in the body and is responsible for one quarter of the body’s detoxification each day
- The skin eliminates over one pound of waste acids each day in the average adult, most of it through the sweat glands
- That the skin is known also as our third kidney
- That the skin receives one third of all the blood circulated in the body
- That the skin is the last to receive nutrients in the body, yet the first to show signs of imbalance or deficiency
Detoxification is performed by a number of organs, glands, and transportation systems, including the skin, gut, kidneys, liver, lungs, lymphatic system, and mucous membranes. The dry brushing technique deals with detoxification of the skin.
Dry brushing is a way to stimulate all the above organs of detoxification because it provides a gentle internal massage.
Dry Brushing was recommended by the Finnish Dr., Paavo Airola for his patients 30 years ago and is still popular in European spas and many cancer treatment centers today. The Russians, Turks and Scandinavians have used this treatment for centuries. Dry brushing is promoted as a preventative for dry skin and a way to exfoliate the skin, thus stimulating skin renewal that is super soft to the touch, but there are many other benefits as well:
Health Benefits of Dry Skin Brushing:- Cleanses the lymphatic system
- Strengthens the immune system
- Stimulates the hormone and oil-producing glands
- Stimulates circulation
- Improves the function of the nervous system
- Helps digestion
THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER (BBB)
Because the BBB is compromised with EHS, Methylcobalamin B12 injection protocol is essential for patients with environmental sensitivities. (This is different to Cyanocobalamin B12 that is commonly available) For those who cannot stomach injections, a sublingual form is available at health food stores but will not be as effective.
The blood-brain barrier is created by the cells which line the small blood vessels (capillaries) of the brain, called endothelial cells. These cells form tight junctions between each other, which are not generally present in most organs, and stop a free exchange of substances occurring between the blood and the brain. This barrier protects the brain and creates its unique environment. (Begley, 2005) (6)
Methylcobalamin is the active form of vitamin B12 and triggers regeneration of the nerves without adverse side effects. It facilitates methylation, the process that creates and maintains nerves and brain chemicals.
The Methylcobalamin Protocol for patients with environmental illness is:
- Methylcobalamin injection 25,000 IU/cc (preservative free)
- 5cc vial X6R
- 0.1cc subcutaneously daily or 2-3x per week or as directed.
- It is best to use an Insulin syringe 3/10cc (painless)(#30)
- Keep refrigerated and discard after expiry date
- (Kathleen Kerr MD, 2005)
Because of the potential for side effects and interactions with medications, dietary supplements should be taken only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care provider.
It is recommended that you use only high quality supplements
- Omega 3-6-9 fatty acids ~ reduce inflammation and help prevent risk factors associated with chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and arthritis. These essential fatty acids are highly concentrated in the brain and appear to be particularly important for cognitive (brain memory and performance) and behavioral function.
- Anti-oxidants ~ prevent and repair damage done by free radicals. Antioxidants may also enhance immune defense and therefore lower the risk of cancer and infection.
- Melatonin ~ helps regulate other hormones and maintains the body's circadian rhythm. In addition to its hormonal actions, melatonin has strong antioxidant effects. Preliminary evidence suggests that it may help strengthen the immune system. It is recommended that you speak with your health care practitioner before taking melatonin.
- Calcium ~ the most abundant mineral in the human body, has several important functions. More than 99% of total body calcium is stored in the bones and teeth where it functions to support their structure . The remaining 1% is found throughout the body in blood, muscle, and the fluid between cells. Calcium is needed for muscle contraction, blood vessel contraction and expansion, the secretion of hormones and enzymes, and sending messages through the nervous system. A constant level of calcium is maintained in body fluid and tissues so that these vital body processes function efficiently.
- B-Complex ~ B vitamins are an important part of the diet and are needed to help avoid many health conditions. The body does not produce B vitamins naturally. Their influence is felt in many parts of the body. They function as coenzymes that help the body obtain energy from food. They also are important for normal appetite, good vision, healthy skin, healthy nervous system and red blood cell formation
- Milk Thistle has a protective effect on the liver and improves its function. The liver plays a major part in ridding your body of toxins and so needs to be kept as healthy as possible.
- Vitamin D (up to 4000mcg a day) ~ In addition to calcium metabolism, accumulating evidence indicates other roles in human health, including immune function, reduction of inflammation, and effects on cell proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell death.
- Digestive enzymes ~ assist your body in absorbing essential nutrients.
- Probiotics ~ re-establish and maintain a normal intestinal microflora.
- For additional information on supplements to protect your body and assist with moving mercury out of your system, please see: http://mercurytalk.com/wiki/index.php/Detoxing:Getting_Started_With_A_Detox_Plan
Not only do amalgam dental fillings attract EMF and electricity to your body, they create electrical current, and they contain mercury. Mercury is very toxic and is difficult for the human body to process and get rid of. Heavy metals in your body may have contributed to your getting sick in the first place. There are many ways in which you could have acquired heavy metal toxicity but dental amalgam fillings are a major source of contamination. It is not a single incident contamination but an ongoing leaching into the body. (see: Environment Canada's Mercury and the Environment, Health Concerns)
Amalgam restorations consist of mercury, silver, tin, copper, and a trace amount of zinc. The dental amalgam has two fundamental flaws that adversely affect a patient's health. The first fundamental flaw is that all amalgam metals are cations(a). The net result of the tendency for covalent(b), ionic and metallic bonding and van der Waals forces(c) between amalgam cations is a weak repulsion. So there is a sustained release of mercury and other metals from the amalgam into the body. Researchers have measured a daily release of mercury on the order of 10 micrograms from the amalgam into the body. Mercury is a toxic metal; the most minute amount damages cells.
The second fundamental flaw is that there are five dissimilar metals in the amalgam. Galvanic(d) action between these metals in inevitable (the dissimilar metals form a battery). Galvanism produces electricity that flows through the body. The electric currents produced by the amalgam typically are between 0.1 and 10 microamps, compared to the body's natural electric current of 3 microamps.
The mercury challenges systemic functions of every individual and of developing fetuses, so it can lead to health problems and fetal malformations. Mercury leakage and its subsequent pathophysiologic effects are most often slow, insidious processes. So health problems caused by dental mercury poisoning are perceived many years after the amalgams are placed. (DAMS Inc. 1997 & 2005)
(b) Of or relating to a chemical bond characterized by one or more pairs of shared electrons
(c) The relatively weak attractive forces that are operative between neutral atoms and molecules and that arise because of the electric polarization induced in each of the particles by the presence of other particles
(d) Of, relating to, involving, or producing a direct current of electricity
Removal and replacement of amalgam fillings with non-metallic fillings is not straight forward. A specific protocol needs to be followed to ensure that you don’t absorb any more mercury during the procedure, and to bolster your immune and nervous systems. Having amalgam dental fillings replaced without following this protocol can cause severe health reactions. Working in unison with your natural health care practitioner and your dentist, while you are having you fillings replaced, is strongly recommended.
Even though it is scientific fact that mercury is released from amalgam fillings, most dentists are misguided and are still using it. (See: http://amalgamillness.com/Mercury.html) In my search for a dentist, to replace my amalgam fillings, I have spoken to several who seem to be under the impression that mercury is not dangerous. One dentist told me there is less mercury in one filling than in a can of tuna. But what if you have more than one filling? And aren't they warning against eating tuna?
For the dental protocol to safely remove amalgam fillings see: International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology (IAOMT)
For mercury free and mercury safe dentists in North America see: IAOMT-Find a Dentist/Physician
This page also contains a link to international chapters.
REMOVAL OF MERCURY AND HEAVY METALS FROM YOUR BODY
If not done correctly, removal (via chelation) of heavy metals from the body can be dangerous. It is recommended that you find a health care practitioner with a lot of experience and recommendations from previous patients. It is also recommended that you read the book Amalgam Illness Diagnosis and Treatment by Dr. Andrew Hall Cutler PhD., PE.
Testing for mercury in the body is difficult because mercury remains in the blood for a very short period before being excreted or settling in the organs and brain.
There are several methods of testing but because the DMPS Challenge involves moving large amounts of mercury in your body at one time, it can be very dangerous and is not recommended. Please see: Testing for Mercury Toxicity for more options and information.Detoxing is a long-term plan that you have to faithfully follow if it is going to work. Here are specific ideas to help you create a good detox plan.
Mercury detox is a two-tier project:
- Mobilization (via Chelation)
This balancing act is important because mobilizing too much mercury too fast can redistribute the mercury causing it to end up back in your body tissue causing more damage as it travels. If you mobilize too slowly, then mercury remains in your body longer than necessary.
A good plan will involve starting gently and becoming more agressive as you become stronger and healthier.
Read more... Detoxing:Getting Started With A Detox Plan (mercurytalk.com)Psychological and Social Aspects of EHS
As I mentioned earlier, I am not a health care practitioner so, once again, I am turning to the experts for this section. I would also suggest that you read the advice on the The Environmental Health Clinic at The New Women's College Hospital’s website. It is about living with other environmental sensitivities, but the advice given is practical for all sensitivities. The information I supply here on coping and social/spiritual aspects of environmental sensitivities is excerpted from their web site. http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/centres/environmental/sensitivities/index.html
It is common to feel "out of control," particularly in the beginning of this illness. It is helpful to keep a diary of activities and then note your symptoms in relation to exposure. This is a useful tool for making changes in your environment and helps one to regain some control. If there are a number of things that need to be changed it can appear overwhelming. It is important to set priorities and realistic time frames to make changes.It often helps to view symptoms as early warning signs. If you can remove yourself from triggering agents, when the earliest symptoms start, you may be able to avoid developing further symptoms.
Relaxation exercises are helpful to decrease stress. Below is an example of an easy exercise to promote relaxation:
Coping strategies are critical for people with environmental sensitivities/intolerances, as they may experience the feeling that their lives are being "turned upside down." They may have lost their ability to work. They may be unable to socialize outside their homes - or even perform routine tasks such as grocery shopping, due to triggering of symptoms by everyday environmental exposures.
In a US-based survey of people with chronic fatigue syndrome, the most helpful coping skill was "attitudinal adjustment." This refers to basically acceptance of the illness and taking care of themselves. In this study, people said, "I stopped comparing myself to others," or "I don't waste time worrying about what might have been" and "I remind myself to be in the moment - that's all there is."
Anyone experiencing a debilitating chronic illness needs time to grieve over the loss of his or her former life.
Isolation is often one of the most difficult aspects of having environmental sensitivities/intolerances. Family and friends may not understand the patient's many sensitivities and symptoms and may go through many of the same emotional stages that the sick person does - denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance. This lack of understanding may be compounded if health professionals and insurance companies do not validate the illness as "real."The first step in helping others to understand your condition is to educate yourself, and then others. You may wish to have family and friends come to your own home when socializing, rather than going to their homes, as it is easier to control your own environment.
Sadly, in some cases, in spite of education about ES/MCS, family and friends may not be supportive. It is probably wise to minimize or eliminate contact with these people as much as possible, as they can be very "energy draining." On the other hand, building a group or community of people who understand and care can be energy well spent. It may be helpful to connect with others who have the illness, through a support group. If you cannot leave your home or find a tolerable space to meet, it is usually still possible to network with supportive others through telephone calls, the Internet and/or email.
Some people find that when they start to feel better they want to become active in making environmental changes in their community to prevent others becoming ill or to help others who have environmental sensitivities. This is a great way to “make a difference.” Find out what groups are working in your community to create safe and healthy environments through your local politicians or support groups for people with environmental sensitivities/intolerances
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Employment and Accommodation
As stated earlier, avoiding EMFs is very important in regaining your health. This can be difficult to do when at work. You may need to take some sick time at first, to start the healing process, but you still have bills to pay and a life to live.
The nature of your work may make it possible for you to work from home. You will have to determine, for yourself, what is best for your situation.
The Canadian Human Rights Commission approved a Policy on Environmental Sensitivities on June 15th, 2007. This policy has weight of law for federal employers, and sets a precedent for others. In this policy, EHS is classified as an environmental sensitivity and therefore a disability. There are two reports dealing with the medical perspective and the legal perspective. To help your employers better understand EHS, you may want to refer them to this site.
The Medical Perspective on Environmental Sensitivities By: Margaret E. Sears (M.Eng., Ph.D.) Linkand
Accommodation for Environmental Sensitivities: Legal Perspective By: Cara Wilkie and David Baker Link
Here are some pertinent excerpts from these reports and from the Discrimination Prevention section of their web site.
a. Definitions of Disability
International approaches to definitions of disability in human rights protection vary in their reliance on medical diagnoses and symptoms. At one end of this spectrum are the Canadian and Australian approaches, in which a very broad definition of disability is adopted.3 As a result of this, complainants are required to provide minimal medical evidence to establish that they qualify as persons with a disability, and individuals with environmental sensitivities do not need to prove the veracity of their condition. In fact, the courts have specifically held that the inability of the medical community to diagnose a condition or identify its cause does not affect whether an individual has a disability, so long as its triggers can be identified.
b. Evidentiary Difficulties
The general lack of knowledge on sensitivities within the medical community and the unavailability of tests to identify particular triggers may act as an obstacle to the treatment of sensitivities and to a complainant’s ability to identify appropriate experts to testify before a tribunal or provide evidence to an employer about accommodation needs.
Recommendation 2: Employers, service providers and other decision makers should ensure that, if accommodation requests are rejected, it is not because the medical evidence provided is not as unequivocal as it may be with other disabilities: knowledge and understanding of the condition is still developing, and the expectations regarding medical evidence should reflect this. 3. Disability is defined in section 25 of the Act as “any previous or existing mental or physical disability and includes disfigurement and previous or existing dependence on alcohol or a drug.”
ACCOMMODATION ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITIES: BEST PARCTICES Linka. Accommodation Principles and Practices
As for any other disability, the accommodation process for persons with environmental sensitivities must be conducted in an individualized, respectful and inclusive manner. Employers and service providers are well-advised to accommodate in a respectful manner that protects the individual’s self-respect, privacy, comfort and autonomy. Accommodations should be individual in nature and not "one size fits all." Finally, the goal of accommodations is independence and full participation of the individual. When evaluating potential accommodations, this is the standard that they ought to be measured against.
UNDUE HARDSHIP Link
What is undue hardship?
The employer’s or service provider’s duty to accommodate is limited only by "undue hardship’’ i.e. the employer or service provider need not accommodate an employee or client if it can show that the accommodation would cause the employer or service provider to suffer undue hardship. Section 15(2) of the Canadian Human Rights Act states that ‘’it must be established that accommodation of the needs of an individual or a class of individuals affected would impose undue hardship on the person who would have to accommodate those needs, considering health, safety and cost’’ in order for the accommodation to be considered too much of a burden.
Undue Hardship - Health and Safety
If accommodating a person’s age, physical or mental disability, family or marital status, or religious practice would pose an undue risk to the health and safety of that person, or others, then an employer or service provider may be able to establish undue hardship. For example, an airline may require its pilots to have a certain level of uncorrected vision, hearing and manual dexterity in order to land a plane with all its passengers, safely, without instruments in an emergency. This requirement could prevent persons with certain disabilities from being a pilot.
Undue Hardship - Cost
The cost of a proposed accommodation would be considered ‘’undue’’ if it is so high that it affects the very survival of the organization or business, or it threatens to change its essential nature. The mere fact that some cost, financial or otherwise, will be incurred is insufficient to establish undue hardship. Some factors that can be considered in appraising undue hardship are the size and financial resources of the employer, and external financing, and details of any additional risks or detriments.
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Sage, C. 2007. The BioInitiative Report. retrieved from: www.bioinitiative.org
Sears, M.E. 2007. Retrieved from: The Canadian Human Rights Commission. The Medical Perspective on Environmental Sensitivities.
Havas, M. & Stetzer, D. 2004. Retrieved from: Graham/Stetzer Filters Improve Power Quality in Homes and Schools, Reduce Blood Sugar Levels in Diabetics, Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms, and Headaches.
Building Biology Indoor Environment Checklist© Retrieved from: http://www.baubiologie.net/docs/elektrosmog_bb_indoor_environment_checklist.pdf
Begely, D. 2005. The Blood Brain Barrier. Retrieved from: http://www.gaucher.org.uk/bloodbrainmay2005.htm
DAMS Inc. 1997 & 2005. The Dental Amalgam Issue. Retrieved from: http://www.amalgam.org/
Mercury Talk. Retrieved from: http://www.mercurytalk.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Index
Natural Health Techniques. Retrieved from: http://www.naturalhealthtechniques.com/HealingTechniques/Dry_Brushing_Technique.htm
Canadian Human Rights Commission; Discrimination Prevention. Retrieved from: | <urn:uuid:492ee564-aab7-4b85-936b-4995afd4bd13> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://weepinitiative.org/livingwithEHS.html | 2024-02-26T06:30:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.942625 | 10,689 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
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In recent times, the conversation around emotional health and authenticity has increasingly highlighted the importance of being vulnerable.
Once perceived as a sign of weakness, vulnerability is now embraced as a vital element of strength and authenticity.
Understanding why allowing ourselves to be vulnerable is crucial for building deeper relationships, enhancing self-awareness, and fostering a sense of connectedness is essential. We also need to examine the nuances of vulnerability, its transformative impact on our lives, and how we can navigate its challenges to uncover its empowering benefits.
This article explores the rising recognition of vulnerability as a cornerstone of genuine human connections and personal growth.
- Vulnerability is a courageous step towards authenticity and not a sign of weakness.
- Embracing imperfections is essential to living a genuine and authentic life.
- Surrounding yourself with supportive relationships creates a safe space for open expression.
- Overcoming the fear of rejection and learning from rejection can lead to personal growth and development.
One must recognize that vulnerability involves opening up to others about your thoughts and feelings without fear of judgment. It’s about peeling back the layers and showing your true self. Don’t let vulnerability myths deter you; it isn’t a sign of weakness but a courageous step toward authenticity.
It’s essential, though, to establish personal boundaries. You get to decide who deserves to see the most private parts of your world. Being vulnerable doesn’t mean you throw open the gates to everyone. It’s a selective process that honors your comfort and safety.
Overcoming the Fear of Judgment
You’re not alone in feeling apprehensive about the opinions of others. But remember that everyone has flaws, and embracing your imperfections is a courageous step toward authenticity.
Seeking out relationships that offer support and understanding can provide a safe space to express yourself openly.
Learning to practice self-compassion, you’ll find the strength to face judgment without compromising your true self.
Accepting your imperfections is essential in overcoming the fear of judgment and fostering genuine connections with others. Your flawed beauty and authentic mistakes make you uniquely you, and embracing these can liberate you from the chains of others’ expectations.
Here’s how you can start:
- Recognize that imperfection is a universal human trait.
- Appreciate the character and depth flawed beauty brings to life.
- Learn from authentic mistakes instead of fearing them.
- Share your true self with others, imperfections and all.
Seek Supportive Relationships
To conquer your fear of judgment, it’s crucial to surround yourself with people who uplift and support you. Relationship dynamics play a significant role in building your emotional resilience, enabling you to be vulnerable without dreading criticism. Seek out individuals who respect your journey and encourage your freedom to express yourself.
These supportive relationships are the cornerstone of a safe environment where you can share openly. They provide a buffer against the harshness of external judgments. Remember, vulnerability is a strength, not a weakness. In the company of genuine allies, you’ll find that sharing your true self becomes less daunting.
Practicing self-compassion is your next step in overcoming the fear of judgment, helping you to treat yourself with the same kindness you’d offer a good friend. As you strive for vulnerability, understand that the path to freedom from others’ opinions begins within.
- Acknowledge your feelings: Recognize your emotions without harsh criticism. Gentle mindfulness allows you to be present and aware, yet not overwhelmed.
- Forgive yourself: Everyone makes mistakes. Grant yourself the grace to move forward.
- Speak kindly: Use words of encouragement when talking to yourself. Kindness practices can transform self-talk from a critic to a supportive ally.
- Celebrate small victories: Each step is progress, no matter how small. Recognize your growth without comparing it to others.
Through these actions, you’ll cultivate a sense of self-compassion that silences the fear of judgment and liberates you to be your most authentic self.
The Role of Self-Compassion
One must often embrace self-compassion to be vulnerable without harsh self-judgment. Compassionate mindfulness is your ally, guiding you to acknowledge your feelings without criticism. This mindful approach fosters a safe space to express genuine emotions and thoughts.
By adopting self-kindness strategies, you’re validating your experiences and building resilience. Understand that setbacks and imperfections are part of the human condition, and treating yourself with the kindness you’d offer a friend is essential. Self-compassion isn’t about indulgence but recognizing your worth and permitting yourself to grow.
It’s a liberating force, paving the way for vulnerability and deeper connections with others.
Building Trust in Relationships
You must cultivate substantial trust in your relationships to comfortably share your vulnerabilities. Overcoming communication barriers and engaging in trust exercises are pivotal steps toward this goal.
Here’s how you can start:
- Listen Actively: Show genuine interest in your partner’s thoughts and feelings to break down walls.
- Be Consistent: Your actions should match your words, reinforcing your reliability.
- Engage in Trust Exercises: Simple activities that require mutual support can significantly strengthen your bond.
- Express Your Needs: Clearly and respectfully communicate what you require from the relationship.
Sharing Your True Self
To share your true self, start by identifying what you’re most passionate about and expressing that to others. This is the essence of personal authenticity. It’s about being true to your values, beliefs, and emotions.
When you’re emotionally honest, you let people in on your experiences and feelings, which can foster deeper connections. Remember, vulnerability isn’t about oversharing or seeking validation; it’s about the courage to be seen for who you are. It’s a liberating act that breaks down walls and can lead to profound freedom in your relationships.
Don’t be afraid to show the world the unique tapestry of your life—your strengths, struggles, and everything in between. That’s when your true journey with others begins.
Embracing Emotional Exposure
You may find that allowing yourself to be emotionally exposed can lead to profound connections and growth despite the inherent risks.
It’s natural to fear rejection but don’t let it deter you from the benefits of openness.
Instead, acknowledge your apprehension and consider it a stepping stone towards building more authentic relationships.
Benefits of Openness
Embracing your emotions openly can significantly enhance your relationships and personal growth. Open communication fosters a more authentic connection, while personal growth is accelerated through the self-awareness of exposing your inner world.
Consider these benefits:
- Deeper Connections: Sharing your struggles and triumphs invites others to understand the real you.
- Increased Trust: When you’re open, people are more likely to confide in you, deepening mutual trust.
- Reduced Stress: Holding back emotions can be exhausting. Letting them out can provide a sense of relief.
- Heightened Self-Acceptance: By accepting and expressing your feelings, you learn to accept yourself fully.
You’ll notice that life’s constraints loosen when you welcome vulnerability, paving the way to a more accessible, authentic existence.
Fear of Rejection
Despite these benefits, one major hurdle you’ll likely face when striving for vulnerability is the fear of rejection. This fear isn’t just about not being accepted; it’s deeply rooted in rejection sensitivity, a palpable concern that can lead to social avoidance. Embracing emotional exposure requires courage, especially when the possibility of being turned away feels imminent.
However, it’s crucial to remember that this fear, while valid, often exaggerates the potential adverse outcomes. Overcoming it isn’t about dismissing your emotions but recognizing that the path to genuine connections is paved with the risk of occasional rejection. By confronting this fear, you chip away at the barriers to freedom, allowing you to form more authentic relationships and live uninhibited by the shackles of what others may think.
Learning From Rejection
Though often painful, rejection serves as an invaluable teacher, nudging you toward growth and greater emotional resilience. Building rejection resilience isn’t just about bouncing back; it’s also about feedback acceptance—taking the sting of ‘no’ and transforming it into actionable insight.
Here’s how you can learn from rejection:
- Reflect on the experience to understand what can be improved.
- Try communicating with those who’ve rejected you to gain constructive feedback if possible.
- Reframe the rejection as a stepping stone, not a roadblock, on your journey to success.
- Recommit to your goals with a renewed sense of purpose and direction.
You can turn rejection into a catalyst for freedom and personal evolution. Embrace it, learn from it, and let it propel you forward.
Cultivating Vulnerability Daily
You can cultivate vulnerability in your everyday life by consciously opening up and sharing your true self with others. Developing emotional literacy, the ability to understand and express your feelings is a cornerstone of this practice. It’s about recognizing your emotions and their impact on your thoughts and actions. This self-awareness is liberating, allowing you to communicate more authentically.
Embrace risk-taking strategies by initiating difficult conversations or seeking feedback, even when it feels uncomfortable. Remember, every act of openness is a step towards freedom. By integrating these small acts of bravery into your daily routine, you nurture a resilient spirit unafraid to show up fully and embrace life’s uncertainties.
In conclusion, embracing emotional vulnerability is a profound act of courage and authenticity, pivotal in deepening our relationships and enhancing our mental health.
This journey into vulnerability is not just about exposing our true selves; it’s about building trust, fostering deeper connections, and embracing our authentic selves despite the fear and anxiety it may bring.
Relationship experts, family therapists, and vulnerability researchers underscore the importance of emotional exposure in creating meaningful and healthy relationships.
Whether through face-to-face interactions, intimate relationships with a partner, or even online therapy sessions, showing vulnerability can sometimes allow us to connect on a much deeper level.
Vulnerability is not a weakness but a strength that requires courage to reveal one’s true self, including complex and painful emotions. It’s about taking emotional risks, which, while challenging, can lead to greater intimacy and understanding.
Actual vulnerability is about letting down our guard, shedding shame, and embracing empathy, allowing for more authentic and emotionally rich experiences.
As we navigate our journey towards vulnerability, we learn that it is essential to a fulfilling life, paving the way for more assertive, empathetic, and deeply connected relationships. | <urn:uuid:10a969b5-1d80-4bf6-8ff5-2d6e02859402> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://brilliantio.com/how-to-be-vulnerable/ | 2024-02-26T06:52:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.923713 | 2,262 | 2.640625 | 3 | [
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Composed in January through March of 1897 in Reading Prison, Berkshire, De Profundis is a letter of “revelation of all that is feeblest in the writer”. Written by Oscar Wilde addressing his lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, or, Bosie, the title of the eighty-page letter translates from Latin to “out of the depths.” The letter describes Wilde’s account of the events leading up to his imprisonment when he was convicted to two years hard time for “gross indecency.” While the letter is tinged with hatred and regret, Wilde makes a point to assign blame for the situation and outcome not just on Bosie and his father, but on Wilde himself. Richard Ellman, Oscar Wilde biographer, notes that while on the surface the letter seems to be a bitter recognition of Bosie’s destructive influence on Wilde’s life, “the most important thing about De Profundis is that it is a love letter” (515). In addition to being an acknowledgement of his love for Bosie, Wilde’s point in De Profundis was to “restore the esteem and respect which his parents had held in public life before his humiliation” while trying to explain himself to the lover who was responsible for his incarceration. While there is no denying that Wilde’s letter is a plea to have Bosie understand the misgivings of their relationship, it is also Wilde’s own attempt to understand for himself his own part in his fall. Wilde took the opportunity to turn his misgivings into a personal exploration of what really is important to himself as an artist as well as a man, using aesthetics as a major motif to hinge most all of his advice and personal exploration on.
What is interesting about the letter is Wilde’s unwavering adherence to his aesthetic principles. The letter proves that while prison was a “time and place of anguish for Wilde… it was also a time…that provided him with an occasion on which to celebrate the symbolic relationship between himself and the art and culture to which his life belonged'.
Wilde asserted that that in order to live an aesthetic life, a person must live as though one was a living, breathing work of art. De Profundis is proof that even while surrounded by the horrors of prison Wilde insisted on living as artfully as he could. Wilde’s basic aesthetic principles were based on three ideas: that art is life, that art must be moral, ethical, and positive, and that art, similar to life, is wholly paradoxical. Though “more than half of De Profundis is taken up by his confession, not of his own sins, but Bosie’s” the letter is an example of Wilde’s aesthetic philosophy, which includes his version of a moral and ethical way of living. Oscar Wilde discovered aestheticism from his readings of the Ancient Greeks in his youth and adopted Dandyism, a way of living that “made an art of their lives, and this the Aesthetes found irresistible”. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that deals with “the beautiful as exhibited in works of art…aesthetics considered on its objective side has to investigate…a function of art in general as expressing the beautiful, and then the nature of beauty thus expr’essed”. The “cultivation of refined aesthetic tastes and the indulgence in decadent obsessions were part of a movement in which Wilde was leader” and at the center of aestheticism was a desire of “individuality and self-consciousness as both the cause and effect of art”. Wilde wrote that “it is through Art, and through Art only, that we can realise our perfection; through Art, and through Art only, that we can shield ourselves from the sordid perils of actual existence”. If it is art that helps the creator realize perfection, then De Profundis is that piece of art that helped Wilde discover his perfection of self-awareness, self-analysis, and self-discovery. In short, Wilde’s aesthetic principles revolve around the idea that art is created solely for its own sake, that its only duty is to bring good to the world.
It is necessary to define what Wilde meant when he used the word “art” to fully understand his philosophy concerning aesthetics. Wilde saw art as “A unique endeavor, quite independent of moral or utilitarian values and prerogatives; its specific appeal is to the artistic temperament, rather than to any other aspect of our experience; the artistic temperament is conditioned by and responds to the aesthetic sense, which is to way to a sense of beauty; beauty is communicated by for. The only further step that was taken…was to associate beauty and truth.”
Wilde and his followers thought of art as life, and life’s experience as the highest expression of beauty. Julia Prewitt Brown, author of Cosmopolitan Criticism: Oscar Wilde’s Philosophy of Art, posits that “by art, Wilde means both the work of art and the aesthetic sense or potential in each of us. By life—which often appears in close proximity to the word art—Wilde means the ongoing experiences that constitute existence”. Both definitions define art in relation to life, because, to Wilde, one could not live artistically without perceiving the beauty around them. The crux of his argument in De Profundis tends to hinge on the fact that Bosie not only ruined Wilde’s life personally and professionally but also aesthetically. This is what Wilde perceived after contemplating the lack of beauty in his life caused by Bosie. Wilde writes that he “blames himself for allowing an unintellectual friendship, a friendship whose primary aim was not the creating and contemplation of beautiful things, to entirely dominate my life”. From the outset, he uses art as a means to convey to Bosie that it is his lover’s lack of aesthetic principles that ruined Wilde. He goes on to address Bosie, summarizing his faults: “You must see now that your incapacity of being alone: your nature so exigent in its persistent claim on the attention and time of other: your lack of any power of sustained intellectual concentration: the unfortunate accident—for I like to think it was no more—that you had not yet been able to acquire the “Oxford temper” in intellectual manners, never, I mean, been one who could play gracefully with ideas but had arrived at violence of opinion merely—that all these things, combined with the fact that your desires and interests were in Life not in Art, were as destructive to your own progress in culture as they were to my work as an artist? When I compare my friendship with you to my friendship with such still younger men as John Gray and Pierre Louys I feel ashamed. My real life, my higher life was with them and such as they.”
Plato presumed that “poetical limitations are ruinous to the understanding…the knowledge of their true nature is the only antidote to them”.
Wilde realizes, using art and his artistic existence, that Bosie’s lack of aesthetic value and his “poetical limitations” as well as his less than satisfactory intellectual vigor caused Wilde’s downfall. This knowledge is the antidote to his misery, as knowing is the first step to fixing the problem. The problem that Wilde realizes is Bosie’s presence in his life. While Wilde acknowledges that Bosie was preoccupied with only life and not art, he uses De Profundis to show that life is not whole without the presence of art. Bosie is his proof of this theory.
Wilde viewed life as art’s student. Without art, life would not be as informed, as whole, or as beautiful. This “mimetic-expressive, pedagogical relation is the germ of the theory of reception by which Wilde resolves the main contradiction of aestheticism—that is, the paradoxical separation yet interdependence of art and life”. In other words, Wilde’s aesthetic theory dictates that art and existence are inseparable, in that art is the essence of life itself. This is evident in De Profundis as Wilde, the man who views himself as a living, moving piece of art attempts to reform the person who, in his opinion, is without aesthetic principles that would make Bosie “good” in Wilde’s eyes. In fact, in Wilde’s perfect world, life would imitate art, or, Bose would imitate Wilde in his aesthetic and moral values, Wilde considering himself a living work of art and therefore “life’s teacher.”
A chief idea behind Wilde’s philosophy of aesthetics was the idea that everything in life should be beautiful, and that by comparison, everything that is beautiful should be good. To Wilde, to be good meant to live in the present, which applies to the spontaneity of Wilde’s life. The job of aesthetics is to “discuss such topics as the relation of art to nature and life, the distinction of art from nature, the relation of natural and artistic beauty, the conditions and nature of beauty in a work of art, and especially the distinction of beauty from truth, from utility, and from moral goodness”. A major component to Wilde’s philosophy of aesthetics was the idea of blending morality and artistic quality into a perfect piece of art. Influenced by Kierkegaard, Wilde believed that “the aesthete is unable to escape the ethical basis of life because he cannot transcend time except purely in his imagination”. If life is art, then life must be ethical in order to be beautiful. The aesthete cannot control time and changes in one’s life, therefore the only way to be free of any ethical responsibility is in one’s works of artistic output. But to Wilde, life is art. If art is considered to be morality and life bound as one, then it can be understood that art is everything, as life is the sum of all of our experiences. The approach that Wilde takes when addressing the ruin that is his life can be viewed as positive, as throughout the letter Wilde blames himself for allowing the ugliness to penetrate his life, learning from his experience with Bosie. Wilde assumes blame for the ruin that has become his life in addition to Bosie’s guilt by noting that “while you were with me you were the absolute ruin of my Art, and in allowing you to stand persistently between Art and myself I give myself shame and blame in the fullest degree”. Wilde realizes that if he were to place blame for his downfall solely on Bosie, he would not learn and gain insight from his experience. And, blaming Bosie solely for his destruction would not be artistic, as outward bitterness would not be considered artistic in his view of aesthetic qualities as being bitter is an ugly trait. Plato observes that “few persons ever reflect, as I should imagine, that from the evil of other men something of evil is communicated to themselves”. Wilde knew that the “evil” of Bosie’s lack of aesthetic principles had transferred to himself, and he knew that in order to uphold the air of aestheticism that he was so well known for he to needed to be culpable for his downfall.
Wilde also believed that life is paradoxical in its nature and that everything, including artistic output, can be seen as a puzzle to human behavior. Influenced by Nietzche, Wilde saw art “not as a signpost to something else—it is that something else… Wilde bespeaks a philosophy of ethical aestheticism that does not point elsewhere but always back to its own paradoxical truths”. His “philosophy of beauty was never quite sincere. He did not write for Philistines with his heart in his mouth, but merely with his tongue in his cheek”.
If life is paradoxical, and life is art, then art too is paradoxical. If art is paradoxical, then is there one way to interpret art? Wilde did not think so, as his definition of aestheticism depends not only on beauty but on perception and there is no one “right way” of seeing things. There is a personal element to the perception of things, so while Wilde agreed that there is no one right way to view and interpret art, every interpretation is and can be right. Therefore, art is a puzzle that cannot be concretely “solved,” in the conventional sense. One way Wilde achieved this moral and paradoxical effect is by writing aphorisms, which “retain a decidedly moral reflection” (Brown 35). By presenting puzzles which teach moral code to the reader, Wilde “subtly turns the vocabulary of English moral and social criticism against itself, allowing its latent contradictions to emerge; and in doing, he brings about a transformation from within” (Brown 35). An example of this paradoxical nature in De Profundis is Wilde’s approach to the insults that he presents to Bosie’s actions and self. The insults are paradoxical as while Wilde blames himself for much of their relationship problems, he also uses them to place blame on Bosie. Who the reader sides with is based on the individual perception of the reader. Wilde realizes that if Bosie were really living an artistic life, he would be able to understand the paradoxical nature of Wilde admitting his own responsibility for his downfall while realizing that what Wilde is really doing is blaming Bosie. But at some points, Wilde drops the blame off himself and places the fault solely on Bosie’s shoulders in order to make his lover understand just what his artless life has done to him. Wilde shares with Bosie that his “insistence on a life of reckless profusion:your incessant demands for money: your claim that all your pleasures should be paid for me whether I was with you or not: brought me after some time into serious monetary difficulties, and what made the extravagances to me at any rate so monotonously uninteresting, as your persistent grasp on my life grew stronger and stronger, was that the money was really spent on little more than the pleasures of eating, drinking, and the like. Now and then it is a joy to have one’s table red with wine and roses, but you outstripped all taste and temperance. You demanded without grace and received without thanks.”
Wilde acknowledges the paradox of living an aesthetic life, as living a beautiful life is to indulge in life’s finer offerings, but the aesthete runs the risk of becoming lax. It is interesting to note that many Wildean critics see Wilde’s sincerity in De Profundis as “merely an aesthetic pose…De Profundis signals not the end, but the elaboration in new directions of Wildean self-fashioning” (Doylen 565.) So is his sincerity in Bosie’s blame just an attempt to further his aesthetic principles? It is also amusing to note that Bosie had no idea the letter was addressed to him until a 1913 trial in which excerpts were read to him. Even the intended recipient of the letter was confused as to whom the letter was addressed to and what it was trying to convey. The approach Wilde uses to address Bosie is demonstrably paradoxical. The flip-flop between placing blame on himself and blame solely on Bosie proves to be paradoxical, as one tries to figure out who really should take the condemnation. Who really is to “blame” for Wilde’s imprisonment? This is a puzzle for both the reader and for Bosie to figure out, but Wilde knows that Bosie will never understand this because of his lack of aesthetic principle.
Another example of the paradoxical nature of art and life can be seen in the binaries that Wilde consistently sets up for Bosie in De Profundis. Even Wilde and Bosie themselves can be seen as opposites—Wilde being good and moral and artistically sound while Bosie is bad and amoral and suffers from a lack of aesthetic principles. Wilde tells Bosie that “like myself, you have had a terrible tragedy in your life, though one of an entirely opposite character to mine. Do you want to learn what it was? It was this. In you Hate was always stronger than Love…Love is fed by the imagination, by which we become wiser than we know, better than we feel, nobler than we are…only what is fine and finely conceived can feed Love. But anything will feed Hate.”
Using the love versus hate binary exemplifies Wilde’s point that the concepts of Love and Hate (capitalized, signifying importance) are essential to the paradoxical nature of life.
No one person can fully understand the motives behind Love and Hate, thus presenting a puzzle. If life is art, life is made up of Love and Hate, and life is paradoxical in nature, then art too is paradoxical. Wilde uses artistic language to portray this. It is as if Wilde knows that the puzzle will never be solved, so he makes a point to use beauty in his writing to at least make his points beautiful. Brown states that “when Wilde writes that ‘it is through Art, and Art only, that we can realise our perfection; through Art, and through Art only, that we can shield ourselves from the sordid perils of actual existence’ he uses art to mean both the work we see…and the aesthetic capacity in each of us”. Again, Wilde is presenting a paradox as De Profundis proves that he believes that Bosie has no aesthetic capacity but he believes that all men are capable of good, including Bosie. If he believes that every man has goodness in him, he states many times that Bosie does not, hence complicating life as art. It is believed that “the artist must hold no brief for either good or evil, and that the excellence of a work descends entirely upon the skill of presentation”. Wilde has presented yet another puzzle, as by identifying himself as somewhat evil for putting himself in his situation he does not how any favoritism toward good and bad. He uses the beauty of his writing to demonstrate the paradoxical nature of art as well as life.
It is very difficult to fully understand what is really being said to Bosie in De Profundis. What the reader can see is Wilde’s devotion to his theory of art and that even in the most horrible conditions that surrounded him he still yearned to send art into the world. De Profundis “ranks as a major piece of nineteenth-century autobiography” but also is an example of artistic and aesthetic theory in real life conditions. But because of his desire for beauty, Wilde would not see his life as a tragedy, as “Oscar was no tragedian. He was the superb comedian of his century, one to whom misfortune, disgrace, imprisonment were external and traumatic. His gaiety of soul was invulnerable”. He would want everything associated with him to be seen as absolute and pure beauty. Perhaps Wilde would want his critics to simply remember when examining his time in prison that “beauty is truth, truth beauty/that is all ye know on earth/and all ye need to know”. If anything, De Profundis is a work of pure beauty and should be treated as the ultimate truth in Wilde’s assessment of his situation. It is up to the reader to discern that truth. | <urn:uuid:f06ceae7-b8ec-4302-a34d-285df83867f1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://edubirdie.com/examples/oscar-wildes-aesthetic-theory-in-de-profundis/ | 2024-02-26T06:37:22Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.979006 | 4,085 | 3.21875 | 3 | [
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] |
The luopan or geometrically made compass is a Chinese-oriented compass, referred to as a Feng Shui compass. It is utilized by a Feng Shui practitioner to decide the perfect path of a structure, region, or item.
Luo Pan compass incorporates many portions of statistics and formulation concerning its functions. The needle factors in the direction of the south magnetic pole, since the development of the real and reel of the compass to be used in Feng Shui.
In this article, we are going to discover different Chinese compass symbols and their correct uses.
What Is The Feng Shui Compass And Its Uses?
Feng Shui Compass is based on geometric orientation as mentioned earlier. The invention of the compass reading is provided and recognized by the Chinese similar to Feng Shui.
In a few texts, it is miles stated in the legend that the Chinese compass directions. Emperor Huang-ti used the simple homes of the compass to manual his troops in a war wherein invisibility turned into due to fog across the year (2634 BC).
How to use luo pan compass-
- Lu opan is a pathfinder: However, a luopan is a different compass in numerous critical ways. The maximum apparent distinction is the Feng Shui formulation embedded in as much as forty concentric earrings at the surface.
- This is a metallic or timber plate referred to as the heaven dial. The round metallic or wood plate sits typically on a timber base, referred to as the earth plate.
- A traditional compass has markings for 4 or 8 directions, whilst a luopan compass typically carries markings for twenty-four orders. This interprets fifteen ranges according to the path.
- The Sun takes about 15.2 days to traverse a sun term, a chain of 24 factors at the ecliptic. Since there are 360 ranges at the luopan and about 365.25 days in a median sun year, every diploma on a luopan approximates a terrestrial day.
- Used to locate the path and observe the role of earnings.
- The Feng Shui Luopan Compass does differ from the existing normal compass that usually points to the northern pole. Feng Shui Compass does point to the southern pole of the planet and therefore, it is called a south-pointing compass.
- Perfect path, region, area, item, and statistical analysis on the planet could be easily accessed using the feng shui compass.
Furthermore, the compass provided the results with accuracy, and thereby, it was used by the professional localities at those times.
Many natural disasters have made the surface of the earth differ from what used to be earlier. Therefore, at present times, it would be challenging enough to understand the practical applications of the compass.
How Does A Feng Shui Compass Work?
- Like a regular compass, a Luo Pan or Compass Feng Shui shows the route of the use of the Earth’s magnetic field. The critical distinction is the Feng Shui formulation.
- Which is embedded in as many as forty concentric earrings on the floor across the magnetic needle detail inside the middle.
- This outer floor is a steel or timber plate known as the heaven dial. The Heaven Dial frequently sits on a timber base called the earth plate. The heaven dial easily makes around to the earth.
- Don’t be daunted with the aid of using the difficulty of the tool – it is pretty smooth to apply fundamental Feng Shui, even for a pupil. As you develop acquainted with Compass Feng Shui, your knowledge will grow.
- And you’ll be capable of grasping greater complicated operations with the intention to optimize your own home and workplace for clean questioning and a non-violent mind.
What Are The Common Types Of The Compass?
Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, three kinds of luopan had been well-known. They had a few formulation rings in common, which include the 24 rules and the early and later paradise arrangements.
#1 San He
This luopan became stated to had been used withinside the Tang dynasty. The San He includes three primary 24-path rings.
Each ring pertains to a unique technique and formulation. (The strategies grouped beneath neath the name “Three Harmonies” are San He methods.)
#2 San Yuan
This luopan additionally referred to as the Jiang pan (after Jiang Da Hong) or the Yi Pan (due to the presence of Yijing hexagrams), includes many formulations utilized in San Yuan (Three Cycles).
It comprises one 24-path ring, referred to as the Earth Plate Correct Needle, the hoop for the sixty-four hexagrams, and others. (The strategies grouped beneath neath the name “Flying Stars” are an instance of San Yuan methods.)
#3 Zong He
San He and San Yuan are connected with this. It includes three 24-path-rings, and the sixty-four trigrams ring.
#4 Other types
Each Feng Shui grasp can also additionally layout a luopan to fit choice and to provide students. Some designs contain the Bagua (trigram) numbers, guidelines from the Eight Mansion methods, and English equivalents.
How To Decide Which Compass To Use?
The capacity to navigate with a map and get a compass is a critical skill, one that may actually shop your life.
Your compass and map also can do different beneficial responsibilities like telling you who you are.
What’s around you, and the excellent manner to get in where you need to go.
There are four most important capabilities to examine whilst selecting a compass:
- Declination adjustment: A successful compass for hikers and different path customers ought to have this.
- Sighting mirror: Move as much as a version with each declination adjustment and this selection in case you plan to tour off-path or need more significant unique navigation
- Clinometer: For mountain climbing and backcountry skiing, a compass with a clinometer will let you examine avalanche hazards. A clinometer is the must requirement according to the scientists and research executives in that field.
- Global needles: Global needles can accompany travelers. The one who aspires to the direction around the globe can easily take the help of the same and enrich their journey.
Feng Shui Compass Directions Degrees:
- In Classical Feng Shui, every one of the eight essential feng shui compass guides is, in addition, divided into three sub-guidelines.
- This makes a complete 24 feng shui guidelines, additionally called The 24 Mountains of Classical Feng Shui. A compass measures zero to 360 stages.
- Feng shui compass directions degrees, every trigram constitutes forty-five stages of the compass. Each trigram, or let’s say every essential to taking direction, is subdivided into three identical elements of 15 steps every.
- It is this precision and detailing that are concerned in Classical feng shui English, which makes it correct and reliable.
- It discourages intuitive insights on the one hand and is based on computation, observation, and experimentation on the other.
Feng Shui Compass Reading Apartment:
1 Feng shui compass reading
- An intangible idea as feng shui might also additionally seem.
- All of it comes right all the way down to the primary concept of getting an area you’re satisfied to return back domestic to due to the fact its strength is positive.
- “Feng shui is a historic philosophy approximately how you could enhance your existence and create an area that helps and nurtures you,” defined Anjie Cho, a New York-primarily based totally architect, author, and founding father of the online mindfulness layout weblog and save Holistic Spaces.
- Indeed, adjusting your condominium with only some small and knowledgeable approaches could make all of the distinction inside the appearance and sense of your unit.
- And, resultantly, your very own wellbeing. Ahead are a few thoughts you could practice for your area, instantly from a pro.
2 The significance of a headboard
While having your bed on the ground might also additionally appear very zen, or in a few flats can be a spatial necessity, the professionals propose towards it.
“A headboard is genuinely essential“. Missing/losing the headboard also can decorate the fleeting feeling of a unit. If you certainly don’t have an area, a great opportunity is wallpaper or crafting a mural at the wall at the back of you, or mounting a mirror.
3 The 36-inch rule
Still, if in any respect possible, Anjie says 36 inches of the clean space among portions of fixtures ought to be a goal. For Anjie, there’s a grace zone.
However, much less than 18 inches among objects constitute “very cramped.” So do away with clutter, and if it does now no longer spark joy, strive for your most challenging to toss it.
4 A great gatekeeper
Pay interest in your front door, and frequently unnoticed region that, because the first and closing component humans see once they go to you, is profoundly essential.
Just taking an hour to ease the area surrounding it could make all of the difference, and taking in additional steps like accomplishing out in your tremendous to repaint the door.
Shopping for a brand new welcome mat to put in the front of the door, or making sure the door doesn’t creak or squeak could have a fair more massive impact.
5 It’s now no longer clean being green
“Cultivate kindness,” Anjie advises, and flora are an excellent manner to do this, as they grow into each image of fitness and lifestyles in addition to a supply of oxygen and toxin-removal.
Anjie supports the golden pothos, which require minimum renovation and mild. “It’s definitely clean to take care of and it bounces back,” Anjie says, “And we really want to have that during New York.”
6 A top lifestyle smells nice
The heady fragrance could be essential to Compass feng shui and is consequently a treasured recognition in your energies.
Specifically in leases wherein portray partitions or making different long-time period fixes aren’t an option (until you need to lose that safety deposit).
Incense, oil diffusers, and changing your chemical-wealthy cleansing merchandise with natural substitutes could make a big difference.
7 There might be mild
Maximize the mild in something manner possible. This may be performed in quick, safety-deposit pleasant ways, through shopping for lamps, establishing blinds, and making an investment in solar lighting.
And mild-colored rugs, in addition to extra concerns, however additionally additional impactful ways, like portray your partitions an easy color of white.
How To Use Feng Shui Compass?
For feng shui purposes, you want most effective the compass studying of your front door, now no longer your lower back door.
The lower back door is attention whilst putting feng shui healing procedures or fixtures within the home. However, this isn’t associated with the door’s compass north direction.
What All Precautions To Have While Reading Feng Shui Compass?
There are many primary questions on the way to examine a compass face for feng shui: Should you be making an analysis on the front door and the again door?
- Should a door be kept close or made open? Can you operate an ordinary compass? All of those are good (and common) questions, and the solutions will assist you’re making a correct compass analyzing your front door, which offers you the feng shui course of your house.
- To get the full correct feng shui compass course, you want to take numerous readings. This is due to the fact your feng shui reading readings may also range because of the interference of electromagnetic fields.
- If there’s a robust presence of iron or metallic gadgets near you, including inside the primary door hardware, or in case you are sporting a metallic watch, belt, or jewelry, this may distort the compass analysis.
- Therefore, it’s miles quality to do away with your watch, belt, and jewelry and to transport far from the front door to make sure extra correct results.
Assisting catch up on unavoidable discrepancies in compass readings, it is also qualified to take lessons in some extraordinary compass my locations, then calculate a median of the north compass.
Take the primary analysis whilst inside the domestic searching out, dealing with immediately via the front door. Take some other analysis whilst status with inside the door.
Once more dealing with immediately out, as eleven through your frame is the front door. Take some extra readings from outside and inside the house, continually dealing with the equal course because of the front door.
Feng Shui is a well-researched combination of art and science based on neuroscience principles. Bhawana Rathore is a passionate Feng Shui practitioner. She writes at FengShuitricks.com and helps people to enhance and balance their lives by sharing Feng Shui-related information on FengshuiTricks and YouTube Channel. Check out more. If you find the information useful, you can buy me a coffee here. | <urn:uuid:0f289b1b-3e7a-4f90-9f7c-c8446a63f258> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://fengshuitricks.com/feng-shui-compass/ | 2024-02-26T06:56:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.945104 | 2,793 | 2.796875 | 3 | [
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This is the second of four articles about attachment styles, the way we form relationships and view ourselves based on early experiences of nurturing. The first article briefly outlined the groundbreaking research of Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby and described the avoidant attachment style, in which emotions are either unavailable or feel dangerous to express. This article explains the origin and characteristics of ambivalent attachment, in which the infant is preoccupied with the presence of the parent whose emotional availability is unpredictable, and carries this model of relationships into adult life, passively or angrily fearing that their partner doesn’t love them.
Each article ends with an example of popular songs which encapsulate what it means to live the attachment style, and asks how counselling or psychotherapy can help change the pattern. The ambivalent attachment style is illustrated by Harry Nilsson’s Without You and Radiohead’s Creep, and the combination of avoidant and ambivalent attachments in relationship is illustrated by Wham’s Freedom.
Attachment: the internal working model
Attachment is the nature of the bond between an infant and carers, usually parents. When a baby is born, s/he is completely helpless, a bundle of unmet needs the child cannot meet on their own, dependent on others for their welfare. Through this relationship of dependency, the child learns what to expect of others, how they are valued by others and therefore how to value their own self, and from this the infant draws an internal map of the world, an internal working model. If others are dependable and emotionally available, the world appears as a safe place in which the child is able to explore, understand their own emotions, express them openly and be safely contained. This is the secure attachment of the child to the parent. The various ways in which carers are not dependable and are emotionally unavailable, cold or frightening, leads to a pattern of insecure attachment: the world does not appear to be a safe place, so the child is less able to explore and understand their own internal experiences, emotions are not contained by carers, and emotions are therefore either suppressed or expressed in anxious or distressed ways. Unless later interventions are made, this becomes the blueprint for later relationships, falling into one of three distinct patterns: ambivalent or preoccupied attachment (this article); avoidant or dismissive attachment; and disorganised or fearful attachment.
Attachment styles were observed and delineated by Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby in research involving infants and their mothers. Later research included fathers, added more detail to the earlier work, and included longitudinal studies which followed observed infants into adulthood. For more about this research, click here.
As with the other three articles about attachment, below the patterns for ambivalent attachment are shown for the infant/parent relationship, then in adult relationships, followed by the depiction of attachment in popular songs and the role of therapy in repairing the emotional deficits of the attachment style.
The use of the words ‘intimate’ and ‘intimacy’ in these articles should be explained. In everyday language, these words are often used as a euphemism for sex, but here it has a broader meaning: intimacy is any encounter between two people where they are truly open, without the need for social role-playing or emotional barriers, without any expectation that oneself or another is anything but their honest self. The parent-child relationship is therefore a powerful developmental blueprint for intimacy: the measure of acceptance the child feels from the parent is the measure of how safe it feels for the growing person to be intimate, to express how they truly feel, and engage meaningfully in relationships with others.
Pattern of parent/child relationship in ambivalent attachment
Parental availability: how emotionally available the parent is to the child
To be ambivalent is to have mixed feelings about someone or something; to feel stuck because one is unable to choose between two opposing courses of action. This describes the dilemma of the child whose parents send mixed signals of acceptance and rejection. The child is stuck between acting on their parents’ acceptance, believing that love is available, which is dangerous due to the ever-present threat of rejection, or acting on their parents’ rejection, withdrawing and hiding because love is unavailable, which feels like giving up on life itself. Thus the ambivalent child, and the preoccupied adult, is stuck between these two positions.
The child is preoccupied with the emotional availability of the parent for one key reason: the child has a taste from the parent of what it feels like to be cared for, but in doses small enough and with such inconsistency that the child is terrified of being abandoned. From the parents’ vantage point, this can happen for a number of reasons: either their own upbringing didn’t teach them about the emotional needs of a child, so their unrecognised parental blueprint is of needs being unmet; or their work is so demanding that when with their child they are too tired to be emotionally available; or their own emotions are in turmoil, expressed as conflict in which the child pays the emotional price; or they are too preoccupied with their own concerns that their child rarely feels they are truly present. This means the child is in a state of confusion, never having the security of knowing whether the parent will be available and, if so, whether the attention received will feel nurturing or rejecting.
Emotional acceptance: how accepted the child feels by the parent
The parent can enter the world of the child only sometimes, and only to a small extent. The regular non-availability of the parent, mixed with occasional positive availability and punitive or insensitive handling, means that the parent sends confusing messages to the child. For example, the parent may play with the child briefly, but then openly complain to the child is s/he taking up too much time when they have so many other things to do; or the parent may give the child attention, so the child receives their hoped-for love and acceptance, but then this is regularly interrupted by the parent’s angry outbursts or rejecting sarcasm. The result is that the child has enough acceptance to cling to the hope of more, and is desperate not to lose it.
Parent/child relationship: the nature of early interactions between parent and child
This creates the key issue for the child: trust. The child is desperate for parental attention, but cannot trust it will be there consistently. Thus the child clings on to the parent, anxiously dependent, fearful of losing their presence, or the child withdraws from the parent, desperately hurt, so as to avoid the pain of further rejection. This relationship of dependence and rejection is fearful, leading the child into a turmoil of uncontained emotions so that self-understanding and self-acceptance cannot grow, since the child is preoccupied with being abandoned, potentially only a heartbeat away. Thus the child makes an early decision about him/herself: ‘since I am consistently rejected, there must be something wrong with me’ or, to put it another way, ‘since I am not accepted, I must be unacceptable.’
Secure base: a measure of the child’s sense of security, whether or not s/he can use the parent as a secure base from which to explore the world, knowing the parent will be welcoming on their return
In Mary Ainsworth’s and John Bowlby’s observations, the ambivalently-attached child cannot use the parent as a secure base from which to explore the environment, so the ambivalent child plays and explores less, cries more and is more emotionally disregulated than a securely attached child because s/he doesn’t consistently have the parent’s help in soothing and regulating emotions. The child is therefore habitually anxious and clings to the parent. When the parent is absent, the ambivalent child is extremely upset but, on the parent’s return, the child is not reassured, and the child’s response has two patterns: s/he either appears defeated, making no effort to reunite, crushed by their conflicted sadness that the parent has returned but emotional comfort is unavailable; or the child may allow the parent to pick them up but then refuses harmonious reconciliation by turning their head away to ignore, or they arch their back to reject, or hit the parent to punish them for leaving.
Developmental steps: how supported the child is by the parent in their emotional and relational development
The ambivalently attached child is fearful of the parent, who represents rejection. Lacking inner trust and security, s/he is even more fearful of strangers. When the child makes incremental steps towards independence — walking, talking, dressing, developing interests that are not the carer’s interests — the child is desperate for approval the parents do not give, or do not give consistently, so the child’s emotional conflict and ambivalence is reinforced.
Pattern in adult relationships
Sense of self: the person’s view of themself and relationship with their own emotions
As an adult, the ambivalently or resistantly attached person is called the preoccupied personality. Having made the decision as a child that ‘I am rejected therefore there is something wrong with me’, this adult is full of self-doubt, fearful of others’ criticism and rejection, and also self-critical and self-rejecting.
Personal communication: how well the person can communicate on a personal, intimate level
Lacking self-acceptance, this adult is preoccupied with acceptance by others. The ambivalent/preoccupied adult is often very well aware of their feelings, but their thoughts, feelings and ideas tend to be either withheld for fear of rejection, or shared with great volume, fearing that if every detail is not fully explained, they will be misunderstood, followed by self-doubt and vulnerability.
Relationships: the nature of the person’s emotional engagement with others
What this person most wants is also what they most fear: intimacy. The preoccupied person is reluctant to share with others for fear of rejection. Once something personal is shared, reassurance and acceptance is sought, but it is never enough to relieve self-doubt. The preoccupied/ambivalent adult therefore fears that their partner doesn’t love them, and as a consequence they may vacillate between anger and clinging, repeating the developmental blueprint between infant and unreliable parent.
This may lead to one of two common patterns.
i. The fear of rejection accompanied by uncontained emotions may become a self-fulfilling prophecy, creating what we expect. This fear drives away the partner who sees them as too anxious or insecure, thus ‘proving’ to the ambivalently attached that they are unlovable. They are left inconsolable, in the same place as the rejected child, desperate for affirming love.
ii. Since the ambivalently attached person’s internal working model is one of rejection, they are far more likely to stay in an unhealthy relationship, fearing no one else could ever love them. This may mean hanging on to relationships even when they are emotionally or physically abusive, with excuses and defences made by the ambivalently attached for their partner’s abusive behaviour.
Ambivalent attachment and co-dependence
The idea of co-dependence, co-dependency, or the co-dependent relationship, has developed over time. Originally, co-dependence was a term used in the 1980s in substance abuse/addiction work to describe a relationship in which one person helps another to continue their abusive habits. The alcoholic (or cocaine user, heroin addict, etc.) is aided in their destructive behaviour, positively encouraged to avoid responsibility, because their partner takes all responsibility for them. This partner practically does all the cleaning up after the other’s binges, cognitively makes excuses for their partner’s unreliability and irresponsibility, and emotionally they are completely reliant on the addict for their sense of worth.
Co-dependence, then, describes the situation in which there is mutual dependence to perpetuate destructive behaviour. The addict depends on the partner’s poor self-worth, which leads to over-responsibility. This serves the addict because the unbounded support enables and maintains their addiction: ‘I never have to face my behaviour because my partner will look after me and make excuses for me.’ Similarly, the over-responsible partner depends on the addict to reinforce the idea that they can become a good and worthy person if only they can look after and ‘save’ the addict. The over-responsible partner needs to be needed, so the more desperate the addict is, the ‘better’ it is, because they are all the more dependent on help.
This pattern of care-taking and abuse-enabling is now applied to any situation in which one person’s excessive need to please enables another person’s destructive behaviour. It doesn’t just apply to partners: parents may enable their children’s addiction; sisters and brothers may perpetuate the cycle of supported irresponsibility; or one friend may consistently help another avoid the consequences of their actions.
The co-dependent person who helps another avoid responsibility is demonstrating the extent of their ambivalent attachment. As we have seen, due to early parental messages, the ambivalently attached person believes ‘there must be something wrong with me’, and is preoccupied with being abandoned, potentially only a heartbeat away. Their ambivalence is created by the emotional contradiction set up in their childhood relationship with parents: they can base their actions on acceptance and believe that love is available, but that is dangerous due to the ever-present threat of rejection; or they can base their actions on rejection by withdrawing and hiding because love is unavailable, but this feels like giving up on life itself. The ambivalent/preoccupied person is caught impossibly between these two positions, established in childhood.
The highly ambivalent person may seek to resolve their need for emotional security by being locked into co-dependence: ‘I will choose someone who needs me so much that they cannot reject me.’ There are two roles in the relationship, Rescuer and Victim, and both use the other to reinforce their position. The Rescuer needs a Victim to rescue, but s/he also needs the Victim to maintain their position, never to be fully rescued, never stepping out of their role: if the Victim does step out of their role, they no longer need to be ‘saved’, so the Rescuer is no longer ‘needed’. The Victim also needs a Rescuer to maintain their Victim status, to be looked after and exonerated, so they never have to take responsibility for their actions.
The painful ambivalence between wanting love and expecting rejection can never be resolved in a co-dependent relationship. The attempt to control love by being with someone who ‘can’t leave’ is the very opposite of healthy emotional security. Since the Rescuer seeks to take all responsibility so the Victim doesn’t have to take any, no amount of abuse received is too much. Self-assertion raises the possibility of rejection, so the ‘solution’ is to try harder, to take even more responsibility for the other, to sacrifice one’s own thoughts, feelings and needs more, which means eroding personal boundaries still further. Co-dependence reinforces the poor self-worth of the ambivalently attached, ensuring that resolution of their original emotional wound is impossible within that relationship.
Songs of ambivalent / preoccupied attachment
It is important to understand that each of the four attachment styles has a range, so some people are more or less ambivalent than others. One person may be able to manage their ambivalence due to being with an understanding and loving partner, while another may be so hampered by self-doubt and self-criticism that living with it can seem impossible.
There are a great many popular songs about ambivalent attachment. One of the most obvious is Without You, written by Tom Evans and Pete Ham of Badfinger, released by them in 1970, a hit single for Harry Nilsson in 1972 and for Mariah Carey in 1994. Noted above were two responses by the ambivalent child to parental rejection: defeated dejection or clinging anger. From this developmental blueprint, the adult version of the first response, deflated dejection at unattainable love, appears in the first verse: “I guess that’s just the way the story goes”. The existential crisis for the child of dependence on an emotionally unavailable carer, transferred to the adult love relationship, is in the chorus: “I can’t live if living is without you.”
As noted above, the ambivalently attached child has made the implicit decision, ‘I don’t belong so there is something wrong with me’. This can have a see-saw effect on the way the person views those s/he wants to be attached to, idealising the other into the loving presence they wished for, extending still further the emotional distance between themself and the love object and reducing the capacity for real emotional connection. I know of no song that expresses both sides of this equation better than Thom Yorke’s song Creep, performed by his band, Radiohead, with its denigration of self and idealisation of the love interest.
When you were here before, couldn’t look you in the eye.
You’re just like an angel, your skin makes me cry.
You float like a feather in a beautiful world.
I wish I was special: you’re so f___in’ special.
But I’m a creep, I’m a weirdo.
What the hell am I doin’ here?
I don’t belong here.
I don’t care if it hurts, I want to have control.
I want a perfect body, I want a perfect soul.
I want you to notice when I’m not around.
So f___in’ special: I wish I was special.
But I’m a creep, I’m a weirdo.
What the hell am I doin’ here?
I don’t belong here.
She’s running out the door.
She’s running out.
She’s run, run, run, run, run.
Whatever makes you happy, whatever you want.
You’re so f___in’ special: I wish I was special.
But I’m a creep, I’m a weirdo.
What the hell am I doin’ here?
I don’t belong here.
I don’t belong here.
George Michael’s song, Freedom, performed by Wham!, was a hit in 1984. The lyric neatly and succinctly expresses a common combination: the ambivalently attached in a difficult relationship with the avoidantly attached (the latter described in the first of these four articles). In this song, the avoidantly attached girlfriend uses common avoidant strategies for maintaining emotional distance: she is unfaithful, she laughs at her partner’s wish for closeness and reliability, and she mocks him in just the way she would have heard from the parent who co-created her emotional avoidance, saying he is a baby for having feelings. He stays and suffers because this relational unavailability matches the developmental blueprint of his ambivalent childhood: “Like a prisoner who has his own key, but I can’t escape until you love me”. Now an adult, he still believes implicitly, ‘I don’t belong, there is something wrong with me and I am unlovable’, so he clings on to the unhealthy relationship just as he did to the parent, believing that if this relationship ends then no one else could ever love him. A complementary drama is played out for the avoidantly attached partner: in this song, the boyfriend represents for her the emotional expression she is missing but, being ambivalent, he expresses it in such a pleading way that it reinforces her avoidant desire to keep emotions and real relational connection at bay.
Every day I hear a different story,
People saying that you’re no good for me:
‘Saw your lover with another
and she’s making a fool of you.’
If you loved me, baby, you’d deny it,
But you laugh and tell me I should try it,
Tell me I’m a baby and I don’t understand.
But you know that I’ll forgive you
Just this once, twice, forever,
‘Cause, baby, you could drag me
To hell and back
Just as long as we’re together,
And you do.
I don’t want your freedom,
I don’t want to play around.
I don’t want nobody, baby,
Part time love just brings me down.
I don’t need your freedom:
Girl, all I want right now is you.
Like a prisoner who has his own key,
But I can’t escape until you love me.
I just go from day to day
knowing all about the other boys
You take my hand and tell me I’m a fool
To give you that all I do,
I bet you someday, baby,
someone says the same to you.
The role of counselling and psychotherapy
Any childhood experience of attachment involves the child deciding what the world is like through their experience of nurturing, and a decision about who they need to be to survive in the world. The ambivalent child decided s/he is unlovable so, in its most magnified form, those with adult preoccupied attachment must take one of two courses: (i) resign to isolation and loneliness; (ii) cling on to and idealise anyone who shows romantic interest, while fearing that the other doesn’t really reciprocate their love, sure that no one will ever show interest in them again.
This unresolved need for love and recognition is shown in the way someone with an ambivalent/preoccupied attachment talks about their upbringing. Particular incidents in their childhood are typically remembered vividly, either with an emotional distance that signifies resigned passivity, or with active unresolved anger or fear. The preoccupied adult often speaks in great detail, in ways that are grammatically entangled, with many clauses and sub-clauses, their emotional non-containment by parents reflected in their verbal non-containment in the present. This great detail in speech reflects the unmet developmental need to be listened to, the need to feel understood, and the fear of not being heard.
One key role of therapy is to bring this ambivalent model of relationships into awareness, to see it clearly as an experience of a past relationship being universalised and re-enacted in the present. This knowledge is critical and crucial, but in itself it is not enough: that past relationship was the foundation upon which a person’s whole view of life was built, so the therapeutic work is fundamental, bringing the old foundations into awareness, and building new foundations.
Awareness of the old foundations involves recognising lifelong patterns of thought, emotion and behaviour which are often so normalised and habitual that the person doesn’t realise they are there. The preoccupied person feels odd, different to everyone else, and often fears imminent rejection if only others ‘find out what I’m really like’. Sometimes the ambivalent client pays the therapist compliments as a habitual response to the fear they would lose the relationship or be rejected, just as they feared losing their parent. Often sentences begin or end with a qualifying phrase such as, ‘You’ll think I’m stupid for saying this’, or ‘I bet you think I’m bad for thinking that’, reflecting their familiar self-critical internal voice. Since we have no power over anything of which we are unaware, once such patterns are identified we begin to have choices.
True choices are available only when we can see alternatives, and that is where the experience of therapy, the quality of the therapeutic relationship, is essential for laying the new foundations. In therapy, the ambivalent client can become aware of their negative self-judgement and their expectation of negative judgement from others. Together we can recognise and explore the biographical experiences that left those lasting wounds, and begin to heal. Healing begins by making available now what the preoccupied adult needed as a child: to be noticed, to be nurtured, to have feelings and the very self accepted warmly so as to feel acceptable and lovable. It is my privilege to see that, through this process, a client can start to feel acceptance, begin to ask for what they need emotionally without fear of rejection, and thus work towards the kind of healthy self-acceptance and separation that children who were securely attached experienced. This therapeutic and reparative process is known as earned secure attachment, and is explored in more detail in the fourth article in this series.
About Ian Pittaway
Ian is a psychotherapist and writer with a private practice in Stourbridge, West Midlands. Ian’s therapy is integrative, chiefly comprising key elements of transactional analysis, object relations, attachment research and person centred therapy. Ian has a special interest in trauma recovery and bereavement.
To contact Ian, call 07504 269 855 or click here.
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268,
2107,
10885,
922,
289,
5431,
330,
1054,
8664,
291,
3379,
391,
329,
80,
2330,
291,
4168,
268,
1833,
438,
4701,
367,
3836,
16,
288,
518,
3982,
356,
2447,
543,
548,
9754,
361,
1350,
4233,
292,
2917,
18,
540,
1989,
5528,
268,
3143,
291,
3869,
289,
4971,
2681,
302,
4701,
367,
16,
288,
518,
268,
10730,
316,
561,
8200,
987,
870,
360,
268,
3550,
289,
268,
5463,
4060,
3167,
6550,
316,
8175,
9901,
1576,
16,
291,
9911,
456,
2083,
289,
3559,
636,
4769,
943,
16,
1464,
2084,
361,
363,
671,
883,
3541,
281,
336,
444,
5640,
2752,
372,
88,
2680,
622,
18,
203,
41,
492,
1989,
6933,
360,
363,
1214,
289,
2029,
8896,
518,
1593,
1881,
2417,
768,
362,
1486,
292,
2180,
268,
4701,
367,
3836,
16,
291,
352,
530,
667,
6355,
2515,
361,
2532,
7424,
375,
617,
1317,
268,
2223,
18,
365,
4971,
2681,
302,
4701,
367,
3836,
316,
4346,
488,
419,
3605,
1080,
465,
1727,
6682,
372,
87,
6482,
990,
291,
6658,
981,
3429,
372,
87,
5701,
559,
16,
291,
268,
3878,
289,
1833,
438,
291,
4971,
2681,
302,
4701,
652,
288,
2051,
316,
4346,
488,
419,
547,
348,
372,
87,
4777,
3927,
18,
203,
37,
2527,
492,
367,
30,
268,
4180,
1795,
2083,
203,
37,
2527,
492,
367,
316,
268,
2075,
289,
268,
6653,
858,
363,
10730,
291,
877,
332,
16,
1840,
2463,
18,
1097,
261,
3518,
316,
4178,
16,
269,
19,
781,
316,
3686,
589,
476,
368,
16,
261,
803,
275,
298,
289,
543,
8517,
1470,
268,
739,
2362,
2148,
341,
444,
1044,
16,
7575,
341,
1548,
331,
444,
8758,
18,
3797,
456,
2051,
289,
2354,
1150,
16,
268,
739,
1213,
87,
768,
292,
3176,
289,
1548,
16,
667,
502,
356,
11378,
419,
1548,
291,
3281,
667,
292,
2003,
444,
1044,
1817,
16,
291,
427,
456,
268,
10730,
2395,
87,
363,
4180,
4517,
289,
268,
887,
16,
363,
4180,
1795,
2083,
18,
829,
1548,
356,
2354,
541,
291,
7500,
523,
1608,
16,
268,
887,
4826,
352,
261,
1995,
1349,
288,
518,
268,
739,
316,
1542,
292,
2408,
16,
992,
444,
1044,
3982,
16,
2917,
622,
1591,
325,
291,
327,
6614,
7905,
18,
540,
316,
268,
3447,
4701,
367,
289,
268,
739,
292,
268,
5463,
18,
365,
1320,
1714,
288,
518,
877,
332,
356,
462,
2354,
541,
291,
356,
7500,
523,
543,
548,
9754,
16,
3302,
361,
968,
486,
1981,
16,
4198,
292,
261,
2223,
289,
685,
312,
469,
4701,
367,
30,
268,
887,
1082,
462,
1951,
292,
327,
261,
1995,
1349,
16,
576,
268,
739,
316,
1165,
1542,
292,
2408,
291,
992,
444,
1044,
4180,
2891,
16,
3982,
356,
462,
7905,
419,
877,
332,
16,
291,
3982,
356,
3281,
2447,
752,
5142,
361,
6925,
288,
11329,
361,
1655,
5142,
1714,
18,
860,
1465,
2135,
6532,
356,
1146,
16,
456,
3125,
268,
10590,
559,
86,
3478,
331,
2135,
3559,
16,
7883,
636,
597,
289,
1391,
5292,
3092,
30,
4971,
2681,
302,
361,
561,
8200,
987,
870,
4701,
367,
421,
262,
277,
1989,
6834,
1833,
438,
361,
9420,
846,
464,
4701,
367,
31,
291,
460,
5928,
1754,
361,
3541,
703,
4701,
367,
18,
203,
37,
2527,
492,
367,
6572,
664,
4626,
291,
1404,
475,
488,
419,
5431,
330,
1054,
8664,
291,
3379,
391,
329,
80,
2330,
288,
922,
6672,
9883,
291,
444,
9290,
18,
10210,
922,
3380,
284,
7427,
16,
3211,
512,
5470,
292,
268,
4235,
716,
16,
291,
3380,
917,
297,
1327,
1420,
2194,
518,
4138,
4626,
9883,
636,
11558,
10677,
18,
906,
512,
608,
456,
922,
16,
5329,
1671,
18,
203,
5190,
360,
268,
586,
1391,
5204,
608,
4701,
367,
16,
2321,
268,
3092,
331,
4971,
2681,
302,
4701,
367,
356,
2853,
331,
268,
10730,
19,
84,
4243,
2051,
16,
1023,
288,
4769,
3559,
16,
4138,
419,
268,
975,
2597,
289,
4701,
367,
288,
2029,
8896,
291,
268,
1476,
289,
2734,
288,
5541,
281,
268,
3167,
4630,
764,
289,
268,
4701,
367,
3836,
18,
203,
1461,
666,
289,
268,
2117,
1321,
263,
6669,
372,
291,
1321,
263,
473,
1495,
372,
288,
629,
5204,
788,
327,
5892,
18,
450,
5667,
1719,
16,
629,
2117,
356,
970,
724,
352,
261,
303,
89,
902,
539,
997,
331,
2935,
16,
566,
1671,
362,
528,
261,
7442,
2442,
30,
288,
473,
1495,
316,
723,
7863,
858,
881,
689,
853,
502,
356,
5562,
1591,
16,
1298,
268,
648,
331,
1234,
1476,
17,
476,
5233,
361,
3167,
6616,
16,
1298,
723,
3176,
318,
336,
3001,
884,
361,
1515,
316,
3784,
566,
444,
9142,
1817,
18,
365,
5463,
17,
11239,
2051,
316,
3281,
261,
3184,
9598,
10590,
559,
86,
3478,
331,
288,
473,
1495,
30,
268,
2074,
289,
9889,
268,
739,
7661,
427,
268,
5463,
316,
268,
2074,
289,
667,
1995,
362,
7661,
331,
268,
2574,
959,
292,
327,
288,
6669,
16,
292,
2917,
667,
502,
5562,
1350,
16,
291,
4151,
2442,
2367,
288,
3559,
360,
1548,
18,
203,
52,
271,
843,
289,
5463,
19,
11239,
2051,
288,
4971,
2681,
302,
4701,
367,
203,
52,
1344,
1178,
6550,
30,
667,
7500,
523,
1608,
268,
5463,
316,
292,
268,
739,
203,
10702,
327,
4971,
2681,
302,
316,
292,
437,
6465,
4197,
608,
2711,
361,
1890,
31,
292,
1350,
11062,
971,
597,
316,
6320,
292,
2869,
858,
881,
1365,
2485,
5128,
289,
2433,
18,
540,
6579,
268,
295,
621,
81,
2647,
289,
268,
739,
4060,
2463,
4671,
6465,
5518,
289,
9889,
291,
304,
9183,
18,
365,
739,
316,
11062,
858,
8980,
341,
444,
2463,
372,
9889,
16,
1004,
4616,
336,
2680,
316,
1608,
16,
518,
316,
4233,
1504,
292,
268,
2577,
17,
84,
9004,
2456,
289,
304,
9183,
16,
361,
8980,
341,
444,
2463,
372,
304,
9183,
16,
7763,
281,
291,
296,
3642,
971,
2680,
316,
543,
548,
9754,
16,
518,
7661,
730,
3851,
644,
341,
943,
2635,
18,
4387,
268,
4971,
2681,
302,
739,
16,
291,
268,
561,
8200,
987,
870,
4769,
16,
316,
11062,
858,
629,
881,
6823,
18,
203,
1461,
739,
316,
561,
8200,
987,
870,
360,
268,
3167,
6550,
289,
268,
5463,
331,
597,
1558,
2190,
30,
268,
739,
528,
261,
5367,
427,
268,
5463,
289,
768,
362,
7661,
730,
292,
327,
1066,
72,
331,
16,
566,
288,
9755,
1139,
1982,
291,
360,
659,
490,
625,
8124,
336,
268,
739,
316,
7736,
2234,
289,
1018,
11451,
18,
2519,
268,
2463,
372,
385,
1966,
369,
1813,
16,
456,
375,
4106,
331,
261,
1289,
289,
3218,
30,
2447,
444,
1044,
644,
1048,
281,
281,
4529,
372,
88,
1292,
622,
608,
268,
3167,
1470,
289,
261,
739,
16,
576,
444,
543,
3356,
1396,
1754,
1878,
1178,
10590,
559,
86,
3478,
316,
289,
1470,
1018,
543,
8517,
31,
361,
444,
716,
316,
576,
11687,
336,
649,
360,
444,
739,
502,
356,
1232,
10350,
292,
327,
7500,
523,
1608,
31,
361,
444,
1044,
3982,
356,
288,
2882,
10295,
309,
16,
6925,
352,
4734,
288,
518,
268,
739,
279,
638,
268,
3167,
3636,
31,
361,
502,
356,
1232,
561,
8200,
987,
870,
360,
444,
1044,
3529,
336,
444,
739,
8170,
7661,
502,
356,
5562,
1487,
18,
540,
1486,
268,
739,
316,
288,
261,
1247,
289,
9164,
16,
2270,
2054,
268,
2141,
289,
6700,
2026,
268,
5463,
513,
327,
1608,
291,
16,
717,
576,
16,
2026,
268,
2383,
3893,
513,
1350,
314,
4994,
714,
361,
304,
1013,
281,
18,
203,
41,
81,
8639,
9889,
30,
667,
6784,
268,
739,
7661,
419,
268,
5463,
203,
1461,
5463,
375,
2989,
268,
887,
289,
268,
739,
794,
2903,
16,
291,
794,
292,
261,
1139,
5571,
18,
365,
1998,
1677,
17,
548,
726,
1303,
289,
268,
5463,
16,
6465,
360,
5820,
280,
2262,
6550,
291,
6483,
1257,
361,
685,
614,
1257,
6439,
16,
1486,
336,
268,
5463,
4671,
87,
1275,
7090,
6506,
292,
268,
739,
18,
906,
1214,
16,
268,
5463,
602,
1152,
360,
268,
739,
5715,
325,
16,
566,
1023,
1591,
325,
2411,
412,
292,
268,
739,
316,
269,
19,
781,
2265,
644,
1232,
1111,
669,
649,
502,
437,
576,
772,
586,
1612,
292,
565,
31,
361,
268,
5463,
602,
1888,
268,
739,
2383,
16,
576,
268,
739,
9330,
444,
5416,
286,
17,
1346,
2680,
291,
9889,
16,
566,
1023,
456,
316,
3963,
630,
2666,
691,
419,
268,
5463,
372,
87,
363,
8112,
628,
70,
2319,
340,
361,
304,
1013,
281,
269,
294,
71,
301,
81,
18,
365,
1636,
316,
336,
268,
739,
528,
1982,
9889,
292,
551,
281,
292,
268,
3571,
289,
512,
16,
291,
316,
697,
468,
381,
462,
292,
4987,
362,
18,
203,
52,
4243,
19,
11239,
2051,
30,
268,
2075,
289,
1568,
5119,
858,
5463,
291,
739,
203,
4326,
4944,
268,
1558,
2682,
331,
268,
739,
30,
3847,
18,
365,
739,
316,
697,
468,
381,
331,
1878,
1178,
2383,
16,
566,
2362,
3847,
362,
513,
327,
686,
8270,
18,
4387,
268,
739,
551,
762,
341,
292,
268,
5463,
16,
11329,
325,
7575,
16,
3541,
703,
289,
8019,
444,
3550,
16,
361,
268,
739,
7763,
87,
427,
268,
5463,
16,
697,
468,
1300,
9839,
16,
576,
352,
292,
1833,
268,
1293,
289,
1902,
304,
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18,
540,
2051,
289,
2354,
514,
291,
304,
9183,
316,
3541,
703,
16,
2469,
268,
739,
636,
261,
2882,
10295,
309,
289,
543,
1037,
10038,
3982,
576,
336,
1817,
17,
1096,
897,
281,
291,
1817,
17,
313,
1992,
515,
2362,
932,
16,
1812,
268,
739,
316,
561,
8200,
987,
870,
360,
1018,
11451,
16,
4113,
794,
261,
1759,
1330,
271,
2014,
18,
4387,
268,
739,
1892,
363,
1568,
2802,
608,
1547,
19,
76,
332,
884,
30,
1321,
87,
1268,
334,
792,
8270,
304,
8703,
16,
686,
1204,
327,
1890,
4358,
360,
479,
372,
361,
16,
292,
1927,
362,
1515,
898,
16,
1321,
87,
1268,
334,
792,
462,
6784,
16,
334,
1204,
327,
543,
313,
969,
1576,
6783,
203,
55,
312,
469,
3486,
30,
261,
2074,
289,
268,
739,
372,
87,
2266,
289,
2141,
16,
2026,
361,
462,
269,
19,
781,
375,
666,
268,
5463,
352,
261,
3447,
3486,
427,
518,
292,
2408,
268,
887,
16,
6700,
268,
5463,
513,
327,
4269,
6319,
341,
444,
2608,
203,
2983,
5431,
330,
1054,
8664,
372,
87,
291,
3379,
391,
329,
80,
2330,
372,
87,
7505,
16,
268,
4971,
2681,
1402,
17,
5493,
11502,
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2362,
666,
268,
5463,
352,
261,
3447,
3486,
427,
518,
292,
2408,
268,
1072,
16,
576,
268,
4971,
2681,
302,
739,
3806,
291,
9582,
1165,
16,
793,
423,
512,
291,
316,
512,
7500,
523,
460,
2829,
3025,
687,
261,
3447,
325,
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269,
19,
781,
2752,
372,
88,
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437,
268,
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372,
87,
617,
288,
576,
9844,
291,
11912,
3982,
18,
365,
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316,
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2997,
1141,
11329,
291,
551,
762,
292,
268,
5463,
18,
1097,
268,
5463,
316,
1996,
302,
16,
268,
4971,
2681,
302,
739,
316,
4179,
644,
3516,
566,
16,
341,
268,
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372,
87,
2608,
16,
268,
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316,
462,
304,
594,
4581,
16,
291,
268,
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372,
87,
2629,
528,
881,
3092,
30,
269,
19,
781,
2447,
4826,
1175,
73,
488,
16,
1355,
688,
3620,
292,
304,
374,
674,
16,
793,
11834,
419,
444,
3524,
691,
8644,
822,
336,
268,
5463,
528,
6951,
566,
3167,
5829,
316,
543,
548,
9754,
31,
361,
268,
739,
602,
1059,
268,
5463,
292,
4568,
622,
644,
566,
1023,
1210,
6559,
10469,
702,
10725,
4093,
2202,
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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of fat-associated liver conditions that can result in end-stage liver disease and the need for liver transplantation. Simple steatosis, or fatty liver, occurs early in NAFLD and may progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which is characterized by the presence of hepatocellular damage such as lobular inflammation and cellular ballooning. It may evolve to fibrosis, and to cirrhosis with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a variable proportion of cases. NAFLD is considered to be the hepatic component of metabolic syndrome (MetS),1 which also includes obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose regulation, and insulin resistance, and therefore represents a strong cardiovascular risk even at a very early age.2,3
The global burden of NAFLD runs parallel to the prevalence of obesity, with the degree of hepatic triglyceride accumulation being proportional to the severity of each component of MetS.4 With over two billion individuals with overweight/obesity expected worldwide by 2030, NAFLD is undoubtedly becoming the most prominent chronic liver disease of the 21st century in both adults and youths.5 During the past few decades, obesity has shifted toward an onset earlier in life, with a dramatic rise in childhood.6 This finding represents a serious threat to the health state of youths and raises the issue of how this earlier advent of overweight will affect the burden and management of NAFLD later in life. In a recent study, Hagström et al.7 showed that overweight in late adolescence is a significant predictor of severe liver disease, including HCC later in life. The researchers used register data from more than 1.2 million Swedish men enlisted for conscription between 1969 and 1996. During a follow-up of more than 34 million person-years, 5281 cases of severe liver disease including 251 cases of HCC were identified. An association with severe liver disease was found for overweight (Hazard ratio [HR] 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35–1.64) and for obese men (HR 2.17; 95% CI, 1.82–2.59). Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) further increases the risk for severe liver disease across all body mass index (BMI) categories. The study by Hagström et al.7 definitively establishes that the obesity-related risk of future severe liver disease starts early in life.
In addition to liver complications, patients with NAFLD also have a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).2 Indeed, NAFLD may be considered in adults as well as in children a multisystem disease affecting several extra-hepatic organs and involving a range of extra-hepatic chronic diseases, in particular T2DM, CVD, and chronic renal disease.8,9
The exact prevalence of NAFLD is uncertain. Several studies have demonstrated a prevalence of 3–10% in general pediatric populations, which increases to up to 60–70% in subjects with metabolic comorbidities.10 Importantly, NAFLD prevalence varies widely depending on geographical area and diagnostic methods used.11 Initial population-based studies, which estimated the prevalence of pediatric NAFLD by determining aminotransferases or by ultrasonography in several countries, have indicated a prevalence range of 3–7%.11 In an autoptic study, conducted in unselected children who died in accidents in California, the prevalence of histological NAFLD ranged from 0.7% in 2- to 4-year-old to 17.3% in 15- to 19-year-old subjects, but increased to 38% in obese children.12 In cohorts of children of various nationalities selected for overweight or obesity, the prevalence of elevated alanine aminotransferase was higher and ranged from 8% to 42%, whereas the prevalence of bright liver ranged from 1.7 to 77%.11 A recent meta-analysis including 76 independent study populations of youths aged 1–19 years led to an estimate of NAFLD of 7.6% (95% CI, 5.5–10.3%) in the general population and 34.2% (95% CI, 27.8–41.2%) in obesity clinics.13 In both populations, there was marked heterogeneity (I2=98%), which was partly accounted for by sex distribution, difference in BMI, and ethnicity, with NAFLD prevalence being higher in males, individuals with more severe adiposity, and Asians. Notably, the use of liver enzymes to diagnose NAFLD led to a significant underestimation of disease prevalence.13
NAFLD diagnosis currently requires proof of steatosis, which relies on imaging techniques in clinical practice. To address such diagnosis in a large number of putative patients, liver biopsy, an invasive test with some risk of complications, is neither feasible nor ethical to use as a screening tool. Moreover, liver biopsy is susceptible to sampling bias. At present, ultrasound is the most commonly used modality to determine hepatic steatosis because of its relatively low cost, availability, and safety. However, ultrasound is operator dependent, and has limited sensitivity and specificity for steatosis assessment. Among the currently available imaging modalities, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is the most direct MR-based method to separate the liver signal into its water and fat components and calculate the fat-signal fraction.14 However, MRS demonstrates some limitations in that it is too time consuming for routine clinical practice, and requires a skilled operator to correctly perform the examination, process the data, and interpret the results. Because of these limitations, MRS still lacks general availability in current clinical practice for assessment and monitoring of hepatic steatosis. Unlike MRS, MRI has shown greater promise for the quantitative assessment of hepatic steatosis in adults14 and children.15,16 Different methods can be performed for the evaluation of liver steatosis by MRI, but the most used method is based on the modified Dixon method based on dual-phase gradient-recalled echo sequences.17 On in-phase echo-time, water and fat signals add up and therefore, the total signal intensity is higher. On out-of-phase echo-time, water and fat signals cancel out each other, and consequently the total signal intensity decreases. While a healthy liver has no difference in signal intensities between the in-phase and out-of-phase images, in the case of fat storage, the liver signal intensity diminishes on the out-of-phase image.17 This imaging method is reliable in the absence of magnetic field inhomogeneity. The main drawback is that the quantity of water and fat can affect their signals.17 This can be managed by acquiring new images with variable T1-weighting, through the application of two flip-angle-imagings, such as high-flip-angle for uncovering small amounts of fat in tissues that include mainly water, or low-flip-angle for revealing small amounts of water in fat-rich tissues. Furthermore, hepatic iron deposition, often coexisting with hepatic steatosis, causes increased T2* decay and lowers the detection of liver fat.18 Other confounders of quantification include T1 signal, spectral complexity of fat, eddy currents, and noise bias.18 By addressing these confounding factors, recent improvements in MRI have provided measurement of the proton density fat-fraction ([PDFF]: the fraction of the liver proton density attributable to liver fat), which is an inherent property of tissue and a direct measure of liver fat content.14 MRI-PDFF is accurate, precise, and reliable for quantifying liver steatosis, having been validated against liver biopsy in both adults18 and children.17 Thus MRI-PDFF is emerging as a useful biomarker, in particular in patients for whom liver biopsy is contraindicated or impractical.18
Into this environment, Benetolo et al.19 have published an article in this issue of the Journal describing the prevalence of NAFLD among Brazilian children and adolescents followed at an obesity outpatient clinic. Using MRI, they found that the prevalence of NAFLD was 28%, lower than that reported in other studies from different countries, including Brazil. Based on the scarce available literature, the prevalence of NAFLD in South America seems to be higher than the rate reported for the United States. Specifically, NAFLD prevalence (as assessed by ultrasonography) in population-based studies for South America has been estimated to be ∼30.45% (95% CI, 22.74–39.4%). Indeed, the majority of studies reporting the prevalence of NAFLD from South America have been performed in Brazil. Nevertheless, in a study reported from Chile, the prevalence of NAFLD (as assessed by ultrasonography) was estimated to be 23%.10 Another study from Columbia, also using ultrasonography, reported a prevalence of 26.6% in men.10 These rates can be influenced by genetic predisposition. An important finding, however, of the Benetolo et al. study19 is that among children younger than 10 years the prevalence of NAFLD was 31.8%, similar to that encountered in those older than 10 years. Hepatic steatosis was associated with male gender, triglycerides, transaminases, and acanthosis nigricans, while there was no association with insulin resistance and MetS. There were some limitations to the study by Benetolo et al., which may have contributed to the lack of association of NAFLD with insulin resistance. The small sample size may have caused a type 2 error.
In conclusion, the deleterious effects of obesity on liver health should not be overlooked, particularly during childhood. Children with a long duration of obesity should be screened for liver disease – the earlier the onset of obesity, the higher the risk of NAFLD. While waiting for the development of effective drug therapies for NAFLD, all health-care providers should combine their efforts at the population level to control and prevent childhood and adolescent obesity.
Conflicts of interestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest. | <urn:uuid:ec232eeb-13d6-40fd-b202-7152a6d322cb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://jped.elsevier.es/en-pediatric-nonalcoholic-fatty-liver-disease-articulo-S002175571830559X | 2024-02-26T08:51:54Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.947343 | 2,111 | 2.90625 | 3 | [
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] |
The hot wire is the absolute classic when it comes to electrical games. But hot wire is not the same as hot wire, because there are many different circuits and types. On this page I would like to introduce you to more than 15 circuits and many different types of hot wire.
How do you play with the hot wire?
The hot WIRE is a game of skill. The goal is to guide a wire eyelet over a straight and / or curved wire from point A to point B without touching it. To make the game even more exciting, the time can be stopped and the errors counted. If you want, you can also extend the game by going back from side B to side A.
Build a hot wire
The game can be built with a tube, a wire, or a rope in a wide variety of shapes, colors and variations. Here are a few examples:
The classic: The hot wire is stretched between two logs that are attached to a wooden plate. The error is indicated by a buzzer and two e10 lamps. The circuit and the battery are housed in a small wooden box. A very simple and great handicraft work, not only for small hobbyists. All you need is a bit of wire, three logs, a base plate and a bit of electronics.
The longest: I have ever built was 5 meters long. The game consists of a 6mm stainless steel rope that can withstand any weather for a long time. The rope is tensioned with tension belts that are attached to two trees. The circuit is housed in a junction box attached to the cable. The particular difficulty is keeping the eyelet straight when running.
Hot wire or pipe, with (press) fittings from the installation area. Who wants to build a nice or "angled" hot wire but has no way to bend pipes. He can buy fittings and the right pipe in many hardware stores. Since these have to be pressed with a special press, there should be a suitable press to borrow at the hardware store. This means that xxl wires can also be built or complex shapes can be realized.
Hot wire with (solder) fittings from the installation area. The advantage over pressing is that a torch for soft soldering only costs around 20 euros. Disadvantages are that a flux has to be used for the solder and it is difficult to get it back afterwards and that only copper pipe can be soldered. I sprayed the game with zinc spray afterwards to make it look better. However, this does not work with all sprays, I had to try a few until the conductivity was right. This hot tube game was 4 meters long and is built with 28mm fittings and tube.
The simplest: In cooperation with the elementary school, I built this simple electronic game. Since the third graders did not have to solder, the task of building a hot wire could be easily solved. -> Here you can find the instructions I used in school, so everyone can build a hot wire.
With 6mm tube: A 6mm copper tube, also from the installation area, is the ideal solution for small to medium-sized wires. Because a 6mm copper tube can be easily bent by hand without kinking. This way, cool shapes can be bent quickly and easily.
The hot noose: Instead of a wire, there are different wire loops through which a rod must be guided to the end. When one of the first eight loops is touched, the red lamp lights up. When the last loop is touched, the green lamp lights up. The game is won.
With LCD display: The display and the controls do not always have to be placed on the wooden plate. As with a laptop, it can also be installed at an angle. This increases legibility and also looks good. Here with switch, potentiometer for the penalty time and an operating LED.
The hot spiral: The same game as the noose, but a simple spiral is formed and there is only one red lamp. It is best to form a funnel out of cardboard and wind the copper spiral over this funnel. Then fix the spiral on the wooden plate with 3 pieces of copper.
The hot board game: Again, no wire has to be overcome. A copper rod has to be driven through a labyrinth of metal grids. If a mistake is made, the eyes of the face light up and an extremely loud buzzer sounds. When not playing, a running light runs through the path to be followed.
With a reward: If you play the game without errors, you will receive a reward at the end. A servo motor turns and smarties fall out of the wooden wheel on the left. Here again the 6mm copper tube was used as a game.
Top class hot wire from Franz H .: This "hot wire" was built for the Jungschartag in Backnang. The wire depicts the silhouette of the city. The wrong spots are shown on the LED display. If there are up to 2 missing points, the player receives smarties as the prize. The whole thing is controlled by an esp8266. This hot wire can be rented for events. Description of the candy dispenser further down on the page.
The premier class: On a whim, (that's why it doesn't look great ((is a prototype for function control))) I wanted to know if it was possible to build a hot wire with two servo motors. More specifically, two servomotors on which copper wires are attached, which move in time and degrees via a random generator, complicate the game. To all of this, a wooden board is attached to the target to which copper wire is attached and makes it almost impossible to get to the finish and the copper wire is 3D (three dimensional) bent. So not only up and down, but also backwards, so that the copper rod (left) can move between the wires. A hot wire for real professionals.
The doubly difficult one: In this game, additional tubes were attached to the actually playing tube, the contact of which is also considered an error. But that's not all: To the right of the game you have to unthread the tube and then thread it into a new tube. So the game is even more versatile. The individual pipes are simply connected on the underside with a cable.
Figure made of lasered stainless steel (V2A): Not cheap, but any shape can be used as a game. Whether hand, excavator, heart or company logo, everything is possible as long as it is a closed form. Otherwise the eyelet must be open on one side and in my experience that's not really nice. This game is lasered from a 3mm stainless steel and deburred by the company. The circuit shows the errors via 8 LEDs by changing the individual neo pixels from green to red.
With solar energy: With a solar cell that charges a 9 volt battery when the sun is shining, you have a hot wire with a green thumb. Since the circuit is quite complex, I use a finished 5 volt USB battery charger with solar cell today. So I don't need a circuit, I have an on / off switch and my required 5 volts, immediately stabilized, are applied to the Ic.
The standing hot pipe: If a very thick and standing pipe is simply used as a game, the hot wire takes up very little space and is still difficult to play. Because the eyelet has to be kept very straight for a long time. The whole built on a beautiful screen printing plate makes a great impression.
With adhesive film, loping and cold-bent stainless steel tube: If you want a particularly beautiful hot wire, you can build a small wooden box and then stick it on with foil. I had a film with the Appel logo and wood grain printed on it and then glued it onto the box. To do this, a 16mm stainless steel tube with a "loping", that is, the eyelet must be guided behind the tube once. Which also makes the game exciting.
For the LEDs, I used chrome-colored sockets and a chrome button for this game. With such sockets and buttons, every hot wire looks much better and more professional.
The gift: The hot wire was a gift. The etched circuit with soldered components is visibly mounted on a wooden plate.
The PC connection: A xxxxl hot wire with a length of 6 meters and a PC in which you can enter your name. A leaderboard of time and mistakes will then be created automatically. The game is built from 22mm copper tubing and is somewhat "unsightly" on two trestles.
Game for hot summer days with a water shower: The nasty thing about this is that if a mistake is made, a servo motor turns, which in turn presses on a pump spray bottle and from it comes a small, common water jet for 3/4 seconds. This game does not require LEDs or a buzzer, whoever is wet has touched the wire. END of the announcement. Realizing the spraying with a servo and a spray bottle is not quite DMAX "the model builder" compliant but it had to be quick, works and costs very little. If you would like to have it nicer or better integrated into the game, you could use a 12 volt windscreen washer system from a car.
Hot wire for two people: the game starts with a button in the middle. The game is now ready and must be started with one of the eyelets to the right or left of the wire. So that there is no advantage for a player, a triple piping sounds (beep, beep, piiiiiiep), then it starts. Now every player can turn his display to green. In the event of an error, the display of the respective page then changes to red. The game must now go back to the beginning and switch its display to green again. This continues until a player who has mastered the game without errors. To do this, he touches the eye on the other side. Then the display goes blue and shows the winner. It is no longer exciting to write down without annoying times or mistakes.
Hot wire from the 3D printer: Why not print out the housing and the handle completely and just plug all the components together. I did that here. This hot wire was created from the three parts, handle, base and housing. Add a stainless steel wire, three LEDs and an Arduino, all plugged in with cables (not soldered) and you're done -> great :-). Click here for the building instructions.
With colored base plate: Red base plate and the attachment for the tube in black. At the same time, the tube can be attached well to the square timbers. Simply drill a hole and fix the pipe with an M4 screw. The handle is also well attached with a clip when not playing. The game is built from 12mm copper tubing that has been soft-soldered.
Play on a box. The hot wire can also be built on a small wooden box. So the electronics are well protected. If you still build the game so that the wire or tube can be removed, you can put it in the bottom of the box and everything is tidy.
Pipe, wire, rope, diameter and material for a hot wire
Again and again I am asked which diameter should be used for which length. So here is a rough recommendation. The information also relates to the playable length and not to the length of the board on which the game is built. In general, the game can be built from copper, stainless steel, aluminum or other metals. If no IC is used, however, very good conductivity such as copper should be used. From top to bottom:
Pipes larger than 10mm mainly because of the beautiful appearance of stainless steel pipes. Have the advantage that they are very stable and can therefore also be used in very large games. The disadvantage is that they have to be bent, pressed, soldered or welded with bending machines. What a certain equipment and know-how requires.
Pipes smaller than 10mm, especially 6mm copper pipes. Have the advantage that they can be bent by hand without kinking. Even small radii are possible if the pipe is bent over a log. The disadvantage is that the copper does not look so beautiful for a short time and has to be cleaned with a pipe flow.
Wires, in all designs. Have the advantage that they are cheap and can be bought almost anywhere and can be processed with a minimum of tools and craftsmanship. The wires from electrical lines are particularly useful here. The disadvantage is that large wires cannot be built.
For bent wires and tubes
- Under 50cm a thin wire with a diameter of approx. 1-2mm should be used.
- Under 100cm a wire with a diameter of approx. 2-3 mm should be used.
- A wire with a diameter of 4 mm or a tube with a diameter of 6-10mm should be used over a meter.
- A pipe with a diameter of 16-22mm should be used over two meters.
- A tube with 22-28mm should be used over three meters.
- Over four meters, a cold bend or welded pipe with 28-35mm should be used.
For straight wires and pipes, vertically and horizontally
- A rope with a diameter of 1mm or a tube with a diameter of 10-14mm should be used.
- A rope with a diameter of 2mm or a pipe with a diameter of 14-18mm should be used.
- Over three meters, a rope with 2-3mm or a tube with 22mm diameter should be used.
- A rope with a diameter of 3mm or a tube with a diameter of 22mm should be used over four meters.
- Over 5 meters, a rope with 3-4mm or a tube with 28mm diameter should be used.
Build play stick with eyelet
The play stick with the eyelet is held and guided in the hand during the game. In most cases, the part that is held by hand is made of wood and the eyelet is made of copper or stainless steel wire, but rings that are sawn off larger tubes can also be used. That of course looks particularly nice (see below). The cable is then connected to the circuit and should only be so long that it can still be played properly. In addition, the starting part of the game should be insulated with tape or better with shrink tubing. This prevents wire and barren from touching when not playing.
To build the play stick, a hole is drilled completely through the wood in a round wood with a length of approx. 12 cm and a diameter of 2.5 to 3 cm. The eyelet to which a cable has been soldered now comes into the hole. If you do not want to solder, you can also strip the cable and firmly mount it with insulating tape on the eyelet.
If you want to make the eyelet particularly beautiful, you can mount the handle of a bicycle on the wood or glue shrink tubing over the handle. The handles of files, hammers or other tools have turned out to be beautiful.
If this is too complicated for you, you can also bend a stainless steel wire and use it as an eyelet.
The bicycle handle has another advantage. The connection between the eyelet and the cable does not have to be put into the handle with difficulty, but can be jammed in the handle. To do this, saw through the log and connect the cable and eyelet with a luster terminal and then put the handle over it.
a wire rope as an eyelet is also nice. Care must be taken to ensure that the shape does not become too much like a pear. Otherwise great to build and play.
If you want to make the game particularly difficult, you can attach the eyelet to a broomstick or use a sawn-off tube instead of wire as in the picture above. Above all, this makes the corners more difficult because the area for playing becomes smaller.
If you want to make it particularly easy, you simply build the eyelet quite large. Especially with smaller children, a large eyelet guarantees more fun. Because they too can master the game. So even the little ones have a sense of achievement while playing.
It can also be a simple bike handle without screws, which makes it a little easier to build and cheaper to buy. If the eyelet is not built closed, the eyelet can also be removed from the game and, for example, replaced by a larger one for smaller children. So different levels of difficulty can be played or wires can be built that are fastened or consist of letters that have to be changed. Of course, the risk that someone tries to cheat is greater.
If you want to build a whole simple and beautiful eyelet, but don't want to bend wire, you can buy an eyelet at the hardware store. This cost only 4 euros and was found in the screw department. Drill a hole for the cable all the way through the wood. Strip the cable approx. 7-8 cm and then screw the copper wires with the eyelet into the wood. The contact between the eyelet and the copper cable is sufficient to count errors.
A handle from the 3D printer looks particularly beautiful. But I think the handle doesn't feel as great as the bike handles. However, it is much easier to print out a handle than to build a wooden handle. First of all, it is not easy to get the holes where the eyelet comes out of the wood.
Start and stop of time measurement with the play eyelet
Especially when measuring the time it takes a player to master the game, there can be controversy. Because the button can be pressed sooner or later. Since the inputs of the Attiny or the Arduino can both be controlled via the same potential, the play loop can be used for the errors and the start. Then attach the error pin to the game and attach the start pin to a piece of wire or similar next to the game. So the game starts when the eyelet touches the piece of wire and JIPI, no more arguments.
Hot wire circuits
Circuit with LED and buzzer:
This is the simplest variant of a hot wire. There is only one switch between the battery to switch the game on and off. From the battery it goes to the switch, then to a series resistor with 470 ohms so that the LED is not destroyed and then to the wire. If the circuit is closed by an error, the LED lights up. When the contact ends, the LED stops lighting.
The disadvantage, of course, is that a mistake is very difficult to "make out". So a buzzer has to be added. This is installed parallel to the LED. Now the error is displayed optically and acoustically.
Circuit with a transistor as an amplifier:
A transistor can boost a small voltage applied to the base. So we apply the voltage to the base of the transistor that comes from the contact between the wire and the loop. This low voltage is amplified by the transistor and even small and short touches are displayed.
Here the circuit fully assembled in a luster terminal. The circuit was a primary school project in a fourth grade. It was built up bit by bit by the students under my direction. A great handicraft for small electric explorers.
Circuit with a capacitor as a memory:
So that an error is "even" more clearly recognizable, the buzzer and the LED must indicate the error longer than it was actually made. A capacitor has the great feature that it can inflate in a fraction of a second. After a touch, the capacitor discharges via the transistor BC 547. Since the transistor has a small voltage to switch, the buzzer can be heard after a touch (an error) and the LED lights up for a short time.
To change the time in which the error is displayed, you can simply change the capacitor. Shorter time = smaller capacitor, longer time = larger capacitor. Here the circuit with the capacitor is built in a luster terminal or on a strip grid board.
Here is the circuit in a luster terminal:
Switching with an NE 555:
If an error is made, the Ne 555 "remembers" it. In the event of an error, it switches output (3) on for a specified time (here 2/3 seconds) and then immediately off again. This eliminates the annoying slow "humming". In addition, I have built a switch in front of the buzzer, so the buzzer can be switched off. This can be a blessing on a birthday or for annoyed parents.
The circuit also prevents double error counting. If the wire is touched twice in quick succession, the circuit is still blocked, so that two short touches are really only counted as one.
Circuit with error display via 10 LEDs
At the end of the game you can "read" from the LEDs how many mistakes a player made. The NE 555 now works as a debounced switch and sends a "message" to the IC 4017 for every error, which then switches on an LED and thus counts the errors.
Circuit with error display through 7 segment displays:
The two displays are controlled via two ICs, the 4026. With each pulse at pin 1, the IC automatically switches on a number and only releases the outputs that are required for the current number. He takes over the counting and switching of the respective display. This time there is no IC for debouncing, but a 1 μF capacitor. The capacitor ensures that the voltage is present at pin 1 for a brief moment and that there is only one pulse. Of course, the circuit can also be built with the NE555 for this.
Circuit with error display through finished installation counter:
If you want a hot wire with an indication of many errors, you cannot avoid an advertisement. But if you absolutely cannot solder, have no idea about electronics and want to build a game with a low budget. This circuit could be interesting for him. The finished display with 6 x seven segment displays and a fully wired counter (a Voltcraft DCM220W) costs just 13 euros.
To build the game, only 4 cables need to be plugged in. There are small pins on the back, so-called jumper cables (1-2 euros) are simply plugged onto these pins. The contacts can also be soldered. From pin 2 it goes to a button (these are also available for screwing, 2-5 euros) and to the hot wire. From the hot wire to pin 1 and from the button to pin 3. Everything is ready and the game can begin. With the button the display is reset to zero. 9 volts DC can be connected to terminals 5 and 6 to illuminate the display.
There are also two disadvantages to this circuit. The digit height is not exactly large at 10mm and with an installation dimension of 48x24mm, you have to look very closely to be able to read the display. In addition, the counter (which makes sense) is debounced. Which also means in this case that really very short touches are not counted. But if you want a cheap, quick and easy hot wire with counter, you will have a lot of fun with this circuit.
Circuits with the Arduino:
The Arduino is a programmable mini computer. However, the Arduino has two advantages over many other such systems. First, the hardware around the Atmega chip is completely built. This means that the programming takes place via USB, a fixed voltage regulator allows voltages of 7-20 volts DC, LED, reset button, capacitor solder pins or plug pins etc. everything is ready. Second, the software with driver is also completely finished, so plug it in and it does. The software for programming is relatively simple because a lot of text-based commands are used. If that's still not enough, you can program the Arduino graphically, i.e. by arranging finished blocks with names.
Arduino 10 LED BAR (10 errors with 10 LEDs)
This is my favorite circuit, it is quick and easy to build, but most of all the 10 errors are clearly shown as dashes on the display. The first real LEDs are green, the ninth is yellow and the tenth LED is red. For this display I have created a plate for the 3D printer, in which the display and the button are built in. It looks super nice, because wood can hardly be sawed out as precisely and beautifully as the printer prints the plate. With each error, a buzzer sounds and the LEDs are reset using a button.
This hot wire is also the only one that really counts every mistake !!! All other circuits with the Arduino or the Attiny "pause" after an error between 700 and 1000 milliseconds. This is also good, because otherwise two minimal touches in quick succession count as many errors. In this program code I work with "count change". This means that an error is always counted when the PIN receives a HIGH signal. But only if the eyelet has not touched the wire in between.
This is how the housing can look, not as a plate but as a real housing, with a reset button.
Arduino and error / time measurement:
The time for "overcoming" the hot wire is started with a button and stopped with a second button. The errors are counted using a third PIN. To make the game even more exciting, there is a penalty time for each mistake, which can be set using the potentiometer from 1-15 seconds. The player has to decide whether to accept a mistake in favor of a faster time or not. The penalty time is of course set before the game. The result can then look like this, for example. I took this circuit from the biathlon sport, because the evaluation also results from mistakes and time.
The construction of the circuit is quite simple as the Arduino's internal PULL UP resistors are used instead of external PULL DOWN resistors. In this way, the inputs are switched from HIGH to LOW via the minus pole of the Arduino. A series resistor limits the input voltage of the base and switches a buzzer. The display is connected directly to the Arduino.
After pressing the Stop button, the display with the result remains for a fixed time. This can be changed via the delay time (here 16000). To cancel a game or the set time, the Arduino reset is connected to GND via a button.
Arduino and reward for the winner:
When I'm at the Arduino, we can do a little more with it. It is clear who won the wire with the shortest time and the fewest mistakes. But only the respect and envy of others. How about if the game gets sweets as a reward right after the game ends? The Arduino counts the error in a variable and after the game it controls your servo motor. The servo turns and conveys sweets from a stainless steel tube. If there are 0 errors, he spins three times, if there are two errors, he turns twice, if there is one error, and if there are more than three errors, the game gets nothing. Three LEDs indicate the errors and a buzzer also sounds with each error.
The servo motor is connected to a wooden wheel. A hole is drilled in the wooden wheel that exactly fits a smartie or something else. A stainless steel tube that serves as a dispenser via the wooden wheel.
Franz H. built a particularly beautiful candy dispenser. Nice that the smarties can be seen through the tube.
If this structure is too much work for you, it can also be easier. To do this, glue a servo motor in a box, attach the servo arm to it and saw a slot in a small wooden box. If the servo arm is in the slot, the box cannot be opened, the game is done, the servo turns inwards and the box can be opened.
Circuit with Arduino and servo motors as a display even in sunshine:
So that the errors and the time can be read well in daylight and daylight-compatible displays with LEDs are very expensive. Can easily be used as a display two servo motors. If the background is designed in such a way that errors and time are easy to read and arrows are attached to the drives, the progress and time can be read wonderfully. Here is an indication of the errors. Depending on how "close" the numbers are, 20 or 30 errors can also be displayed.
The eye of the hot wire is connected to PIN 3. With a pull down resistor of 1-10 K. Ohm the PIN is always LOW. If PIN 3 receives a HIGH signal via the wire, PIN 11 of the Arduino outputs a PWM signal at the servo. This converts the PWM signal into a pointer position. There is also a beep from the buzzer for one second. Since the servo is connected directly to the Arduino I have a 100 uf. Capacitor switched between plus and minus. The error display is reset via the Arduino's reset PIN. The supply voltage comes from the USB connection, but could also come from Vin.
To save the battery and prevent the servo motor from humming. Is the servo motor "disconnected" after reaching its "error position" and only reconnected when an error has been committed.
Here is the circuit for errors and time display. The servo on pin 9 shows the time. The servo moves 6 degrees every 6 seconds. As above, the servo moves 18 degrees in the event of an error, so 10 errors can be displayed.
This is what the wiring for the servomotors looks like. The button has the following sequence.
- Start (time starts to count and errors are possible)
- Stop (error and time stops)
- Reset (error and time "servo motors" reset to 0)
- -> start
Arduino and hundredth stopwatch:
If the seven segment displays are too much to solder (which I fully understand), you can resort to a completely soldered module. The MAX7219 chip controls seven segment displays via 3 pins of the Arduino 2x4. In addition there are plus and minus, so there are only 5 cables that have to be soldered. In addition there are the pins on the Arduino, as well as the start, stop, reset button and the error pin, done.
If the start button is pressed, a buzzer sounds briefly, the game starts and the time starts with minutes-seconds-hundredths of a second. If there is an error, the buzzer sounds for 3 seconds and the display is automatically reset to zero. If the hot wire is mastered without an error and the stop button is pressed, the time stops, the buzzer sounds briefly and the results can be compared.
Tip: Since this time measurement is as fast as in Formula One, it matters a lot when the start, stop button is pressed. Therefore, the button should be attached so that it must be pressed with the handle. Instead of a button, a second small tube can be attached, which must be touched with the eyelet, so there are no arguments.
Arduino with error display via NEO pixels
Adafruit's Neopixes are not just pre-soldered RGB LEDs, they also have the control of the LEDs on the board. That means with only 3 or 4 cables all LEDs can be changed in color and brightness. 2 cables for voltage, one cable for control. If you want to connect several neopixel rings, strips or individual pixels together, you have to connect them using a fourth cable.
In the circuit or code for the hot wire, all LEDs light up clockwise with a random color change. Similar to the circle in the PC when you have to wait for an application. If a mistake is made, one LED goes red and stays red, the others change colors in a circle. So up to 12 colors are possible.
In the breadboard picture by Fritzing I added the Neo Pixel Strips on the right. If these are used, the light does not "run" in a circle but from left to right. the connection remains the same.
Arduino with error display via 8x8 LED matrix
Seven segment displays are often small, rather dark in inexpensive versions and installing them often takes a lot of effort. The change is a ready wired matrix 8x8 3mm LEDs. It is approximately 3.3x3.3cm in size and all pixels can be easily controlled. The display shows (at least with my code) 9 errors with 2 rows of LEDs. So they are good and easy to read.
This circuit is one of the best to represent errors in my opinion. It is built quickly thanks to the IC2 bus, costs very little with an Arduino Nano clone and, above all, the errors are clearly and reliably recognized.
The Arduino code is rel. kept simple, the numbers are shown simply by switching the respective pins on and off. Finished libraries could certainly be used here. So the numbers can be seen in the "full code". A ticker or similar could also be installed.
!!! In the program (fritzing) with which I drew the circuit above, there are no ads with a finished chip, so I simply drew the cables on the matrix. Here, of course, a matrix must be connected, for example with a max7219 chip. Otherwise it doesn't work.
Arduino hot wire for two
So that times or errors do not always have to be laboriously written down or displayed. Here two players play against each other in real time. The game starts with a button in the middle. The game is now ready and must be started with one of the eyelets to the right or left of the wire. So that there is no advantage for a player, a triple piping sounds (beep, beep, piiiiiiep), then it starts. Now every player can turn his display to green. In the event of an error, the display of the respective page then changes to red. The game must now go back to the beginning and switch its display to green again. This continues until a player who has mastered the game without errors. To do this, he touches the eye on the other side. Then the display goes blue and shows the winner.
However, the circuit requires some components, since everything has to be built twice and a digital evaluation must also be done in the program. But it's worth it. There is not so much fun and action often, there is fighting until there is a winner.
3 circuits with the Attiny 44, 45 and 2013
The Attiny Chips are freely programmable with C or the Arduino IDE. The pins can be switched HIGH and LOW (on and off) or can be used as inputs for digital (HIGH / LOW) or as analog (0-5 volt) signals. The Attiny reacts in a fraction of a second, so that the errors can then be recognized and output on LEDs, buzzers, displays and displays. An Attiny only costs almost 2 euros. The Attiny is not unlike the Arduino, only the entire hardware around the chip is missing. Programming is just as easy as with the Arduino because the same IDE or Ardublock can be used. Bringing the program onto the chip is not quite PLUG and PLAY, as is the case with the Arduino, nor is it rocket science. Instructions are available here on my page. The Attiny only needs a 47 K.Ohm resistor at the reset pin and a 22 uf capacitor between plus and minus, then it is ready to go.
Attiny 45 with LED and buzzer
The wire is touched, PIN 4 receives a HIGH signal. The LED on pin 1 and the buzzer on pin 2 receive voltage and indicate the error optically and acoustically for 1 second. So there is no more discussion about whether a mistake was made or not. Since the LED is dimmed by PWM in brightness and the Attiny can switch 20 milli amps on one channel (mechanical buzzers usually have 15-25ma.), This circuit works almost without external components. So this is a perfectly functioning circuit for less than 5 euros.
If a button is connected to the reset pin, an LED to pin 0, the input to pin 4 and the code up. If an error occurs, the LED (green) on pin 0 goes out and the LED on pin 1 (red) goes on. The game is now lost and must be reset using the rest of the button. So you only have one chance.
Here is the code for the hot wire game "one chance"
An Attiny 2013 has 17 I / O, so you can control two seven-segment displays and still has enough PINs free for a start / stop button, an error input and an LED or buzzer output. If the start button is pressed, the display starts to count down from 99 seconds. If the button is pressed again, the display stops and you can see very well who needed less time for the wire. If there is an error, a buzzer sounds and the game is over. The display is reset to 99 seconds using the reset button.
The resistors are unfortunately not easy to see, they vary depending on the display. I used a very small ad for my experiment. you may need to use 3 x 1.5 volt batteries for larger displays. Nothing changes in the circuitry that the series resistors on the display may become larger. I used a piezo buzzer, which I can connect directly to the Attiny. Mechanical buzzers require a transistor.
Attiny 44 with 7 segment display for 9 errors:
The Attiny 44 has enough pins to operate a 7 segment display, buzzer, LED and the error input. The great advantage of this circuit is that no further ICs are required. If you want to control 2 displays, you can simply use an Attiny 2313, you save two ICs and a lot of soldering. If you connect the Attiny outputs via transistors, you can also control large seven-segment displays.
Hot wire with FischerTechnik (electronics)
With the "Fischertechnik - PROFI Electronics 524326) or who has, with the" electronics module ", a simple but well functioning hot wire can be built. The" electronic module "is a controller with 24 fixed programs, it has 2 motor outputs , 3 analog inputs for sensors and a potentiometer. For our game we need the program with the dip switch setting "" 1-2 off / 3-4-5 on "". After switching on the voltage, M2 is switched off, so "minus "Therefore the red lamp lights up. If a mistake is made and input I1 is closed. If M2 is switched on (plus), the red lamp goes out and the green one goes on. When the contact is over, the colors change again. Contact M1 stays on for a set time (via potentiometer) and then goes out. Since I wanted to use as many Fischertechnik parts as possible, I have a buzzer. So I built an acoustic signal myself Gear and clacks. After an error, the motor continues to run for between one and 30 seconds and indicates the error acoustically. The error is only displayed for the time of the error. If that's not enough, you have to connect the lamps to M1 instead of the motor.
If you want to make it particularly great, you should also buy the Sound & Light Set from Fischer Technik. In the event of an error, applause or the like can be played via the sound module.
Hot wire with FischerTechnik (roboPro)
The game (hot wire) can be reproduced even more easily and individually with Fischertechnik, with the robo Pro software. I use the version from (Fischertechnik 524370 - LT Beginner Set). The software is sent to the Robo LT controller via a USB cable. There are then two outputs and three inputs. In my version there are two lamps, but it could also be connected to an output of the motor (as above) in order to have an acoustic signal in the event of a fault.
The Fischertechnik software or the program is super simple. In the program of buttons (in the game wire and eyelet), my green lamp on M1 turns on when not pressed (so no error). If the button (wire and eyelet) is pressed in the program (i.e. a mistake made), the green lamp on M1 goes out and the red lamp on M2. The program now waits 2 seconds and then switches the lamps back and waits for another error.
Circuit "one chance":
Just touch the wire and the game is over. Out and over with just one touch. End of story, nothing to add. So that the whole thing is even more exciting, it "knocks" in the background.
As soon as the start button is pressed, a time begins to elapse, which cannot be read anywhere. At some point the circuit changes from "Bum, Bum, Bum" to Buuuuuuhhhhhhh, and the game is lost. The same thing happens when you touch the wire: Buuuuuuuuuhhhhhhh and the game is over. A really great thing because you have to hurry, but a mistake and the game is over.
Circuit "one chance" simple version:
Because the "one chance" circuit is such a great thing, it is also available in a simple version. Not only because you don't need two NE555s here, but also because time doesn't matter. If an error is made, the red LED lights up and the game is over. The circuit is reset with the reset button and the green LED lights up again.
Circuit with player lock:
This circuit can be used in two different ways.
Firstly, as a player lock with a 500 μF capacitor, in which the game is only released again after about 1 1/2 minutes and then a new game can be started. With this type, however, the buzzer should be left out, because otherwise it is unbearable :-).
Second, as a timer with a 100 μF capacitor in which an error is displayed for approx. 1 second.
Connect hot wire with computer and screen:
Now we go one step further. We connect our hot wire to the PC and display the errors or the time required on the monitor of the PC, a television or on the projector. You will definitely have the ultimate attention at every fair, birthday or sports festival.
Buttons are attached to the left and right of the hot wire. When the player starts, he pushes a button and the time starts to run. When he has arrived on the other side, he presses a button again and the time stops. Each time the wire is touched, the error status is updated on the monitor.
Before we can start we have to connect the hot wire to the PC. This is possible with a keyboard that is disassembled and instead of the button the hot wire is connected or with an Arduino Leonardo that can pretend to be a keyboard.
Hot wire with Siemens LOGO
The Siemens LOGO is actually a small controller for industry but also suitable for residential buildings. But it is also suitable for the construction of a hot wire. With 120 euros for the module and possibly 120 euros for the LT display rel. expensive.
But if you are electrically fit and electronically unfamiliar, that could be something. Especially since the inputs only work with a low voltage and not with 230 volts, the game is safe.
Here are 4 types. started from the top left.
- An error is made and the I1 turns on Q1.
- An error is made I2, so that this is perceived better, Q2 remains switched on for the set time via the switch-off delay.
- A mistake is made I3, the game is over. Because the self-holding relay remains energized and switches Q3 until it is switched off via reset I4.
- An error is made. I5 errors are counted via counter B004. The errors are displayed in a text field B003. The text field can be switched on via I7 or via a permanent HIGH signal. The rest happens via I6.
An even nicer solution can be achieved with a TD display. The time is started and stopped via I9 and a surge relay. The errors are counted using a counter as in the instructions above. The time is counted in seconds via a further counter and a pulse relay and displayed on the LOGO or the TD. The message text must be switched on again via an input or a permanent HIGH signal. The reset comes via I8.
Here is a hot wire game with Siemens logo and a Siemens TDE display. | <urn:uuid:b4c66af8-4a4e-4e59-bca5-418297c1371c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://kreativekiste.de/hot-wire-manufactory-building-instructions | 2024-02-26T07:51:40Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.947886 | 9,309 | 2.578125 | 3 | [
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] |
Quick-growing collard greens can be grown as an annual vegetable in all the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) plant hardiness zones. Also known as non-heading or tree cabbage, they grow best in warm weather but tolerate cold weather more than any other members of the cabbage family, including kale.
Collard greens take between 60-85 days from germination to harvest. If you plant seedlings, they will be ready to harvest in 28-42 days. Unlike cabbages, you can harvest collard greens while they are growing, plucking leaves off the stem when you want them. But many people maintain the leaves are sweeter after the first frost.
What Are Collard Greens?
Collard greens are a cole crop, which, like all plants that belong to the mustard or Brassica family, are descended from the wild cabbage. The term cole crops originate from the Latin word caulis that means the stalk or stem of a plant.
So, today when we talk about cole crops, we mean the stem brassicas that include:
- Brussels sprouts
- Collard greens
Even though they are biennials, we usually grow cole crops as annuals.
How do you know when your collard greens are ready to harvest?
Like kale, you can harvest dark green collards at any time during the growing season, depending on when you planted them. They will produce an early spring crop, if you want a summer harvest and/or in midsummer for an early winter or fall harvest, about 60 to 80 days after planting the seed.
Sometimes people grow collard plants for microgreens, but it’s best to use a special sprouter tray if you choose this route. After 5-14 days, when the leaves are open and the young plants are between 1 and 3 inches (25-76 mm) tall, harvest using a sharp knife or scissors.
More commonly, collard greens are ready to harvest when they are 6 to 10 inches (15-25 cm) tall. If you prefer larger leaves, you need to leave wider spaces between the collard plants and wait until they are between 10 and 12 inches (25-30 cm) tall.
If you have planted Georgia Southern collards, you can still harvest when they reach a height of 10-12 inches. In fact, the leaves taste best when they are young.
Just be aware that they mature in about 75 days. And they will continue growing as they grow as tall as 2 to 3 feet (600-900 cm).
When you harvest the leaves of your collard plants, they should be smooth and firm. They thrive in cool weather, and both cool weather and light frost will improve the flavor of a late fall crop.
How does frost improve the flavor of collard greens?
Cool-weather and light frost change the starch stored in collard leaves into sugars. According to the specialists at Colorado State University, cool temperatures will also change the structure of some proteins, which improves the flavor of this cole crop.
What happens if you don’t harvest collard greens?
There are several things that will, or might, happen if you don’t harvest collard greens.
Collard plants will go to seed
Because collard greens are biennial, during the first season the plant will grow and mature. It will bolt, sending up flower stems, and produce seeds in the spring of the second year.
So, if you don’t harvest collards in the first year, it will go to seed. Once the plants have flowered, you will notice that it starts to produce seed pods that look a bit like green beans.
If you want to harvest the seeds, stop watering the plants and let the pods dry out and turn brown. Collect the pods and place them between two sheets of paper towel.
Apply pressure so that the pods break. The seeds should be black when you remove them from the pods.
Collard seeds should be viable for at least 3-4 years. You can store them in a paper bag in a cool, dry cupboard until you are ready to plant them.
Collard plants might be affected by pests and disease
Like all members of the cabbage family, various pests and diseases can affect collards. While the collards grow, keep an eye out for the usual destructive culprits including aphids, cabbage root maggots, slugs, cabbage worms, and cabbage loopers.
In larger gardens, you can use row covers for pest control. But they are not normally necessary for the average veggie garden, even for the most ardent homesteaders.
If you don’t harvest your collard plants simply because of neglect, pests are more likely to attack your collard crop. Or, rather, you are less likely to notice them.
More importantly, if you don’t harvest your collard plants and they self-seed and continue growing in the same spot, diseases can build up in the soil. That’s why horticulturalists warn that they shouldn’t be planted in the same part of your veggie garden every year.
How to harvest collard greens?
Collards grow on a central stem and new leaves come from the center of the plant, at the top of the plant. This means that the older leaves are always on the outside edges.
You can harvest collards by cutting the entire plant at or just above ground level. Or, you can harvest the large dark green leaves progressively, starting at the base of the stem. This way, you will get maximum yields.
When harvesting progressively, the conventional way to harvest the leaves is to remove the oldest leaves first. But you don’t have to do it this way.
You can also harvest the inner, circular rosette at the top of the young plant if you want really tender leaves. If you do this, Prof. Craig R. Andersen of the University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture’s Research & Extension department, recommends tying the top outer leaves loosely together to protect the head from full sun.
Should you wash collard greens after harvesting?
Collard greens are notoriously gritty and must be washed after harvesting.
How to wash collard greens
There are various ways to wash collard greens. Use the method that works best for you, or combine them all.
Many people just swish them in a bowl of water. You will have to refill the bowl of water at least 3 times and carry on washing the leaves until you get rid of all the grit and dirt.
It’s helpful to let them soak in the water for a short while to loosen the dirt. Adding a bit of salt to the water also seems to help.
Can you eat collard greens immediately after harvesting?
It’s best to harvest collard leaves when you need them. Once you have washed them thoroughly, you can cook and eat them.
If you harvest more leaves than you need, you can store them in damp paper towels for 3-4 days. But don’t leave them longer than this because the longer you store them the more bitter they are likely to get.
If you aren’t going to be able to eat the full harvest soon, it’s better to freeze the collards. Blanch the leaves for 3-4 minutes and drain.
Then plunge into an ice-water bath and leave for about 5 minutes before draining again. Pack into zip-lock bags or freezer containers.
How to eat collard greens
You can lightly steam, braise, sauté, or boil collards. If you harvest young tender leaves, you can even eat them raw, though it’s usually best to chop them up finely.
If the leaves are older, it’s best to remove the tough stems and central vein.
Minimal cooking will preserve the dark green color of collards and maintain their vitamin content, mostly A and C. If the leaves are tough, boiling may be needed to soften them. They can take up to 20 minutes to soften.
If you do boil your collard greens, don’t throw out the cooking liquid. Save it to add to soups and stews. You can freeze this liquid too.
Even if a recipe doesn’t call for collard greens, you can use them. For instance, if you are making a stir fry, you can shred or chop the leaves and add them to a stir fry.
In fact, you can supplement your collards in any recipe that calls for ingredients like spinach, chard, or kale.
Collard greens are versatile in more ways than one. They grow in just about every climate type, they can be harvested pretty well throughout the year, and they can be incorporated into a multitude of recipes.
They are also one of the easiest cole crops to grow.
Unlike cauliflower and broccoli, they don’t grow as flower bud heads (which sometimes fail to form). They don’t have tight heads like cabbage or miniature buds like brussels sprouts. These tight formations unfortunately fail quite often.
Not only are there various stages of growth when collards can be harvested, but there are also different ways they can be harvested. Our 2024 harvesting tips will give you all the guidance you need.
If you’ve never considered growing collard greens, now is a good time to think again! | <urn:uuid:19e94033-f2d7-41cf-ba5c-be6a36e70f78> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://northernnester.com/when-to-harvest-collard-greens/ | 2024-02-26T08:29:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.944805 | 1,960 | 2.84375 | 3 | [
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The Nurse Association (ANA) (2003) defines nursing as the promotion, protection and improvement of health and abilities, stopping of illness and injury, relief of suffering through identification, medical care and support in the care of individuals, families, societies and citizenry (Nancy, 2001 p.2).Generally nursing is liable to the society for providing quality, economical as well as improving the care rendered. Hence, nurses are responsible for their patients’ standard of health.
The area of practice I would like to develop in this regard is mental health. The World health Organisation (WHO) (2009) defines mental health as a state of well-being where all individual notices his or her own potential, can cope with normal stressful events of life, can be fruitful and productive, and is able to contribute meaningfully to his or her society.
For a person to live happily and meaningfully in life, mental health is important as well as physical health. Inadequate mental health can interfere with keeping meaningful relationships, having a sense of fulfilment in one’s self, work and ability to perform in daily activities of life. Mental illness can obstruct one’s interest in sleep, food and sexual contact.
How we cope with life situations, the way we think and feel can be defined as mental health. By description mental health could be defined as a state of well-being which enables one to be fruitful, being able to live in peace with other people, adjusts to alteration and been able to handle difficult situations.
Health conditions marked by alteration or abnormalities in mood, thinking or behaviour (or a mixture of the three) that causes discomfort or impair functioning is known as mental disorder. Giving a lot of definition without going into thorough details is difficult. One huge reason that is partly responsible for the difficulty in defining mental health, mental disorder and mental illness is the differentiation between mental and physical health which is largely pretended. Our ability to think, feel and respond is governed by our brain. The brain needs constant supply of oxygen and nutrients like any other organ in the body because it can also be damaged by thyroid issues, tumours and physical trauma. Mental health and physical health are interweaved (Linda, 2010, p.334).
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES ANALYSIS OF MY CURRENT KNOWLEDGE BASE ON MENTAL HEALTH
My main tool as a mental health nurse is caring for the elderly living with dementia. As a mental health nurse I show compassion for the people I am dealing with by showing care towards them. Regrettably, there is still some stigma attached to mental illness. Combating this and helping the individuals and their families deal with it is the key part of my job. The danger of violence is often associated with this branch of nursing and one of the special skills required is to spot a build-up of tension and defuse it.
Dealing with the behaviour and human mind is not an exact science. The job of helping people back to mental health is every bit as valuable and satisfying as caring for those with a physical illness. Showing professional compassion in my field of practice as a mental health nurse is a very important strength that I possess. For true care to take place feeling compassionate and empathetic towards a stranger is a must; a good feedback feeling is set into motion by doing this. Feelings are important in a human’s life. I will say compassion is strength because it is a very important ingredient in nursing profession. Compassion is more than just showing pity or concern; and some dictionary definitions indicate that compassion is part of caring because it involves suffering with the person (Moya, 1992 p 5).
As a mental health nurse, it is my duty to understand how to care for the elderly with dementia because their cognitive and affective states are conflicting. Now my experience with the elderly does not appear to me differently put myself into the private world of my patient and this is what empathy and care requires. Moya (1992, p 8) suggested that though as mortals we may find true empathy hard to practice because true empathy is only possible among archangels.
My weakness on my current knowledge based on this area unfortunately is lack of Confidence which is evident in certain instances. Public speaking, presentation and demonstration of procedures to nursing assistance plague me. It is one thing to be nonchalant and laid back when speaking with your family and friends, but in a professional environment the whole mood and interpretation of things changes. It all comes down to one thing, the amount of self -esteem that i have and i am willing to exert.
CLEAR STATEMENT FOR PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE
Snow (1991, pp. 195-197) identifies compassion as pain, sorrow or grief for someone else. Emotions help me focus my moral actions. From my personal knowledge as a mental health nurse, compassion should be totally added in my concept of care. Furthermore the role of a Registered nurse is to improve the health and well-being of the people. My aim in focus is to strive for moral height because I have the opportunity as a nurse to give attention to the pain and suffering of my patients (Ferrel, 2005, p. 86), with a workable process in leadership and putting more compassion in practice.
Our nursing and healthcare experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have, from simple essay plans, through to full nursing dissertations.
View our servicesPutting compassion into nursing care is really not an easy task as it involves a lot of work. How this will be achieved is by involving in a compassion program for qualified nurses; going into wards that are already selected for excellence in compassion. In addition getting myself in an NHS Lothian centre for compassionate care which is also called the ”beacon ward” where patients can be asked what we the nurses are doing right and tell us how can improve health (2008) puts it as bottling the magic formula and sharing it. The beacon ward will involve me using an “all about me” sheet which patients will fill when admitted. This form is not about their medical conditions; about how they will love to be addressed and who is important to them. This gives me an opportunity to look at people values and beliefs.
DEVELOPING KNOWLEGDE IN THIS AREA
My professional role and expectation from my clients as a mental health nurse is to win trust and establish contact with my clients. They find it difficult to gain trust and build good relationships with professionals in this field. In achieving this, competence is needed.
What is competence? Spencer & Spencer (1993) describe competency as the ability to realize organizational goals. It involves skills, attitudes and knowledge. These” soft skills” are vital in this area of practice. Developing my knowledge in mental nursing will enable me be a better nurse and gain a higher level of competency. Registered mental health nurses are regularly faced with clients who stay away from care. They involve patients with severe personality and behavioural disorders, older people living with dementia.
Nursing and Midwifery Council (2002) Professional code of conducts describes situations where my professional role as a nurse is needed to be put into practice as regards competence. Throughout my year of practice I must keep my knowledge and skills up to date. Taking part in learning activities that will develop my performance and competence.
In order to practice competently and professionally i must possess the knowledge, skills and abilities needed for lawful effective and safe practice without supervision. I must know the things that I am capable of doing and only accept those procedures and practice that I am competent at.
If an area of practice is above my level of competence or outside my area of specialty I should call for help and supervision from a competent practitioner except otherwise.
SMART CHART DETAILING HOW I WOULD ACHIEVE MY GOALS
My goals, when adequately structured can be achieved in a means elaborated below using a SMART CHART. Extension (2008) stressed that SMART goals will enable one achieve relevant actions and goal; they further explained SMART is an acronym for goals that are: Specific, Measurable (Mutual, Motivated), Attainable, Relevant/Realistic, and within a specific Timeline. Clearly stated, my goals are:
- Improvement in the area of my level of competence as a mental health nurse
- Ability to win patient trust
- Develop my level of confidence
- Broaden my level of knowledge in mental nursing
- My goals are limited to my area of improvement and strengths particularly related to my area of specialization which makes it specific
- These goals serve as a driving force to my striving for excellence in mental health nursing
- A right move in attaining or achieving these goals is by the embarking on my current programme in the University which has boosted my assurance of being a figure head in the nursing profession.
- My goals are still in line with my first degree and profession hence its relevance in to my career and to the improvement of patient status. The Nursing and Midwifery Council has embarked on nurses self-development training programmes which my goals conform to.
- Putting into utmost consideration my level of adaptation to the health system of the UK and my academic pursuit, my goals are already being actualized and is an on-going process of development till my career is over because learning is a continuous process and knowledge is acquired on a daily process.
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Table of Contents
What do doctors do?
Doctors provide medical care to patients in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, and community health centers. Some of the most common tasks and responsibilities of doctors in South Africa include:
- Conducting physical examinations and medical tests: Doctors examine patients to assess their health and diagnose medical conditions. They may also order medical tests such as blood tests, X-rays, and scans to help with diagnosis.
- Prescribing medication and treatments: Doctors in South Africa prescribe medication and treatments to help patients manage their medical conditions. This may include prescribing medication to relieve symptoms, administering vaccinations to prevent disease, and recommending lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise.
- Performing medical procedures: Some doctors in are trained to perform medical procedures such as surgeries, endoscopies, and other medical interventions to diagnose or treat medical conditions.
- Managing chronic conditions: Doctors may also work with patients who have chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and asthma to help manage their conditions and prevent complications.
- Providing emergency medical care: In emergency situations, doctors may provide immediate medical care to stabilize patients and provide life-saving treatment.
- Collaborating with other healthcare professionals: Doctors often work as part of a healthcare team, collaborating with nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive medical care to patients.
- Conducting research and teaching: Some doctors may also conduct medical research or teach at universities and medical schools to train the next generation of doctors and advance medical knowledge.
Doctors in South Africa play a crucial role in promoting and maintaining the health of the population, providing medical care to patients of all ages and backgrounds.
How to become a doctor
Becoming a doctor in South Africa requires several steps, including obtaining the necessary qualifications and completing the required training. Here are the general steps to become one.
Obtain a National Senior Certificate (NSC) or equivalent qualification with good grades
To become a doctor in South Africa, you will need to have a good academic record in high school, particularly in mathematics, physical science, and life science. The National Senior Certificate (NSC) is the standard high school qualification in South Africa, but some other qualifications may also be recognized. You will need to check the admission requirements of the universities you are interested in to make sure you meet the minimum requirements.
Apply to study medicine at a recognized South African university.
Once you have completed high school, you can apply to study medicine at a recognized South African university. The application process typically involves submitting an online application form, providing your academic record and other required documents, and paying an application fee. The admission requirements vary depending on the institution, but generally, you will need to have good grades in the required subjects and meet other criteria such as language proficiency and minimum test scores.
Complete a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB) degree.
The MBChB degree is a six-year program that prepares students for a career in medicine. The curriculum includes theoretical coursework, practical training, and clinical rotations in various medical specialties. During the first two years of the program, students typically focus on foundational courses such as anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry. In the third and fourth years, they begin to study more advanced topics such as pathology, pharmacology, and clinical skills. The final two years of the program are typically devoted to clinical rotations in various medical specialties such as surgery, internal medicine, pediatrics, and obstetrics and gynecology.
Throughout the program, students are assessed through a combination of exams, assignments, and practical assessments. In order to graduate, they must pass the HPCSA board exams, which are national exams that assess a student’s knowledge and skills in various areas of medicine.
Complete an internship and community service.
After completing the MBChB degree, graduates must complete an internship and community service program to be registered with the HPCSA and practice medicine in South Africa. The internship and community service program is typically two years long and involves working in public hospitals and clinics under the supervision of experienced doctors. During this time, graduates gain practical experience in various medical specialties and learn how to work in a clinical environment.
Specialize in a particular field of medicine.
After completing the internship and community service program, doctors may choose to specialize in a particular field of medicine by completing a postgraduate degree or diploma in their chosen specialty. Specialization can take several years and involves a combination of coursework, practical training, and clinical rotations in the chosen specialty. Some of the most popular specialties in South Africa include family medicine, pediatrics, surgery, and obstetrics and gynecology.
Participate in continuing professional development (CPD).
Throughout their careers, doctors in South Africa are required to participate in continuing professional development (CPD) to keep their knowledge and skills up-to-date and maintain their registration with the HPCSA. CPD activities can include attending conferences, workshops, and training courses, and completing online modules and self-directed learning activities. Doctors must accumulate a certain number of CPD points each year to maintain their registration with the HPCSA.
What skills are needed to be a doctor?
Becoming a doctor requires a wide range of skills, including:
- Strong academic skills: Doctors must have excellent academic skills, particularly in science, mathematics, and other relevant subjects. This includes the ability to comprehend and analyze complex medical information, as well as to communicate that information effectively to patients and other healthcare professionals.
- Critical thinking and problem-solving skills: Doctors must be able to assess and diagnose medical problems, develop treatment plans, and adjust them as necessary based on changing patient needs.
- Empathy and interpersonal skills: Doctors must be able to communicate effectively with patients, listen to their concerns, and provide emotional support when necessary. This requires strong empathy and interpersonal skills, as well as the ability to build trust and rapport with patients.
- Attention to detail: Doctors must pay close attention to detail in order to accurately diagnose medical conditions, prescribe appropriate treatments, and monitor patient progress over time.
- Teamwork and collaboration: Doctors work as part of a larger healthcare team, and must be able to collaborate effectively with other healthcare professionals such as nurses, pharmacists, and other doctors.
- Emotional stability and resilience: Doctors may encounter stressful and emotionally challenging situations, such as delivering bad news to patients or dealing with traumatic injuries. They must be emotionally stable and resilient in order to cope with these challenges.
- Adaptability and flexibility: The medical field is constantly evolving, and doctors must be able to adapt to new technologies, treatments, and research findings. They must also be able to adjust their approach to patient care based on changing circumstances.
Becoming a doctor requires a unique combination of intellectual, emotional, and interpersonal skills, as well as a deep commitment to helping others and advancing medical knowledge.
Benefits of being a doctor
There are several benefits of being a doctor in South Africa, including:
- Good salary: Doctors in South Africa earn a good salary, which can help provide financial stability and security.
- Job security: There is a high demand for doctors in South Africa, particularly in rural areas and underserved communities. This means that doctors can expect good job security and opportunities for career advancement.
- Opportunity to make a difference: Doctors play a vital role in promoting and maintaining the health of the population, and have the opportunity to make a significant difference in the lives of their patients.
- Professional development opportunities: Doctors in South Africa have access to a range of professional development opportunities, including continuing medical education courses, research opportunities, and opportunities to specialize in a particular area of medicine.
- Fulfilling career: For many doctors, the opportunity to help others and make a positive impact on their community is deeply fulfilling, and can provide a sense of purpose and satisfaction in their work.
- Access to healthcare benefits: Many healthcare facilities in South Africa offer healthcare benefits to their employees, including doctors. This can help ensure that doctors have access to high-quality medical care for themselves and their families.
Being a doctor in South Africa can be a rewarding and fulfilling career, providing financial stability, job security, and opportunities for personal and professional growth. Additionally, the opportunity to make a positive impact on the health and well-being of others can provide a strong sense of purpose and satisfaction in one’s work.
While being a doctor can be a rewarding and fulfilling career, there are also some potential downsides to consider, including:
- Long and irregular hours: Doctors often work long and irregular hours, including evenings, weekends, and holidays. This can be particularly challenging for doctors with families or other commitments.
- High levels of stress: The medical field can be highly stressful, with doctors often dealing with life-or-death situations, complex medical conditions, and high-pressure environments. This can take a toll on a doctor’s physical and mental health.
- High levels of responsibility: Doctors are responsible for the health and well-being of their patients, and a mistake or oversight can have serious consequences. This level of responsibility can be emotionally and mentally challenging.
- Burnout: Due to the high levels of stress and responsibility, many doctors experience burnout at some point in their career. Burnout can lead to physical and mental exhaustion, decreased job satisfaction, and other negative effects.
- Potential exposure to infectious diseases: Doctors may be exposed to infectious diseases while caring for patients, which can put their own health at risk.
- High cost of education: Becoming a doctor requires a significant investment of time and money, including the cost of medical school and postgraduate training. This can result in significant student debt.
While being a doctor can be a fulfilling and rewarding career, it is important to consider the potential downsides, including the long hours, high stress levels, and potential for burnout. It is important for doctors to prioritize self-care and seek support when necessary to manage the challenges of the job.
How many years does it take to become a doctor in South Africa?
Becoming a doctor in South Africa typically takes a minimum of 7 years of study after completing high school. The general path to becoming a doctor in South Africa is as follows:
- Complete a medical degree (5-6 years): The first step is to complete a medical degree, which typically takes four to six years. There are several schools in South Africa that offer medical degrees.
- Complete an internship (2 years): After completing a medical degree, doctors must complete a one-year internship program to gain practical experience in a clinical setting. During this year, doctors work under the supervision of experienced medical professionals.
- Complete community service (1 year): After completing the internship, doctors must complete a one-year community service program in a rural or underserved area to gain additional experience and provide healthcare to communities in need.
After completing all of these steps, doctors can then choose to specialize in a particular area of medicine by completing a residency program, which can take several additional years depending on the chosen specialty. Therefore, becoming a doctor in South Africa can take between 6 and 12 years or more, depending on the chosen career path.
How much does it cost to become a doctor in South Africa
The cost of becoming a doctor in South Africa can vary depending on several factors, including the choice of university and program, the duration of the program, and other expenses such as accommodation and living costs. Here is an estimate of the cost of becoming a doctor in South Africa:
- Undergraduate degree: The cost of obtaining an undergraduate degree can range from around ZAR 25,000 to ZAR 50,000 per year, depending on the university and program.
- Medical degree: The cost of obtaining a medical degree in South Africa can range from around ZAR 30,000 to ZAR 70,000 per year, depending on the university and program.
- Internship: Interns are typically paid a stipend by the government during their internship year, which currently ranges from ZAR 4,500 to ZAR 7,000 per month depending on the province.
- Community service: Community service doctors are also paid a stipend by the government, which currently ranges from ZAR 9,000 to ZAR 14,000 per month depending on the province.
In addition to these costs, students should also consider other expenses such as accommodation, living costs, textbooks, and other materials. The cost of these expenses can vary depending on the location and lifestyle of the student.
Overall, the total cost of becoming a doctor in South Africa can range from around R500,000 to R1,000,000 or more, depending on the program and other expenses. It is important to note that there are scholarships and other funding opportunities available to help offset the cost of medical education for eligible students.
How much money do doctors make a month in South Africa?
The salary of doctors in South Africa can vary widely depending on several factors, including the doctor’s level of experience, area of specialization, type of employment, and the region where they work. According to recent data from Payscale, the average salary for a medical doctor in South Africa is approximately R713,000 per year, or R59,400 per month.
However, it is important to note that salaries for doctors can vary widely depending on their level of experience and other factors. For example, doctors who work in private practice or who specialize in certain areas such as surgery or psychiatry may earn higher salaries than those who work in public hospitals or clinics.
It is also important to note that doctors who work in rural or underserved areas may be eligible for additional incentives and benefits, such as housing allowances or student loan repayment programs. These incentives can vary depending on the province and the specific program.
Overall, while doctors in South Africa can earn high salaries, it is important to note that their earnings may vary widely depending on their level of experience, specialization, and other factors.
In conclusion, becoming a doctor in South Africa is a challenging but rewarding career path that requires dedication, hard work, and a passion for helping others.
The process involves several years of study, practical training, and specialized education, and can be a significant investment of time and money.
However, for those who are committed to the profession, the rewards can be significant, including the opportunity to make a positive impact on the lives of others, job security, and a high level of respect and prestige within society.
While the road to becoming a doctor in South Africa may not be easy, it can be a fulfilling and rewarding journey for those who are willing to put in the effort and commitment required. | <urn:uuid:f7b3187d-3fe6-480b-8db3-bc01f9d22e40> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://onlinebusinessguide.co.za/how-to-become-a-doctor-in-south-africa/ | 2024-02-26T08:29:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.960911 | 3,029 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
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The Sakya Tradition—one of the major Tibetan Buddhist traditions—was founded in 1073 by Khön Konchok Gyalpo, who established the first monastery as the seat of Sakya tradition, at a place called “Sakya” in the region of the Ponpo Ri mountain range. Subsequently, the five Founding Masters of Sakya initiated the common and uncommon teachings and caused the teachings of Sakya including the auxiliary sciences to flourish. Since then, the lineage and its followers have been called “Sakyapa”.
The unbroken succession of lineage holders bear the three supreme names of ‘mtshan mchhog gsum ldan’, known as the Celestial Race, the Khön Clan and Sakya-pa. Through them, the great teachings of the Sakya Tradition are preserved and continue to flourish to the present day. The previous throne holder, His Holiness the 41st Sakya Trizin, Ngawang Kunga Thegchen Palbar Trinley Samphel Wangi Gyalpo, saw with his vast vision that in the current degenerate time it would be beneficial to change the throne holder succession system, even though this diverges from the established Sakya tradition, creating a new era.
Detailed History of the Sakya Tradition
The Sakya tradition is one of the four major religious traditions that existed in Tibet. It rose to play a significant role in the development and spread of the new Tantras that came to Tibet in the 11th century. During the 13th and 14th centuries, the holders of the Sakya tradition were also the principal political powers that ruled over Tibet . Although its political stature gradually declined over the centuries, emphasis on its unique religious traditions continued to be nurtured and sustained.
Consequently the Sakya tradition strengthened and flourished and produced many great and distinguished practitioners, saints, and scholars. The origins of the Sakya tradition are closely connected with the ancestral lineage of the Khön family: a family which itself originated from celestial beings. Beginning with Khön Konchok Gyalpo (1034-1102), the founder of the Sakya tradition, the lineage continues to be unbroken to this day.
The Five Patriarchs of the Sakya Traditon
Five of the foremost luminaries of the Sakya tradition were the renowned Sachen Künga Nyingpo (1092-1158), Loppön Sonam Tsemo (1142-1182), Jetsün Drakpa Gyaltsen (1147-1216), Sakya Pandita (1182-1251), and Drogön Chogyal Phagpa (1235-1280). Together, they are regarded as The Five Patriarchs of the Sakya Tradition.
The Six Ornaments of Tibet
Following the Five Patriarchs, were the Six Ornaments of Tibet who were also renowned spiritual masters of the Sakya tradition.
The Six Ornaments of Tibet comprised of Yakton Sengey Phel and Rongton Sheja Künrig who were reputed for their authority on the teachings of the Sutra; Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo and Zongpa Kunga Namgyal, who were highly learned in the Tantras; Gorampo Sonam Sengey and Shakya Chogden who were highly learned in both the Sutras and Tantras. It was Gorampa Sonam Sengey who also introduced the formal study of logic in the Sakya tradition.
Not unlike the other traditions of Tibetan Buddhism, a number of sub traditions gradually emerged within the main Sakya tradition. The lineages of teachings within the discipline instituted by Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo (1382-1457) and the successive masters of this discipline, namely Konchok Lhundrup, Thartse Namkha Palsang and Drubkhang Palden Dhondup have come to be known as the Ngor lineage. The lineage of Tsarchen Losel Gyatso (1502-1556), known as the Whispered Lineage of Tsar, includes the secret doctrines of the greater or lesser Mahakala, Vajrayogini, Dzambala and others, and is knows as the Tsar tradition. Another important tradition that arose was the Dzongpa tradition founded by Dzongpa Kuna Namgyal (1432-1496). To use a simple illustration, the Sakya School of the divine Khön lineage might represent the main trunk of a tree, from which the Ngorpa and Tsarpa schools branch out in different directions, but essentially remain connected at the source.
The teaching and practice that is the essence of the Sakya tradition is called “Lamdre (Lam/bras),” or “The Path and its Fruit.” Fundamentally, the philosophical viewpoint expressed in “The Path and its Fruit,” is the “Non differentiation of Samsara and Nirvana.” According to this view, an individual cannot attain Nirvana or cyclic existence; because the mind is the root of both Samara and Nirvana. When the mind is obscured, it takes the form of Samsara and when the mind is freed of obstructions, it takes the form of Nirvana. The ultimate reality is that a person must strive to realize this fundamental inseparability through mediation.
This practice ultimately leads a practitioner to the state of the Hevajra deity, one of the principal deities of the Sakya tradition. The profound teaching itself originated from the India teachers Virupa, Avadhuti, Gayadhara and Shakyamitra, and was first brought to Tibet by Drogmi Lotsawa, who also rendered it into Tibetan. Although, during the time of Müchen Sempa Chenpo Konchok Gyaltsen, a disciple of Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo (1382-1457), the transmission of “The Path and its Fruit” developed into two sub traditions: “The Explanation for Private Disciples (sLobbshad)” and that of “The Explanation for Assemblies (Tshogbshad),” ever since the Lamdre teaching was first brought into Tibet, it has been passed down to this day through an unbroken lineage of masters up to His Holiness the 41st Sakya Trizin, the present throne holder of the Sakya tradition.
Sakya’s Reign of Tibet: 13th Century to Late 14th Century
The political importance and dominance of Tibet by the Sakyapas started in the early 13th century. In 1240 the grandson of Genghis Khan by the name of Prince Godan ordered troops against the Tibetans. In the course of his campaign he was also looking for an outstanding Buddhist master. His commanders informed him that there were three famous lamas in Tibet . The Lama of Drikhung monastery was the wealthiest; the lama of Taklung monastery was the most sociable; and the lama of Sakya monastery was the most religious. Prince Godan then sent a letter and presents to the Sakya lama, Kunga Gyaltsen, requesting his presence in his court.
The invitation was accepted by Kunga Gyaltsen (1182-1251), who was also called Sakya Pandita, because of his knowledge of Sanskrit. He departed Sakya in the year 1244 for the Kokonor region where Prince Godan had his camp. Sakya Pandita took with him on the journey two of his nephews, the ten year-old Phagpa Lodro Gyaltsen and the six year-old Drogon Chakna. The Mongol representatives of Godan accompanied the party. Sakya Pandita gave many sermons along the way to Kokonor region and the journey was taking a long time, so he sent his nephews on ahead. By the time he arrived in the camp of Godan in 1247, the two young Tibetans had won the hearts of the Mongols. According to Tibetan accounts, Sakya Pandita met Prince Godan at Lan-chow, the capitalKansu .
Sakya Pandita instructed Godan in the teachings of the Buddha and even persuaded him from drowning a large number of Chinese in the rivers. This was done in order to reduce the population since a large Chinese population was always a threat to the rule of Prince Godan, himself a Mongolian. The practice was stopped when Sakya Pandita convinced Godan that it was against the Buddhist doctrine to do so. Sakya Pandita remained in Godan’s court for several years during which he gave many religious instructions to the Prince and his followers. In return, Prince Godan invested Sakya Pandita with the temporal authority over the thirteen myriaches of centralTibet as a tribute and offering for the teachings he received. For the Tibetans, he sent a book he had written. It was titled “Thub-pai Gon-sal,” meaning “The Buddha’s Intent.” Knowing he did not have long to live, he left his book as a legacy to this country.
In 1251, Sakya Pandita passed away in Lan-chou, seventy years of age. Prince Godan died not long after Sakya Pandita and was succeeded by prince Kublai, who is also known as Sechen to the Tibetans. In 1253, Kublai invited the nineteen year-old Chogyal Phagpa to his court and was much impressed with the young monk’s learning, displayed in his intelligent answers to a number of difficult questions. Kublai then asked for religious instructions; but the young Sakya lama told him that before he could receive such teachings, Kublai would have to prostrate himself before Phagpa as his religious teacher whenever they met and to place him before or above, whenever they traveled or sat. Kublai replied that he could not do so in public, as it would involve a loss of prestige and therefore weaken his authority. Some sources say that Kublai consented to occupying a lower seat than his lama when receiving teachings and an equal seat when dealing with matters concerning the government.
According to tradition, Phagpa bestowed initiations and teachings to Kublai and twenty-five of his ministers on three occasions. The first earned him the spiritual and temporal authority over the thirteen myriaches (Trikhor Chusum) of central Tibet . After the second, he was given a relic of the Buddha and invested with the supreme authority over the three regions of Tibet (chol-ska-sum). When Kublai became Khan in 1260, Phagpa was given the title of “Tishri,” meaning “Imperial Preceptor,” after the third initiation and teachings. In the same year, Phagpa was requested to conduct and preside over the enthronement ceremony of the new Khan. It is said that the lama-patron relationship between the Mongol Khan and the Tibetan lama was like “the sun and the moon in the sky.”
In 1265 Phagpa returned to Tibet for the first time. At Sakya he was given a rousing reception and honor by the Tibetan chieftains, who came to pay homage to him. Chogyal Phagpa introduced a centralized system of administration in Tibet . An official known as the “Ponchen,” who maintained his office in Sakya, carried out the actual administration. Under this official were the thirteen Tripons, who directly ruled in their own myriachy. The “Ponchen” appointed by Phagpa was named Ponchen Shakya Sangpo. In this way Chogyal Phagpa united Tibet under one Government and streamlined the administration.
At the invitation of Kublai Khan, in 1268 Chogyal Phagpa returned to the Khan’s court in Mongolia . He presented to the Khan a new script he had devised for the Mongolian language. Kublai was pleased and the new writing system, which would become known as “Phagpa Script” was put into official use. Phagpa was again honored by Khan, who bestowed on him the title of “Prince of Indian Deities,” “Miraculous Divine Lord Under the Sky and Above the Earth,” “Creator of the Script,” “Messenger of Peace throughout the World,” and “Possessor of the Five Higher Sciences.” Phagpa passed away in Sakya in 1280.
In the year of Phagpa’s death, Kublai Khan had finally conquered all of China , and had ascended the throne as the emperor of China . Dharmapala, Drogon Chakna’s son was appointed “Tishri” in 1282. In 1287, he set out for Tibet but died during the long journey. In the year 1295 the great Kublai Khan also died. Throughout the period of Sakya Pandita and later, the actual administration of Tibetremained with the Tibetans. The relationship between Mongol rulers and the Tibetan lamas cannot be defined in western political terms. An insight into the attitude of the Khan is shown by the lengths to which he went to please Chogyal Phagpa, whom he acknowledged and supported both as his spiritual teacher and as a supreme authority in Tibet . A unique patron-lama relationship was established between the Tibetans and the Mongols based upon mutual cooperation and respect.
After the death of Kublai Khan in 1295, the power of the Mongols began to decline to China. In 1305 Dagnyi Zangpo Pal came to the throne of Sakya and reigned for thirteen years. The political system carried out during Chogyal Phagpa’s period was continued with the actual powers held by Ponchen and the Tripons. During the administration of Ponchen Gawa Zangpo and the reign of ruling lama, Sonam Gyaltsen, the political strength of the Sakya began to wane in Tibet . Most of the later Sakya lamas concentrated more on their religious duties and left the entire political administration to the Ponchens.
Source: Palden Sakya News Magazine
For additional history of the Sakya Lineage, see Sakya Resource Guide. | <urn:uuid:3f1ca7ba-7340-46fa-8fa3-56a7265fbc1e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://sakyaphuntsokling.org/about/the-sakya-tradition/ | 2024-02-26T08:42:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.967205 | 3,001 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
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I’ve rarely come across a more socially regressive book than Is Everyone Really Equal? An Introduction to Key Concepts in Social Justice Education by Özlem Sensoy and Robin DiAngelo (of White Fragility fame). DiAngelo especially is often viewed as the new face of the far-left, but the truth is that the ideas in this book are neither new nor especially liberal. Most of them are just warmed-over 1950s racism, given a new face and some new jargon to justify them.
Here are three big (and bad) ideas that animate and underlie the book.
Bad Idea #1: Race Essentialism
The biggest problem with Is Everyone Really Equal? is that it endorses race essentialism. In Chapter 1, the authors lay out a few quotes that they disagree with. One such quote is, “People should be judged by what they do, not the color of their skin.” For DiAngelo and Sensoy, this idea is “predictable, simplistic, and misinformed.”
It’s hard to overstate how wrong this is. Throughout much of American history, we did judge people by the color of their skin rather than their accomplishments. That’s how we got slavery, Jim Crow, rabid anti-immigration sentiment, and more. It’s an unfortunate fact of American life that some people are still judged by the color of their skin. But as a society we have made enormous progress towards seeing people as humans rather than considering them as lesser because of their immutable characteristics. Why on earth would we want to roll back that progress, and return to a world where we consider a person’s skin color to be more important than their accomplishments or actions?
But that’s the vision that DiAngelo and Sensoy push.
For them, your individual traits matter a whole lot less than your group membership. “In Western society,” they claim, “we are socialized to prioritize our individuality. Yet, although we are individuals, we are also—and perhaps fundamentally—members of social groups. These group memberships shape us as profoundly, if not more so, than any unique characteristic we may claim to possess.” (emphasis mine).
For DiAngelo and Sensoy, our immutable characteristics are the most salient thing about us. We are white (or black, or Chinese, or gay, or straight, etc.) first, and human beings second. Martin Luther King Jr. famously proclaimed, “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.” DiAngelo and Sensoy would call this dream “misinformed.”
It’s not just that DiAngelo and Sensoy obsess over skin color. They also say some pretty damning things about minorities. In one section, they list the traits held by “individual[s] from the DOMINANT GROUP [sic]” (for example: men, straight people, white people; any group the authors view as being on top of society) and contrast those with traits allegedly held by, “individual[s] from the MINORITIZED GROUP [sic]” (for example: black people, gay people, women; any group the authors view as being on the bottom of society). They argue that dominant group members are the ones who, “initiate, manage, plan.” By contrast, they claim that minority group members “lack initiative.”
The racial essentialism here is deeply disturbing. Among the traits the authors list as held by “dominant group” members: “presumptuous, does not listen, interrupts, raises voice, bullies, threatens violence, becomes violent.” Among the traits the authors list as held by “minoritized group” members: “feels inappropriate, awkward, doesn’t trust perception…finds it difficult to speak up, timid.”
That is: white people (and men, and straight people, etc.) are violent bullies who don’t care about the perceptions of anyone not in their group. Black people (and women, and gay people, etc) are timid children.
The entire list is worth reviewing, because it’s truly horrifying how much DiAngelo and Sensoy think your immutable characteristics say about you.
Bad Idea #2: Minorities Can’t Get Ahead
It’s not just that DiAngelo and Sensoy think your immutable characteristics determine who you are. They also think these characteristics determine your destiny. In a telling passage, they describe the intellectual origins of Critical Social Justice (an umbrella term encompassing Critical Race Theory, Critical Gender Theory, etc):
“The logic of individual autonomy that underlies liberal humanism (the idea that people are free to make independent rational decisions that determine their own fate) was viewed [by the founders of CSJ] as a mechanism for keeping the marginalized in their place by obscuring larger structural systems of inequality.”
Essentially, the authors argue that the idea that you can create your own outcomes in life is a myth used to keep minorities down.
A common metaphor for the varying obstacles that people face is a road. Some roads are bumpier than others, but ultimately most are traversable. This metaphor highlights the fact that many minorities deal with obstacles that members of the dominant group don’t face, while also acknowledging that every individual still has the agency to move forward.
DiAngel and Sensoy choose a different metaphor: a birdcage. They argue that each instance of oppression is like a single bar of the cage, and multiple bars interact in ways that trap minorities. The difference between a birdcage and a bumpy road, of course, is that a road can be traversed whereas a birdcage is inescapable.
For DiAngelo and Sensoy, this is the point.
“In isolation,” they write, “none of these barriers would be that difficult for the bird to get around, but because of their connections to one another, they are as confining as solid walls.” (emphasis mine).
The authors seem to think we live in a world where minorities are trapped with no ability to get ahead, one in which the idea that a member of a minority group could “determine its own fate” is just wishful thinking.
Bad Idea #3: Zero-Sum Thinking
Why can’t minorities seem to get ahead in DiAngelo and Sensoy’s world? Because members of the dominant group work actively to keep them down. The authors posit a zero-sum world in which different identity groups are engaged in all-out war over a limited set of resources. In their view, not only do men actively oppress women, but we do so because their oppression benefits us. Straight people oppress gay people for the same reason. White people oppress black people because being an oppressor class helps whites.
As DiAngelo and Sensoy put it, “those in dominant groups are not disadvantaged by the oppression, but in fact benefit from it.”
Why do DiAngelo and Sensoy see the world this way?
Critical Social Justice is essentially cultural Marxism. It draws heavily from Marx’s thinking, and DiAngelo and Sensoy openly praise Marx. Marx posited a world where different groups battled it out in a zero-sum game over finite resources. For Marx, the relevant conflict was class based: he claimed that workers and capitalists fight like two dogs over a bone. Cultural Marxists embrace that same worldview, but suggest that the relevant conflict is cultural. They replace ‘workers and capitalists’ with ‘men and women’ ‘white people and black people’ ‘straight people and gay people’ etc.
The cultural Marxist worldview says that when one group gains, another group must lose. The converse is also true: when one group loses, another group gains. That’s why “those in dominant groups are not disadvantaged by the oppression, but in fact benefit from it.”
Of course, this is factually absurd. Let’s take an example. DiAngelo and Sensoy state that men in the 19th century benefited from women’s inability to vote. “Even if individual men believed women should have the right to vote,” they write, “as men they still benefited from women’s exclusion.” But the fact is that society got better when women could vote. Suddenly half of the populace, who often thought and saw things differently from the other half, had a voice in guiding the nation. That led to better politics and better policies. Since men benefitted from these improved policies, this helped men as well. Some men may have felt jipped that their vote was less important, but on net the improvement to the country helped everyone.
The fact is that we’re all in this together, and excluding a minority group from the table doesn’t “benefit” the majority group—it hurts both groups by denying the ability of the minority group to contribute.
People Are Monsters
The second reason for DiAngelo and Sensoy’s zero-sum thinking is that they seem to assume that most human beings are monsters. For example, they correctly note that children in affluent schools will learn different things than children in poor schools, but then explain the continuation of this discrepancy like this:
“…because this system benefits the affluent child, she will be less invested in removing these barriers for others. In fact, she (and those who advocate for her) will most often resist removing these barriers.”
It’s true that rent-seeking is a real phenomenon, and some people do advocate for their own best interests at the expense of others. But the authors go much farther. They posit a world where the people on top genuinely do not care for those on the bottom, and in fact actively try to keep the latter group down.
Their commentary on how people with disabilities are portrayed is even more disturbing. They discuss the story of Canadian Olympic skier Alexandre Bilodeau, and how he told news outlets that he gets his inspiration from his big brother Frédéric who has cerebral palsy. Do the authors recognize this as a touching story about the love of two brothers? Hardly. They call Frédéric a “prop” used to advance Alexandre’s career. “The brother with cerebral palsy is only mentioned in order to further the story of the heroic Olympian brother,” they claim. “Frédéric becomes a prop to advance the story and privilege of Alexandre.”
The authors seem to imagine a world where love and empathy don’t exist, where family are just props to use for your own advancement and where those on top are incapable of caring about the pain of those on bottom. It’s a monstrous worldview. It’s also, thankfully, untrue; as the real story of the Bilodeaus (and thousands of other stories of people making heroic sacrifices for those who don’t look like them) makes clear.
Where Do We Go From Here?
A key question to ask when reading a social science book is this: if we enact the author’s ideas, what kind of society will that lead to? Racism and sexism are real problems, but the ideas of DiAngelo and Sensoy won’t lead us out. Instead, they’ll lead us to something resembling the 1950s: a society that is less tolerant, less cosmopolitan, and more obsessed with immutable characteristics as the defining feature of a person. We enact these ideas at our peril.
The post 3 Bad Ideas That Animate the New Racism: A Review of Is Everyone Really Equal? by Özlem Sensoy and Robin DiAngelo was first published by the Foundation for Economic Education, and is republished here with permission. Please support their efforts. | <urn:uuid:15c401fc-409d-4d36-ae5c-309e71dd47ca> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://saveamericanow.co/2023/02/12/3-bad-ideas-that-animate-the-new-racism-a-review-of-is-everyone-really-equal-by-ozlem-sensoy-and-robin-diangelo/ | 2024-02-26T08:20:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.956784 | 2,529 | 2.703125 | 3 | [
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] |
Trigger warning: this article contains flashing imagery
Revital Cohen & Tuur Van Balen have chosen to highlight the Climate Emergency Fund to support them in funding frontline climate activists campaigning for policy-makers to take radical action. In 2021, WeTransfer doubled all donations made to support their cause.
When octopuses feature in the news, it’s usually worth paying attention. Between 2008 and 2010, a common octopus named Paul received worldwide fame by correctly predicting a string of international football results, including all seven of Germany’s matches at the 2010 World Cup and, eventually, the tournament’s winner. In 2016, another octopus made headlines after escaping from its enclosure in New Zealand’s national aquarium and navigating its way to the sea. These two stories capture the creature’s essence rather well: smart and slippery. Octopuses are at the forefront of research into non-human consciousness, an area of increasing interest given the rapid developments in artificial intelligence. As humans grapple with the ethics of advanced computing, why not look again at Earth’s own varieties of non-human cognition?
Artists Revital Cohen and Tuur Van Balen are just two of those from a diverse array of fields asking this question. Working across objects, installation and film, the pair often explore the constructed nature of the world around us and its organisms: interrogating the boundaries between the natural and artificial. In Sterile (2014), they engineered 45 albino goldfish to hatch without reproductive organs. Can fish still be considered animals if they cannot procreate? And what happens when genetic manipulation becomes fundamental to a species’ very existence? Think thoroughbred racehorses, which also feature prominently in the duo’s work. “We often think of the body of the animal as an object,” says Tuur Van Balen. “As something designed and produced.”
It was Australian philosopher (and keen deep sea diver) Peter Godfrey-Smith’s book, Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness (2016) that prompted the pair to consider the octopus in this way. One line in particular from the latter stood out to Revital & Tuur. The octopus, Godfrey-Smith claims, “is probably the closest we will come to meeting an intelligent alien.” Amia Srinivasan, a professor of social and political theory at Oxford, later captured this otherness in an essay on Other Minds.
“Octopuses – and to some extent their cephalopod cousins, cuttlefish and squid – frustrate the neat evolutionary division between clever vertebrates and simple-minded invertebrates,” she wrote. “They are sophisticated problem solvers; they learn, and can use tools; and they show a capacity for mimicry, deception and, some think, humor.” This fascinated Revital & Tuur.
The pair’s practice focuses on the systems which enable everything in the world around us – from humans to precious metals, oil, and even ideas – to exist as they do.
All entities sit within a structure, and the forces that govern and reproduce these structures can always be interpreted through art. Thoroughbred racehorses, for example, “can only exist within the ecology and economy of gambling,” Van Balen explains. The world of gambling gives the animals – and those who modify, train and ride them – a continued incentive, just as it does casinos and other competitive sports. In their video The Odds (Part 1) (2019), Cohen & Van Balen use slow footage of slow footage of casino showgirls, anaesthetized racehorses and a grade 2 listed bingo hall. A bright, ambient soundscape hums while the horses gradually collapse to the ground as the sedative takes effect.
But it was another facet of gambling which would guide the pair as they began researching for Heavens. Seasoned gamblers never believe they are losing; only that they are on the cusp of a big win, warping reality’s laws to suit their own desires. “There’s a term we’ve been using in our work a lot over the last two years: apophenia,” explains Cohen: “where one sees patterns where perhaps they don’t exist.” By applying this logic to octopuses, the pair have widened their scope beyond the scientific, towards the spiritual and philosophical dimensions of non-human intelligence.
These overlapping spheres are epitomised by The Cause of Cambrian Explosion – Terrestrial or Cosmic?, a biophysics study which notes that evolutionary changes recorded in ancient fossils
during Earth’s Cambrian period (roughly 541 million years ago) coincide with “virus-bearing cometary events.” The scientists bring forward a simple but outlandish proposal: that “life may have been seeded here on Earth by life-bearing comets.”
Could it be true? The theory is heavily contested in the scientific community. “But we’re not talking flat earth here,” laughs Van Balen. Its truth is less important than its potential as a starting point for their imagination – and their art. “For us, it had the same effect as looking at the stars,” reflects Cohen: “a thought that makes the boundaries in your head dissolve, that we are more connected to other planets, and that earth’s species are part of a bigger system...The octopus’ escape artistry got me thinking about space as an escape strategy: SpaceX and Blue Origin,” Cohen continues.
In 1913, Oskar von Miller, founder of the Deutsches Museum, Munich, commissioned optician Carl Zeiss to create a device capable of projecting images of stars and planets onto a dome. After 10 years of research, the projection planetarium was born. In 1928, philosopher Walter Benjamin expressed his worry about these new technologies in his essay To the Planetarium. Benjamin argued that scientific progress was diminishing the sense of wonder that humanity felt towards life beyond this planet, hailing past generations’ relationship with outer space as an “ecstatic trance.” Before the sky became a place of research and education, it was a site of spirituality and the magic of the unknown – the loss of which was feared by Benjamin. Stargazing and astrology – reading shapes in the sky – are the original form of apophenia, say Cohen & Van Balen.
Both these episodes are referenced in Spots, Stars, Tunnel Vision, Cohen & Van Balen’s text for Heavens. Although decades apart, Benjamin and the authors of the Cause of the Cambrian Explosion both ask us to consider outer space like never before, often in defiance of scientific consensus. Together, Cohen & Van Balen write, these references “dissolve ideas of galactic boundaries and open new perceptions around evolution, the history and potential futures of species on this planet.” If, as the scientists argue, life may have come to earth from space during the Cambrian period, could it not do so again? To explore these ideas, Heavens will take the form of an immersive audiovisual work made using a planetarium projection – an alternative creation myth.
The project’s soundtrack will be inspired by octopus anatomy – one central brain and one in each of its eight arms – comprising conversations between the artists and eight thinkers. Using a cut-up method borrowed from the writer William S. Burroughs, the audience will hear a text composed of fragments from a philosopher, a sexologist, a marine scientist, an escape artist and others. “The conversations will follow cultural narratives and scientific observations inspired by octopuses’ behavior and anatomy,” the duo say: “complex mating strategies, self-cannibalism, erotic iconography, non-human engineering or rituals of an oracle.”
“We treated Amia Srinivasan as ‘patient zero’ or ‘brain one,’” Cohen explains. Cohen & Van Balen were keen to probe Amia on the idea that consciousness is non-binary: by moving away from the idea that creatures are either conscious in a human sense or not, animals like octopuses – with all their complex behaviors – could be better understood. “Part of the motivation for the all or nothing view is that it is difficult to imagine consciousness being possessed in degrees,” Srinivasan wrote in her LRB essay.
Heavens is all about exploring these spaces in between. Despite its camouflaging capabilities, the octopus’ color blindness also raises questions around perception and agency. “What does it mean for a creature to express color without being able to see it?” Cohen asks. Heavens is an opportunity to explore these paradoxes, not reach for definite answers.
Discussions with Edward Bloomer, planetarium astronomer at the Royal Museums Greenwich, have allowed Cohen & Van Balen to consider the spatial dynamics of the work; from Carl Zeiss’s era, astronomers have debated how to position audiences to create an authentic planetary experience. They have experimented with gifs, abstract animation, stock footage and Celestia, an open-source planetarium software – recalibrating it to allow foreign objects to shoot across the night sky. “There’s no offscreen in a planetarium,” Van Balenexplains, “only below the horizon.”
Religious ritual is an important inspiration for Heavens; the pair are keen to work with a choir and classical composer to complement Van Balen’s futuristic electronic music. He notes that like our crafting of animals, we have also formed moments of human collectivity, from raving to prayer. “We can think of them as evolved experiences and products.”
The text continues: “We cannot meaningfully separate human and non-human systems in the messy global entanglement we live in – maybe we never could.” It’s a neat summary of Heavens’ influences and aims. Meaning will come not from its individual elements – the strangeness of the octopus, the escapism of the planetarium, the critique of technology – but their messy, blurred interrelation. Revital Cohen & Tuur Van Balen’s work asks its own questions rather than answering the audiences’. “We’re not interested in the rational,
didactic experience,” says Van Balen. “We’re much more interested in creating a form of cosmic trance.”
Book of Revelation 6:12
Jean-François Lyotard, “Can Thought Go On Without a Body?”, Discourse (1988)
Alexis C. Madrigal, “The Blood Harvest”, The Atlantic (2014)
Amia Srinivasan, “What Have We Done to the Whale?”, New Yorker (2020)
Sarah Wild, “Are Viruses the New Frontier for Astrobiology?”, Astrobiology Magazine (2018)
Groundwork is a collaboration between the Serpentine and WePresent. It explores the extensive research behind five artists’ proposals for Back To Earth, Serpentine’s multi-year project focused on instigating change in response to the climate crisis.
Groundwork will act as a series of accessible mini-encyclopaedias with all the references artists use to develop a final artwork. They will go behind-the-scenes on the research the artists have done as part of their project for Back to Earth, in a bid to reveal their processes and inform how the viewer might see the project as a whole when completed. It will involve diving deep into the research of artists such as Revital Cohen & Tuur Van Balen, Vivienne Westwood, Karrabing Film Collective, Himali Singh Soin and Tabita Rezaire.
As part of their project and dedication to making a positive impact regarding the climate crisis, Revital Cohen & Tuur Van Balen have chosen to highlight the Climate Emergency Fund (CEF). In 2021, WeTransfer doubled all donations made to support their cause. CEF will give 100% of the funds to frontline climate activists campaigning for policy-makers to take radical action.
Back to Earth is curated and produced by Rebecca Lewin, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Jo Paton, Lucia Pietroiusti, Holly Shuttleworth and Kostas Stasinopoulos. | <urn:uuid:241889d0-b1c1-42d6-9b57-48cecedc6bdc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://wepresent.wetransfer.com/stories/serpentine-groundwork-revital-cohen-tuur-van-balen-heavens | 2024-02-26T08:45:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.928753 | 2,616 | 2.59375 | 3 | [
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What is a Commercial Loan?
August 24, 2021
The word "commercial" is just a fancy way of saying "business." Therefore, a commercial loan is simply a business loan, as opposed to a consumer loan. For example, a loan to buy a restaurant, along with the bulding, is an example of a commercial loan. An example of a consumer loan might be a credit card loan, a loan to buy a car, or a loan to buy a home.
Commercial real estate loans from 750 different commercial real estate lenders can be found in just four minutes using the C-Loans Commercial Mortgage Lender Databank. If you need a commercial real estate loan right now, please click here.
Commercial real estate finance ("CREF") is different than commercial finance. Commercial finance includes not only commercial real estate loans, but also business loans secured by personal property. Therefore commercial real estate loans are just a subset of commercial finance.
As the name implies, a commercial real estate loan is a loan secured by either a rental property, such as an apartment building, office building, or shopping center, or by some sort of business-related property, such as a hotel, bowling alley, or self storage facility.
The term "commercial loan" and "commercial finance" includes both commercial real estate loans and business loans secured by personal property. One example of a business loan secured by personal property might be a loan to a surfboard manufacturer secured by its inventory of completed surfboards that are ready to be shipped out to some surf shops. Another example might be a business loan to a grading contractor secured by his collection of backhoes and skid loaders.
A business loan might even be secured by receivables. For example, a dress manufacturer might ship its dresses out to dress shops, with payment expected within 60 days. Once the dresses have been shipped and their delivery has been accepted, the promises made by the dress shop owners to pay for the dresses are known as account receivables. A bank might make a short term commercial loan to the dress manufacturer secured by its receivables.
So a commercial real estate loan is just one kind of commercial loan.
Commercial real estate loans are made by about six classes of lenders. The best known class of lender that makes commercial real estate loans includes banks, savings banks, and saving and loan associations (S&L's).
Large banks make large commercial real loans. Small banks make small commercial real estate loans. It's a deceptively simple concept, but it's important. You usually won't want to take a $200,000 commercial real estate loan request to a bank the size of Bank of America. Conversely, you won't want to take a $15 million commercial real estate loan request to the small Bank of the Northeast Corner of Tiny Town.
The second most important class of lender making commercial real estate loans these days is the conduit or CMBS lender. CMBS stands for commercial mortgage-backed securities. A conduit makes commercial real estate loans according to a very precise cookie-cutter. A large number of these cookie-cutter commercial real estate loans are then assembled into a portfolio, assigned to a trust, and then securitized. Conduits offer terrific rates on commercial real estate loans, but their loans have lock-out clauses and huge prepayment penalties.
The third class of lender making commercial real estate loans are the life insurance companies. Historically life insurance companies have always offered the very cheapest commercial real estate loan rates, but convincing them to make you a commercial real estate loan is very difficult. They usually only want deals on the top 10% most desirable properties in the largest cities, and they seldom will go higher than 60% to 68% loan-to-value. You might work an entire lifetime as a commercial mortgage banker and never successfully close a commercial real estate loan with a life company. In addition, the conduits have been stealing much of the market from life companies because they offer much higher leverage.
The fourth class of lender making commercial real estate loans are the real estate investment trusts (REIT's). Mortgage REITS are making far fewer commercial real estate loans than in the past, and those few loans that they are making are fairly high-cost bridge loans.
A surprising fifth class of commercial lender is credit unions! Five years ago, fewer than a dozen credit unions were making commercial real estate loans. Today over half of all credit unions will make commercial real estate loans - most commonly small balance loans, deals of less than $3 million. There are over 7,000 credit unions in the the United States.
The final large class of lenders making commercial real estate loans are the hard money lenders. Using the funds of wealthy private investors or mortgage investment pools, hard money lenders have been making a ton of commercial real estate loans in recent years. These commercial real estate loans are usually very expensive, but a desperate borrower can often obtain a commercial real estate loan from a hard money lender in a matter of a few weeks.
You are reminded that C-Loans is a commercial mortgage portal where a user can apply for a commercial real estate loan to any one of 750 different commercial mortgage lenders in just four minutes using a very simple mini-app. And C-Loans is free. If you need a commercial real estate loan right now, please click here.
- Will I qualify for a commercial loan?
- What interest rate do commercial lenders charge?
- What kinds of lenders make commercial loans?
- Where can I find a good commercial loan?
- What types of commercial lenders offer the lowest rates?
- Who is making commercial loans today?
- How large of a commercial loan can I get?
- What is the difference between a home loan and a commercial loan?
- How do commercial loan rates compare to home loan rates?
- Please read this before you apply for a commercial loan.
PRIMER ON COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE FINANCE
Even You Old Pro’s Will Learn a Ton
COMMERCIAL LOAN QUICK START
Please forgive me if this first section sounds like a sales pitch; but I have an important concept to convey. Even if you are an old pro at commercial real estate finance, you will find our free commercial mortgage portal, C-Loans.com, to be a great way to quickly present your commercial loan request to hundreds of different banks.
Here’s that important concept:
Why present your loan to so many banks? There is a bank out there right now that is too flush with cash. The bank president is yelling at his senior vice president, “We need to make some commercial loans right now!” It is this too-liquid bank which will give you the largest new loan at the lowest interest rate. The C-Loans System (we spent $2.2MM writing this code) helps you to pinpoint that too-liquid bank.
Are you looking for an SBA loan to buy a building for your business? Grasp this concept: Every SBA lender is different.
Your application for an $600,000 SBA loan to buy a campground could get turned down by 19 banks, only to have the 20th bank approve your deal because the president of that particular bank happens to own a $300,000 RV and loves to camp. There are over 250 different SBA lenders on C-Loans, and in just four minutes you can submit your deal to all of them, six lenders at a time.
Are you looking for a loan to buy an investment property, like an apartment building, office building, and or retail center? Once again – The hungriest bank will give you the most leverage and require the smallest down payment.
Who is the hungriest bank? Among our 750 different banks, this changes daily, depending on which bank just got some loan payoff’s or some huge new deposits. Submitting your commercial loan using C-Loans helps you to instantly identify which SVP of Real Estate Loans is getting chewed out by his boss. Haha!
Does your deal have some black hairs? Maybe your company is losing money. Maybe you went through a divorce and went bankrupt two years ago? There are over 300 commercial lenders - subprime lenders and hard money lenders - on our portal who specialize in making less-than-perfect commercial loans. As you fill out your mini-app, you’ll see a section named, “Special Issues”. Just identify your concern. For example, “One of my two retail spaces is vacant; but unfortunately I have a balloon payment coming due, so I have to borrow right now.” Boom. The lenders will screen themselves, and the forgiving ones will reach out to you with offers.
WHAT IS A COMMERCIAL LOAN? (Prepare to learn something.)
The word “commercial” is just a fancy word for “business”, so a commercial loan is just another way of saying business loan. To really understand what constitutes a commercial real estate loan, it is easier to understand what it is not.
A loan secured by a single-family residence, a condo, a townhouse, a duplex, a triplex, or a 4-plex is considered to be a residential loan. In the parlance of the industry, such properties are known as one-to-four family dwellings, and loans secured by 1-4 family dwellings are considered to be residential loans.
Residential loans are special because they can be sold overnight to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac in a pinch. Because they are liquid investments, loans secured by one-to-four family dwellings enjoy MUCH lower interest rates - as much as 1.25% lower.
Definition of a Commercial Loan: A commercial real estate loan is therefore a real estate loan that is NOT secured by a one-to-four family dwelling. A land loan is an example of a commercial real estate loan. Surprised?
You own a four-plex, and all of the units are rented out to tenants. You are holding the property as an investment to provide income for your retirement. You want to refinance your four-plex to pull out some equity in order to buy a five-plex. The loan against your non-owner-occupied four-plex is a commercial loan because it is an investment property, and the purpose of the loan is not for personal, family, or household purposes. True or false?
False! A loan on your existing four-plex is still a residential loan, even though the property is non-owner-occupied. As a residential loan, it will enjoy an interest rate that is at least three-quarters of a percent lower than the commercial loan that you will eventually get on your new five-plex.
Remember, the cutoff is four units. If the multifamily property has more than four units, you need to apply to a commercial lender. To get a residential loan on your non-owner-occupied 4-plex, you should apply to a residential lender, like Quicken Loans. To get a commercial loan on your new 5-plex, you should apply using C-Loans.
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMERCIAL LOANS?
There are more than a dozen different types of commercial loans, although most real estate investors will only use one of the first five types:
Permanent Loans - This is the most common type of commercial real estate loan. A permanent loan is a garden-variety first mortgage on a commercial property. To qualify as a permanent loan, the loan must have a term of at least five years and some amortization. In other words, a permanent loan cannot just have interest-only payments. In contrast with residential loans, which often enjoy a 30-year amortization, most commercial permanent loans have a 25-year amortization. If the property is older than 35-years-old, the lender might even a 20-year amortization. The one exception to this rule is multifamily properties (apartment buildings). Most multifamily permanent loans have a 30-year amortization. Most commercial permanent loans are made by banks, and, with the exception of multifamily properties, have a maximum term of ten years.
SBA Loans - If your business partially-occupies a commercial property, this is the loan for you. SBA loans are NOT made by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”). The SBA merely guarantees certain commercial loans made by banks and specialty finance companies. If you have been in business for at least three years, you can get an SBA loan of 90% loan-to-value to buy a building for your business to occupy; otherwise, you’ll have to put 30% down. The SBA only guarantees a portion of an SBA loan, so the bank making the loan has some of its own dough at risk. This is why 19 SBA lenders could turn your deal down, only to have the 20th SBA lender approve your deal. There are over 250 different SBA lenders on C-Loans.
Construction Loans - These loans are used to pay for the construction of commercial buildings, residential subdivisions (tracts of houses), and residential condominium developments. Construction loans usually have a term of just one year, although a six-month extension can sometimes be negotiated for an extra point. The bank doesn’t just give the borrower $3 million and hopes he builds the apartment building, as opposed to skipping to Mexico. Instead, the bank only advances funds as work is completed. For example, when the grading is done, the grading contractor is paid. The interesting thing about construction loans is that while they have interest-only monthly payments, a reserve, funded by the bank, is created at the beginning of the loan to make these monthly interest payments. The borrower only has to pay interest on the amount of the construction loan that has been drawn down to date. In other words, the interest payment in month one is usually very small because the developer has used very little of the loan proceeds. Construction loans are made by local lenders, rather than by some big bank in faraway New York City, because someone from the bank has to go out to the property regularly to inspect the progress of construction before it approves any disbursements to the subcontractors. These visits are called progress inspections, and there is small fee to the borrower for each one.
Bridge Loans - A bridge loan is a short-term loan, and most bridge lenders can fund these loans very quickly (30 days versus the normal 75 days). Bridge loans have a term of between one year and five years, and they have interest-only monthly payments. Bridge loans are usually much more expensive than permanent loans or construction loans. Bridge loans are often used on valued-added projects, where the finished value of the project is projected to be much higher than the cost to acquire the property and to renovate it. They can also be used to give the owner time to find a tenant. Large bridge loans ($3 million+) are usually floating rate loans, tied to LIBOR. (Did you know that LIBOR will stop being computed on January 1, 2022 because of all of the corruption associated with its computation?) Another type of bridge loan is a short-term loan made by a hard money lender. Hard money bridge loans can be for any purpose, not just to renovate the property. Hard money bridge loans usually have a fixed rate. There are 300+ bridge lenders on C-Loans.
USDA Business &Industry Loans - You may have never heard of the USDA Business and Industry (“B&I”) loan program, but it is very similar to the SBA loan program. Some of the poorest Americans live in rural areas, where there are few job opportunities. The purpose of B&I loans is to bring jobs to rural areas, defined as cities of less than 50,000 in population. Unlike SBA loans, B&I loans do NOT require that the property be owner-used, as long as the loan is projected to bring jobs to the rural area. USDA B&I loans can be as large as $25 million, compared to just $10 million for an SBA loan. They can have fixed rates and have a 30-year amortization. That portion of the loan secured by equipment can have a term as long as fifteen years, compared to just ten years on SBA loans. There are 125+ USDA commercial lenders on C-Loans.
There are a whole bunch of other types of commercial loans, but most of them don’t apply to the typical commercial real estate investor. We will discuss them much further below in the section, “Other Types of Commercial Mortgages”.
WHAT ARE COMMERCIAL MORTGAGE RATES TODAY?
Let’s talk first about the interest rate on commercial permanent loans (garden-variety first mortgages). Earlier we mentioned that commercial mortgage rates are typically 75 to 125 basis points higher than residential mortgage rates. A basis point is 1/100th of one percent, so 125 basis points is 1.25%. Therefore, if the 30-year conforming mortgage rate is 4.0% today, then commercial mortgage rates would be around 4.75% to 5.25%.
Here is something that will surprise you. Banks from Maine to Florida, to California, and to Hawaii generally have almost the exact same conventional commercial mortgage rates, terms, and programs. There is almost no price competition in banking. Banks move together like a giant herd. Moooo.
The typical commercial permanent loan from a bank has a fixed rate for the first five years. Then there is one rate-readjustment to market. The interest rate is then fixed for five more years. The loan is amortized over 25 years, and it has a term of ten years. There is generally some sort of declining prepayment penalty, like 3-2-1 or 5-4-3-2-1. There will be a six-month window at the end of five years, and then the prepayment penalty will apply again to the second five years. And remember, most banks have this exact same program.
So what is the interest rate? You can predict it with some precision. Just look up five-year Treasuries on the internet and then add between 275 to 350 basis points (2.75% to 3.5%). Therefore, if five-year Treasuries are 2.0% today, your rate will be between 4.75% to 5.5%. Obviously, only the very best deals get the lowest rate.
What about SBA loans? Most SBA loans are made using the 7a Program, which is a 25-year, fully-amortized, floating-rate loan. The rate is tied to prime, with a margin of 1.5% to 2.75%. Almost all SBA loans are closed at 2.75% over prime. Your deal would have to be pretty awesome to qualify for a margin of only 1.5%.
Commercial construction loans are typically priced at prime + 1% to 1.5% floating, 1 to 1.5 points, one year, interest-only.
Bridge loans vary greatly in price, depending on the quality of the deal and the borrower. High-net-worth borrowers, on large, good-quality properties can get floating-rate bridge loans tied to LIBOR, with a margin as low as 4.5% to 5.5%. (LIBOR is really-really low.) Average deals to clean borrowers might be priced at 6% to 8% floating over LIBOR. The points would be 1.5 to 2.5.
Hard money bridge loans are typically fixed rate loans with rates as low as 8% (in California), 9% to 10% nationwide, and sometimes as high as 12% to 13% on riskier deals. The points are typically 2 to 3.
Few people know about the USDA commercial loan program, but the program is terrific. If the deal is really good, you can negotiate a fixed rate and a 30-year amortization; otherwise, the rates and terms on a USDA Business and Industry loan are similar to those of SBA loans.
HOW DO COMMERCIAL LOANS WORK?
Commercial loans almost always need to be secured. Unsecured lines of credit are difficult to obtain, unless the loan amount is fairly small (less than $100,000), your net worth is very high, you keep tons of cash in the bank, and your credit is perfect.
The collateral available to serve as the security for your commercial loan determines the type of commercial loan you can get and the kind of lender to whom you should apply.
If the collateral is a multifamily property (apartment building), then you would apply for a multifamily loan to either a life company, a conduit, a bank, or an agency lender specializing in multifamily loans. Agency lenders include Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae. We will discuss agency lenders in more detail below.
If the collateral is an investment property, like an office building, retail property, strip center, shopping center, industrial building, warehouse, mobile home park, or self-storage facility, you will likely apply for a permanent loan to either a life company, a conduit, a bank, or a credit union. Life companies seldom lend on anything other than office, retail, and industrial properties.
If the property is owner-occupied by your business, you would most likely apply for an SBA loan to a bank or a specialized SBA lender.
If the property is located in a small town or rural area, you may want to apply for a USDA loan to a bank or a specialized USDA lender.
If no real estate is available, and you are trying to buy or borrow against some equipment, you would apply for an equipment loan to either a bank or an equipment finance company. You could also apply to a leasing company to just lease the equipment.
If your proposed collateral is your accounts receivable, you would apply for an accounts receivable loan to either a bank or a specialty finance company. If you were really-really desperate, you could actually sell your accounts receivable to a factor at a huge discount. Ouch! This method of financing your business is called factoring.
If your proposed collateral is your inventory of, say, 100 completed surfboards, you would apply for an inventory loan to either a bank or a specialty finance company.
Most commercial real estate loans have balloon payments. There are three major exceptions - multifamily loans, SBA 5a loans, and USDA Business and Industry loans. These last three loan types usually enjoy long-term, fully-amortized loans.
Unfortunately, C-Loans does not place business loans not secured by real estate.
WHO MAKES COMMERCIAL LOANS?
Below is a list of the major types of lenders who make commercial real estate loans. They are listed in order, which the cheapest, most desirable lenders at the top.
Life Companies - A life company is just short for a life insurance company, and they have, by far, the cheapest commercial mortgage rates. Their interest rates are probably 35 to 45 basis points cheaper than conduits, the second cheapest type of commercial lender. There are two key things to understand about life companies: (1) They only make fixed rate loans; and (2) they never want to get paid off early. The reason why is because life companies work off of actuarial tables to pay their death benefits, so they need to know exactly how much they will make (fixed rate) and exactly when they will get paid off (no early prepayments). Because they are the prettiest girl at the dance, they get to go home with the quarterback. Their typical minimum loan is a whopping $5 million. They will only finance very standard property types - multifamily, office, retail and industrial properties (the Four Major Food Groups) - in the nicest areas of Football Team cities. And if that was not picky enough, life companies will rarely exceed 60% loan-to-value. In forty years, I (George Blackburne III, the old attorney) have never successfully closed a loan with a life company.
Conduits - Conduit is short for Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit (“REMIC”). Conduits are specialized commercial mortgage companies that originate very large ($5 million and up) commercial real estate loans on the Four Major Food Groups. These are deals with a slightly higher LTV’s than a life company would tolerate and/or properties that are not quite pretty enough or well-located enough for a life company. These conduit loans are very cookie-cutter and plain vanilla. The loans are thrown into a huge pool. When the conduit has amassed at least $1.5 billion of these cookie-cutter commercial loans, the pool is rated by Moody’s or Standard & Poor’s, and then the pool is securitized. Securitization means that bonds (IOU’s) are issued, secured by the loans in the pool. If you were to buy one of these bonds, you might own 1/300,000th of this pool of loans.
Commercial Banks - A commercial bank is just a garden-variety bank that accepts deposits and makes loans, in contrast with an investment bank (which sell stocks or takes companies public) or a merchant bank (they invest equity in companies rather than make loans). Banks will make commercial real estate loans as small as $100,000 to as large as $300 million. Banks will finance almost all commercial property types, including construction loans on residential subdivisions and permanent loans on restaurants, as long as the borrower is making money and has plenty of cash in the bank. The only exception is politically-incorrect properties, like casinos, gentlemen’s clubs, and pot dispensaries. A good rule of thumb is to never apply to a bank for a loan if you need money. Huh? Sell something and put some cash in your bank account first. Then apply to the bank for a loan. If you know you will need cash in March, apply for the loan in August of the prior year, when your busy season has just ended and you are flush with cash. Here is another good rule for dealing with banks. Banks greatly prefer to make short-term loans to high-net-worth individuals (memorize this banking term of art), who maintain large cash balances in their bank. A good way to get a borderline deal approved is to approach a small bank and promise to move all of the borrower’s accounts to this small bank.
Credit Unions - Credit unions have come out of nowhere in recent years to seize 6% of the commercial real estate loan market. They offer the same interest rate and terms as commercial banks, without the weirdness of only lending to liquid borrowers. If you have good credit and your commercial loan cash flows, they will make you the loan in a heartbeat, even if you have very little cash in the bank. It used to be that you had to work for a particular company in order to qualify for a loan from a credit union; but those days are long gone. Today, all you have to do is live in the same state as the credit union OR own a property in that same state in order to qualify. The credit union, by law, will require that you open a token account with the credit union.
REIT’s - A REIT is a real estate investment trust. It’s basically a corporation that invests exclusively in real estate and/or mortgages. For tax reasons, a REIT must distribute 90% of its taxable income as dividends. There are very few surviving mortgage REIT’s, and those few that still exist today make mainly expensive bridge loans; but they are still cheaper than hard money lenders.
Hard Money Lenders - With the rise of crowd-funding, there are now almost 1,000 commercial hard money lenders across America scratching and clawing for deals. The good news is that this has driven down hard money mortgage rates down below 10%, and, in California, to as low as 8%. God bless capitalism. Quick joke: Why do communists only write using lower-case letters? Answer: They hate capitalism. Haha!
OTHER TYPES OF COMMERCIAL OR PERSONAL-PROPERTY-SECURED BUSINESS LOANS
Agency Loan - An agency loan is typically a multifamily loan or senior housing loan that is guaranteed by some government-sponsored enterprise (“GSE”), such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, or Ginnie Mae. Agency loans have 30-year terms and a terrific, low, fixed rate. The minimum agency loan is $1 million, and the process is a little slow.
SBA 7(a) Loan - The SBA 7(a) program is a 25-year, fully-amortized, first mortgage loan program with a floating rate, tied to the Prime Rate. It is the most common type of SBA loan. The maximum loan amount is $5 million.
SBA 504 Loan - The SBA 504 loan program starts with a conventional, fixed-rate, first mortgage, which is typically made by a bank. The first mortgage usually has a term of ten years. Behind this conventional first mortgage, a local community development corporation will make a 20-year fully-amortized, SBA-guaranteed, second mortgage. It is the most common way to get a fixed rate SBA loan. The maximum SBA 504 loan is $10 million combined.
Takeout Loan - A takeout loan is simply a garden-variety permanent loan that pays off a construction loan. | <urn:uuid:3cf6162c-e919-4643-9ac9-4145736b7656> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.c-loans.com/borrowers-investors/what-is-a-commercial-loan | 2024-02-26T07:04:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.969677 | 6,153 | 2.59375 | 3 | [
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Threonine, or L-threonine, is an essential amino acid and a key ingredient in Divi’s lineup of scalp products. Threonine is not one of the better known amino acids, and it may not be the first thing springing to mind when you think about hair health, scalp health, or amino acids to prevent hair loss. Nevertheless, threonine is vital to human health and can do wonders for the condition of your scalp and hair, especially when used regularly alongside other health-promoting ingredients.
Understanding Amino Acids
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which, in turn, are the building blocks of life. There are more than 10,000 different types of protein in the human body, and they account for around 20% of the body's mass and are fundamental components of every single cell.
Proteins fall into one of seven categories based on their function: antibodies, enzymes, storage proteins, hormonal proteins, transport proteins, contractile proteins and structural proteins.
Structural proteins – as the name suggests – play an important role in shaping and building cells, bones, muscle tissue, skin, hair and nails. Keratin is the main structural protein in hair, which is why many shampoos, conditioners and serums contain keratin (or its constituent amino acids), as it can repair damage to hair shafts and reinforce hair fibers when applied topically.
There are a number of other reasons you may find amino acids in your hair and scalp care products. Each amino acid has a distinct chemical structure and unique therapeutic properties associated with that structure. The threonine in Divi’s formulations serves primarily as a conditioner and an antistatic agent, though it does offer a few other exciting benefits.
Essential Amino Acids
There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids. Amino acid molecules can combine in a near-infinite number of ways to form the proteins needed for optimum human health. There are nine essential amino acids, and 11 non essential amino acids.
Threonine is an essential amino acid along with histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and valine. These amino acids are "essential" because our bodies cannot make them, which means they must be obtained through the food we eat (and supplemented through the products we apply to our skin and hair).
Nonessential amino acids can be synthesized in the body using the nine essential amino acids we consume in food. The nonessential amino acids are alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine and tyrosine.
What is Threonine's Role in the Body?
Essentially, threonine maintains a proper protein balance in the body. When introduced to the body via foods or dietary supplements, threonine contributes to the normal function of the digestive system and central nervous system. When combined with aspartic acid and methionine, threonine promotes healthy liver function. With this in mind, it’s no surprise that during one animal study, researchers found threonine deficiency could adversely affect regeneration of liver tissues.
Glycine and Serine Production
Threonine plays a vital role in the synthesis of two other amino acids: glycine and serine. Glycine is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, an antioxidant, and an anti-inflammatory agent with vital immunomodulatory properties.
Serine is an equally important amino acid which plays an integral part in various biological processes, including the synthesis of other chemical compounds. Both glycine and serine help maintain the health of hair follicles and ensure the structural integrity of newly produced hair cells.
Threonine plays an important part in the production of collagen, which is one of the reasons it’s commonly found in skin and hair care products, plus the formation of elastin and tooth enamel. Threonine's role in the formation of tooth enamel and connective tissue has been observed when it is introduced topically or via a dietary source.
All amino acids have an antioxidizing effect, meaning they work to protect healthy cells from free-radical damage. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules which contain oxygen atoms and have an uneven number of electrons. They damage any healthy cells they come into contact with by "stealing" their oxygen atoms.
Research shows arginine, lysine and histidine are the strongest amino acid antioxidants. Threonine also exhibits antioxidant activity and contributes to the formation of another potent antioxidant called glutathione.
Structure of Threonine
To understand how threonine benefits scalp condition and health, we must first delve a little deeper into its molecular structure and key properties.
Every amino acid has the same core structure (this is known as the backbone). Around the backbone, each amino acid molecule also has one amine group (so named for its chemical similarity to ammonia), one carboxyl group and one side chain. The precise chemical makeup of these groups determines how the amino acid behaves and how it forms bonds with other amino acid molecules.
Threonine's side chain contains a hydroxyl group, which includes an oxygen and hydrogen atom bonded by a shared electron. This makes it a polar, uncharged amino acid. Threonine is also categorized as a small amino acid, with neutral hydropathy. This means it neither attracts nor repels water.
How Does L-Threonine Benefit Hair Health?
Threonine is an essential amino acid required for hair growth. Its unique chemical properties also make it a useful treatment to help repair damaged, color-treated hair. Here, we'll look at the ways in which threonine products may boost your scalp and hair health in a little more detail.
Amino Acids for Hair Follicle Health
The connective tissues elastic and collagen are core components in human hair follicles. Threonine supports healthy hair follicle function by helping synthesize glycine and serine, which are two other amino acids contributing to elastin and collagen production.
Threonine-containing supplements and liquid amino acid treatments can boost hair follicle health, improving the quality of new hair as protein is formed in the follicle.
Amino Acids Prevent Free-Radical Damage
Shampoos, conditioners and hair serums containing threonine and other amino acid antioxidants may combat free-radical activity caused by aging, sun damage and pollution, which would otherwise damage hair cells. Over time, free-radical damage can lead to the thinning of hair fibers, dullness, weakness and premature graying.
Fighting Static and Frizzy Hair
The threonine in Divi’s Scalp Serum helps prevent unwanted frizz and flyaway hair caused by static electricity. Static occurs when hair acquires too many positive charges – or too many negative charges. Hairs with the same charge repel each other, which can lead to unruly strands that won't lay smoothly. These troublesome static flyaways are difficult to tame even with the help of heavy duty styling products.
As an uncharged amino acid, threonine can help to neutralize static charge and tame dry, frizzy hair that is difficult to style.
Softens and Loosens Hair
Polar amino acids like threonine bond most easily to the outside of protein chains. The threonine in Divi's products works to reinforce the outer surface of the hair by bonding with the other amino acid molecules on the outside of the keratin chain. When applied regularly, this creates a smoother, stronger outer layer.
This effect means hair treated with threonine may feel silkier and appear smoother over time. Protein based conditioners are often marketed towards people with extremely tightly curled or frizzy hair due to the cosmetic benefits of this strand softening, curl-loosening action.
An Essential Amino Acid That Repairs Damaged Hair
Products containing threonine can help to repair damaged or color-treated hair by filling in gaps on the hair's outer cuticle. Damaged hair is often dull and brittle as increased porosity stops it holding on to moisture. By repairing the surface of the hair, threonine can improve hair's tensile strength and give it a healthier, shinier appearance.
Amino Acids for Thickness and Texture
Threonine and other amino acid additives are often used in hair sprays and other styling products for their ability to create texture and improve thickness without weighing the hair down. This subtle texturizing action is temporary as the threonine molecules causing it have merely settled between hair strands – and can easily be brushed or washed out.
Amino Acids Like Threonine for Hair Loss
Thinning hair, slowed hair growth, and hair loss can be linked to a protein or amino acid deficiency. More often than not, androgenic alopecia (also called male-pattern baldness) is caused by genetic factors and cannot be directly influenced by diet or amino acid treatments. That being said, hair and scalp care products which contain threonine may be beneficial in the management of hair loss caused by nerve disorders. This is thanks to glycine – one of the amino acids threonine helps to produce – and its role in the treatment of these disorders.
How Amino Acids Support Hair Health
Threonine can help to support normal hair growth by preventing amino acid deficiency and maintaining hair follicle health. While no amino acid can make your hair grow faster, threonine and other ingredients in Divi’s products may give the impression of faster growth by limiting hair breakage.
How Threonine is Utilized by the Body
The human body can only utilize threonine broadly when it's consumed via dietary sources, like foods and dietary supplements. You won't experience any of threonine's internal therapeutic benefits – like enhanced muscle growth – simply by applying it to your hair as a liquid amino acid.
The dietary sources of threonine include:
- Organic meat and fish
- Dairy products
- Sesame seeds
- Pumpkin seeds
- Kidney beans
When using the essential amino acid threonine and other amino acids to improve hair condition and support hair growth, it's best to adopt a two-pronged attack. This would involve increasing your dietary intake of amino acids while also adding high-quality products containing amino acids – such as Divi’s lineup of products – to your regular hair and scalp care routine.
Taking amino acid supplements is a quick and easy way to boost your intake of any essential amino acid without making radical dietary changes. This is a great option for vegans and vegetarians who aren't that keen on beans, seeds, and lentils.
Do Liquid Amino Acids in Scalp Products Work?
The short answer is yes, though this depends on the quality of the formulation and the other ingredients it contains.
When liquid amino acids are applied to the hair topically as part of a hair or scalp care formulation, they can bind with keratin, which is the primary protein in hair, and react with other amino acids essential to collagen production and hair follicle health. This means any scalp products containing threonine, such as Divi’s Scalp Serum, have the potential to help with hair growth by focusing on the scalp and hair follicles.
What's even more exciting is that some of threonine's benefits can only be achieved through the topical application of liquid amino acids – or products containing them. Consuming threonine as a dietary supplement can have a positive effect on the condition and strength of new hair and on hair follicle health. However, it would do nothing to impact the condition of your existing hair. This can only be achieved by applying threonine – with water, or in a water-based product – directly to the hair fiber.
Who Can Use Threonine in Scalp Care?
Amino acids like threonine can benefit just about any type of hair but will be of particular use to people with dry, porous or frizzy hair. Chemical and heat damage can strip hair of vital moisture, leaving hair fibers frayed and broken. Using a threonine conditioner, serum or shampoo can help to restore your hairs natural shine and manageability if your hair is heavily coloured, permed or styled.
If you’re interested in threonine for your scalp and hair, look at our range of products and consider starting with Divi’s Scalp Serum. | <urn:uuid:c8f8ac36-3232-4bcd-aa88-e1e7b583919b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.diviofficial.com/blogs/ingredients/threonine-for-hair-health | 2024-02-26T09:00:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.941304 | 2,620 | 2.671875 | 3 | [
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18
] |
Outside two world wars and the protracted Cold War, what most defined 20th century geopolitics were two competing global projects: imperialism and anti-colonialism. Totalitarian rulers embraced both banners, launching wars of aggression that crushed the ambitions of free peoples and those yearning to be free.
Today, those malignant projects are back, once again setting the world aflame. Extinguishing the fires will take both might and moral clarity. It will also require the radical left to admit it’s been radically wrong. The free world will have to tack right to win.
End of the Beginning
In The End of History and the Last Man (1992), Francis Fukuyama confidently declared that threats to a liberal world order were waning, never to rise again. That fanciful notion is now dead: trampled by Russian tanks, flattened by Iranian missiles, and paved over by Chinese belts and roads. China, Russia, and Iran—collectively and individually—represent grave threats to the liberties, security. Underpinning these physical dangers are a dangerous set of ideas that held sway throughout much of the 20th Century.
The worst impulses of imperialism are nothing new. The last century started with the struggles of competing imperialist powers. Though Europe was ground zero for the Great War, the impact stretched globally as the fate of the Great Power combatants rippled across their vast empires. (See Michael Howard, The First World War, 2003.)
Then came fascism, a new imperialism on steroids from Italy, Germany and Japan. Those powers instigated World War II. If there are any doubts where these monsters were headed read Gerhard Weinberg’s 2005 book, Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders. Their conquests would have left the world looking like a horror show.
After World War II, formal empires declined, leading to a new force to be reckoned with: decolonization. The U.S. championed this movement. So, too, did the Soviet Union and China, but for very different reasons. American foreign policy viewed the dismantling of empires into nation-states self-governed by their peoples, as a natural evolution toward a more stable world order.
The Soviet Union used decolonization’s language of liberation to mask its imperialist designs, ultimately enslaving half of Europe in an iron grip. Mao implemented his communist ideology by slaughtering 20 million of his countrymen during the Cultural Revolution, all the while dismissing opposition from the free world as effort of colonialists to shore-up the “old world” order. By the iron laws of Marxist history, opposition to the Communist system was, by definition, a feudal and futile attempt to suppress the masses that Stalin and Mao purported to “liberate.”
This was a new war: a war of ideas. And the U.S. position was challenging. Unlike in World War II, the world wasn’t simply black and white, where siding with new or old powers would axiomatically further the cause of freedom.
The best exemplar of this dilemma was President Eisenhower’s struggle to find a sure path through the Suez Crisis in 1956, juggling independent nations (backed by the Kremlin) against former regional powerbrokers Britain and France. This dilemma is described well in Mike Doran’s book, Ike’s Gamble: America’s Rise to Dominance in the Middle East (2016). The crisis demonstrated that the U.S. had a real fight on its hands to keep the free world free and that figuring out how to do that—let alone explain it to Americans and the rest of the world—was very hard indeed.
For one thing, the U.S. had to fight off Soviet efforts to weaponize decolonization as a propaganda tool to undercut American promotion of democratic governance. Some critics in the West and the non-aligned world (a movement that claimed independence from either sides in the Cold War, but was heavily supported and influenced by Moscow and Beijing) simply parroted Communist propaganda.
Other leftist scholars derived the same conclusions from Marx and Engels, their passions and intellect fueled in part by the Vietnam anti-war movement and later the radical environmental and anti-nuclear campaigns. The most extreme examples included the likes of the Black Panthers and the Weather Underground, as described in Days of Rage: America's Radical Underground, the FBI, and the Forgotten Age of Revolutionary Violence by Bryan Burrough (2015).
Marxist ideology was the basis of an interpretation of history championed William Appelman Williams and the “Wisconsin School.” (See, for example, his Empire as a Way of Life, 1980). They accused Washington of everything from cultural imperialism (jazz music and Coca Cola) to running an informal empire.
Thus, the U.S. found itself continually fighting two fronts in the Cold War of ideas: one against the physical expansion of Soviet imperialism (clothed as Communism), the other against the canard that democracies were themselves the “real” imperialists battling decolonization every step of the way.
These debates became largely academic when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1989, giving Fukuyama free range to run with his geopolitical imagination.
Prologue is Past
Today, we are back in a dangerous place.
There is no question that Russia, China and Iran have imperial designs, visions that are far more dangerous than winsome musings of past glories. Putin has launched a campaign of brutal conquests to reclaim lands in the West. Xi’s goal is to reestablish the Middle Kingdom, not by isolating it from the outside world, but by using every tool available—from military threats and cyberspace to debt diplomacy—to seize near dictatorial control over markets, information, territory, and supply chains. Iran seeks the destruction of Israel, in large part because Tehran views the country as the only real obstacle to the expansion of its power and influence throughout the Middle East.
Anti-colonialism has also returned. The ideals of popular sovereignty are under assault again at home and abroad, denounced as artificial constructs imposed on others. In America, everything woke from ANTIFA and BLM to the most radical of the radical left, condemns our constitutional order as fascist. If that seems like history repeating itself—well, it is. Many radical left leaders propound ideas are entrenched in Marxist-Leninist ideology and the legacies of Stalin and Mao. The radical roots of Black Lives Matter, for example, are exposed in Mike Gonzalez’s BLM: The Making of a New Marxist Revolution (2021).
Wokeness has also been weaponized against American allies, attacking our friends for not being “liberal” enough because that don’t share far left ideology on topics from gender identity and abortion to climate action. Many of these critiques are steeped in the same impulses of Marxist critiques from the Cold War attacking religion, economic liberalism, history, traditions, culture, and democratic practices as institutions of Western oppression and racism.
A New, New Beginning?
Once again, the West is in a two-front ideological war from within and without. One is a physical struggle, a new kind of war against the likes of Russia, China and Iran. We must defend not just our territory, but our economies, supply chains, and infrastructure from their malicious and malevolent designs. That starts with rebuilding our military, striving for energy independence, freeing the free world from economic exploitation by Communist China, and checkmating China’s efforts to overtake and corrupt international organizations. In short, we can’t win without being proactive and securing our freedom, safety, and prosperity.
The second war is one of ideas. To prevail in this fight will require a common moral and ethical compass. That won’t come from compromising in the center. The right and left sides of the political spectrum are not equipoised. The modern left has been sucked far toward its extreme Marxist flank, like a planet swallowed by a black hole.
The left must wake up. They are on the wrong side of history—again. When it comes to the threat they pose to freedom, Communists and fascists are a distinction without a difference. The only difference between Antifa and Putin is that Putin has tanks.
In the 1950s, the U.S. achieved bipartisanship in foreign policy not by splitting the difference between right and left. Democrats returned to national power only by becoming more anti-communist than the anti-communists. JFK, for instance, could only follow Ike in office by showing as much determination to take on Moscow as did Richard Nixon (who took second place to no one as an anti-communist). The left will not be relevant in today’s new kind of war unless they tack right, embracing peace through strength, empowering economies by freeing them from unnecessary regulation and excessive government spending, and respecting the popular sovereignty of states.
Unhappy with this administration’s progressive agenda, the American people already are moving in that direction. It the left doesn’t tack right, their party might not survive. If the West doesn’t tack right, it might not survive.
This piece originally appeared in RealClearPolicy | <urn:uuid:e0d31572-e184-4ab0-a5a8-5b0ca89d850a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.heritage.org/global-politics/commentary/new-kind-war-the-old-wars-ideas-are-back | 2024-02-26T06:56:32Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.948647 | 1,891 | 2.625 | 3 | [
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The word ‘party’ – as in ‘political party’ – is in bad odour across the West, though for different reasons in different places. In the United States, everyone from the president down seems to lament the polarisation of politics and the rise of partisanship. But then hostility to parties is nothing new in American history; ‘if I could not go to heaven but with a party,’ Jefferson wrote, ‘I would not go there at all.’ Europeans tend to be less in thrall to the ideals of the one indivisible nation. They worry about the opposite problem: that the parties are all the same. So there’s a problem when parties have distinct ideologies, and there’s a problem when they don’t. What, then, do we really want from them?
Peter Mair’s Ruling the Void offers some disturbing answers to this question. We remain in the dark about the strategies Mair might have recommended to address the crisis of Western democracy – he died of a heart attack in 2011 before his book was finished – but his brilliance as a political scientist comes through clearly, as does the magnitude of the challenge posed by the passing of the ‘age of party democracy’.
Modern democracy, Mair tells us, simply cannot work without parties, so that when parties cease to play their proper role, democracy itself is at stake.The evidence Mair marshals to demonstrate the decline of parties is overwhelming. Although turnout isn’t progressively lower in every successive election, record troughs occur more often and in more and more places. Surveys confirm that the number of people who identify with a particular party is falling, while party membership is dwindling dramatically. Indifference, Mair argues, goes together with inconsistency. Voting has become more volatile, and although we can’t be sure what voters are thinking, it’s plausible to assume that taking politics less seriously translates into experimenting more freely with one’s ballot. That said, rising volatility could also indicate the opposite: that citizens think more carefully about their choices; that they don’t blindly follow a party allegiance they may well have inherited from their parents. For Mair, though, this is a problematic development. Parties used to be based on distinct social identities. In other words, they truly represented distinct sections of the population. Partisanship didn’t detract from, but increased, the legitimacy of the political system. Parties were not one mechanism among others that made ‘mass democracy’ acceptable: they were the principal means of transmitting popular will and opinion from civil society to the state. Crucially, they remained anchored in the former. Hence the importance of what Mair calls ‘representational integrity’: politicians could not simply go in search of support from the people as whole or adopt what Mair terms ‘the politics of “what works”’. The question was not ‘what works?’ but ‘what works for us?’ And that self-interest on the part of multiple constituencies was precisely what made democracy work as a whole.
Mair’s most original argument is that the decline of parties, of party government, and hence of party democracy as a whole can’t be blamed on either the people or the politicians. It’s been a matter of mutual withdrawal, with politicians and citizens sharing equally what Mair calls an ‘anti-political sentiment’. In 2000 Tony Blair could say with a straight face, ‘I was never really in politics,’ while a member of his cabinet trumpeted the ‘depoliticising of key decision-making’. In practice, such talk meant that politicians were trying to cut loose from their own parties. Gordon Brown, when he was chancellor, once dismissed a proposal from the trade unions to restore the link between pensions and average earnings; in the face of overwhelming support for the proposal at the Labour Party Conference, Brown declared that it was ‘for the country to judge’: ‘I’m listening to the whole community.’ Manuel Valls, France’s new Socialist prime minister, felt compelled to start his term in office by making it clear that he wasn’t a socialist at all.
Mair asks how this pervasive disdain for politics sits with the near universal affirmation after 1989 that liberal democracy was the only legitimate political system. One answer is that democracy is continually being redefined in such a way as not to require ‘mass engagement’, let alone intense partisan commitment. One political theorist after another has come out in favour of ‘deliberative democracy’, in which citizens arrive at ‘rational’ policies through respectful debate and on the basis of expert advice. People are asked to be impartial and to refrain from clinging to what John Stuart Mill called ‘fractional truths’ – i.e. anything like a party line. More widespread still is the tendency to divide democracy into an electoral part, and something else. That something else can be a vigorous civil society, a lively public sphere or, most plausibly, the rule of law, and not only is it taken to qualify democracy as truly liberal, it also turns out to be more important than anything to do with parties and elections, which are dismissed by the American journalist Fareed Zakaria as ‘mass plebiscites’. ‘What we need in politics today,’ he said (to his credit), ‘is not more democracy but less.’
The minimal function of elections is to make it possible to remove a government when it is no longer wanted. However, even this depends on the existence of clear-cut political choices. It is this basic aspect of democracy that is in question today. Hence the proliferation of concepts such as ‘post-political democracy’ and, in particular, ‘post-democracy’, a term coined by the British social scientist Colin Crouch which is often taken as a manifestly correct diagnosis of the current situation in Europe. The idea is straightforward: you can change the people at the top, but you can’t really change the policies (by contrast, in Russia or China, according to the Bulgarian social scientist Ivan Krastev, policies can be switched, but you can’t get rid of the elites). Mair shows that the effects of ‘partisanship’ on policy have declined in recent decades. Parties, he says, nowadays present themselves as ‘responsible’ (in the way they handle the financial markets, above all); but they are neither representative of nor, for that matter, responsive to voters.
Some of these diagnoses are undoubtedly informed by the deep political disappointment caused by New Labour, which Thatcher claimed as her greatest achievement. A supposedly left-wing party became even cosier with the City than its right-wing predecessor had been. But the phenomenon wasn’t unique to Britain: it was under Clinton in the US and the Social Democrat Gerhard Schröder in Germany that financial markets were comprehensively deregulated.
There are two dangers to be avoided when discussing these matters. The first is idealising a past of clear-cut policy choices. Did it really matter that France and Italy had the largest Communist Parties in Western Europe if, with the brief exception of France in the early 1980s, they could never get into power, given the constraints of the Cold War? In the past, parties offered both an identity and a set of alternatives, but voters didn’t really exercise choice because their identity determined the way they voted. Parties might have been representative, but they weren’t necessarily responsive; as the Hungarian political scientist Zsolt Enyedi has pointed out, they expected deference from their followers. A further constraint on party government outside Britain with its first-past-the-post system was that citizens voted for parties but always got coalitions, with the result that programmes were invariably watered down. It should also be said that in the supposed golden years of representation by party, the concerns of whole constituencies – women and non-heterosexuals for example – weren’t properly represented at all.
The other danger is idealising the old party ways. Am I really a bad democrat for thinking that party meetings take up too many evenings? Isn’t individualism – belonging to a party of one, as Thoreau put it – a greater democratic virtue than party loyalty? Some activists may lament the passing of an age when ‘party democracy’ meant thrusting leaflets at indifferent passers-by. But don’t most of us actually prefer to stay at home and watch House of Cards, while the governing class gets on with governing? Political scientists have a new concept with which to dignify such apparent apathy: ‘audience democracy’. The idea is that we should keep an eye on things as best we can, and check the governing classes when they become too wayward. Aren’t Beppe Grillo’s Five Star Movement, the various Pirate Parties and Iceland’s Best Party (which started out as a parody but then won the election for mayor of Reykjavik) symptomatic of a condition in which we expect more from the political class but are ourselves prepared only to glance at Grillo’s blog and maybe vote for him? There is a compelling case for thinking that something has gone badly wrong when we see ourselves as being ruled by unaccountable, supposedly apolitical experts, but the only prospect of rescue is afforded by populists who promise to hand power back to the people. The former give us identical policies everywhere and no politics; the latter, you might say, give us politics and no policies.
Nowhere is this more obvious than in the European Union. As Mair makes clear, the purpose of European integration was from the start to create a ‘protected sphere’ – protected, that is, from the vagaries of representative democracy. After the political catastrophes of the mid-20th century, Western European elites (except in Britain) concluded that popular sovereignty should be treated with deep distrust. After all, how could one have any faith in the people when the people had brought fascists to power or collaborated with fascist occupiers? There were profound reservations even about the idea of parliamentary sovereignty. Hadn’t legitimate representative assemblies handed power over to Hitler in 1933 and to Marshal Pétain in 1940? As a result, parliaments in postwar Europe were systematically weakened, while non-elected institutions – constitutional courts are the prime example – were given more power.
All this proved acceptable so long as the elites were trusted – and so long as the decisions taken in the ‘protected sphere’ didn’t have dramatic effects on people’s everyday lives. Neither condition holds true any longer. As Mair points out, it isn’t just individual politicians but the political class as a whole that become a matter of contention in many parts of Europe. Four years of Eurocrisis have left us with technocracy on the one hand and populism on the other. The two positions seem completely opposed, but in fact they have one attitude in common: the technocrats think there’s only one rational solution to every policy issue, hence there’s no need for debate; the populists believe there is an authentic popular will and that they are the only ones who can discern it, hence there’s no need for debate. Both sides are opposed to the pluralism that comes with party democracy. Occasionally, populism and ‘expertocracy’ unite in a single person: Silvio Berlusconi and Austria’s Jörg Haider promised to run their respective countries like a company.
A peculiar mismatch has come about between the scope of elections and what is really at stake in them. There are legitimate disagreements over the architecture of the EU, and over the sorts of policy that should and should not be devised in Brussels, but voters, according to Mair, choose the wrong elections to make themselves heard on these issues. They voice their dissatisfaction with the EU in European elections, although the European Parliament plays no part at all in negotiating EU treaties, which determine the shape of the Union as a whole. The 751 MEPs do have a say in particular policies (some believe that the European Parliament, often held up for ridicule, has a much stronger record of amending legislation than national parliaments, which simply rubber-stamp government policy), yet voters express preferences about policy in national elections, even though national governments have steadily been losing power to the EU – according to some estimates, far more than half the legislation in EU member states now comes from Brussels.
Turnout has dropped at each successive European election since the first one in 1979. But there is a feeling that the upcoming election may buck the trend. Few EU citizens would deny, in 2014, that Europe matters. And if they are willing to come out of what Mair calls comprehensive withdrawal, politicians seem ready to meet them halfway. The European Parliament has felt it necessary to spend money on a lavish ad campaign with the slogan ‘This time it’s different’ in an attempt to get people to the polling booths. And the supranational ‘party families’ in the Parliament have nominated ‘leading candidates’ for the presidency of the European Commission, promising that the job will go to the person who gathers most votes. The hope behind this proposal is that politicisation, even at the cost of polarisation, will prove the royal road to legitimacy. As the Finnish EU Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro, Olli Rehn (not a man known for mixing passions and politics), said recently, European elections should be ‘emotionalised’. Citizens might feel less resentful if they can put a face to Brussels bureaucracy. But that isn’t the lesson from recent history in the US, where elite-led polarisation and personalisation are seen to have damaged the legitimacy of the political system as a whole, leaving the impression that politics is about huge egos bickering. And it is far from clear that a choice of personnel really amounts to a choice of policy, when the substance of EU policy is largely determined by treaties which aren’t agreed by the European Commission or the European Parliament, but by member states. Even putting aside the question of treaties, the Eurozone is steadily narrowing the scope for autonomous political choice. Take Germany’s insistence that all Euro countries put ‘debt brakes’ into their constitutions, making deficit spending virtually impossible. The European Commission cannot alter any of this; in fact, its task now is essentially to check that the rules are being observed and where necessary to interfere with national budgets. In these circumstances, getting to choose a president of the Commission might seem merely a cosmetic change.
Mair’s conclusion is that the EU is a house that party politicians built which has no room for politics, while national governments are ever more likely to pretend they are merely the branch office of Brussels. (After all, if Brussels has already decided, you don’t take the blame; never mind that you were there at the negotiating table.) In this situation, what Mair calls the Tocqueville syndrome becomes acute: if political elites are either inaccessible or impotent, why put up with them? Tocqueville was writing about the fall of the aristocrats in the Ancien Régime, who could no longer justify their privileges once they had lost power to a centralised monarchy. The worst of the economic crisis might be over, but the political crisis in Europe is only just beginning.
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We all love our dogs. They’re there for us through thick and thin and are often more reliable than our family and friends. That’s why it’s tempting to sneak our dogs a little treat from our own plates during dinner time. We’ve all done it. A little bit of leftover turkey at Christmas, the brown bit of banana you don’t like the look of, maybe some raw pork that fell off the chopping board. It probably won’t be so bad, right?
Well, did you know that there are certain foods you should avoid feeding to your dog? Most owners know the potential dangers that come with feeding a dog chocolate, but did you know you also shouldn’t give your dog blue cheese? Or macadamia nuts? Or onions?
Dogs’ stomachs aren’t the same as our own, which means certain foods can be toxic to them. But, exactly what human foods can dogs eat that aren’t bad for their health? What fruits can dogs eat, or nuts, or drinks? Basically, what human foods can dogs eat that won’t upset their stomachs, make them ill or worse?
In this guide, we’ll go into detail about all the human foods our four-legged friends can safely enjoy so you can continue feeding your dog the occasional treat from your plate without having to worry. To discover more about your dog's digestive health, an advanced pet sensitivity test can tell you exactly which foods your dog can and probably shouldn’t enjoy.
What fruits can dogs eat?
Because dogs produce their own vitamin C, they don’t need to eat fruit like we do. However, as an occasional treat, they can eat some fruit so long as it’s cut into small pieces. Just make sure it’s not too much because fruit contains natural sugars.
Fruit that is safe for dogs include:
- Apples (but not the seeds or core)
- Bananas (but not the peel)
- Oranges (but not the peel)
- Peaches (but not the stone)
- Melon (but not the seeds)
- Pears (but not the seeds)
What fruits can’t dogs eat?
Due to them containing acid, cyanide and other toxins, there are some fruits that dogs shouldn’t eat. Not only does it risk them getting sick, but some can cause blockages or severe health complications. The following fruits should be avoided, even in small quantities, and never given to your dog:
- Grapes and raisins
- Lemon and lime
What vegetables can dogs eat?
The good news is, there are vegetables your dog can eat in small quantities. Unlike humans, it’s certainly not recommended that dogs eat five a day, but small amounts of the following make for a lovely treat so long as they’re not cooked in fats, oil or butter:
- Brussels sprouts
- Butternut squash
- Green beans
- Fresh peas (including sugar snap, garden peas and mangetout)
- Cooked potatoes and sweet potatoes
- Sweetcorn (not corn on the cob)
What vegetables can’t dogs eat?
Avoid feeding the following veggies to your dog to prevent them from becoming sick or causing blockages:
- Corn on the cob
- Raw potatoes or sweet potatoes
What dairy products can dogs eat?
Dairy is a common food intolerance for dogs, which may mean your dog’s digestive system struggles to process lactose, resulting in unpleasant symptoms (for both you and your dog). However, if your dog doesn’t experience symptoms after eating dairy, you should be fine to feed them very small amounts as an infrequent treat. This includes cheese and ice cream.
However, some types of cheese are toxic to dogs, such as blue cheese and other types of cheese that contain mold. If you do intend to give your dog cheese, make sure it’s fresh and not close to its use-by date.
Usually, the smaller the amount of lactose in a dairy product, the more easily your dog should be able to digest it.
What meat can dogs eat?
Dogs love meat, and any meat that humans can eat can also be enjoyed by dogs. This includes chicken, turkey, beef (including beef jerky) and pork. However, make sure meat isn’t too salty, as eating too much salt can lead to salt toxicity. You must also make sure the meat is thoroughly cooked and isn’t spoiled. Don’t be tempted to give your dog meat that’s past its use-by date, as any sign of mold can be harmful to your dog. If you wouldn’t eat it, don’t let your dog eat it either.
When giving your dog meat, make sure it’s cut into easily digestible chunks and doesn’t contain any bones.
There are also some meats your dog can't eat such as bacon.
Can dogs eat raw meat?
While wild dogs do eat raw meat, it’s not recommended that you feed it to your dog at home. Domestic dogs don’t have stomachs and digestive systems that are as hardy as their wild cousins, and raw meat can potentially cause problems such as food poisoning. So, it’s best to cook any meat you intend to give to your dog.
What other human foods can dogs eat?
Most dogs will eat anything you give them, but that’s not to say they should eat anything and everything. As well as some fruit, vegetables and meat, there are other human foods that you shouldn’t feed to your dogs. Read on to discover more and answer the questions, what can dogs eat?
Can dogs eat chocolate?
No, you should never give your dog chocolate, even in very small quantities. Chocolate contains theobromine, which humans can easily metabolize. However, dogs cannot, which causes toxins to build up in their system and can be incredibly harmful.
Can dogs drink beer or other alcoholic drinks?
No, you shouldn’t give your dog beer or other boozy drinks because dogs can’t metabolize alcohol in the same we humans can. You risk giving your pooch much more than a hangover if you do.
Can dogs eat fish?
Yes, dogs can eat fish and it can be a good addition to their diet, helping keep their heart and coat healthy. However, just make sure any fish you feed your dog doesn’t contain any bones and has low levels of mercury. This means it’s probably best to avoid giving them tuna or swordfish to be on the safe side.
The types of fish you can feed your dog include:
Can dogs eat seeds?
While some seeds can be a healthy addition to your pup's diet, others may pose risks. We dive into the world of seeds and explore which seeds are safe and which are best left out of your canine companion's bowl. You can read our detailed guides to different seeds below:
- Sunflower seeds
- Pumpkin seeds
Can dogs eat nuts?
Some nuts are fine to give to your dog as a treat, while others can be toxic. Even nuts that aren’t toxic to dogs can be bad if eaten in large quantities, as the high fat content can cause pancreatitis.
Nuts that your dog can eat in small amounts are:
- Peanut butter that doesn’t contain xylitol
- Cashew nuts
Nuts that you shouldn’t give to your dog are:
- Pistachio nuts
- Macadamia nuts
Can dogs eat pasta?
It’s generally fine to give your dog plain, cooked pasta in small quantities. Don’t be tempted to give them sauce, though, which might contain onions, tomatoes and garlic, which can be harmful to dogs.
Can dogs eat eggs?
A cooked egg as an occasional treat is absolutely fine to give to your dog, unless they have a condition such as diabetes.
Other food items
What can dogs drink?
Water is the best drink you can give your dog, which you can cool down with ice cubes if it’s a hot day or your dog is especially active.
You can also give your dog a small amount of fruit and vegetable juice, so long as it’s natural and low in sugar, doesn’t contain any ingredients toxic to dogs and doesn’t contain xylitol.
Unsalted bone broth is also a lovely treat, as is dog beer, which is alcohol-free and perfect for thirsty pups. Avoid giving your dog human beer or any alcoholic drinks because dogs can’t metabolize alcohol.
Common dog food intolerances
Like humans, dogs can develop food intolerances which mean they may struggle to digest a certain type of food, in addition to the list of foods that are naturally toxic to them.
Some of the most common dog food intolerances are proteins, including meat, but as well as plants, eggs, dairy and grains.
Any breed of dog is susceptible to a food intolerance, and a dog can develop an intolerance at any stage of its life.
Test your dog for an allergy or intolerance
If your dog shows signs of an allergy or intolerance after eating, there’s a fast and simple way to find out more about your dog's digestive health. | <urn:uuid:91ba604f-e093-40da-abd0-4b71297eb259> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.mypetsensitivity.com/blogs/news/what-can-dogs-eat | 2024-02-26T08:07:31Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.958005 | 1,980 | 2.671875 | 3 | [
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Bhagavat Purana (also known as Srimad Bhagavata, Bhagavatam or Bhagwat) is the most popular and widely circulated of all the Puranas. The word ‘Purana’ means ‘narrative of olden times’. After the four vedas, the Puranas form the most sacred of the texts for devout Hindus. The highest philosophy found in Vedas and Upanishads was difficult for commoners to understand. Hence Puranas, which were recited at the time of sacrifices became popular. With the passage of time, Puranas involving different deities manifested: Brahma, Padma, Vishnu, Siva, Garuda, Narada, Bhagavata, Agni, Skanda, Bhavishya, Brahmavaivarta, Markandeya, Vamana, Varaha, Matsya, Kurma and Brahmanda – a total of eighteen.
Dear to devotees of Lord Vishnu, Bhagavat Purana consists of eighteen thousand slokas, distributed amongst 332 chapters and divided into twelve cantos (skandhas). It is named Bhagavata from its being dedicated to the glorification of Lord Vishnu, a premier Hindu deity. Though originally written in Sanskrit, Bhagavat has been explored and translated in major vernacular languages of India. Bhagavat, an epic philosophical and literary classic, holds a prominent position in India’s voluminous written wisdom. Bhagavat exercises a more direct and powerful influence upon the opinions and feelings of the people than perhaps any other of the Puranas.
Bhagavat is considered essence of Hindu mythology like Geeta being considered as essence of Upanishads. Bhagavat deals mainly with innumerable exploits of Krishna, an avatar or incarnation of Vishnu and stresses on devotion, as way to salvation (mukti). Sage Vyas, author of many great scriptures like Mahabharat and Vedas, compiled it . The 18,000-verse treatise centers on the science of God and devotion to Him, and includes biographies of great devotees who followed the path of Bhakti and attained moksha.
From academic point of view, Bhagavata Purana is a narration of a conversation between King Parikshit and Sage Sukdev (Shukadeva). King Parīkshit was cursed to die in seven days by a Brahmin, so he decided to spent final days of his life in gaining knowledge about the goal of life relegating his stately duties. As he prepares for his impending death, Shukadeva, who has been searching for a suitable disciple to whom he might impart his great knowledge, approaches the king and agrees to teach him. Their conversation goes on uninterrupted for seven days, during which the king does not eat, drink or sleep. During this time the sage explains that the ultimate aim of life lies in knowing the supreme absolute truth.
The most popular and characteristic part of Bhagavat is the tenth canto, which describes the life and works of Sri Krishna. The Bhagavata Purana depicts Krishna not as a Jagad-Guru (a teacher) as in the Bhagavad-Gita, but as a heroic lad brought up by cowherd parent, Nand and Yashoda, in a small village situated on the banks of Yamuna River. Young Krishna’s childhood plays and acts of bravery in protecting villagers from demons steals the hearts of the cowherd girls (Gopis’). In his unique enchanting way, Krishna lifts Gopis to a higher state as a result of intense devotion. However, when Krishna leaves for Mathura on a mission, Gopis’ love turns into grief. Their intense longing is presented as a model of extreme devotion to the Supreme Lord. In a way, Bhagavat paved way to various schools of Bhakti Movement.
Known as ‘the ripe fruit of the tree of Vedic literature’, Srimad-Bhagavatam is the most complete and authoritative exposition of Vedic knowledge. It covers everything from the nature of the self to the origin of the universe, and touches upon all fields of knowledge. It raises and answers fundamental questions like what is life, what is a human being’s role in life, what is meant by cycle of birth and death, what is the relation between God and man, what are ways of propitiating God etc. Bhagavata also adds fifth element of devotion (or divine service) besides well-known four aspects of life i.e. dharma (morality), artha (acquiring wealth), kama (pleasure) and moksha (liberation or salvation). Narrated in story-form its style is simple, lyrical and picturesque.
The Shrimad Bhagwat is one of the most sacred books of the Hindus.
It gives a tremendous insight, a profound vision, and an entirely new perspective to the person who hears the narrative. On hearing, a person is never the same. There is a complete metamorphosis, a complete transformation, literally a new birth. Atman (soul) by it’s own nature is sovereign – it cannot by nature be bound – whatever bondages felt are sheer illusions of the mind. Shrimad Bhagwat provides that light which enables Jeeva (human being) to experience the wonderful freedom of liberation. One feels, “Yes, I am free!” Shrimad Bhagwat expresses this philosophy through the narration of the life stories of 24 incarnations of Lord Vishnu. Amongst these, the tenth volume of the Shrimad Bhagwat narrates in infinite detail, the story of Lord Krishna. Since all 24 incarnations are of Lord Vishnu, it is a vitally important scripture for the Vaishnavites.
Written by Sage Ved Vyasa the Bhagwat leaves no topic untouched – social, political, and economic systems – all these have been covered and commented upon by him. Not just issues relating to self-liberation but even our day-to-day problems have been effectively resolved in Shrimad Bhagwat. Hence it can be emphatically stated that Shrimad Bhagwat is an exposition, which explains human life very clearly, it is a direction leading to the ultimate liberation of the soul. It is therefore an important guide for the conduct of human beings in all their affairs.
Ordinarily, reading and listening to Shrimad Bhagwat is a week long Anushthan (a religious commitment), but even an entire lifetime may not be enough to understand it in depth and explain it to others. It is such a wonderful, sublime scripture but King Parikshit had only seven days to live and it is said that by listening to such a seven-day narration of Bhagwat Katha King Parikshit attained liberation! Not by death but by emancipation from ignorance and fear. Thus Shrimad Bhagwat liberates us from fear, problems, and ignorance. In essence, this is the crux of Shrimad Bhagwat. Content wise, it comprises three main dialogues or principal conversations – one that of Shukadevji and King Parikshit, second between Sutji and Shaunak and other Rishis at Naimisharanya and the third between Vidurji and Maitreya on the banks of the river Ganga. These three principal conversations convey the voluminous Bhagwat beginning and ending with the dialogue between Sutji and Shaunak and other Rishis.
This four quatrain (8 verses) of Bhagwat was voiced by Shri Narayan Bhagwan and heard by Brahmaji as narrated in the second volume. Brahmaji then narrated the same four verses (shlokas) to Narada who in turn conveyed to Sage Ved Vyasa but told him that this was only formularized, now expand it’s (Vyasa) purview. The seat from where such knowledge is expounded and explained in detail is called ‘Vyas Peetham’. For this very reason we call the narrator of Shrimad Bhagwat ‘Vyas’. It is more a qualitative noun than a personal noun. Thus Vyasa elaborated the four shlokas (verses) in 9000 verses spread over 335 chapters and 12 volumes. Then Bhagwan Ved Vyasa taught it to Shukhdeva, who then narrated it to King Parikshit. Sutjii in Namisharanya to Shaunaka and other Rishis conveys the same conversation. All the different periods of these separate conversations are mentioned in Shrimad Bhagwat.
The narration of Shrimad Bhagwat Katha is arranged for many reasons; raising funds to help medical institutions or provide medical relief to people affected by natural calamities, to fund and raise school/colleges and help rural development. But it is mainly arranged for the upliftment and welfare of the people and society, who, by listening to the katha would understand God and learn the way to reach him, helping inducing spiritual growth within themselves and most importantly becoming righteous and virtuous human beings. In the olden days it was primarily arranged when there was a death in the family. Amidst the encircling gloom of sadness and acute depression, the katha narration created a major transformation, bringing to a grief ridden family solace, comfort, equanimity and a philosophic vision. The Bhagwat Katha drew them out of their sorrow and removed them from their mourning. Therefore the Bhagwat Katha is described as “Shoka Moha Bhayapaha”, that which destroys attachment and consequently removes sorrow and fear. By listening to ‘Shrimad Bhagwat Katha’, devotion (Bhakti) pervades our heart and minds. This devotion destroys attachment, sorrow and fear from our minds. What is this devotion or ‘Bhakti’? It is nothing but love!
Love is a sublime experience. It moves and spreads in all directions and becomes universal. When love becomes unending, human beings attain sainthood. The body becomes a temple – and the heart a priest! Slowly, but surely Shrimad Bhagwat enables one to reach that stage. When universal love and devotion is attained, the sorrow, attachments and fear vanish. Sorrow or mourning is connected with the past; attachment is connected with the present and fear with the future. These are the three factors that disturb everyone. Mourning the past, attachment for the present, and fear or worry for the future. And who does not long for peace? Whether a person is a theist or an atheist, everyone longs for peace. Everyone wants joy. When these three dominant influences vanish, one becomes quiet and lucid.
It is not that Bhagwat Katha liberates the departed soul alone. It even frees surviving members from sorrow, attachment and fear. Thus liberation is in a wider concept. It is not as if one is liberated only after one dies. It can be experienced even during a person’s lifetime, now and here also. That is the teaching of Shrimad Bhagwat Katha. | <urn:uuid:a71244dc-71f0-453a-aef6-5694fdf8f65c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.santram.org/satsang/ekadash-skandah-bhaghvat-dasham-sakandh/ | 2024-02-26T07:44:16Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.948317 | 2,359 | 3.046875 | 3 | [
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] |
May 6, 1996
During the Restoration/ Eighteenth Century most poets, being concerned with the development of the novel and what it had done to the poetic form chose to write melancholic poems that were concerned with the “morbid fascination with death, suicide, and the grave” (Norton 1782). however as discussed in this class we’ve been more concerned with those poets who wrote on the Nature of man as opposed to the natural world itself; but in doing so they use natural world imagery to compare the suffering and trials of man. Within their expressions are dark overtones of what the Norton describes as the melancholy sadness associated during this era.
From what I remember in class, there was no real figurehead representative of this era, but a great proliferation of writers. The best representative of this era is Thomas grey for his poem “Elegy Written in a Country Courthouse”. This poem illustrates many of the melancholy themes of death and mortality, by using imagery associated to Nature.
On some fond breast the parting soul relies,
Some pious drops the closing eye requires;
Even from the tomb the voice of Nature cries,
Even in our ashes live their wonted fires. (Gray 2460-2461)
Stanza 23, best represents the view of the restoration period. It illustrates the common theme of using graveyard imagery to express some aspect of humanity. Here, the poem shows man’s desire to be remembered on “some fond breast” when the “parting soul” departs from this world. But, in many cases this goes unfulfilled for the next image shows ghosts in the graveyard are the “voice of Nature”. These voices never attained what they desired to do when alive and therefore their physical remains of “ashes” still carry out the desire to create and dreams for these “ashes live their wonted fires”.
As with life, many of the poems written during this period are uncharacteristic of Restoration/ 18th Century themes. Among some of these included Alexander Pope’s “Rape of the Lock.” It is a satirical poem that defies all definitions of this period’s poetry. Based off a real life experience, “The Rape of the Lock” uses other literary texts that force “the reader to compare small things with [the] great” (Norton 2233). Lines 139 to 148 of Canto one best represent this technique where
Now awful Beauty puts on all its arms;
The fair each moment rises in her charms,
Repairs her smiles, awakens every grace,
And calls forth all the wonder of her face;
Sees by degrees a purer blush arise,
And keener lightnings quicken in her eyes.
The busy Sylphs surround their darling care,
These set the head, and those divide the hair,
Some fold the sleeve, whilst others plait the gown;
And Betty’s praised for labors not her own. (Pope 2238)
This is a simple, detailed description of a women being dressed . Behind this description lies a satirical remark that compares this daily task to a great epic where each line of dress could be compared to the preparations being made for battle. Pope’s use of mundane imagery and commonplace events are what makes him unique during this time; for out of these small things universal ideals on the human condition come. This simple elaboration of our daily lives just wasn’t something the others poets seemed to do.
In the Romantic period of British literature poetry was regarded as an “imitation of human life” where the “poet artfully renders [the poem] and puts [it] into an order designed to instruct and give artistic pleasure to the reader (Norton 5). This is true for all the poets of this age. However, most of the images, in the poems depicted the world in a highly romanticized way that left out the horror and darkness that Nature contains as well. Several great poets came out of this period and it was hard to select just one to best represent the entire period of poetic tradition. However, it is my opinion that Wordsworth’s poems best represent this era.
Wordsworth’s poem “Lines” best represents the light, pureness of humanity poets saw during this era. Much of what makes this poem representative is found in the imagery of the poem. These images reflect the Natural world and how it affirms some aspect of human existence; the affirmation usually takes the form of a balanced world between good and bad perceptions. Three lines from “Lines” best illustrates the way that Wordsworth sees the world
While with an eye made quiet by the power
Of harmony, and the deep power of joy,
We see into the life of things. (Wordsworth 137)
This passage shows the narrator’s (presumably Wordsworth) relationship to the world about him. Through his “eye” he is able to see the world and the following enjambment “power/ Of harmony” defines what he sees in the world. Perception and sight work within these lines as the means of showing us the true Nature of things. It is this “power” of sight that, then, allows us to free our souls to see the relationships behind the objects of our reality. This image of the natural world, according to the narrator, is then a direct reflection of what humans see within the soul; and it is this view which makes this poem a great representative of the Romantic period.
Thankfully, not all poets during the Romantic period choose to describe the world in dizzying heights of beauty. One poet, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, wrote many poems that don’t fit int other stereotypical Romantic writing. “Dejection : An Ode” is the best example of this non-conformist work. Instead of using images that represent the beauty of Nature and the human condition, Coleridge accepts that violence and depression/dejection are part of what makes us human. Therefore using the metaphor of the storm he constructs a wonderful poem that shows the reader how the horror of Nature and the human spirit is not to be ignored but anther harness and used as a way to create. I would consider the representative passage as follows
Might now perhaps their wonted impulse give,
Might startle this dull pain, and make it move and live!
And still I gaze- and with how blank eye!
I see, not feel, how beautiful they are!
I may not hope from outward forms to win
The passion and the life, whose fountains are within.
Hence, viper thoughts, that coil around my mind,
Reality’s dark dream!
I turn from you and listen to the wind. (Coleridge 367-369)
These lines mock The speaker’s inability to write lines that “feel” the beauty of Nature. He cannot see the beauty as everyone else feels for he sees with an “blank eye.” Instead the “viper thoughts, that coil around my mind” are the only things that he can feel. The speaker turns to the wind because there is a storm brewing and it is within the storm where the speaker’s ability to write “the passion and the life” come from. The pace at which the poem is written also mimics the dark frustrated motions of creativity. This combined with these dark images of Nature’s worst are what make this a misfit poem of the Romantic Era.
The Victorian Era saw the beginning of the “Art for Art’s sake” Revolution. No longer where many poets viewing their work as a way of representing a moral code of conduct, imbedded within words. Although many poets disagreed with this view the fact remains that the “Art for Art’s sake” movement opened the doors for many poets as well as the interpreting of the poems wide off their hinges. Poetry written during this era was more open to interpretation and many of the poems were left open without a close, this open form of poetry moved away from the Romantic period’s ideals and suggests a more open discussion and interpretation of the world.
An advocate and main figurehead for the “Art for Art’s Sake” movement dante Rossetti is my pick for the best representative of the Victorian era. His poem “Silent Noon” describes what is beneath the still surface of all objects.
Your hands lie open in the long fresh grass–
The finger-points look like rosy blooms;
Your eyes smile peace. The pasture gleams and glooms
Neath billowing skies that scatter and amass.
All round our nest, far as the eye can pass,
Are golden kingcup-fields with silver edge
Where the cow-parsley skirts the hawthorne hedge.
Tis visible silence, still as the hourglass.
Deep in the sun searched growths the dragonfly
Hangs like a blue thread loosened from the sky–
So this winged hour is dropped to us from above.
Oh! clasp we to our hearts, for deathless dower,
This close-companioned intricate hour
When twofold silence was the song of love. (Rossetti 1468)
Instead of drawing conclusions on what the meaning of life is, the poem shows us what it is to be alive. Two views are shown within this poem. The first stanza depicts a “visible silence, still as the hourglass” where nothing seems to be moving although there are living objects within it’s scene. The second view rushes into the poem describing the life beneath the still surface of the image. These two views, and the poem itself, suggest that this image is like art for although art depicts a stilled moment in time, it is never truly still for captured within the moment are distilled feelings that evoke the human spirit and feed the soul.
An atypical poem of this time to me is Matthew Arnold’s “Dover Beach” because it bridges the gap between the old Victorian poets and the turn of the century and the Modern era of poetry. “Dover Beach” draws images from the “real” world to suggest that nothing lasts forever.
Ah, love, let us be true
To one another! for the world, which seems
To lie before us like a land of dreams,
So various, so beautiful, so new,
Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light,
Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain;
And we are here on a darkling plain
Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight,
Where ignorant armies clash by night. (Arnold 1367)
This moment captured on the dawn of a new era suggests that despite all the love, beauty and dreams nothing will last forever. Lines 31-33 suggest how the world seems to be kind and caring filled with “dreams” and hope for the better. However this not the case for the speaker then states that the world has none of these except for the promise of “confused alarms” and “ignorant armies clash[ing] by night.” Within this poem Arnold examines culture and what it teaches us to come to the conclusion that the visionary and imaginative are not ultimate truths and that these things cannot last forever, as attested by history.
The Modern era opens with the close of Arnold’s “Dover Beach” where the world has been thrown into turmoil by war and the industrial revolution. However, the poetic tradition remained throughout these times of distress as a voice of hope and happiness. Poets were urged to Experiment “in language and rhythms” (Norton 1687). And this is exactly what the poets during this period did– experiment, in everything.
W.H. Auden’s poem “In Memory of W.B. Yeats” breathed new ways of seeing life within poetry. This poem questions the value of poetry and how it can push for change within the world.
Now he is scattered among a hundred cities
And wholly given over to unfamiliar affections;
To find his happiness in another kind of wood
And be punished under a foreign code of conscience.
The words of a dead man
Are modified in the guts of the living. (Auden 2268)
Two things are taking place within this passage. What makes this a typical representative is the way that the poem makes a statement on the relationship between writing and culture and how they change one another. The last two lines of this passage show that once a writer is finished with his art, it is then given to the masses where through their interpretation a new art is made.
Experimentation, as mentioned above, was done on a large scale during this period. T.S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land” represents the extreme boundary that the experimentation developed. The poem is a very postmodern one in which a series of images are carefully strung together to suggest a particular feeling or theme. But within “The Waste Land” these images, that are drawn from various sources, cultural motifs of the time, and personal biography are these are all thrown together into one giant pot where reality is on the brink and the true meaning becomes obscured behind the images and the million suggestions they make.
The lady of situations.
Here is the man with three staves, and here the Wheel,
And here is the one-eyed merchant, and this card,
Which is blank, is something he carries on his back,
Which I am forbidden to see. I do not find
The Hanged Man. Fear death by water.
I see crowds of people, walking round in a ring.
Thank you. If you see dear Mrs. Equitone,
Tell her I bring the horoscope myself :
One must be so careful these days. (Eliot 2149)
This passage draws on tarot card mythology which creates an illusion into one of the ways that the poem might be interpreted. “Crowds of people, [are] walking round in a ring,” might suggest the sameness and monotony that the people in this world surround themselves with; whereas the “one-eyed merchant” might be a symbol for the earth and the blank card he carries, people. However, it’s not so much as important as to decoding the symbolic meaning behind these images and symbols as it is decoding the meaning behind the overall poem, and this task is what makes this poem the boundary of the experimental poetry during the modern era.
There is a limit to how much one can learn from literature when surveying it by means of historical contexts. Like all interpretative studies this view has it’s merits and flaws. Some of the ways in which a historical study of literature includes better understanding the beliefs and moral of the culture behind the writing, understanding the socio-economical structure of the society being written about, as well as what the general attitudes toward society and the natural world were during the times the poem was written. However, the flaws of grouping such poems in this fashion include limiting what poems can or don’t define the mainstream culture (this leaves out a lot of the experimental literature),and as far as history is concerned it is a relative and interpretative study where there are many different perceptions of how it can be written and what really did occur and to place literature within a certain view it might obscure and create a selective picture of the world rather than leading humanity to objective, one and only true truths. | <urn:uuid:ff3a9353-f024-4434-82c5-845e01c0054f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.shadesofmaybe.com/the-rest-is-history-british-poetic-tradition-restoration-poetry-to-now/ | 2024-02-26T08:10:51Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.955631 | 3,281 | 3.296875 | 3 | [
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF READING PROGRAMES IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN ADO-EKITI
The study examined the comparative analysis of reading programmes in public and private primary school pupils in Ekiti State. The study also sought to determine the role of teachers in promoting reading skills, determine the whether parents have roles in promoting reading skills, investigate the problems facing pupils who are learning to read and examine how conducive environment and good facilities promote reading ability of pupils in primary school.
This study made used of descriptive research design to study the comparative analysis of reading programmes in some selected public and private primary schools in Ado Ekiti. This research collects data and describes it in a systematic manner. The population for this research work covers all the pupils in Ado local Government Area of Ekiti. While two hundred (200) pupils were randomly selected from ten primary schools. Five private school and five public schools were selected for the purpose of this study. The stratified random sampling technique was used for the selection. A test re-test method was used to ensure reliability of the instrument. The test-retest results showed that the questionnaire had a reliability value of 0.75. This was regarded high enough to merit the conclusion that the instrument was reliable.
Findings showed that respondents agreed that providing knowledge and skills for pupils to read, motivating children to read, planning and organizing uninterrupted classroom time for reading instruction and plenty of meaningful practice, observing and assessing the current strengths and needs of children are the major role of teachers in promoting reading skills. The study concluded that reading is indispensable to primary school pupils. With the appropriate reading materials, a conducive environment, and teachers with adequate educational qualifications, good reading skills will help produce pupils who perform well in other subjects. Government, teachers, and parents have major roles to play in the education of pupils in primary schools, especially on English as a school subject. Eighty-eight percent of respondent felt that teachers play a greater role. Government is the major provider of education through funding, rules, and regulations.
Based on the findings, it was therefore recommended that government schools should employ qualified teachers who can teach primary schools pupils how to read and pronounce sound without interference with mother tongue, pupils should be observed when reading and corrected if any mistake is made, teachers must acknowledge the importance of reading skills and must plan an effective programme of reading instruction with a focus on promoting reading culture among pupils in their schools, School authorities should introduce informal education on readiness for reading. Non-structured reading instruction should be introduced and the child’s ability to respond to the reading materials be observed and parents should provide a stimulating reading environment for their children and wards. They should encourage their children to read at home. Books should be provided for them to improve their reading.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Delimitation of the Study
Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Concept of Reading
Reading Programmes and its Importance
Approaches in teaching reading in primary schools
Types of Teaching and Learning Activities
Advantages of Reading Approach
Disadvantages of Reading Approach
Methods for Learning Reading
Implementation of Teaching and Learning of literacy
Influence of Home Environment on Acquisition of Reading
Problems Facing Teaching and Learning of Reading Literacy
How Reading Literacy Levels in Public Primary Schools
Can be improved
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD
Sample and Sampling Techniques
Validity of Instrument
Reliability of Instrument
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Test of Hypothesis
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Background to the Study
English language is one of the major language of the world today and a lingua franca of the future. In some areas today , English language still serves as medium of contact with civilization. According to Kerr (2009) English language of the modern sector science and technology , industry and big business, government and higher administration.
English langue has become the dominant of literacy expression in the country and in many African countries today. English language is the language of the English people. It is a Western Germanic language that originates from Anglo-Frisian dialect brought to Britain in the 5th century. It is one of the most famous language and it is spoken by billions of people as mother tongue while some other people learn and speak it as their second language. Nigeria belong to the second category.
The fact that English is being taught as a second language went to the fact that the pupils have already acquired first language. Most of the time the bias of a second language learner is allowed to over -rule the second language [Execk WordPress. Com,2015.]
In Nigeria, English language is regarded as the language of economics, law court, mass media, education, science and technology and of local and central government. Today, English is learnt as a school subject and it equally the medium of instruction right from primary to tertiary institution. It is apparent that, since the product of these schools will be absorbed into various employment where English language is the official language of communication and where proficiency in it is the necessary qualification for obtaining such employment [Execk WordPress. Com,2015].
In learning English language, there is the assumption that there is already a primary language, which is the mother tongue. For this, it is more difficult to learn a second language than the first language [Execk WordPress. Com, (2015). English language as grown to a great extent in the Nigeria society over the years. It is the official legacy from colonialist and its importance in Nigeria educational process remains unchallenged .Therefore, the preeminent position of English in educational system is likely to remain for a long time.
Reading is an active process and the learner has to be prepared to handle printed page with anticipation with questions ad specific intent. Reading is the process of communication through which most forma learning takes place. It involve understanding written language. Before reading can take place, reader must understand the language of the written work or material or paper.
Reading, a lifelong habit, is the major source of access to the knowledge. It is taken as an implicit practice that supports an individual to achieve original power and develops one’s critical thinking capability Ofodu (2015).
According to Billows (2011), reading is a mental process involving the interpretation of words the author has exploited to express his ideas.
The importance of reading in education is so great that it cannot be taken for granted. In teaching reading, we need to aim at remembering and reading what we have read in order to be able to use such information later, it also enhance learning and help your vocabularies.
Reading is one of the four language skills; listening, speaking, reading and writing. For reading to be meaningful, the pupils must know the reason why they are reading a text. Knowing the purpose could be general one like reading novel for pleasure or like looking for pictures or looking for number or address.
Statement of the Problem
Nursery and primary schools are the elementary stage of learning environment of any given child, it is important to the child as a foundation to build. A well planned foundation will produce a good building likewise a well standard nursery and primary school (be it public or private) will produce good readers and scholars.
It was identified that the level of reading in primary schools is not encourage, which affect the enhancement of teaching and learning process. Many problems have been identified has reasonable for poor reading performance of primary schools pupils.
Firstly, the reading method used for primary school pupils are not appropriate for their age and classes, teachers are expected to use the best method for the pupils in order for them to understand better. Such as phonics methods, look and say method, the language experience approach, picture reading.
Secondly, lack of parental care, most parents do not care about their children performance in school specially in reading aspect. For example parents are expected to employed professional teacher who is good in pronunciation to guide their children in reading in extra lesson classes but instead they leave the children alone and believe that the normal class activities is enough for them.
Thirdly, inadequate facilities is another problem identified. The material needed by the pupils are not supplied on time by their parents, even some do not have access to any of the materials; like English textbooks, story books, and Queen Primer. Provision should be made for library facilities in primary schools were pupils can go and search for books of their interest and update their knowledge through the guidance of the teacher.
All these mentioned above have implication on a child’s education if not well managed. Therefore, this research took notice of all problems and proffer useful solutions to them.
Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this research is to examine the comparative analysis of reading programmes in public and private primary schools in Ado Ekiti. The study also sought to address the following
- To determine the role of teachers in promoting reading skills,
- To determine the whether parents have roles in promoting reading skills.
- To investigate the problems facing pupils who are learning to read.
- To examine how conducive environment and good facilities promote reading ability of pupils in primary schools?
- To offer suggestions for improvements in teaching to promote reading programmes in public and private schools
This study sought to answer the following research questions.
- What are the major role of teachers in promoting reading skills?
- What are the contribution of parents towards effective reading ability of their children in schools?
- Does a conducive environment and good facilities promote reading ability of pupils in primary schools?
- What are the problems facing pupils who are learning to read?
- What are the suggestions for improvements in teaching to promote reading programmes in public and private schools
The following hypotheses were tested;
- There is no relationship between role of teachers in promoting reading skills and pupils reading ability
- There is relationship between parents roles in promoting reading skills and pupils reading ability
- There is no relationship between conducive environment and good facilities promote and pupils reading ability.
Significance of the Study
The aim of this study is to assess the comparative analysis of reading programmes in public and private primary schools.
. This study will increase available knowledge in the field of education about the comparative analysis of reading programmes in public and private primary schools, thus increasing the literature factors that influence learning outcome in basic education.
The knowledge derived from this study will assist school administrators and teachers to be aware of the factors associated with the learning environment, learning process, characteristics of the teachers and pupils that influence achievement of basic reading literacy so that they can adjust accordingly.
It is also hoped that the study findings will promote the parents awareness on the factors that are preventing achievement of basic reading literacy among children and assist the pupils where necessary on the same.
The findings of this study will create awareness to the Ministry of Education, Government policy makers, Non-Government Organization and United Nations Organization about the specific factors hindering achievement of basic reading literacy outcomes in Nigeria so that they can mount interventions to enhance the achievement of the MDGs.
The study will be of much help to the primary school pupils because they will be informed of the factor that are influencing their achievement of basic reading literacy skills.
Finally, the findings from the study will add to the knowledge on which further research on related issues can be based.
Delimitations of the Study
This study focused on the assessment of comparative analysis of reading programmes in public and private primary schools. Basic reading literacy in this study was delimited to the ability to read and comprehend simple text set at class two level of the Nigerian primary education system. The factors studied were those emanating from school, home environments and from the characteristic of the pupils.
The study involved the primary schools pupils aged between 7 to 12 years. Literacy teachers in primary schools were involved since they are normally in direct contact with the pupils and are responsible for teaching and learning of reading literacy. The head teachers of primary schools were involved since they are normally in-charge of implementation of teaching and learning.
Definition of Terms
Basic Reading: Ability to identify and distinguish letters and sounds of the alphabet and use of the sound- letter correspondence to sound out words. Also known as decoding words.
Basic Reading Literacy: Ability to decode and sound out one to four syllable words.
Primary school: School for children between the ages 5years to around 16 years.
Pre-school: A school for children who are too young for nursery or kindergarten. Also referred to as baby class.
Reading literacy skill: Ability to effortlessly recognize and sound out words and text fast and accurately.
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According to historian Christopher Moore, the first legally emancipated community of people of African descent in North America was found in Lower Manhattan, comprising much of present-day Greenwich Village, NoHo, and the South Village, and parts of the Lower East Side and East Village.
This settlement was comprised of individual landholdings, many of which belonged to former “company slaves” of the Dutch West India Company. These former enslaved people, both men and women, had been manumitted as early as within 20 years of the founding of New Amsterdam and their being brought to the colony as slaves. In some cases these free black settlers were among the very first Africans brought to New Amsterdam as slaves in 1626, two years after the colony’s founding. Several petitioned successfully for their freedom. They were granted parcels of land by the Council of New Amsterdam, under the condition that a portion of their farming proceeds go to the Company. Director General William Kieft granted land to manumitted slaves under the guise of a reward for years of loyal servitude. However, these particular parcels of land may have been granted by the Council, at least in part, for more calculated reasons. The farms lay between the settlement of New Amsterdam on the southern tip of Manhattan Island and areas controlled by Native Americans to the north. Native Americans sometimes raided or attacked the Dutch settlement, and the farms may have served as a buffer between the two. However, some scholars have noted that this area was also among the most desirable farmland in the vicinity, and the Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant established his own farm in this area in 1651, offering a different potential interpretation of the choice of this area for farmland for manumitted slaves.
This settlement’s status did not remain permanent, however. When the English captured the colony of New Amsterdam and renamed it New York in 1664, the newly established English government demoted free blacks from property owners to legal aliens, denying them landowning rights and privileges. Within twenty years, a vast majority of land owned by people of African descent was seized by wealthy white landowners who turned these former free black settlements into retreats, farms, and plantations.
The landowners in this first settlement of free people of African descent, in chronological order of their land grants, were:
1. Catalina Anthony: Catalina Anthony, widow of Jochim Anthony, was granted 8 acres of land by the Council of New Amsterdam on July 13, 1643. Her parcel of farmland was adjacent to that of Domingo Anthony, sitting directly above his settlement west of the Bowery and spanning downward from Hester Street to the area just below Canal.
2. Domingo Anthony: Domingo Anthony was granted 12 acres of land by the Council of New Amsterdam on July 13, 1643. His settlement sat just below that of Catalina Anthony near present day Canal Street, between Centre Street and the west side of the Bowery, and stretched downwards to Pell Street.
3. Cleyn (Little) Manuel: Cleyn (Little) Manuel was granted a 10-acre parcel of land by the Council of New Amsterdam following his manumission in December of 1643. His settlement neighbored the properties of Manuel Groot, Cleyn (Little) Anthony, and Anthony Portuguese. The northernmost point of Manuel’s settlement touched the equivalent of today’s West 3rd Street while its southernmost point reached where West Houston Street now runs, spanning across today’s Thompson Street east toward Mercer Street and encompassing a large portion of what is now Mercer Playground.
4. Manuel de Gerrit de Rues: Manuel de Gerrit de Rues was granted 12 acres of land in December of 1643. Prior to his manumission, he was one of eight slaves involved in the death of another slave and was charged with murder in 1641. Rather than choosing to execute all eight men, Dutch officials ordered them to draw straws. Drawing the shortest straw, Manuel de Gerrit de Rues was sentenced to death by hanging but survived the fall from the execution ladder. Witnesses begged officials not to attempt a second execution. Manuel de Gerrit de Rues was released and was granted farmland as a free man only two years later. His settlement was located west of today’s Bowery, stretching upwards from its southern boundary near today’s Bond Street toward East 8th Street and Astor Place.
5. Manuel Trumpeter: According to historian Christopher Moore, manumitted slave Manuel Trumpeter once held the designation of “Captain of the Blacks” and was perhaps considered the leader of the black militia in New Amsterdam. On December 12, 1643, Trumpeter was granted 18 acres of land situated near what is now Fifth Avenue and Washington Square. The northern end of Manuel Trumpeter’s settlement stretched east towards the present-day intersection of East 8th Street and Broadway, while the bottom corner of the parcel sat near today’s Great Jones Street.
6. Marycke: Widow Marycke was granted 6 acres of land by the Council of New Amsterdam on December 12, 1643. Her land was directly next to the land of Anthony Portuguese, at the western perimeter of what is now Washington Square.
7. Gracia d’Angola: After being granted 10 acres of farmland on December 15, 1644, Gracia d’Angola settled on a parcel of land which ran parallel to the closely neighboring property of fellow manumitted slave Cleyn (Little) Anthony. The northernmost point of Gracia’s farm was located near what is now the intersection of West Houston Street and Wooster Street, stretching downwards toward Spring Street and eastwards toward Mercer Street.
8. Simon Congo: Simon Congo was granted an 8-acre parcel of farmland by the Council of New Amsterdam on the 15th of December in 1644, which spanned the area between Charlton Street and Downing Street, crossing over West Houston Street. Simon Congo eventually came to own an additional parcel of land in an area further north, sitting at the intersection of West 16th Street and 5th Avenue.
9. Jan Francisco: Upon manumission, Jan Francisco was granted 8 acres of farmland by the Council of New Amsterdam on the December 15, 1644. Jan Francisco’s farmland neighbored that of his fellow manumitted slave Gracia D’Angola, nearly meeting his property at its easternmost boundary near Spring Street and Broadway and extending eastward towards Crosby Street and downward toward Canal before looping westward and upward to Broome Street.
10. Pieter San Tome: San Tome is among the original 11 enslaved men that petitioned to the Council of New Amsterdam for their freedom together in hopes of becoming free members of the New Amsterdam settlement. Upon his manumission, Pieter San Tome was granted a 6-acre parcel of farmland on December 15, 1644. His settlement, which neighbored land belonging to fellow manumitted slaves Paulo D’Angola and Simon Congo, spanned from Bleecker Street down to West Houston Street, and ran the width of today’s Sixth Avenue and Thompson Street.
11. Manuel Groot (Big Manuel): Manuel Groot, or Big Manuel, was among the first Angolan slaves ever owned by the Dutch West India Company. On the 21st of December in 1644, he was granted eight acres of land by the Council of New Amsterdam. His settlement stood adjacent to those of fellow manumitted slaves Manuel Trumpeter and Anthony Portuguese, with the northernmost corner of the parcel located near West 4th and Washington Square East, stretching down towards West 3rd Street and LaGuardia Place, and moving southwest toward Bleecker Street and Broadway.
12. Cleyn (Little) Anthony: Anthony was among the first enslaved people brought to New Amsterdam by the Dutch. He was granted six acres of farmland upon his manumission in December 1644. Anthony’s land stretched just north of Prince Street and the adjacent MacDougal, Spring, and Sullivan Streets. The eastern and southern borders of Anthony’s farmland touched the neighboring settlement of fellow manumitted slave, Gracia D’Angola.
13. Jan Fort Orange: Jan Fort Orange was granted approximately 10 acres of farmland by the Council of New Amsterdam in December 1644. This parcel of land neighbored the properties of fellow manumitted slaves Cleyn (Little) Manuel, Manuel Groot, and Gracia D’Angola. With its northwestern boundary beginning at the mid-section of what is now Mercer Playground, near Bleecker Street, his settlement stretched downward to West Houston Street with its southern boundary located mid-Wooster Street.
14. Paulo d’Angola: d’Angola was among the very first shipload of Africans brought to New Amsterdam as a slave in 1626. On July 14, 1645, d’Angola was granted a six acre plot of farmland on what is now present day Washington Square Park. The location of d’Angola’s farm in a sense makes him the very first non-Native American settler in the area now known as Greenwich Village.
15. Anthony Portuguese: On September 5, 1645, Anthony Portuguese was granted a 12-acre parcel of land by the Council of New Amsterdam and began farming on his new settlement that spanned present-day LaGuardia Place, Thompson Street, and Sullivan Street in Greenwich Village. His farmland encompassed much of what is now modern-day Washington Square Park, with its southern boundary sitting just below West 3rd Street and its northern boundary just before Waverly Place.
16. Anna d’Angola: Widow Anna d’Angola was granted a 6-acre parcel of land by the Council of New Amsterdam on February 8, 1647. Sitting adjacent to that of Domingo Anthony, d’Angola’s land spanned the present-day blocks of Hester, Canal, Walker, and White Streets, between Centre and Mulbery Streets.
17. Francisco d’Angola: Francisco d’Angola was granted a six acre parcel of land by the Council of New Amsterdam on March 25, 1647. This land sat directly east of the Bowery near today’s East Houston Street and spanned downward toward where Stanton Street now lies.
18. Anthony Congo: Anthony Congo was granted 6 acres of land by the Council of New Amsterdam on March 26, 1647. His settlement sat directly east of the Bowery, starting at a point between present day Houston and Stanton Streets and stretching southward to Rivington Street.
19. Bastiaen Negro: On March 26, 1647, Bastiaen Negro was granted 6 acres of land east of the Bowery near his neighbor Anthony Congo. Bastiaen’s settlement encompassed the area from the Bowery and Rivington Street eastward towards Allen St. and downward towards Broome Street.
20. Jan Negro: On March 26, 1647, Jan Negro was granted a six acre parcel of land by the Council of New Amsterdam. His settlement sat directly west of the Bowery, stretching southward from Spring Street toward Broome Street and over to the Bowery from Lafayette Street.
21. Manuel the Spaniard: Manuel “the Spaniard” was granted 4 acres of land on January 18, 1651. His settlement, which sat directly across from that of Anthony Congo, stretched west of the Bowery and encompassed the area from Prince Street to Spring Street. While most slaves freed earlier were freed by the Dutch West India Co., he was freed by a private citizen, Philip Jansz Ringo. Still, Manuel had to pay and work extensively for his freedom.
22. Mathias Anthony: On December 1, 1655, Mathias Anthony was granted 2 acres of land by the Council of New Amsterdam. Though the exact location of Mathias’ settlement is unknown, the land likely sat close to the settlements of his fellow manumitted neighbors near the west side of the Bowery.
23. Domingo Angola: Domingo Angola was granted 4 acres of land on December 2, 1658. His settlement sat west of the Bowery directly above Houston Street, stretching upward towards Bond Street.
24. Claes Negro: Claes Negro was granted a 2-acre parcel of land west of the Bowery on December 2, 1658. His settlement stretched from approximately what would be West 4th Street down the equivalent of about two blocks, neighboring the land of Manuel Sanders and Manuel de Gerrit de Rues.
25. Assento Angola: Assento Angola was granted a parcel west of the Bowery from approximately today’s Astor Place extending the equivalent of about two blocks west and south.
26. Francisco Cartagena: On December 2, 1658, Francisco Cartagena was granted two acres of land directly west of the Bowery. His settlement sat between that of Claes Negro and Assento Angola, spanning from West 6th Street down to West 4th Street.
27. Anthony of the Bowery: In 1658, Anthony of the Bowery was granted a two-acre parcel of land west of the Bowery, giving him this name. His settlement sat beneath Houston Street, stretching downward toward Prince Street.
28. Anthony the Blind Negro: In 1658, Anthony the Blind Negro was granted a two acre parcel of land on the west side of the Bowery, neighboring Manuel Trumpeter and Assento Angola near 8th Street.
29. Manuel Sanders: In March 1662, Manuel Sanders was granted a 4-acre parcel of land by the Council of New Amsterdam. His settlement neighbored Jan Fort Orange and Groot Manuel on the west side of the Bowery near Bleecker and Bond Streets. | <urn:uuid:dbada415-2872-4dc4-a451-3f104a96bf4e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.villagepreservation.org/2022/05/25/north-americas-first-free-black-settlement-was-in-greenwich-village/ | 2024-02-26T09:05:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.961933 | 2,880 | 4.15625 | 4 | [
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Imagine yourself in an introductory science course. You recently completed the first exam, and are now sitting in class waiting for your graded exam to be handed back. The course will be graded “on a curve,” so you are anxious to see how your score compares to everyone else’s. Your instructor finally arrives and shares the exam statistics for the class (see Figure 1).
The mean score is 61.
The median is 63.
The standard deviation is 12.
You receive your exam and see that you scored 72. What does this mean in relation to the rest of the class? Based on the statistics above, you can see that your score is higher than the mean and median, but how do all of these numbers relate to your final grade? In this scenario, you would end up with a “B” letter grade, even though the numerical score would equal a “C” without the curve.
This scenario shows how descriptive statistics – namely the mean, median, and standard deviation – can be used to quickly summarize a dataset. By the end of this module, you will learn not only how descriptive statistics can be used to assess the results of an exam, but also how scientists use these basic statistical operations to analyze and interpret their data. Descriptive statistics can help scientists summarize everything from the results of a drug trial to the way genetic traits evolve from one generation to the next.
What are descriptive statistics?
Descriptive statistics are used regularly by scientists to succinctly summarize the key features of a dataset or population. Three statistical operations are particularly useful for this purpose: the mean, median, and standard deviation. (For more information about why scientists use statistics in science, see our module Statistics in Science.)
Mean vs. median
The mean and median both provide measures of the central tendency of a set of individual measurements. In other words, the mean and median roughly approximate the middle value of a dataset. As we saw above, the mean and median exam scores fell roughly in the center of the grade distribution.
Although the mean and median provide similar information about a dataset, they are calculated in different ways: The mean, also sometimes called the average or arithmetic mean, is calculated by adding up all of the individual values (the exam scores in this example) and then dividing by the total number of values (the number of students who took the exam). The median, on the other hand, is the “middle” value of a dataset. In this case, it would be calculated by arranging all of the exam scores in numerical order and then choosing the value in the middle of the dataset.
Because of the way the mean and median are calculated, the mean tends to be more sensitive to outliers – values that are dramatically different from the majority of other values. In the example above (Figure 1), the median fell slightly closer to the middle of the grade distribution than did the mean. The 4 students who missed the exam and scored 0 (the outliers) lowered the mean by getting such different scores from the rest of the class. However, the median did not change as much because there were so few students who missed the exam compared to the total number of students in the class.
The standard deviation measures how much the individual measurements in a dataset vary from the mean. In other words, it gives a measure of variation, or spread, within a dataset. Typically, the majority of values in a dataset fall within a range comprising one standard deviation below and above the mean. In the example above, the standard deviation is 12 and the majority of test scores (161 out of 200 students) scored between 49 and 73 points on the exam. If there had been more variation in the exam scores, the standard deviation would have been even larger. Conversely, if there had been less variation, the standard deviation would have been smaller. For example, let’s consider the exam scores earned by students in two different classes (Figure 2).
In the first class (Class A – the light blue bars in the figure), all of the students studied together in a large study group and received similar scores on the final exam. In the second class (Class B – represented by dark blue bars), all of the students studied independently and received a wide range of scores on the final exam. Although the mean grade was the same for both classes (50), Class A has a much smaller standard deviation (5) than Class B (15).
Sometimes a dataset exhibits a particular shape that is evenly distributed around the mean. Such a distribution is called a normal distribution. It can also be called a Gaussian distribution or a bell curve. Although exam grades are not always distributed in this way, the phrase “grading on a curve” comes from the practice of assigning grades based on a normally distributed bell curve. Figure 3 shows how the exam scores shown in Figure 1 can be approximated by a normal distribution. By straight grading standards, the mean test score (61) would typically receive a D-minus – not a very good grade! However, the normal distribution can be used to “grade on a curve” so that students in the center of the distribution receive a better grade such as a C, while the remaining students’ grades also get adjusted based on their relative distance from the mean.
Early history of the normal distribution
The normal distribution is a relatively recent invention. Whereas the concept of the arithmetic mean can be traced back to Ancient Greece, the normal distribution was introduced in the early 18th century by French mathematician Abraham de Moivre. The mathematical equation for the normal distribution first appeared in de Moivre’s Doctrine of Chances, a work that broadly applied probability theory to games of chance. Despite its apparent usefulness to gamblers, de Moivre’s discovery went largely unnoticed by the scientific community for several more decades.
The normal distribution was rediscovered in the early 19th century by astronomers seeking a better way to address experimental measurement errors. Astronomers had long grappled with a daunting challenge: How do you discern the true location of a celestial body when your experimental measurements contain unavoidable instrument error and other measurement uncertainties? For example, consider the four measurements that Tycho Brahe recorded for the position of Mars shown in Table 1:
Brahe and other astronomers struggled with datasets like this, unsure how to combine multiple measurements into one “true” or representative value. The answer arrived when Carl Friedrich Gauss derived a probability distribution for experimental errors in his 1809 work Theoria motus corporum celestium. Gauss’ probability distribution agreed with previous intuitions about what an error curve should look like: It showed that small errors are more probable than large errors and that all errors are evenly distributed around the “true” value (Figure 4). Importantly, Gauss’ distribution showed that this “true” value – the most probable value in the center of the distribution – is the mean of all values in the distribution. The most probable position of Mars should therefore be the mean of Brahe’s four measurements.
Further development of the normal distribution
The “Gaussian” distribution quickly gained traction, thanks in part to French mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace. (Laplace had previously tried and failed to derive a similar error curve and was eager to demonstrate the usefulness of what Gauss had derived.)
Scientists and mathematicians soon noticed that the normal distribution could be used as more than just an error curve. In a letter to a colleague, mathematician Adolphe Quetelet noted that soldiers’ chest measurements (documented in the 1817 Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal) were more or less normally distributed (Figure 5). Physicist James Clerk Maxwell used the normal distribution to describe the relative velocities of gas molecules. As these and other scientists discovered, the normal distribution not only reflects experimental error, but also natural variation within a population. Today scientists use normal distributions to represent everything from genetic variation to the random spreading of molecules.
Characteristics of the normal distribution
The mathematical equation for the normal distribution may seem daunting, but the distribution is defined by only two parameters: the mean (µ) and the standard deviation (σ).
The mean is the center of the distribution. Because the normal distribution is symmetrical about the mean, the median and mean have the same value in an ideal dataset. The standard deviation provides a measure of variability, or spread, within a dataset. For a normal distribution, the standard deviation specifically defines the range encompassing 34.1% of individual measurements above the mean and 34.1% of those below the mean (Figure 6).
The concept and calculation of the standard deviation is as old as the normal distribution itself. However, the term “standard deviation” was first introduced by statistician Karl Pearson in 1893, more than a century after the normal distribution was first derived. This new terminology replaced older expressions like “root mean square error” to better reflect the value’s usefulness for summarizing the natural variation of a population in addition to the error inherent in experimental measurements. (For more on error calculation, see Statistics in Science and Uncertainty, Error, and Confidence.)
Working with statistical operations
To see how the mean, median, and standard deviation are calculated, let’s use the Scottish soldier data that originally inspired Adolphe Quetelet. The data appeared in 1817 in the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal and report the “thickness round the chest” of soldiers sorted by both regiment and height (vol. 13, pp. 260 - 262). Instead of using the entire dataset, which includes measurements for 5,732 soldiers, we will consider only the 5’4’’ and 5’5’’ soldiers from the Peebles-shire Regiment (Figure 7).
Note that this particular data subset does not appear to be normally distributed; however, the larger complete dataset does show a roughly normal distribution. Sometimes small data subsets may not appear to be normally distributed on their own, but belong to larger datasets that can be more reasonably approximated by a normal distribution. In such cases, it can still be useful to calculate the mean, median, and standard deviation for the smaller data subset as long as we know or have reason to assume that it comes from a larger, normally distributed dataset.
How to calculate the mean
The arithmetic mean, or average, of a set of values is calculated by adding up all of the individual values and then dividing by the total number of values. To calculate the mean for the Peebles-shire dataset above, we start by adding up all of the values in the dataset:
35 + 35 + 36 + 37 + 38 + 38 + 39 + 40 + 40 + 40 = 378
We then divide this number by the total number of values in the dataset:
378 (sum of all values) / 10 (total number of values) = 37.8
The mean is 37.8 inches. Notice that the mean is not necessarily a value already present in the original dataset. Also notice that the mean of this dataset is smaller than the mean of the larger dataset due to the fact that we have only selected the subsample of men from the lower height group and it is reasonable to expect shorter men to be smaller overall and therefore have smaller chest widths.
How to calculate the median
The median is the “middle” value of a dataset. To calculate the median, we must first arrange the dataset in numerical order:
35, 35, 36, 37, 38, 38, 39, 40, 40, 40
When a dataset has an odd number of values, the median is literally the median, or middle, value in the ordered dataset. When a dataset has an even number of values (as in this example), the median is the mean of the two middlemost values:
35, 35, 36, 37, 38, 38, 39, 40, 40, 40
(38 + 38) / 2 = 38
The median is 38 inches. Notice that the median is similar but not identical to the mean. Even if a data subset is itself normally distributed, the median and mean are likely to have somewhat different values.
How to calculate the standard deviation
The standard deviation measures how much the individual values in a dataset vary from the mean. The standard deviation can be calculated in three steps:
1. Calculate the mean of the dataset. From above, we know that the mean chest width is 37.8 inches.
2. For every value in the dataset, subtract the mean and square the result.
(35 - 37.8)2 = 7.8 | (35 - 37.8)2 = 7.8 | (36 - 37.8)2 = 3.2 | (37 - 37.8)2 = 0.6 |
(38 - 37.8)2 = 0.04 | (38 - 37.8)2 = 0.04 | (39 - 37.8)2 = 1.4 | (40 - 37.8)2 = 4.8 |
(40 - 37.8)2 = 4.8 | (40 - 37.8)2 = 4.8 |
3. Calculate the mean of the values you just calculated and then take the square root.
The standard deviation is 1.9 inches. The standard deviation is sometimes called the “root mean square error” because of the way it is calculated.
To concisely summarize the dataset, we could thus say that the average chest width is 37.8 ± 1.9 inches (Figure 8). This tells us both the central tendency (mean) and spread (standard deviation) of the chest measurements without having to look at the original dataset in its entirety. This is particularly useful for much larger datasets. Although we used only a portion of the Peebles-shire data above, we can just as readily calculate the mean, median, and standard deviation for the entire Peebles-shire Regiment (224 soldiers). With a little help from a computer program like Excel, we find that the average Peebles-shire chest width is 39.6 ± 2.1 inches.
Using descriptive statistics in science
As we’ve seen through the examples above, scientists typically use descriptive statistics to:
- Concisely summarize the characteristics of a population or dataset.
- Determine the distribution of measurement errors or experimental uncertainty.
Science is full of variability and uncertainty. Indeed, Karl Pearson, who first coined the term “standard deviation,” proposed that uncertainty is inherent in nature. (For more information about how scientists deal with uncertainty, see our module Uncertainty, Error, and Confidence). Thus, repeating an experiment or sampling a population should always result in a distribution of measurements around some central value as opposed to a single value that is obtained each and every time. In many (though not all) cases, such repeated measurements are normally distributed.
Descriptive statistics provide scientists with a tool for representing the inherent uncertainty and variation in nature. Whether a physicist is taking extremely precise measurements prone to experimental error or a pharmacologist is testing the variable effects of a new medication, descriptive statistics help scientists analyze and concisely represent their data.
Sample problem 1
An atmospheric chemist wants to know how much an interstate freeway contributes to local air pollution. Specifically, she wants to measure the amount of fine particulate matter (small particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter) in the air because this type of pollution has been linked to serious health problems. The chemist measures the fine particulate matter in the air (measured in micrograms per cubic meter of air) both next to the freeway and 10 miles away from the freeway. Because she expects some variability in her measurements, she samples the air several times every day. Here is a representative dataset from one day of sampling:
Fine particulate matter in the air (µg/m3) | |
Next to the freeway | 10 miles away from the freeway |
29.3 | 11.8 |
18.3 | 12.5 |
17.7 | 13.1 |
17.9 | 9.6 |
18.9 | 14.6 |
20.9 | 10.4 |
18.6 | 9.8 |
Help the atmospheric chemist analyze her findings by calculating the mean (µ) and standard deviation (σ) for each dataset. What can she conclude about freeway contribution to air pollution? (Problem modeled loosely after Phuleria et al., 2007)
Let’s start with the dataset collected next to the freeway:
Now we can do the same procedure for the dataset collected 10 miles away from the freeway:
There is 18.8 ± 1.0 µg/m3 fine particulate matter next to the freeway versus 11.7 ± 1.7 µg/m3 10 miles away from the freeway. The atmospheric chemist can conclude that there is much more air pollution next to the freeway than far away.
Sample problem 2
A climatologist at the National Climate Data Center is comparing the climates of different cities across the country. In particular, he would like to compare the daily maximum temperatures for 2014 of a coastal city (San Diego, CA) and an inland city (Madison, WI). He finds the daily maximum temperature measurements recorded for each city throughout the year 2014 and loads them into an Excel spreadsheet. Using the functions built into Excel, help the climatologist summarize and compare the two datasets by calculating the median, mean, and standard deviation.
Download and open the Excel file containing the daily maximum temperatures for Madison, WI (cells B2 through B366) and San Diego, CA (cells C2 through C366). (Datasets were retrieved from the National Climate Data Center http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/)
To calculate the median of the Madison dataset, click on an empty cell, type “=MEDIAN(B2:B366)” and hit the enter key. This is an example of an Excel “function,” and it will calculate the median of all of the values contained within cells B2 through B366 of the spreadsheet.
The same procedure can be used to calculate the mean of the Madison dataset by typing a different function “=AVERAGE(B2:B366)” in an empty cell and pressing enter.
To calculate the standard deviation, type the function “=STDEV.P(B2:B366)” and press enter. (Older versions of Excel will use the function STDEVP instead.)
The same procedure can be used to calculate the median, mean, and standard deviation of the San Diego dataset in cells C2 through C366.
On average, Madison is much colder than San Diego: In 2014, Madison had a mean daily maximum temperature of 54.5°F and a median daily maximum temperature of 57°F. In contrast, San Diego had a mean daily maximum temperature of 73.9°F and a median daily maximum temperature of 73°F. Madison also had much more temperature variability throughout the year compared to San Diego. Madison’s daily maximum temperature standard deviation was 23.8°F, while San Diego’s was only 7.1°F. This makes sense, considering that Madison experiences much more seasonal variation than San Diego, which is typically warm and sunny all year round.
Not all datasets are normally distributed. Because the world population is steadily increasing, the global age appears as a skewed distribution with more young people than old people (Figure 9). Unlike the normal distribution, this distribution is not symmetrical about the mean. Because it is impossible to have an age below zero, the left side of the distribution stops abruptly while the right side of the distribution trails off gradually as the age range increases.
Distributions with multiple, distinct peaks can also emerge from mixed populations. Evolutionary biologists studying the beak sizes of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos Islands have observed a bimodal distribution of finches (Figure 10).
In fact, the term “normal distribution” is quite misleading, because it implies that all other distributions are somehow abnormal. Many different types of distributions are used in science and help scientists summarize and interpret their data.
- What are descriptive statistics?
- Normal distribution
- Early history of the normal distribution
- Further development of the normal distribution
- Characteristics of the normal distribution
- Working with statistical operations
- Using descriptive statistics in science
- Sample problem 1
- Sample problem 2
- Non-normal distributions
Activate glossary term highlighting to easily identify key terms within the module. Once highlighted, you can click on these terms to view their definitions.
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What is a clinical trial?
A clinical trial is a research study involving healthy volunteers or patients that is conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of a medicinal product. A clinical trial is one of the most important ways to assess and demonstrate the efficacy and safety of a new drug.
Clinical trials are conducted in compliance with special international guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (GCP).
Good Clinical Practice is the international standard for conducting clinical trials. In Russia, the equivalent of GCP is GOST R 52379-2005 Good Clinical Practice.
Compliance with this standard during the study publicly ensures:
· Protection of the rights of the study subjects;
· Adherence to the safety rules;
· Commitment to the do-no-harm principle;
· Integrity of the trial.
These principles have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association (WMA).
Compliance with these principles ensures that the rights of study subjects are protected and the trial results are accurate and credible.
Clinical trials are an integral part of development of new medicinal products. Trials help find out if a new drug is effective, what side effects it has, and how harmful or life-threatening it may be to people.
Once a clinical trial is completed and its results are assessed, a pharmaceutical or biotechnology company that conducted the trial can file a marketing application to government authorities for approval of the drug. A medicinal product cannot be marketed unless it has completed the clinical research phase. Clinical trials are usually conducted in 3 phases:
· Phase I;
· Phase II;
· Phase III.
Depending on the results of the trial, the marketing application can either be approved or rejected. The drug will not be approved if it is not sufficiently effective or safe. However, even if this happens, the results of clinical trials are very important to people. They help the scientists better understand the disease and advance the search for effective and safe treatments. If the trial provides evidence of the drug’s efficacy and safety, the drug will be approved, and doctors will be able to give it to their patients.
What is a study protocol?
All clinical trials are based on a set of rules called a protocol. A protocol describes the types of people who can participate in the trial, the schedule of tests, procedures, and dosing, drug dosages, and the duration of the trial. During a clinical trial, subjects are regularly followed by the research staff to monitor their health, safety and efficacy of the treatment.
What are clinical trial stages (phases)?
Clinical trials of experimental drugs are conducted in four stages (phases).
In stage 1 (phase I) of a clinical trial, investigators study a new drug or treatment in a small group of 20 to 80 people, first, to assess its safety, establish a range of safe doses, and identify any side effects.
In stage 2 (phase II), the study drug or treatment is assigned to a larger group of 100 to 300 people to make sure that it is effective and to continue assessment of its safety.
In stage 3 (phase III), the study drug or treatment is assigned to even larger groups of 1, 000 to 3, 000 people to confirm its efficacy and safety, monitor its side effects, compare it to commonly used medications and treatments, and acquire information for safe use of the drug or treatment. Based on phase III clinical trials, a decision is made as to whether or not the study drug can be approved for marketing.
Stage 4 (phase IV) trials are conducted after the drug or treatment is approved by the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation. These trials further evaluate the study drug or treatment to collect additional information about its effects in various groups of people and identify any side effects occurring with long-term use.
There are also bioequivalence trials that are used to demonstrate the equivalence between an original drug and a generic drug. Generics are medicinal products with established bioequivalence and therapeutic interchangeability with the original product of similar composition for which a patent protection has expired. The cost of generics is significantly lower than that of the original products, while generics do not differ from the original products in efficacy or safety and are manufactured in strict compliance with applicable regulations and quality standards.
What is informed consent?
Informed consent is the process by which a patient can freely express their will (consent) to take part in a particular study. Before you give your consent, you should be informed of all aspects of the clinical trial that may affect your decision to take part in the study. A study subject must sign and date a document called an informed consent form to document their consent.
This form describes the following:
· Purpose of this clinical trial;
· Treatments to be used in the trial;
· Chances for random assignment across various treatment groups;
· Procedures you will need to complete;
· Your responsibilities as a study participant;
· Expected duration of your participation in the trial;
· Approximate number of subjects planned to be included in the trial;
· Possible risks and discomforts;
· Expected benefits;
· Other available treatments, their benefits and disadvantages;
· Compensation and treatment that may be provided if you are injured as a result of participating in the trial;
· Your right to refuse to participate or to end your participation in the trial and that your refusal will not affect your relationship with healthcare providers;
· Information that can be used to identify study subjects will remain confidential, your name will not be mentioned in any publications based on study results;
· You will be immediately informed if any new drug safety data becomes available that can affect your decision to continue in the trial;
· Names and phone numbers of contact persons who you can contact about any issues related to the trial.
If you are considering taking part in a study, the research staff should give you an informed consent form containing details of the trial. If Russian is not your native language, you can ask for a consent document in your native language. Before you agree to take part in a clinical trial, you should ask any questions you may have about the trial and informed consent form (in writing or orally).
You can also take the consent form with you to discuss it with your family, relatives, and friends. Discussing your informed choice will help you feel more comfortable and confident with the decision you make. If you decide to take part in the clinical trial, make sure that you have a signed and dated copy of the informed consent form and that you can review it at any time.
Please, remember that an informed consent is more than just a signed document. It is not just your signature. It is a process that continues throughout the trial.
You should feel free to ask the investigators any questions before, during, and after the trial.
Who can take part in a clinical trial?
All clinical trials have rules describing who can participate. These rules are based on factors such as age, type of disease, medical history, and current health. Before you participate, you need to qualify for the study. Some trials seek subjects with diseases or certain conditions while others need healthy volunteers. Healthy volunteers take part in phase I clinical trials, vaccine testing, and disease prevention studies conducted in adults and children.
Factors that allow you to participate in a trial are called “inclusion criteria”, while those that prevent you from taking part are called “exclusion criteria”. It is important to note that inclusion and exclusion criteria are not used to refuse people personally. Instead, these criteria are used to identify suitable participants and ensure their safety. The criteria help investigators answer the questions planned in the trial.
Who orders (sponsors) a clinical trial?
Clinical trials can be ordered (sponsored) by the government, Ministry of Healthcare, medical institutions, research organisations, pharmaceutical companies, or individual investigators. Trials can be conducted in hospitals, policlinics, medical institutes, or clinics.
What happens during a clinical trial?
The clinical trial process depends on the type of the trial that you are participating in. The research team includes doctors, nurses, and social workers. At the beginning of the trial, they check your health, give you special instructions, and then carefully monitor you during the trial, and contact you after you complete the study.
Some clinical trials involve more tests and examinations than you would normally have for your disease or condition. Regardless of the type of the trial, you will work with a research team. Your participation will be the most successful if you follow the protocol carefully and cooperate with the research staff. Explanations of some terms below will help you understand what happens in a trial.
What is a placebo?
A placebo is an inactive substance (tablet, solution, or powder) with no therapeutic effect. In clinical trials, experimental treatments are often compared to a placebo to assess the treatment efficacy. You should be aware of the probability of random assignment of study subjects to treatment groups.
What is a control group?
A control group is a standard used to evaluate experimental observations. Many clinical trials have a group of subjects receiving an experimental drug or treatment and a control group that gets a standard treatment or placebo.
What is a blinded or masked trial?
A blinded or masked trial is a research in which the participants (subjects) do not know whether they have been assigned to the experimental or control group.
What is a double blind or double masked study?
A double blind or double masked trial is a research in which neither the participants (subjects) nor the study staff know who is receiving the experimental treatment and who is receiving a standard treatment or placebo. These studies are conducted so that the subjects’ or doctors’ expectations about the experimental drug have no influence on the treatment outcome.
What is a side effect and an adverse drug reaction?
A side effect is any unwanted effect of the drug or treatment. Adverse or side effects can include headache, nausea, weakness, skin irritation, or other medical problems. Experimental treatments should be evaluated for both immediate and long-term side effects.
What are the benefits and hazards (risks) of participation in a clinical trial?
There are both benefits and risks associated with participation in a clinical trial. By participating in a clinical trial, you may be able:
· To take an active part in your own health care;
· To get access to new treatments that are not available to other people;
· To receive professional medical care at leading medical institutions and from leading medical experts; you will also get access to additional diagnostic technologies and assessments;
· To help other patients.
Clinical trials have the following hazards (risks):
· There may be side effects from using medications;
· The treatment may be ineffective for you;
· The trial programme (protocol) may take up a lot of your time (study site visits, treatment);
· Dosing regimens can be more complicated than they would be with standard medical care. | <urn:uuid:741c0213-3dff-41fc-87ba-6cfbee023a74> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://mtclinic.ru/en/dobrovoltsam-i-patsientam/faq/ | 2024-02-27T14:47:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.949501 | 2,257 | 3.625 | 4 | [
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7009,
360,
1755,
3006,
4640,
331,
5501,
10902,
7992,
421,
43,
10825,
802,
203,
43,
509,
10902,
7992,
316,
268,
3006,
2786,
331,
9101,
4159,
6966,
18,
450,
5747,
16,
268,
7501,
289,
461,
10825,
316,
461,
4537,
56,
434,
1016,
5458,
11473,
17,
4598,
25,
5501,
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7992,
18,
203,
39,
5454,
3275,
360,
456,
2786,
995,
268,
1147,
1376,
325,
4698,
30,
203,
131,
120,
7565,
289,
268,
2535,
289,
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1147,
5469,
31,
203,
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120,
1167,
2562,
514,
292,
268,
2030,
3566,
31,
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7328,
367,
292,
268,
565,
17,
7263,
17,
76,
930,
5725,
31,
203,
131,
120,
7858,
380,
289,
268,
3997,
18,
203,
2422,
786,
3995,
437,
444,
3143,
288,
268,
2968,
6292,
318,
289,
402,
1137,
964,
77,
289,
268,
2461,
5392,
5070,
421,
59,
8583,
802,
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39,
5454,
3275,
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2535,
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5469,
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3879,
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2977,
801,
18,
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39,
5067,
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6966,
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363,
7825,
923,
289,
1208,
289,
733,
6317,
1420,
1786,
18,
1368,
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617,
1255,
628,
717,
261,
733,
2325,
316,
1783,
16,
768,
2031,
1814,
362,
528,
16,
291,
667,
4121,
361,
943,
17,
11692,
1981,
362,
602,
327,
292,
689,
18,
203,
9076,
339,
261,
4159,
3997,
316,
5199,
291,
606,
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261,
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1738,
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3941,
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1654,
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2325,
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1420,
2430,
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4503,
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717,
362,
316,
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5138,
325,
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1995,
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1121,
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4301,
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617,
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3152,
1326,
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1413,
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3555,
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3093,
331,
1783,
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3997,
1956,
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936,
13,
35,
203,
39,
5067,
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6966,
289,
8947,
3843,
356,
4404,
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1958,
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936,
802,
203,
2983,
3282,
433,
421,
902,
575,
334,
13,
289,
261,
4159,
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16,
3248,
1721,
1147,
261,
733,
2325,
361,
1412,
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261,
1139,
1730,
289,
731,
292,
4988,
689,
16,
855,
16,
292,
2123,
606,
2030,
16,
3577,
261,
1749,
289,
1995,
9755,
16,
291,
2423,
723,
2031,
1814,
18,
203,
2983,
3282,
497,
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902,
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8625,
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3080,
1730,
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804,
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362,
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1783,
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2609,
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289,
606,
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3282,
777,
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902,
575,
9112,
989,
268,
1147,
2325,
361,
1412,
316,
8625,
292,
919,
3080,
2303,
289,
433,
16,
225,
1347,
292,
777,
16,
225,
1347,
689,
292,
5125,
606,
10617,
291,
2030,
16,
2591,
606,
2031,
1814,
16,
7104,
362,
292,
3224,
724,
4167,
291,
3919,
16,
291,
9620,
1009,
331,
1995,
666,
289,
268,
2325,
361,
1412,
18,
7950,
341,
4503,
9112,
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6966,
16,
261,
2802,
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6350,
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3371,
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2423,
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17,
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2681,
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8082,
630,
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1303,
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268,
3388,
2430,
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1979,
5964,
331,
518,
261,
10538,
2759,
528,
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- HTTP vs HTTPS: What’s the difference?
- Benefits of migrating your e-commerce site from HTTP to HTTPS
- Best practices for switching from HTTP to HTTPS
- Common pitfalls to avoid when transferring to a HTTPS site
HTTPS, an acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure, is the encrypted version of HTTP and a must for every website these days, providing users with an extra layer of security when making a purchase.
The communication protocol for HTTPS is encrypted using Transport Layer Security (TLS), the successor of Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), to protect the transfer of data and information.
If you’re scratching your head over this, we’re going to dive into the world of HTTP vs HTTPS, covering the benefits of switching to HTTPS protocol and common pitfalls to avoid when migrating your site.
Importance of HTTP and HTTPS Protocol Explained
Think of HTTP as the backbone of the world wide web, as this protocol is the dominant form of web page display, used to process, render and deliver websites from the server to the user’s browser.
Without HTTP or HTTPS, you would not be able to access the Internet.
Let’s say a user searches for “Website SEO“. The request is sent to the server, which processes the query and displays that as relevant results on search engine result pages (SERPs) in a matter of seconds.
What is HTTP?
HTTP is an acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol and is the foundation of data transfer on the net. The protocol fetches data from web pages stored on servers and presents them to the client as search results for them to access.
However, data transferred over an HTTP connection is not encrypted, and as a result, websites using this protocol run the risk of having data stolen by third-party hackers. In addition, as this information is not transferred over a private network, these sites should not offer products or services where users need to submit sensitive data.
What is HTTPS?
HTTPS is the secure version of HTTP, with the “S” in the abbreviation meaning “secure”. With most websites prioritising protecting sensitive information, HTTPS has become the primary protocol used in data communications.
Websites that sell products or require users to enter personal information should use HTTPS. Some browsers, such as Google Chrome and Apple’s Safari, make it easy for users to identify whether a site uses HTTPS by displaying a padlock at the front of the URL bar.
HTTP vs HTTPS: The Difference Explained
So, we’ve outlined that, unlike HTTP, HTTPS uses an encryption protocol to secure connections, but what exactly is that protocol?
HTTPS websites use a third-party vendor to verify that the connection is legitimate and obtain a secure certificate. The secure certificate is called a Transport Layer Security (TLS), formerly known as a Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Certificate.
The TLS certificate encrypts the connection between browser and server to offer an extra layer of security to users when entering sensitive information into websites to complete online transactions or log into accounts.
The TLS certificate was designed to prevent hacking, tampering and message forgery, which is extremely important for e-commerce businesses as compromising customer data will damage your brand’s reputation and credibility.
The TLS certificate will safeguard against malicious attacks when:
- Users enter sensitive information such as credit card details, phone numbers and physical addresses into the checkout
- You run a lead generation campaign on your website that relies on gathering personal data from users
Although an HTTPS certificate comes at an extra cost, it’s a worthwhile investment that will bring about a swathe of benefits for your business. Here are the top reasons why you should switch from HTTP to HTTPS.
What are the Benefits of Switching From HTTP to HTTPS?
Discover how HTTPS could benefit your business and improve your website’s SEO.
Improved Search Visibility
Security is a top priority for Google, and back in 2014, the tech giant confirmed that HTTPS is a ranking signal, calling for websites everywhere to implement the protocol.
Although it is only a lightweight ranking signal, Google said it might strengthen it to encourage web admins to migrate from HTTP to HTTPS.
A Searchmetrics study also found that HTTPS positively impacted website search visibility, helping to encourage click throughs by making sites appear more trustworthy and legitimate.
Gain Customers Trust
One of the main benefits of using HTTPS is giving customers who land on your site the confidence to purchase with your brand.
Several browsers, including Google Chrome, Apple Safari and Mozilla Firefox, show whether a website is secure or not, and many customers now look for the padlock that appears in the search bar when shopping online.
Statistics have revealed that more than 80% of users would abandon their purchase if they know a site is not secure. With that being the case, having an HTTPS website can help e-commerce businesses build trust with their users.
If you offer a safe browsing experience, chances are you’ll increase conversions.
Protect Sensitive Data
Security is vital for users when entering sensitive information online, such as logging into bank accounts or ordering products and services from e-commerce sites.
If you want to avoid ruining your brand’s reputation by suffering a data breach issue, invest in HTTPS and obtain a TLS certificate, which provides three essential layers of protection:
- Encryption – A security method used to translate information into coded data that one can only access with the correct encryption key. Encryption aims to prevent hackers from “eavesdropping” to steal sensitive information.
- Data Integrity – Refers to the process of ensuring the accuracy, consistency and validity of data when stored or received to mitigate security risks.
- Data Authentication – Confirming the source and integrity of data helps build trust with your users by accurately identifying them before providing them access to sensitive information.
Studies show that nearly 30% of businesses that experience a breach of data result in a loss of revenue. Data breaches can have a devastating impact on business and induce far-reaching consequences, such as fines for non-compliance.
Obtain the Secure Padlock Icon
While due diligence is always necessary, you could start building trust and credibility with your audience by obtaining a TLS certificate and displaying the secure lock icon in the search bar.
With 77% of users concerned over the safety of personal data when entering sensitive information online, the secure padlock icon could significantly increase your conversion rates.
The secure padlock icon provides users with a way to quickly find out whether your website is secure and uses an encrypted connection.
Need HTTPS to Enable AMP
AMP or Accelerated Mobile Pages is an open-source HTML framework that Google introduced to speed up web page loading times.
And did you know that you can’t use AMP without HTTPS?
If we think about how important mobile optimisation is for SEO, failure to take advantage of AMP could result in slow page loading times and high bounce rates.
Although Google has since said that non-AMP pages will also be included as top results in SERPs, a SearchMetrics Features Monitor study showed that 80% of all organic search results in the top 10 contain at least one AMP result.
Google Analytics Prefers HTTPS
While you can measure data for HTTP websites in Google Analytics, the security and privacy of user data are of utmost importance to Google.
Google Analytics instructs browsers that support HTTP over HTTPS to implement a secure transmission using HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) protocol for data transfer between users, servers, and websites. Furthermore, there is no method to opt out of this encryption protocol.
Furthermore, Google Analytics reports when HTTPS directs a user to HTTP, which is vital to monitor, especially when migrating your website to the more secure protocol.
Most Websites do not Support HTTP
Although hundreds of websites use HTTP, browsers that support HTTPS now flag these websites as “not secure” when users land on them, negatively affecting business.
Some sites will also only serve HTTPS sites; this includes government sites and website builders such as Squarespace.
Moving from HTTP to HTTPS: Best Practices for Migrating Your Site
So, we’ve outlined the benefits of migrating your site from HTTP to HTTPS, but if you’re unfamiliar with the process, you could cause more harm than good.
When transitioning your website, it’s crucial that you inform Google and set up an account in Google Search Console (GSC) to update relevant URLs and submit your new sitemap.
Here’s how to go about the process and avoid common pitfalls.
Inform Google About the Transition and Mistakes to Avoid
Switching from HTTP to HTTPS sounds pretty simple on the surface, but due to the overwhelming number of TLS certificates available, this process can quickly become confusing.
Moving from HTTP to HTTPS tends to require more tech than most companies like to get involved in. Although your hosting server can manage most of the process for you, there are still some actions you’ll need to take yourself.
One of the first steps you’ll need to take after migrating to HTTPS is to create a Google Search Console (GSC) profile. Don’t deactivate your non-secure GSC account; keep all the profiles active and put the appropriate redirects in place so that you continue to collect accurate data.
We also advise creating a Google Analytics account, making sure your profile is set to secure to ensure you track accurate, valid data.
If you use the Bing Webmaster Tool, you’ll also need to update the system to reflect the switch from HTTP to HTTPS during the migration process and other data collection parameters in Google Tag Manager.
Don’t forget to install your SSL or TLS Certificate onto the site. If you’re unsure about how to go about this, have your hosting provider do it for you or download their step-to-step guide.
Following these steps will prevent inaccurate data collection, which could spell chaos for your overall marketing strategy, especially regarding SEO.
How to Avoid HTTPS Migration Mistakes
When migrating from HTTP to HTTPS and obtaining a TLS certificate, you should avoid these common pitfalls:
- Ensure your TLS certificate is always up to date.
- Double-check that you have obtained a TLS certificate that applies to all hostnames your site serves to avoid mismatch errors. If you have a multi-domain certificate, ensure that the Server Name Indication (SNI) allows the server to host multiple TLS Certificates safely, and all domains are added to the certificate.
- Ensure your web server supports SNI, which is supported by most internet browsers. However, if your customers use older browsers, you’ll need to purchase a dedicated IP address to provide them with a valuable service.
- Don’t use the robots.txt text to block crawls on your HTTPS website.
- Ensure all of your pages are marked as “index” where possible to allow search engines to crawl your site and show your pages as results in SERPs.
- Avoid using old protocol versions, which are more susceptible to data breaches. Always use the latest version of TLS and implement the newest protocol to protect users’ data.
- Don’t mix security elements. If you’ve migrated your site to HTTPS, only embed HTTPS content across your web pages.
- Check for broken links to make sure that users can access your HTTPS web pages. The 200 OK status code indicates that web pages are accessible, while 404 codes highlight broken pages.
Although the migration from HTTP to HTTPS can affect your traffic stats, this will only be a temporary issue if you’ve completed the switch correctly. | <urn:uuid:d6162113-558b-4d36-852d-3740cfbdd4f2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://soaronline.co.uk/seo/switching-from-http-or-https-why-you-need-a-secure-site.html | 2024-02-27T15:02:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.904813 | 2,419 | 3.046875 | 3 | [
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One cannot underestimate the paramount importance of a good night’s sleep in the development of our children. In a world filled with distractions and demanding schedules, parents often find themselves unintentionally neglecting this crucial aspect of their children’s well-being. However, as we prepare to unveil an eye-opening exposé on Debametulam.com, it becomes evident that sleep is a linchpin in the intricate puzzle of a child’s growth.
While we may take sleep for granted, the truth is that it plays a profound role in determining our children’s height and overall health. This forthcoming article delves deep into the fascinating world of sleep and its direct impact on the physical growth of our little ones. It is a wake-up call for parents who may have unknowingly hindered their children’s potential growth by not prioritizing sleep.
The exposé not only sheds light on the significance of sleep but also provides invaluable advice to parents. From the right sleep postures that promote growth to the optimal duration of slumber required for a child’s development, this article offers a comprehensive guide. Moreover, it presents practical strategies that parents can implement to ensure their children enjoy a restorative and growth-enhancing sleep.
As parents, it is our duty to equip ourselves with the knowledge and tools necessary to nurture our children’s growth optimally. Join us on Debametulam.com as we embark on this enlightening journey into the world of sleep and its profound influence on our children’s height and well-being. It’s time to unlock the full potential of our little ones by giving them the gift of quality sleep.
Unveiling the Significance of Sleep in Children’s Height Attainment
Sleep, recognized as the second most critical factor, following nutrition, plays an instrumental role in determining a child’s future height, contributing an astonishing 25% to this aspect. Its remarkable ability to enhance the activity of the endocrine glands positions sleep as a potent catalyst for height enhancement.
The pivotal growth hormone (HGH) assumes an unparalleled role in a child’s comprehensive growth and development. Remarkably, its significance persists into adulthood, exerting a profound influence on overall well-being. Guiding numerous processes, such as the formation of tissues and cells, as well as metabolism regulation, HGH stands as an indispensable component.
While engaging in physical activities and daily sports can stimulate HGH production to some extent, the zenith of endocrine gland activity occurs during the period of sleep. This underscores the vital importance of a restful night’s sleep in facilitating rapid height growth in children.
Scientific research has pinpointed the time frame between 11:00 PM and 1:00 AM as the peak period for hormone secretion, surpassing daytime levels by an astonishing tenfold. However, reaching this pinnacle requires a state of deep and uninterrupted sleep.
Insufficient sleep, characterized by conditions like insomnia or restless slumber, can lead to a decline in HGH production, potentially resulting in hormone deficiency and an increased risk of inhibited growth.
The Significance of Attending to Your Baby’s Sleeping Posture
While the importance of proper posture is often highlighted during activities like walking, standing, sitting, and lying down, it’s crucial to recognize that even the sleeping position confers notable advantages to the body. Various sleeping postures not only assist in pain management and joint flexibility but also play a pivotal role in maintaining bone structure and enhancing the quality of sleep, particularly in children.
Understanding the Reasons for Prioritizing Your Baby’s Sleeping Position
- Relieving Pressure and Ensuring Relaxation: When lying down, the body is liberated from the constraints of gravity. Optimal sleeping positions facilitate complete relaxation and loosening of the child’s bones. This greatly diminishes the likelihood of discomfort or body aches attributed to incorrect sleeping postures.
- Nurturing Correct Posture: A child’s sleeping position is integral to cultivating a proper overall posture. By aligning with natural bone structure and the spine’s curvature, sleep positioning contributes to the preservation of healthy bone arrangement and spinal alignment.
- Enhancing Sleep Quality and Growth: The comfort derived from a suitable sleeping posture significantly enhances the quality of a child’s sleep. This, in turn, maximizes the secretion of growth hormones, bolstering the potential for height development to the fullest extent.
In conclusion, the significance of attending to a baby’s sleeping posture transcends mere comfort. It encompasses elements such as pain mitigation, posture cultivation, and optimal growth potential. Acknowledging and optimizing sleeping positions can yield enduring benefits for a child’s overall well-being and growth trajectory.
Optimal Sleeping Positions for Children’s Height Development
When it comes to the crucial aspects of children’s growth and development, the role of sleep positions cannot be overstated. Among the various sleeping positions, such as lying on the back, lying on the side, and lying on the stomach, two positions stand out as particularly advantageous for promoting children’s height: the supine position and the side lying position.
The Supine Position:
Lying on the back, also known as the supine position, has garnered significant attention not only for its potential to maintain proper spinal alignment but also for its ability to alleviate discomfort resulting from incorrect sleeping postures. This position holds special significance for infants as it is linked to a reduced risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
The endorsement of the supine sleeping position for height development is supported by a multitude of factors:
- Bone Structure Maintenance: The supine position ensures that the bone structure remains properly aligned and intact, providing a solid foundation for growth.
- Muscle Tension Reduction: This sleeping posture minimizes muscle tension, creating a more relaxed physiological state that is conducive to growth.
- Leg Adjustment Facilitation: Lying on the back facilitates leg adjustment and alignment, allowing for more natural growth processes.
In the supine position, the body maintains a harmonious alignment, with all body parts lying on a single plane without any compression. This means that the skeleton, arms, shoulders, and legs can remain in a completely relaxed state during sleep. Additionally, the spinal discs experience decompression, returning to their natural dimensions. Not only does this alleviate muscle tension, but it also provides relief from discomfort associated with poor posture and twisted legs. For an enhanced sleeping experience in this position, it’s advisable to place a pillow beneath the lower back or knees.
In addition to height augmentation, assuming the back sleeping position offers a multitude of other health advantages. These encompass alleviating stomach acid reflux, diminishing under-eye swelling by preventing blood accumulation, and reducing sinus congestion.
The Side Lying Position:
Side lying, a favored sleep posture for many, not only enhances comfort and sleep quality but also offers distinct health benefits. However, the direction of leaning—left or right—proffers disparate health effects.
Determining the Ideal Side for Babies to Sleep On:
Opting for the left side grants an array of benefits, foremost among which is enhanced blood circulation and improved digestive system functioning. Furthermore, side lying preserves the lumbar spine and cervical vertebrae, sustaining the spine’s innate curvature when the knees are drawn towards the chest.
In contrast, assuming the right-side position could detrimentally impact a child’s height development due to potential cervical disc herniation and muscle discomfort. Consequently, prioritizing the left-side sleep posture is advisable for children.
Nevertheless, parents should exercise caution regarding prolonged side lying, which can lead to shoulder stiffness caused by pressure on the rotator cuff. Additionally, inadequate adjustments may result in back pain and hip discomfort. To optimize sleep quality, parents can introduce a soft pillow between the child’s legs and neck, encouraging periodic rotation to distribute pressure evenly across the shoulders.
Necessary sleep time of children by age
A study by a panel of 18 experts in the fields of science and medicine reviewed scientific studies that validated the relationship between sleep duration and disease. This study has systematized the required sleep time of each age group.
At each age, the amount of sleep a child needs to change to serve the overall development. According to the National Sleep Foundation, the recommended amount of sleep for each age group is as follows:
Age | 0 – 3 months | 4 – 11 months | 12 years old | 35 years old | 6-13 years old | 14 – 17 years old | 18-25 years old |
Time | 14 -17 hours | 12 – 15 hours | 11 – 14 o’clock | 10 – 13 hours | 9 – 11 o’clock | 8-10 hours | 7-9 o’clock |
The amount of sleep given in the table above is recommended for healthy children. In some cases, more or less sleep may be acceptable based on the child’s circumstances.
What can parents do if their children do not get enough sleep?
Experts estimate that about 25% of young children face sleep problems or excessive daytime sleepiness. While the length of sleep can vary from child to child, long-term sleep deprivation or difficulty sleeping can have a major impact on a child’s development.
To help children fall asleep easier and sleep better, parents can do some of the ways suggested in the next section. In case the condition does not improve, parents should seek the help of a pediatrician.
Optimizing Children’s Sleep Duration: Effective Strategies
Ensuring that children attain the optimal sleep duration involves a combination of establishing consistent sleep routines and incorporating beneficial habits. Here’s a compilation of expert-endorsed tips to facilitate high-quality sleep for children:
- Set a Regular Sleep Schedule: Consistency is key. Craft a uniform sleep timetable that encompasses weekends. Elevate sleep as a priority in your child’s daily routine, allocating dedicated time for rest.
- Expending Energy and Relaxation: Encourage your child to expend their energy during the day through physical activities. This sets the stage for a more restful sleep. Engage in calming activities leading up to bedtime to induce relaxation.
- Creating a Tranquil Sleep Environment: Foster a peaceful, comfortable sleeping environment. Optimal conditions include a moderate room temperature (around 20 degrees Celsius), gentle and soft lighting (preferably pale yellow), and sound insulation to minimize disturbances.
- Limit Electronic Distractions: Restrict the use of electronic devices like TVs and phones before bedtime. The blue light emitted by screens can disrupt sleep patterns.
- Hygienic Bedding: Ensure the bedding—blankets, pillows, and mattresses—are clean and hygienic. Opt for a soft mattress of suitable thickness to enhance comfort.
- Pre-Sleep Stretching: Instill the practice of light stretching before bedtime, with a focus on the legs, back, and neck. This aids in improving blood circulation, thereby promoting better sleep quality.
- Breathing Exercises: Introduce calming breathing exercises such as the 4-7-8 breathing technique and the three-part breathing method. These techniques can help induce relaxation and facilitate a peaceful transition into sleep.
- Nurturing Pre-Sleep Habits: Cultivate beneficial pre-sleep rituals, such as consuming a cup of warm milk at least 30 minutes before bedtime. Soaking feet or taking a warm bath can also induce a sense of relaxation. Nut consumption, particularly almonds, walnuts, or red grapes, can also contribute positively.
The Influence of Sleeping Positions on Height Growth
Approximately 17% of people have a habitual preference for sleeping on their stomachs, a seemingly innocuous choice that can have implications for height development. While stomach sleeping may offer some advantages like better bone relaxation and improved breathing, its effects on height growth are less favorable.
Sleeping on one’s stomach can lead to increased pressure on the heart and difficulty breathing, often resulting in frequent awakenings throughout the night. These disruptions in sleep patterns can adversely impact the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland, potentially stunting a child’s growth potential.
It is crucial to emphasize that these concerns are primarily applicable to older individuals and not necessarily to infants. For parents with newborns, making stomach sleeping more comfortable can be achieved by placing a thin pillow under the pelvis, which reduces strain on the neck, shoulders, and back. Incorporating gentle stretching exercises in the morning can also help mitigate any potential negative effects.
Recognizing that sleep quality plays a pivotal role in a child’s overall growth trajectory, it is imperative to address sleeping positions and foster healthy sleep habits. Optimal height gain is not solely dependent on sleep practices but also on the careful consideration of nutrition and exercise. This holistic approach contributes significantly to the overall growth and well-being of children | <urn:uuid:cbcf5623-9ff0-42a6-867c-e172a9f9a822> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://debametulam.com/en/which-sleeping-position-is-best-for-increasing-height/ | 2024-02-27T14:13:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.914887 | 2,693 | 2.546875 | 3 | [
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7377,
289,
1580,
6175,
2207,
331,
261,
739,
372,
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1208,
16,
456,
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3724,
3233,
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316,
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3426,
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265,
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341,
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352,
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352,
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16,
402,
43,
44,
5435,
352,
363,
612,
10304,
614,
541,
4391,
18,
203,
2895,
621,
4797,
288,
1646,
1740,
291,
2438,
4603,
375,
9424,
402,
43,
44,
1815,
292,
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5571,
16,
268,
2174,
270,
349,
289,
1199,
3426,
475,
11315,
2067,
3606,
995,
268,
1604,
289,
1954,
18,
540,
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71,
1538,
268,
3226,
2557,
289,
261,
3061,
703,
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372,
87,
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288,
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673,
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4733,
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55,
71,
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528,
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84,
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30,
587,
11814,
291,
433,
30,
587,
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268,
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331,
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7764,
328,
16,
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281,
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312,
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268,
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327,
6290,
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488,
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1320,
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565
] |
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The John James Newsletter 63
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The John James Newsletter 63
6 June 2015 – Provence
The destruction of the natural world is a consequence of the evolutionary success of an exceptionally rapacious primate. Throughout all of history and prehistory, human advance has coincided with ecological devastationJohn Gray, STRAW DOGS
Alert: Arctic methane levels skyrocketing
Over the past few months, reporting stations around the Arctic have shown a ramping rate of atmospheric methane accumulation. The curves in the graphs are steepening, hinting at a growing release of methane from a warming Arctic environment.
Ground level measurements of methane have been spiking upwards over the last few years.
The implications to the breakdown of climate stability, causing jet stream fracturing and weather regime change that will rapidly worsen as Arctic temperature amplification continues, leading our planet to a much warmer and unrecognizable climate over the next 5 to 10 years.
The tipping point for the Arctic sea ice has already passed.
“Governments must get a grip on a situation which IPCC has ignored. A strategy of mitigation is doomed to fail as we can’t adapt to the worst consequences of global warming, as IPCC suggests. The Arctic must be cooled to prevent the sea ice disappearing with disastrous global consequences. Rapid warming in the Arctic has already disrupted the jet stream. The resulting escalation in weather extremes is causing a food crisis in Asia and Africa”.
Six facts you need to know about the Arctic methane timebomb
- Current Arctic methane levels are unprecedented
- The tipping point for continuous Siberian permafrost thaw could be as low as 1.5C
- A 50 Gigatonne decadal methane pulse is possible, say Met Office scientists
- Arctic methane hydrates are becoming increasingly unstable from climate change
- Arctic conditions during the Eemian interglacial (130,000 to 115,000bp) are a terrible analogy for today’s Arctic
- Paleoclimate records will not necessarily capture a large, abrupt methane pulse
“We are looking at a catastrophic effect on global climate consequent on this extremely fast sea ice retreat”
Scorched earth: at the epicentre of the Queensland drought, a family sells the last of their cattle
You live on borrowed money. You live like a miser. And you wait for rain, if not this summer or the next. You wait for the grass to grow again, so you can buy back the bones of a new herd. Then you hope that in two years’ time you will have something to take to market and income will be a part of your life again. But this drought is now unprecedented in scale – affecting a record 80% of the state.
How to Keep Your Data Away From the NSA
Intercept reporter Glenn Greenwald offers advice on how to make it harder for the NSA to collect private data.
US Congress passes surveillance reform in vindication for Edward Snowden
This is the most important surveillance reform bill since 1978, and its passage is an indication that Americans are no longer willing to give the intelligence agencies a blank check.
Australia is ‘one of most aggressive’ in mass surveillance
Journalist who first reported on Edward Snowden revelations for the Guardian says Australia is ‘probably the country that has gotten away with things the most’
War is inevitable
The Global Times, an influential nationalist tabloid owned by the ruling Communist Party’s official newspaper the People’s Daily, said in an editorial that China was determined to finish its construction work, calling it the country’s “most important bottom line.”
Cuban Life Expectancy Among the Highest in World at 78.45 Years :
Life expectancy for women was slightly higher at 80.45 years, with the life span for men at 76.50 years. Cuba is in the top 25 countries in the world for life expectancy, which is considered an important indicator of human development and quality of healthcare.
List of countries by life expectancy:
The life expectancy is shown separately for males and females, as well as a combined figure.
Ageing population: Asia braces for grey future
ASIA is undergoing one of the most profound demographic shifts the world has ever seen. By the middle of this century, the number of people aged over 65 is expected to rise from 300 million to around 1 billion.
Is There A Multibillion Dollar Conspiracy To Make Sure we Stay Overweight?
One of the primary reasons why most of us are overweight is due to how our food is made. Our diet is highly processed and it is packed with obesity-causing ingredients such as sugar and high fructose corn syrup. And some of the additives are highly addictive and make you want to eat more – some are about as addictive as “opiates“, “heroin” and “cocaine“.
Consumption and Consumerism
A solid report on this key issue including children as consumers; sugar; beef; bananas; pineapples.
Solar grid parity?
The basic question is whether, when, and where solar might reasonably be expected to improve enough to reach general grid parity— depending on better efficiency and lower cost. Why do the media claim parity has been achieved?
Economy and Hockey on a Slippery Slope
Economist, Professor Bill Mitchel, is convinced we are heading for a recession. “Now that we have more data, the reality is starting to look like recession if the Government does not radically alter its fiscal settings from austerity to stimulus.”
Isaac Newton Figured Out How Trees Work 200 Years Before the Botanists
Syria: A Country Divided
Weakened by years of war, Assad’s government now controls only a sliver of Syrian territory.
UN General Assembly Demands Israel Mothball its Nuclear Arsenal
Tel Aviv’s stockpile of nuclear bombs has been a deeply destabilizing factor in the Middle East. it is not too much to conclude that Israel’s nuclear weapons are indirectly what mired the US in a fruitless 8-year war in the Middle East.
What if US & UN Sanctioned Israel over its Nukes as they did Iran over Enrichment?
It was Israel’s bomb that, in part, impelled Iraq’s nuclear weapons program of the 1980s in turn convinced some in Iran that Iran needed at least a nuclear break-out capacity if two of its enemies were going to have bombs.
Israel’s Alliance with al-Qaeda
Almost unnoticed by the mainstream media, Israel’s occupation forces in the Golan Heights have been in alliance with the Nusra Front, al-Qaeda’s official franchise in Syria.
Rare Earth Elements and their Uses
This chart clearly shows the US entry in the mid-1960s when colour television exploded the demand. When China began selling rare earths at very low prices in the late-1980s, mines in the US cut production. When China cut exports in 2010, rare earth prices skyrocketed. That motivated new production elsewhere.
Modeling Lindzen’s adaptive infrared iris
In 2001 Prof. Richard Lindzen and colleagues published a controversial paper “Does the Earth have an Adaptive Infrared Iris?” If there were a tropical adaptive infrared iris, then Earth’s sensitivity to GHGs would be much less than the IPCC had supposed.
Processes that may change the balance in favour of dry and clear regions in warmer climates have been proposed to constitute a possible negative feedback not represented by climate models.
Hungary Destroys All Monsanto GMO Corn Fields
Unlike many European Union countries, Hungary is a nation where genetically modified (GM) seeds are banned. In a similar stance against GM ingredients, Peru has also passed a 10 year ban on GM foods.
A Prehistory of Violence
Climate change was the commonest cause of mass extinction in prehistory. Mass extinction is caused by three impacts, occurring simultaneously: global warming, the acidification of the oceans and the loss of oxygen from seawater. All caused by large amounts of C02 entering the atmosphere.
France to force big supermarkets to give unsold food to charities
French supermarkets will be banned from throwing away or destroying unsold food and must donate it to charities or for animal feed.
Tombs Filled with Dozens of Mummies Discovered in Peru
Archaeologists have excavated seven tombs containing at least 171 mummies. “Before rigor mortis set in, the mummies had their knees put up to the level of their shoulders and their arms folded along their chest”. The corpses were then bound with rope and wrapped in layers of textiles.
SE Asia: Home to Ethnic Cleansing, Slavery, and Hazardous Work
Until his resignation from the House of Representatives of the Republic of the Philippines two months ago owing to differences with the Aquino administration, Telesur columnist Walden Bello chaired the House Committee on Overseas Workers’ Affairs.
Finnegans Wake becomes a hit book in China
Following billboard ads, James Joyce’s nigh-incomprehensible book leaps over language barrier to reach surprising readership. | <urn:uuid:43721e97-8027-455a-87a2-91b38d4b2b0a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ecoradio.net/the-john-james-newsletter-63/ | 2024-02-27T14:30:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.937985 | 1,910 | 2.78125 | 3 | [
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6 Safety Gadgets and Apps to Keep Your Kids Safe!
How to keep your kids safe on the internet is a question pondered over by a lot of parents who worry about the danger lurking out there in the world. Parents cannot let go of worrying even if their kids are just going to school. And parents cannot figure out how to keep your kids safe on the internet.
The Internet is an enchanting world with the capability of entertainment and knowledge. Children can learn the answer to baffling questions and see the videos of funny pandas. And it is a fabulous tool for kids, with the likes of Wikipedia, Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram, Khan Academy and more. However, they are not aware of the wrong side of technology. They are not aware of phishing, cyberbullying, image morphing et al. Although kids may know more about technology than adults, yet it is the responsibility of the adults to protect their children. Luckily, technology can play a huge role in how to keep your kids safe on the Internet.
How to keep kids safe from Cyber Attacks?
Children can be a victim of cyber-attacks because they are not as cautious as adults are. Although parents can block or filter some websites, that is not the best way forward.
Children can find a way to break restrictions and access things they want through their friends or by other means. Hence, multiple strategies are needed to keep kids safe in the virtual world. In addition to the parental role, many applications can act as a virtual nanny and protect kids when parents are not watching.
A few of the strategies include:
- Treat your kids as adults and talk to them –The rules which apply in the real world also apply in the online world. Discuss the process of online safety with your children. Tell them not to talk to strangers and tell them not to open strange emails or post too many pictures. They can also limit the screen time on TV, video games or the internet.
- Develop Rules – Assess which websites, games are safe for kids and how they can get affected by it. Set a fixed time for each device and outdoor activities as well. Store them in a safe place when they are not in use.
- Connect with school and other parents – Parents should work with their child’s school to develop a platform which educates them about the school policies for internet education and external aggression. Internet education is the new sex education, and we must get serious about it!
Safety Gadgets and Apps to Keep your Kids Safe:
For starters, there are several safety gadgets and app available which can keep track of a child’s whereabouts. Here are some of the safety app and devices which you can use:
PocketFinder is a GPS Trackers which is ideal for active families with school-age children, flight-risk seniors, pets who occasionally get loose, and teenage drivers who may need monitoring. It’s all about having peace of mind when you’re not there with them.
PocketFinder is a device which can fit in a backpack or a pocket. It is a handy device that updates parent’s smartphone with their location in a fixed interval. You can also set up a “Geo Fence”; this feature alerts you immediately if your child goes off route.
PocketFinder also helps you track and monitor where they are within less than 10-feet, with updates as frequently as every 2-minutes.
PocketFinder Key Features:
- GPS Location – See their location on Google Maps using a smartphone, tablet, & computer.
- Tracking – PocketFinder is updating the location every 2-minutes.
- Geo-Fences – Easily create an unlimited number of virtual safe zones or “Geo Fences” using the PocketFinder App.
- Low Battery Alert – PocketFinder can set your power level in the app for when you want to be notified to charge your battery.
- Speed Alerts – You will be alerted when PocketFinder exceeds the speed limit you have set.
- S.O.S Signal – Your loved ones can send an S.O.S signal by tapping the unit against a solid surface three times.
More About – PocketFinder
2. Life 360:
Life 360 is the best solution for families, where they can keep track of each other’s location on a map and receive alerts when someone reaches their destination. Most of the core services are free, but you can pay extra for premium features.
With Life360 you can:
- Create your groups, called “Circles,” of loved ones, friends, teammates – whoever matters most and chat with them in Family Locator for FREE.
- View the real-time location of Circle Members on a private family map that’s only visible on Family Locator.
- Receive real-time alerts when Circle Members arrive at or leave destinations (Eliminate disruptive “Where are you?” texts).
- Track stolen phones or lost phones.
- Enjoy a more diverse array of features and benefits than those found on similar apps.
- Locate both Android Phones and iPhones with Family Locator!
Life360 Key Features:
- Organize with Circles – Create groups for family, friends, caregivers and more
- Flexible Location Sharing – You decide when to share your location with each Circle
- Invite Only – Only Circle members can see each other’s messages and locations
- Group Chat – The easiest way to send a message to everyone at once
- Private – Private messaging is just a click away
- Free – Ditch potentially costly text messages
- Automate with Places – Set up alerts when Circle members get to their favourite spots
- Check-in – Avoid annoying “where are you” messages when you’re out and about
- At-A-Glance Info – See locations and get easy access to messaging, check-in requests and more from your home screen
More About – Life360
3. Vigilant PPS22bl 130db personal alarm:
The PPS22BL is designed to look like a car remote to disguise it from potential attackers. It features a 130 dB alarm, which is one of the loudest personal signals sold by Vigilant. Fears are one of the fastest growing segments of retail in the self-defence industry because an attacker’s worst enemy is attention. Personal alarms are legal to carry in all 50 states (even on aeroplanes!) and are a very safe method of self-defence.
It looks like a simple keychain, but it can emit a loud alarm which can be used to scare off an attacker and alert people for help. With its siren and strobe light, it can be used to ward off any attack or to find the way in the dark.
Vigilant PPS22bl Key Features:
- 130dB ear-piercing panic alarm.
- Shaped like (and disguised as) a car remote – attackers may not realise it is a personal alarm.
- Emergency activation – just pull the pin for up to one-half hour of a continuous alarm sound.
- Robust and bright white LED light, suitable for illuminating a dark walkway or finding a keyhole.
- Convenient keychain design is perfect for use with house keys or car keys.
- 3 pcs x LR44 demo batteries included.
- User-replaceable batteries.
- Designed to be carried with you wherever you go.
- Aimed at diffusing dangerous situations.
- Small enough to fit in the palm of your hand, but loud enough to call attention and get help.
More About – Vigilant PPS22bl
4. Net Nanny:
Net Nanny is an Internet Monitoring Software for Windows. Whether your child is 6 or 16, you don’t want him to watch porn or communicate with predators lurking online. Luckily, with this software, you can control what websites your child is visiting and the games he plays. It keeps a tab on all activities and alerts you if your child is being bullied or is accessing harmful content.
Net Nanny Key Features:
- Keeps pornography from appearing on your computer.
- Mask profanity before it appears on the screen.
- Control access to set time limits on internet usage.
- Send alerts and reports to your console or email.
- Create user profiles to tailor protection to your individual family members’ needs.
More About – Net Nanny
5. PoolGuard In-Ground Swimming Pool Alarm
Drowning is a leading cause of deaths for children. If you a pool in your house, you can install this device and prevent a tragedy. It goes off when any object weighing more than 18 pounds hits the water, giving you ample time to act.
PoolGuard Pool Alarm Key Features:
- The PoolGuard Pool Alarm, once installed in the pool, cannot be de-activated; it is always in the alarm ready mode.
- Tamper Proof: Poolguard POOL ALARM will sound an alarm when removed from the pool.
- Sleep mode: when you would like to use your pool, just remove the alarm from the pool and put it into sleep mode.
- Automatic Wake-up: The Poolguard Pool Alarm will automatically wake up and run a system test when installed into the pool.
- The Poolguard Pool Alarm comes with an in-house remote receiver that has a range up to 200 ft. With 12-volt power supply.
- The Poolguard poolside alarm works on a 9-volt battery (not included); with a battery life of approximately one year.
- The in-house remote receiver also indicates an audible low battery indicator at the poolside alarm.
- New sensing technology provides less chance of false alarms due to wind, rain or small objects such as sticks or toys entering the water.
- Poolguard Pool Alarms have been tested and comply with the ASTM Standard Specification for Pool Alarms ASTM F2208, in a 16’ x 32’ pool. Poolguard Alarms is usable in pools up to 20’ x 40’ or 800 square feet.
- The Poolguard Pool Alarm is usable with a solar blanket.
- Most reliable, advanced, and affordable alarm available.
- Poolguard PGRM-2 is designed to detect intrusions similar to a one-year-old child.
More About – PoolGuard Pool Alarm
There are various other gadgets which can be used to alert the location of a child, install the car seat or even check if your baby is breathing right. As every parent knows, it is a scary world out there for them.
They know what is lurking outside and technology can play a huge role here. It can assuage the concerns of parents and provide tools for the safety of kids.
Also Check: How to choose a school for your child | <urn:uuid:91378f98-5152-461a-9829-3cabaaea082a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://findhowtos.com/how-to-keep-your-kids-safe-internet-safety-gadgets-app/ | 2024-02-27T12:46:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.934727 | 2,281 | 2.765625 | 3 | [
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] |
Unlocking the Mind: Exploring the World of Intellectual Sports
Exploring the World of Intellectual Sports: Chess, Mench, and Domino
In a world where physical prowess often takes center stage, the realm of intellectual sports shines a spotlight on the power of the mind. Intellectual sports encompass a range of strategic games that require critical thinking, calculated planning, and adaptability. These sports not only entertain but also stimulate cognitive abilities and promote mental well-being. As their popularity surges, the recognition of these sports as legitimate contests of skill is on the rise.
1. Chess :
- With its origins shrouded in ancient history, chess stands as one of the most iconic intellectual sports. Evolving from its birthplace in India, chess traversed continents and cultures to become a symbol of strategy and intellect. At its core, chess is a battlefield where players exercise their minds to outwit opponents.
- The game's intricate strategy demands players to anticipate moves ahead, fostering critical thinking and decision-making skills. From mastering opening theories to navigating the complexities of the middle game and endgame, chess requires unwavering focus and strategic prowess. Legends like Garry Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov have etched their names in chess history with their masterful gameplay, captivating audiences worldwide.
- Technology has brought chess to new heights, with computer programs challenging even the best players. Online platforms have democratized the game, enabling enthusiasts of all levels to compete and learn. Beyond the competition, playing chess has been linked to cognitive development, enhancing problem-solving abilities, memory retention, and logical thinking.
- Originating in ancient China, Mench (known as Go in Japan and Weiqi in China) captivates players with its deceptive simplicity and profound complexity. Played on a larger board with simple rules, Mench challenges participants to claim territory while forming intricate patterns.
- Mench epitomizes the Eastern philosophy of balance and harmony, where strategic moves echo the rhythm of life. Players must think spatially and recognize patterns to create far-reaching strategies. The game's strategic depth and aesthetic beauty have led to its integration into cultural practices and strategic teachings.
- Notable players like Lee Sedol and Ke Jie have illuminated the game's allure through epic battles. Beyond the competitive arena, playing Mench nurtures cognitive skills such as spatial awareness, pattern recognition, and long-term planning. It's a game where every move reflects the delicate dance of intellect and intuition.
- Originating across cultures and civilizations, dominoes weave a thread connecting diverse societies. Its variations span from Asia to Europe, with each culture adding its unique twist to the game. What seems like a leisurely pastime carries within it the essence of mathematics and strategy.
- Domino games require players to calculate probabilities and make decisions based on their understanding of the tiles' distribution. While seemingly straightforward, a deeper layer of strategy emerges as players attempt to manipulate the field to their advantage. The game's social aspect fosters camaraderie and interaction, turning casual gatherings into strategic showdowns.
- From casual family nights to competitive tournaments, dominoes cater to a wide spectrum of players. Apart from stimulating cognitive faculties, playing dominoes enhances memory retention and fine-tunes logical reasoning.
- As disparate as these intellectual sports may seem, they share a common thread of promoting cognitive abilities. Critical thinking, concentration, planning, and adaptability are universal skills cultivated through these games. While they originate in various corners of the globe, they serve as bridges that connect cultures and minds.
- Each of these sports boasts a unique complexity and cultural significance. Chess symbolizes strategy, Mench embodies philosophy, and dominoes showcase probability. Despite their differences, all three have garnered global followings, uniting people in their shared love for intellectual challenges.
- In a world brimming with digital distractions, intellectual sports offer a refreshing avenue for mental stimulation and growth. Chess, Mench, and dominoes are not mere games; they are gateways to honing cognitive abilities, fostering mental well-being, and fostering human connections. As we navigate the complexities of life, these sports stand as reminders that the pursuit of intellect is as exhilarating as any physical feat. So, take a step into the world of intellectual sports – a realm where the mind reigns supreme, and victory is a checkmate, a well-played stone, or a calculated domino cascade away.
- Selecting gifts for enthusiasts of intellectual sports such as Chess, Mench (Go), and Dominoes can be a thoughtful way to show your appreciation for their interests. Here are some tips and tricks to help you choose the perfect gifts for individuals passionate about these games:
Here are some tips and tricks to help you choose the perfect gifts for individuals passionate about these games:
1. Understand Their Level of Expertise:
- Before selecting a gift, consider the recipient's level of expertise in the particular game. Are they a beginner, intermediate, or advanced player? This understanding will help you choose something that aligns with their current skill level and challenges them appropriately.
2. Game Accessories:
- Game-specific accessories are always a hit. For Chess players, consider high-quality chess sets made from materials like wood, marble, or metal. Mench players might appreciate a genuine Mench board and stones, while Domino enthusiasts would enjoy a well-crafted set of domino tiles.
3. Strategy Books and Guides:
- Books and guides that delve into advanced strategies, tactics, and historical aspects of the game can be incredibly valuable. Look for well-reviewed books that cater to the recipient's skill level and interests.
4. Puzzle Sets:
- Intellectual sports enthusiasts often enjoy brain-teasing puzzles related to their games. Chess puzzle books, Mench problem sets, or domino puzzles can offer hours of entertainment and mental stimulation.
5. Online Subscriptions and Memberships:
- Consider gifting an online membership or subscription to platforms that offer tutorials, game analysis, and opportunities to play against others online. This can be especially valuable for those looking to improve their skills and engage with a wider community.
6. Training Software and Apps:
- There are numerous training software and apps available for these games. These tools provide practice exercises, game analysis, and tutorials to help players enhance their gameplay.
7. Personalized Gifts:
- Add a personal touch by gifting customized items. This could include engraved chess pieces, personalized Mench boards, or domino sets with the recipient's name or a special message.
8. Tournament Entry Fee:
- If the recipient is a more serious player, consider covering the entry fee for a local tournament or competition. This can provide them with a challenging experience and a chance to connect with other players.
9. Game-Themed Clothing and Merchandise:
- Look for clothing or merchandise featuring game-related imagery, quotes, or designs. T-shirts, hoodies, mugs, and posters can make for fun and practical gifts.
10. Strategy Sessions or Lessons:
- Arrange for a private lesson or strategy session with a skilled player or coach. This hands-on experience can help the recipient improve their gameplay and gain valuable insights.
11. Local Game Clubs and Events:
- Gift them a membership to a local game club or information about upcoming game-related events in their area. This can provide opportunities to meet like-minded individuals and participate in friendly matches.
12. Gift Cards:
- If you're unsure about their specific preferences, a gift card to a reputable board game store or an online retailer specializing in intellectual sports can give them the freedom to choose what they need.
Remember that the thought and effort you put into selecting a gift aligned with their intellectual sports interest will be greatly appreciated. Consider their preferences, skill level, and the level of dedication they have for the game when choosing the perfect gift.
Giftpals.com can help you find the best gifts for chess, mench, and domino lovers by:
letting you browse their popular lists, top products, iconic shops, and gift experiences. You can also use their gift finder tool to narrow down your search by age , interest, and price.
1.Popular lists: These are lists of the most popular and trending gifts for different categories and occasions. You can browse these lists to get inspiration and ideas for your gifts. For example, you can find a list of the best gifts for chess lovers .
2.Top products: These are products that have been rated highly by other customers and have received positive reviews. You can browse these products to find high-quality and reliable gifts that will satisfy your recipient.
3.Iconic shops: These are shops that are well-known and reputable for their products and services. You can browse these shops to find unique and exclusive gifts that will impress your recipient.
4.Gift experiences:These are experiences that you can gift to your recipient, such as tickets, vouchers, memberships, or subscriptions. You can browse these experiences to find fun and memorable gifts that will create lasting memories for your recipient.
5.Gift finder tool:This is a tool that helps you find the best gifts for your recipient based on their age, interest , and price. You can use this tool to narrow down your search and save time and effort.
Giftpals.com also provides other services to improve the gifting process, such as:
- Personalization:This service allows you to customize your gifts according to your preferences and the recipient’s personality. For example, you can choose a chess set with a wooden board and metal pieces, or a mench t-shirt with a funny slogan, or a domino set with colorful dots. You can also add a message or a name to your gifts to make them more special.
- Delivery: This service allows you to choose when and where you want your gifts to be delivered. You can select the date and time of delivery, and specify the address of the recipient. You can also track your order status online and get notifications about the delivery progress.
- Packaging:This service allows you to choose how you want your gifts to be wrapped and presented. You can select from different packaging options, such as gift boxes , gift bags , gift baskets, or gift cards . You can also choose the color and style of the packaging, and add a ribbon or a bow to make it more festive.
- Customer service: This service allows you to contact their customer service team for any questions or issues related to your order. You can reach them by phone, email, or chat, and they will be happy to assist you. They can help you with things like changing your order, canceling your order, returning your order, or giving feedback. | <urn:uuid:5f9ce158-84cc-4c94-bf85-666aec38cd7c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://giftpals.com/category/intellectual-sports | 2024-02-27T14:00:31Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.932593 | 2,225 | 3.078125 | 3 | [
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In the digital world, text is the most common form of communication between a business and its customers. It is both the simplest and the most complex mode of communication. Additionally, text appears everywhere: button text on banners, advertising slogans on banners, calls to action, articles on category pages, and blogs.
Needless to say, text is a powerful and versatile tool. There are many ways to use it, ranging from low-quality, meaningless text to high-quality writing.
1. Low-quality text
It is a big mistake to underestimate the power of text, especially when the medium is perfect for showcasing dynamic and appealing writing, such as social media posts or a website homepage. Unfortunately, it is quite common to see text that is created without much thought — for example, commercial text that is written in a rambling manner, without researching the topic, or simply without a purpose, just to fill empty space.
With ChatGPT, it is now possible to generate writing paragraphs for free in just a few minutes. However, ChatGPT has its pitfalls: the keywords will be there, but the main meaning of the text may be hidden in the fifth paragraph from the end!
There are several red flags that indicate low-quality text:
- Lack of semantic load. The text talks about everything but nothing in particular.
- Lexical scarcity or excessive floridness. The writing is repetitive, outdated, or unusually specific word forms are used.
- Complete nonsense. This is especially common in texts that are generated by artificial intelligence without further review by an editor.
- Stylistic inconsistencies. For example, an expensive men's clothing brand would use a formal tone of voice in its social media posts. A text that is written in casual language would immediately stand out.
- Semantic inconsistencies. Strangely phrased sentences or odd word choices are a clear sign of poorly written text.
- Keyword overload. An overuse of keywords can even lead to search engine penalties.
Poorly thought-out text is bad for your brand. Such content can negatively affect the conversion rate and even bring down your website’s ranking in search engines.
2. High-quality text
On the other end of the spectrum, we have high-quality text that is meaningful, well-written, and relevant to the reader’s needs. Ideally, all text should have the following characteristics.
- It is well written.
- The subject of the text matches the keywords.
- LSI words are used.
- It is reader-centered; it addresses their needs or solves their problems.
- It is consistent with the brand’s voice.
- It is organized into meaningful paragraphs or numbered or bulleted lists for easier reading.
- It is beautifully designed; good text should include different blocks and elements, perhaps even quotes.
High-quality text grabs the reader's attention and will give them a good impression of your website.
Creating technical requirements
When writing a text, the first step is to list the technical requirements. Decide on the following parameters:
- Keywords. These are words or word combinations that determine the vector of text writing. They describe what the text will be about. They can be used in direct (i.e., completely identical morphological form) and indirect forms. It is important not to oversaturate the text with keywords.
- Text volume. Normally, the client requests a certain word count, but the ideal text should be long enough to completely answer the user's question. You can use a competitor's text as a reference.
- Thesis statement. This is a summary of the main points of the text.
- Uniqueness. This is the percentage difference between your text and other texts on the Internet. Our recommendation? Strive for 100%.
Once an article is written, it is important to proofread it and check it against the technical requirements.
Step 1: Review the thesis plan
You may have finished writing the text, but it is not quite ready for publishing. You still have to do a few things to ensure your text is relevant and compelling.
Start with the first step: compare your text to the thesis plan of the technical requirements. There is no one-size-fits-all solution for a check, but the content of the text should clearly answer the thesis.
For example, let’s say you have the following theses:
- What is Easter decor?
- Types of Easter decorations.
- How do you prepare your home for Easter?
- Top 3 ideas for Easter decorations.
After reading the text, you should feel well-informed about each thesis statement. If not, review the text again and add more information until it is comprehensive enough.
Step 2: Check for uniqueness
Uniqueness is measured by how different your text is compared to other texts on the Internet.
Use plagiarism checkers to check for uniqueness.
If you are an SEO specialist who knows Serpstat first-hand, you may have noticed some new features, including a plagiarism checker. To access this new feature, you must have at least a Lite subscription.
To use Serpstat, log in to your account and follow these steps.
1. Click AI Content Tools and select Plagiarism Checker.
2. You will be redirected to the page where you can enter your Serpstat API token. It is located on the Account Management tab.
You can check the number of remaining AI for Content limits in My Profile under the Tools tab.
For plagiarism checks, the number of spent credits (Serpstat's internal currency) is calculated in queries:
- For English, one request is 500 credits.
- For other languages, one request is 750 credits.
3. Once the token has been entered, a window appears with the option to enter text to be checked. The minimum number of characters is 256, and the maximum is 10240.
4. Select the language of your text. As of June 2023, there are 26 languages to choose from:
- Romance – Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian, and Portuguese;
- Germanic – English, Danish, German, Dutch, and Swedish;
- Slavic – Bulgarian, Czech, Polish, Russian, Slovak, Slovenian, and Ukrainian;
- Asian – Japanese and Chinese;
- Turkic – Turkish;
- Finno-Ugric – Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian;
- Baltic – Lithuanian and Latvian;
- Other – Greek.
5. If you want to exclude certain websites from plagiarism analysis, you can specify them. Commas should separate them.
6. Once you have entered your text and selected your settings, click the Calculate button.
The results include plagiarism percentage and links to pages with similar text fragments.
There is also a URL score, which looks like a table of pages with the highest percentage of text matches. Each URL in this block has a score, which corresponds to the percentage of sentences found on that page. For example, if the score is 0.1, 10% of the sentences from the added text were found on this page.
- A wide range of languages are available.
- You don’t have to purchase access to the service separately.
- It has a user-friendly interface.
- Serpstat can be expensive if you don't need to use the other features.
- The plagiarism check function is new, so some technical issues may exist.
You do not need to register or have an account to use the free version of Plagiarismdetector.net. All you have to do is go to the site and follow the instructions.
1. Enter the text into the program. There are several ways to do this:
- The simplest method is to copy the text you want to check and paste it into the input field.
- Alternatively, upload a file from your desktop using the Upload File feature or DropBox.
- Upload the page URL with the text using the Check By URL field.
I don't recommend this last method because not all information may be pulled, and you may lose some valuable text parts. Parts of the description from the footer and other technical elements may also be pulled up.
2. In the Exclude URL field, enter links to websites that the plagiarism checker should ignore.
3. Then click Check Plagiarism and wait a few minutes. The result will appear in the top right corner and will show a ratio of original to plagiarized content. Below that, the sources of plagiarism are listed with the percentage of their use in the submitted text.
The report can be saved in a Word document format.
There is no difference between Download Report and Download Word Report. Both links lead to the PDF to Word conversion page.
After conversion, you'll get a file with a screenshot of the test results, which can't be edited.
Plagiarismdetector.net allows you to check for plagiarism in 16 languages:
- Romance – Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian;
- Germanic– English, German, Swedish, and Dutch;
- Slavic – Russian;
- Asian – Vietnamese;
- Turkic – Turkish;
- Other – Hindi, Arabic, Indonesian, Filipino, and Malay.
The PRO version starts at $5 per week for 50 pages of text. A minimum one-year subscription starts at $110.
- There is a large selection of rare languages from archipelagic countries.
- You can buy the PRO version for a week.
- You cannot check more than 1000 words in the free version.
- The conversion to Word format is not ideal.
Like the previous service, Duplichecker does not require free version registration. Follow the instructions to check the uniqueness of the text.
1. Enter the text into the field or use the file upload option in a text format. The service has an option to check via URL, but it gave me an error saying that there is too little text on the page.
2. After entering the text, do the CAPTCHA and click Check Plagiarism.
3. The tool will give you the following results:
- percentages of plagiarized and original content;
- links to pages from which the text was copied;
- word count.
4. You can save the results as PDF or Word documents. Unlike Plagiarismdetector.net, the conversion results can be edited.
Duplichecker supports plagiarism detection in 18 languages:
- Romance – Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French, and Romanian;
- Germanic – English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian;
- Slavic – Russian;
- Asian – Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese;
- Turkic – Turkish;
- Others – Indonesian and Arabic.
The minimum cost for a 30,000-word subscription is $10 per month.
- It has a free version.
- It offers rare European and Asian languages.
- The minimum subscription period for a paid version is one month.
How to choose a plagiarism checker service?
I have covered three popular plagiarism checkers, but there are many more to choose from. There are several important criteria to consider when selecting a plagiarism checker.
1. Which languages need to be checked?
Each service has its own peculiarities in terms of language selection:
- Serpstat has the most extensive list of Slavic languages, including Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak, and Bulgarian.
- Plagiarismdetector is great if you work with rare languages such as Indonesian, Malay, or Hindi.
- Duplichecker.com is useful if you need to check Scandinavian or Korean languages.
2. Subscription price
The subscription price varies depending on the number of characters and words you need to check. The minimum package per month also differs between services.
- Duplichecker.com: $10 for 30,000 words (weekly rates available).
- Plagiarismdetector.net: $20 for 71,000 words.
- Serpstat: The standard $69 package is needed to access the plagiarism checker, but this also gives you access to many other SEO features.
There is an extensive market for plagiarism check software and tools, so it is possible to find services for most languages.
Step 3: Check the keywords used in a text
As the specialist compiles the technical requirements, they will select keywords and phrases for the copywriter. The requirements for the use of keywords may vary depending on the purpose of the text.
All keyword frequency indicators provide only rough estimates. They can be used for a quick initial analysis of the text, but only a specialist can conclude the text's quality after proofreading.
To quickly check keywords in your text, use ISTIO. ISTIO is a free service for LSI word selection and text checking.
The service currently supports word searches in four languages.
How does ISTIO work?
1. Paste the text using one of two methods:
- Copy the page link; in this case, the service retrieves the entire page text, including button text and other elements.
- Alternatively, you can copy and paste the text manually.
3. Click Keyword selection.
The disadvantage of this service is that it doesn't find long-tail keywords. Instead, it splits them into several parts. For example, the keywords Afghanistan, BBC, and media will be highlighted throughout the text.
4. You will then get a report with the results of the check:
- the number of keywords of this type in the text (Count);
- how the submitted keyword correlates with the topic of the text (Relevance);
- the percentage of the keywords in relation to all important words in the text (% in core);
- the percentage of the keywords in relation to all words, including stop words, in the text (% in text).
Stop words are prepositions and introductory words. The service automatically detects them, and you do not need to enter them manually.
Use the search function of any text editor to check the keyword usage in the text.
Here are the hotkeys for that:
- PC: Ctrl + F
- MacOS: ⌘ + F
- ChromeOS: Ctrl + F
The most important quality indicator when checking for key phrases (or words) is readability. Proofread the text. A rewrite is needed if you have to read a sentence several times to understand it. Remember, the text is written for a reader.
Step 4: Check for LSI keywords
LSI (latent semantic indexing) refers to words that define the topic, except for key phrases. After reading a list of these words, it becomes clear what the text is about, even though there is not a single keyword in the list.
Imagine searching for a stove. Stove is too ambiguous a keyword on its own. But with LSI words like kitchen, gas, burners, electric, appliances, and delivery, it becomes clear that we are talking about a kitchen stove and not, for example, a cement stove.
There are a number of popular free methods available for LSI keyword matching.
Search tips and search engine recommendations
This method is straightforward. Simply enter the desired keyword into the search box of any search engine (Google, Bing, etc.), and you'll get suggestions that can act as LSI words.
Another method is to use automated matching services, such as Serpstat.
How to use Serpstat to find LSI words?
- Enter your keyword in the Keyword field.
- On the left-hand-side menu, select Keyword research > Search suggestions.
- Select your search region at the top, e.g., USA.
- Optionally, you can select tags from the Most popular words.
- Review, filter, and export the suggested options.
Automated services like Serpstat make it easier to find LSI keywords and get the most accurate information.
You can also use the ISTIO tool. It is especially useful for highlighting LSI words in competitors' text:
1. The Map button shows the importance of different words in the text based on the number of times they appear. The more important a word is for understanding the text, the bigger and blacker it is. Unimportant words, like prepositions, introductory words, and abbreviations, are usually highlighted in light gray.
2. Click the Analysis button to get a report that includes all the important LSI words in the text.
3. The Dictionary button gives you a list of all words, except stop words, found in this text. These can be easily copied.
4. There's a help feature with the main characteristics of the text to the right of the analysis.
In this dialog box, you can find a lot of useful information to help you better understand the quality of the text:
- the number of characters with and without spaces;
- total number of words in the text;
- number of unique words;
- the number of words containing no information;
- text nausea, which is the frequency of repeated identical words or the degree of spam in a text;
- the number of unique words excluding stop words;
- topic of the text (not always determined);
- language of the text;
- the 10 most frequently used words in the text.
All of this information will help you perfect your text and achieve your marketing goals.
Should we trust the text nausea and content indicators of ISTIO?
It is recommended to double-check the results of automatic text analysis because they are quite relative and should be considered only in a general context.
For example, ISTIO considers prepositions to be empty of meaning, but it is impossible to omit them because of the peculiarities of the English language. Such services help detect bloated and wordy writing, but they should not be taken as the final truth.
Step 5: Proofread your writing
The most important stage in creating a high-quality text is proofreading. Proofreading will give you a more accurate assessment than indicators such as keyword density, compliance with the theme, contentlessness, and text nausea.
The main rule at this stage is that the text should be easy to understand, the writing should sound natural, and the article should be interesting. When proofreading, read the text carefully and thoughtfully. If you find yourself rereading phrases or sentences several times, be sure to rewrite them or delete them entirely.
Always take into account the target audience of the website. For example, texts written for young moms and for professional lawyers will have completely different styles and tones. It is also important to keep it simple and easy to understand. Avoid using obscure constructions and words that make it harder to understand the text.
Which services to use for proofreading?
I suggest using the following services to check your texts. All of them have a paid version, but the basic functionality can be used for free.
1. Grammarly will find spelling and punctuation errors and wordiness. The Grammarly team is working on its own artificial intelligence that will help improve the text. The extension is now in beta and available to users.
2. Hemingway App helps to make the text stylistically lighter. The service highlights sentences that are too long, misuse of the passive voice, and overuse of adverbs. It is only available in English.
3. Languagetool also checks for errors in spelling, style, and punctuation. Unlike other services, LanguageTool supports multiple languages.
In general, you should use automatic proofreading services with caution, as they do not prevent all errors and misunderstandings in the text. You should rather consider them as a tool that can help identify mistakes and improve the writing.
General text improvement tips
Here are a few tips that will help you improve the overall quality of your writing:
1. Use active voice instead of passive whenever possible. Unless the thing receiving an action or the action itself is the important part of the sentence, such as in scientific and legal texts. You can also use passive voice when the performer of an action is unknown or if the subject is distracting or irrelevant.
- "The lawyers defended the defendant in court" sounds better than "The defendant was defended in court by lawyers."
- "Our vitamins will improve your eyesight" is better than "Your eyesight will be improved by our vitamins."
2. Avoid wordiness and clichés.
A more complicated phrase is not always a better option. If you do not use such phrases in everyday speech, think twice before adding them to your text.
Examples of wordiness:
- conduct analysis = analyze;
- say a prayer = pray;
- make an improvement = improve.
3. Help your reader understand your message.
If you use special or technical terms, dialectisms, abbreviations, borrowed words, or archaisms in your writing, explain them to the reader. If you write about fakes in a youth magazine, you can count on the readers to understand. However, the audience of a gardening magazine may not know these words.
4. When writing with ChatGPT, check all unfamiliar words for stylistic peculiarities. AI often uses complex stylistic constructions and expressions instead of simple writing, and the latter is often preferable.
For example, in an English real estate article for Turkey, the word covet was used, which means to desire or to want to have something very much. This word has a strong meaning and is also used in the Bible in the context of You shall not covet your neighbor's wife. The word was literally correct, but stylistically and especially contextually, it was too complex for a region where the average level of English is not very high.
And familiarize yourself with can usually be replaced with simple learn.
If you are not sure of the relevance of a word, I recommend using the Cambridge Dictionary to check for both meaning and context.
The feeling of the text should be the main thing to look out for when proofreading it. If you struggle to read through a paragraph, it needs to be edited. This is especially true for small commercial texts. If you are not sure about its quality, read it aloud; the text should be logical and consistent.
Writing is a creative process, and there are no templates or strict rules for it. That said, there are a few steps you can take to ensure your text is well-written and appealing to readers.
- Check the thesis plan. After the text is completed, all main themes should be covered in the article.
- Check for plagiarism. Do not waste time on non-unique content. It will reflect badly on your brand, and such content won’t be useful for your readers.
- Check for keywords. Keywords should be used in the text, but it is important not to overuse them.
- Check LSI keywords. To create relevant text, be sure to use LSI keywords. You can implement them even without a list from an SEO specialist.
- Proofread the text. Be sure to check the text for grammar and readability. There are several online tools you can use to improve the quality of your writing.
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The number of visits increased from 140 to 4000 per month between September 2022 and May 2023.
Unveiling Triumph: Preply's App Sees a 66% Surge in Views and a 44% Rise in Downloads in Just 2 Weeks – The Inside Scoop | <urn:uuid:c5aed726-8b98-49ae-9b53-7fe3e34828e8> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://netpeak.net/blog/how-to-check-and-fix-text-relevance-a-beginner-s-guide/ | 2024-02-27T14:55:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.921212 | 4,968 | 3.140625 | 3 | [
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72
] |
Leopard tortoises are mysterious animals that catch people’s attention with their weird looks and fantastic ability to adapt. Leopard Tortoises are a type of tortoise in the genus Stigmochelys.
They are loved for their beautiful patterns that look like the spots on their namesake, the leopard.
As you learn more about how these amazing reptiles live, it’s important to realize how important it is to figure out how they are able to change and how they make their unique patterns.
This kind of knowledge not only sheds light on the mysteries of their journey through evolution but also reveals important facts about how the natural world works.
As soon as the curtain is lifted, this article goes on an exciting journey to find out what secrets Leopard Tortoises are hiding.
Get ready for a deep journey of discovery as we set out to figure out what makes these tortoises so special, like their mysterious ability to change and unique patterns.
Physical Characteristics and Distribution of Leopard Tortoises
Overview of physical characteristics
Leopard tortoises are unique in the animal kingdom because they have a wide range of physical traits that make them stand out. These reptiles that live on land usually have a large, dome-shaped carapace, or shell, that protects them.
The carapace has a striking pattern of dark, irregular spots on a light brown or yellow background. This pattern looks like leopard spots, which is how they got their name.
Leopard Tortoises are different from most other tortoise species because their shells are flat instead of high and dome-shaped. This makes it easier for them to move through their different habitats.
The adults of these tortoises are usually quite big, with a length of 18 to 24 inches (45 to 60 cm) and a weight of 40 to 60 pounds (18 to 27 kg). Their legs are strong and have sharp claws that help them move easily over different surfaces.
Leopard Tortoises stand out because they have long necks that they can stretch out to reach plants, and their heads have two sharp beaks that help them cut through plants quickly.
Distribution and habitat
Leopard tortoises are native to the large savannas, grasslands, and semi-arid areas of eastern and southern Africa. Their range is very large, and it goes from Sudan and Ethiopia in the north to South Africa and Namibia in the south.
In these areas, they have learned to live in a wide range of places, from open grasslands to thorny bushvelds to deserts. Their ability to do well in so many different environments shows how adaptable they are.
The availability of food, shelter, and good places to nest has a big impact on where they live and where they choose to live. People have noticed that these tortoises like to live in places with lots of grasses, herbs, and succulent plants, which make up most of their plant-based diet.
Comparison to other tortoise species
When compared to other types of tortoises, Leopard Tortoises stand out because of how they look and where they like to live. The Leopard Tortoise doesn’t have a high dome on its shell like the Galapagos or Aldabra Giant Tortoises.
Instead, its shell is flat, which makes it easier for it to move through thick vegetation and gives it a lower center of gravity, which makes it more stable on uneven ground.
Also, their unique spotted pattern makes them stand out from other tortoise species whose shells are mostly solid colors.
Other tortoises may have different colors or patterns, but the Leopard Tortoise’s complicated spots, which look like leopard spots, make it stand out from the rest of the tortoise family.
Importance of understanding the natural habitat for proper care in captivity
Understanding the natural habitat and environmental requirements of Leopard Tortoises is crucial for their proper care in captivity.
These tortoises have evolved in specific ecological niches, and replicating those conditions in captive environments is essential for their well-being.
Temperature, humidity, lighting, diet, and enclosure size and design are all factors that must be carefully considered to provide a suitable environment that mimics their natural habitat. Failure to meet their specific needs can result in stress, health issues, and compromised longevity.
By gaining a deep understanding of their natural habitat, we can strive to create captive environments that promote their physical and psychological well-being, ensuring that these remarkable creatures can thrive even outside their native lands.
The Adaptability of Leopard Tortoises
When talking about Leopard Tortoises, “adaptability” refers to their amazing ability to change and do well in many different environments and situations.
It includes their ability to change their behavior, physiology, and physical traits to fit different situations. This helps them stay alive and have more babies.
Because of this ability to change, Leopard Tortoises have been able to live in many different places and survive changes in the environment for millions of years.
Factors that influence adaptability
Diet and feeding habits
Leopard Tortoises are very flexible in what they eat and how they eat it, so they can live on a wide range of plant matter. They mostly eat grasses, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
But their food choices may change depending on what they can find where they live. When they don’t have enough food, they can switch to browsing shrubs or even eat dry grasses.
Because of this, they can live and reproduce well in places where food resources change with the seasons or because of changes in the environment.
Temperature and humidity requirements
Leopard tortoises are able to adapt to a wide range of temperatures and levels of humidity, which is very impressive. In their natural homes, it gets very hot during the day and cools down at night.
They can also live in places with low humidity, like places that don’t get much rain. They can handle changes in temperature because they can control their body temperature by basking in the sun or looking for shade.
Also, because they are tough, they can survive short periods of drought by keeping water in their bodies.
Hibernation and estivation
By being able to hibernate and estivate, leopard tortoises show that they are very adaptable. When there isn’t much food around, like when it’s cold or dry, they can go into a state called hibernation or estivation to save energy and water.
During colder times, they go into hibernation, where they go to a safe place and slow down their metabolism. Estivation, on the other hand, is a period of dormancy when it is hot and dry.
During this time, they dig burrows and sleep until the weather gets better. Leopard Tortoises are able to survive in harsh environments that change with the seasons because of these mechanisms.
Leopard tortoises are also able to change how they act with other people. Even though they usually live alone, they sometimes get together, especially when conditions are good for feeding or nesting.
These get-togethers, called “aggregations,” give people a chance to meet each other, mate, and share information.
Their ability to change their social behavior to fit different situations shows that they are flexible and responsive, which adds to their overall ability to adapt as a species.
Importance of understanding adaptability for proper care in captivity
Understanding how Leopard Tortoises can change is very important if you want to take care of them properly in a home.
By knowing how well they can adapt to different situations, caretakers can make environments that are similar to their natural habitats, which is good for their physical and mental health.
This includes making sure they have the right temperatures, levels of humidity, and food for their adaptable traits. When you know they need to hibernate or estivate, you can make sure they have the right conditions during these times.
Also, knowing how they act in social situations and giving them chances to do so can help improve their overall quality of life.
By using this information to care for Leopard Tortoises, we can set up environments that support their natural ability to adapt, letting them grow and thrive in captivity.
Unique Patterns of Leopard Tortoises
Overview of unique patterns and coloration
Leopard Tortoises are very interesting to look at because of their unique patterns and colors. Their shells have intricate and striking patterns of dark, irregular spots on a lighter background that look like leopard spots.
Not only are these patterns beautiful to look at, but they also have important ecological and evolutionary functions.
Understanding what these unique patterns mean is important if you want to figure out why they exist.
Causes of unique patterns
Leopard Tortoises are very good at hiding because of their unique patterns, which help them blend in with their surroundings.
Their irregular spots and mottled coloring help break up their shape and make it harder for potential predators to see them.
As these tortoises move through their different habitats, which can be anything from open grasslands to dense scrublands, their spotted patterns help them blend in with their surroundings.
This makes them less likely to be eaten by predators, which is important for their survival.
The way Leopard Tortoises control their body temperature is another thing that affects their unique patterns. The darker spots on their shells soak up more sunlight, which makes it easier for them to get warm.
This helps raise their body temperature, especially in places that are cooler or early in the morning when they need to warm up.
By positioning themselves in a way that lets them get the most sun, they can better control their body temperature. The lighter areas between the spots reflect the sun and keep the animal from getting too hot.
The unique patterns of light and dark pigments and how they interact with each other help the body keep the right temperature.
Leopard Tortoises have beautiful patterns that also help them choose mates and attract them. The shells of female Leopard Tortoises are usually bigger and have more vivid patterns than those of males.
It is thought that these different patterns serve as visual signals during courtship rituals, letting males know which females are ready to mate and letting females know which males are ready to mate.
The intensity and complexity of the patterns may show how healthy and good a person’s genes are as a whole. This makes them an important factor in choosing a mate and having successful offspring.
Importance of understanding unique patterns for identification and appreciation
Leopard Tortoises have patterns that are very different from other kinds of tortoises. Knowing these patterns can help you identify and appreciate these amazing animals.
Each tortoise has a unique pattern that looks like a fingerprint. This makes it possible to keep track of and identify each one in the wild.
Researchers and people who work to protect wildlife can use these patterns to track how a population changes over time, study how animals move, and figure out how healthy and well-off each individual in a population is.
Also, noticing the beauty and complexity of these patterns makes us appreciate the natural world and all of its different parts even more.
By learning more about how Leopard Tortoises got their unique patterns, we can learn more about how evolution has shaped them and feel more connected to and respectful of these amazing animals and the ecosystems they live in.
Feeding and Nutrition of Leopard Tortoises
Natural diet and feeding habits
The majority of a leopard tortoise’s natural diet is made up of plant matter. In their natural habitats, they eat a wide range of grasses, both those that grow in cool seasons and those that grow in warm seasons.
They also eat many different kinds of herbaceous plants, including leaves, flowers, and sometimes fruits.
Their way of eating is called “selective browsing,” which means that they carefully choose which plants to eat based on what is available and what is good for them.
Leopard tortoises have a special digestive system that helps them break down fibrous plant matter and get the nutrients they need from it. This lets them live well on a plant-based diet.
Nutritional requirements and considerations for captivity
When it comes to feeding Leopard Tortoises in captivity, it is very important to feed them the same things they would eat in the wild. To meet their nutritional needs and stay in good health, they need to eat a balanced, varied diet.
Their main foods should be different kinds of grasses, leafy greens, and a small amount of fruit. To mimic the natural foraging behavior seen in the wild, it is important to offer a wide range of plant species.
Calcium is one of the most important nutrients for Leopard Tortoises because it helps them build and keep a strong shell. So, it’s important for their health to eat foods high in calcium, like dark leafy greens and calcium supplements.
Feeding guidelines and best practices
To make sure Leopard Tortoises are getting enough to eat, it is best to give them fresh food every day. This makes sure there is a steady supply of food and encourages natural eating habits.
The diet should include Bermuda grass, fescue grass, and Timothy grass, as well as a variety of leafy greens, such as dandelion greens, kale, collard greens, and turnip greens.
Fruits shouldn’t be given out too often because they are high in sugar and too much of it can be bad for your health.
Also, giving them access to clean, fresh water at all times is important for keeping them hydrated and making sure they can digest food properly.
Importance of proper nutrition for overall health and wellbeing
Leopard Tortoises need to get the right food to stay healthy and happy as a whole. A balanced, nutrient-rich diet helps with healthy growth, keeps the shell strong, keeps organs working well, and helps build a strong immune system.
If you don’t get enough or the right kinds of nutrients, you could get metabolic bone disease, have a deformed shell, or have your immune system work less well.
Having enough calcium is especially important to keep their shells from becoming misshapen and to make sure they stay strong.
For the long-term health and well-being of Leopard Tortoises in captivity, it is very important to feed them in a way that is similar to how they eat in the wild and meets their nutritional needs.
Caretakers can make sure that Leopard Tortoises get the essential nutrients they need for good health by learning about their natural diet and nutritional needs and then feeding them in the right way.
To give these beautiful animals the best care possible, you need to keep track of what they eat, talk to reptile vets, and stay up to date on the latest research and best practices in reptile nutrition.
Common Health Issues in Leopard Tortoises
Overview of common health issues in Leopard Tortoises
Like all other living things, leopard tortoises can have health problems. For proactive care and quick help, it’s important to know what common health problems they might face.
Some of the most common health problems in Leopard Tortoises are respiratory infections, shell injuries, lack of food, stomach problems, and parasite infestations.
These conditions can be caused by things like bad care, a bad diet, a dirty environment, trauma, or exposure to pathogens.
It is important to know the signs of illness and injury so that you can get your pet to a vet right away and stop the problem from getting worse.
Signs and symptoms of illness and injury
When leopard tortoises are hurt or sick, they may show a number of signs and symptoms.
Depending on the specific health problem, these signs can include lethargy, loss of appetite, weight loss, trouble breathing, abnormal shells, abnormal feces, swollen limbs, abnormal growths, or changes in behavior.
Caregivers must keep a close eye on their tortoises and be on the lookout for any changes in their normal behavior or appearance.
If you notice these signs early, you can get your pet to the vet right away, which can help them treat and heal better.
Preventative measures for maintaining optimal health
Leopard Tortoises need to take care of themselves to stay in good health. A big part of preventive care is making sure they have a good home that looks like their natural environment, giving them the right food, and practicing good hygiene.
This means keeping the temperature and humidity at the right levels, giving them a varied and balanced diet full of essential nutrients, making sure they have access to clean water, and making sure they get enough UVB light for calcium metabolism.
Also important are regular visits to the vet, regular health checks, and proactive steps to keep parasites away. By taking care of their Leopard Tortoises in this way, owners can reduce the risk of common health problems and improve their overall health.
Treatment options and considerations for sick or injured tortoises
When Leopard Tortoises get sick or hurt, they need treatment right away and in the right way. Depending on the type and severity of the health problem, there will be different ways to treat it.
It is very important to talk to a vet who has experience treating tortoises to get a correct diagnosis and the right treatment plan. Antibiotics or other medicines may be given to treat bacterial infections.
Supportive care may be given for respiratory conditions, shell injuries may be immobilized and protected, nutritional imbalances can be fixed by changing the diet or giving supplements, and deworming or other treatments for parasites may be used.
Strategies for dealing with pain and lowering stress may also be used to help the body heal.
Caregivers must carefully follow the veterinarian’s instructions, give the tortoise a comfortable, stress-free place to heal, and keep an eye on its progress to make sure the treatment works and the tortoise gets back to good health.
By knowing the most common health problems Leopard Tortoises face, being able to spot the signs of illness or injury, taking preventative steps, and going to the vet when necessary, caretakers can help keep these fascinating reptiles healthy and make sure they live long happy lives.
Breeding and Reproduction of Leopard Tortoises
Overview of Leopard Tortoise breeding habits
Leopard tortoises have interesting ways of reproducing that help them have healthy offspring. Most animals breed during the rainy season when the weather is good and there are plenty of food sources.
Male tortoises do things like bobbing their heads, circling the female, and nudging her to show that they are interested and to show who is in charge. Once the female chooses a mate, mating happens, and it usually lasts for a few hours.
Leopard tortoises are known for being able to store sperm, which lets females fertilize more than one batch of eggs over a long period of time.
Reproductive Biology of Leopard Tortoises
Leopard The way tortoises reproduce is very interesting. They reproduce by laying eggs, which means that they are oviparous. The female tortoise will look for a good place to lay her eggs.
This is usually in sandy or sandy-clay soil, where she will dig a shallow hole with her back legs. She then lays a clutch of eggs, which can have anywhere from five to twenty eggs, depending on the bird and its environment.
After laying the eggs, the female carefully covers the nest and goes back to doing what she usually does, leaving the eggs to grow and hatch on their own.
Incubation and hatching of Leopard Tortoise eggs
The process by which Leopard Tortoise eggs hatch is a very interesting part of their life cycle. The time it takes to hatch depends on the temperature and other things in the environment.
Most of the time, it takes 90 to 120 days for an egg to hatch. Incubation times tend to be shorter when the temperature is warmer, and they can be longer when the temperature is cooler.
The temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) method is used to figure out the sex of the hatchlings. Hatchlings are usually male when the weather is cooler and female when the weather is warmer.
When the time for incubation is up, the hatchlings come out of the eggs. They use a small part of their snout called an “egg tooth” to break through the eggshell.
Hatchlings are usually fully grown and able to take care of themselves as soon as they emerge from their eggs. They will make their way to the top of the nest.
They may stay near the nest for a short time to eat the remaining yolk sac, which gives them the nutrients they need to grow and develop. After that, they go out into the world, ready to explore and figure out how to get around.
Considerations for responsible breeding and hatchling care
To make sure Leopard Tortoises are healthy and to help conservation efforts, they must breed and care for their young in a responsible way.
Tortoises should only be bred by people who know what they are doing and are experienced enough to take care of both the adults and their young.
It is very important to make sure that breeding pairs are healthy, not related, and are the right size and age for each other.
Care should be taken to make sure there are good homes for the hatchlings since the goal of responsible breeding is to prevent overpopulation and keep captive-bred animals from being released into places that aren’t good for them.
To care for hatchlings, you need to give them a home that is like their natural habitat, with the right temperature, humidity, and substrate. For enrichment and stimulation, the enclosure should also have places to hide and plants.
During the early stages of development, proper nutrition is very important. The focus should be on giving a varied, well-balanced diet that is high in calcium and other essential nutrients.
To make sure hatchlings are healthy, it’s important to check on their growth and health regularly and take them to the vet.
By learning about how Leopard Tortoises breed and how they reproduce, breeding them in a responsible way, and taking good care of their hatchlings, we can help protect this species and make sure that their lineage continues successfully.
Leopard Tortoise populations need to use responsible breeding methods and take good care of their hatchlings to keep their genetic diversity and overall health. This will allow future generations to appreciate and admire these amazing animals.
Comparison to Other Tortoise Species
Similarities and differences between Leopard Tortoises and other tortoise species
Leopard Tortoises are different from other tortoise species in some ways, but they are also similar to other tortoises in some ways related to their biology and behavior.
When Leopard Tortoises are compared to other tortoise species, it is clear that each species has its own unique traits and ways of living.
For example, the African spurred tortoise (Geochelone sulcata) and the Leopard Tortoise are both about the same size and eat plants, but they look and have shell patterns that are very different.
Also, the Aldabra giant tortoise (Aldabrachelys gigantea) and the Galapagos tortoise (Chelonoidis spp. ), which are both larger tortoise species, have long lives and grow slowly. They live in different parts of the world and have different shaped and sized shells, though.
Comparison of behavior, care, and husbandry across tortoise species
When thinking about how tortoise species act, are cared for and are kept, it is important to remember that each species has its own needs and wants.
Many species of tortoise have similar general care instructions, but there are some small differences that must be taken into account.
For example, some species, like the Russian tortoise (Agrionemys horsfieldii), are more land-based and need a larger land area to roam and explore, while others, like the Red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius), may do better in a tropical environment with more humidity.
Understanding where different tortoise species live in the wild, what they like to eat, and what temperature they need is important for giving them the right care and making sure they are healthy.
Considerations for owning and caring for different tortoise species
There are a few things to think about if you want to own and care for different kinds of tortoises. First of all, research and education are important if you want to know what the chosen species needs.
Before getting a tortoise, you should know a lot about its needs for a home, what it likes to eat, the ranges of temperature and humidity, and how it acts with other animals. It is important to figure out if the living conditions and resources are enough to meet the needs of the species.
There are also legal things to think about, since some species of tortoise may be protected or require a permit to own.
Tortoises also require a lot of time, work, and money. Some species can live for well over 100 years, so caretakers need to be ready for long-term care and to plan for a possible change in leadership.
Also, different tortoise species interact and socialize in different ways. Some tortoises like to be alone and don’t like to talk to other animals, while others can be social and do better with friends.
Understanding the social needs of the chosen species is important for making sure they are healthy and happy and giving them the right social settings.
In the end, caring for tortoise species responsibly requires a lot of research, planning, and a commitment to giving them a good place to live, the right food, and regular veterinary care.
Each species of tortoise is different, and if we respect and meet their specific needs, we can make sure they live long, stay healthy, and are happy overall.
In conclusion, it is very important for the care and health of Leopard Tortoises to know how they can change and what makes them unique.
Their ability to adapt includes their diet, their needs for temperature and humidity, their hibernation and estivation habits, and their social interactions.
By understanding these things, caretakers can make sure the animals’ physical and mental health by giving them environments that are like their natural homes.
Leopard Tortoises have unique patterns that help them hide, keep their bodies at the right temperature, and choose mates. Not only does understanding and appreciating these patterns add to their beauty, but it also helps identify and protect them.
Caretakers, researchers, and conservationists can work together to protect and preserve Leopard Tortoise populations if they know what these patterns mean.
Now that we know more about Leopard Tortoises, it is important to stress how important it is to own and care for them in a responsible way.
The information in this article is a call to action for people who are thinking about getting a Leopard Tortoise or any other kind of tortoise.
Responsible ownership means doing a lot of research, learning what the chosen species needs, and giving it a good home, the right food, and regular veterinary care.
It’s important to remember that tortoises are long-lived animals that need a lot of time, effort, and money to take care of.
Responsible ownership also means following the law, like getting permits or following rules about owning certain species of tortoise. By encouraging responsible ownership, we can help protect both the individual tortoises and their species as a whole.
Even though a lot has been learned about Leopard Tortoises’ behavior and well-being, there are still questions that need to be answered.
More research could look at the dietary needs and preferences of different populations, or it could look at how habitat fragmentation affects their behavior and how they adapt.
Also, studying the long-term effects of captivity on their physical and mental health would help us figure out how to care for captives better.
When studying Leopard Tortoises, researchers can also look for new ways to keep them happy and stimulated in captivity, taking into account their unique behavior and natural instincts.
By learning more about their behavior and well-being, we can improve their living conditions and help improve their overall health and quality of life.
Overall, we can protect and care for Leopard Tortoises by learning about their ability to change and their unique behavior patterns, by being responsible owners, and by encouraging more research.
By working together, we can enjoy and protect the beauty and diversity of Leopard Tortoises for future generations. | <urn:uuid:f42cc45a-3419-4c08-8f18-9dd35449f1a6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://sayonarapests.com/adaptibility-unique-patterns-leopard-tortoises/ | 2024-02-27T14:04:17Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.963209 | 5,991 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
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] |
It is minus 12 C (3°F) outside and I have just returned from a walk in the beautiful but cold sunshine. So this is the perfect time to discuss a little known benefit of cold weather. If weight loss is your goal, I have some good news for you. Research shows, if we spend our time in colder temperatures, we can burn more of the fat stored in our bodies, including from our key reservoir of body fat, our butts. That is right… you can freeze your butt off.
There have been several studies that discuss how being cold stimulates weight loss. However, there is a catch – your body must be able to adjust to the cold in order to keep you warm. This is called non-shivering thermogenesis. If you start to shiver – you are too cold.
We have two types of fat: white fat and brown fat. Our brown fat levels decrease as we age to about 1% as adults. Brown fat helps convert white fat or storage fat to energy (glucose) and in effect, promotes thermogenesis which is how our bodies produce heat and burn calories. A person can lose weight if the body is using this method to stay warm. Unlike other methods of increasing thermogenesis, there is no increase in appetite which is often experienced during high-intensity exercise, another way to increase thermogenesis. Non-shivering thermogenesis converts white fat for energy and heat, so we do not need to consume more food to stay warm.
So how cold do you have to be? Well, here is the good news. You do not actually have to go outside into the freezing cold. A 1980 study, featuring nine women, measured heat loss and heat expenditure for a 30 hour period on two occasions, one with the ambient temperature at 22°C (71°F) and the other at 28°C (82°F. All participants had a pre-determined food intake and activity level. The results showed a greater resting metabolism rate at 22°C than at 28°C or in other words, participants were burning more calories when the ambient temperature was lower. So turn down your thermostats. It doesn’t get any easier than that.
A 2011 article in the New York Times cited a paper from British researchers who argue that rising indoor temperatures are contributing to obesity. In 1968, British living rooms were kept at an average temperature of 64.9°F (18°C) and 59°F (15°C) for the bedrooms at night. By 1996, the living rooms were on average 70.3°F (21°C) and bedrooms at night were 64.3°F (17°C). Similar data in the North America also show an increase in household temperatures, if not even higher.
People also now heat their whole house whereas in the past they would only heat the living rooms and kitchen during the day and their bedrooms would be cold at night. This means that today the body temperature does not have to adjust when we go from room to room and therefore, non-shivering thermogenesis does not kick in to allow them to burn more calories. This is an interesting theory, but if the idea of lowering the house temperature is not appealing, other studies have indicated that these results can also be achieved by exposure for short periods to very cold temperatures. So, go for a walk outside. Get as cold as you can handle while still enjoying the experience. If you start to get too cold, jump up and down or walk more quickly. Your ability to warm up is non-shivering thermogenesis at work.
Unfortunately, there is one problem with this method of weight loss. Our brown fat levels decline as we age and with its decline, the ability to burn calories to stay warm goes with it. It is important to maintain our brown fat levels. A deficiency in carnitine can result in lower brown fat levels and studies show increasing carnitine in the diet can increase it. High levels of carnitine can be found in beef, dairy products, chicken and codfish as well as lower levels in some vegetables such as asparagus broccoli, kale, Swiss chard, nuts and seeds, grains such as whole wheat, corn and millet. Brewer’s yeast and bee pollen are also good sources of carnitine as well as fruits such as bananas and apricots.
Corticosteroids deplete brown fat levels and inhibit non-shivering thermogenesis so this may explain weight gain in those who take these medications.
There is more. Noradrenaline, the opposite of adrenaline, is helpful in the function of brown fat. In other words, brown fat functions best when stress levels are low. There is also a direct link between those who secrete more cortisol, a decrease in brown fat levels and thermogenesis function and a greater tendency to obesity. Since limiting stress aids the maintenance of brown fat, be sure to make time for yourself and take time to practice relaxation techniques. If you do nothing else, breathe deeply as often as you can, while you are driving in the car, before you go sleep at night and any other time you think of doing it. Just breathe and relax. This will help you lower cortisol levels especially if you can stop thinking about what is stressing you out while you are doing all this breathing.
To warm up after a walk in the cold, try this delicious Red Lentil, Apple and Sweet Potato Soup
- High incidence of metabolically active brown adipose tissue in healthy adult humans: effects of cold exposure and adiposity, Saito M, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Matsushita M, Watanabe K, Yoneshiro T, Nio-Kobayashi J, Iwanaga T, Miyagawa M, Kameya T, Nakada K, Kawai Y, Tsujisaki M., Source Department of Nutrition, School of Nursing and Nutrition, Tenshi College, Sapporo, Japan.
- Thermogenesis challenges the adipostat hypothesis for body-weight contro,lBarbara Cannona1, Jan Nedergaarda1, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, presented at Symposium on ‘Frontiers in adipose tissue biology’, Edinborough Scotland April 2009
- Br J Nutr. 1981 Mar;45(2):257-67. Influence of mild cold on 24 h energy expenditure, resting metabolism and diet-induced thermogenesis, Dauncey MJ.Br J Nutr. 1981 Mar;45(2):257-67.
- The effect of short daily cold exposures on development of brown adipose tissue in mice, Gerhard Heldmaier Biomedical and Life Sciences, Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, Volume 98, Number 2, 161-168, DOI: 10.1007/BF00706127
- BAT Cold-Induced Thermoregulation and Biological Aging,Florez-Duquet, Maria, and Roger McDonaldPhysiology Graduate Group and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California Physiol. Rev. 78: 339–358, 1998
- Dietary isoflavones alter regulatory behaviors, metabolic hormones and neuroendocrine fun Carnitine is necessary to maintain the phenotype and function of brown adipose tissue, Ozaki K, Sano T, Tsuji N, Matsuura T, Narama I. Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Setsunan University, Lab Invest. 2011 May;91(5):704-10.Epub 2011 Feb 14.
- Dietary isoflavones alter regulatory behaviors, metabolic hormones and neuroendocrine function in Long-Evans male rats. Lephart ED, Porter JP, Lund TD, Bu L, Setchell KD, Ramoz G, Crowley WR., Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University
- Corticosterone decreases nonshivering thermogenesis and increases lipid storage in brown adipose tissue. Strack AM, Bradbury MJ, Dallman MF.Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0444.
- Brown fat norepinephrine contents and turnover during cold acclimation and hibernation in the golden hamster (mesocricetus auratus), Dale D. Feista, †, a, Department of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A., PMID: 15617573
- High cortisol responses identify propensity for obesity that is linked to thermogenesis in skeletal muscle, T. Kevin Lee*, et al,, The FASEB Journal September 10, 2013, | <urn:uuid:28c7de68-bcce-4218-8223-b2141161d26a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://thedigestersdilemma.com/yes-can-freeze-butt/ | 2024-02-27T14:16:49Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.915333 | 1,797 | 2.640625 | 3 | [
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What is Holistic Healing?
Understanding the Concept of Holistic Healing
Holistic healing is an integrative approach that considers the whole person – mind, body, and spirit. It recognizes that all aspects of a person’s life are interconnected and seeks to address imbalances and promote overall well-being. Unlike conventional medicine, which often focuses on treating specific symptoms or diseases, holistic healing aims to restore harmony and balance to the entire system. By addressing the root causes of health issues and taking into account the individual’s unique needs, holistic healing offers a comprehensive and personalized approach to health and wellness.
The Connection between Mind, Body, and Spirit
Holistic healing recognizes the intricate connection between mind, body, and spirit. It acknowledges that these three aspects of our being are deeply intertwined and influence each other’s well-being. When one aspect is out of balance, it can affect the others as well. For example, chronic stress or emotional distress can manifest as physical symptoms like headaches or digestive issues. Similarly, physical ailments can impact our mental and emotional state.
To achieve optimal health and well-being, holistic healing approaches aim to address the root causes of imbalances in the mind, body, and spirit. This involves adopting a comprehensive approach that considers various factors such as lifestyle, diet, emotions, and spiritual practices. By addressing the underlying causes and promoting harmony among these aspects, holistic healing supports the body’s natural ability to heal and restore balance.
Incorporating holistic healing practices into our daily lives can have profound effects on our overall well-being. It encourages us to cultivate self-awareness, mindfulness, and a deeper connection with ourselves and the world around us. By nurturing our mind, body, and spirit, we can experience greater vitality, resilience, and inner peace.
The Role of Holistic Healing in Modern Healthcare
Holistic healing is a form of healthcare that recognizes the interconnectedness of the mind, body, and spirit in achieving optimal health and well-being. It goes beyond treating symptoms and addresses the root causes of illness, taking into account the individual as a whole. This approach acknowledges that physical ailments can be influenced by emotional and spiritual factors, and vice versa.
In modern healthcare, there is a growing recognition of the importance of holistic healing practices. Many medical professionals are incorporating complementary therapies, such as acupuncture, meditation, and herbal medicine, into their treatment plans. These practices can enhance the effectiveness of conventional medical treatments and promote overall wellness.
One of the key benefits of holistic healing in modern healthcare is its focus on prevention. By addressing the underlying imbalances and promoting self-care practices, holistic healing can help individuals maintain good health and prevent the onset of chronic diseases.
Incorporating holistic healing into modern healthcare can lead to a more comprehensive and patient-centered approach to wellness.
Ayurveda: Ancient Wisdom for Modern Well-being
The Origins and Principles of Ayurveda
Ayurveda, a traditional system of Indian medicine, has a long tradition behind it, having originated in India perhaps as much as 3000 years ago. It is rooted in the belief that health and wellness depend on a delicate balance between the mind, body, and spirit. Ayurveda emphasizes the importance of prevention and aims to promote overall well-being rather than just treating symptoms.
One of the key principles of Ayurveda is the concept of doshas, which are the three fundamental energies that govern our physical and mental processes. These doshas, known as Vata, Pitta, and Kapha, are derived from the five elements – air, fire, water, earth, and ether. Balancing these doshas is essential for maintaining optimal health.
Ayurveda offers a range of practices and therapies to restore balance and promote well-being. These include herbal remedies, dietary guidelines, yoga, meditation, and massage. By incorporating these practices into our daily lives, we can enhance our physical, mental, and emotional well-being.
Ayurvedic Doshas: Balancing the Elements
In Ayurveda, the concept of doshas plays a crucial role in understanding our unique constitution and maintaining optimal health. Doshas are the three fundamental energies that govern our physical, mental, and emotional well-being. They are Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Each dosha is associated with specific elements and qualities, and an imbalance in any of these doshas can lead to various health issues.
To balance the elements within our body, Ayurveda offers a holistic approach that includes lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, herbal remedies, and therapeutic practices. By identifying our dominant dosha and making the necessary adjustments, we can restore harmony and promote overall well-being.
Here are some key points to keep in mind when it comes to balancing the elements:
Understand your dominant dosha: Take an Ayurvedic dosha quiz or consult an Ayurvedic practitioner to determine your primary dosha. This will help you understand your unique constitution and the specific imbalances you may be prone to.
Follow a dosha-specific diet: Ayurveda emphasizes the importance of eating according to your dosha type. Each dosha has specific dietary recommendations to maintain balance. For example, individuals with a Vata dosha may benefit from warm, nourishing foods, while those with a Pitta dosha may need cooling and calming foods.
Practice daily self-care rituals: Ayurveda encourages the incorporation of self-care rituals into our daily routine. This can include practices such as oil massage (Abhyanga), meditation, yoga, and breathing exercises. These rituals help calm the mind, balance the doshas, and promote overall well-being.
Seek professional guidance: If you are new to Ayurveda or experiencing specific health concerns, it is advisable to seek guidance from a qualified Ayurvedic practitioner. They can provide personalized recommendations based on your unique needs and help you navigate the world of Ayurveda.
Remember, Ayurveda is a holistic system of healing that takes into account the interconnectedness of the mind, body, and spirit. By balancing the elements within us, we can achieve optimal health and well-being.
Ayurvedic Practices for Optimal Health
Ayurveda offers a wide range of practices that promote optimal health and well-being. These practices are rooted in the belief that balance is key to achieving and maintaining good health. One important practice is Abhyanga, which involves the application of warm oil to the body. This self-massage technique not only nourishes the skin but also helps to relax the muscles and calm the mind.
Another essential practice is Pranayama, which focuses on controlling the breath. By practicing various breathing techniques, individuals can improve their respiratory function, reduce stress, and enhance mental clarity.
In addition, Ayurveda emphasizes the importance of Dinacharya, or daily routine. This includes following a regular sleep schedule, eating meals at consistent times, and engaging in activities that promote balance and well-being.
To further support optimal health, Ayurveda recommends Sattvic diet, which consists of fresh, whole foods that are nourishing and easy to digest. This diet emphasizes the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes while minimizing processed foods and artificial additives.
By incorporating these Ayurvedic practices into daily life, individuals can experience improved physical, mental, and emotional well-being.
Traditional Chinese Medicine: Harmonizing Yin and Yang
The Philosophy and Principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a system of medicine that has been practiced for at least 23 centuries. It is based on the philosophy of maintaining or restoring the balance of yin and yang to prevent or heal disease. Yin and yang are opposing forces that exist in all aspects of life, including the human body. According to TCM, when these forces are in balance, the body is healthy, and when they are out of balance, illness can occur.
One of the key principles of TCM is the concept of Qi, which is the vital energy that flows through the body. It is believed that when Qi is flowing smoothly and in the right balance, the body is in a state of health. However, if there is an imbalance or blockage in the flow of Qi, it can lead to illness or discomfort.
TCM utilizes various techniques and therapies to restore the balance of yin and yang and promote the smooth flow of Qi. These include acupuncture, herbal medicine, dietary therapy, and mind-body practices such as tai chi and qigong.
In TCM, the focus is not only on treating the symptoms of a disease but also on addressing the underlying imbalances that may be contributing to the illness. This holistic approach aims to restore harmony and promote overall well-being.
The Role of Qi in Balancing Energy
Qi, pronounced ‘chee’, is a fundamental concept in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It is believed to be the vital life force that flows through our bodies, connecting all aspects of our being. Qi is responsible for maintaining balance and harmony within the body, mind, and spirit.
In TCM, it is believed that when Qi is flowing smoothly and in the right quantities, we experience good health and well-being. However, when there is an imbalance or blockage in the flow of Qi, it can lead to various physical and emotional ailments.
To balance and harmonize Qi, TCM utilizes various techniques and therapies. These include acupuncture, herbal medicine, qigong, and tai chi. Acupuncture involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points along the body’s meridian channels to stimulate the flow of Qi. Herbal medicine uses specific herbs and formulas to nourish and regulate Qi. Qigong and tai chi are gentle exercises that promote the flow of Qi and enhance overall well-being.
In TCM, the goal is to restore the balance of Qi and promote the body’s natural healing abilities. By addressing the root cause of imbalances and supporting the body’s Qi, TCM aims to not only alleviate symptoms but also prevent future health issues. It is a holistic approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of the body, mind, and spirit.
Traditional Chinese Medicine Techniques and Therapies
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) encompasses a wide range of techniques and therapies that aim to restore balance and harmony in the body. These techniques have been developed and refined over thousands of years, and they continue to be used today to promote health and well-being.
One of the most well-known TCM techniques is acupuncture, which involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body. This practice is believed to stimulate the flow of qi, or vital energy, and restore balance to the body. Moxibustion is another commonly used technique in TCM, where dried mugwort is burned near the skin to warm and stimulate specific acupuncture points.
Cupping is a therapy that involves placing glass or plastic cups on the skin to create suction. This technique is used to promote blood flow, relieve muscle tension, and reduce pain. Massage, or Tui Na, is also commonly used in TCM to stimulate the flow of qi and promote relaxation and healing.
In addition to these techniques, TCM also utilizes herbal medicine. Formulas are carefully crafted combinations of herbs tailored to address specific imbalances in the body. These herbal remedies can be taken internally or applied externally to promote healing and restore balance.
Overall, TCM techniques and therapies offer a holistic approach to health and well-being, addressing not only the physical symptoms but also the underlying imbalances in the body.
Crystal Healing: Harnessing the Power of Gemstones
The Ancient Practice of Crystal Healing
Crystal healing is an ancient practice that dates back to ancient civilizations like the Egyptians and Sumerians. These cultures believed that certain crystals held the power to heal ailments and ward off evil spirits. The practice of crystal healing involves using specific gemstones to harness their energetic properties and promote physical and emotional well-being.
In crystal healing, each gemstone is believed to have its own unique energy and vibration. This energy is thought to interact with the body’s energy centers, known as chakras, to restore balance and harmony. For example, amethyst is often used to promote relaxation and relieve stress, while rose quartz is associated with love and compassion.
Crystal healing can be performed in various ways, including wearing gemstone jewelry, placing crystals on specific parts of the body, or using them during meditation. Some practitioners also use crystal grids, which are arrangements of crystals that are believed to amplify their healing properties.
While crystal healing is not a substitute for medical treatment, many people find it to be a complementary therapy that enhances their overall well-being. It is important to note that the effectiveness of crystal healing may vary from person to person, and it is always advisable to consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns.
Understanding the Energetic Properties of Gemstones
Gemstones have been used for centuries for their healing properties. Each gemstone is believed to have its own unique energy and vibration that can affect our physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. Obsidian, for example, is known for its grounding and protective properties, while jasper is believed to bring tranquility and balance. By understanding the energetic properties of gemstones, we can harness their power to enhance our overall well-being.
Crystal Healing Techniques for Physical and Emotional Well-being
Crystal healing is a holistic practice that harnesses the power of gemstones to promote physical and emotional well-being. Gemstones are believed to have unique energetic properties that can interact with the body’s energy field, or aura, to restore balance and harmony. By placing specific gemstones on or around the body, practitioners aim to stimulate the body’s natural healing mechanisms and enhance overall well-being.
One popular crystal healing technique is crystal grid therapy. This involves arranging gemstones in a specific geometric pattern to create a focused energy field. The grid can be placed on the body or in the surrounding environment to promote healing and balance. Another technique is crystal elixirs, which are made by infusing water with the energy of gemstones. These elixirs can be ingested or applied topically to support physical and emotional healing.
It’s important to note that crystal healing is not a substitute for medical treatment, but rather a complementary practice that can support overall wellness. If you’re interested in exploring crystal healing, it’s recommended to seek guidance from a qualified practitioner who can provide personalized recommendations and ensure safe and effective use of gemstones.
Holistic Healing and Modern Medicine: Bridging the Gap
Integrating Holistic Healing into Conventional Medical Practices
Holistic healing is not meant to replace conventional medical practices, but rather to complement them. It offers a more comprehensive approach to healthcare by considering the interconnectedness of the mind, body, and spirit. By integrating holistic healing into conventional medicine, patients can benefit from a more holistic and personalized treatment plan.
One way to integrate holistic healing into conventional medical practices is through the use of complementary therapies. Complementary therapies are non-mainstream approaches that are used alongside conventional medicine to enhance overall well-being. These therapies can include practices such as acupuncture, massage therapy, and herbal medicine.
Another way to bridge the gap between holistic healing and conventional medicine is through collaboration between holistic practitioners and medical professionals. By working together, they can combine their expertise and provide patients with a more well-rounded approach to healthcare. This collaboration can lead to improved patient outcomes and a more holistic understanding of health and wellness.
The Benefits of a Holistic Approach to Health
A holistic approach to health considers the whole person – mind, body, and spirit – and recognizes that they are interconnected. It goes beyond just treating symptoms and aims to address the root causes of health issues. By taking into account various factors such as lifestyle, diet, emotions, and environment, holistic healing seeks to promote overall well-being and balance.
One of the key benefits of a holistic approach to health is its focus on prevention. Rather than waiting for illness or disease to occur, holistic healing emphasizes proactive measures to maintain health and prevent imbalances. This can include practices such as regular exercise, stress management techniques, and a nutritious diet.
Another advantage of holistic healing is its emphasis on individualized care. Each person is unique, and their health needs may vary. Holistic practitioners take the time to understand the specific needs and goals of their patients, tailoring treatment plans accordingly.
In addition, holistic healing often complements conventional medical practices. It can be used alongside traditional treatments to enhance their effectiveness and support the body’s natural healing processes. This integrative approach can provide a more comprehensive and well-rounded approach to health and wellness.
Collaboration between Holistic Practitioners and Medical Professionals
Collaboration between holistic practitioners and medical professionals is essential for providing comprehensive and well-rounded healthcare. By combining the knowledge and expertise of both fields, patients can benefit from a holistic approach that addresses their physical, mental, and emotional well-being.
One important aspect of collaboration is effective communication. Holistic practitioners and medical professionals need to share information and work together to develop personalized treatment plans that integrate both conventional and holistic approaches. This collaboration ensures that patients receive the most appropriate and effective care.
In addition to communication, collaboration also involves mutual respect and understanding. Holistic practitioners and medical professionals should recognize and appreciate each other’s expertise and perspectives. By working together, they can create a supportive and cohesive healthcare team that prioritizes the well-being of the patient.
To facilitate collaboration, it can be helpful to establish regular meetings or case conferences where holistic practitioners and medical professionals can discuss patient cases, share insights, and collaborate on treatment strategies. This open and collaborative approach fosters a holistic healing environment where the patient’s needs are at the center of care.
Ultimately, collaboration between holistic practitioners and medical professionals leads to a more comprehensive and integrative healthcare system. By combining the strengths of both approaches, patients can experience improved health outcomes and a higher quality of life. | <urn:uuid:03fa8935-394f-4c5d-85b4-8fb0df96300f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://virtualhangarmedia.com/2024/01/18/exploring-the-benefits-of-holistic-healing-a-dive-into-ayurveda-traditional-chinese-medicine-and-crystal-healing/ | 2024-02-27T13:27:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.937938 | 3,779 | 2.921875 | 3 | [
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] |
Unraveling the Mystery: Why Do People Hate Red Heads?
Have you ever wondered why some people dislike red heads? There seems to be an unexplainable prejudice against individuals with red hair. This article explores the historical, cultural, and psychological reasons for this bias, and offers insights on overcoming it.
- Red hair prejudice has historical roots in ancient myths and cultural biases.
- Stereotypes about red heads, such as fiery tempers or promiscuity, are debunked.
- Psychological factors, societal attitudes, and nature versus nurture contribute to redhead hate.
- Combatting anti-redhead bias involves promoting inclusivity and education on diversity.
- Breaking the stigma against red heads involves celebrating uniqueness and challenging discriminatory attitudes.
The Historical Prejudice Against Red Heads
Red hair has been a source of fascination and discrimination for centuries. Historical records show that ancient myths and folklore often portrayed red heads as impious and untrustworthy. There have been documented instances of cultural biases against red heads, with many societies showing a preference for individuals with other hair colors.
One theory suggests that the prejudice against red heads may have originated from their association with witches and witchcraft during the Middle Ages. According to popular belief, red heads were thought to be witches’ familiars, or animal companions, and thus were commonly persecuted.
Another possible explanation is that the prejudice against red heads may be rooted in religious beliefs. In some cultures, red hair was seen as a sign of a demon’s influence, and red heads were consequently ostracized.
Despite the negative connotations, there have also been positive representations of red heads throughout history. Some ancient societies, such as the Greeks, believed that red hair was a sign of courage and honor. Additionally, red hair was often depicted in art and literature as a symbol of beauty and sensuality.
Today, many of the negative stereotypes associated with red hair continue to persist. While there have been some efforts to challenge these biases, cultural attitudes towards red heads remain deeply ingrained in many societies.
Debunking Red Hair Stereotypes
Red heads have been subject to numerous negative stereotypes throughout history, perpetuating false beliefs and misconceptions about individuals with this unique trait. Let’s take a closer look at some of these stereotypes and why they simply aren’t true.
Myth: Red heads have fiery tempers.
Reality: There is no scientific evidence to support the belief that red heads have hotter tempers than individuals with other hair colors. This stereotype likely originated from the fiery connotation of the color red itself, rather than any actual personality trait.
Myth: Red heads are more promiscuous.
Reality: This stereotype likely developed due to the fictitious association between red hair and witchcraft during medieval times, leading to the belief that red heads were lustful and immoral. However, there is no scientific basis to this claim, and it is unfair and baseless.
It’s important to recognize and challenge these stereotypes about red heads, promoting inclusivity and acceptance among all individuals regardless of their physical appearances. By breaking down these unwarranted beliefs and stigmas, we can move towards a more compassionate and empathetic society.
Psychological Factors for Hating Red Heads
While the historical prejudice against red heads certainly plays a role in perpetuating negative attitudes towards them, there are also psychological factors that contribute to this bias.
One of these factors is the human tendency to fear and distrust anything that is different from what we are familiar with. This phenomenon is known as the mere-exposure effect, which theorizes that the more we are exposed to something, the more we tend to like it. The opposite is also true; the less we are exposed to something, the more we tend to fear and dislike it. Red hair is relatively rare, which means that people may not be as familiar with it, leading them to feel more apprehensive towards it.
Another psychological factor is the role of social conditioning in perpetuating discrimination. When individuals grow up in a society that is biased against a particular group based on something as trivial as hair color, they are more likely to adopt these prejudices themselves. This can result in the internalization of negative attitudes towards red heads, even if there is no logical reason for them.
The Role of Genetics
However, it is also important to note that there may be genetic factors at play when it comes to the prejudice against red heads. Researchers have identified a gene variant called MC1R that is responsible for red hair, and studies have shown that people with this gene variant are more likely to experience discrimination and prejudice. It is unclear whether this is because of the physical appearance associated with red hair or if there is some other underlying psychological mechanism at play.
In any case, it is clear that the prejudice against red heads is a complex issue with multiple factors at play, both cultural and psychological. By understanding these factors, we can work towards promoting greater acceptance and inclusivity towards individuals of all hair colors.
Societal Attitudes Towards Red Heads
Red heads have long been the target of cultural biases and prejudices, perpetuated through various societal attitudes and norms. These attitudes are often shaped by media, popular culture, and social conditioning, leading to discrimination and negative stereotypes.
One prevalent stereotype is that red heads are hot-headed and quick to anger. This misconception is often perpetuated in the media, where red heads are portrayed as having fiery tempers and short fuses. Similarly, the belief that red heads are more promiscuous or have wilder personalities is also a common stereotype.
These attitudes are often rooted in deep-seated cultural biases, where red hair was associated with negative traits such as witchcraft or other forms of deviance. These biases have been passed down through generations, leading to the perpetuation of negative stereotypes and discrimination against red heads.
It is critical to challenge these attitudes and promote inclusivity and understanding. A first step is recognizing and acknowledging the role of societal attitudes in perpetuating red hair prejudice. Promoting empathy and education on diversity can go a long way in breaking down harmful stereotypes and biases.
Challenging Stereotypes in Popular Culture
Popular culture plays a significant role in shaping societal attitudes towards red heads. Television shows, movies, and other forms of media have the power to either perpetuate negative stereotypes or challenge them.
Fortunately, there has been a noticeable shift in recent years towards more positive portrayals of red heads in popular media. This includes the rise of red-headed heroes and heroines in movies and television, as well as the recognition of red hair as a unique and beautiful trait rather than a source of shame or ridicule.
By challenging negative stereotypes and promoting inclusivity, we can work towards a society that embraces red heads and celebrates diversity. Breaking down harmful biases and promoting understanding is a crucial step in creating a more accepting world for all individuals, regardless of hair color.
Understanding Redhead Hate: Nature vs. Nurture
Redhead hate has been a long-standing issue, but the reasons behind it are complex and multifaceted. Some researchers argue that there may be a genetic component to redhead hate, as red hair is a relatively rare trait that may have been viewed as undesirable in the past. Others suggest that societal conditioning plays a larger role, with biases and prejudices being perpetuated through media, popular culture, and social norms.
One theory is that there may be an evolutionary basis for redhead hate, as people may fear what they perceive as “other” or different from themselves. This fear of the unfamiliar is a basic human instinct that has helped us survive in the past, but it can also lead to discrimination and prejudice against those who are seen as different.
However, it’s important to note that not all individuals with red hair may experience hate or discrimination. Environmental factors, such as upbringing and cultural influences, also play a role in shaping attitudes towards redheads. For example, in some cultures, red hair may be seen as a sign of good luck or fortune.
In order to combat redhead hate, it’s important to continue researching the reasons behind it and to promote understanding and empathy towards individuals with red hair. By challenging stereotypes and promoting inclusivity, we can work towards a future where all individuals are accepted and valued, regardless of their hair color.
Combating Anti-Redhead Bias
Combating anti-redhead bias requires awareness, education, and action. It starts with acknowledging that prejudice against red heads exists and recognizing the harmful impact it can have on individuals and society as a whole. Here are some strategies for overcoming anti-redhead bias:
Creating an inclusive environment is essential in combating anti-redhead bias. This means embracing diversity and promoting acceptance of all individuals, regardless of hair color. Encouraging people to celebrate differences rather than fear them can help break down stereotypes and biases.
Education on Diversity
Education plays a crucial role in combating anti-redhead bias. Providing information about red hair and its history, as well as highlighting the contributions of red heads to society, can help dispel myths and stereotypes. It is also important to educate individuals on the harms of discrimination and prejudice and the value of inclusivity.
Empowering Red Heads
Empowering red heads to challenge stereotypes and discrimination can be a powerful tool in combating bias. Encouraging individuals to speak out against prejudice and share their experiences can help raise awareness and promote change. Providing red heads with support networks and resources can also help them navigate and resist discrimination.
Overcoming Redhead Discrimination
Overcoming redhead discrimination requires a collective effort to challenge and dismantle harmful attitudes and practices. By promoting inclusivity, education, and empowerment, society can take significant steps towards overcoming prejudice against red heads and creating a more accepting and diverse world.
Red Head Bullying: The Impact on Individuals
Bullying can have devastating effects on individuals, and red head bullying is no exception. The constant teasing, name-calling, and exclusion can lead to low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. The impact of bullying can be even more severe for red heads, who may feel isolated and alone in their experiences.
Red head bullying is often rooted in societal attitudes towards red hair, which can contribute to a sense of otherness and exclusion. It is important to recognize the emotional and psychological toll that bullying can take on individuals and to offer support and resources to those affected.
According to a study by the Anti-Bullying Alliance, red head bullying is one of the most common forms of bullying in schools. This highlights the need for more education and awareness around the issue and for greater efforts to combat discrimination and prejudice.
It is crucial to create a safe and inclusive environment for red heads, where they feel valued and accepted. This can be achieved through promoting understanding and empathy, challenging stereotypes, and celebrating the diversity that red hair brings.
Organizations such as the Red-Headed League and Ginger Parrot have been created to provide support, raise awareness, and challenge discrimination against red heads. By coming together and supporting one another, we can create a world where red heads are celebrated for their unique qualities and are free from bullying and prejudice.
Breaking the Stigma Against Red Heads
The discrimination against red heads is a harmful bias that has persisted for centuries. To overcome this stigma, it is important to promote understanding and empathy towards individuals with red hair. We must challenge the negative stereotypes associated with red heads and celebrate their unique qualities.
Breaking the stigma against red heads requires a concerted effort to combat discriminatory attitudes. By promoting inclusivity and education on diversity, we can empower red heads to challenge stereotypes and be proud of their appearance. Empathy and understanding are also important in promoting a more accepting environment.
Challenging Discriminatory Attitudes
One of the most critical steps in breaking the stigma against red heads is to challenge discriminatory attitudes. Red heads should be celebrated for their unique qualities instead of being subjected to negative stereotypes. Through education and awareness, we can promote a more inclusive society that recognizes the worth of every individual, regardless of their physical appearance.
It is important to highlight the positive contributions that red heads have made to society, including in the fields of art, music, and science. By showcasing these achievements, we can help to break down the stereotypes that have contributed to the prejudice against red heads.
Empowering Red Heads
To combat anti-redhead bias, we must also empower individuals with red hair to challenge stereotypes and be proud of their appearance. Red heads should be encouraged to speak out against discrimination and to be confident in their own skin.
Creating a supportive and accepting environment is key in empowering red heads. Schools and workplaces can take steps to promote inclusivity and diversity by fostering a culture of respect and empathy. This can be done by providing education on diversity and offering support for individuals who have experienced discrimination.
Celebrating Red Heads
Breaking the stigma against red heads also requires celebrating and embracing their unique qualities. Red heads should be encouraged to embrace their appearance and take pride in their red hair. This can be done by promoting positive representation in popular culture and media.
By celebrating red heads and embracing their unique qualities, we can break down the negative stereotypes that have contributed to the prejudice against red heads. Through education, empathy, and support, we can promote a more accepting society that values and celebrates diversity.
Overcoming Red Hair Prejudice: Personal Stories of Triumph
Discrimination against red heads is a real issue that affects many individuals. However, there are also those who have overcome this prejudice and have triumphed in the face of discrimination. Here are some inspiring personal stories of overcoming red hair prejudice:
Shane grew up being bullied because of his red hair. He was called names and excluded from social activities. However, he refused to let this get him down. He worked hard in school and used his love of music as an outlet. Eventually, he became a successful musician and uses his platform to advocate for inclusivity and acceptance.
Katie always felt like the odd one out because of her red hair. She was discriminated against during job interviews and social events. However, she refused to let this hold her back. She started a blog about her experiences and how she learned to embrace her uniqueness. Her blog has gained a large following and has helped many others going through similar experiences.
Michael was bullied relentlessly in school because of his red hair. However, he refused to let the bullies win. He focused on his studies and eventually went to college where he discovered a passion for activism. He now works to promote acceptance and inclusivity for all individuals, regardless of their differences.
These personal stories of triumph are examples of the resilience and strength of individuals who have faced red hair prejudice. By sharing their stories, they inspire others to stand up against discrimination and embrace their uniqueness. Through education, awareness, and empathy, we can work towards a future where red heads are celebrated for the qualities that make them unique, rather than discriminated against for a trait they cannot control.
The Future of Red Head Acceptance
The future of red head acceptance is looking brighter than ever. With increasing awareness and education about red hair prejudice, more and more people are challenging stereotypes and celebrating the unique beauty of red hair.
However, there is still much work to be done. Redhead stereotypes persist in popular culture, perpetuating harmful and discriminatory attitudes towards red heads. The media has a powerful influence in shaping societal perceptions, so it is crucial that we continue to challenge negative representations of red heads and promote inclusivity and diversity.
Breaking the stigma against red heads requires ongoing efforts to foster understanding and empathy among individuals of all hair colors. Education and awareness are key in promoting change and combating red hair prejudice. By dismantling the myths and stereotypes surrounding red heads, we can create a more accepting and inclusive society for all.
The Importance of Red Head Representation
One way to combat red hair prejudice is through positive representation in media and popular culture. Shifting the narrative around red heads to one that celebrates their uniqueness and diversity can have a powerful impact in challenging harmful stereotypes.
By showcasing a range of red headed individuals in various roles and professions, we can break down the narrow and limiting view of red heads as emotional or fiery-tempered individuals. Red head representation can help to promote acceptance and inclusivity, and encourage more positive attitudes towards red heads.
The future of red head acceptance is in our hands. By understanding and challenging the stigma associated with red hair, we can create a more empathetic and accepting society for all individuals, regardless of their hair color.
Red Heads in Pop Culture: Shifting Representations
For years, red heads have been subject to negative stereotypes perpetuated in pop culture, from the fiery-tempered sidekick to the promiscuous seductress. However, in recent years, there has been a shift towards more positive and inclusive representations of red heads in media.
The hit television series Game of Thrones features several red-headed characters who are strong, intelligent, and complex. Actress Jessica Chastain, known for her vibrant red locks, has played an array of powerful female characters on the big screen. In the world of music, pop star Ed Sheeran has become a prominent figure, known for both his musical talent and his signature red hair.
The Importance of Representations
Positive representations of red heads in pop culture are crucial in combating stereotypes and promoting inclusivity. When children see red headed characters in positions of power and strength, it can help them feel more accepted and valued.
Furthermore, these representations challenge societal attitudes towards red heads, emphasizing the unique beauty and qualities that red hair brings. They also provide red heads with role models and icons to look up to, empowering them to embrace their natural hair color with pride.
Continuing the Shift
While progress has been made in shifting representations of red heads in pop culture, there is still work to be done in dismantling negative stereotypes and promoting inclusivity. By continuing to push for diversity and representation in media, we can challenge societal biases towards red heads and create a more accepting and inclusive society.
Education and Awareness: Promoting Change
One of the key ways to combat red hair prejudice is through education and awareness. By fostering understanding and empathy, we can begin to break down the harmful stereotypes and biases associated with red heads.
It’s important to recognize that many people may not even be aware of their own biases. This is where education comes in. By teaching individuals about the historical roots of prejudice against red heads, the impact of negative stereotypes, and the psychological factors that contribute to discrimination, we can begin to promote change.
Through education, we can also highlight the unique qualities and experiences that red heads bring to the table. By celebrating diversity and promoting inclusivity, we can create a more accepting and supportive environment for all individuals, regardless of their hair color.
It’s also important to raise awareness about the impact of red hair prejudice. By sharing personal stories and experiences, we can help individuals understand the emotional and psychological toll that discrimination can take. This can help promote empathy and understanding, and encourage individuals to take action to combat prejudice and discrimination.
Ultimately, education and awareness are key in promoting change and combatting red hair prejudice. By fostering understanding, empathy, and celebration of diversity, we can create a more accepting and inclusive society for all individuals, regardless of their hair color.
Understanding and Breaking the Stigma: Embracing Red Heads
Throughout this article, we have explored the reasons behind the prejudice against red heads and the impact it can have on individuals. From historical biases to societal attitudes and psychological factors, the roots of this stigma run deep.
However, we have also seen the power of education, awareness, and understanding in promoting change and combating red hair prejudice. By breaking down stereotypes, promoting empathy, and celebrating diversity, we can create a more accepting and inclusive society.
It is important to remember that red heads, like all individuals, are unique and should not be judged based on their hair color. By embracing the beautiful diversity that red hair brings, we can break the stigma against red heads and promote a more positive and accepting world.
So let us continue to challenge discriminatory attitudes, celebrate uniqueness, and promote understanding. Through our actions, we can make a difference and create a brighter future for all.
Q: Why do people hate red heads?
A: The prejudice against red heads is rooted in historical myths, stereotypes, and cultural biases that have perpetuated negative attitudes towards individuals with red hair.
Q: What are the historical reasons for the prejudice against red heads?
A: The historical prejudice against red heads can be traced back to ancient myths, folklore, and cultural biases that viewed red hair as a sign of witchcraft, promiscuity, or other negative characteristics.
Q: Are the stereotypes about red heads true?
A: No, stereotypes about red heads, such as fiery temperaments or promiscuity, are not based in reality. Red heads are just as diverse and unique as individuals of any other hair color.
Q: What psychological factors contribute to hating red heads?
A: The prejudice against red heads may stem from psychological factors such as fear of the unfamiliar and societal conditioning that perpetuates discrimination against those with red hair.
Q: How do societal attitudes affect red heads?
A: Societal attitudes towards red heads can lead to biases and discrimination, as they are perpetuated through media, popular culture, and social norms. Challenging these attitudes is vital for creating an inclusive society.
Q: Is the prejudice against red heads nature or nurture?
A: The prejudice against red heads can be influenced by both nature and nurture, with genetic predispositions and societal conditioning playing a role. Understanding this debate is essential in addressing redhead hate.
Q: How can we combat anti-redhead bias?
A: Strategies to combat anti-redhead bias include promoting inclusivity, educating on diversity, and empowering red heads to challenge stereotypes. Creating a more accepting environment is crucial in overcoming discrimination.
Q: What is the impact of red head bullying?
A: Red head bullying can have significant emotional and psychological effects on individuals. It is important to create a supportive and accepting environment to prevent the negative impact of such bullying.
Q: How can we break the stigma against red heads?
A: Breaking the stigma against red heads involves promoting empathy, understanding, and celebrating the uniqueness that red hair brings. Challenging discriminatory attitudes is essential for creating a more accepting society.
Q: Are there personal stories of triumph over redhead discrimination?
A: Yes, many individuals have overcome redhead discrimination and have inspiring stories of resilience. These stories serve as inspiration and offer hope to others facing similar challenges.
Q: What does the future hold for red head acceptance?
A: The future of red head acceptance depends on the progress made in dismantling stereotypes and prejudice. While there has been some positive change, there is still work to be done in promoting inclusivity and understanding.
Q: Are there shifting representations of red heads in pop culture?
A: Yes, there are shifting representations of red heads in pop culture that challenge stereotypes and promote inclusivity. These positive portrayals play a significant role in shaping societal attitudes.
Q: How can education and awareness promote change?
A: Education and awareness play a crucial role in combating red hair prejudice. By fostering understanding and empathy among individuals of all hair colors, we can promote positive change and break the stigma.
Q: How can we embrace and understand red heads?
A: Embracing and understanding red heads requires us to challenge the stigma and stereotypes associated with red hair. By fostering empathy, acceptance, and inclusivity, we can create a more supportive society for individuals with red hair. | <urn:uuid:e7acfd05-259d-43ac-aa3c-02f59e5dfa06> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://wqidian.com/unraveling-the-mystery-why-do-people-hate-red-heads/ | 2024-02-27T13:39:31Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.954516 | 4,891 | 3.03125 | 3 | [
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A More In Depth Explanation Of Sinusitis
Acute sinusitis causes the cavities around your nasal passages to become inflamed and swollen. This interferes with drainage and causes mucus to build up.
With acute sinusitis, it might be difficult to breathe through your nose. The area around your eyes and face might feel swollen, and you might have throbbing facial pain or a headache.
Acute sinusitis is mostly caused by the common cold. Unless a bacterial infection develops, most cases resolve within a week to 10 days.
In most cases, home remedies are all that’s needed to treat acute sinusitis. However, persistent sinusitis can lead to serious infections and other complications. Sinusitis that lasts more than 12 weeks despite medical treatment is called chronic sinusitis.
Lemon For Bacterial Infection
Lemon is another home remedy that treats many infections caused by bacteria, especially respiratory infection. Lemon can help to remove the mucus accumulated in the respiratory tract. Moreover, drinking lemon juice also gets rid of the bacteria trapped in the mucous. Therefore, lemon is indispensable on the list of tips on how to treat bacterial infection.
Besides, let us remind you of another important health benefit of lemon, which is its ability to combat allergy and asthma thanks to the significant amount of vitamin C it contains. If you want to investigate deeper, you can follow this link.
Viral Sinusitis And Bacterial Sinusitis
Viral sinusitis is the most common type of sinusitis. It is usually caused by the same viruses that cause the common cold, and typically lasts for between seven and ten days. If the condition lasts longer than ten days, or there is a worsening of symptoms after five to seven days, the sinusitis is more likely caused by bacteria than a virus.
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How To Treat A Sinus Infection At Home
In the first two weeks of a sinus infection, patients may use saline sprays, over-the-counter steroid sprays like Flonase, and over-the-counter decongestants.
After 10 days, if the drainage is still colored, an antibiotic is likely necessary. Theres no homeopathic alternative to antibiotics. However, saline spray, topical steroid sprays, and decongestants work well with antibiotics to clear most infections.
What You Should Not Do To Soothe A Cold Or Ear Infection:
- Do not give over-the-counter cold medicines to children under age 2. Consider avoiding them if the child is older, too.
- Do not tilt an infants crib mattress. Children under age 1 should sleep on a flat mattress with no pillows or blankets.
- Do not allow a child to drink while lying down, as it can increase the chances of getting an ear infection.
- Do not smoke. Families and caregivers who smoke increase a childs chance of getting colds and ear infections.
Because young children get more colds in the winter, they may also develop more ear infections. Five out of six children will experience at least one ear infection by the time they are 3 years old, according to the National Institutes of Health.
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How Do You Treat Chronic Sinusitis
Whether it is seasonal allergies that return every year like clockwork, or naturally small nasal passages that do not drain readily, some people find that chronic sinusitis is a part of life. In these cases, proactive treatment with decongestants and antihistamines can help to stave off the sinus congestion that can give rise to an infection.
Changes to your home environment such as eliminating dust and mold where possible and using a humidifier can all help provide relief as well. Many people who have recurring or chronic sinusitis also make use of steam therapy or neti pots to keep their sinus passages hydrated when symptoms begin. In extreme cases, having a doctor who knows your symptoms and knows when to give prescription medications may be necessary.
But Sometimes Antibiotics For Sinus Infections Are Needed
So how does one judge when it is appropriate to prescribe antibiotics for a sinus infection? There are several sets of official guidelines, which are all similar. When a patient has thick, colorful nasal discharge and/or facial pressure or pain for at least 10 days, they meet criteria for antibiotic treatment. If a patient has had those symptoms, but the symptoms seemed to start improving and then got worse again, then even if its been less than 10 days, they meet criteria for antibiotic treatment.
The authors, however, also suggest that doctors discuss watchful waiting with patients and explain that most sinus infections clear up on their own in one to two weeks, and its a safe option to hold off on antibiotics. The symptoms can then be treated with a cocktail of over-the-counter medications and supportive care, like nasal saline irrigation, nasal steroid sprays, decongestants, and pain medications.
Of course, many patients expect and demand antibiotics for sinus infections, and even those who are open to watchful waiting may hear about the rare but possible complications of things like, oh, brain abscess, and opt to treat.
In the case of my patient above, she met criteria for treatment. She weighed the watchful waiting option against the potential risks of antibiotics for her sinus infection, and chose the prescription. I can tell you from very close follow-up that she improved quickly, though in truth, we will never really know if she would have gotten better anyway.
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When Antibiotics Are In Order
The main reason to prescribe antibiotics is for patient comfort, Dr. Sindwani says. The medical field used to be more convinced than it is today than untreated sinusitis would inevitably become a chronic issue, he says.
We dont think that way as much, he says. We dont know that an untreated acute sinusitis, if left untreated, will grumble along and cause people to have a chronic sinus infection.
Some people think thats two separate things, with chronic sinusitis more likely due to underlying issues like allergies or immune problems.
Which Types Of Doctors Treat Sinusitis And Sinus Infections
- Many sinus infections can be treated by your primary care physician or an Internal Medicine doctor.
- However, it is not unusual to consult an ENT specialist,
- Infectious disease specialist,
- Allergist or Immunologist.
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How To Prevent A Sinus Infection
Prevention is really the key, she said. Staying healthy by drinking plenty of fluids, getting adequate rest, decreasing stress and washing your hands are all good preventive steps.
Make sure you get recommended vaccines such as the flu vaccine. Also, dont smoke and avoid secondhand smoke. And avoid close contract with others who have colds or other upper respiratory infections, Melinda said.
What Are The Symptoms Of A Sinus Infection
So if youve ever had a sinus infection before, you know they feel pretty miserable: The more common symptoms are nasal congestion, discolored mucous from the nose, post nasal drainage, facial pain, facial pressure, decreased smell and taste, says Dr. Duyka. Some patients also experience ear pain, upper tooth pain, sore throat, bad breath, and/or cough.
But heres some quick advice: That whole thing about the color of your snot telling you whether or not you have a bacterial or viral infection? Thats a myth, Donald Ford, MD, a family medicine physician at the Cleveland Clinic, tells Health. The green-yellow color of mucus that can develop is a byproduct of our own white blood cells, which we use to fight any kind of infection, viral or bacterial, so we cant tell the cause from the color of the mucus, she says. When mucus is thick and dark it usually suggests some mild dehydration, and you should increase fluid intake and use lots of saline spray to keep the mucus thin.
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Will Sinus Infections Resolve If Left Untreated
Lingering sinus infections should be treated before they escalate into a more serious issue. If a sinus infection is untreated, it may begin to impact the surrounding areas: the eyes and brain.
Untreated sinus infections can result in orbital and intracranial complications. Orbital refers to an infection that moves from the sinus into the eye. It can even result in an abscess in the eye area, which threatens vision.
Intracranial infections refer to infection in the brain. These can ultimately progress to become a brain abscess or meningitis if left untreated.
Because the sinuses are located close to the eye and brain, the most serious complications of an untreated sinus infection affect these important structures.
When To Seek Medical Care
See a doctor if you have:
- Severe symptoms, such as severe headache or facial pain.
- Symptoms that get worse after initially improving.
- Symptoms lasting more than 10 days without improvement.
- Fever longer than 3-4 days.
You should also seek medical care if you have had multiple sinus infections in the past year.
This list is not all-inclusive. Please see a doctor for any symptom that is severe or concerning.
Other conditions can cause symptoms similar to a sinus infection, including:
- Seasonal allergies
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Garlic On How To Treat Bacterial Infection
You can lay your belief in garlic because it is also another natural home remedy with antibacterial properties. Garlic is available in every kitchen and it is the excellent home remedy to treat different fungal and bacterial infections. An effective way on how to treat bacterial infection is eating 4-5 cloves of garlic per day. You can chew and swallow it. Another way is taking garlic in the form of capsules. However, this way may be less effective than chewing garlic freshly. If you cannot stay with fresh garlic cloves, you can think of its capsules but we still recommend you eating it raw. Besides, garlic tea is another solution that is also considered as the herbal remedy on how to treat bacterial infection. You should add some cloves in the boiling water and steep for a few minutes before sipping the garlic tea. It is easy to have a cup of garlic tea so that you are supposed to spend a little effort and time on it. Garlic tea will be a useful treatment.
To know other benefits of garlic, you can view at Benefits Of Garlic
Common Antibiotics For Sinus Infections
Antibiotics may be prescribed when symptoms of a sinus infection warrant such treatment. Common antibiotics for sinus infection include:
- Levaquin : Although this drug is often prescribed as a first line of therapy for sinusitis, it has serious side effects and should only be used as a last resort.
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Inhale Menthol And Camphor
Another inhaled odor that can help open up sinus passages is menthol, which is an ingredient in popular ointments that are used specifically to treat a stuffy nose. These ointments also contain eucalyptus oil and camphor, which combine with menthol to create a powerful scent that immediately relieves sinus pressure. This ointment can be rubbed on your chest and under your nose to deliver its soothing benefits. Unlike eucalyptus oil, this ointment should not be placed in the mouth.
Research Into Antibiotics And Sinus Infections
The guidelines were triggered, in part, by studies finding that antibiotics may not make a difference. About 60% to 70% of people with sinus infections recover without antibiotics, according to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.
In one study of symptom relief, patients given antibiotics generally did no better than patients not given antibiotics.
This study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, observed 240 patients with sinusitis. They were given one of four treatments: antibiotics alone, nasal steroid spray alone to reduce tissue swelling, both antibiotics and the spray, or no treatment.
Patients who got no treatment were as likely to get better than those who got the antibiotics. The nasal spray seemed to help people with less severe symptoms at the beginning of their sinus problem, and seemed to make those with more intense congestion worse.
The patients all had sinus symptoms that suggested a bacterial infection. Sinus problems are also caused by viruses, for which antibiotics definitely offer no help.
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How I Healed My Sinus Infection Without Antibiotics
Lying in bed with a sinus infection is painful, but with the right treatment it can be over soon. You may think that antibiotics are the only way to cure sinus infections, but at Express ER in San Antonio we know that there is more than one way to heal the body. Overuse of antibiotics is causing bacteria to become resistant to these medicines, making them ineffective.
Sinus Infections are rarely ever due to true bacterial infections, but you can make sure by making a trip to a local emergency room in NE San Antonio. The correct term for common sinus infections would be acute rhinosinusitis, or acute inflammation of sinuses and the nose. The cause of this inflammation varies, from the common cold to allergies and irritation of the sinus.
How To Get Rid Of A Sinus Infection Without Antibiotics
This article was medically reviewed by . Dr. Litza is a board certified Family Medicine Physician in Wisconsin. She is a practicing Physician and taught as a Clinical Professor for 13 years, after receiving her MD from the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health in 1998.There are 13 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been viewed 75,464 times.
Sinusitis is an inflammation of paranasal sinuses most commonly due to an infection, underlying allergy or various autoimmune processes. The sinuses are small cavities in the skull that are normally filled with air. Sinusitis is an inflammation of the tissue that lines these cavities. In some cases, the swelling of this tissue blocks off the entry of the sinuses, trapping mucus and air inside them. This can cause pain in the cheeks, runny nose, and headache over the forehead region sometimes, it may lead to a secondary bacterial infection. Acute sinusitis resolves in 4 weeks whereas chronic sinusitis goes beyond 12 weeks and may keep on recurring for years. However, in most cases, sinusitis can be easily treated even without antibiotics.
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Ear Infections And Kids Anatomy
Its their anatomy that makes them particularly susceptible.
Older children and adults have a more efficient system for clearing colds. The fluid that builds up in the ear during and after an upper respiratory illness drains down the Eustachian tube, the canal that links the ear to the nose and throat.
In children younger than age 7, the Eustachian tube is shorter and more horizontally positioned, so the fluid takes longer to drain. The build-up can press on the eardrum, causing pain that is especially noticeable to kids when they lay down, breastfeed or suck on a bottle.
Types Of Sinus Infections: Chronic Vs Acute
There are four types of sinus infections. These classifications depend on the length and frequency of the infection:
- Acute sinusitis.This type of sinus infection lasts only for a short time, defined by the American Academy of Otolaryngology as less than 4 weeks. This short-term infection is usually part of a cold or other respiratory illness. It may also be caused by a bacterial infection .
- Subacute sinusitis. A subacute sinus infection lasts between 4 and 12 weeks .
- Recurrent acute sinusitis. An acute sinus infection is considered recurrent if the infection returns four or more times within a year, with each infection lasting 7 days or more.
- Chronic sinusitis.Chronic sinus infections last for more than 12 weeks or continue to recur.
Many sinus infection symptoms are common in both acute and chronic forms. Seeing a doctor is the best way to learn if you have an infection, find the cause, and get treatment.
For cases of acute bacterial sinus infections, these symptoms last at least 10 days without improving, or they worsen within 10 days after seeming to improve. In this case, its important to talk with a doctor, such as a general practitioner or an ear, nose, and throat doctor , to get a diagnosis and treatment plan.
Learn more about the symptoms of a sinus infection below.
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Balloon Sinuplasty: A Safe And Effective Sinusitis Treatment
Sinus surgery is not the only option for long-term sinus pressure relief. Balloon Sinuplasty is a minimally invasive alternative to surgery that can be done from the comfort of the office and get you back to enjoying all that life has to offer. This safe and effective procedure does not involve cutting or removing bone or tissue. Imagine all the benefits of a real solution without discomfort, long recovery, or excessive bleeding.
Unlike sinus medications, sinuplasty addresses the root cause of your sinus pressure by cleaning out the sinus cavity and restoring normal flow. This procedure simply inserts a tiny balloon through the nose and into the sinus cavity. The sinus cavity will be open and clean, allowing you to breathe easily again. With balloon sinuplasty, you can enjoy smelling, tasting, sleeping, and avoiding sinus pressure and headaches.
We understand that when the pressure sets in, you canât enjoy all that life has to offer. You miss work, hobbies, and priceless time is taken away from friends and family. We work hard to restore your sinuses and help you avoid the risk of surgery and medications. Sinusitis relief is a top priority for the entire team at Capitol Breathe Free. | <urn:uuid:827b68ea-b627-47a7-bf9c-43bd94632ea9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.antibioticstalk.com/can-i-get-over-a-sinus-infection-without-antibiotics/ | 2024-02-27T13:49:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.934881 | 3,888 | 3.234375 | 3 | [
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] |
(a) What is meant by molar heat of combustion?
(b) State the Hess's Law. c) Use the following standard enthalpies of combustion of graphite, hydrogen and enthalpy of formation of propane.
(i) Write the equation for the formation of propane.
(ii) Draw an energy cycle diagram that links the heat of formation of propane with its heat of combustion and the heats of combustion of graphite and hydrogen. (iii) Calculate the standard heat of combustion of propane. Other than the enthalpy of combustion, state one factor which should be considered when choosing a fuel. (e) The molar enthalpies of neutralization for dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute nitric (V) acid are -57.2kJ/mol while that of ethanoic acid is -55.2kJ/mol. Explain this. observation.
(a) The amount of heat liberated when one mole of a substance is burnt in excess Oxygen.
(b) The heat evolved are absorbed in a chemical change is the same whether the change occurs in one step or through many steps.
effect on environment availability storage (e) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid therefore heat is used to ionize it before neutralization occurs . It value is therefore lower than that of hydrochloric acid which is fully ionized
(a) Study the flowchart below and answer the questions that follows;
(i) I What observation will be made in Step I
II Describe a chemical test that can be carried out to show the identity of compound C (ii) Give the names of the following I E II substance D (iii)Give the formula of substance B . (iv) Name the type of reaction that occurs in: I Step (II) II Step (IV) (v) Give the reagent and conditions necessary for Step (VI). Reagent: Conditions (b) (i) Name the following structure.
(ii) Draw the structure of an isomer of pentene.
II C is a ethanoic acid (carboxylic acid) Add sodium carbonate, you will see effervescence, test gas evolved with lime water, it will form a white precipitate. (ii) I Polyethene II Substance D - sodium ethoxide
(a) Other than their location in the atom, name two other differences between an electron and a proton.
(b) the table below gives the number of electrons ,protons and neutrons in particles A,B, C , D, E, F and G
(i) Which particle is likely to be a halogen?
(ii) what is the mass number of E (iii) write the formula of the compound formed when E combines with G iv) Name the type of bond formed in (iii) above. (v) How does the radii of C and E compare ? Give reason. (vi) Draw a dot (.) and cross(x) diagram for the compound formed between (vii) Why would particle B not react with particle D?
(a)- electron has I mass while proton has mass of one mass unit. 1840
- proton is positively charged while electron is negatively charged.
(iv)Ionic bond or electrostatic
(v)E has a smaller atomic radius than C E has more protons than C : nuclear attraction stronger.
(vii)Particle B is inert with a stable electronic configuration will not react.
(a) When excess calcium metal was added to 50 cm3 of 2 M aqueous copper (II) nitrate in a beaker, a brown solid and bubbles of gas were observed.
(i) "Write two equations for the reactions which occurred in the beaker. (ii) Explain why it is not advisable to use sodium metal for this reaction.
(b) Calculate the mass of calcium metal which reacted with copper (II) nitrate solution. (Relative atomic mass of Ca = 40)
(c) The resulting mixture in (a) above was filtered and sodium hydroxide added to the filtrate dropwise until in excess. What observations were made? (d) (i) Starting with calcium oxide, describe how a solid sample of calcium carbonate can be prepared. (ii) Name one use of calcium carbonate
(d) (I) Add dilute nitric (V) acid to calcium oxide to form the soluble salt calcium nitrate. Add sodium carbonate (another soluble salt) to form insoluble. Calcium Carbonate and sodium nitrate . Filter out the calcium carbonate, wash it with distilled water to remove traces of sodium nitrate and dry between filter papers (ii) Manufacture of cement Manufacture of sodium carbonate.
(a) Ethanol can be manufactured from ethene and steam as shown in the equation below:
Temperature and pressure will affect the position of equilibrium of the above reaction. Name the other factor that will affect the position of equilibrium of the above reaction.
(b) The data in the table below was recorded when one mole of ethene was reacted with excess steam. The amount of ethanol in the equilibrium mixture was recorded under different conditions of temperature and pressure. Use the data to answer the questions that follow.
(i)State whether the reaction between ethene and steam is exothermic or endothermic.
Explain your answer. (ii) State and explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using extremely high pressure in this reaction. I Advantage II disadvantage (c) In an experiment to determine the rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid, 2g of calcium carbonate were reacted with excess 2 M hydrochloric acid, The volume of carbon (IV) oxide evolved was recorded at regular intervals of one minute for six minutes. The results are shown in the table below.
(i) plot a graph of time in minutes on the horizontal axis against volume of carbon (IV) oxide on the vertical axis.
(ii) determine the rate of reaction at 4 minutes
(Concentration). (b) (i) Exothermic increase in temperature from 250 - 350 at constant pressure the amount of ethanol formed at equilibrium decreases. (ii) I Advantage - it would increase the yield of ethanol ; since increase in pressure will favour side with less moles i.e. the products. II Disadvantage - it would mean investment in equipment to withstand the high pressure and would be expensive.
The set-up below was used by a student to investigate the products formed when aqueous copper (II) chloride was electrolyzed using carbon electrodes.
(a) (i) Write the equation for the reaction that takes place at the cathode.
(ii) Name and describe a chemical test for the product initially formed at the anode when a highly concentrated solution of copper (II) chloride is electrolysed. (iii) How would the mass of the anode change if the carbon anode was replaced With copper metal? Explain. (b) 0.6 g of metal B were deposited when a current of 0.45A was passed through an electrolyte for 72 minutes. Determine the charge on the ion of metal B. (Relative atomic mass of B = 59, 1 Faraday = 96 500 coulombs) (c) The electrode potentials for cadmium and zinc are given below:
Explain why it is not advisable to store a solution of cadmium nitrate in a container made of zinc
The flow chart below shows some of the processes involved in large scale production of sulphuric (VI) acid. Use it to answer the questions that follow.
a) Describe how oxygen is obtained from air on a large scale
(b) (i) Name substance A. (ii)Write an equation for the process that takes place in the absorption chamber. (c) Vanadium (V) oxide is a commonly used catalyst in the contact process. (i) Name another catalyst which can be used for this process. (ii) Give two reasons why vanadium (V) oxide is the commonly used catalyst. (d) State and explain the observations made when concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid is added to crystals of copper (II) sulphate in a bearer. (e) The reaction of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid with sodium chloride produces hydrogen chloride gas. State the property of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid , illustrated in this reaction. (f) Name four uses of sulphuric (VI) acid
What name is given to elements which appear in group (II) of the periodic table?
A sample of river water is suspected to contain zinc and sulphate ions.
Describe how the presence of zinc ions and sulphate ions can be established.
Explain why the following substances conduct an electric current.
(a) Magnesium metal. (b) Molten magnesium chloride.
The diagram below shows the bonding between aluminium chloride and ammonia.
(a) Name the types of bonds that exist in the molecule.
(b) How many electrons are used for bonding in the molecule?
The flow chart below shows some processes involved in the extraction of zinc metal:
a) Name oneore from which zinc is extracted.
b) Write the equation of the reaction taking place in unit II c) Name two uses of zinc metal.
The data given below was recorded when Metal M was completely burnt in air. M is not the actual symbol of the metal. (RA.M; M = 56, O ==16)
Mass of empty crucible and lid = I0.240g Mass of crucible, ;lid and metal M = 10.352g Mass crucible, lid and metal oxide = 10.400g (a) Determine the mass of: (i) Metal M (ii) oxygen. (b) Determine the empirical formula of the metal oxide. (b) 10cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon, C2HX required 30cm3 of oxygen for complete combustion. If steam and 20cm3 of carbon (IV) oxide were produced, what is the value of X?
The table below gives the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in substances X, Y and Z. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Which letter represents an ion?
(b) Which of the substances are isotopes? Give a reason.
(b) Y and Z They have the same number of protons (8) but different atomic masses.
The thermal chemical reaction between carbon and sulphur is as shown by the equation below:
The table below gives some properties three elements in group (VII) of the periodic table .Study it and answer the questions that follow:
(a) Which element is in liquid form at room temperature? Give a reason.
(b) Explain why the boiling point of iodine is much higher than that of chlorine.
At room temperature (25°C), Bromine is liquid since its MP and BP is between -7 and 59 (b) Atomic mass of iodine is higher than that of chlorine. Van der waal’s forces are stronger in iodine than chlorine hence iodine’s BP is higher than that of chlorine.
Graphite is one of the allotropes of carbon.
(a) Name one other element which exhibits allotropy. (b) Explain why graphite is used in the making of pencil leads.
(b) Carbon atoms in graphite are arranged in layers of hexagons which are held by weak van der waal forces. The layers slide over each other when some force is applied on them; hence suitable in making pencil leads.
Describe how the PH of anti-acid (Actal) powder can be determined in the laboratory
Under certain conditions, chlorine gas reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium hypochlorite.
(a) Name the conditions under which sodium hydroxide reacts with chlorine to form sodium hypochlorite. (b) State two uses of sodium hypochlorite.
(a) Cold and dilute sodium hydroxide.
(b) Used in sterilizing of water. Used as a bleaching agent.
The set up below was used to prepare a gas and study some of its properties. Study it and answer the questions that follow:
(a) State and explain the observations made in the:
(i) tube labelled A; (ii) beaker labelled B. (b) State one precaution that should be taken when carrying out this experiment.
(ii) The indicator turns red. (b) The experiment should be done in fume chamber or in open air.
Ethanoic acid and ethanol react as shown in the equation below:
Other than warming, how would the state of equilibrium be established within a short time?
NaSt(aq) —> Na+(aq) + St- where St- is the stearate ion. (a) Write the formula of the scum formed when soap is used in hard water. (b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction that occurs when sodium carbonate is used to remove hardness in water.
Two organic compounds P and Q decolourise acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution but only P reacts with sodium metal to give a colourless gas. Which homologous series does compound P belong? Give a reason.
P is in alkanol R - OH. The alkanol reacts with sodium metal to produce the colourless gas.
Can't find what you want? Use this Search box. |
P.O Box 1189 - 40200 Kisii Tel: 0728 450 424 Tel: 0738 619 279 E-mail - [email protected] | | <urn:uuid:efb364f7-c119-423c-81bc-e7aabb19e3b9> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.atikaschool.org/kcse-chemistry-topical-questions-and-answers/category/kcse-2011 | 2024-02-27T14:06:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.907618 | 2,876 | 3.859375 | 4 | [
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Almost everyone has had a wound that required some extra care at some point, whether it was from an accident or a planned surgery.
Your body is good at healing itself, but sometimes it can use extra help, especially for serious wounds or if you have diabetes.
So how does your diet impact wound healing, and what kind of foods should you eat and avoid to help?
We’ll answer those questions in this article and leave you with plenty of realistic tips to help your body heal.
Wound healing and your diet
When you have a wound, your body starts working hard to heal itself. The process of creating new tissue (skin, muscle, etc.) takes a lot of work energy- and nutrient-wise, so if you’re not eating well, you might experience delayed wound healing.
If you have severe wounds such as decubitus ulcers, major burns, and other serious injuries, your body is working so hard to recover that it can use up the calories you eat to repair itself.
If you aren’t eating enough calories (energy), you might experience weight and muscle loss as your body pulls from your energy stores to meet its increased energy needs.
Having a wound that takes a long time to heal puts you at risk of getting an infection, which can prolong your healing and cause other health issues.
A healthy diet can support your immune system, which means your risk of infection might be lower since your body can effectively fight off potential infections.
Foods to avoid during wound healing
Foods and drinks high in added sugar
Added sugar can wreak havoc on the wound-healing process in several ways. First, added sugar can spike your blood sugar if you have diabetes, which prolongs the wound-healing process.
Second, eating a diet high in added sugar can cause your body to be in a more inflammatory state, which delays wound healing if it is prolonged.
A certain amount of inflammation early in the wound healing process is normal, but if it persists, it can become a problem.
Sugary drinks are the biggest contributors of added sugar in a typical Western diet, such as:
- Soda (both cola and caffeine-free varieties like lemon-lime, grape, etc.)
- Sweetened iced teas
- Sweetened coffee drinks
- Fruit-flavored drinks
- Energy drinks
Sugar is hidden in many processed foods as well. It might surprise you that sugar isn’t just in the more obvious foods like desserts and sweets – it’s also hidden in condiments, soups, nutrition bars (even the ones that seem healthy!), cereals, and many more.
Tips to spot added sugar
Since the list of foods that can be high in sugar can get incredibly lengthy, here are some tips to spot and reduce added sugar in your diet to promote wound healing!
Check the nutrition facts label for added sugars
The goal per the United States Dietary Guidelines is to limit added sugars to fewer than 10% of your total calories, which would be 50 grams for a 2,000-calorie diet.
However, the American Heart Association recommends a much lower amount of no more than 24-36 grams per day for women and men per day, respectively.
If a food or drink provides more than 20% of the daily value for added sugar, that means it’s very high in added sugars and you should limit or avoid them for wound healing.
RELATED: How to Read Food Ingredient Labels.
Identify the different words for sugar
Look at the ingredients list and spot words like sugar (cane, brown, etc.), corn syrup (including high-fructose corn syrup), dextrose, honey, and molasses, among many others.
If one of these is in the first three ingredients, it means the food or drink is primarily made of added sugar.
Like foods high in added sugars, refined grains (those that have been processed to remove the healthy high-fiber parts) can spike your blood sugar level and delay wound healing, especially if you have diabetes.
Some refined grains to avoid for wound healing include:
- Any grain made with enriched flour (bagels, bread, pasta, etc.)
- White rice
You probably have a good idea of which foods are nourishing to your body and those that aren’t. Aim to make the foods you eat really count when it comes to their benefits.
For instance, instead of filling up on potato chips, crackers, and other foods that don’t offer many nutritional benefits, try to include foods that are helping you to heal, which will primarily be whole foods that aren’t overly processed.
Fast food and otherwise processed food high in preservatives, salt, and sugar aren’t the best to include in your diet while your body is healing.
They often don’t contain beneficial nutrients like vitamin C, vitamin A, and others. They’re okay to eat every once in a while (no one eats perfectly all the time!), but they shouldn’t be taking center stage in your diet during wound healing.
Foods to eat that are important for wound healing
Protein needs are increased during wound healing, especially if any of your muscles were torn (surgery, deep wounds, etc.).
You might need to consume as much as 1.5 grams of protein per kilogram of your body weight during wound healing (compared to around 0.8 grams normally), which would be around 102 grams of protein per day for a 150-pound (68 kg) person.
Some examples of protein-rich foods to eat for wound healing include:
- Eggs: not only are eggs high in protein, but they are a source of an amino acid called proline. Proline is necessary for the production of collagen, the primary building block of collagen (the main protein in connective tissue like skin, muscle, and bone).
- Dairy products like Greek yogurt, cheese, and milk
- Nuts and seeds
- Soy (edamame, soy products like tofu, etc.)
Hemoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen throughout your body through your blood. Your body needs oxygen-rich blood to promote healing, and if you don’t have enough hemoglobin, you’re said to be anemic.
Iron, a mineral found in certain foods, helps build hemoglobin molecules. Iron deficiency and blood loss can cause anemia, which can delay wound healing and increase the risk of amputation, especially if you have diabetes.
Focus on iron-rich foods during wound healing like:
- Red meat
- Shellfish (oysters, clams, etc. – must be well-cooked)
- Liver and organ meats (e.g., liver)
- Beans & lentils
- Nuts & seeds
- Soybeans/soy products like tofu
- Cereals and grains fortified with iron
- Dried fruit
Vitamin C-rich foods
Vitamin C plays several important roles in wound healing. First, vitamin C helps form collagen, a protein that makes up bone and skin and helps with scar formation.
You can get plenty of vitamin C in your diet by eating plant-based foods like:
- Citrus fruits – oranges, kiwi, lemon, grapefruit, etc.
- Bell peppers
- Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, and cauliflower
- White potatoes
Vitamin A-rich foods
Vitamin A is essential for increasing cell turnover (helps new skin cells to grow and close wounds), reducing inflammation, and assisting with collagen formation.
You can find vitamin A in many plant sources as well as some foods that are also high in protein and iron, which means you’d be getting several beneficial nutrients with one food!
- Leafy green vegetables (kale, spinach, broccoli, etc.)
- Orange and yellow vegetables (carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, etc.)
- Red bell pepper
- Cantaloupe, mango
- Beef liver
- Fish oils
Get Your FREE Diabetes Diet Plan
- 15 foods to naturally lower blood sugar levels
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Other tips for wound healing
Not only are your energy and protein needs increased during wound healing, but your fluid needs also increase.
This is especially true if you have burns or wounds that drain, which means you’re losing fluids and can become dehydrated.
In addition, water is a primary component of blood. Blood helps transport oxygen and other nutrients to damaged tissues to promote healing. Without enough fluid, your blood volume can decrease, which can impair wound healing.
Keep up with wound care
Maintaining a healthy diet is important for wound healing, but it won’t matter as much if you aren’t keeping up with your wound care routine.
This often involves changing bandages, cleaning your wound, monitoring your wound for signs of infection, and keeping up with regular wound care appointments with a wound care specialist or your healthcare provider.
By being proactive during the wound healing process, you’ll be able to identify signs of infection or other issues that need to be addressed promptly.
To aid in wound healing, some of the nutrients of most importance include energy (calories), fluid, protein, vitamin C, vitamin A, and iron.
Foods to avoid for wound healing are those high in added sugars, refined carbs, and otherwise low-nutrient foods.
In addition to eating a healthy diet, be sure to keep up with your regular healthcare appointments as advised and follow your provider’s instructions for wound care. | <urn:uuid:04f538ca-5c6b-47d1-bbb3-28bcf7e75658> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.bensnaturalhealth.com/blog/diabetes-health/wound-healing-foods/ | 2024-02-27T12:50:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.951226 | 2,009 | 2.96875 | 3 | [
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It was as a successful evangelist in Britain—among (according to The New York Observer) “men who are not emotional or enthusiastic, who are the furthest removed from religious fanaticism”—that D.L. Moody first achieved fame. With his campaigns in 1873 and succeeding years, he was catapulted into the foremost place in the transatlantic revivalist world.
It was an opportune time, for society was changing in broadly parallel ways on the two sides of the Atlantic. Industrialization was gathering force; by 1880 nearly half the American and well over half the British workforces were employed in industry. The ups and downs of the business cycle meant that unemployment, with its attendant misery and discontent, was a serious threat. More strikingly, however, industry had brought prosperity. In both countries real wages roughly doubled between 1860 and 1890. With increased leisure time and improved transport, working people had money to spend on entertainment—in saloons and music halls, billiard parlors and sports grounds. And more of them lived in urban areas—by 1870 a quarter of the American population and already more than half the people of Britain. Chicago and Glasgow—the two cities Moody knew best—experienced a mushroom growth and felt proud of their modernity. Could evangelical religion flourish in the new urban-industrial age as it had in the less-developed past?
It was Moody’s achievement to help ensure the future of evangelicalism by adaptation. Already, before Moody’s rise to prominence, revivalism had been altering its character. Moody observed the direction of change, identified himself with it, organized it, and accelerated it.
Moody’s impact was felt in six key ways.
In the previous generation the greatest revivalists, such as Methodist James Caughey, had commonly confined their ministry to a single denomination. Now the trend was toward interdenominational work. The Young Men’s Christian Association, whose work markedly expanded during the Civil War, existed to combine Christians of different traditions for special forms of mission, particularly in the burgeoning cities. Moody’s early training came from the YMCA, and later on his outreach scrupulously avoided giving offense to any Christian body. In Scotland combined support for Moody’s missions helped to heal the wounds inflicted by forty years of sharp intra-Presbyterian rivalry. It is no exaggeration to see Moody’s work as one of the roots of the ecumenical movement. Men in his circle, of whom John R. Mott is probably the most famous, went on to promote rapprochement between the churches in the twentieth century.
A second trend was toward greater lay participation and leadership—from all social strata—in revivalist activities. Moody was a layman and reinforced the unclerical tone of his campaigns by using halls and theaters rather than churches. Businessmen such as John Wanamaker, the Philadelphia pioneer of department stores, gave him generous support. Higher social groups were penetrated in Britain, where weekends at the home of Lady Ashburton were remembered for Moody’s “energetic croquet.” Yet Moody did not buckle to his superiors. He stubbornly refused to alter his London preaching place even at the request of the redoubtable Lord Shaftesbury. The respectability of Moody’s campaigns—he dropped, for instance, the “anxious seat” for isolating awakened sinners—was as much a matter of his choice as of his patrons’ preferences. Perhaps some working people, whom Moody eagerly wanted to reach, were deterred from attending by the preacher’s association with the elite. Yet Moody was successful in inducing the wealthy to help promote the interests of the gospel.
Moody reinforced the existing link between revivalism and social reform. It is unjust to see him as a social conservative. He frequently insisted that there must be public display of the fruits of the faith, and he was associated with many of the progressive causes of his day. “Although their mission,” observed a Scottish newspaper of Moody and Sankey, “is not distinctly to promote the Temperance cause, it has operated powerfully in this direction.” In Glasgow free breakfasts for sleepers out at night and day refuges for destitute children were begun in the wake of the visit of the evangelists. Several councillors were inspired to set about making the city a model of civic virtue. Moody, noted a leading Scottish minister, issued a “Christian call to righteousness and even philanthropy.” It is increasingly appreciated that the social gospel movement had evangelical roots. Some of them were nurtured in soil prepared by Moody.
Romanticism in Theology
The fourth trend was in the sphere of theology. Moody was not, as is sometimes supposed, an Arminian, dismissing predestination and believing that redemption was achieved for all. In Britain Methodists upholding that view criticized his preaching; Calvinists defended him. Moody’s position was compatible with traditional Reformed teaching but avoided doctrinal matters as far as possible. The right perspective is to see Moody, like a growing number of evangelical leaders in his day, as influenced by Romanticism, the body of thought stressing will and emotion in reaction against the emphasis on reason in earlier Christian thinking swayed by the Enlightenment. Such an appreciation of Moody’s intellectual position helps explain why sentimentalism was allowed to enter so many of his addresses. It also shows why he favored certain specific teachings that derived from Romantic ways of looking at the world.
One was premillennialism, the doctrine that the Second Advent is imminent, preceding the millennium. Moody probably derived this view from the so-called Plymouth Brethren, whose brand of premillennial teaching was spreading in revivalist circles around 1870; the ultimate source of this teaching was Edward Irving, the erratic London preacher of the 1820s who posed as a Romantic genius.
Another strand of popular theology with which Moody was associated was the holiness movement, again Romantic in inspiration. Although he never identified with the Keswick form of holiness teaching (let alone any other variant), he did appear on the Keswick platform in 1892, and his attitude toward sanctification came close to its principle of holiness by faith rather than by works.
The idea that mission must be undertaken in faith, waiting on God for his provision, also affected his message. Again it was a Romantic notion going back to Irving. Moody’s encouragement of foreign missions along such lines had its effect. After a visit to Cambridge, England, in 1882, a group of young men from the university, the “Cambridge Seven,” offered themselves as missionaries; and a student conference summoned by Moody at his Northfield, Massachusetts, base in 1886 led to the creation of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. The emphases in Moody’s preaching caught the imagination of the young for they were part of the rising spirit of the age.
A fifth tendency that Moody accelerated was the refinement of revivalist technique into a more efficient tool of evangelism. The spontaneous, community-based revivals of the early nineteenth century were giving way by the 1870s to carefully organized events more appropriate to sophisticated city dwellers. Moody’s greatest innovation was to team up with Ira D. Sankey, whose expressive singing was as powerful in its way as his partner’s preaching. At the start of a meeting there would be half an hour of congregational singing; at the end those seeking spiritual guidance would be invited to a separate inquiry room. Methods begun in Britain were applied in America: organizational preparations in advance and house-to-house visitation. Moody kept on learning, but at no time did he make general appeals for money. He did, however, seek to multiply his work by training lay missionaries at Northfield, Chicago, and (under his inspiration rather than direction) Glasgow. Women were not excluded. He even permitted them to preach from the pulpit. John Kennedy, a doughty Highland divine, censured Moody for his willingness to change. Perhaps, on the contrary, that was the essence of his genius.
If Moody helped turn evangelicalism into new and effective channels, his further achievement was the preservation of its unity. Conservative and liberal tendencies were already apparent in the movement on both sides of the Atlantic. Eventually they would issue in the controversies of the fundamentalists against the modernists in the 1920s. But Moody kept the tendencies together in interaction. Once in 1893 when the Scottish college evangelist Henry Drummond aroused opposition from conservatives at Northfield, no doubt for his pro-evolution sympathies, Moody insisted that he be allowed to speak. Moody’s legacy, as we have seen, included the liberal causes of church unity and social reform as well as the conservative ones of premillennialism and faith missions. He was big enough to combine what others put asunder. Deeply attached to the four cardinal evangelical verities of conversion the Bible, the cross, and activism, Moody was a bridge between the conservative and the liberal, as well as between the old and the new.
Dr. David W. Bebbington is lecturer in history at University of Stirling in Stirling, Scotland.
Copyright © 1990 by the author or Christianity Today/Christian History magazine.
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The relevance of the research is determined by modern trends in the understanding of historical and cultural heritage. Within the trends historical and cultural heritage is believed to contribute both to translating knowledge and preserving historical memory as the basis of national identification in the modern globalization process and utilising the heritage as a tool to stabilize the situation in the region and in the economic perspective of its sustainable development. Recently, there has been a significant increase in scientific interest to nomadism from the perspective of the civilizational approach. Nowadays the approach helps to understand unique features of the nomadic system and their ways to develop and adapt to the environment. The problems of the study of nomadic societies and cultures of nomadic type as well as different conceptual approaches are still urgent and give rise to further research in this area. In view of this, the diverse historical and cultural (archaeological, artefact, folklore, manuscript) heritage of the Kalmyks that led a nomadic life is of particular interest. The peoples have been living in the South of Russia, in steppe areas for more than 400 years. To solve the problem and develop theoretical approaches to the study and preservation of historical and cultural heritage of the Kalmyks, it is necessary to clarify the existing concepts about its individual aspects and its current state. There is a great demand for developing empirical research and new approaches and methods as well as improving traditional ones in this area.
The research and preservation of the historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia that has cumulated the intellectual culture of the ethnos and ethnic groups is of great cognitive and axiological value. At present, the preservation and updating of the historical and cultural heritage of the Russian peoples are laid special emphasis on since there are ethnic groups, the Kalmyks are among them that are in danger of extinction due to changes in their traditional lifestyle, occupation, economic structure, social conditions. On the territory of Kalmykia there are 341 historical and cultural monuments that include 51 objects of archaeological heritage. Both intensive economic activity on the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia and negative environmental conditions created obvious risks of loss of many civilizational and specific features inherent in the culture of the peoples living in these territories. There is a threat of disappearing historical and cultural heritage. In today's dynamically developing social conditions caused by the era of globalization, the issues of ethnic self-identity are becoming increasingly important. The interest in the national cultural heritage in the process of enculturation and introduction to the cultural values and concepts allows people to identify themselves in the modern society. In particular, the issues at hand are preservation of the Kalmyk ethnic group's linguistic and cultural identity.
In this regard, there is a need to understand the phenomenon of historical and cultural heritage of the Kalmyks nomads in the socio-cultural space of modern Russia: their social evolution and historical development, problems of adaptation and moving towards settled lifestyle, the influence of sedentarization on the process of socio-economic development, the interaction of the Kalmyks with neighbouring sedentary peoples and societies. In the changing world historical and cultural heritage is also becoming an important economic factor. It is a key element of the tourism industry that contributes to preserving historical memory and historical and cultural visual environment of the country taken as a whole and regionally.
Various aspects and issues of the history and culture of nomadic pastoral societies, the interpretation and definition of the main characteristics of the stadial transformational growth and civilizational development of nomadism have been studied in detail by domestic and foreign researchers. The modern stage is connected with the rethinking and change of scientific paradigms as well as with development and mainstreaming of new approaches to study nomadism. The history of studying the problems of nomadic societies was analysed in the works by Kradin (2015; 2016), Trepavlov (2015). There are some contentious views on the history of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia that are presented in the works by Bazarov (2015), Danilov (2013; 2014), Dashibalov (2005), Dugarov (2011), Zoryktuev (2016; 2017), Klyashtorny (2012 a; 2012 b), Kradin, and Skrynnikova (2006).
Theoretical aspects of historical and cultural heritage have been studied by foreign and domestic researchers: Baller (1987), Bell, and Patterson (2009), Zamyatin (2010), Kalai, Kwan, and Affleck (2007), Kasten (2002), Klimov (2011), Kuryanova (2011), Kameron (2007), Navrud, and Redi (2002), Smith (2006-2007), Hoffman (2006).
A critical review of historiography of the issue shows that there are integrated theoretical and hands-on approaches in the field of preservation and research of historical and cultural heritage of nomadic communities at the regional level.
There is a modern field of science in our country that studies nomadic groups where "the theory of nomadic civilizations" is being actively developed. Its subject area elucidates a fairly wide range of problems of historical and cultural processes in nomadic societies. Currently, there is a rather large methodological variation in studying the stated problems in oriental historiography of the country. The modern theory of nomadic civilizations is in the process of self-determination. It is caused by the ambiguity of one of the key concepts of this civilization theory. There is a methodological polarization of views on the nature of nomadic societies as well there is no holistic view on the historical development of nomads. In the research literature, many problems related to the history of nomadic cattle breeding and nomadic communities have become a subject of long and numerous discussions. This problem is of interdisciplinary nature and requires keeping track of historical, ethnographic, archaeological, socio-economic and environmental aspects.
The roots of the scientific problem involve considerating the historical and cultural (tangible and intangible) heritage of the modern Kalmyks. As for the genesis and the main aspects of the stated problem, the historical and cultural heritage appears as a sandwich-type composition: the concept "historical and cultural community" in the context of the research reflects the aggregate of historical and cultural, geographical, socio-political, axiological and ideological aspects. It has many temporary layers where the material and intellectual culture of related ethnic groups in different periods of their development are reflected. It mirrors both ancient forms of beliefs and later Buddhist influence. It shows rudiments of ancient rites and therefore ethnographic details as well as characteristics of not so distant periods. The study of the regional features of the Buddhist heritage of the Kalmyks is also an important point in the analysis of common historical and cultural problems when determining the role and place of Buddhism in the system of the world civilization.
The basic layer in the integrated model of the analysis of historical and cultural heritage is presented by archaeological evidence and architectural monuments. They include existing or lost remains of buildings, ruins of ancient cities, settlements, sites; religious buildings (temples, monasteries, stupas), existing and already lost ones. It is necessary to describe the objects of intangible heritage in more depth and detail, for example, folklore presented verbally and non-verbally in myths, legends, epic tales, folktales, benevolence, paroemias, etc., or folk knowledge embodied in rites, rituals and holidays.
It is fundamental to develop a set of measures and return the priority of the Russian science to study the Kalmyk epic as well as to promote the issue of recognition of folklore epopoeia "Jangar" as a cultural heritage of the UNESCO. Special attention should be paid to memorial sites, cultural and natural landscapes referred to ethnic history of the Kalmyks Oirat Mongols, military events and the life of prominent historical figures. Such objects as household items and art, handwritten monuments are also an important part of the historical and cultural heritage.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this article is to articulate the problem and develop integrated approaches aimed at solving the problems of identifying the dominants of the historical and cultural heritage of the Kalmyks as well as their systematic description.
As for the methodological background, this research is a way to provide a comprehensive view of the topic. The interdisciplinary and integrated approach to solving the current research problems makes it possible to synthesize all relevant aspects of the study of historical and cultural heritage of the Kalmyks and to consider them from a holistic perspective.
The research suggests that the current crisis condition of the Kalmyk ethnic group was caused by cultural losses dating back to XIX-XX centuries through, primarily, the loss of the language. There was a process of acculturation that had a great influence and triggered the moving of Kalmyks nomads from nomadic to sedentary lifestyle and led to groundbreaking changes in the social and economic structures of the society. The factor caused the disappearance of many aspects of the traditional nomadic lifestyle. The industrialization of the Soviet period was marked by atheistic policies and led to the destruction of traditional religious institutions. Soviet ideology with new foundations of secularization and collectivization of society was imposed on massively. It should be noted that the greatest damage to the cultural identity of the Kalmyks was caused during their deportation in 1943-1957. The subsequent return of the people from the exile and restoring their statehood within Kalmyk Autonomous Republic are marked by the rise of national consciousness. Meanwhile, in the 1980s it became clear that educational and cultural priorities of the Soviet socialist system was disastrous for languages and cultures, national policies of small indigenous groups such as the Kalmyks (Badmaev & Kichikova, 2008, p. 211).
In the post–Soviet period since the early 1990s there appeared benevolent signs and some attempts were taken to change and boost the national policy with the tendency to revive the language and folk culture. In the Republic national classes and centres of folk art were established. Festivals of ethnic cultures were organized to celebrate national holidays (Jangariada, Tsagan Sar). In the meanwhile, Buddhism returned its positive value to restore the religious culture (traditions, medicine, astrology, rites, rituals and practices). Buddhist domestic institutions having close ties with foreign Buddhist institutions contributed to the development of Buddhology in the leading scientific Asian and Mongolian Studies Centres (Omakaeva, 2000; Bakaeva, 2014).
Currently, there is a tendency to promote ethnic culture to the middle age and young generations of the Kalmyks. Traditional family ties, pedigrees and genealogies, ancestral rites, rites and rituals related to life cycles (births, weddings, etc.), folk beliefs, national and religious holidays play an important role in maintaining the day-to-day life of the Kalmyk society.
At the same time, one of the most urgent and sophisticated problems of modern times is the loss of continuity in passing traditional cultural values on to the next generation. It results in misunderstanding, underestimation, and often in rejection and in the loss of ethnic culture. This refers to the traditional Kalmyk folklore where the processes of reproduction and perception are considered to be a driving force. Without intergenerational continuity, traditional folklore ceases to transmit meanings, values, attitudes and becomes a rudiment of culture. We observe the loss of transmitting the experience of telling folktales and heroic epos as well as singing long-drawn-out songs, "ut dun" in their ritual way. Furthermore, there is a lost tradition of performing hymnal canticle of religious content "chastr dun". Folk games, riddles, legends, oral traditions, beliefs are considered to be an integral part of traditional knowledge systems but they do not accomplish their educational and ethno-pedagogical function to the full extent any more. Objects of material culture being its physical evidence and reflecting the mentality, traditions, ideas about the world and the way of life of the Kalmyks (family relics, objects of traditional nomadic life such as utensils, costumes, jewellery, etc.) are threatened.
It ought to be remarked that researchers of the Kalmyk Scientific Centre of RAS and Kalmyk State University are actively working for preserving and promoting the historical and cultural heritage of the Kalmyks. Interdisciplinary scientific folklore-ethnographic, archaeological expeditions are carried out where specialists from different Russian and foreign research centres are involved. They process the material of field studies and present them in serial publications since field studies results are of great scientific and cultural significance. The rapid disappearance of traditional folklore makes the studies more and more vital as the number of people who knows and share the cultural values decreases owing to natural life cycle processes. In 2008, the series "Treasures of ancestors" that introduces readers to the folklore repertoire of the best storytellers and folklore connoisseurs was founded in the Kalmyk Scientific Centre of RAS. There researchers are working to facilitate the fundamental project "The Code of Kalmyk folklore" to publish the best examples of oral folk art of the Kalmyk people. Within the current scientific trends, archival materials are being digitized and collected to create a data bank of the oral culture texts of the Kalmyks.
Today, Kalmykia is one of the few regions in Russia that has preserved their oral storytelling tradition as the genetic memory and experience inherited from their ancestors. In order to preserve the unique cultural heritage in the Republic of Kalmykia the decree of President of Kazakhstan K. Ilyumzhinov "on the state support for the study and development of Kalmyk folk epic "Jangar " (September 23, 1996) was issued. Moreover, a scientific program for the preservation, study and promotion of the epic "Jangar" was developed and the Republican Council was established. The epic is included in the program of secondary schools and Kalmyk State University. The epic "Jangar" has been studying for nearly 70 years by the scientists of the Kalmyk Scientific Centre of RAS and Kalmyk State University. "Jangar" is exposed to scientific scrutiny in many Research institutions in Russia and abroad. For the past several years, the Republic has hosted "Jangariada" and festivals of telling folktales "Jangara", there appeared a school for young Jangar followers.
However, despite the measures taken to preserve and revive the Kalmyk heroic epic "Jangar" in the country, in the context of globalization the unique oral storytelling tradition is on the verge of extinction and therefore causes serious concern among the world community. In addition, in recent years, the authorities of the Republic of China and Mongolia have raised the issue of recognizing the epic "Jangar" as UNESCO world heritage of intangible culture. The version of the Xinjiang Kalmyks that left Russia in 1771 was published in China only in 1980. Since then, they have conducted research in the field of the epic "Jangar". They do much to promote and develop it. It became known that in 2018-2019 Chinese authorities together with Mongolia intended to include the epic "Jangar" in the UNESCO world heritage list of intangible culture. In this regard, researchers and cultural communities of China and Mongolia organize events to gather some material and popularize the epic "Jangar".
According to the mentioned above, It is necessary to continue to search for the ways to solve the problem of recognizing "Jangar" as Russia's heritage and take mutual efforts (Russia, the Republic of China and Mongolia) to enrol the heroic epic on the world heritage list of intangible culture of the UNESCO. It will contribute to preserving and developing the unique folk oral and poetic phenomena. It will help protect the heritage from the negative trends of the world globalization and the Russian Federation will preserve the priority of the territory where the epic is the most widespread.
A universal database on the disappearing material of traditional cultural heritage is highly demanded for the researchers to monitor and analyse changes in real-time mode. One can use the open access information on the special website as a source for educational, research and promotional purposes.
There science-based practical recommendations for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage are also developed. Thus, one of the urgent tasks is to create a universal integrated information system as a basis for the preservation and scientific research of historical and cultural heritage. Needless to say, such a complex problem should be solved in several stages. At the first stage, the theoretical and methodological principles of the information system will be worked out. It is important to create specialized databases through the construction of infrastructure (introduction of information technologies), digitization of tape recordings and archival material: full-text, bibliographic, sound, graphic, documentary-factual and multimedia ones. The latter have a special role to play in the scientific as well as in the cultural and educational space of Kalmykia.
The research revealed the need to organize rescue archaeological excavations: archaeological finds from the steppe mounds allow exploring the world of ancient nomads, understanding and imagining the way of life that nomadic tribes led in the distant past, learn their preferences and views.
The prospects of the research are determined by the fact that the practical results can be used for the solution of specific social and economic problems in a scientific way, especially in education: to form a clear view of students about the diversity of historical and cultural heritage, the importance of reliable knowledge and its reference to the role of heritage in scientific, cultural, educational and nurturing activities. The model of complex study of historical and cultural heritage developed within the research will be provided with recommendations to implement this model in the Republic of Kalmykia and to share the experience with other regions of Russia.
The fundamental nature of the stated problems is determined by the degree of flexibility of the main issues of historical and cultural heritage of the regions of Russia. And it is connected to the capability of transformation, modernization and adaptation to the new Russian social and cultural environment.
One of the upcoming trends in developing strategies for promoting territories is the exploring and interpreting the historical and cultural heritage as a reference point to strategize social policy aimed at maintaining sustainable development of territories. While being historically and geographically localized, the heritage creates a basis for local ideology and territorial identity. It provides resources for the implementation of cultural and educational programs as well as for building brands, promoting tourism and other related sectors of the economy. The Republic of Kalmykia has a rich historical and cultural heritage. In our view, it should become one of the core resources for the social and economic development of the region. There are unique natural monuments, special protection national territories, rich vegetation and rare ornithofauna in Kalmykia. It is the territory where there were paths of Great Silk Way; the Khazars lived there and the Golden Horde built their settlements. This place is considered to be the great historical crossroads and the geographical centre of Euro-Asian continent.
From the point of view of its role and place in the life of the modern society, historical and cultural heritage is a complex socio-cultural system that is closely interlaced with the environment and time while transmitting information changing in time and space. It is heritage that underlies the information codes providing the" production", cumulation and transmission of information in the human civilization. Thus, there is a system of interrelations between culture, heritage and information that functions so that to reproduce the achievements of culture for new generations. Consequently, it is necessary to develop appropriate strategies and diverse approaches that would preserve the wealth of national culture and pass its diversity on to future generations.
The article was written in the framework of the research project funded by Russian Federal Property Fund (grant № 17-21-03005)-ОГН.
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Seleeva, T. B., Ochirova, E. U., Koltsov, P. M., & A. Aleksandrova, E. (2019). Modern Approaches To Preserve Historical And Cultural Legacy Of Kalmyks. In D. K. Bataev (Ed.), Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism, vol 58. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 1538-1545). Future Academy. https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.03.02.178 | <urn:uuid:3d29f9dd-eeb0-44e2-9913-5d759118ff72> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.europeanproceedings.com/article/10.15405/epsbs.2019.03.02.178 | 2024-02-27T13:54:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.90734 | 5,379 | 2.84375 | 3 | [
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Table of Contents
Controlling SUGAR levels is paramount in managing DIABETIES, and in this comprehensive guide, we'll delve into the best strategies for blood glucose monitoring, insulin therapy, and glycemic control strategies.Understanding Diabetes and the Importance of Blood Sugar Control
Diabetes is a long-term health condition that is defined by an elevated amount of glucose, or sugar, in the bloodstream. This elevation happens as a result of either the body's inability to produce sufficient amounts of insulin, or the body's cells not responding effectively to the insulin that is produced. Insulin is a hormone that facilitates the transfer of glucose from the bloodstream into the cells of the body to be used as energy. When this system fails, sugar builds up in the bloodstream, leading to high blood sugar levels.
It is important to understand the critical role of sugar control in managing diabetes. Excessive sugar in the blood can cause an array of severe health complications over time if left unchecked. Some of these complications include kidney disease, heart disease, stroke, and issues with vision, among others.
Effective sugar control not only helps in managing symptoms and maintaining quality of life, but it also significantly reduces the risk of these severe complications. Thus, sugar control lies at the heart of comprehensive diabetes management, making it a vital aspect to understand and master. Through consistent monitoring of blood glucose levels and adherence to prescribed treatments and lifestyle modifications, managing blood sugar levels can become a manageable part of living with diabetes.
The Vital Role of Regular Blood Glucose Monitoring
Keeping a close eye on your blood glucose levels is an integral part of managing diabetes. Regular checks provide insightful data on the effectiveness of your treatment plan and serve as an early warning system for episodes of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). This information empowers you to make well-informed decisions regarding your diet, exercise, and medication, ensuring that you are taking the right steps to manage your diabetes effectively. Blood glucose monitoring is not just about checking numbers; it's about understanding what those numbers mean in the context of your daily life. It allows you to see patterns and trends in your blood sugar levels, giving you insight into how different factors like food, activity, stress, and medication affect your diabetes. So, regular blood glucose monitoring goes beyond simply adhering to your treatment plan. It's an essential tool that provides real-time feedback and allows for immediate action, optimizing your diabetes management. This proactive approach can help prevent severe hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic episodes, making your diabetes management more effective and your day-to-day life more manageable.
Understanding Insulin Therapy and Its Implementation
Insulin therapy is a fundamental part of treating diabetes, and is particularly indispensable for individuals with Type 1 diabetes. This vital treatment method consists of injecting insulin into the body, aiding in the regulation of blood glucose levels. The varieties of insulin available vary greatly, each having distinct characteristics in terms of their onset and duration of action. For instance, some types of insulin have a rapid onset and short duration, making them ideally suited for controlling blood sugar levels around mealtimes. Conversely, other forms of insulin act more gradually and maintain their effects for a longer period, which assists in preserving basal insulin levels throughout the day. It's important to note that determining the most suitable type of insulin therapy is a highly personalized process, taking into account numerous factors including your daily routine, lifestyle habits, and specific diabetes management goals. This decision will be guided by your healthcare team, who will assist in identifying and implementing the insulin therapy that best aligns with your unique circumstances and needs.
Exploring Various Glycemic Control Strategies
Achieving glycemic control is a balancing act. It's about keeping your blood sugar levels within a designated target range set by your healthcare provider. There are several approaches you can take towards this goal. Carbohydrate counting, for instance, helps you understand how different types of food affect your blood sugar levels, allowing you to make informed dietary choices. Incorporating a balanced diet that is high in fiber and low in refined carbohydrates can also play a significant role in stabilizing your blood glucose levels. Regular physical activity is another vital aspect of glycemic control, as it helps your body use insulin more effectively and lower blood glucose. In addition, adhering to your prescribed medication regimen, if any, is crucial. These medications are designed to assist your body in regulating its blood sugar levels, so taking them as directed by your healthcare provider is key to effective glycemic control. The implementation of these strategies varies from person to person, so it's essential to work with your healthcare team to find a glycemic control approach that works best for you. Regular monitoring and adjustments can ensure that your strategy remains effective in maintaining your target blood sugar levels. Keep in mind that achieving good glycemic control is not just about following a set of rules - it's about making choices that support your overall health and well-being.
Emphasizing the Importance of Personalized Diabetes Management
Diabetes management is highly individualized. Each person living with diabetes has their own set of unique needs, circumstances, and lifestyle factors. Consequently, the approach to managing diabetes should also be unique. A personalized diabetes management plan takes into account various factors including your routine, your food preferences, your overall state of health, and more. Collaborating with your healthcare team to craft a bespoke strategy that fits seamlessly into your daily life is crucial. This plan will likely incorporate elements such as specific dietary recommendations, exercise regimens, and medication schedules that cater to your unique circumstances. It's about creating a plan that doesn't just manage your blood sugar levels, but also respects your lifestyle and personal preferences. This approach ensures your diabetes management is not only effective but also sustainable, setting you up for long-term success. It's not about making drastic changes overnight, but gradually incorporating small, manageable adjustments that have a significant positive impact on your blood glucose control and overall health. Always remember, your diabetes management plan should work for you, not the other way around.
The Interplay of Blood Glucose Monitoring, Insulin Therapy, and Glycemic Control Strategies
In managing diabetes, it is crucial to understand the interrelationship between blood glucose monitoring, insulin therapy, and glycemic control strategies. Each of these components plays a distinct role in the overall management strategy, yet they work together to ensure optimal outcomes.
Blood glucose monitoring serves as your compass, offering valuable insight into the fluctuations of your blood sugar levels throughout the day. This data informs you about the impact of your dietary choices, physical activity, stress, and medication on your blood sugar levels. It empowers you to make necessary adjustments to your lifestyle and treatment regimen, thereby proactively managing your diabetes.
Insulin therapy, on the other hand, is the engine driving the regulation of your blood glucose levels. By providing the body with the necessary insulin, it aids in the conversion of glucose into energy, preventing the build-up of excess sugar in the bloodstream. The type and timing of insulin administration vary based on individual needs and lifestyle factors, emphasizing the need for a personalized approach to insulin therapy.
Glycemic control strategies are the tools that help you navigate your journey towards effective diabetes management. These include dietary choices, physical activity, and medication adherence. They aid in maintaining your blood glucose levels within your target range, ultimately improving your overall health and well-being.
The interconnectedness of these three key components underscores the importance of a comprehensive and integrated approach to diabetes management. By understanding how these elements work together, you are better equipped to take charge of your health, improving your quality of life, and minimizing the risk of diabetes-related complications.
Taking command of your diabetes management is crucial, and mastering your sugar control can significantly enhance the effectiveness of this process. A proactive approach to blood glucose monitoring can provide invaluable insights into how various factors, including your diet and physical activity, impact your sugar levels. Insulin therapy, tailored to your individual needs, serves as a key mechanism in regulating these levels, while personalized glycemic control strategies offer tools to navigate your journey towards better health. This triad of monitoring, therapy, and strategy forms an integrated approach to diabetes management. Through cooperation with your healthcare team, you can establish a diabetes management plan that resonates with your unique circumstances and lifestyle preferences. This personalized strategy is not just about controlling blood sugar levels; it's about improving your overall quality of life and reducing the risk of complications. Let's remember that diabetes management is an ongoing journey, one that requires consistent commitment and adaptability. Together, we can take positive steps towards comprehensive and sustainable diabetes management. The journey may seem challenging, but armed with knowledge, support, and determination, you can effectively manage your diabetes and enjoy a healthy, fulfilling life.
1. *Is it possible to manage my diabetes without medication?*
While Type 1 diabetes necessitates insulin therapy, lifestyle changes might suffice for managing Type 2 diabetes, although medication is frequently required.
2. *How frequently should I check my blood glucose levels?*
The frequency of glucose monitoring varies according to individual requirements. Some people might need to check their levels multiple times a day, while others less often. Your healthcare provider's recommendations should always be adhered to.
3. *What measures can I implement to reduce my glycemic levels?*
By incorporating a balanced diet low in refined carbohydrates, maintaining regular physical activity, monitoring your blood glucose levels consistently, and adhering to your prescribed medication regimen, you can effectively manage your glycemic levels.
Remember, mastering diabetes management is an ongoing process. Knowledge is your strongest tool. Make daily choices that contribute to your overall health and well-being. | <urn:uuid:58417831-5c78-4804-88ff-c407cc216eeb> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.informaniahub.com/2024/02/mastering-sugar-control-comprehensive.html | 2024-02-27T13:50:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.923185 | 1,980 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
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Phosphorus flame retardant
Phosphorus-based flame retardants are environmentally friendly flame retardants that are widely used and have good practicability. Phosphorus flame retardants can be divided into organic phosphorus flame retardants and inorganic phosphorus flame retardants according to different compositions and structures. Organic phosphorus flame retardants mainly include phosphate ester, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa- Organophosphorus compounds such as 10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Inorganic phosphorus-based flame retardants mainly include red phosphorus, ammonium polyphosphate, phosphate, etc. Phosphorus-based flame retardants can also be divided into two types: additive type and reactive type according to different ways of use. Additive phosphorus-based flame retardants directly mix flame retardants with polymer materials, and then process them into composite flame-retardant functional materials, while reactive phosphorus-based flame retardants bond flame retardant groups through chemical reactions. Combined with polymer materials to achieve the purpose of flame retardant.
Studies have shown that the flame retardant mechanism of phosphorus-based flame retardants is that the flame retardants will pyrolyze at high temperatures to produce acidic substances, which are conducive to the degradation of polylactic acid (PLA) polymers to form a carbon layer and prevent heat from entering the polymer. The matrix is transferred, and the phosphorus-containing free radicals generated during the combustion of phosphorus-based flame retardants can also quench the free radicals generated during the pyrolysis of PLA, and can form a polymer network with high thermal stability with the polymer matrix. burning effect. Phosphorus flame retardants have been widely used in the flame retardant modification of PLA and other polymer materials.
The currently reported phosphorus-based flame retardants for PLA are mainly derivatives of DOPO and other compounds, such as DOPO and epoxidized polybutadiene, DOPO and cinnamamide, DOPO and formaldehyde, etc. Another phosphorus-based flame retardant is a compound flame retardant based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP). APP is compounded, or nickel phytate (PA-Ni) and meglumine (N) are combined with APP. All of these phosphorus-based flame retardants can enable PLA to obtain excellent flame retardant properties.
Nitrogen flame retardant
Nitrogen-containing flame retardant is a halogen-free flame retardant, which is in line with the current development concept of green flame retardant. Nitrogen-based flame retardants have the advantages of low toxicity and low smoke. At present, melamine, dicyandiamide, guanidine salts and their derivatives are more common.
When the decomposition temperature is reached, the incombustible gases such as CO2, NH3, N2 generated by the nitrogen-based flame retardant can dilute the flammable gas generated by the thermal decomposition of the PLA compound and the O2 around the polymer. At the same time, due to the decomposition of the flame retardant, it will absorb The heat effectively reduces the surface temperature of PLA, thereby achieving the purpose of flame retardant. Due to the low flame retardant efficiency of nitrogen-based flame retardants alone in actual flame retardant modification, nitrogen-based flame retardants are often used together with other types of flame retardants to achieve good flame retardant effects by synergistic effect.
Silicon flame retardant
Silicon-based flame retardants are halogen-free and environmentally friendly flame retardant materials containing silicon, which can not only improve the flame retardant properties of the materials, but also improve the mechanical properties, processing properties and heat resistance properties of the materials. Based on the many advantages of silicon-based flame retardants, it has become a hot research topic. Studies have shown that silicon-based flame retardants can delay or even interrupt the thermal decomposition of materials in the condensed phase, so as to achieve a good flame retardant effect.
Silicon-based flame retardants have low smoke production and high safety, but the flame retardant effect is not good when used alone, which limits the application of silicon-based flame retardants in flame-retardant PLA to a certain extent. Silicon-based flame retardants can be compounded with other flame retardants for synergistic flame retardant, so the development of high-efficiency synergistic flame retardant systems for silicon-based flame retardants has a very broad development prospect.
Inorganic nano flame retardant
Inorganic nano flame retardants have unique advantages compared with ordinary inorganic particles due to their special size characteristics, which provide a new idea for the preparation of flame retardant materials. However, when inorganic nanoparticles are used alone as flame retardants, there is a disadvantage of large amount of addition. In practical applications, inorganic particles are usually compounded with other types of flame retardants to improve the flame retardant effect.
Nano-magnesium-aluminum hydrotalcite can be used for flame retardancy of PLA. Generally, intercalating agent is used to intercalate it to prepare sulfamic acid intercalated hydrotalcite, phosphotungstic acid intercalated modified magnesium-aluminum hydrotalcite, etc., and then combined with intumescent flame retardant. It is used for flame retardant modification of PLA to improve the flame retardant properties of PLA. In addition, the organic intercalated nano-montmorillonite has obvious smoke suppression effect, which can effectively improve the flame retardant properties of PLA/wheat straw fiber composites.
In recent years, the new nano flame retardant carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has also been applied in the field of PLA flame retardant. For example, 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphinophenanthrene 10 oxide (DOPO-OH) can be covalently embedded on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to prepare DOPO-functionalized The MWCNTs (MWCNT-DOPO-OH) were introduced into the PLA/aluminum phosphate (AHP) system by melt blending, thereby improving the flame retardancy of PLA/AHP.
Intumescent flame retardant
Intumescent flame retardant (IFR) is a kind of non-toxic and efficient green flame retardant. IFR is mainly composed of phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon, and consists of three parts: acid source, gas source and carbon source. At present, in the intumescent flame retardant system used for PLA flame retardant modification, the acid source is mainly APP; the gas source mainly includes melamine (MA), triazine derivatives, urea, etc.; the carbon source is polyhydroxy polymer starch (ST ), lignin (LIG), cellulose, etc.
IFR can increase the char formation of PLA and effectively reduce the phenomenon of burning droplets. The flame retardant mechanism of IFR flame retardant PLA is that the carbon and foam on the surface of PLA will expand when it is burned, resulting in a multi-foamed carbon layer, and the multi-foamed carbon layer on the surface hinders the combustion of the underlying material. Due to the good heat insulation and smoke suppression effect of IFR, it has received more and more attention in recent years.
Biomass flame retardant
In recent years, with the increasing awareness of environmental protection, people have gradually shifted their research direction to the use of biomass flame retardants to improve the flame retardant properties of PLA. Common biomass flame retardants include starch, cellulose, cyclodextrin, etc. Biomass flame retardants contain a large number of active hydroxyl groups. After adding PLA, they cross-link into charcoal during combustion to form a porous charcoal layer, so as to achieve the purpose of flame retardant. However, the use of biomass materials alone also has problems such as large amount of addition and poor compatibility, so the modification of biomass materials is of great significance.
Biomass flame retardants are generally used in combination with other flame retardants: for example, phosphorus pentoxide, methanesulfonic acid, and melamine can be used to modify the biomass flame retardant chitosan, and then the modified chitosan and melamine can be used. Polyphosphate (MPP) is compounded to form IFR; phosphorus-based flame retardant aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) and starch are compounded to form a synergistic flame retardant. PLA with good flame retardant effect; IFR is obtained by compounding phytic acid modified chitosan (PAMC) and MPP, and then organic montmorillonite is used as a synergist, which can effectively improve the flame retardant performance of PLA composites. | <urn:uuid:58d63503-ba77-45c6-bdf3-ca889eb37d8c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.njtdjx.com/five-commonly-used-modified-flame-retardants-for-polylactic-acid.html | 2024-02-27T14:13:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.887242 | 1,876 | 2.9375 | 3 | [
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The philesynergetic approach to caring for patients ‘inbed’ uses gravity, the correct synergetic layers and the patient’s own body mass to provide safe patient’s rest, movement and stability on their resting surface.
(N.B. click image above for video about philesynergetic approach – The Safety Dance)
Using this approach, any external forces that may be generated can be managed in a controlled manner; to regulate their rate and effect as a means to avoid resting surface-patient skin interface “force focal spots”.
In so doing, enables the patient’s internal homeostatic and tensegrity mechanisms to prevent any tissue/ cell recovery thresholds, from being exceeded and prevents tissue damage whilst maintaining the patient’s tissue integrity.
However, to achieve this philesynergetic approach, there are eight key areas of change in practice that need to be understood and adopted.
1. Correct synergetic layers
2. Understanding the forces that are at work when a patient is moved
3. Preventing / reducing / controlling resistant forces
4. Working WITH – rather than against – gravity
5. Using and complementing the body’s natural, internal prevention mechanisms for maintaining tissue integrity.
6. Identifying the physical risks to carers when manually moving and restabilising patients ‘inbed’
7. Taking a combined ergonomic and biomechanical approach to remove the risks to both carers and patients associated with inbed care and movement.
8. Scaling up adoption of the philesynergetic approach across both health and social care
These are discussed in more detail below.
1: Correct synergetic layers
As previously described in part one of this blog, we introduced the fact that the correct synergy is needed to protect skin and tissue integrity when a patient is confined to bed. To achieve this, both the patient’s clothing and bedsheets need to act as additional outer layers to the patient’s skin tissue with no movement between them or the patient’s skin and therefore requires a high friction interface synergy.
We also identified that the underside of the bedsheet and the upper surface of the bed mattress cover needs to be able to move freely over and against each other with absolute minimum resistance. In other words, to allow initial movement (stiction) and with low resistance when moving (friction) as they are sliding interfaces and as such, should be of a very low friction interface synergy.
2: Understanding the forces that are at work when a patient is moved
However, even with this correct layer synergy, there is still a high risk of tissue damage. This is because many of the present accepted and recommended products, methods and practices continue to expose the skin and tissue to unnecessary stresses and forces. This is mainly due to the present practice of working against gravity during the caring acts of supporting, moving and stabilising the patient. The resulting surface/patient interface forces can impact the skin and transcend to disseminate throughout the body’s tissue.
The present practices of physically and/or mechanically moving a person’s body mass* or body part on a resting surface**, can subject it to unnecessary additional forces. In so doing, this has a direct effect on the body’s mass which and can result in both the loading and distorting the related skin and tissues. This is particularly true if the presenting resting surfaces – skin and tissue interface surfaces – are resisted/prevented from moving (sliding).
Unnecessary forces can originate from the deformation/distortion of the presenting resting surface shape that results in a “bow wave effect“ resistance force to the direction of movement. This altered resting surface shape being the result of the combination of both the presenting body part shape and the weight of the relevant body mass (e.g. ‘butt print’ immersion, or concaves caused by a patient’s heel, hip, scapular and/or coccyx etc.). This “bow wave effect” can also be created when moving patients on specialist bed mattresses that are in a dynamic mode.
Those areas of patient’s skin and tissue that are immersed in these deformed/altered resting surface concaves are particularly vulnerable to the differing forces that are generated through patient movement.
These forces are then both transmitted to and transferred through the patient’s skin interface surface areas, where they then disseminate throughout the body mass tissues and can progress into the deep tissues, which results in the skin and tissue integrity being compromised.
The present practices of moving patients on resting surfaces predominantly involves one of the following methods:
• Encouraging and providing for independent self-movement
• Carer(s) manually assist the patient to move themselves
• Carer(s) manually handle/moving them
• Moving them mechanically+
In order for patients to be moved by any of the methods above, they need to overcome the presenting gravitational forces. In so doing, this can create and generate patient skin/resting surface interface “force focal spots” which can then transcend through the patient’s skin and tissues during the body mass movement. It is also extremely difficult for carers to manual handle the patient’s movement in a uniformed, controlled manner that is slow enough to avoid creating these ‘force focal spots”.
Similarly, the “force focal spots” can also happen when carers are grasping the material that’s being used to move the patient, as increased tension is created from the point of grip down, along the material to the point where it passes under the patient’s body mass. This can be seen with visible tension lines. For example, under the buttocks and/or the back of the shoulders in the sitting and/or laying repositioning.
There are also a number of further contributing factors that create ”force focal spots” when patients are being physically moved during ‘inbed’ care.
The fact that any manual handling contact (hands on) with the patient, can cause unnecessary trauma to the skin’s surface generating resulting forces that can transcend into the patients skin and tissues. Such examples would include:
• When turning patients in bed and during carrying out personal care (carer/ patient interface).
• Also, when inserting and removing items between the patient –resting surface interface, such as changing sheets or incontinence slides and during insertion/removing hoist slings and this can very often involve the practice of the pressing down on the bed mattress surface to create space to facilitate insertion /removal.
Therefore, these identified practices in the care, movement and any restabilising of the patient’s position ‘inbed’, are in fact creating unnecessary forces that are predominantly originating from outside the patient’s body mass and are working against the ever present gravitational forces. Resulting in the patient’s skin and tissue integrity being compromised.
3: Preventing / reducing / controlling resistant forces
To control resistant forces, and prevent the “bow wave effect” occurring in the bed mattress surface during any movement, the mattress should be of a type that can both immerse the body shape when required and step up (to static mode) to a more level/firmer surface when a patient is moving and/or being re-stabilised.
We therefore strongly recommend hybrid mattresses types that are made up of individual cells containing foam, which are encased in air. This type of mattress allows it to be inflated (step up) to produce a firmer, flatter surface when repositioning or restabilising the patient, so as to prevent the formation of resistant forces from the “concave“ or “bow wave effect” deformation during patient movement. Once the patient movement or stability has been achieved, this type of hybrid step up/down mattress can then be returned to the (step down) desired dynamic state, allowing the required amount of body mass immersion.
4: Working WITH – rather than against – gravity
Currently, bed frame support surfaces have many options. Many work in only the flat or profiling horizontal plane. Here are some of them:
A typical example of the altered direction in gravitational pull forces, is when someone is put into a sitting position in bed by raising the bed back rest.
• During this repositioning procedure, the patients resting body mass is re-orientated and therefore their centre of gravity is shifted.
• The change in the angle of the acting gravitational pull forces therefore results in the patient migrating down the bed whilst loading their resting surface interfacing skin and tissues.
• However, when the correct synergies are in place, the effective use of the knee brake facility and the counterbalancing forces (tilting in space) can prevent migration down the bed and the patient’s stability can be maintained without loading the skin and tissues.
Similarly, by tilting the patient onto their side (as when turning them) across the bed – perpendicularly as opposed to horizontally up the bed -then their body mass is subject to the same type of altered gravitational pull forces
• This can result in tissue distortion, shear and irreversible tissue damage and cell death within minutes.
• Again, with the correct interfaces and stabilising, counterbalancing forces, then tissue integrity can be maintained.
To summarise: moving and stabilising patients – either manually or mechanically – against gravity causes tissue loading. To address this, there is a requirement to work WITH gravity on the correct interfaces and support surfaces so that any potential tissue loading is avoided.
5: Using and complementing the body’s natural, internal prevention mechanisms for maintaining tissue integrity
Working with gravity whilst using the correct interfaces and support surfaces, prevents the risk of exceeding the patient threshold of resistance at which varying tissues and cells may become damaged.
In other words, allowing the bodies internal safety protection mechanisms, homeostasis and tensegrity to control the rate and effect of any externally generated ”force focal spot” and internal forces. These forces are then either contained locally and/or dissipated at a safer reduced intensity over a wider tissue area, maintaining tissue integrity.
This is particularly important for both those patients who have lost their innate ability to rejuvenate tissue and/or have a reduced threshold of resistance (pathophysiology).
This echoes the words of Einstein, “A clever person solves the problem A wise person avoids it”. In other words, protecting tissue integrity by using the body’s natural protection mechanism is always preferable to treating the damage caused through the present ‘inbed’ care and positioning practices.
6: Identifying the physical risks to carers when manually moving and restabilising patients ‘
Moving patients physically is a risk to carers. They are responsible for ensuring both their own and the patient’s health and safety. Despite training and assessment, there is a natural human tendency for behavioural drift.
When carers move or re-stabilise patients:
1. To move them, they must work against gravitational forces that are keeping the patient stable on the support surface.
2. It requires physical effort from the carers.
3. To do this, they create a high risk of biomechanically compromising their posture.
4. Thereby increasing the risk of musculoskeletal injuries to their backs (micro tears to tissues).
7: Taking a combined ergonomic and biomechanical approach to remove the risks to both carers and patients associated with inbed care and positioning
We believe that anticipatory design of ‘inbed’ products and processes is essential to remove the risk to patients and their carers so that the practice of repositioning and stabilising a patient can be safer by:
1. Preventing back injuries to the carers
2. Using the patient’s own innate homeostatic and tensegrity protection system to maintain the integrity of their skin and tissues.
This philesynergetic care approach (also known as the Safety Dance means that
1. A patient can be rested, repositioned and stabilised by using gravity without the need for manual handling
2. This both significantly reduces any biomechanical compromise and avoids any resultant musculoskeletal injury to the carer.
3. This approach reduces “force focal points” and tissue distortion force transcending thought the skin.
4. Allows patients to be supported, repositioned and stabilised in a controlled rate and uniformed manner
5. Allows repositioning and stabilising to be at a sufficiently slow rate and allow the skin’s homeostatic and tensegrity processes to safely dissipate potentially tissue-damaging forces.
6. Uses a bedframe of a type that has multi-tilt; a hybrid mattress that is made up of individual cells containing foam which are encased in air; and a correct synergetic layered inbed care system. For example,
o Hybrid mattresses such as the Dyna-Form Mercury Advance-powered hybrid
o Perpendicular plane tilt, Toto Patient Turner
o Multi-plane tilt bedframes such as the Centrobed Arctic Turning Bed
o Synergetic layers are intrinsic to the Biotechsis® inbed care system products and designed to be intuitive.
8: Scaling up adoption of the philesynergetic approach across both health and social care
Getting this philesynergetic care approach to be widely adopted requires:
• Raised profile. More health and social care professionals need to be aware that the approach exists and that it is the best practice when moving patients confined to bed.
• Governing standards, need to be updated to recognise improvements in technology and best practice. For example, ISO/TR 12296:2012(en) Ergonomics — Manual handling of people in the healthcare sector
• “Buy in”. Health and social care organisations need be committed to implementing it as the standard. This will need a change in thinking and practice regarding safer patient care and carers’ safety.
• Designing out unsafe practice and designing in safer care.
Will you join the safety dance?
Footnotes: * by body part/mass we mean limbs, leg, arm, shoulder, hips or a combination thereof * * by resting surface, we mean a bed, chair, trolley or theatre table etc. + Moving the patient physically and/or by mechanical means to overcome gravitational forces. | <urn:uuid:18a76c39-afc8-4367-b93c-9fd7eb72137e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.phileslide.com/blogs/news/the-missing-synergy-when-moving-patients-being-cared-for-inbed-part-2 | 2024-02-27T14:20:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.926136 | 3,014 | 2.671875 | 3 | [
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Cats are our beloved companions, and it’s essential to keep them healthy and happy. One of the most effective ways to monitor a cat’s health is through blood tests. Blood tests can reveal a lot about a cat’s overall health, including any underlying health conditions. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore what blood tests can detect in cats, the importance of regular health check-ups, and how to prepare your cat for a blood test. So, let’s dive in and discover how blood tests can help keep your feline friend healthy and thriving!
Understanding Blood Tests for Cats
What are blood tests?
Blood tests, also known as bloodwork or blood panels, are laboratory tests that involve analyzing a sample of a cat’s blood to evaluate its overall health and detect potential health issues. Blood tests can provide valuable information about a cat’s organ function, metabolic status, immune system, and blood cell counts. These tests are typically performed by a veterinarian or a veterinary laboratory.
Why are blood tests important for cats?
Blood tests are an essential tool for monitoring a cat’s health and detecting potential health problems before they become severe. Regular blood tests can help identify underlying health issues, such as kidney disease, diabetes, and infections, and allow for early intervention and treatment. Blood tests can also help monitor a cat’s response to treatment and ensure that the treatment plan is effective.
In addition, blood tests can help identify genetic disorders and detect inherited conditions, such as blood disorders or hormone imbalances. This information can be useful for breeders to avoid passing on genetic conditions to future generations.
How are blood tests performed on cats?
Blood tests for cats typically involve drawing a small sample of blood from the cat’s vein using a needle and a syringe. The sample is then sent to a laboratory for analysis. In some cases, a veterinarian may perform a blood test in-house using a portable blood analyzer.
Before the blood test, the cat should be in a quiet and calm state to ensure accurate results. The veterinarian will also consider the cat’s age, weight, and overall health status when interpreting the results.
Factors to consider before performing a blood test on a cat
Before performing a blood test on a cat, there are several factors to consider. First, the veterinarian should consider the cat’s age, weight, and overall health status to ensure that the results are accurate and meaningful. In addition, the veterinarian should consider any medications or supplements the cat is taking, as these can affect the results of the blood test.
It is also important to consider the reason for the blood test and the potential risks and benefits of the procedure. Some cats may experience stress or discomfort during the blood test, so it is important to use proper handling techniques and ensure that the cat is properly sedated if necessary.
Overall, blood tests are an essential tool for monitoring a cat’s health and detecting potential health problems before they become severe. By understanding the importance of blood tests and the factors to consider before performing them, cat owners can ensure that their feline companions receive the best possible care.
Common Blood Tests for Cats
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
What is a complete blood count?
A complete blood count (CBC) is a laboratory test that measures the cells in a cat’s blood. It provides important information about the quantity and quality of different blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This test is an essential diagnostic tool used by veterinarians to evaluate a cat’s overall health and detect any underlying health issues.
What can a CBC detect in cats?
A CBC can help detect a wide range of health problems in cats, including anemia, infection, inflammation, and various blood disorders. By measuring the levels of different blood cells, a CBC can provide valuable information about a cat’s:
- Red Blood Cell Count: Anemia is a common condition in cats, characterized by a low red blood cell count. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, and a decrease in their numbers can cause fatigue, weakness, and other symptoms.
* **White Blood Cell Count**: White blood cells are part of the immune system and help fight infection. A high white blood cell count may indicate an underlying infection, disease, or inflammation. - Platelet Count: Platelets are responsible for blood clotting, and a low platelet count can cause excessive bleeding and bruising. Certain medical conditions, such as immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, can result in low platelet counts.
- Hematocrit: This measures the percentage of red blood cells in the blood. A low hematocrit can indicate anemia, while a high hematocrit may suggest dehydration.
- Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. A low hemoglobin level can indicate anemia.
- Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): MCV measures the size of the red blood cells. An abnormal MCV can suggest various blood disorders, such as iron deficiency anemia or microcytic anemia.
Understanding the different components of a CBC
A CBC typically includes the following measurements:
- Red Blood Cell Count (RBC): The total number of red blood cells in a sample of blood.
- Hemoglobin (Hgb): The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
- Hematocrit (Hct): The percentage of red blood cells in the blood.
- Hemoglobin Average (MCH): The weighted average of the hemoglobin content of red blood cells.
- Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): A measure of the size of the red blood cells.
- Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW): A measure of the variation in the size of the red blood cells.
- White Blood Cell Count (WBC): The total number of white blood cells in a sample of blood.
- White Blood Cell Differential: A breakdown of the different types of white blood cells, including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
- Platelet Count: The total number of platelets in a sample of blood.
In addition to these measurements, a CBC may also include additional tests, such as a reticulocyte count, which measures the number of immature red blood cells in the blood, or a blood smear examination, which allows the veterinarian to examine the blood cells under a microscope for further analysis.
Blood Chemistry Panel
What is a blood chemistry panel?
A blood chemistry panel is a group of tests that evaluate various chemical components in a cat’s blood. These tests provide information about the body’s metabolic processes, organ function, and overall health status. The results can help veterinarians diagnose medical conditions, monitor treatment effectiveness, and adjust medications when necessary.
What can a blood chemistry panel detect in cats?
A blood chemistry panel can help detect a wide range of health issues in cats, including kidney and liver function, electrolyte imbalances, diabetes, and infections. The tests can also identify any hormone imbalances, such as hyperthyroidism, which is a common condition in older cats.
Key indicators measured in a blood chemistry panel
A blood chemistry panel measures several key indicators, including:
- Blood glucose level: This test helps diagnose diabetes or monitor blood sugar levels in cats with the condition.
- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine: These tests help evaluate kidney function and detect any issues related to kidney disease.
- Liver enzymes: These tests, such as alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), assess liver function and can help diagnose liver disease.
- Electrolytes: These tests, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, measure the levels of essential minerals in the blood and help identify any imbalances that may lead to health issues.
- Red and white blood cell counts: These tests can indicate the presence of infections, anemia, or other blood disorders.
- Blood protein levels: These tests, such as albumin and globulin, help evaluate the cat’s overall protein levels and can help diagnose conditions like malnutrition or liver disease.
A blood chemistry panel is an essential diagnostic tool for veterinarians, as it provides valuable information about a cat’s internal organs and overall health status. Regular blood tests, along with physical examinations and medical history, enable veterinarians to monitor a cat’s health effectively and provide appropriate care when needed.
Thyroid Function Tests
*Why are thyroid function tests important for cats?*
Thyroid function tests are crucial for cats as they aid in the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive hormones. Hyperthyroidism can cause various health issues in cats, including weight loss, increased heart rate, and tremors. Early detection of this condition through blood tests can help veterinarians to develop an appropriate treatment plan, thereby improving the cat’s quality of life.
What can thyroid function tests detect in cats?
Thyroid function tests can detect abnormalities in the levels of thyroid hormones, T3 and T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in a cat’s blood. These hormones play a crucial role in regulating the metabolism of the body. Abnormal levels of these hormones can indicate hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, both of which can significantly impact a cat’s health.
Common thyroid function tests for feline hyperthyroidism
There are several thyroid function tests that can be performed to diagnose feline hyperthyroidism. Some of the most common tests include:
- Total T4 test: This test measures the level of T4 hormone in the cat’s blood. Elevated levels of T4 can indicate hyperthyroidism.
- Free T4 test: This test measures the level of free T4 hormone in the cat’s blood. Free T4 is the active form of T4 that affects the body’s metabolism. Elevated levels of free T4 can indicate hyperthyroidism.
- T3 test: This test measures the level of T3 hormone in the cat’s blood. Elevated levels of T3 can indicate hyperthyroidism.
- TSH test: This test measures the level of TSH in the cat’s blood. Abnormal levels of TSH can indicate hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.
These tests can be performed by a veterinarian and provide valuable information on the functioning of the thyroid gland in a cat. By understanding the results of these tests, veterinarians can develop an appropriate treatment plan to manage hyperthyroidism and improve the cat’s overall health.
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Testing
- Importance of FeLV and FIV testing in cats
- What can FeLV and FIV tests detect in cats?
- Different testing methods for FeLV and FIV
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) testing are essential components of a comprehensive health assessment for cats. These viral infections can significantly impact a cat’s immune system, leading to severe health issues if left untreated. Understanding the importance of FeLV and FIV testing, as well as the tests’ capabilities, is crucial for effective feline health monitoring.
Importance of FeLV and FIV testing in cats
FeLV and FIV testing are crucial for cats, particularly those with a higher risk of exposure. This includes cats that spend time outdoors, have a history of fighting with other cats, or live in multi-cat households. Early detection of these viral infections can help veterinarians to implement appropriate treatments and manage the cats’ health more effectively.
What can FeLV and FIV tests detect in cats?
FeLV and FIV tests can detect the presence of these viral infections in a cat’s bloodstream. The tests are designed to identify specific antigens or antibodies produced by the cat’s immune system in response to the viral infection. A positive test result indicates that the cat has been infected with either FeLV or FIV, while a negative result suggests that the cat has not been infected or is currently not shedding the virus.
It is important to note that a negative test result does not necessarily mean that a cat is completely immune to these viral infections. Cats can become infected with FeLV or FIV at any age, and some cats may remain asymptomatic for years before developing symptoms. Regular testing is essential for monitoring a cat’s health and detecting any changes in their viral status.
Different testing methods for FeLV and FIV
There are several testing methods available for detecting FeLV and FIV in cats. These include:
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing: This test is highly sensitive and can detect the presence of viral DNA in a cat’s blood or saliva.
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) testing: This test detects the presence of specific antibodies produced by a cat’s immune system in response to FeLV or FIV infection.
- Immunofluorescence testing: This test uses fluorescent dyes to detect the presence of FeLV or FIV antigens in a cat’s blood or tissue samples.
It is essential to work with a veterinarian to determine the most appropriate testing method for a specific cat based on their individual needs and health history.
In conclusion, FeLV and FIV testing are crucial components of feline health monitoring, particularly for cats with a higher risk of exposure to these viral infections. Understanding the importance of these tests, as well as their capabilities, can help veterinarians to effectively manage a cat’s health and ensure they receive the appropriate care and treatment.
- Significance of heartworm testing in cats
Heartworm testing is an essential part of feline health monitoring, as it can detect the presence of dangerous parasites that can cause severe health problems and even death in cats. Heartworms are transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito and can cause severe lung disease, heart failure, and other serious health issues in cats.
- What can heartworm tests detect in cats?
Heartworm tests can detect the presence of adult heartworms in a cat’s body, as well as the presence of microfilariae, which are the offspring of adult heartworms. These tests can also determine the stage of infection and the number of heartworms present in the cat’s body.
- Types of heartworm tests available for feline patients
There are several types of heartworm tests available for feline patients, including:
- Serum antigen test: This test detects the presence of heartworm antigens in the cat’s bloodstream. It is typically used to screen cats for heartworm infection.
- Serum microfilaria test: This test detects the presence of microfilariae in the cat’s bloodstream. It is typically used to confirm the presence of heartworm infection.
- Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as X-rays and ultrasounds can also be used to detect the presence of heartworms in a cat’s body.
Overall, heartworm testing is an essential part of feline health monitoring, as it can detect the presence of dangerous parasites that can cause severe health problems and even death in cats. Regular testing can help prevent the spread of heartworm infection and ensure that cats receive proper treatment if they are infected.
Kidney Function Tests
- Importance of kidney function tests in cats
Kidney function tests are crucial for assessing the health of a cat’s kidneys, as these organs play a vital role in maintaining the proper balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body. Early detection of any issues with a cat’s kidney function can help prevent the development of more severe health problems down the line.
- What can kidney function tests detect in cats?
Kidney function tests can detect a range of issues, including kidney disease, kidney stones, and other conditions that may affect the kidneys. These tests can also help identify any underlying health problems that may be affecting the kidneys, such as diabetes or hyperthyroidism.
- Common tests for assessing feline kidney health
There are several common tests that veterinarians may use to assess a cat’s kidney health, including:
- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test: This test measures the amount of urea nitrogen in a cat’s blood, which can indicate how well the kidneys are functioning.
- Creatinine test: This test measures the amount of creatinine in a cat’s blood, which can also indicate how well the kidneys are functioning.
- Urine analysis: This test involves examining a sample of a cat’s urine to check for any abnormalities, such as the presence of blood or excess protein, which may indicate kidney problems.
- Imaging tests: In some cases, veterinarians may also use imaging tests, such as X-rays or ultrasounds, to get a better look at a cat’s kidneys and identify any issues that may be present.
Other Conditions Detectable by Blood Tests
Blood tests play a crucial role in diagnosing feline diabetes, a condition in which a cat’s body cannot effectively use or produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. This section will explore the role of blood tests in detecting diabetes in cats and the indicators of diabetes present in blood test results.
Role of Blood Tests in Diagnosing Feline Diabetes
Blood tests are an essential diagnostic tool for feline diabetes as they can help identify the presence of high blood sugar levels. Veterinarians typically use a variety of blood tests, including a complete blood count (CBC), biochemistry profile, and urine analysis, to evaluate a cat’s overall health and identify any signs of diabetes. In addition, a fructosamine test may be performed to measure a cat’s average blood sugar levels over the past two to three weeks.
Another test that can be performed is the glycated hemoglobin (A1c) test, which measures the average blood sugar levels over the past two to three months. This test can be useful in monitoring the long-term control of diabetes in cats.
Indicators of Diabetes in Blood Test Results
Elevated blood glucose levels are the primary indicator of diabetes in blood test results. A cat with diabetes will typically have a high level of glucose in their blood, which can be detected through a variety of blood tests. In addition, a cat with diabetes may have abnormal levels of other blood components, such as triglycerides, cholesterol, and electrolytes, which can also be detected through blood tests.
Another indicator of diabetes is the presence of ketones in a cat’s blood. Ketones are produced when the body begins to break down fat for energy, a process that occurs when the body cannot use glucose for energy due to insulin deficiency or resistance. The presence of ketones in a cat’s blood indicates that their body is in a state of ketosis, which can be a sign of diabetes.
It is important to note that while blood tests can indicate the presence of diabetes in cats, they must be interpreted in conjunction with a cat’s clinical signs, medical history, and other diagnostic tests. A veterinarian will use a combination of these tools to diagnose diabetes and develop an appropriate treatment plan for a cat.
- How blood tests can help detect liver disease in cats
Blood tests play a crucial role in detecting liver disease in cats. They offer a non-invasive means of evaluating a cat’s liver function and can provide valuable information for early diagnosis and treatment. By analyzing specific biomarkers in a cat’s blood, veterinarians can assess the health of the liver and identify potential issues.
- Key markers indicating liver dysfunction in blood work
Several key markers can indicate liver dysfunction in cats. These include:
- Alanine transaminase (ALT): Elevated levels of ALT in the blood may indicate liver damage or disease. However, it is important to note that ALT levels can also be elevated in cats with kidney disease or other conditions.
- Aspartate transaminase (AST): Similar to ALT, elevated AST levels may suggest liver disease. However, it is essential to consider other potential causes, as AST levels can also be elevated in cats with heart disease or pancreatitis.
- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): Elevated ALP levels may indicate liver disease, but they can also be elevated in cats with kidney disease or bone disease.
- Bilirubin: An increase in bilirubin levels may suggest liver disease, as this pigment is typically processed by the liver. However, high bilirubin levels can also be caused by other conditions, such as hemolysis (breaking down of red blood cells).
- Bile acids: Elevated bile acid levels may indicate liver disease, as these acids are typically produced and excreted by the liver. However, other conditions, such as pancreatitis or small intestinal disease, can also affect bile acid levels.
- Total protein and albumin: Decreased levels of total protein and albumin may suggest liver disease, as these proteins are typically produced by the liver. However, other conditions, such as kidney disease or gastrointestinal bleeding, can also affect protein levels.
It is important to note that the interpretation of blood test results requires a comprehensive understanding of the cat’s overall health and medical history. A veterinarian will consider all available information when diagnosing and treating liver disease in cats.
Cats, like many other animals, can suffer from pancreatitis, a condition that affects the pancreas. The pancreas is an organ that plays a vital role in the body by producing hormones like insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels, and enzymes that aid in digestion. When the pancreas becomes inflamed, it can cause pain and discomfort to the cat, and if left untreated, it can lead to severe complications.
Detecting pancreatitis through blood tests
Blood tests are an essential tool in detecting pancreatitis in cats. They can help identify the presence of inflammation, as well as detect any changes in the levels of specific enzymes and hormones produced by the pancreas.
Specific blood markers associated with pancreatitis in cats
There are several blood markers that can indicate the presence of pancreatitis in cats. One of the most common markers is the serum lipase activity, which measures the levels of the enzyme lipase in the blood. Elevated levels of lipase can indicate inflammation in the pancreas.
Another blood marker that can indicate pancreatitis is the serum amylase activity, which measures the levels of the enzyme amylase in the blood. Similarly, high levels of amylase can indicate inflammation in the pancreas.
In addition to these markers, blood tests can also detect changes in the levels of other hormones and enzymes produced by the pancreas, such as insulin and glucagon. Abnormal levels of these hormones can indicate problems with the pancreas and can help diagnose pancreatitis.
It is important to note that while blood tests are an essential tool in detecting pancreatitis in cats, they are not always definitive. Further diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies or biopsies, may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis and determine the severity of the condition. However, blood tests are a crucial first step in identifying and monitoring pancreatitis in cats, and can help veterinarians develop an effective treatment plan to manage the condition and prevent complications.
Anemia is a condition characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells or a lower concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. This can lead to insufficient oxygen transport to the body’s tissues. Blood tests play a crucial role in diagnosing anemia in cats by measuring various parameters.
Blood tests for diagnosing anemia in cats
The most common blood test used to diagnose anemia in cats is the Complete Blood Count (CBC). This test provides valuable information about the cat’s red and white blood cells, platelets, and other components. It helps veterinarians evaluate the severity of anemia and identify underlying causes. Other tests that may be performed include:
- Packed Cell Volume (PCV) or Hematocrit: These tests measure the percentage of red blood cells in the cat’s blood. A decrease in PCV or hematocrit indicates anemia.
- Hemoglobin: This test measures the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in the blood. A decrease in hemoglobin levels signifies anemia.
- Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): This test assesses the size of the cat’s red blood cells. Anemia typically results in smaller, abnormally shaped red blood cells (microcytic anemia).
- Reticulocyte Count: This test measures the number of immature red blood cells in the blood. A high reticulocyte count may indicate that the body is attempting to compensate for anemia by producing new red blood cells.
Indicators of anemia in blood test results
Anemia in cats can be caused by various factors, such as blood loss, internal bleeding, or chronic diseases like kidney disease or hyperthyroidism. Some of the key indicators of anemia in blood test results include:
- Low PCV or hematocrit: A value below the normal range (typically 45-65% in cats) indicates anemia.
- Low hemoglobin: A value below the normal range (typically 12-18 g/dl in cats) indicates anemia.
- High reticulocyte count: An elevated count (above 10% in cats) may suggest the body is attempting to compensate for anemia.
- Microcytic anemia: A low MCV (below 80-100 fL in cats) indicates smaller, abnormally shaped red blood cells, which is common in iron-deficiency anemia.
Prompt veterinary care is crucial when anemia is detected through blood tests, as timely intervention can prevent severe health consequences in cats.
Interpreting Blood Test Results
Blood tests are an essential tool for monitoring the health of cats. Understanding the results of these tests is crucial for identifying potential health issues and ensuring that your feline friend is in optimal condition. In this section, we will discuss the process of interpreting blood test results in cats.
Understanding Reference Ranges and Normal Values
When interpreting blood test results, it is important to understand reference ranges and normal values. Reference ranges are the typical values for a particular test that are obtained from a healthy population of cats. Normal values indicate the expected range for a specific test result in a healthy cat. These values can vary depending on the specific laboratory performing the test.
It is important to note that reference ranges and normal values are not the same as diagnostic levels. Diagnostic levels are the specific values at which a particular condition is diagnosed. For example, a white blood cell count of 7.5 is within the reference range for cats, but a count of 12 or higher may indicate the presence of an infection.
Consulting with a Veterinarian to Interpret Blood Test Results
Blood test results can be complex, and it is important to consult with a veterinarian to interpret the results. A veterinarian will take into account the cat’s overall health, medical history, and other factors to determine the significance of the test results. They will also provide guidance on any necessary follow-up tests or treatments.
When interpreting blood test results, it is important to consider the cat’s age, breed, and any medications they may be taking. Some medications can affect the results of blood tests, so it is important to inform the veterinarian of any medications the cat is currently taking.
What to Do if Abnormalities Are Found in the Blood Test Results
If abnormalities are found in the blood test results, it is important to take appropriate action. The veterinarian may recommend additional tests to determine the cause of the abnormalities or may recommend treatment for a specific condition. In some cases, the veterinarian may recommend changes to the cat’s diet or lifestyle to improve their overall health.
It is important to follow the veterinarian’s recommendations and to monitor the cat’s health closely. Early detection and treatment of health issues can help to prevent more serious problems from developing and can improve the cat’s quality of life.
1. What is the purpose of blood tests in cats?
Blood tests in cats are used to diagnose and monitor various health conditions. They can help veterinarians to identify signs of illness, assess a cat’s organ function, and monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Blood tests can also be used to screen for certain diseases and to identify any underlying health issues that may not be apparent through physical examination alone.
2. What types of blood tests are available for cats?
There are several types of blood tests that can be performed on cats, including complete blood count (CBC), biochemical analysis, and specific blood tests for certain diseases or conditions. CBCs can provide information about a cat’s red and white blood cell counts, as well as their platelet levels. Biochemical analysis can reveal information about a cat’s liver, kidney, and pancreas function, as well as their electrolyte and acid-base balance. Specific blood tests can be used to screen for feline leukemia, AIDS, and other diseases.
3. How do veterinarians interpret the results of blood tests?
Veterinarians will use the results of blood tests to assess a cat’s overall health and to diagnose or monitor specific health conditions. They will look at the levels of various components in the blood, such as red and white blood cells, platelets, and different types of proteins. They will also look at the cat’s organ function and any signs of inflammation or infection. Based on these results, the veterinarian will be able to determine the next steps in treatment or care for the cat.
4. How do blood tests compare to other diagnostic tools, such as X-rays or ultrasounds?
Blood tests are a non-invasive way to diagnose and monitor health conditions in cats. They can provide a lot of information about a cat’s internal organs and overall health without the need for invasive procedures like X-rays or ultrasounds. However, in some cases, additional diagnostic tests may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis or to get a more detailed picture of a cat’s health. For example, X-rays may be necessary to evaluate a cat’s bones or ultrasounds may be necessary to evaluate their internal organs.
5. How often should cats have blood tests?
The frequency of blood tests for cats will depend on their age, health status, and any underlying health conditions they may have. For healthy cats, blood tests may only be necessary once or twice a year. For cats with underlying health conditions, blood tests may be necessary more frequently, potentially every few months. Your veterinarian will be able to recommend the appropriate frequency of blood tests for your cat based on their individual needs. | <urn:uuid:d79e9d92-7ebd-4a9c-9375-53b4f420f3ab> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.planetofcat.com/2023/08/12/what-mistakes-should-you-avoid-when-adopting-a-cat/ | 2024-02-27T13:08:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.912314 | 6,479 | 3.0625 | 3 | [
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Micro businesses operate similarly to small businesses but with some differences in terms of funding and expansion. However, they can be a profitable venture to pursue. In this article, we will look at microbusinesses and all the details required to start and run one. So, let’s get started.
What Is a Micro business?
A micro business is a small enterprise that typically has fewer than five employees. It is usually owned and operated by a single person or family with limited capital investment. Micro businesses provide goods and services that meet the needs of their local communities and often specialize in niche markets. They are frequently based in home offices or storefronts, using innovative technologies and methods to deliver quality products and services.
Micro businesses are commonly powered by entrepreneurs who would rather take their own path than work in a large corporation. Having these small business owners, drives creativity and new ideas while bringing helpful products and services to smaller areas. By staying flexible and agile, micro businesses are able to adapt to changing market conditions and customer needs quickly. They also offer consumers greater choice, as well as the opportunity to shop locally and support their own community.
The success of a micro business depends on its owner’s ability to identify potential opportunities within the local market, build relationships with customers, manage cash flow effectively, and develop long-term strategies for growth and sustainability.
With careful planning, hard work, and determination, a micro business can be an effective way to create financial stability and pursue personal passions.
In today’s digital world, it is also possible to launch a successful online micro business with relatively low startup costs. By utilizing various digital platforms and tools, entrepreneurs can create robust ecommerce operations that have the potential to reach a global customer base. This is an attractive option for many people who wish to maintain a certain degree of flexibility and autonomy in their business endeavors.
No matter what type of micro business you start, it is important to remember that success does not happen overnight. It requires hard work, dedication, and resilience. With the right plan in place and a positive attitude, you can create a successful small business that will bring financial stability and personal satisfaction.
How Does a Microbusiness Work?
A micro business is a small-scale business that typically consists of one to five employees or less. It usually requires minimal upfront investment, such as office space, equipment and supplies.
Micro businesses operate in a similar fashion to much larger businesses with regards to:
- Deciding on a legal business structure, e.g., LLC, corporation, or partnership
- Structuring financial, management, marketing, and operations
- Getting business permits and licenses
Taxes for micro businesses largely depend on the formal business legal structure used – sole proprietorship, corporation, partnership, or LLC. These taxes may include:
- Income taxes
- Payroll taxes
- Sales taxes
- Property taxes etc.
Here are the main components of how a micro business works:
– Establishing the Business: This involves researching the target market, developing a business plan, registering the business, obtaining any necessary permits and licenses, and choosing the appropriate legal structure.
– Financing: Microbusinesses typically rely on personal funds or small loans to cover start-up expenses.
– Supplies & Equipment: Different types of businesses require different supplies and equipment. Research into what is required to run the business should be conducted prior to purchasing anything.
– Marketing: This is a key component of any successful microbusiness. It involves strategizing and implementing an effective plan to reach potential customers.
– Operations: Operations are the day-to-day activities that maintain the business, such as accounting and record keeping, customer service, and employee management.
– Expansion: Once the business is established and running smoothly, it may be time to consider expansion options. This could include additional locations or products/services.
Entrepreneurs can create a successful small business by understanding how a micro business works and applying the necessary steps. With hard work and dedication, microbusinesses can become the backbone of the economy.
Micro Businesses vs. Small Businesses
Small businesses and micro businesses might appear to be interchangeable, but they actually aren’t. Micro businesses can more accurately be defined as a small subset of the term “small business.”
Small businesses, like micro businesses, don’t have a standard definition across the board, as the definition varies among different industries. For example, in the manufacturing industry, a small business includes less than or equal to 500 employees. Simultaneously, in the retail and service domain, the average annual revenue should be less than or equal to $6 million. SBA standards allow for small businesses to have easier access to loans and government contracts than micro businesses.
State Intervention Programs for Micro businesses
Like small businesses, micro businesses may benefit from intervention (aid) programs from the government; the degree of such intervention may vary from region to region.
For example, there is a Micro Business Development Program for low-to-moderate-income start-ups to help such micro businesses start and grow in Vermont. This aid covers networking, seminars and workshops, counseling, and networking for the micro business.
Mecklenburg County, Pennsylvania also has a micro businesses aid structure set up with financial support of up to $10,000 to help qualifying businesses navigate through an economic slump.
Consult with your local government structure for specific loan and aid programs for micro businesses.
Types of Micro Businesses
Micro businesses are typically small-scale operations that can be run by a single person or a group of people. Some common types of micro businesses include home-based businesses, freelance services, and consulting firms.
Home-based businesses offer convenience as they enable entrepreneurs to work from the comfort of their own homes. This type of business usually involves products or services that do not require a lot of overhead expenses and can be managed with minimal resources. Examples of home-based businesses include online stores, pet sitting services, and tutoring.
Freelance services are another type of micro business. Freelancers typically work on a contract basis for different clients and provide specialized services such as writing, graphic design, web development, and data entry.
This type of business is ideal for those who want to work on their own terms and have the flexibility to choose the projects they want to work on.
Consulting firms are also considered micro businesses. They provide advice and guidance to companies on a variety of different topics, such as marketing, finance, and operations. Consulting firms can also help businesses develop strategies for growth and success.
No matter what type of micro business you choose to pursue, it is important to understand the basics of running a business and know how to effectively manage your time, resources, and finances. With the right skills and dedication, any micro business can be successful.
These are just a few of the many types of micro businesses available to entrepreneurs. There are countless options, so it is important to do research and find the right fit for you. With dedication and hard work, any micro business can be successful.
Pros and Cons of a Micro business
Like any other venture, micro businesses have advantages and disadvantages.
Let’s explore some of the most significant advantages of running a micro business.
1. There is room for specialization in a specific niche
It is a common trend for businesses to start out trying to supply various goods and services. They start out with extensive teams and anticipate and invest hefty sums of money. Only with time do they start realizing which specific aspects of the business are sustainable and which should be suspended. The end result to this a trimming of the unnecessary workforce and more efficient operations
Some other companies take a different route to those mentioned earlier, starting out with a niche and quickly expanding the business to a more significant market only to end up with very little interest in the specific goods/services rendered. Of course, such start-ups could have been better served with a smaller area focus like a community.
Now, these are two polar ends of common business scenarios, and micro businesses can allow you to have the best of both worlds. A Micro business allows for a great deal of specialization in the market and remains profitable as the market expands. A niche allows for a greater degree of focus and dominance over the competition concerning the specific goods and services rendered.
2. Greater adaptability and flexibility to change
When it comes to start-ups, it is common to have start-ups pivoting business ideas to accommodate changing tastes. To do this, considerable changes must be made to the organization and the nature of the company’s products and services. This was the situation with well-known social media platforms like Instagram and Twitter, which underwent pivots and are now unmistakably on a soaring trend.
Now, the challenge with achieving a pivot in the midst of changing tastes and preferences in consumers is the team’s size. In the above example, teams constituted behemoths of friends and relatives who pursued their dreams and aspirations in doing what they loved. For such small teams, pivotal changes were a lot easier. With a team of over 40 members, however, not so much. It would take months to achieve a pivot.
This is where micro businesses shine. Their small teams allow adaptive changes within small time gaps. It also means whenever there is a shift in industry standards or consumer preferences, they can easily band together ideas and take advantage of new opportunities. Think of it regarding warfare: a small unit of elite warriors is better suited for hazardous or unchartered terrain than a large battalion of soldiers with diverse skills.
3. Lower overhead costs and fewer expenses
Increased business size means higher operational costs. Even with a shift from traditional to remote working setups, there is still the matter of comprehensive HR oversight and payroll management. It is an irrefutable fact that many businesses can’t fully operate remotely, necessitating the need for office spaces and other facilities.
In this dilemma, micro businesses present another advantage – the small team sizes allow for lower overhead costs as modern automation systems can be leveraged efficiently without the need for larger team sizes. There is also less need for oversight, especially with side-hustle start-ups like freelance marketing. It’s as simple as putting up campaigns, setting them in motion, and reviewing them seasonally.
Training and workshops are important for company success, but they can be costly. Company-wide sessions should be implemented rather than departmental or per-team sessions to save money. This will reduce costs while still allowing the company to reinvest in things like employee wages, advertisement campaigns, and better infrastructure–all of which help the micro business grow.
4. Independence for the Non-Committed
There is great liberty to choose a business path with micro businesses and determine the future you want as an entrepreneur. This freedom not only applies to the business owner but sips to the employees as well.
Having looked at some of the most significant advantages of running a micro business, let’s look at some of the disadvantages to running micro businesses. Here are a few to consider:
1. More significant workload on fewer employees.
There is the prevalence of more responsibilities for fewer people to manage.
Running a business is hard enough, but you have to contend with content marketing and reputation management in the modern age. A single negative review on social media can be disastrous, and you must constantly generate new content to keep up a healthy online presence.
Now, outsourcing some tasks can be a really decent and yet inexpensive way to get things done. However, it will still require time to outline the tasks, energy to manage communications and ensure deadlines are met in delivering results. Handling everything in-house could be the way to go, but it brings up another problem – the few members on the team means there may not be available the necessary skill needed at the time.
One of the main reasons more prominent companies hire new employees regularly is to stock up enough skills to get things done efficiently. For example, they may hire a graphic designer to aid in branding and publicity adverts, thus improving the company’s overall productivity. With micro businesses, the fewer employees mean much is left to the charge of fewer individuals. Though it may be fun at first, it can quickly degenerate into a grievous and strenuous venture.
2. Higher risk of failure and funding challenges
Surely you’ve heard the phrase, “Too big to fail”, often associated with financial institutions that have had a hand in major financial crises. But since they are heavily relied upon to the point that the collateral damage upon their dissolution would be irreparable, the government instead chooses to encourage and promote them.
So, what’s the point of all this? Well, size sometimes does matter, and a company can survive through some hardship and challenges simply because of its size. The larger the company, the stronger its brand, the greater its turnover, the more recognition it accrues. In the event of a challenge or difficulty, they can fall back to savings, downscale, or even relinquish some assets to ensure survival. Also, more prominent companies would have a lot less of a hassle getting loans or investments since they’d have more significant financial records.
In contrast, micro businesses are much smaller and face difficulties when getting loans or appealing to outside investors. Even if they try to attract investments, their lack of size makes them seem risky, and potential investors will only see a few opportunities for profit if the business puts in the effort.
3. Limited access to valuable resources
Companies that are widely recognized usually have an easier time getting favors and discounts because other industry leaders want to support them. Most of the time, companies give each other bigger discounts when trying to attract a profitable contract.
Micro businesses have neither the considerable name recognition nor the size to attract such bonuses and discounts. Since they usually won’t be able to pay for large contracts, concessions on their rates would hardly be made in their favor. As such, it holds that the bigger the business, the better the prices you’d get for goods and services from other service providers. Additionally it will be easier to convince others to value a potential business relationship. Such leverage is hard to deny and is indeed farfetched for many micro businesses.
How to Start a Micro Business in 6 Steps
So, are you interested in starting a micro business? The advantages are, no doubt, significant and, like any other type of business, there are challenges to it. But I dare say those with the will to succeed can surely set up and succeed with a micro business. Here’s a step-by-step approach to starting a micro business.
Step 1: Establish a mission, vision and values statement.
It is essential to develop and clearly state the intents and purpose of the business. This is the foundation of the business and surmounts the mission and vision statement. When there isn’t a clear vision, mission and values statement, growth will be hindered as the path to realizing the business’s more detailed plans will be blurred.
Well-structured vision, values and mission statements also reveal what the business stands for and will attract customers and investors who are interested in the business’s core values.
Step 2: Draw up a good business plan
Your business plan is a document that explains and outlines the goals, estimated costs, and strategies for running your micro business. If you want to attract investors or acquire loans, then you need a formal business plan.
Research shows that people who write up great business plans are more likely to start up the business. Writing up a business plan also triggers critical question for the success of the business like:
- What market is available for my product or service, and what is its current outlook?
- Who would be my market competition, and how would I stand out from the crowd?
- Who are my potential customers?
- How will I reach them?
- What will it cost me to survive my first year in the micro business?
- Where will the needed money come from?
A business plan would typically include financial details—projections of sales, expenses, assets, and cash flow. The financial documents needed for a formal business plan include:
- Balance sheet, showing what you own and what you owe
- Profit and loss (or income) statement summarizing revenues and expenses every three months (quarterly) and annually (each year).
- Cash flow statement (or forecast), showing working capital for better expenditure predictions.
Step 3: Decide micro business structure
Setting up a successful business is essential to establish the business structure – legal entity –to run the business.
Sole proprietorships (which are single-owner businesses) and partnerships (having two or more owners of the business) are the least costly business structures. In these setups, owners have all the power in business decisions. They also are obliged to make reports detailing income and losses and are, thus, personally liable for any and all business-related debts. In the event of business failure, they may file for bankruptcy, which may allow them to abandon debts, but damage personal credit history in the process.
A corporation is a legal business structure that is legally separate from the people who own it under state or federal law. Like people, corporations can also own property, incur debt, sue, and be sued. Most corporations exclude members from personal liability with corporation dealings or lawsuits.
A Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a business structure that combines a corporation’s features and those of a sole proprietorship or partnership. An LLC offers some protection of personal assets and from personal liability and is a suitable option for both one-owner or multi-owner micro businesses.
LLCs also require more legal documentation than much simpler sole proprietorships or partnerships, but the legal requirements are fewer than corporations.
Step 4: Establish detailed operation plans for the business
The next step is to outline plans of operation for the business clearly. There are numerous moving parts in a company, but it all simplifies well-structured goals and milestones with timelines to organize day-to-day activities. And to make things easier, there are diverse technological tools today like business model canvases or one-pagers to address any potential issues that may arise in the running of the business
To achieve an effective plan of action, you should ask yourself the following questions:
- Who are my key partners and suppliers?
- Where does my micro business function?
- What facilities do I need, and how much do they cost?
- What is my business structure?
- Who are my target customers?
- What ways can I possibly use to meet the needs of my target customers?
- What is my cost structure/revenue stream?
Step 5: Anticipate financial needs
Creating a financial plan is the best way to pitch your business to potential investors and lenders. A well-researched and comprehensive plan will give you the best chance of success.
Many businesses fail primarily because of lack of funding, and it is imperative to assess financial needs before setting up a micro business carefully.
Such funding anticipations should include operating costs for at least a year. Having reliable predictions of the micro business’s running cost will enable you to prepare a reasonable budget better to accommodate your business plan.
The estimates should include:
- Your salary needs: This is the money from the micro business you’ll live on if you’re quitting a salaried job.
- Initial (start-up) costs: This will include the cost of equipment, installations, remodeling, professional and legal fees, licenses, etc.
- Direct costs: This will cover the cost of raw materials or inventory
- Overhead Cost: This will include rent, office supplies, utilities, and maintenance
- Recurring costs: This will include salary payments, tax payments, advertising and promotion costs, as well as micro business insurance costs.
In many cases, micro businesses start with the founder’s savings, so it follows that having a saving will bail you out of tight corners in your micro business. However, even without saving to start up with, you could still borrow the needed capital. Taking loans requires a good credit history, a means of repaying the debt, and, in the case of larger loans, collateral.
Here are some familiar sources of people use to start micro businesses:
- Use money from savings
- Form a partnership
- Applying for a Small Business Administration loan.
- Tapping individual life insurance.
- Leasing equipment, rather than buying it.
- Bartering—or exchanging—property or services directly
Step 6: Organize a marketing strategy
Marketing strategy is an indispensable requirement for a successful micro business and is especially important seeing the small team sizes with micro businesses. You must understand your customers and develop ways on how to reach them, backed by proper research. Such information will enable you to launch online campaigns like Google ads, social media ads, email marketing, and content marketing/SEO.
Step 7: Research and test your product
Prototyping is an excellent strategy to better your micro business from consumers’ viewpoints. Some research examples for microbusinesses include:
- A templated, pre-launched, or preview website
- Offers to build an email list
- Calling vendors and potential customers
When there is resistance or opposition from people to test your product or service, jump on it as an opportunity to request feedback on how to improve your product or customer service.
Step 8: File your micro business and Start
After establishing an operational mission and vision statement, operation plans, financial plans, marketing plans, legal framework, and adequate research on the product you’re marketing, it’s time to officially file your micro business with the government for the legal backup to operate.
With the above steps, you’re sure to start up a micro business effectively. | <urn:uuid:45a235fa-f362-4f4f-ab43-fdb8cdae6749> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.smallbusinesscoach.org/micro-businesses/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=micro-businesses | 2024-02-27T13:50:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.955728 | 4,534 | 2.515625 | 3 | [
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Bologne: Stamperia di S. Tommaso d’Aquino, 1799. First edition, very rare, of the first statement and proof that the general equation of degree five or more cannot be solved algebraically. This is a remarkable author’s presentation copy, uncut in the publisher’s printed wrappers. “One of the most fascinating results in the realm of algebra – indeed in all of mathematics – is the theorem that the general polynomial of degree ≥ 5 is not solvable by radicals. Its discovery at the very end of the 18th century went counter to the belief and expectations of mathematical scholars; it came as a great surprise and was naturally met with scepticism … this revolutionary idea was not accepted without a great deal of resistance” (Ayoub, p. 253). An exception was the great French mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who wrote to Ruffini in 1821: “Your memoir on the general resolution of equations is a work that has always seemed to me worthy of the attention of mathematicians and one that, in my opinion, demonstrates completely the impossibility of solving algebraically equations of higher than the fourth degree.” In Ruffini’s arguments one can now see the beginnings of modern group theory. “Ruffini’s methods began with the relations that Lagrange had discovered between solutions of third- and fourth-degree equations and permutations of three and four elements, and Ruffini’s development of this starting point contributed effectively to the transition from classical to abstract algebra and to the theory of permutation groups. This theory is distinguished from classical algebra by its greater generality: it operates not with numbers or figures, as in traditional mathematics, but with indefinite entities, on which logical operations are performed” (DSB). “Ruffini is the first to introduce the notion of the order of an element, conjugacy, the cycle decomposition of elements of permutation groups and the notions of primitive and imprimitive. He proved some remarkable theorems [in group theory]” (MacTutor). Ruffini’s proof did, in fact, have a gap which was filled in 1824 by Niels Henrik Abel (although Abel’s proof also had a gap), and the insolvability of quintic equations is now known as the Ruffini-Abel theorem. This is a very rare book on the market in any form (ABPC/RBH list only a single copy) and we have never before seen nor heard of a copy in publisher’s wrappers, or a presentation copy. Provenance: Author’s presentation copy (“dono dell’autore” written on the front fly-leaf of both volumes). The method of solving quadratic equations was known to the Baghdad mathematician and astronomer Al-Khwarizmi (c. 780-850), and the formula involving square roots is now taught to every student in high school. Similar formulas for solving cubic and quartic equations were not found until the 16th century, by Scipione del Ferro (1465-1525), Lodovico Ferrari (1522-60), and Niccolo Tartaglia (1506-59), and were first published by Girolamo Cardano (1501-76) in his Ars magna (1545). These formulas expressed the solutions in terms of ‘radicals,’ i.e., expressions involving rational functions (ratios of polynomials) of the coefficients of the equation and their square-, cube-, and higher roots. The search for a similar formula for quintic equations proved fruitless. “For two centuries thereafter, the resolution of the enigma was regarded as one of the most important problems of algebra and occupied the attention of the leading mathematicians of this epoch” (Ayoub, p. 257). The most important work on the problem preceding Ruffini’s was Lagrange’s remarkable memoir ‘Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des equations, published in the Nouveaux Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Berlin in 1770-71. Katz & Parshall (p. 298) remark that “his introduction of the notion of permutations proved crucial to the ultimate proof that there was no algebraic solution of a fifth-degree polynomial equation,” but Lagrange himself still believed that a solution of the quintic would be found. “He concludes with this statement: ‘There, if I am not mistaken, are the true principles of the resolution of equations, and the most appropriate analysis which leads to solutions; all reduces, as we see, to a type of calculus of combinations by which we find results which we might expect a priori. It would be pertinent to make application to equations of the fifth and higher degrees whose solution is, up to the present, unknown: but this application requires a large number of combinations whose success is, however, very doubtful. We hope to return to this question at another time and we are content here in having given the fundamentals of a theory which appears to us new and general.’ So in spite of past failures in solving the quintic, Lagrange still harbors the hope that a careful analysis of his method will achieve the goal. “Did no one suspect that the solution of the quintic was impossible? Apparently not until 1799 when Ruffini published his book on the theory of equations: ‘General theory of equations in which it is shown that the algebraic solution of the general equation of degree greater than 4 is impossible.’ Parenthetically, we note that in the same year the young Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) wrote in his dissertation (in which he proved the fundamental theorem of algebra) as follows: ‘After the labors of many geometers left little hope of ever arriving at the resolution of the general equation algebraically, it appears more and more likely that the resolution is impossible and contradictory … Perhaps it will not be so difficult to prove, with all rigor, the impossibility for the fifth degree. I shall set forth my investigations of this at greater length in another place. Here it is enough to say that the general solution of equations understood in this sense [i.e., by radicals] is far from certain and this assumption [i.e., that any equation is solvable by radicals] has no validity at the present time.’ Gauss published nothing more on the subject. “Ruffini begins the introduction of his book as follows: ‘The algebraic solution of general equations of degree greater than 4 is always impossible. Behold a very important theorem which I believe I am able to assert (if I do not err); to present the proof of it is the main reason for publishing this volume. The immortal Lagrange, with his sublime reflections, has provided the basis of my proof’” (Ayoub, pp. 262-3). Ruffini’s proof has been presented in modern dress by Ayoub and cannot be described in detail here. It is now viewed as being correct but with a gap: Ruffini assumed that the radicals that arise in the course of solving the equation are rational functions of the roots, and this assumption requires proof which Ruffini did not provide. This gap was filled 25 years later by Abel (1802-29). Abel’s proof also had a gap, which was filled in 1849 by Leopold Königsberger. In the course of proving his remarkable theorem, Ruffini laid the foundations of group theory, which is now of central importance both in mathematics and in physics (symmetry groups). “Ruffini went beyond the mere recognition that there exists a connection between the solvability of algebraic equations and permutations. In his work the theory of permutations no longer plays the role of a mere computing device but is rather a structural component of solvability theory. “He begins with Lagrange’s program of systematic investigation of permutations from the point of view of their effect on algebraic functions of n variables (a permutation can fix or change such a function) … he prefaces his treatment of fifth- and sixth-degree equations in chapter 13 (‘Riflessioni intorno all soluzione generale delle equazioni’) with a classification of permutations. Apart from a different terminology, the modern permutation group concept appears in this chapter with full clarity. Not only is Ruffini – like Lagrange – concerned with permutations that leave a rational function of the roots invariant; he deals also with the totality of such permutations and their properties. He calls such a set of permutations ‘permutazione.’ Thus Ruffini’s ‘permutazione’ coincides with what Cauchy later called a ‘system of conjugate substitutions’ and Galois called a (permutation) ‘group.’ “It is remarkable that Ruffini used consistently the fact that his ‘permutazione’ is closed, both in connection with the composition of the permutations reproducing the function, and even for the purpose of classifying groups in connection with the question of generators of the ‘permutazione’ … “Ruffini calls the number p of permutations that leave invariant a given function of n roots of an equation the ‘degree of equality’ (grado di uguaglianza). Thus this concept coincides with that of the ‘order’ of a (permutation) group … Ruffini goes on to determine the value of p for all groups that occur in connection with five quantities, the roots of a quintic … In terms of content, this investigation comes down to an (almost) complete determination of all subgroups of the symmetric group S5. In this way Ruffini obtains the main result, formulated in article 275, to the effect that p can never be 15, 30, or 40, that is, that there are no (rational) functions of five quantities that take on 8, 4, or 3 different values when these quantities are permuted in all possible ways. On the basis of this correctly-proved group-theoretic result, Ruffini gives a proof – with some gaps – of the unsolvability of the general quintic in radicals” (Wussing, pp. 82-3). “What reception was accorded this remarkable discovery? In about 1801 Ruffini sent a copy of his ‘Teoria’ to Lagrange but received no response. Shortly thereafter, he wrote: ‘Because of the uncertainty that you may have received my book, I send you another copy. If I have erred in any proof, of if I have said something which I believed new, and which is in reality not new, finally if I have written a useless book, I pray you point it out to me sincerely.’ Lagrange did not reply. “Again in 1802 he wrote to Lagrange: ‘No one has more right … to receive the book which I take the liberty of sending to you … In writing this book, I had principally in mind to give a proof of the impossibility of solving equations of degree higher then 4.’ “Pietro Paoli, professor of analysis at Pisa, wrote in September 1799 with a certain chauvinism: ‘I read with much pleasure your book … and recommended greatly the most important theorem which excludes the possibility of solving equations of degree greater than 4. I rejoice exceedingly with you and with our Italy, which has seen a theory born and perfected and to which other nations have contributed little.’ [It must be remembered that Lagrange was born in Turin and was considered Italian by Italians, though he had come of a French family.] “In 1803, Ruffini published a paper entitled ‘On the solvability of equations of degree greater than 4.’ This was written at the urging of his friend Pietro Abbati (1768-1842). Ruffini wrote: ‘In the present memoir, I shall try to prove the same proposition [insolvability of the quintic] with, I hope, less abstruse reasoning and with complete rigor.’ “To this proof Gian-Francesco Malfatti (1731-1807) raised certain objections which suggest that he did not understand the proof clearly … In 1806 Ruffini published yet another proof with no visible reaction, and in 1813 he published a paper ‘Reflections on the solution of general algebraic equations.’ In the introduction, he expresses his disappointment, if not pique, at the reception accorded his work” (Ayoub, p. 269). “A further impulse to seek appraisal of his work came from a publication by Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre (1749-1822). This was a report to ‘His Majesty the Emperor and King’ called ‘Historical report on the progress of the mathematical sciences since 1789.’ In it Delambre says ‘Ruffini proposes to prove that it is impossible …’ Ruffini replied: ‘I not only proposed to prove but in reality did prove … and I had in mind presenting the proof to the institute to have it examined and to have the institute pronounce on its validity.’ Ruffini was informed that Lagrange, Legendre and Lacroix had been appointed to a committee to examine his memoir. He was told, however, that ‘if a thing is not of importance, no notice is taken of it and Lagrange himself ‘with his coolness’ found little in it worthy of attention.’ “Ruffini wrote again to Delambre asking about the status of his paper, and noted that the Italian minister had spoken to Lagrange who told the minister that because of the character and manner of expression, he had understood nothing and no longer wished to undertake the reading of his memoir. Ruffini asked Delambre to speak to Lagrange and if the latter did not want to read it, Delambre was to appoint a new board of examiners. “As it turns out, Lagrange, who was old at the time, reported to Gaultier de Claubry that he had read Ruffini’s memoir, had found it good but, since it treated of a difficult matter and since Ruffini had not given sufficient proof of certain things which he claimed, Lagrange did not want to create excitement among the mathematicians of the institute and, therefore, did not want to publish his approval. “Ruffini also sent his memoir to the Royal Society in London. The reply said that the Society itself does not give official approval of any work but reported that those who had read it were quite satisfied that he had proved what he claimed to prove. “His greatest advocate, however, was no less a person than A. L. Cauchy (1789-1857). Cauchy found in Ruffini’s work a veritable gold mine. In the years 1813-1815, Cauchy wrote a lengthy paper on the theory of permutation groups generalizing some of Ruffini’s results. This paper was assessed by a committee of the French Academy of Sciences and this committee mentions Ruffini by name. “Cauchy acknowledged his indebtedness to Ruffini in a letter dated 1821 about 6 months before Ruffini’s death: ‘… your memoir on the general resolution of equations is a work which has always seemed to me worthy of the attention of mathematicians and which, in my judgment, proves completely the insolvability of the general equation of degree > 4. If I have not discussed it in my course, it is because this course was directed at the students of the École Royale Polytechnique and I could not deviate too much from the syllabus … In another memoir which I read last year to the Academy of Sciences, I cited your work and reminded the audience that your proofs establish the impossibility of solving equations algebraically … I add moreover, that your work on the insolvability is precisely the title of a lecture which I gave to several members of the academy …’ “In view of the endorsement of the Royal Society (admittedly vague) and of the strong approbation of Cauchy, why then did Ruffini’s work not receive general acceptance? “It is difficult to say. Lagrange’s comment to Claubry leads us to surmise that the mathematical community was not ready to accept so revolutionary an idea: that a polynomial could not be solved by radicals. Then, too, the method of permutations was too exotic and, it must be conceded, Ruffini’s early account is not easy to follow. There was the correct but unproved assertion on accessory irrationalities, but this objection was never seriously raised until much later” (ibid., pp. 270-272). “Ruffini was born in 1765 in the small town of Valentano. His father was a physician and the family moved to Reggio near the city of Modena. As a child he was of a mystical temperament and appeared destined for the priesthood but chose instead to study medicine and mathematics. He entered the University of Modena in 1783 and received degrees in philosophy, medicine and surgery in 1788 and shortly thereafter was appointed to a chair in analysis at Modena. He was elected representative from the district of Parma and lived in Milan for several years. “These were years of political upheaval; the influence of the French Revolution was strongly felt, and although he did not embrace the newly imported ideas, he was not doctrinaire in his adherence to traditional ideology. Om the other hand, for refusing to swear a civil oath, he was deprived of his chair in Modena and this was not restored until 1799. Meanwhile, he was practicing medicine and pursuing his mathematical researches. It was during this period of enforced idleness (comparatively speaking) that he wrote his first work – the theory of equations in which the theorem on the impossibility was proved. “He was a devoted physician; on his rounds from hospital to hospital his mind constantly turned to mathematics and in the evenings he would record his thoughts of the day. Indeed his mind was constantly occupied with mathematics as testified by his scribblings on the letters he received and in the margins of various papers. “He was elected to the newly founded Academy of Sciences, the so called ‘Society of the Forty’, and was a very active member. “In 1817-1818, there was an epidemic of typhoid fever and Ruffini unsparingly tended to the sick. He came down with the fever in 1818 and was in danger of losing his life. On the basis of his experience, he wrote on contagious typhoid. He was also interested in religion and philosophy and wrote on the definition of life as well as a discourse refuting Laplace’s mechanistic theory of moral phenomena. “He was a spiritual and religious man who was modest to the point of being self-effacing. He was once offered a chair in mathematics at the University of Padua but he refused it because of his reluctance to leave the many families in his medical practice. “Admired by his colleagues and loved by his patients, he died in 1822 at the age of 57” (ibid., pp. 275-276). Ayoub, ‘Paolo Ruffini’s contributions to the quintic,’ Archive for History of Exact Sciences 23 (1980), pp. 253-277. Katz & Parshall, Taming the Unknown, 2014. Wussing, The Genesis of the Abstract Group Concept, 1984. For a general history of the Ruffini-Abel theorem, see Landmark Writings in Mathematics, Chapter 29.
Two volumes, small 4to (227 x 168 mm), pp. viii, 206, (4, errata); (2, title to vol. 2), 207-509, (7, errata) and two large folding tables. Original printed wrappers, neatly rebacked, entirely uncut. | <urn:uuid:d033cdd8-e6e3-4dcd-9b77-2c0dc5512fe0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4780/paolo-ruffini/teoria-generale-delle-equazioni-in-cui-si-dimostra-impossibile-la-soluzione-algebraica-dell | 2024-02-27T12:42:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.974242 | 4,248 | 2.609375 | 3 | [
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] |
Nearsightedness (myopia) is a common vision condition in which near objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry. It occurs when the shape of the eye — or the shape of certain parts of the eye — causes light rays to bend (refract) inaccurately. Light rays that should be focused on nerve tissues at the back of the eye (retina) are focused in front of the retina.
Nearsightedness usually develops during childhood and adolescence, and it usually becomes more stable between the ages of 20 and 40. Myopia tends to run in families.
A basic eye exam can confirm nearsightedness. You can compensate for the blurry vision with eyeglasses, contact lenses or refractive surgery.
Nearsightedness signs or symptoms may include:
- Blurry vision when looking at distant objects
- The need to squint or partially close the eyelids to see clearly
Children may have difficulty seeing things on white boards or screen projections in the classroom. Younger children might not express difficulty seeing, but they may have the following behaviors that suggest difficulty seeing:
- Persistently squint
- Seem unaware of distant objects
- Blink excessively
- Rub their eyes frequently
- Sit close to the television
Adults with myopia may notice difficulty reading street signs or signs in a store. Some people may experience blurry vision in dim light, as with nighttime driving, even if they see clearly in daylight. This condition is called night myopia.
When to see a doctor
Make an appointment with an eye care specialist if your child exhibits any signs of vision problems or if a teacher reports possible problems.
Make an appointment for yourself if you notice a change in your vision, have difficulty performing tasks such as driving, or find the quality of your vision detracts from your enjoyment of activities.
Seek emergency medical care if you experience any of the following:
- Sudden appearance of many floaters — tiny specks or lines that seem to drift through your field of vision
- Flashes of light in one or both eyes
- A curtain-like gray shadow covering all or part of your field of vision
- A shadow in your outer or side vision (peripheral vision)
These are warnings signs of the retina becoming detached from the back of the eye. This condition is a medical emergency requiring prompt treatment. Significant nearsightedness is associated with an increased risk of retinal detachment.
Regular eye exams
Both children and adults may not be aware of problems with vision or changes that happen gradually. The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends regular vision screenings to ensure a timely diagnosis and treatment.
Children and adolescents
Your child's pediatrician or other health care provider will conduct relatively simple exams to check the health of your child's eyes at birth, between 6 and 12 months of age, and between 12 and 36 months of age. If there are any problems, you may be referred to a medical doctor specializing in eye health and care (ophthalmologist).
Vision screenings are tests to check for vision problems. A screening test may be performed by a pediatrician, ophthalmologist, optometrist or other trained provider. Vision screenings are often offered at schools or community centers.
The recommended times for screening are as follows:
- At least once between ages 3 and 5
- Before kindergarten, usually age 5 or 6
- Annually through the end of high school
If a problem is identified in a screening test, then you'll need to schedule a complete eye exam with an optometrist or ophthalmologist.
The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommends that healthy adults with no known problems with vision or eye disease should get a complete eye exam on the following schedule:
- At least once between ages 20 and 29
- At least twice between ages 30 and 39
- Every 2 to 4 years from ages 40 to 54
- Every 1 to 3 years from ages 55 to 64
- Every 1 to 2 years after age 65
If you have diabetes, a family history of eye disease, high blood pressure, or other risks of heart or vascular disease, you'll likely need more-regular eye exams. Also, you'll likely need more regular exams if you already have prescription glasses or contacts or if you've had surgery for vision correction. Your health care provider or eye care specialist will recommend how often to get an exam.
Your eye has two parts that focus images:
- The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped front surface of your eye.
- The lens is a clear structure about the size and shape of an M&M's candy.
In order for you to see, light has to pass through the cornea and lens. They bend (refract) the light, so that the light is focused directly on the nerve tissues (retina) at the back of your eye. These tissues translate light into signals sent to the brain, which enables you to perceive images.
Nearsightedness is a refractive error. This problem occurs when the shape or condition of the cornea — or the shape of the eye itself — results in an inaccurate focusing of the light passing into the eye.
Nearsightedness usually results from the eye being too long or oval-shaped rather than round. It may also result from the curve of the cornea being too steep. These changes result in light rays coming to a point in front of the retina and crossing. The messages sent from the retina to the brain are perceived as blurry.
Other refractive errors include:
- Farsightedness (hyperopia). This occurs when your eyeball is shorter than a typical eye or your cornea is curved too little. Some people may perceive distant objects as somewhat clear, but near objects appear blurry. For some people with farsightedness, objects are blurry at all distances.
- Astigmatism. This occurs when your cornea or lens is curved more steeply in one direction than in another. Vision is distorted or blurry at all distances.
Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing nearsightedness, such as the following:
- Genetics. Nearsightedness tends to run in families. If one of your parents is nearsighted, your risk of developing the condition is increased. The risk is higher if both parents are nearsighted.
- Prolonged close-up activities. Prolonged reading or other close-up activities are associated with an increased risk of nearsightedness.
- Screen time. Studies have shown that children who use computers or smart devices for long periods have a greater risk of developing nearsightedness.
- Environmental conditions. Some studies support the idea that a lack of time spent outdoors may increase the risk of nearsightedness.
Nearsightedness is associated with a variety of complications from mild to severe, such as:
- Poor school experiences. Children with myopia or other vision problems can experience delays in reading or other academic skills, difficulty with social interactions, and poor self-esteem.
- Reduced quality of life. Uncorrected nearsightedness can prevent you from performing daily tasks well or enjoying activities.
- Eyestrain. Uncorrected nearsightedness may cause persistent eyestrain and headaches.
- Impaired safety. Your safety and the safety of others may be jeopardized if you have an uncorrected vision problem. This could be especially serious if you are driving a car or operating heavy equipment.
- Other eye problems. Severe nearsightedness puts you at an increased risk of retinal detachment, glaucoma, cataracts and other serious eye conditions.
Nearsightedness is diagnosed by a basic eye exam. Your eye care specialist will likely ask about your child's or your medical history and ask about any medications used.
Visual acuity test
A visual acuity test checks how sharp your vision is at a distance. You cover one eye, and the eye care specialist asks you to read an eye chart with different sized letters or symbols. Then you do the same for the other eye. Special charts are designed for very young children.
In this test you read an eye chart while looking through a device that has different lenses to help determine an appropriate prescription to correct vision problems.
Other tests of eye health
Your eye care specialist will conduct other simple tests to check the following:
- The response of your pupils to light
- Eye movement
- Side vision (peripheral vision)
- Pressure within your eye
- The condition of the cornea, pupil, lens and eyelids
Exam of inner eye
Your eye care specialist will use a special lens with a light to examine the condition of the retina and optic nerve. The specialist will likely put drops in your eyes to dilate them. This provides a better view of the inner eye. Your eyes will probably be sensitive to light for a few hours. Wear the temporary sunglasses provided by the specialist or your own sunglasses.
The standard goal of treating nearsightedness is to improve vision by helping focus light on your retina through the use of corrective lenses or refractive surgery. Managing nearsightedness also includes regular monitoring for complications of the condition, including glaucoma, cataracts and retinal detachment.
Wearing corrective lenses treats nearsightedness by counteracting the increased curve of your cornea or the increased length of your eye. Types of prescription lenses include:
- Eyeglasses. This is a simple, safe way to sharpen vision caused by nearsightedness. Eyeglass lenses also can be designed to correct a combination of refractive errors, such as nearsighted, astigmatism and presbyopia.
- Contact lenses. Contact lenses are small, plastic disks placed directly on the cornea. A single contact lens may correct more than one refractive error. There are a variety of materials and care requirements. Your eye care specialist can recommend contact lenses that are most suitable for your prescription and lifestyle.
Refractive surgery reduces the need for eyeglasses and contact lenses. Your eye surgeon uses a laser to reshape the cornea, which results in a decreased need for nearsighted prescription lenses. Even after surgery, you may need to use eyeglasses some of the time.
- Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). With this procedure, your eye surgeon makes a thin, hinged flap into your cornea. He or she then uses a laser to remove corneal tissue to flatten its domed shape. Recovery from LASIK surgery is usually more rapid and causes less discomfort than other corneal surgeries.
- Laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK). The surgeon creates an ultrathin flap only in the cornea's outer protective cover (epithelium). He or she then uses a laser to reshape the cornea, flattening its curve, and then replaces the epithelium.
- Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). This procedure is similar to LASEK, except the surgeon completely removes the epithelium, then uses the laser to reshape the cornea. A temporary, protective contact lens covers the cornea until the epithelium grows back naturally, conforming to your cornea's new shape.
- Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). In this procedure, there is no flap or removal of the epithelium. Instead, a laser is used to cut a small disk-shaped piece of the cornea (lenticule), which is then removed through a small corneal incision.
Surgical treatments are not an option for everyone with nearsightedness. Surgery is recommended only when nearsightedness is no longer progressing. Your surgeon will explain the benefits and risks of surgical treatment options.
Treatments to slow or stop progression of nearsightedness
Researchers and clinical practitioners continue to seek more-effective approaches to slow the progression of nearsightedness in children and adolescents. Therapies that show the most promise include:
- Atropine. Atropine drops are commonly used to dilate the pupil of the eye, often as part of eye exams or before and after eye surgery. Low doses of atropine eye drops may also help slow the progression of nearsightedness.
- Increased time outside. Spending time outdoors during childhood, adolescence and the early adult years may decrease the risk of developing nearsightedness.
- Dual focus contact lenses. A type of dual focus contact lens has shown some effect in slowing progression of nearsightedness.
- Orthokeratology. A rigid contact lens worn at night temporarily reshapes the cornea. The lens is not worn during the day. Studies have shown that this therapy may slow the progression of nearsightedness.
Lifestyle and home remedies
Steps you can take to promote good eye health and vision include the following:
- Get regular eye exams.
- Protect your eyes from the sun.
- Wear protective eyewear during sports or work that can result in eye injuries.
- Use good lighting when reading and working.
- Wear prescription lenses as directed.
- Care for prescription glasses or contact lenses as directed.
- Rest your eyes from computer or other close-up work every 20 minutes by looking at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds.
- Eat healthy foods.
- Get regular exercise.
- Control health conditions, such as high blood pressure or diabetes, that can affect your vision.
- Don't smoke.
Preparing for an appointment
Eye care specialists
You may encounter three kinds of specialists as you seek help for various eye conditions:
- Ophthalmologist. An ophthalmologist is an eye specialist with a doctor of medicine (M.D.) or a doctor of osteopathy (D.O.) degree followed by an ophthalmology residency. Ophthalmologists are trained to provide complete eye evaluations, prescribe corrective lenses, diagnose and treat common and complex eye disorders, and perform eye surgery.
- Optometrist. An optometrist has a doctor of optometry (O.D.) degree. Optometrists are trained to provide complete eye evaluations, prescribe corrective lenses, and diagnose and treat common eye disorders.
- Optician. An optician is a specialist who helps fit people for eyeglasses or contact lenses, following prescriptions from ophthalmologists and optometrists. Some states require opticians to be licensed. Opticians are not trained to diagnose or treat eye disease.
What you can do
- If you already wear glasses, bring them with you to your appointment. Your eye care specialist has a device that measures your current glasses prescription. If you wear contacts, bring an empty contact lens box from each eye to your appointment.
- List any symptoms you're experiencing, such as trouble reading up close or difficulty with night driving.
- Make a list of all medications, vitamins or supplements that you're taking.
- Create a list of questions to ask your eye care specialist.
Preparing a list of questions can help you make the most of your visit. For nearsightedness, some basic questions to ask include:
- When do I need to use corrective lenses?
- What are benefits and drawbacks to glasses?
- What are benefits and drawbacks to contacts?
- How often do you recommend that I have my eyes examined?
- Are more-permanent treatments, such as eye surgery, an option for me?
- If so, which do you recommend?
- What types of side effects are possible from these treatments?
- Will my insurance company pay for surgical procedures or a contact lens fitting?
- Do you have any brochures or other printed material that I can take home with me? What websites do you recommend?
What to expect from your doctor
Your eye care specialist may ask:
- When did you first begin experiencing symptoms?
- Does your vision improve if you squint or move objects closer (or farther) away?
- Do others in your family use glasses or contacts? Do you know how old they were when they first began having trouble with their vision?
- When did you first begin wearing glasses or contacts?
- Do you have any medical problems, such as diabetes?
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According to Sufism, God is viewed as the ultimate reality and the source of all existence. Sufis believe that God is beyond human comprehension, transcending any attributes or limitations that humans can comprehend. They emphasize the concept of divine love and seek to attain a direct and personal experience of God through spiritual practices such as meditation, dhikr (remembrance of God), and finding inner unity with the divine through the purification of the heart. Sufism emphasizes a mystical and personal understanding of God, focusing on the individual’s journey towards spiritual enlightenment and union with the divine.
Exploring the Essence of God in Sufism
Understanding the Concept of God in Sufism
Sufism, the mystical branch of Islam, offers a unique perspective on the concept of God. In Sufi philosophy, God is seen as the ultimate reality, the source of all existence, and the object of devotion and spiritual longing. Sufis believe that God is beyond human comprehension and can only be experienced through direct mystical experiences.
The mystical approach to understanding the Divine
Sufis emphasize the importance of personal experience and direct knowledge of God. They believe that the true nature of God can only be understood through the heart, rather than through intellectual reasoning alone. Sufi practitioners engage in spiritual practices such as meditation, chanting, and whirling to attain a state of heightened consciousness where they can connect with the Divine.
The transcendence and immanence of God in Sufi philosophy
In Sufism, God is believed to be both transcendent and immanent. The concept of transcendence refers to God’s existence beyond the physical universe and human comprehension. Sufis believe that God is beyond all limitations and is not confined to any specific form or location. However, Sufis also believe that God is present within every aspect of creation, manifesting His divine qualities in everything around us. This concept of God’s immanence highlights the idea that every individual has the potential to discover the Divine presence within themselves.
The concept of Tawhid (Oneness) in Sufism
Tawhid, meaning “Oneness,” is a fundamental concept in Sufism that emphasizes the unity and singularity of God. Sufis believe that everything in the universe is a reflection of the Divine and that all apparent multiplicity is an illusion. They strive to attain a state of unity with God, recognizing that all beings are interconnected and ultimately derive their existence from the One Divine Source. Tawhid is not just a theoretical concept for Sufis but a transformative experience that leads to the dissolution of the ego and the realization of the Divine unity.
In conclusion, Sufism offers a unique and profound understanding of God. Sufis approach the concept of God through mystical experiences, recognizing the transcendence and immanence of the Divine, and emphasizing the oneness of God through the concept of Tawhid. Through their spiritual practices and devotion, Sufis seek to deepen their connection with God and ultimately achieve union with the Divine.
God as the Ultimate Reality in Sufism
In Sufism, God is perceived as the ultimate reality, the source and essence of all existence. Sufis believe that God is not only a concept or an idea, but a living reality that can be experienced through spiritual practices and inner awakening. Here are some key aspects that shed light on the understanding of God as the ultimate reality in Sufism:
The Divine Attributes and Qualities according to Sufi Teachings
Sufis believe that God possesses infinite divine attributes and qualities that reflect His perfection and beauty. These attributes, known as the “Beautiful Names of God” or the “Divine Qualities,” include qualities such as mercy, love, compassion, wisdom, and justice. Sufis strive to cultivate these qualities within themselves through spiritual practices and self-reflection, seeking to align their own beings with the divine attributes of God.
The Relationship between God and Creation in Sufi Thought
According to Sufism, God is not separate from creation but intimately connected to it. Sufis view creation as a manifestation of God’s divine presence, a reflection of His attributes and qualities. They see the entire universe as a tapestry woven by God, with every being and every phenomenon serving as a sign of His existence. Sufis emphasize the importance of recognizing and appreciating the divine presence in all aspects of creation, from the smallest atom to the vastness of the cosmos.
The Belief in the Divine Unity and the Negation of Duality in Sufism
Central to Sufi thought is the belief in the Divine Unity, known as “Tawhid.” Sufis emphasize that God is One and indivisible, with no partners or associates. They reject the notion of duality or multiplicity within God’s essence, emphasizing that God is beyond human understanding and imagination. Sufis seek to transcend the limitations of the ego and the illusion of separation, realizing that everything is ultimately connected to the divine source. They aim to dissolve the perceived boundaries between themselves and God, merging their consciousness with the divine consciousness through spiritual practices such as meditation, prayer, and remembrance.
In conclusion, Sufism offers a profound understanding of God as the ultimate reality. Sufis perceive God as possessing infinite divine attributes and qualities, intimately connected to creation, and beyond human comprehension. By cultivating the divine qualities within themselves and recognizing the divine presence in all aspects of existence, Sufis strive to deepen their connection with God and experience the ultimate reality firsthand.
The Divine Love and Longing in Sufism
Sufism, the mystical branch of Islam, places a significant emphasis on the concept of Divine love and longing as a means to attain spiritual union with God. In Sufi teachings, love is considered to be the driving force behind the seeker’s journey towards God realization. It is believed that through love and longing, one can transcend the limitations of the ego and experience the Divine presence.
The Role of Love in the Sufi Path towards God
Love, in Sufism, is viewed as a transformative force that has the power to dissolve the ego and connect the seeker with the Divine. It is seen as a vital aspect of the Sufi path towards God, acting as a catalyst for inner awakening and spiritual growth. Sufis believe that the heart is the center of love, and it is through the heart that one can experience a profound connection with God.
The Concept of Ishq (Divine Love) in Sufi Poetry and Literature
In Sufi poetry and literature, the concept of Ishq, or Divine love, is extensively explored. Ishq is often described as a passionate and intense love for God, surpassing all worldly attachments. Sufi poets, such as Rumi, Hafiz, and Ibn Arabi, have beautifully expressed the depths of Ishq through their mystical poems and writings. These poetic expressions of Divine love serve as a means to inspire and guide seekers on their spiritual journey.
The Merging of the Lover and Beloved in the Pursuit of Spiritual Union
In Sufism, the ultimate goal of the seeker is to achieve spiritual union with God, referred to as the Beloved. This union is described as the merging of the lover (the seeker) and the Beloved (God) into a state of oneness. Through the process of Divine love and longing, the seeker aims to transcend the ego and dissolve the illusion of separation, ultimately merging with the Divine essence.
This pursuit of spiritual union is often symbolized by the metaphor of the lover and the Beloved. The seeker is portrayed as a lover yearning for the presence of the Beloved, and through their unwavering love and longing, they strive to attain a state of complete surrender and union with God.
In conclusion, Sufism places great significance on the concept of Divine love and longing as a means to connect with God. Through the power of love, the seeker embarks on a transformative journey, seeking to dissolve the ego and merge with the Divine essence. Sufi poetry and literature beautifully express the depths of Ishq, inspiring seekers to embark on the path of love and devotion towards the ultimate goal of spiritual union.
God as the Beloved in Sufi Poetry and Devotion
In Sufism, the concept of God is often explored through the lens of divine love and longing. Sufi saints and mystics have used poetry as a means to express their deep connection and devotion to God, portraying Him as the Beloved. This poetic expression serves to convey the intense emotions experienced by Sufis in their spiritual journey, as they strive to attain union with the Divine.
The ecstatic poetry of Sufi saints and mystics is characterized by its passionate and metaphorical language. It is through these poetic verses that Sufis attempt to describe the indescribable, to express the ineffable experience of being in the presence of God. The language used is often symbolic, with metaphors and imagery that evoke a sense of divine beauty and transcendence.
Sufi devotional practices also play a significant role in understanding the concept of God as the Beloved. These practices, such as meditation, chanting, and dance, are aimed at cultivating a deep connection with the Divine. Through these rituals, Sufis seek to experience a state of spiritual ecstasy, where they feel a profound union with God.
Music holds a special place in Sufi devotional practices, as it is believed to have the power to transport the soul closer to God. Sufi music, known as sama, is characterized by its repetitive and rhythmic melodies, which create a trance-like state in the participants. In this state, Sufis believe that they can experience a direct connection with the Divine, transcending the limitations of the physical world.
Dance, known as Sufi whirling or Sema, is another integral part of Sufi devotional practices. The whirling motion is not only a physical expression of devotion but also a symbolic representation of the cosmic dance between the lover and the Beloved. Through the act of spinning, Sufis seek to lose themselves in the divine presence, becoming one with the Beloved.
Chanting is also commonly used in Sufi devotional practices as a means to focus the mind and invoke the presence of God. The repetition of sacred phrases or names of God, known as zikr, is believed to purify the heart and strengthen the spiritual connection with the Divine. Through this rhythmic repetition, Sufis aim to transcend the realm of the ego and enter into a state of divine remembrance.
Overall, the concept of God as the Beloved in Sufism emphasizes the intimate and personal nature of the relationship between the seeker and the Divine. Through poetry, devotion, and rituals, Sufis strive to experience the ecstasy of divine love and attain a state of union with God.
God as the Inner Essence: The Journey of Self-Realization
In Sufism, the understanding of God goes beyond a mere external deity. The Sufis believe that God resides within every individual, as an inner essence. This concept is often referred to as the Divine Spark, a divine presence that exists within each human being. The journey of self-realization, according to Sufism, involves recognizing and connecting with this inner essence of God.
The concept of the Divine Spark within every individual in Sufism
Sufis view every human being as a reflection of the divine. They believe that God’s essence is present within each person, waiting to be discovered and awakened. This concept is rooted in the belief that every individual possesses a spiritual potential that can be realized through inner exploration and spiritual practices.
The importance of self-reflection and introspection in the Sufi path
To embark on the journey of self-realization, Sufis emphasize the significance of self-reflection and introspection. They believe that by turning inward and examining one’s thoughts, emotions, and actions, one can gain a deeper understanding of their true nature and the presence of God within them. Through this process of self-inquiry, individuals can develop a connection with their inner essence and align themselves with the divine attributes.
The goal of annihilating the ego and attaining proximity to God
Sufism posits that the ego, or the lower self, is a barrier to experiencing the divine presence within. Therefore, one of the primary objectives of the Sufi path is to annihilate the ego and transcend its limitations. This process involves purifying one’s heart and purging it from negative qualities such as pride, jealousy, and selfishness. By letting go of the ego-driven desires and attachments, Sufis aim to attain proximity to God and merge their individual consciousness with the divine consciousness.
In conclusion, Sufism offers a unique understanding of God as the inner essence that resides within every individual. Through self-reflection, introspection, and the annihilation of the ego, Sufis strive to realize their own divinity and establish a profound connection with the divine presence within. This journey of self-realization is at the core of Sufism’s understanding of God.
The Mystical Experience of Union with God
In Sufism, the ultimate goal of the spiritual journey is to experience a profound union with God. This mystical experience, often referred to as the “annihilation” (Fana) and “subsistence” (Baqa), is seen as the pinnacle of spiritual realization and a direct encounter with the divine essence. Sufis believe that this union allows individuals to transcend their limited human nature and merge with the infinite and eternal presence of God.
The Concept of Fana (Annihilation) and Baqa (Subsistence) in Sufism
Fana and Baqa are two key concepts in Sufi philosophy that describe the stages of the mystical journey towards union with God. Fana, which means annihilation or extinction, refers to the dissolution of the self and ego in the presence of the divine. It involves letting go of one’s individual identity and surrendering completely to the will of God. This process of annihilation is considered essential for the seeker to transcend the limitations of the physical world and experience a deeper connection with the divine.
On the other hand, Baqa, which means subsistence or permanence, represents the stage where the seeker achieves a state of spiritual subsistence in God. It is the realization of the eternal existence of the divine essence within oneself, while still maintaining a sense of individuality. In this state, the individual becomes a manifestation of God’s attributes and embodies divine qualities such as love, compassion, and wisdom.
The Stages of Spiritual Realization Leading to the Ultimate Union with God
The journey towards the mystical union with God is not an easy path, but rather a gradual and transformative process that involves multiple stages of spiritual realization. Sufis believe that these stages are necessary for the seeker to purify their heart, purify their intentions, and deepen their connection with the divine.
The initial stage is known as the “awakening” or “yearning” (Sohbet) stage, where the seeker feels an intense longing for God and begins to seek spiritual guidance. This stage is marked by a sense of dissatisfaction with worldly pursuits and a desire for a deeper meaning in life.
The next stage is the “purification” (Tazkiyah) stage, where the seeker engages in various spiritual practices to purify their heart, mind, and soul. This includes practices such as meditation, prayer, fasting, and self-reflection, which help in detaching from worldly desires and cultivating inner virtues.
Following the purification stage, the seeker enters the stage of “illumination” (Tajalli), where they start to experience glimpses of the divine presence. This stage is characterized by moments of spiritual ecstasy, deep insight, and a heightened awareness of the divine.
Finally, the seeker reaches the stage of “union” (Wusul), where they experience a complete merging with the divine essence. In this state, the boundaries between the self and the divine dissolve, and the individual becomes fully absorbed in the divine presence.
The Transformative Nature of the Mystical Experience in Sufi Spirituality
The mystical experience of union with God is considered the most transformative and profound experience in Sufi spirituality. It is believed to bring about a complete transformation of the individual’s consciousness, leading to a deep sense of inner peace, spiritual enlightenment, and an embodiment of divine qualities.
Through the mystical union, Sufis believe that individuals gain a direct knowledge of God’s essence, transcending the limitations of intellectual understanding. This experiential knowledge allows them to perceive the divine presence in all aspects of life, recognizing the interconnectedness and unity of all creation.
Moreover, the mystical experience of union with God is not limited to a specific religious tradition or dogma. Sufis emphasize that this experience is available to all seekers, regardless of their religious background, as it transcends the boundaries of religious divisions and embraces the universal essence of God.
In conclusion, the mystical experience of union with God in Sufism is a transformative journey that involves the annihilation of the self and the subsistence in the divine essence. It is a gradual process of spiritual realization, marked by stages of awakening, purification, illumination, and union. This mystical experience brings about a profound transformation of consciousness and a deep connection with the divine, leading to inner peace, enlightenment, and the embodiment of divine qualities.
Embracing the Divine Essence in Sufism
Exploring the Teachings of Sufi Masters
Sufism, the mystical branch of Islam, offers profound insights into the nature of God through the teachings of its revered masters. These masters, known as Sufi saints, scholars, and poets, have left a spiritual legacy that continues to inspire seekers of divine knowledge. Here, we delve into the teachings of some of the most influential Sufi masters, including Rumi, Ibn Arabi, and other renowned figures in Sufism.
The profound insights of Rumi on the nature of God
Rumi, widely regarded as one of the greatest Sufi poets and mystics, expressed his understanding of God through his poetry and discourses. His teachings emphasize the idea that God is not separate from creation but rather permeates every aspect of existence. Rumi’s concept of God is one of divine love and unity, where the individual soul seeks to merge with the divine essence.
In his writings, Rumi often uses metaphors and symbolism to convey the ineffable nature of God. He speaks of the Beloved, a term referring to God, as the ultimate source of love, beauty, and truth. Rumi’s teachings encourage seekers to embark on a spiritual journey, where they can experience the presence of God within their hearts and attain spiritual union, or “annihilation,” in the Divine.
The teachings of Ibn Arabi and his concept of Wahdat al-Wujud (Unity of Being)
Ibn Arabi, a prominent Sufi philosopher and mystic, contributed significantly to Sufi thought through his concept of Wahdat al-Wujud, or the Unity of Being. According to Ibn Arabi, God is the absolute reality, and all existence is a manifestation of the divine essence. In his teachings, he emphasizes the idea that everything in the universe is interconnected and derives its existence from God.
For Ibn Arabi, the journey towards knowing God involves recognizing the divine presence in all things. He believed that by transcending the limitations of the self and embracing universal love and compassion, one can attain spiritual enlightenment and experience the unity of being. Ibn Arabi’s teachings emphasize the importance of self-realization and the realization of God’s presence in all aspects of life.
The spiritual legacy of other influential Sufi saints and scholars
Apart from Rumi and Ibn Arabi, Sufism boasts a rich spiritual legacy shaped by numerous other influential saints and scholars. These individuals have contributed diverse perspectives on the nature of God, adding depth and richness to Sufi thought.
One such figure is Al-Ghazali, a renowned Sufi theologian and philosopher. Al-Ghazali emphasized the importance of inner purification and self-reflection in the quest for divine knowledge. His teachings revolve around the idea that true knowledge of God can only be attained through direct personal experience and spiritual transformation.
Another influential figure is Al-Hallaj, a mystic who famously proclaimed, “I am the Truth” (Ana al-Haqq). Al-Hallaj’s teachings center around the annihilation of the self and the complete surrender to the divine will. His radical expressions of divine love and unity often challenged the orthodoxy of his time but left a lasting impact on Sufi thought.
These are just a few examples of the diverse teachings of Sufi masters who have explored the nature of God through their unique perspectives. Their insights continue to inspire seekers on the path of Sufism, offering a deeper understanding of the divine and the potential for spiritual realization.
Sufi Practices and Rituals for Deepening the Connection with God
Sufism, the mystical branch of Islam, offers a variety of practices and rituals that aim to deepen the connection between the individual and God. These practices provide seekers with a means to transcend the limitations of the material world and experience the divine essence within themselves. Through meditation, contemplation, and ritualistic activities, Sufis strive to attain a heightened state of consciousness where they can directly experience the presence of God.
The importance of meditation and contemplation in Sufi spiritual practices
Meditation and contemplation play a vital role in Sufi spiritual practices, as they enable individuals to quiet the mind and turn their attention inward. Sufis believe that by stilling the constant chatter of the ego, one can create a space within themselves for divine revelation to occur. Through focused concentration and mindfulness, Sufis seek to detach from the distractions of the external world and connect with the divine presence within.
In Sufi meditation, practitioners often engage in repetitive chanting of sacred phrases, known as dhikr. This practice serves to anchor the mind and cultivate a sense of unity with God. By continuously repeating the name of God or other sacred words, Sufis aim to purify the heart and align their consciousness with the divine attributes.
The role of zikr (remembrance) and Sama (spiritual music) in Sufi rituals
Zikr, or remembrance of God, is a fundamental aspect of Sufi rituals. Through the repetition of sacred phrases or names of God, Sufis seek to bring their awareness back to the divine presence. This practice not only serves as a means of connecting with God but also acts as a form of purification, as it helps to remove negative thoughts and emotions from the mind.
Sama, on the other hand, refers to the practice of spiritual music and dance in Sufi rituals. The rhythmic movements and melodic chants of Sama are believed to induce a trance-like state, allowing participants to transcend their ordinary consciousness and merge with the divine. Through the power of music and dance, Sufis aim to dissolve the boundaries of the self and experience a profound union with God.
The significance of spiritual retreats and pilgrimage in Sufi tradition
In addition to individual practices, Sufis also place great importance on communal rituals and gatherings. Spiritual retreats, known as khalwa, provide seekers with an opportunity to temporarily withdraw from the distractions of the world and focus solely on their spiritual journey. During these retreats, participants engage in intensive meditation, contemplation, and other practices guided by a Sufi teacher or guide.
Pilgrimage, too, holds a special place in Sufi tradition. Sufis undertake pilgrimages to sacred sites associated with revered saints or prophets, believing that these places are imbued with spiritual energy. By visiting these sites, followers seek to deepen their connection with God and draw inspiration from the spiritual lineage of the past. This physical journey serves as a metaphor for the inner journey towards self-realization and union with the divine.
In conclusion, Sufi practices and rituals provide seekers with a roadmap for deepening their connection with God. Through meditation, contemplation, zikr, Sama, spiritual retreats, and pilgrimage, Sufis strive to transcend the limitations of the material world and experience the divine essence within themselves. These practices serve as powerful tools for seekers to cultivate a direct and personal relationship with God, ultimately leading to spiritual growth and transformation.
Common Misconceptions and Clarifications
Sufism, the mystical dimension of Islam, often faces misconceptions and misunderstandings regarding its beliefs and practices. In order to truly understand who God is according to Sufism, it is important to address these misconceptions and provide clarifications that shed light on the authentic teachings of this spiritual path.
Addressing misconceptions about pantheism and idolatry in Sufi beliefs
One of the most prevalent misconceptions about Sufism is the accusation of pantheism, the belief that God is synonymous with the universe and everything within it. However, Sufism does not advocate for the worship of creation or the belief that God is limited to His creation. Instead, Sufis emphasize the concept of Wahdat al-Wujud, the Unity of Being, which highlights the inseparable connection between God and His creation. This understanding does not diminish God’s transcendence but rather emphasizes His immanence, meaning His presence within all aspects of creation.
Another misconception often associated with Sufism is idolatry. It is important to clarify that Sufis do not worship any physical idols or images. Instead, their focus is on the inner and spiritual dimension of worship, seeking a direct and intimate connection with the Divine. Sufis use various methods, such as meditation, chanting, and contemplation, to deepen their spiritual connection with God. These practices are not meant to replace the obligatory acts of worship prescribed in Islam, but rather to enhance and enrich one’s relationship with the Divine.
Clarifying the Sufi understanding of God’s attributes and manifestations
Sufism recognizes the traditional Islamic understanding of God’s attributes as described in the Quran and the Hadith. However, Sufis go beyond a mere intellectual understanding of these attributes and strive to experience them on a deeper level. They seek to embody the qualities of God, such as mercy, compassion, and love, in their own character and actions. This process of self-transformation is central to the Sufi path, as it enables individuals to cultivate a closer relationship with God and attain spiritual enlightenment.
Furthermore, Sufis believe that God manifests Himself in various ways and forms, both within and beyond the physical realm. This understanding of God’s manifestations is not limited to human beings but extends to all aspects of creation. Sufis view the entire universe as a reflection of God’s beauty and perfection, allowing them to perceive glimpses of the Divine within the natural world. This perspective encourages Sufis to appreciate the interconnectedness of all things and to seek God’s presence in every moment of their lives.
Debunking misconceptions about the Sufi path and its relationship with Islam
Contrary to popular misconceptions, Sufism is deeply rooted in the Islamic tradition and is considered an integral part of Islamic spirituality. Sufis adhere to the fundamental principles and practices of Islam, including the belief in the oneness of God, the importance of prayer, charity, and adherence to moral values. Sufis view their spiritual journey as a means to deepen their understanding and practice of Islam, rather than as a deviation from it.
Sufism emphasizes the inner dimensions of Islam, focusing on the purification of the heart and the attainment of spiritual closeness to God. This inward journey complements the outward rituals and obligations of Islam and is seen as a means to attain a higher level of consciousness and awareness. Sufis believe that by following the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and embodying his exemplary character, they can attain a deeper understanding of God’s presence in their lives.
In conclusion, understanding who God is according to Sufism requires dispelling misconceptions and clarifying the authentic teachings of this mystical path. Sufism does not advocate for pantheism or idolatry but rather emphasizes the unity of God and His creation. Sufis seek to experience God’s attributes and manifestations through self-transformation and a deep connection with the Divine. Furthermore, Sufism is firmly rooted in Islam and complements the outward practices of the faith, providing a means for spiritual growth and enlightenment.
Embracing Sufi Teachings for Spiritual Enlightenment
Sufi teachings hold a profound significance in the realm of spiritual enlightenment. Rooted in the mystical dimensions of Islam, Sufism offers a unique perspective on the nature of God and the path to attaining closeness with the Divine. By incorporating Sufi principles into one’s daily life, individuals can embark on a transformative journey towards inner peace, harmony, and a deeper connection with God.
The relevance of Sufi teachings in the modern world
In the fast-paced and often chaotic modern world, many individuals find themselves yearning for a sense of purpose and a deeper understanding of the divine. Sufi teachings provide a guiding light in this quest for spiritual enlightenment, offering timeless wisdom that transcends cultural and religious boundaries. The emphasis on love, compassion, and the pursuit of truth resonates with individuals seeking a more profound connection with the divine in their lives.
Incorporating Sufi principles in daily life for inner peace and harmony
Sufism encourages individuals to adopt a holistic approach to life, integrating spiritual practices into their everyday routines. By incorporating Sufi principles such as mindfulness, self-reflection, and remembrance of God, individuals can cultivate inner peace and harmony amidst the challenges of daily life. Through practices such as dhikr (remembrance of God) and meditation, Sufis seek to quiet the mind and open the heart to the presence of the Divine, fostering a sense of inner tranquility and contentment.
Nurturing a deeper connection with God through Sufi practices
Central to Sufi teachings is the concept of tawhid, the oneness of God. Sufis believe that by recognizing the inherent unity of all creation and surrendering oneself to the will of God, individuals can establish a profound connection with the Divine. Through practices such as sama (spiritual music and dance), poetry, and communal gatherings, Sufis seek to transcend the limitations of the ego and experience a direct communion with God. This mystical union, known as fana fi Allah (annihilation in God), allows individuals to transcend their individual selves and merge with the divine essence.
In conclusion, embracing Sufi teachings for spiritual enlightenment offers individuals a unique path towards a deeper understanding of God. By incorporating Sufi principles into daily life and engaging in practices that foster inner peace and harmony, individuals can nurture a profound connection with the Divine and embark on a transformative journey towards spiritual enlightenment.
A Journey Towards Divine Understanding in Sufism
Sufism, a mystical branch of Islam, offers a unique perspective on the nature of God. Central to Sufi teachings is the idea that true understanding of God can only be achieved through a spiritual journey, a process of self-discovery and enlightenment. This journey, known as the “path of the heart,” involves deep introspection, meditation, and the cultivation of a personal relationship with the divine.
The Essence of God in Sufism
According to Sufism, God is not simply an external being to be worshipped from a distance, but rather an immanent presence that permeates all of creation. The essence of God, often referred to as the Divine Essence, is believed to be beyond human comprehension, transcending all limitations of language and intellect. In Sufi tradition, God is described as the Absolute, the Ultimate Reality, and the Source of all existence.
The Attributes of God in Sufism
While the Divine Essence may be incomprehensible, Sufism acknowledges the existence of divine attributes that provide glimpses into the nature of God. These attributes, such as mercy, compassion, and wisdom, are seen as reflections of the Divine Essence in the world. Sufis believe that by cultivating these attributes within themselves, they can draw closer to God and align their own hearts with the divine qualities.
The Path of Love and Devotion
In Sufism, the journey towards divine understanding is characterized by love and devotion. Sufis seek to develop a deep and intimate connection with God, viewing this relationship as a sacred bond of love. This love is not limited to mere emotional attachment, but rather encompasses a profound sense of longing and surrender to the divine will. Through acts of devotion, such as prayer, chanting, and recitation of sacred texts, Sufis aim to purify their hearts and open themselves to the transformative power of divine love.
Union with the Beloved
At the heart of Sufi teachings is the concept of union with the Beloved, a state of complete unity and absorption in the presence of God. This union, known as fana, is the ultimate goal of the Sufi journey. Sufis believe that through self-annihilation, the ego dissolves and the individual soul merges with the divine. In this state of union, the Sufi experiences a profound sense of peace, bliss, and oneness with the divine.
FAQs – Who is God according to Sufism?
What is Sufism?
Sufism is a mystical branch of Islam that focuses on seeking a closer relationship with God through spiritual practices such as meditation, prayer, chanting, and contemplation. It embraces a deep and personal experience of the Divine, often referred to as God.
According to Sufism, God is seen as the ultimate reality and the source of all existence. It is believed that God is beyond human comprehension and description, transcending all limitations. Sufis often emphasize the concept of “Tawhid,” which portrays God as a unified being with no partners or equals, free from anthropomorphism.
How do Sufis perceive God?
Sufis perceive God as the essence of unconditional love, mercy, and beauty. They believe that God is omnipotent, omnipresent, and omniscient. Sufis also emphasize the concept of Divine Unity, stressing that God is not separate from His creation but rather immanent in everything.
Is God personal or impersonal according to Sufism?
Sufism recognizes that people have different ways of perceiving and experiencing God. While some Sufis view God as personal, having a loving and intimate relationship with the Divine, others perceive God as impersonal, beyond human attributes and characteristics. Both perspectives are acknowledged and respected within Sufism.
How can Sufis connect with God?
Sufis believe in connecting with God through various spiritual practices known as “dhikr.” Dhikr includes reciting the names of God, engaging in meditation, music, and dancing to enter a state of spiritual ecstasy (known as “samāʿ”). These practices aim to transcend the limitations of the ego and open oneself to the Divine presence.
Are there different interpretations of God in Sufism?
Yes, there can be slightly different interpretations of God within Sufism due to its mystical nature and diversity of perspectives. Some Sufi orders may emphasize certain attributes or mystical experiences more than others. However, at the core, the belief in the unity, transcendence, and immanence of God remains universal among Sufis.
Can non-Muslims practice Sufism and connect with God?
Sufism’s spiritual teachings and practices are not limited to Muslims only. Non-Muslims who are drawn to the Sufi path can also engage in Sufi practices and experience a personal connection with the Divine. Sufism is often recognized as a universal path that welcomes seekers of all faiths to discover their own personal truth and connection with God.
How does Sufism emphasize the love of God?
Sufism places a significant emphasis on the love of God, regarding it as the ultimate goal of spiritual journeying. Sufis believe that through seeking and experiencing divine love, individuals can attain spiritual purification and ultimately merge their own existence with the Divine. Love is seen as a transformative force that unites human beings with God and brings about inner harmony and enlightenment. | <urn:uuid:ae078476-8d99-46a7-b96a-6a4d78d6bd24> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.sultan-ul-faqr-publications.net/2023/10/03/how-do-you-know-if-you-have-inner-peace-a-guide-to-finding-true-serenity/ | 2024-02-27T13:47:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474676.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20240227121318-20240227151318-00251.warc.gz | en | 0.942889 | 7,578 | 2.578125 | 3 | [
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Before dwelling into the details, let's first discuss some basic concepts and terminology: What do we call an Artificial Intelligence (AI) ? And, what algorithms and techniques can we use to make an AI ?
Actually, in many good programs, several of these algorithms and techniques are combined. In the following paragraphs I have listed the main techniques I have used in FOREST, with some advices about what works best, or what doesn't work well.
Function that evaluates, or estimates, the value of a given position in the game. In the Othello game, traditional evaluation functions are based on prior knowledge of the game strategy, and are a combination of the number of discs of the players, on their mobility (number of moves they can make), on the frontier of their position (numer of outbound discs), and on tables of specific patterns such as edges, corners, and diagonals patterns. The evaluation usually provides an estimate of the final score, i.e. the final disc difference between the two players (-64..+64).
In the early days of Othello programming, evaluation functions were empiric, i.e. manually tuned by their programmer after after playing many many games against their program to find out the best coefficients for each of the above parameters. Then, starting with the famous Logistello program written by Michael Buro, the coefficients of the evaluation functions were automatically computed by Logistic Regression applied to a large number of positions with known or well estimated results. That method proved to be superior and Logistello, as well as subsequent programs using that technique such as EDAX or Zebra, defeated all other programs and even the Othello world champion in 1997.
Until its version 5.0, FOREST was using a basic evaluation function combining occupation, mobility, and frontier parameters plus tables of edges, diagonals, and corner patterns, manually tuned. That evaluation function performed reasonably well against player, but has never been able to match the best programs, such as Zebra.
The most basic tree search technique, recursive, trying to minimize the opponent's moves while maximizing the players moves, according to the evaluation of their respective position after every move. The Minimax algorithm guarantees to find the optimal solution, but can be very long, depending on the expansion factor of the tree (average number of moves at each turn).
Improvement of the Minimax search, where branches of the tree are cut if outside of the [alpha, beta] window, because it is remembered from previous branches examination that the branches outside of that interval would not influence the partial result already obtained for a given node. Alpha beta is a big improvement of the Minimax search and allows to dramatically improve the search depth at equal search time.
Improvement of the Alpha-Beta search, where, at a given node, once the best branch has been explored, subsequent branches are searched with a null window to check whether they are better on not than the best branch already found. The search with a null window being much faster than an alpha-beta search, Negascout can save significant time if the branches are properly ordered, i.e. if the best branch is explored first. This assumes that a preliminary sort of the branches can be performed efficiently with a good accurracy, otherwise Negascout can even lose time compared to the plain Alpha-Beta.
Somewhat an improvement of alpha-beta algorithms where "weak" branches are automatically cut, based on their value at an intermediate depth and pre-computed probabilities that branches with that value will not improve when searching deeper. Prob-cut and its multi prop-cut variation, when carefully tuned, can lead to a significant pruning of the search tree, allowing deeper searches. Programs with deep searches (20 moves look-ahead and more), such as Logistello, NTest, Zebra, Edax, all use prob-cut techniques. However, prob-cut is risky, because there is always a probability that you may cut a branch that eventually would give a good result at a high depth.
Personally, I don't like prob-cut and FOREST doesn't use it. I beleive that the accuracy of neural networks and their capability to properly order and evaluate moves at any depth can lead to similar and even better results than prob-cut, even with much lower search depths.
Neural networks are combinations of "neurons" that take inputs, apply linear combinations of these inputs, then fire a signal according to a non-linear activation function to the next neuron. The digital neurons in a neural net are a simplistic modelisation of human neurons. The number of neurons, and of their parameters, roughly conditions the capacity of the neural to learn how to properly process the input signal.
Neural networks can be used for estimating, predicting, classifying events, for recognizing patterns (image recognition), for taking decisions, and for many other purposes. In the case of board games such as Othello, we see that there are several elements that make neural networks relevant: patterns (combinations of discs on the board) are important, the score can always be predicted in a finite range [0, 64] for the player, and there are tactics and strategies you can learn in order to improve your chances of weening. Basically, given a given position of the discs on the board, there is one and only one possible final score if both players play the best possible moves at every turn. Ohello is a "perfect information games", like Chess or Go, but unlike Poker.
There are two phases in using a neural net:
The training phase requires a lot of "tagged" samples, i.e. of inputs for which the outputs are known. The more you have neurons in your neural network, the more you need training samples. Regarding Othello, my experience is that a neural network able to decently estimate the score of a position easily requires 100's of 1000's of parameters... That means you need a very large number of games, and of board positions at every turn of the game, for which the final score is known. There exist libraries of Othello games, such as the "WTHOR database", that contain 100.000+ games played by human players and computers, that constitute a good basis. However, such libraries are not sufficient, mainly because the final score resulting from every position at every turn is not always known. In the WTHOR database, only positions with 24 empty squares or less are resolved, but positions with more empty squares are more or less certains, depending on the strength of the players of each game. And, anyway, 100.000 games are an order of magnitude inferior to the number of "good" games you really need. Practically, that means you need to produce a lot of additional games, for instance by using known good programs, such as EDAX, NTEST or ZEBRA, and letting them play games between each others.
In the prediction phase, the neural network "observes" a position of the discs on the board, and predicts the final score, more or less accurately. The more the prediction is accurate, the better your program plays. My experience is that it is extremely difficult to obtain a good accurracy, i.e. to predict the exact final score resulting from a position, probably because the game of Othello is very "chaotic", in the sense that, at every turn, many discs can be flipped and the board pattern significantly changed. This particularity of Othello, which increases as a game gets closer to its end, makes it almost impossible to estimate the final score of a position with an accurracy of 1 disc by just examining the position, unless that position is final or near to final. But, if we notice that the neural network basically acts as an "evaluation function", the we can use it in a slightly different way... Tradictional Othello (or Chess, or Go) programs use alpha-beta tree searches to anticipate moves in the game, combined to an evaluation function computed at each leaf of the tree, to estimate the value of a given position or move. Why not combining that traditional alpha-beta approach with a neural network used as evaluation function ? This is what FOREST does, and it works well. Actually, I observed that the alpha-beta is "smoothing" the estimations computed by the neural network, and gives position estimations that are more an more accurate as the depth of the alpha-beta grows. I have no mathematical proof, but my guess is that the alpha-beta, with its large number of leaves, is doing some "bagging" or "ensembling" of the results, techniques which are known to improve the accurracy of neural networks. The only caveat of that method is that the alpha-beta, even improved by negascout, can't go very deep, because the neural network requires a lot of computations, much more than traditional evaluation functions. Traditional programs such as ZEBRA or EDAX will easily explore the game 24 moves ahead, whereas with a neural network, reaching 12 moves ahead is already a challenge. But... the neural network evaluates a position much more accurately than traditional evaluation functions, which compensates the lower look-ahead depth.
Why is a neural network more accurate ?
Neural networks can have different structures and can be composed of neurons of different kinds: dense layers made of fully connected neurons, convolutional networks, recurrent networks, residual networks, etc.
Regarding board games such as Othello, there are basically three approaches:
The first approach works very well on large boards such as the 19x19 board of Go, where convolutional neurons can scan the board and detect patterns without being too much disturbed by the edges of the board. AlphaGo has proved CNN are very efficient on detecting the stones patterns of the Go game. But for Othello (and likely for Chess), my experience is that it doesn't work well, because on a 8x8 board a 3x3 convolutional neurons can only move 6 times in each dimensions before hiting an edge, and because the importance of edges and corners at Othello is such that the convolutional neuron cannot learn anything generic enough about its 3x3 pattern. Then, a second layer of 3x3 convolutional neurons can only move 4 times, which is even worse. The net is that I gave up with that approach.
The second approach is theoretically perfect, but has a major drawback: if each square is considered as a three-state input with a possible value of (-1, 0, +1), then the first hidden -dense- layer of N neurons will need to perform a N x 64 matrix multiplication at run time, and the next dense layer of M neurons will do N x M multiplications, which is a lot. The resulting neural network used as an evaluation function will be slow, which will seriously penalize the depth of the Alpha Beta, hence reduce drastically the overall accuracy of evaluations. Another drawback of that approach is the very high number of training position it requires. I also rapidly gave up with that approach.
The third approach is the one I currently use, and which works rather well. Subdividing the board in a number of regions allows to leverage the 8 symetries of the Othello game, and the mapping of each region to a limited number of pattern allows to apply dimensionality reduction. The idea is that each pattern can be represented by a number, just as you can give a sequence number to the words in a language dictionary. Once you have done this, you can apply a welknown technique of natural language processing: word/pattern embedding. The advantage of that approach is that each discrete pattern will be automatically translated, at training time, into a reasonably sized vertor of floating point values, that can be directly injected into a dense layer. The number of coefficients of the embedding layer is very high, but they are computed at training time, and by drastically reducing the dimension of the inputs, that embedding layer limits the number of multiplications for the first dense hidden layer. You can view this as having a pre-computed first dense layer, hence you basically save one layer of neurons and the associated -costly- matrix multiplication.Another aspect of neural networks is their depth (number of hidden layers) and width (number of neurones in each layer). Initially, we are often tempted to put many layers and many neurons in the network, driven by the belief that the problem to solve is complex. That approach generally leads to over-fitting. The right approach is rather to start with the simplest network, see the results, and augment the number the number of neurons an layers to improve accuracy, to the point the network starts to over-fit. Remember that a 1-layer neural network, known as a perceptron, is already a universal function approximator, i.e. it can approximate about any continuous function, hence it is already quite powerful.
Eventually, each layer of the neural networks has an activation function. After trying the Sigmoïd, Tanh, Relu, Leaky Relu, and PRelu, the conclusion is that -unsurprisingly- the Relu family works best, and the Leaky Relu slightly better than the standard Relu. I also tried the PRelu (Parametric Relu), but it didn't bring any additional accurracy and requires much more training data.
The last aspect of neural networks is their output layer. The two main options are:
After many tries, I eventually chosed the... first approach, the reason being that the Softmax function is extremely expensive to compute at run time, with many multiplications and exponentials. The second approach is certainly more accurate, but it is just too slow. Sometimes we have to make compromises.
To be continuated.
Neural networks need lots of training data. The more the network has parameters, the more it needs data to tune those parameters using the gradient descent method. The neural network I use in FOREST doesn't have that many neurons (less than 70), but due to its embedding layer and the multiple phases of the game, each with its own set of parameters, it has more than 1 million parameters overall. Computing this 1+ million parameters with a good accurracy actually requires hundreds of millions of labelled positions, i.e. of positions for which the final score is known, either exactly or with a good approximation.
But, how do you obtain such a number of labelled positions ?
There are several options, but anyway you need a very large number of games, played by human players and computers. A first set of games can be found in the WTHOR database, containing more than 100.000 games played during tournaments, between human and computer players of various strength. But these games are not sufficient, and you need to complement that database by confronting your program against a reference program such as EDAX, which can easily be used in scripts. Those automatically generated games can either have a random beginning, or, better, be generated by a Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS).
Once you have a large number of games, you need to compute the value of each position of those games. Resolving positions with 26 empty squares or less is reasonably quick with a program like EDAX and a fast multi-core computer, but resolving positions with more empty squares is slow or even impossible. The only option left is to estimate the value of those positions as accurately as possible. This can be done in two ways: either you use your reference program to evaluate those position with its own alpha-beta search and evaluation function, or you make statistics on your database of games and estimate the value of each position with a minimax ordering of the game tree. Also, don't forget that the Othello game has 8 symetries, which provides an easy mean to augment the set of training positions by x8.
As an indication of what is needed to train a good neural network to play Othello, FOREST uses a game database of more than one million games. And, the more game I add to the database, the better accuracy I obtain. Training a neural network is a never ending process.
Note that, for many technical reasons, and to help the neural network to generalize, both the input data and the output scores must be normalized, i.e. scaled to the [-1, +1] range. Ideally, the intermediate outputs of the hidden layers should also be normalized (batch normalization), but this raises difficulties at prediction time and is not absolutely necessary when the number of hidden layers is small, which is the case for Othello.
One of the main challenges of defining and training a neural network is to stay on the thin line between under-fitting and over-fitting.
Although over-fitting is realatively easy to detect (the network accuracy reaches excellent scores on the training data, but remains poor on a set of validation data, it is a difficult problem to tackle. Adding more training data can be difficult when those data are expensive to obtain, and it is the case for the game of Othello. Techniques known to be efficient, such as drop-out and batch normalisation, are easy to apply at training time, but pose a serious problem when using the neural network as an evaluation function at run time, because the neural network is used on individual positions rather than on batches of positions, hence it is very difficult to compensate the effects of drop-out and batch regularization on individual evaluations. My experience on Othello is that, practically, the only techniques that work to prevent over-fitting are to properly tune the network size and depth, and L2 regularization.
One of the key differentiators of neural networks and deep learning is their capability to generalize, i.e. to apply what they have learnt on a training data set to apply that knowledge to inputs they have never seen and to deliver meaningful predictions.
However, that generalization capability only works when the neural network doesn't over-fit, i.e. its coefficients are not customized to match exactly the training set. The best way I have found to achieve this is L2 regularization, which penalize the largest coefficients (or weights) of the neural network, thus keeping those weights in a reasonable range and avoiding the extreme values that would be needed to match the inputs exactly.
Tuning the regularization parameter, known as "lambda", is tricky. There is no rule other than it should be small, let's say in the range of 10e-5. Too small it will have no effect; too large it will hamper the prediction accuracy. The right way to find the correct value(s) is to try different values until an optimum of the prediction on validation data (not training data) is attained. What I have observed with othello is that lambda is progressiveny decreasing as the games progresses. Which is consistent with the intuition that the beginning of the Othello game is more strategic (i.e. good players apply "general" strategic rules to reach a solid position), whereas the end of the game more tactical (i.e. players try traps and start counting stable discs to maximize their final score).
Monte Carlo methods are a category of mathematical methods based on randomness; their name come from the randomness of games at the casinos in Monte Carlo. One specific Monte Carlo method that applies to games such as Othello (as well as to Chess and Go) is the Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), which can be used as an alternative to the traditional Alpha-Beta tree search.
The idea of the MCTS to search a tree structure for the score of the optimal branch is to explore a random subset of the branches, and to assume that the optimal score is the average of the scores of the branches that were explored. The more random branches you take, the closer your estimate is to the theoretical result (which could be obtained by an Alpha-Beta). The MCTS can be extremely efficient because, practically, you might only need to explore very few branches, i.e. to play or simulate very few games, to get a decent estimate of the result. How many games to you need to simulate ? That depends... I have no mathematical proof, but my intuition is that it depends on the "quiescence" or "stability" of the game. Games such as Go and Chess are relatively quiet, i.e. strength or value of a player's position evolves relatively quietly throughout the game, without brutal evolutions, except perhaps for the final mat phase in the Chess game. Hence, MCTS works extremely well for the game of Go, as proved by the AlphaGo program. But Othello is quite different from Go and Chess: the begining of an Othello game is relatively quiet, but the game gets more and more chaotic as it appraches its end, and in the 20 last moves the score can completely change at every move. That makes of Othello a challenge for the MCTS, because playing completely random games will give an average score which is the average of a random variable with a high variance, hence a meaningless predicted score.
How can we adapt the MCTS for Othello ?
Nevertheless, those improvements of the MCTS algorithm have a negative consequence: for performance reasons, they make the MCTS almost unusable at runtime, i.e. during live games, because the execution of a decent selection algorithm at every move plus the resolution of all end-games at 18 empty squares or more dramatically reduce the number of games that can be tested in a short amount of time (unless you have a huge parallele system available for free, which is out of reach of individuals). The Alpha-Beta and its optimized variants still remain the best option for live games... So, can the MCTS still be useful ? Yes it can, in two areas:
Most of the early Othello programs were representing, including FOREST until its version 5.x, were internally representing and manipulating the game board as a vector of bytes, let's say a 10 x 10 = 100 bytes in order to contain the 8 x 8 squares plus two additional rows and columns to represent the edges and facilitate the detection of these edges by the loops traversing the board. Each square of the board then contained a three state value, lets say 0 for an empty square, 1 for a white disc and 2 for a black disc, or (-1, 0, +1). That representation was straightforward and allowed to implement the basic algorithms of the game (finding an empty square, finding a licit move, and playing a move plus flipping the adversarial discs, copying a game) in a few lines of code. However, that representation had three major drawbacks:
Of course, CPU's were improving generation after generation, with better branch prediction reducing the cost of the loops, larger internal caches reducing the need to access the RAM, optimized block copy operations reducing the cost of copying game boards, and deeper pipelines with out of order and parallel execution reducing the cost of flipping and un-flipping discs. Also, programs such as FOREST 4.x were extensively using loop unrolling techniques to improve the key algorithms. But the real breakthrough came with the new generations of 64-bits CPUs allowing to store an entire game board in a pair of register, one register storing the presence of white discs (0 or 1) in each square, the other register doing so with black discs.
The new techniques using pairs of 64 bits registers to hold and manipulate board representations are referred to as "bitboard manipulations". The use of bit masking, shift operations, and of the classical and/or/xor bitwise operations enable the development of very fast routines to play Othello (and Chess). You can even list all the licit moves on a given board position in a few instructions without any access to the RAM, the algorithm is known as Dumb7Fill.
I started using bitboards with the versions 5.x of FOREST, which gave the program a speed-up of about 40%. Actually, that is less than what I was expecting, likely because the program was already very optimized, and because the latest x86 CPU's are so good at caching/fetching data and predicting branches that they have significantly reduced the drawbacks of the vector representation of board games. But, anyway, a 40% improvement is worth the effort of adopting bitboards.
Modern CPU's have more and more cores, and are even able to execute more than one logical thread per physical core. Actually, the increase of CPU horsepower is now mainly due to the increase of the number of cores (horizontal scaling) rather than on the increase of the core frequency or IPC (instructions per cycle). However, the power of all these cores remains difficult to exploit, because a CPU is not able, by itself, to distribute the workload on all its cores. The logic of the applications needs to be modified to exploit all the cores, and the operating system needs a scheduler able to distribute threads of workload over all the available cores.
How can multi-cores architectures be used in an Othello program ? The computing workload generated by FOREST comprises four main algorithms: the Alpha-Beta tree search in mid-game, the Neural Network that serves as evaluation function, the Win-Loss-Draw search in end-game, and the exact score determination in end-game. Each of these algorithms are opportunities for parallelism:
The bottom line is that distributed tree searches are tough to implement, and their benefit does not grow linearly with the number of available cores. Although very strong programs such as EDAX use that method, this is not the path I have chosen.
Note that another approach would be to add an aditional output layer to the neural network to rank all the possible moves on a given position, in addition to providing the value of that position. This approach is known as a "Policy Head" and has been used with success by AlphaGo. It certainly works also for Othello, but I still need to test it to check what accuracy can be reached in the ranking.
Once it is decided what can be parallelised using mult_threading, the next question is "how ?". The C++ language and Standard Template Library (STL) offers nice high-level multi-threading and synchronization primitives since the C++11 standard, the Future and Promise objects, which are very convenient for launching asynchronous jobs and waiting for their result. The issue with those high level primitive is their overhead. They are incredibly slow and can only be applied to macro tasks. Using them to parallelize small tasks, such as several computations of the neural network, is actually slower than doing the computations sequentially. There are two reasons for this:
The solution to the two above problems is known as "Thread Pooling", which consists in creating a fixed number of threads at program initialization, then assigning workload to those threads when needed. This eliminates the cost of dynamically creating threads and allows to control exactly the number of threads that will run concurrently.
Unfortunately, so far, there is no standard thread pooling mechanism in C++ (although some C++ threading primitives use a Windows thread pooling mechanism, but in an un-controlled manner). The only solution is therefore to develop a custom thread pooling mechanism, using the low level Condition Variables and Mutex primitives of the C++ STL.
The Mutex mechanism has also, by itself, a large impact on the performance of multi-threading. In a thread pool implementation, Mutex's allow a given thread to wait for a task to perform, or to pick an available task and perform it. For relatively small tasks such as the computation of a Neural Network, the times it takes to test the Mutex, block the thread, and awaken the thread are therefore critical. The issue is that different compilers have different implementations of the std::mutex object: GCC/G++ rely on the Pthread POSIX library, whereas Visual Studio C++ relies on the Windows Mutex mechanism. And, the Pthread implementation is at least 10 times faster than the standard Windows Mutex. This is because Pthreads relies on Windows "Critical Sections", which are actually an inter-thread exclusion mechanism implemented at the "user level" of the operating system, whereas the Windows Mutex is an inter-process exclusion mechanism implemented at the kernel level, i.e. that requires going downto the kernel of the operating system. The Windows Mutex is therefore more powerfull, because it is capable of inter-process mutual exclusion, but it is also much slower. Considering that for Othello computations we only need multi-threading, not multi-processing, using Windows Critical Sections is therefore much more efficient than using the regular Windows Mutex mechansm. And, if we want to use Visual Studio C++ rather than GCC, and avoid to drag the Pthread library with the program, the best option is to develop a custom Mutex object that relies on the Windows Critical Section (or on the Eventing and WaitForSingleObject primitives). Practically this is only a few lines of code, not a big deal.
Note that it is possible to implement further optimizations using lock-free mechanisms, such as "memory barriers", but I won't enter into the details, even though I actually use such a mechanism to retrieve the results of the tasks performed by my thread pool without blocking the thread that launched the tasks.
Modern CPUs such as Intel Core, AMD Rizen, IBM Power, and some ARM processors have SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) capabilities, i.e. they can process multiple data with a single instruction. Such instructions are usually available for the + - x / operations, the binary operations (and or xor not), shift and rotate operations, and for integer as well as floating point data. Depending on the processor, on its generation and the instruction set, SIMD instructions can process 128, 256, 512 bits at once. Intel processors, for instance, support AVX2 (Advanced Vector Extensions) instruction since the Haswell generation (Sandy Bridge series in 2013), which can process 256 bits at once, i.e. four 64 bits integers or eight 32 bits floating point values. Such instructions can considerably accelerate bitboard manipulations, as well as the matrix operations of the neural network.
However, the difficulty is to properly use those instructions in conjunction to the programming language you are using. There are actually two options to do this:
For instance, a call to __m256 _mm256_add_ps (__m256 a, __m256 b) will generate a single SIMD instruction that will return the sum of 8 floating point values in the 256 bits register "a" to the 8 floating point values in the 256 bits register b.
Programming directly with those intrinsics allows you to use exactly the optimal instructions you want, but at the price of a C/C++ code which no more portable, since it will be tied to the capabilities of specific processors. What I actually do is to use the C/C++ pre-processor to have conditional sections where I put both the generic code and the code with intrinsics, so either of them compiles depending on a configuration switch.
Note that the latest Visual C++ 2019 compiler has an excellent auto-vectorizer, and is even able to apply to SIMD instructions all the kinds of optimizations that are applicable to regular instructions (arithmetic simplifications, sub-expresssion elimination, detection of fused multiply-adds, constant folding, pipeline optimization, etc.), which results in very fast code, see the details here.
There has been many technical papers and even research papers on the programming of Othello/Reversi and on the use of various machine learning, deep learning techniques, and re-inforcement learning in that game. Here are the most notable ones with my comments about their content and usefulness.
A world-championship-level Othello program,
Paul S. Rosenbloom, 1981
One of the very first papers explaining with details all the techniques and steps that led to the development of the IAGO program, which one of the first really good programs prior to the arrival of Logistello. In particular, there is a good discussion about the "features", i.e. the key factors, that play a role in the strategy of the game of Othello. |
An evaluation function for Othello
based on statistics, Michael Buro, 2002
The must-read paper from Michael Buro, the author of the famous Logistello program, explaining for the first time how to determine mathematically an efficient evaluation function. Although Michael used a logistic regression technique, the principles of his supervised learning methodology still appies today with neural networks. |
The evolution of Strong Othello programs, Michael Buro, 2003 | A paper from the author of the famous Logistello program relating the progress of stong Othello programs from Iago and its hand crafted evaluation function to Logistello and its mathematically tuned evaluation function. |
Experiments with Multi-ProbCut and a new High-Quality evaluation Function for Othello, Michael Buro, 2000 | An excellent paper from Michael Buro on the multi-prob-cut technique allowing to prune Alpha-Beta search tree
hence to dramatically augment the search depth.
Toward Opening Book Learning, Michael Buro, 2000 | Another important paper from Michael Buro on the automatic learning of opening books. This is the most sophisticated and efficient technique I have seen so far. |
Knowledge-based feature discovery for evaluation functions, Tom E. Fawcet, 1995 | A very interesting approach to discover the key features of the Othello game, i.e. the characteristics that play a key role in the value (expected score) of a board position. |
Linear versus Non-Linear Learning in the Context of Othello, Ali Alanjawi, 2000 | A short paper with some indications that non linear evaluation functions are superior than linear ones. This is also the only paper I found using Support Verctor Machines (SVM) for Othello. |
Observing the Evolution of Neural Networks, Learning to Play the Game of Othello, Siang Y. Chong, 2005
A paper summarizing the main thoughts behind the use of neural networks to play the game of Othello. This paper doesn't list the sophisticated techniques that are now possible with modern AI frameworks, but is is the first paper to mention the use of a combination of pattern detection neurones (convolutional neurons) and of game strategy features. In that sense it is quite interesting. |
On Bayesian Upper Confidence Bounds for Bandit Problems, Emilie Kaufmann, Olivier Cappe, Aurelien Garivier , 2012 | The essential paper to understand and use the UCB algortithms in Monte Carlo Tree Searches.
FOREST is architected in two layers: the user interface which is developped in C++ and uses the MFC GUI classes, and the game logic which is mostly in C for performance reasons, with a couple of C++ modules when specific features of the C++ standard library are necessary, such as multi-threading. It is worth noting that some parts of the C code, such as bitboard manipulations and the neural network logic, are automatically generated by Python scripts to unroll loops and adapt to the neural network hyper parameters. The C++/C compiler I use is the Visual Studio 2017 C++ compiler. I have tried GCC and CLang, but the VS C++ compiler generates faster code in my case (about 10% faster). In particular, the auto-vectorizer of VS C++ does an excellent job which is absolutely critical for the performance of the neural network. This doesn't mean the VS C++ compiler would is always faster than others, it really depends on your code and you have to try all af them to find out the one that delivers the best performance for your code.
But the runtime code of FOREST, what you execute when playing with it, is only the visible part of the iceberg. There is actually more code to manage the training data, train the neural network, and to post-process the outputs of the training before FOREST can be compiled and executed. All that code is written in Python, which, in my mind, is definitively the most flexible programming language for data science. The features I use the most in Python are of course the lists and dictionaries, that are so usefull to manipulate game positions and build game trees. The only drawbacks of Python are its relative slowness (it is a semi-interpretor) and its high consumption of RAM (all variables are dynamically linked, hence pointers and dynamic memory allocation everywhere), which become problems when processing tens of millions of data records. The best ways to overcome these drawbacks are a powerfull computer with lots of RAM (I am at 32 Gb RAM and will soon double that amount), and the use specific extensions written in Cython for specific routines which must absolutely run fast. Cython is basically a Python compiler which simplifies the development of Python extensions written in pure C for absolute performance. Python alone is very nice, but most of its power actually comes from its vast catalog of extensions, which allow to integrate most of the known algorithms for data processing. Here are the extensions I use the most:
To be continuated.
Back to FOREST home page. | <urn:uuid:e720928a-4ff9-48dc-8d1f-b261699ed269> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://lapagedolivier.fr/neurone.htm | 2024-02-28T18:31:51Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.945539 | 7,785 | 2.84375 | 3 | [
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Duality occurs when it is perceived that two aspects of something are separate from, and in opposition to, each other. All of our schemas from the moment of birth have developed around the conditioning of this binary state of mutual exclusion. It informs all of our perceptions and belief systems about ourselves and our environment and because these beliefs inform our expectations; our external world and everyone who inhabits it, continues to reflect back to us that we are separate from, and in opposition to, everything that exists outside of us.
Thousands of years ago, earth-centered cultures lived in harmony with the natural world because their inherent cosmologies and subsequent creation stories identified that they were an integral part of their environment; no greater and no less than a rock, a tree, a mountain, a bird, a deer or a spider. Everything they did, including relationships, ceremonies, government and education reflected this central theme. As a result, concepts such as balance, integrity, respect, reverence, and gratitude were easily embodied and as natural as breathing. Inclusion rather than exclusion was a way of being that permeated the individual on a cellular level and informed all behaviors, relationship dynamics and one’s overall quality of life that was always imbued with a sense of purpose and belonging.
Historians and philosophers believe that dualism originated only a few centuries ago through the Cartesian, philosophical and Newtonian, scientific view of the Universe and that prior to the cosmologies that developed from these mechanistic worldviews, we experienced 'thinking' and 'being' as identical. Descartes's famous quote, cogito ergo sum, 'I think therefore I am', identifies the fundamental split between consciousness that thinks and consciousness that exists. Within such a paradigm, we, as a species, have developed the ideology that mind and cognition are self-evident of our superiority to all other life forms on this planet and that those life forms exist solely for the purpose of sustaining us on a physical, emotional, and spiritual level. These mechanistic and dualistic cosmologies have led to the exaltation of the human and our increasing alienation from the natural world which continues to influence our need to have dominion over it by excavating, controlling, manipulating, and exhausting all of our natural resources. What has now become self-evident is that our continued participation in, and conformation to, the Dualistic Paradigm propels us closer towards self-destruction.
Good/Bad, Right/Wrong, Heaven/Hell, Masculine/Feminine, Love/Hate, Pass/Fail, True/False, Black/White, Life/Death, Reward/Punishment, Internal/External, Sane/Insane, Yesterday/Tomorrow, You/Me and Light/Dark are just some of the dualities that reflect our participation in this binary state of mutual exclusion. Competition, dogma, opposition, poverty, exclusion, control, disparity, identity, hierarchy, conflict, manipulation, violence, and excess are all expressions of the Dualistic Paradigm and inform all of the pain, suffering, and separation we perpetuate and experience in ourselves, our loved ones, our communities and our countries.
Separation is the seed of all suffering and sets us up to participate in, and be conditioned by, the Dualistic Paradigm or, as I like to call it, The Control Drama. This existential sense of being separate from everything that we perceive exists outside of us is always being informed by our awareness that our time in this body and on this planet is finite. We are the only organisms that have this awareness and it sets us up to focus primarily on either the past that no longer exists or the future that hasn’t happened yet. Without this awareness there would be no such thing as emotional instability or mental illness because all of the distortions we experience that inform these various expressions, including anxiety and depression, come from our unconscious attempts to mitigate loss by grasping at and holding tightly to whatever and whomever makes us feel safe and secure. All of our wounding and trauma is perpetuated by others as we grow from infancy through vulnerable and critical stages of development in environments that reflect the chronic fear that stems from these survival issues. As a result, our schemas develop around unconscious beliefs that include the need to control or be controlled in order to feel safe and secure.
Throughout history, man-made dogma has been expressed through all organized religions as a means of controlling large populations of people through fear and threats of punishment in the after-life in the event that we are unable to conform to the current model of man-made, moral or ethical codes. Those of us who are compliant are promised unimaginable rewards. Within the Dualistic Paradigm these different outcomes of reward and punishment are usually experienced as love and acceptance or judgment and rejection while embodied, and referred to as some version of heaven and hell in the after-life once we've shed our body. Consequently, conformity would seem to be the key to survival while spontaneity appears to be a dangerous course of action.
As a child and family therapist, I am always aware of how this deeply internalized paradigm manifests within the systems that have been put in place to address the mental, emotional and physical needs of the individual navigating every stage of development throughout the span of a lifetime. I notice it mostly because they don’t appear to be particularly effective if the individual is not conforming to an increasingly narrow bandwidth of what would meet the current criteria of ‘acceptable’ or ‘normal’. Remember, the Dualistic Paradigm is by its very nature exclusive so if you don’t conform then the reflexive response is a collective projection identifying that you suffer from either immoral, criminal or pathological tendencies. Once that happens there is usually an attempt to restrain the individual either chemically with medication or physically with incarceration. This would explain why 49 million Americans are currently taking psychiatric medication and why the United States now has incarcerated 2.2 million of its citizens; a 500% increase over the past 30 years.
The most obvious example of this conditioning in action can be seen in the experiences of our children from pre-k through high school attempting to navigate the current academic system. What I find most intriguing is that as the child develops, he or she begins to model the existential angst that comes from their inability to conform to the dualistic conditioning inherent in this particular system. It begins with emerging adolescence and the dawn of meta-cognition when the individual begins to experience conformity as an equivalent to death. Without realizing it, they are defending their right to exist beyond the boundaries and confinement of the Dualistic Paradigm that projects onto them that their inability to conform is evidence of some inherent flaw that will limit their ability to be successful in getting their needs met throughout the course of their lifetime.
The reason why I enjoy a great deal of success working with this demographic is because I understand what’s occurring in their environments that is negating them and challenging their ability to be in integrity with themselves in response to the distorted messages and unrealistic expectations being projected onto them daily by administrators, teachers and parents. It’s amazing to experience the deep sighs of relief and increased engagement in response to having reflected back to them that there’s nothing wrong with them, that they’re not freaks, and they just need to learn how to successfully navigate their environments in a way that does not have them feeling diminished or negated. Adolescence trying to function within the Dualistic Paradigm is a perfect storm which is why this developmental stage is primarily defined by drama and crisis. If we, as adults, were able to recognize the degree to which we’ve conformed to our own conditioning we would be much better equipped to parent, teach, and mentor them. Our teenagers are our ‘truth tellers’ and we have much to learn from them if we could only allow ourselves to listen and accept them without feeling the need to defend our position. More on this subject will be explored in the article “Parenting the Adolescent”.
The good news is that it appears as if a much more holistic paradigm of consciousness has begun to emerge and that, once again, the scientific model of the time is reflecting these new beliefs and shifting paradigms. Quantum Physics is beginning to replace the mechanistic view of Newtonian Physics and is teaching us with every new discovery that we are intimately interconnected with our environment and everything that inhabits it which also includes the understanding that we can change what is outside of us by simply changing ourselves. Much of this awareness is an integral part of what has guided my own healing process as well as informed the healing that I am able to facilitate for my clients. In order to be balanced, whole and healthy one must move beyond the conditioning that has taught us that we are separate and apart from anything that we perceive exists outside of us. As long as we are oriented to looking outside of ourselves in order to identify what and who in our environment is causing us pain; we will always be trying to manipulate and control our environment in an attempt to minimize our suffering. In order to move beyond this dualistic orientation that has us stuck in the identity of victimhood, we must be able to embrace inclusion; beginning with ourselves. It is critical that our attention be directed primarily inward towards the self to heal whatever judgements that are being defended that reinforce the internal ‘splits’ and subsequent fear and anxiety that informs all of our personal and professional relationships including our relationship with the self.
If more of us were to engage in a self-exhaustive process of healing the imprinting and subsequent ‘splits’ that we hold deeply at the cellular level and defend daily; then we would be able to move beyond the fear-based expressions of the Dualistic Paradigm. Competition, opposition, exclusion, control, disparity, conflict, manipulation, violence, and excess would then be replaced with cooperation, inclusion, balance, acceptance, integrity, respect, reverence, love and gratitude. If we were able to heal ourselves at the cellular level, our external world would then begin to reflect back to us this internal paradigm shift resulting in all of our perceptions, behaviors, relationship dynamics, and quality of life being imbued with a renewed sense of balance, purpose and belonging. | <urn:uuid:f9d710fc-2730-4a94-84ad-41051ffcac65> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://www.shakingoffthemadness.com/blog/the-dualistic-paradigm | 2024-02-28T19:24:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.963103 | 2,098 | 2.984375 | 3 | [
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The phenomenon known as FOMO, or fear of missing out, has become increasingly prevalent in today’s digitally connected world. This feeling of anxiety stems from the perception that others are experiencing more enjoyable or fulfilling events and activities and that by not participating, one is missing out on essential life experiences. FOMO can be exacerbated by social media platforms, where individuals constantly share updates on their lives, which may portray an idealized version of reality that leads to envy and lowered self-esteem among those who feel left out.
FOMO is not limited to just social events or gatherings but can also include the fear of missing out on the latest gossip, news, and trends. This anxiety leads individuals to be constantly connected to their devices, checking for updates and fearing that they may be left behind. The impact of FOMO is far-reaching, with people making decisions based on their perceived need to be in the know or included in experiences to improve their lives.
- FOMO refers to the anxiety about missing out on enjoyable experiences others are partaking
- Social media platforms contribute to FOMO by showcasing idealized versions of others’ lives
- The fear of missing out affects individuals’ decisions and can impact their self-esteem
What Does FOMO Mean?
FOMO means “fear of missing out.”
It is an internet slang acronym that has come about with the rise in social media and posting pictures of events, parties, and gatherings. It’s used to describe a situation where someone has a fear or anxiety of missing out on social events that their other friends or contacts may currently be engaged in.
Social media users that suffer from the “fear of missing out” may end up constantly checking their devices for social media updates to see what their friends are doing. This can sometimes lead to these people cancelling plans or obsessing over what others are doing rather than enjoying their own life.
There really aren’t any other types of similar internet slang that can be used instead of “FOMO.” Rather, we can describe a person as being anxious, paranoid, or uneasy in general. That is to say that there is no one word that could replace this internet slang term but there are a lot of words we can use to describe someone’s behavior who has “FOMO.”
Since this texting abbreviation is most often used on social media, it is more likely to be used by young social media users.
The origin of this text acronym is said to come from the 1990s and was made popular after the September 11th terror attacks in New York City. The original phrase was “FOBO,” fear of a better option. After these attacks, people realized that life was often not guaranteed that this less to a desire to live every day to the fullest. People would often be looking for better opportunities, or options, for activities that they were currently engaged in.
Similarly, “FOMO” is a new form of “FOBO” as people look on social media for better options because they don’t want to miss out on having a fun time.
Related Terms to FOMO
FOMO or Fear of Missing Out is a relatively recent term describing the anxiety or perception that others are living better lives or experiencing better things than oneself. This phenomenon typically involves a deep sense of envy and can negatively affect self-esteem. Several related terms have emerged alongside FOMO that encapsulate different aspects of modern social interactions and behaviors. These terms include JOMO, ROMO, envy, peer pressure, phubbing, FOJI, MOMO, and rage.
JOMO refers to the Joy of Missing Out, which is the opposite of FOMO. People experiencing JOMO embrace the idea of not participating in every social event or experiencing everything available to them. They find satisfaction in their present moment, prioritizing self-care and setting healthy boundaries with their time and energy.
ROMO or the Reality of Missing Out acknowledges the inevitability of not being able to participate in every social opportunity. ROMO is when individuals accept that they cannot be everywhere at once and focus on what is important and valuable to them.
Envy is a long-standing concept and is related to FOMO as it refers to the feeling of discontent and resentment towards someone else’s possessions, qualities, or achievements. The sensation of envy can contribute to the fear of missing out, as individuals compare their lives to those of others.
Peer Pressure is the influence that social groups exert on individuals to conform to the group’s expectations. Peer pressure can contribute to FOMO by creating a sense of obligation to participate in certain activities and maintain specific standards to fit in with a social circle.
Phubbing is a term that describes the act of snubbing someone in a social setting by paying more attention to one’s phone than the people around them. Phubbing can contribute to FOMO by fostering the feeling of exclusion among those being ignored.
FOJI (Fear of Joining In) is another term related to FOMO, where individuals feel anxiety about participating in social events or engaging with others due to a fear of not fitting in or being judged by their peers.
MOMO or the Mystery of Missing Out refers to the curiosity that arises when people are not present at an event or activity, leading to speculation about what they are missing. MOMO can contribute to FOMO by creating a sense of disconnection and isolation.
Rage is a term to describe the intense feelings of anger, resentment, or frustration that can arise as a result of experiencing FOMO or other related terms. Rage can be directed towards oneself for missing out or towards others when comparing oneself to their perceived social or personal successes.
- Friends Of Music One
- F***ed Over More Often
- Fear of Missing Out
- Friends of Mulanje Orphans
- Fear Of Missing Oreos
- Fort Moultrie (US National Park Service)
FOMO, also known as Fear of Missing Out, is a commonly used term to describe the anxiety or apprehension one may feel when they believe they are missing out on enjoyable experiences or opportunities that others are having. In this section, we will explore some synonyms and alternative phrases for FOMO to provide a deeper understanding of this phenomenon.
One synonym for FOMO is “keeping up with the Joneses.” This phrase refers to the drive to outdo one’s peers or neighbors in terms of social status, accomplishments, or material possessions. It encapsulates the idea of constantly comparing oneself to others and feeling the need to “keep up” with their perceived success.
Another term often associated with FOMO is the “rat race.” This expression represents the idea that people are constantly competing against one another to achieve more and attain higher social standing. The rat race can foster a sense of urgency and stress, as individuals may work tirelessly to meet societal expectations rather than focusing on their own satisfaction and well-being.
FOMO can also manifest in the fear of losing or the fear of not achieving a particular goal or experience. This fear can be described as “kiasu.” The term “kiasu culture” highlights a mindset where individuals always strive to be the best or stay ahead of the competition. Kiasu culture can lead to increased anxiety and an unhealthy focus on achievement at the expense of personal happiness.
In Texting and Social Posts
FOMO, or “fear of missing out,” often permeates social media platforms and personal interactions through texting. This psychological phenomenon manifests as anxiety or dread around missing out on events, experiences, or trends, and can lead to an increase in social media use and a sense of urgency in responding to notifications.
One common example of FOMO in texting is a group chat where friends are discussing weekend plans or recounting a recently attended party. As participants share photos and details of the event, those who were not present may begin to feel a sense of FOMO. This might prompt them to respond quickly, ask numerous questions, or try to make up for their absence by suggesting future gatherings. The fear of missing out on future events or social bonding may result in individuals checking their messages more frequently or responding quickly to avoid feeling left out.
On social media platforms, such as Instagram, Facebook, and Snapchat, users may experience FOMO by noticing posts of friends on vacation, attending parties, or having other exciting experiences. The desire to keep up with these peer activities can lead to increased social media engagement and sometimes even unhealthy comparison.
Brands and marketers also contribute to the pervasive FOMO culture through their advertising strategies. Flash sales, exclusive offers, and limited-time promotions may induce a sense of urgency in consumers, who fear missing out on a good deal or a popular product. The “fear of missing out” marketing approach can be quite effective, inciting impulsive purchases or driving greater engagement with a brand’s social media content.
Here are some examples of how this online acronym can be used:
- Friend 1: What are you doing tonight?
- Friend 2: Hmm, I don’t know yet. I’m kind of tired, but I might go out.
- Friend 1: I’m going out with Roy and Johnny later if you want to join.
- Friend 2: You know I never wanted to see Johnny again after last time right? I dunno though, I might go anyway.
- Friend 1: You’re still mad about that? What do you even want to come out then?
- Friend 2: It’s the FOMO dude. I can’t let you guys have a good time without me.
In this conversation between two friends, we see a situation that happens often. Friend 1 invites Friend 2 to a small gathering where one of Friend 2’s enemies may be present. Friend 2 shows a desire to attend the event despite the presence of his enemy due to his “FOMO.”
- Friend 1: OMG, Cindy is pissed at us because we didn’t tell her about our trip. Can you believe it?
- Friend 2: You didn’t tell her? I thought you did?
- Friend 1: Well, I thought someone else would. She seriously has FOMO, she needs to calm down.
- Friend 2: Well it’s not FOMO when you actually are missing out.
This texting conversation shows a situation that often occurs. Friend 1 forgot to invite their mutual friend, Cindy, on a trip. Friend 1 blames Cindy’s reaction on “FOMO.” Friend 2 thinks it is not “FOMO” because Cindy was excluded from the trip.
FOMO Meaning Infographic
Frequently Asked Questions
What are common examples of FOMO?
FOMO, or the fear of missing out, can manifest in various ways. Common examples include feeling anxious about not attending social events, gatherings, or staying updated with the latest gossip or news.
How does FOMO relate to psychology?
FOMO is a psychological phenomenon that arises from the sense of envy and impacts an individual’s self-esteem. It can be triggered by comparing oneself to others, especially through social media, and perceiving that others are having more fun, living better lives, or experiencing better things.
What are the symptoms of FOMO?
Symptoms of FOMO may include anxiety, apprehension, restlessness, and constant checking of social media platforms. It can lead to negative emotions like envy, jealousy, and low self-esteem. In some cases, FOMO might also cause feelings of guilt or shame for not being as socially active or engaged as others.
How does social media contribute to FOMO?
Social media platforms often contribute to FOMO by showcasing curated, idealized versions of people’s lives, which may lead to false perceptions that others’ experiences are better than one’s own. These platforms also grant easy access to information about social events and gatherings, making it harder for individuals to avoid comparing their experiences to others’ and triggering FOMO.
What is the opposite of FOMO?
The opposite of FOMO is JOMO, or the joy of missing out. JOMO fosters a sense of gratitude for the experiences one can enjoy in their own life, rather than feeling envious or anxious about what others might be doing. It promotes contentment and mindfulness, embracing the present moment and appreciating the value of solitude or personal space.
How can one cope with FOMO among friends?
To cope with FOMO, it’s essential to acknowledge and accept one’s feelings and emotions first. Practice gratitude and focus on the positives of your own life. Set boundaries around the use of social media, and prioritize self-care and meaningful connections with friends and loved ones. Engaging in activities that bring personal joy and satisfaction can also help alleviate the fear of missing out.
Last Updated on June 26, 2023 | <urn:uuid:4655e429-c5ff-4afe-b74f-cd3257bd1bea> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://7esl.com/fomo/ | 2024-02-28T19:49:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.956493 | 2,758 | 3.078125 | 3 | [
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Tonsillectomy diet day by day for child – Are you a parent preparing for your child’s tonsillectomy? If so, you’re in the right place. We understand that you’re looking for a solution that will ease the process and ensure a smooth recovery for your little one. In this guide, we’ll provide you with a day-by-day plan to navigate the post-tonsillectomy diet for your child. We’ll answer crucial questions like what to feed, why it matters, how to make it work, and when to introduce specific foods. Let’s dive in and ensure a comfortable recovery journey for your child.
What is Tonsillectomy and Why Does Diet Matter?
What is a Tonsillectomy? A tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure where a child’s tonsils are removed. This is often done to address recurrent infections, difficulty in breathing, or sleep apnea. While this procedure can provide significant relief and long-term benefits, the post-operative period requires special attention, including dietary considerations.
Why Does Diet Matter? Your child’s diet plays a crucial role in the recovery process. After the tonsils are removed, the throat can be sore and sensitive. Therefore, it’s essential to choose foods that are gentle on the throat to avoid discomfort, ensure proper nutrition, and prevent complications.
How to Plan a Tonsillectomy Diet
Day 1-3: Liquids and Popsicles
During the first few days, your child’s throat will be sore, and they may experience difficulty swallowing. To keep them hydrated and provide relief, focus on:
- Water: Encourage small sips of water frequently.
- Clear Broths: Warm chicken or vegetable broths are soothing.
- Popsicles: Ice pops can be a tasty way to numb the throat.
Day 4-6: Soft Foods
As your child’s discomfort decreases, you can introduce soft, easy-to-swallow foods:
- Applesauce: A smooth, easy-to-swallow treat.
- Mashed Potatoes: Creamy and gentle on the throat.
- Yogurt: A good source of protein and probiotics.
Day 7-14: Gradual Transition
Begin reintroducing a more regular diet, but still focus on soft and easy-to-chew foods:
- Pasta: Well-cooked pasta with a mild sauce.
- Scrambled Eggs: A good source of protein.
- Mashed Bananas: A gentle fruit option.
Beyond Two Weeks: Regular Diet
Your child should be able to return to their normal diet by this point. However, it’s important to monitor their comfort and adjust as needed.
Will My Child Be Hungry?
It’s common for children to have reduced appetites following a tonsillectomy. Remember, a gradual transition to regular foods is key. Encourage them to eat small, frequent meals, and prioritize hydration.
When Can I Reintroduce Crunchy and Spicy Foods?
While it varies from child to child, it’s generally best to avoid crunchy or spicy foods for several weeks after the surgery. These can irritate the healing throat.
Whom to Consult for Dietary Guidance?
Your child’s pediatrician and the surgeon who performed the tonsillectomy are the best resources for dietary guidance. They can provide personalized recommendations based on your child’s specific needs and progress.
Which Foods to Avoid?
During the recovery period, it’s crucial to steer clear of:
- Hard candies: These can scratch the throat.
- Spicy foods: They can cause discomfort.
- Citrus fruits: Their acidity may irritate the throat.
Are There Any Dietary Restrictions After a Tonsillectomy?
In general, there are no long-term dietary restrictions after a tonsillectomy. However, be sure to follow your child’s healthcare provider’s recommendations and reintroduce foods gradually.
Can My Child Eat Ice Cream?
Yes, ice cream can be a soothing treat for your child, but be mindful of the cold temperature, which could cause some discomfort.
Where Is This Diet Applicable?
This post applies to children who have recently undergone a tonsillectomy. The dietary guidelines provided here are meant to aid in the recovery process.
Lists That the Tonsillectomy Diet Tends to Solve
- Provides relief from post-operative sore throat.
- Ensures proper nutrition during recovery.
- Reduces the risk of complications.
- Supports a smoother healing process.
Now that you have a day-by-day guide to your child’s tonsillectomy diet, you can focus on their comfort and well-being during this critical time.
FAQs on Tonsillectomy diet day by day for child
1. When can my child return to a regular diet after a tonsillectomy?
Your child can typically return to a regular diet beyond two weeks post-surgery. However, consult with their healthcare provider for personalized guidance.
2. What are the best foods to soothe a sore throat after a tonsillectomy?
Clear broths, applesauce, and mashed potatoes are excellent choices during the early recovery period.
3. Can I give my child ice cream after a tonsillectomy?
Yes, ice cream can be a soothing treat, but ensure it’s not too cold to avoid discomfort.
4. Should I be concerned if my child has a reduced appetite post-tonsillectomy?
It’s common for children to have a reduced appetite during recovery. Encourage small, frequent meals and focus on hydration.
5. How can I tell if my child is experiencing complications in their recovery?
If your child exhibits signs of severe pain, bleeding, or difficulty breathing, contact their healthcare provider immediately.
6. Can my child eat spicy foods after a tonsillectomy?
It’s best to avoid spicy foods for several weeks after the surgery, as they can irritate the healing throat.
7. What if my child experiences nausea or vomiting after the surgery?
Nausea and vomiting can occur but should subside with time. If it persists, consult with your child’s healthcare provider.
8. Is it safe to give my child over-the-counter pain relievers?
Always consult with your child’s healthcare provider before giving any medication, including over-the-counter pain relievers.
9. Are there any signs of infection I should watch for during recovery?
Watch for signs such as fever, increased pain, or discharge from the surgical site. If you suspect an infection, contact your healthcare provider.
10. When can my child resume physical activities and school after a tonsillectomy?
Your child should avoid physical activities and school for at least a week or as advised by their healthcare provider.
11. Is it normal for my child to snore or have a change in their voice after the surgery?
It’s normal for these changes to occur temporarily, but they should resolve as the throat heals.
12. Can I give my child vitamin supplements during their recovery?
Consult with your child’s healthcare provider before giving any supplements. They can advise on specific dietary needs.
13. What beverages are suitable for my child’s tonsillectomy recovery?
Water, clear broths, and diluted fruit juices (without citrus) are good beverage choices.
14. Can my child use a straw to drink fluids?
Using a straw may not be advisable immediately after surgery, as it could risk injury to the healing throat.
15. What’s the best way to keep my child hydrated during their recovery?
Encourage small, frequent sips of water and clear broths to ensure hydration.
16. Can my child have dairy products during their recovery?
Dairy products like yogurt can be a good source of nutrition and are generally well-tolerated. However, monitor for any signs of intolerance.
17. What should I do if my child refuses to eat during recovery?
It’s common for children to have a reduced appetite. Encourage them gently and offer their favorite foods in small portions.
18. Are there any specific dietary guidelines for older children or teenagers post-tonsillectomy?
While the dietary principles are similar, older children may have different preferences and dietary needs. Consult with your healthcare provider for guidance.
19. Can my child have hot tea with honey for throat relief?
Hot tea with honey can be soothing, but ensure it’s not too hot. Avoid giving honey to children under one year old.
20. When should I schedule a follow-up appointment with the healthcare provider?
Be sure to schedule a follow-up appointment as advised by the healthcare provider, usually within a few weeks post-surgery.
Navigating the post-tonsillectomy period for your child doesn’t have to be a challenge. By following this day-by-day diet guide and consulting with your healthcare provider, you can ensure a comfortable and successful recovery. Remember, each child’s journey is unique, so be patient and attentive to their needs. Your commitment to their well-being will make all the difference in their recovery process. Wishing your child a swift and smooth recovery! | <urn:uuid:904cb17b-82fb-4a9c-962a-158cadb8e93f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://agewellnessguide.com/tonsillectomy-diet-day-by-day-for-child/ | 2024-02-28T20:25:29Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.938814 | 1,994 | 2.53125 | 3 | [
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] |
Philip Guston, artist who mocked the banality of the Ku Klux Klan, in retrospect at Tate Modern
By James Brewer
At the end of the 1960s, the artist Philip Guston turned his back on his years of abstract output, to produce large-scale paintings of ghastly but comic-style hooded characters. He posed the question of who and what was behind the mask – the mask being the white hoods of the savage Ku Klux Klan fanatics.
Tate Modern, in its landmark retrospective of Guston (1913-1980) delves deep into his 50-year career, of which the most memorable period can be said to be his depiction of the Klan as ‘everyday’ perpetrators of racism. His ridiculing of the Klan as banal delinquents was of a piece with his lifelong disgust at such barbarisms. He said of the Klan: “They plan, they plot, they ride around in cars smoking cigars. We never see their acts of hatred. We never know what is in their minds. But it is clear that they are us. Our denial, our concealment.”
Musa Mayer, the artist’s daughter, and head of the Guston Foundation has said more recently: “My father dared to unveil white culpability, our shared role in allowing the racist terror that he had witnessed since boyhood when the Klan marched openly by the thousands in the streets of Los Angeles.”
In Guston’s garish pictures, the hooded figures can be seen driving around town, waiting at home, or even with paintbrush in hand making art. His paintings satirise attempted projections of violence and intimidation which are laughable in one sense, but unsettling in being so trite. The Klan had a long history of thuggery, having been founded in 1865 (the name Ku Klux Klan comes from the Greek kyklos, meaning circle, and the Gaelic word clan) being especially active in the first third of the 20th century, and again in mid-century, with night assaults on African Americans and their homes, and lynchings. The masked bands were able to take the law into their own hands as their “invisible empire” infiltrated sections of the police, sheriffs, members of state legislatures and even judges.
Guston sometimes refers to the murderous crimes of the Klan by splashes of red paint on the sinister hoods and such devices as a jumble of legs trailing a car. A gruesome, peachy early morning light is a reminder that evil can be present even in the glow of dawn. This suffusion of a rosy, pink hue became a trademark of Guston’s work of this type. His stylisation of the figures was of an innocent inspiration: the comic strips he had loved as a boy, particularly Krazy Kat, which ran in publications from 1913 to 1944 with surreal landscapes and twisted character relationships.
By presenting images of Klansmen carrying out activities that are ordinary for most people – the hooded emblem made to appear even on a school blackboard – Guston suggests that evil lurks everywhere. The paintings and those that followed established him as one of the most influential painters of the late 20th century.
Guston had renounced the abstraction he had practised in the 1950s and 1960s and embraced figuration. In chronicling his explorations, Tate Modern’s retrospective is a bold survey of an artist responding to personal inner dilemmas and to political outrages over the decades.
The exhibition itself has its own turbulent history, as a touring show that was postponed by four institutions, with one curator resigning before being suspended. It was due to open in June 2020 at the National Gallery of Art Washington DC before being moved to the Museum of Fine Art Houston, Tate Modern and finally the Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Covid struck and an eight-month delay was announced, and then the four institutions caused dismay by postponing the opening until 2024 “until a time we think that the powerful message of social and racial justice that is at the centre of Philip Guston’s work can be more clearly interpreted”. This was a reaction to the atmosphere of huge protests over the murder of George Floyd, but the delay was ultimately recognised to be too extreme a response, and after consultations with curatorial experts, the show has gone ahead.
The delay allowed the show’s curators to conduct further research and make a film of a mural which the artist helped create in Morelia, Mexico (The Struggle Against Terrorism, 1934-35). With Reuben Kadish and Jules Langsner Guston had travelled to work on the huge fresco which cries out in resistance to violence and persecution, from medieval times to the rise of fascism in Europe and includes three Klan-like figures. At Tate Modern, the mural is projected at a scale of 5 metres tall. Guston was an assistant to muralist David Siqueiros who described him as one of “the most promising painters in either the US or Mexico.”
The exhibition is the first major retrospective on the artist in the UK in nearly 20 years, and one third of the work has never been seen before in the UK. Through more than 100 paintings and drawings from Guston’s momentous career, the show offers new insight into his formative early years and activism, and his genre switches, as an artist who defied categorisation,
It begins with Guston’s early years in Montreal as the child of Jewish immigrants who had escaped persecution in present-day Ukraine, and the family’s subsequent migration to Los Angeles in 1922. He became serious about drawing at the age of 12 and pored over reproductions in books of Renaissance paintings. He loved the large frescoes, and that awakened is ambition to be a great painter in that tradition, his daughter suspects. Largely self-taught, he was only briefly at art school alongside Jackson Pollock, with whom he shared an interest in European contemporary art, especially surrealism and the work of Pablo Picasso.
Against a backdrop of rising fascism and Ku Klux Klan activity, Guston’s work soon became increasingly political. Moving to New York in 1936 and changing his name from Phillip Goldstein to Philip Guston in 1936, as antisemitism in America and around the world spread, he created murals for the government funded Federal Art Project, before in 1948 making the first of three trips to Italy. Returning to the US, he turned towards an increasingly abstract language, becoming an influential figure in the New York School alongside Pollock, Willem de Kooning and Mark Rothko.
Works from the 1940s show him exploring portraiture, including a self portrait and a portrait of his wife Musa McKim. and Sunday Interior, which depicts an unknown sitter. At the time, he was a lecturer and artist in residence at State University of Iowa.
By the 1960s, Guston had helped pioneer a form of art known as neo-expressionism. As he struggled to find his new figurative way, he began drawing objects around him: ink jars, light bulbs, food, and books. “I must have done [i.e., pictured] hundreds of books,” he recalled. “They’re just such a simple form, but it seemed filled with possibilities… and then some of the books started looking like stone tablets. They keep changing.”
Calling American abstract art ‘a lie’ and ‘a sham,’ he made paintings such as satirical drawings of Richard Nixon during the Vietnam War. In 1966, he helped raise money for an organisation providing legal aid for activists and supported education and Black voter registration. He was troubled by episodes such as the police violence against protesters at the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago. This and other events triggered his memories of the Klan and renewed awareness of the horrors of the Holocaust. It was the artist’s responsibility to “un-numb oneself to the brutality of the world,” he said, continuing: “that’s the only reason to be an artist… to bear witness.” He took up the question of societal complicity in violence and racism, and said of several paintings of Klansmen: “They are self-portraits … I perceive myself as being behind the hood … The idea of evil fascinated me … I almost tried to imagine that I was living with the Klan.”
A major show of paintings with hooded figures at New York’s Marlborough Gallery in 1970 included The Studio, in which he interrogated himself as well as society at large. Critical reaction was negative. After a spell in Italy, at his studio in New York state he took on a new artistic language of giant eyes, piles of legs, abandoned shoes, and everyday objects. The truncated body parts can be seen as skewering Holocaust barbarism.
The final decade of Guston’s life was, quietly, his most productive, when he created some of his most complex work. His late paintings were often dreamlike, with objects in precarious balance. Flatlands, from 1970, is a kind of catalogue of much of his late imagery, hoods and all.
Legend, from 1977, is littered with items from the studio, including an empty bottle, cigarette butts and a wooden wedge used to stretch canvases. The painting even draws visual parallels between a horse’s rear end and Guston’s sleeping head. The horse may be a reference to one of his favourite books, Red Cavalry by Isaac Bebel, from 1926. That book narrates events of the Polish-Soviet war of 1918-21, including persecution of Jews in what is now Ukraine, from where Guston’s parents had fled. There is a further reference to his personal history in a large canvas titled Aegean from 1978 and another, Black Sea, in which the crudely shaped heel of a shoe bestrides a dark green stretch of water. It was from Odessa that his parents emigrated in 1905. He often gave titles to his works only after they were finished. Aegean with its cloudless blue sky might evoke the Olympic battle of Greek gods.
Collaborating widely across disciplines, he was inspired by the poets of the time, among them by his wife, the artist and poet Musa McKim (1908-1992). Continuing to be wrapped up in his artistic visions, in 1977 he painted Sleeping, a monumental image of the artist in bed, vulnerable and dreaming. To the end, Guston remained as rebellious as ever, creating combinations of dream-like images and nightmarish figures.
In 2013, Guston’s abstract expressionist painting from 1958 To Fellini set an auction record at Christie’s when it sold for $25.8m. The work was an homage to the Italian film director Federico Fellini, whose dramatic imagery appealed to Guston.
The exhibition is co-organised by Tate Modern, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the National Gallery of Art, Washington, and the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Tate Modern’s presentation is curated by Michael Wellen, its senior curator of international art, and Michael Raymond, assistant curator of the same discipline.
The Studio. 1969. Oil on canvas. Promised gift of Musa Mayer to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Legend, 1977. Oil on canvas. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Museum purchase funded by Alice Pratt Brown Museum Fund.
Musa, 1942. Oil on canvas. Promised gift of Musa Guston Mayer to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Aegean, 1978. Oil on canvas. Private collection. Olympic. Philip Guston. The Estate of Philip Guston. McKee Gallery, New York
By the Window, 1969. Oil on canvas. (Roman Family).
Sunday Interior, 1941. Oil on canvas. Courtesy Private Collection © The Estate of Philip Guston, courtesy Hauser & Wirth.,
Flatlands, 1970. Oil on canvas. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Gift of Byron R. Meyer. © The Estate of Philip Guston.
Philip Guston, the exhibition is at the Eyal Ofer Galleries, Tate Modern, London SE1, until February 25, 2024. | <urn:uuid:d8c5f040-739e-4dec-ac6a-688654e222f1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://allaboutshipping.co.uk/2023/11/02/philip-guston-artist-who-mocked-the-banality-of-the-ku-klux-klan-in-retrospect-at-tate-modern/ | 2024-02-28T18:46:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.973284 | 2,556 | 2.890625 | 3 | [
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SSE - SCOTTISH & SOUTHERN Please use our A-Z INDEX to navigate this site where page links may lead to other sites |
FREE AS A BIRD - It is happening. Wind energy is providing bucket loads of power that will be more useful with the kind of load leveling that battery and green hydrogen storage can provide, to make better use of all that captured natural muscle. Windmills and sails had been working for mankind for hundreds of years before the discovery of electricity. These graceful machines can be located in isolated areas where winds are strong and reliable. Making allowance for storms, doldrums, and power blackouts, by design. ABOUT SSE According
to their website, SSE has set four fundamental goals for 2030 which put sustainability at the heart of its business. These four goals are: GO AHEAD LONDON SSE Enterprise is helping thousands of London commuters travel by electric bus after installing hundreds of charging points across the capital
SSE Enterprise’s work included Go-Ahead London’s ground-breaking Waterloo Garage development, which became the first, and currently only, all-electric bus garage in the country, complete with 43 charging points in 2016. EV’S POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE GRID With various studies having found that EV owners currently tend to charge their cars at the end of their working day – coinciding with when energy demand is already at its peak – the major question being posed is this: how will the system be able to cope if charging habits remain the same when EVs are in much wider use? To put the potential demand increase into some perspective, it is estimated the draw on the grid for each single EV is equivalent to that of an entire house. Thus, hypothetically speaking, if a network feeder line had 2,000 homes on it, and 400 of those households decided to charge their EVs at the same time in the early evening, then peak demand would rise by a massive 20 percent. It is highly likely in this case that demand would far outstrip supply, resulting in such system chaos as transformer overloads, feeder congestion, and undue circuit faults. The consequences of this would be widespread power outages, bringing catastrophic disruption to everyday life. SMART CHARGING FOR A SMARTER GRID Demand-side response Therefore, the utilities industry and energy customers alike are left with a huge incentive to work within existing grid resources in order to maximise efficiency and cut down costs. This is where EVs, if utilised as a demand-side response mechanism, could turn a problem into an opportunity. Demand-side response, or DSR, relates to how consumers can use (or be incentivised to use) energy more intelligently in order to lower or shift electricity demand at peak times. As the National Grid puts it, DSR provides an important tool to “ensure a secure, sustainable and affordable electricity system…helping soften peaks in demand and fill in the troughs.” In this context, far from adding to stress on the grid, EVs can actually become a key tool for grid stability, allowing electricity distributors to manage peak load and maintain reliability of supply. It would mainly be used to reduce peaks in demand (i.e. when everybody gets home from work and plugs in their electric vehicle), although could also be used to provide high frequency response (an increase in demand in response to a rise in system frequency). As an incentive, utility companies can offer EV owners monetary and/or non-monetary benefits in exchange for enrolment in a programme that permits controlled charging at the times when curtailment capacity is needed for the grid. In the UK, Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks has already trialled DSR in this area with “breakthrough” success, while Electric Nation – a Western Power Distribution project – announced in March 2017 that it is to undertake the largest smart charging trial of its kind seen so far. Preliminary results for this trial, presented by Electric Nation in early September 2017, back up the concept of smart charging as a “key solution to the impact of increasing numbers of EVs on the electricity network”.
Operating under a V2G system, EVs have the potential to become an extremely flexible asset – as well as providing transportation, they can undertake smart charging, thereby reducing demand as required, and can also export power back to the system. As things stand, V2G has been tested in a small number of pilots; however a number of technical and regulatory issues need to be overcome before it can be widely and effectively used. In significant news for the technology, the UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (in collaboration with the Office for Low Emission Vehicles and Innovate UK) announced in July 2017 that it is making £20 million available to businesses who want to help develop V2G projects around the country. But in 2022, they still have no solution to power cuts and blackouts, causing major disruption in the modern age of electricity - putting the lives of young, vulnerable and infirm at risk. Also raising the question of this company failing to meet Paris climate objectives aimed at Net Zero - where reliability is a key factor in reaching United Nations' Sustainability Development Goals. Especially SDG7 clean, affordable energy for all, and SDG17, partnerships, such as with automotive OEMs, where the supply of energy for transport is their responsibility, as much as motor manufacturers have a duty to provide zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) - meaning electrics, as a solution that has finally come of age. But where is the infrastructure to make this happen? Power companies and automotive OEMs need to work together urgently, if they are going to stand any chance of catering for EVs by 2050. They have no chance at all at present levels of cooperation and forward planning - of meeting the targets set for 2030 by policy makers. They are far too comfortable, knowing they can give politicians the run around with manifold excuses from spin doctors - who are employed by climate deniers - to keep burning carcinogenic coal, diesel and petrol. In the process, they are making their countries vulnerable to suppliers of energy who have grown wealthy enough from fossil fuel exports, to wage war in 2022. UK MAP - Draft infrastructure networked grid for the UK to kick-start EV service station building, aiming for a low carbon society that is sustainable and climate friendly by 2050 to comply with the targets set by the Climate Change Act 2008. This map is simplified and includes the Republic of Ireland for practical reasons. Supplied by and used with permission of Bluebird Energy Systems. If we use just the intersections endpoints as likely locations that would mean installing 60+ stations, that could recharge more than the 14,000 charge points in the UK as of January of 2018. Another 1,800 such stations at strategic locations could service all 25,000,000 million vehicles in the United Kingdom. Optimistic, but you have to start somewhere when conceptualizing. In the UK, the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy have introduced their Grand Challenges initiative, offering grants of up to 70% for SMEs in connection with mobility and clean energy. According to Power-Technology.com, a website that provides market and customer insights in this sector, they listed these power companies (according to the 2018 Forbes calculation of net market capitalization, assets, sales and profit) as some of the world's the biggest utilities: National Energy Board (Canada) National Grid plc (formerly Central Electricity Generating Board UK) HIGH VOLTAGE - Every country uses high voltage cables to transmit electricity via a grid. mostly over ground using steel pylons. FROM SPACE EXPLORATION TO ZERO EMISSIONS - Developed to power satellites and spacecraft, the silicon solar panel is now a cost effective way of generating clean electricity. Ideal sites for the location of solar farms is land that cannot be used for farming, such as the deserts we have created. CONTACTS SSE Utility Solutions Ltd No.1 Forbury Place 43 Forbury Road Reading, Berkshire RG1 3JH, United Kingdom ENERGY GENERATING-DISTRIBUTION UTILITIES ARCHIVE 2015
EUROPEAN AUTO MANUFACTURERS: - Audi - BMW - Citroen - Fiat - Ford - Lotus - Mercedes - Peugeot - Renault - Seat - Smart MAKE OF ELECTRIC BUSES & COACHES - BDY MAKES OF ELECTRIC TRUCKS - DAF - Renault - MAN - Volvo LINKS & REFERENCE http://www.electricnation.org.uk/2019/07/17/electric-nation-smart-charged-conference-review/ https://www.sms-plc.com/insights/blogs-news/smart-charging-the-ev-solution-for-a-smarter-grid/ https://sse.com/sustainability/our-2030-goals/ https://www.ssen.co.uk/Home/ https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/fet-proactive https://www.power-technology.com/features/top-10-power-companies-in-the-world/ Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks is a trading name of: Scottish and Southern Energy Power Distribution Limited Registered in Scotland No. SC213459; Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission plc Registered in Scotland No. SC213461; Scottish Hydro Electric Power Distribution plc Registered in Scotland No. SC213460; (all having their Registered Offices at Inveralmond House 200 Dunkeld Road Perth PH1 3AQ); and Southern Electric Power Distribution plc Registered in England & Wales No. 04094290 having their Registered Office at No.1 Forbury Place, 43 Forbury Road, Reading, RG1 3JH which are members of the SSE Group www.ssen.co.uk
Please use our A-Z INDEX to navigate this site |
This website is provided on a free basis as a public information service. copyright © Climate Change Trust 2022. Solar Studios, BN271RF, United Kingdom. | | <urn:uuid:a578c7bf-0091-480f-8a7f-e23ee7ab766d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://change-climate.com/Energy_Zero_Carbon_Renewables_Eco_Green/Utilities_Electricity_Generation_Power_Companies/Scottish_Southern_SSE_Energy_Distribution_Power_Company_Electricity_Generating.htm | 2024-02-28T19:40:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.938847 | 2,076 | 2.53125 | 3 | [
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Quota bags are an essential tool in many industries, particularly in the manufacturing and distribution sectors. These bags are specifically designed to help companies meet their production goals and ensure the efficient handling and transportation of goods. Their purpose is to allocate a certain quantity or weight of products to be packed or shipped, enabling businesses to easily quantify and track their inventory.
One of the main benefits of quota bags is that they simplify the logistics process. By pre-determining the quantity or weight of products to be packed or shipped, companies can effectively plan and schedule their operations. This helps minimize delays, avoid overproduction or underproduction, and ensure that the right amount of products is available at the right time.
In addition to streamlining operations, quota bags also offer a range of advantages in terms of quality control. By packaging products in predetermined quantities, companies can easily monitor the consistency and reliability of their production processes. This allows them to identify and address any issues or variations, ensuring that customers receive consistent and high-quality products.
Furthermore, quota bags can also be used as a marketing tool. By clearly displaying the quantity or weight of products contained within the bag, companies can convey a sense of value and transparency to their customers. This can help build trust and loyalty, as customers are more likely to appreciate and understand the value they are getting for their money.
Overall, quota bags provide a range of benefits for businesses in terms of logistics, quality control, and marketing. By accurately allocating quantities or weights of products, companies can streamline their operations, maintain consistent quality, and build trust with their customers.
What Are Quota Bags?
A quota bag is a type of bag used in various industries to control and monitor the amount of certain products that can be produced or transported. It is designed to ensure that a specific quota or limit is not exceeded. Quota bags are commonly used in the agricultural, fishing, and manufacturing sectors.
How Do Quota Bags Work?
- Quota bags are typically assigned to individuals or companies who are permitted to produce or transport a certain quantity of a specific product.
- The bags are often labeled or marked with identification numbers or codes to track their usage.
- Each time a product is produced or transported, it is placed in a quota bag and the bag is sealed to prevent tampering or unauthorized access.
- The bags are then collected and inspected by regulatory authorities to ensure compliance with the assigned quota.
Benefits of Using Quota Bags
Quota bags offer several benefits in industries where production or transportation quotas are imposed:
- Quota Control: Quota bags help maintain control over the quantity of a specific product that is produced or transported, ensuring that quotas are not exceeded.
- Traceability: The use of quota bags with identification numbers or codes allows for easy traceability of products, making it easier to track and monitor compliance.
- Regulatory Compliance: By using quota bags, companies can demonstrate their compliance with regulations and avoid penalties or fines for exceeding quotas.
- Preventing Fraud: The sealing of quota bags helps prevent tampering or unauthorized access to the products, reducing the risk of fraud or illegal activities.
Overall, quota bags play a crucial role in controlling and monitoring the production and transportation of goods in industries where quotas are imposed. They help ensure compliance with regulations, prevent fraud, and provide transparency in the supply chain.
The Purpose of Quota Bags
Quota bags are an important tool used in various industries to regulate and monitor the amount of goods that can be produced or sold within a specific period. They play a crucial role in managing resources, maintaining market stability, and promoting fair competition.
1. Resource Management:
Quota bags are used to manage and control the allocation of limited resources. By setting quotas, governments or regulatory bodies ensure that excessive exploitation of resources does not occur, preserving them for future generations. This is particularly important in industries such as fishing, where overfishing can lead to depletion of fish stocks and disrupt the ecological balance of marine ecosystems.
2. Market Stability:
By limiting the amount of goods that can be produced or sold, quota bags help maintain stability in the market. This prevents excessive supply and demand fluctuations which can lead to price volatility. Stable prices are beneficial for both consumers and producers, as they provide a predictable environment for buying and selling goods.
3. Fair Competition:
Quotas ensure that all participants in an industry have an equal opportunity to compete. By limiting production or imports, quota bags prevent dominant players from flooding the market and stifling competition. This promotes a level playing field, allowing smaller businesses and new entrants to thrive and contribute to economic growth.
4. Trade Regulation:
Quota bags play a crucial role in regulating international trade. Countries use them to control the quantity of goods imported or exported, protecting domestic industries from unfair competition or safeguarding strategic sectors. Quotas can also be used as a bargaining tool during trade negotiations, allowing countries to negotiate favorable terms.
Overall, quota bags serve to maintain resource sustainability, stabilize markets, promote fair competition, and regulate trade. They are a fundamental tool for governments and regulatory bodies to ensure the efficient and equitable utilization of resources and facilitate economic growth.
The Benefits of Using Quota Bags
Quota bags, also known as allocation bags or share bags, are a valuable tool for managing and distributing resources in various industries. They offer several benefits to both producers and consumers. Here are some of the key advantages of using quota bags:
1. Fair Allocation
Quota bags ensure a fair allocation of limited resources among individuals or entities. By setting a specific quota or share for each participant, it prevents any single entity from dominating the market and allows for equal opportunities.
2. Resource Management
Quota bags help in the effective management of resources. They ensure that resources are utilized in a sustainable manner by limiting the quantity available to each participant. This helps to prevent overexploitation and preserves resources for future generations.
3. Stable Market Prices
Quota bags contribute to stable market prices by controlling the supply of goods or services. By limiting the amount available, they can help prevent price fluctuations caused by surpluses or shortages.
4. Encourages Compliance
Quota bags provide an incentive for participants to comply with regulations and quotas. Those who exceed their allocated quota may face penalties or fines. This encourages responsible resource management and discourages illegal or unsustainable practices.
5. Market Stability
Quota bags contribute to overall market stability by ensuring a consistent supply of goods or services. This reduces the risk of market disruptions caused by sudden spikes or drops in supply.
6. Environmental Protection
Quota bags can help protect the environment by setting limits on the extraction or production of resources. This helps to prevent overexploitation and minimize negative impacts on ecosystems.
7. Long-Term Planning
Quota bags provide a framework for long-term planning and investment. Participants can make informed decisions based on their allocated share, allowing for more efficient resource allocation and business planning.
8. Economic Benefits
Quota bags can have positive economic effects by promoting stability and sustainability in industries. They create opportunities for businesses to thrive and provide a level playing field for competitors.
9. International Trade
Quota bags can also be used in international trade to regulate the import and export of goods. By setting quotas on certain products, countries can protect domestic industries and promote fair trade practices.
In conclusion, quota bags offer numerous benefits across a range of industries. From ensuring fair allocation and resource management to promoting stable markets and environmental protection, they play a crucial role in shaping sustainable and responsible industries.
How Quota Bags Work
A quota bag is a tool used by businesses and governments to control the supply and distribution of certain goods or resources. It is designed to allocate a specific amount or quota of a product to different parties, such as wholesalers, retailers, or individual consumers.
Quota bags are typically used in industries where there may be limited availability of resources, such as fishing or agriculture. The purpose of implementing quota bags is to prevent overfishing, overharvesting, or other unsustainable practices that could lead to the depletion of the resource.
Here’s how quota bags work:
- A governing body or regulatory agency determines the total allowable catch or production limit for a specific resource, such as fish or crops.
- This total allowable catch is then divided into individual quotas, which are allocated to different parties based on various factors, including historical catch records, market demand, and sustainability goals.
- The quotas are represented by quota bags, which are physical or virtual containers that hold a specific amount of the resource. These bags can be in the form of permits, licenses, certificates, or digital records.
- The parties receiving the quota bags are authorized to harvest or produce the allocated quantity of the resource within a specified time period, usually a fishing season or growing season.
- Throughout the harvesting or production period, the parties must keep track of their quota bag usage and ensure they do not exceed their allocated quota. This helps to ensure sustainability and prevent overexploitation of the resource.
- If a party exceeds their quota or fails to use their allocated quota, they may face penalties, fines, or other consequences imposed by the governing body.
Quota bags play a crucial role in promoting sustainable resource management and preventing the exhaustion of valuable resources. By implementing quotas and monitoring their usage, governments and businesses can ensure the long-term availability of these resources while also supporting the economic viability of the industries that depend on them.
Types of Quota Bags
Quota bags come in various types, each designed to serve different purposes and industries. Below are some common types of quota bags:
- Fishing Quota Bags: These bags are specifically designed for the fishing industry. They are used to carry and store fish, ensuring that the catch is kept safe and fresh during transportation.
- Food Quota Bags: Food quota bags are widely used in the food industry to transport and store perishable items such as fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. These bags are typically made of materials that provide insulation to maintain the freshness and quality of the food.
- Medical Quota Bags: Medical quota bags are used in the healthcare industry to transport sensitive medical supplies and equipment. These bags are designed to protect the contents from damage and contamination, ensuring that the medical items remain safe and sterile.
- Agricultural Quota Bags: These bags are commonly used in the agricultural sector to transport crops, seeds, and other agricultural products. Agricultural quota bags are designed to provide protection against pests, moisture, and other environmental factors that may affect the quality of the products.
- Waste Management Quota Bags: Quota bags are also used in waste management systems to collect and dispose of various types of waste. These bags are often durable and resistant to tearing, ensuring that the waste is properly contained and transported for disposal.
These are just a few examples of the different types of quota bags available. Each type serves a specific purpose and provides unique benefits, making them valuable tools in various industries.
Quota Bags vs. Traditional Storage Bags
Quota Bags are a type of storage bag that is specifically designed for a particular purpose. They are typically used in industries where specific measurements or quantities need to be stored or transported, such as in agriculture, food processing, and manufacturing.
Traditional storage bags, on the other hand, are more general-purpose bags that are used for a variety of storage needs. They are commonly used in households for storing items such as clothing, toys, and other miscellaneous items.
- Capacity: Quota bags are typically designed to hold a specific weight or volume. They are manufactured to strict standards to ensure accurate measurements and quantities. Traditional storage bags, on the other hand, come in a wide range of sizes and capacities to accommodate different storage needs.
- Durability: Quota bags are often made from heavy-duty materials that are designed to withstand rough handling and transportation. They are engineered to be durable and long-lasting. Traditional storage bags, while they can be made from a variety of materials, are generally not as sturdy as quota bags and may not hold up well to heavy or constant use.
- Stackability: Quota bags are commonly designed to be stackable, allowing for efficient use of space during storage or transportation. They often have reinforced corners or handles to facilitate stacking. Traditional storage bags may or may not be stackable, depending on their design and construction.
- Labeling: Quota bags often come with pre-printed labels or tags for easy identification and tracking of contents. This is especially important in industries where accurate inventory management is crucial. Traditional storage bags generally do not have any labeling features, although users may choose to add their own labels or tags for organization purposes.
In conclusion, while traditional storage bags are versatile and suitable for general storage needs, quota bags offer specific benefits for industries that require precise measurements, durability, stackability, and labeling for efficient storage and transportation of quantities or weights.
Quota Bags for Different Industries
Quota bags are used in various industries to control and regulate the production and distribution of goods. Here are some examples of industries where quota bags are commonly utilized:
- Agriculture: Quota bags play a vital role in the agricultural sector, particularly in the harvesting and export of crops. They are used to measure and limit the quantity of produce that can be grown, harvested, and sold, ensuring fair distribution and preventing market saturation.
- Fishing: Quota bags are essential in the fishing industry to manage and conserve fish stocks. By setting quotas for different fish species, governments and organizations aim to regulate fishing activities and prevent overfishing. Quota bags are used to measure and monitor the amount of fish caught to ensure compliance with the set quotas.
- Manufacturing: In manufacturing industries, quota bags are utilized to control the production and distribution of goods. By setting quotas on the number of items produced, companies can manage the supply and demand, maintain price stability, and avoid excessive inventory buildup.
- Textiles and Apparel: Quota bags are often used in the textiles and apparel industry to regulate the import and export of clothing and fabrics. Quotas are implemented to protect domestic industries, ensure fair competition, and limit the influx of cheap foreign goods.
- Pharmaceuticals: Quota bags are employed in the pharmaceutical industry to manage the production and distribution of medications. By setting quotas on the amount of certain drugs that can be manufactured and sold, governments can control the availability of essential medicines and prevent shortages or excessive stockpiling.
Overall, quota bags have a significant impact on various industries, helping to maintain equilibrium, prevent overproduction, manage resources, and ensure fair competition and distribution of goods.
Choosing the Right Quota Bag for Your Needs
Quota bags are a practical and versatile solution for storing and organizing various items. Whether you are packing for a trip, organizing your belongings at home, or transporting goods, choosing the right quota bag can make a big difference in convenience and efficiency. Here are some factors to consider when selecting a quota bag:
- Size: Determining the appropriate size of quota bag is crucial for meeting your specific needs. Consider the amount of items you plan to store or transport and choose a quota bag that can accommodate them comfortably.
- Material: Quota bags are available in a variety of materials, including nylon, cotton, and canvas. Each material has its advantages, such as durability and resistance to water or stains. Consider the purpose and conditions in which you will use the quota bag to find the most suitable material.
- Design: Quota bags come in various designs, including duffel bags, backpacks, and tote bags. Consider the ease of carrying and accessing your items when choosing a design. For example, a backpack may be more convenient for outdoor activities or traveling, while a tote bag may be better for everyday use.
- Features: Look for any additional features that may enhance the functionality of the quota bag. This can include pockets, compartments, and adjustable straps. Such features can help you better organize your items and provide added convenience.
- Price: Compare prices of different quota bags to find one that fits your budget. Keep in mind that higher-quality materials and additional features may result in a higher price, but they can also provide better durability and functionality.
Lastly, consider reading reviews and seeking recommendations from others who have used quota bags to get a better understanding of the pros and cons of different options. With careful consideration and research, you can find the right quota bag that meets your specific needs and provides long-lasting functionality.
Question and answer:
What are quota bags?
Quota bags are specially designed bags used to manage and control the quantity and distribution of goods or resources. They are typically used in industries such as agriculture, fishing, and manufacturing to ensure fair allocation and prevent overproduction.
How do quota bags work?
Quota bags work by setting predetermined limits on the amount of goods or resources that can be produced, harvested, or distributed within a specific time period. These limits are often determined by government regulations or industry associations. The goods or resources are then divided and distributed among eligible participants using the quota bags.
What is the purpose of using quota bags?
The purpose of using quota bags is to maintain a balance between supply and demand, prevent overproduction or depletion of resources, and ensure fair distribution among participants. Quota systems help to regulate markets, protect the environment, and foster sustainability in various industries.
What are the benefits of quota bags?
Quota bags offer several benefits. They help to prevent overproduction and reduce waste, as producers are given a specific limit to adhere to. This encourages efficient production practices and reduces the risk of oversaturation in the market. Quota bags also promote fair competition and protect smaller producers or fishermen by ensuring they have a share in the market.
Are there any drawbacks to using quota bags?
While quota bags have their benefits, they can also have some drawbacks. They can sometimes result in artificial scarcity or create a black market, as participants may try to exceed their quotas or sell their quotas to others. Quota systems can also be complex to administer and enforce, requiring monitoring and regulation to ensure compliance.
How are quota bags regulated?
Quota bags are regulated through government policies, industry associations, or international agreements. Governments may set quotas based on factors such as environmental sustainability, market demand, or economic considerations. Industry associations may also play a role in setting and monitoring quota limits. Enforcement can involve fines, penalties, or the revocation of quota privileges for non-compliant participants. | <urn:uuid:ed29f88e-95df-4e58-9989-3f72e68af4d0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hazrataliquotesenglish.com/what-is-a-quota-bag/ | 2024-02-28T19:23:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.943689 | 3,827 | 2.515625 | 3 | [
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By Paula R. Stiles
The Knights Templar have found themselves at the centre of some really crazy myth-making. Let’s take a quick (and, hopefully, not too brain-bruising) tour through the biggies:
The Templars found the Holy Grail: This is one of the oldest myths about the Order. It’s not true, but that hasn’t stopped anyone writing about it. Stories about Arthur and his knights searching for the Holy Grail (described variously as a stone, a plate or the Cup of Christ from the Last Supper that brought the searcher into the presence of God) started to pop up in the 12th and 13th centuries and became very popular. It’s generally accepted (though not without some ongoing debate) that a guy named Wolfram von Eschenbach used the Templars as models for the knights guarding the Grail (Eschenbach even called them “Templeisen“) in his early 13th century epic Parzival. These Grail knights were fiction. The Templars were real. They owned real relics, but no evidence has ever been found that they owned the Grail (though some who believe that the Shroud of Turin is really Christ’s burial shroud also believe the Templars stole it from Constantinople in 1204).
According to a fairly recent article by Helen Nicholson, the Templars most often appear in other Arthurian romances as helpers of star-crossed lovers.
The Templars traveled to the New World: This myth, on the other hand, is very new (20th century) and is related to the collection of urban legends connected to a possible site of pirate treasure on Oak Island off the northeastern coast of Canada. According to the myth, the Templars came to the New World in the form of the Scottish Earl of Orkney, Henry St Clair (called, by the supporters of this myth, “Sinclair”). This myth is based on three erronious assumptions.
First, the idea that Henry St Clair went on a voyage to the New World is based on a questionable identification of a mysterious figure called “Prince Zichnmi” as St. Clair in something called the “Zeno Manuscript”, written by a pair of Italian brothers. Second, the Zeno Manuscript claims to have documented a voyage to the New World in 1398 that predated that of Columbus. Unfortunately for those making this claim now, the earliest copy only dates to the mid-16th century. As you can imagine, the Zeno brothers had every reason to lie. Third, the assumption that Henry St Clair was a Templar is based on the idea that the St. Clairs were secret Templars after the fall of the Order. The connection of the Oak Island site (which is its own can of worms) to the Templars wasn’t made until the 20th century.
Ironically, someone did get to the New World before Columbus and they did land on Canadian soil. But those were the Vikings from Greenland circa 1000 C.E. Not the Templars.
The Templars escaped to Scotland after their Trial: One theory made by some popular Templar “historians” is that a few Templars escaped prosecution and fled to Scotland. There is evidence that individual Templars did escape. Nostalgia for the Order (mainly in the Iberian Peninsula) persisted into the 16th century. Also, many Hospitaller properties, even in Scotland, are reputed to have originally been inherited by the Templars.
But the main theory about the Templars fleeing to Scotland and remaining there as a coherent order (which is quite a different thing) doesn’t appear to predate the 19th century. It’s based on the idea that the Templars appeared at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 and were welcomed by the excommunicated Scottish King Robert the Bruce. Only problem is that the source cited (a poet and cleric named John Barbour) wasn’t even born at the time. Barbour also only mentions a group of “men and young boys” coming to Bruce’s aid, not the big, honking charge of armed Templar knights in full regalia later claimed.
In truth, Scotland was a very small Templar region with two (maybe three) preceptories. Plus, it was far away from the heart of Templar territory in the early 14th century – namely, France and Spain. It would have logistically awkward, to put it kindly, for any renegade Templars to choose that place to regroup.
The Templars built Rosslyn Chapel in Scotland: The Templars were real. Rosslyn Chapel is real (and quite beautiful). And the Chapel was founded by a grandson of Henry St Clair (remember him?), starting in 1446. However, the medieval St Clairs were not connected with the Templars (something they made a point of emphasizing at the Scottish Templars’ trial). Also, the Chapel was started nearly a century and a half after the suppression of the Order. So, you do the math.
The Templars were Devil-(or idol)-worshippers: This is one of the charges that were leveled against the Templars at the Trial and it is technically the oldest (you’ll see why in a minute). The only “evidence” ever found of the Templars’ having any idols of any type was a relic containing part of the skull of a woman, found during the ransacking of one of the commanderies. Some brethren did confess to worshipping a head. Still, as this was one of the things they were being tortured into confessing (and most people will say anything you want them to after you hold their feet over a fire), that doesn’t prove much.
In a very influential book from 1975, Europe’s Inner Demons, historian Norman Cohn traced the nasty history of the charges made against the Templars (and other groups) back to similar charges made against early Christians over a thousand years before. These charges were also popularly made against Jews and Muslims in the 15th and 16th centuries and remained equally popular against witches into the 18th century. In fact, you see them still echoed in the satanic child abuse and recovered memory scandals of the 1980s in the U.S. and Canada.
So, you can believe that there have been baby-eating devil-worshippers lurking through European society for the past two thousand years, or you can take a page from Dean Winchester of Supernatural: “Demons I get. People are crazy.”
In other words, it’s all bunk. The charges themselves, and the societal insanity they represent, are far more dangerous than the many innocents accused that they destroyed.
The Templars were racist, misogynistic, intolerant crusaders: Ironically, this one is not as old as you might think, and gosh, did Ridley Scott have fun with it in Kingdom of Heaven. I’m not sure which was funnier – copying this two-hundred-year-old piece of cant about the Templars and calling it “new” or portraying the Hospitallers as supertolerant Friar Tucks in contrast. Or maybe it was just the hootworthy idea of Orlando Bloom playing a 12th-century knight. A few Mike’s Hard Ciders about twenty minutes in helped me stop caring.
Some of the oldest specific charges against the Templars date to around the 12th century, where they were, in fact, accused of being pro-Muslim. The intolerance charge actually appeared long after the Order’s suppression among some anti-Catholic writers in the 17th and 18th centuries as a way of slurring the Catholic Church. It was Gibbon in The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire who “established” in the 18th century that the Templars were crusading fanatics. Gibbon’s polemical theory was that the Roman Empire (Good Guys) was destroyed by the rise of Christianity (Bad Guys). The Templar part of it was ground in by Walter Scott in his classic novel Ivanhoe. Scott added to that the idea that the Templars were also antisemitic and misogynistic devotés of some weird cult that wanted to take over the Christian world.
In reality, there are literally hundreds of surviving documents detailing stories of Templars interacting positively with Christian, Jewish, Muslim and even female associates, including taking in the widows and families of those associates. There were even non-Christians on “confratres lists” and a female Preceptrix (Templar officer) in Northeastern Spain. The Templars definitely had their flaws, but, with all due respect to Scott’s attempt to create a politically-correct fantasy about the Crusades era, Kingdom of Heaven got it all wrong.
The Templars founded the Freemasons: The first known Masonic lodge “went public” in England in 1717. Some Freemasons later in the century decided that they needed a noble pedigree and hit on the Templars as being suitably rebellious victims of the Catholic Church. The fact that the Templars didn’t rebel against the Church somehow escaped them. Since then, most sensible Masonic historians have refuted the wilder theories that have the Freemasons descended from the Templars, or even their mythical founder, Hiram, builder of the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem thousands of years ago. The theory that the Freemasons are descended from medieval masons is still a possibility. The problem is that there’s little reliable evidence of any Freemasonry before 1717.
You know that claim from National Treasure that a bunch of America’s Founding Fathers were Freemasons? Probably true. Though the commitment to and involvement in Freemasonry of various members remains quite open to debate.
As you can see, the myths surrounding the Templars have ranged over the centuries from flattering to silly to pernicious. One thing you can say about them, though – like the Templars themselves, the stories are never boring. And that’s the real reason why they’re still so popular.
If you enjoyed this article, feel free to check out the others from our Templar Week. And please consider making a small donation to Innsmouth Free Press. | <urn:uuid:778c8041-7973-40fb-b40a-953134251255> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://innsmouthfreepress.com/templar-week-top-seven-templar-myths/ | 2024-02-28T19:10:13Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.973578 | 2,149 | 2.578125 | 3 | [
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] |
Political relations between the Jewish State of Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany will always have aspects that transcend normal foreign relationships.
The Federal Republic of Germany is identical with the “Deutsche Reich” of the past as a subject of international law. This is the legal standpoint, as well, of the Federal Constitutional Court1 of the German Federal Government.2 It has legal and political consequences. As former German President Joachim Gauck said: “One thing is absolutely clear: our normal relations are to remain forever special. Israel and Germany are inextricably linked by the memory of the Shoah. We Germans are aware of our moral obligation to the Jewish people and the State of Israel, and we will not let this awareness fade.”3
So far, so good. In official speeches, Germany is a champion of friendship between Germany and Israel. But often there is a lack of concrete steps to match the high standards of ceremonial speeches. German-Israeli relations started in 1952 with the Luxemburg Treaty. This treaty was of mutual interest. The Federal Republic sought international recognition and acceptance, and Israel needed support for the double challenge of developing the new state with its economy and the military with its hostile environment. As the consequence of the developing relations established in the Luxemburg Treaty, Israel received military aid from Germany, which was guaranteed in a further informal agreement.4 The obligation is still vital today: Israel ordered several advanced submarines for its defense, especially against the Iranian threat. Israeli military demands are financially subsidized by the German federal budget.5 Chancellor Angela Merkel made her position very clear in her speech to the Knesset in 2008 when she defined “Germany’s special historical responsibility for Israel’s security. This historical responsibility is part of my country’s raison d’être.”6
I would say that her conviction never changed, but in the current environment and the administration of the Foreign Ministry, you will also find a very different attitude today.
Eroding Public Opinion
After World War II, German-Israeli relations were a project of the political elite in Germany to help Germany integrate into the family of nations despite its horrible and criminal past. Relations with the nation-state of the Jewish people were an indispensable tool for this purpose. Likewise, the younger generation within the German civil society of that era took up the question of the German responsibility for the Shoah. The Deutsche-Israelische Gesellschaft and the Gesellschaft für christlich-jüdische Zusammenarbeit, two concrete non-partisan projects, were motivated by this approach of responsibility.
Today, 77 percent of the German population believes history should be put to rest; the younger generation today supports this idea even more strongly.7 About half of the German population does not want the German government to endorse Israel’s position in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. More than two-thirds of the population oppose German weapon supplies to Israel, Germany’s only concrete action to defend Israel’s existence.8 Whereas classical anti-Semitism in Germany is declining among the younger generation, negative attitudes toward Israel are slightly higher.9
In the 21st century Germany, responsibility for the past is no longer a popular central motif motivating good relations between Israel and Germany.
As the aspect of responsibility for the past loses importance, the image of Israel’s role in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict weakens the support for Israel’s security among the German public.
- The public is not well informed about the history and presence of Israel. More and more, a narrative has taken over that decontextualized the conflict between Israel and the Arab-Palestinian neighbors. In the mind of the many, the history started with the occupation of Gaza and the West Bank. Forgotten are the War of Independence against the attacking Arab countries that denied the Jewish people their own state, the Arab aggression before the conquest of the Jordanian-occupied West Bank and east Jerusalem, as well as the Egyptian-controlled Gaza Strip.
- The German media often portrays the actual conflicts between Israel and Gaza or actions in the territories unfairly or absurdly.10 Headlines like: “Israel threatens with self-defense”11 are not uncommon. Often, only the Israeli response to Palestinian attacks finds its way into the headlines.12 By this, Israel is portrayed as the aggressive occupier.
- Political analysts of the most important German foreign policy think tank Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) tend to focus only on EU pressure on Israel. They highlight the settlements in the West Bank and the settlement policy of the Israeli government as the main obstacle for peace.13 The idea of pressure by the European Union on the Palestinian Authority to stop sponsoring directly or indirectly terrorism is mainly out of sight.14
- Projects of the actual Israeli political coalition, e.g., the NGO law, the discussion about the nation-state bill, or the regularization law, are perceived as shrinking the space of Israel’s civil society or promoting nationalist settler positions, nourishing German doubts about Israel’s willingness to achieve peace. They also discredit Israel’s vital security interests. These problematic projects make the international and German public forget that Israel has always chosen “land for peace” if there is a realistic chance for it, as was done in the Sinai with Egypt, in Lebanon, and in Gaza, even though this has not always met with success. Here, the majority of the Knesset could be clearer about Israel’s identity as a Jewish AND Democratic state15 than it was in this current legislative session.
Holocaust education today is insufficient to fight anti-Semitism and encourage friendly relations between Germany and Israel. Besides countering anti-Semitic, anti-Zionist attitudes, it is crucial to teach the history of the Zionist movement and the founding of the Jewish and democratic state, as well as the history of the conflict between Israel and its neighbors.
We have to stabilize our relations with the perspective of the future, with common values and common interests.
2013–2018 – A Period of Ups and Downs in the Bilateral Relationship
During the last German legislature session, Israel and Germany celebrated 50 years of mutual diplomatic relations. But the same period saw a freezing of bilateral relations – twice. The German government canceled a joint cabinet meeting in May 201716 over Israel’s settlement policy, and German Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel intentionally sparked a diplomatic scandal during his inaugural visit to Israel as foreign minister.17
For some in Germany, Gabriel’s diplomatic faux pas was the welcome sign of a long-desired change in attitude toward Israel.18 Even before this incident, political analysts of the German foreign policy SWP think tank had speculated about such a welcome development.19
It is evident that in Germany there is a deep – I would not say misunderstanding but – “not understanding” of Israel’s security situation. For Germans, security is mostly about burglary and theft, very rarely about terrorism like the horrific truck terror attack on Breitscheidplatz in Berlin in 2016, and certainly not about war. That security in Israel means survival and defending its existence seems very far away. The ignorance toward this challenge is fueled by a German narrative how a non-aggressive foreign policy could work out for the good.
One of the consequences in Germany after World War II in 1945 was: “Nie Wieder Krieg! [No more war!]” This attitude was best expressed in the German “Entspannungspolitik [policy of détente]” under the slogan “change through rapprochement,” a concept of foreign policy drafted by the foreign policy expert of the Social-Democratic Party, Egon Bahr.20 This concept has deeply influenced German policy concepts of all parties. What worked very well with the Communist East is now often applied also toward Putin, Erdogan, and Iran. The Bahr approach in German foreign policy, as well as a geopolitical situation surrounded by peaceful neighbors, results in a deep lack of understanding of Israel’s situation – both in public as in the political class.
The term “proportionality,” applied so often in Israel’s conflicts, is not perceived as using force most delicately and only as the last remedy, but strictly as a comparison in the number of victims. By this, since its victory in 1967, Israel is seen as the strong giant with nothing to fear. If there is no peace agreement, according to this attitude, it is because of the lack of Israel’s will and not the lack of a responsible and reliable Palestinian leadership and a security framework for the implementation of any achievable agreement.
After the disastrous diplomatic developments of 2017, Germany’s new foreign minister, Heiko Maas, showed a different attitude than his predecessor. Stating that he entered politics because of Auschwitz, Heiko Maas denies the gestures of Gabriel teaching Israel the definition of democracy. Maas goes back to the fundaments of German-Israeli relations as a reflection of responsibility for the past.
The future will tell if Maas will take over the Foreign Ministry or the ministry will take over him. Statements this summer on Iran show no change until now on subjects where Israel’s security is concerned. On the Iran issue, Maas seeks to defend the existing JCPOA agreement without challenging Iran on Hizbullah and its armament program.21 He even warned on Twitter22 that a regime change in Iran would bring “radical and fundamentalist forces” to power.
Germany Could Do More than It Is Doing
1. We should advocate for fair treatment of Israel in international bodies. The German government does not need to love Prime Minister Netanyahu and Israel’s current government. As our countries are both diverse democracies, we can continue to discuss issues like Heimatministerium,23 the nation-state bill, or others in a non-confrontational way. Despite these controversies, we should respect the Israeli government as democratically elected and stand up when Israel is singled out in international forums: in the UN Human Rights Council, UNESCO, ECOSOC,24 the General Assembly of the United Nations, and elsewhere.
Recently, on the 70th anniversary of Israel’s existence, Germany failed to endorse Israel’s pursuit of a seat on the UN Security Council and favored its own ambitions instead. A good friend would ask why Israel, as the only democracy in the Middle East, was never a member of the Security Council while Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan were – some of them even several times. Germany should seek another chance to fight for Israel to serve for a term on the Security Council or at least in another UN body. Success in this question would create normality in the United Nations and thereby endorse Israel’s very existence.25
2. We should stop Palestinian terror incitement. Germany is always very outspoken about its legal standpoint on the Israeli settlement issue, which, by the way, is in accord with the positions of UN bodies and the European Union. But international law is also very clear if it comes to terrorism and incitement to violence.26
The European Union27 and Germany28 pay a huge share to the budget of the Palestinian Authority. According to Israel’s prime minister, the Palestinian Authority pays $350 million to terrorists and their families.29 The Palestinian Authority and the PLO have two pension systems for endorsing prisoners and the surviving relatives of so-called martyrs.30 And this is an incitement to terrorism. The German government excuses itself in arguing they do not directly fund those terror pension systems. But it is evident that only because of foreign aid, the Palestinian Authority has the financial flexibility to act like this. Stopping this terror financing system31 should at least be a condition for future payments from the budget of Germany, as well as from the budget of the European Union.
3. We should engage more actively against the Iranian threat to Israel. If Germany wants to remain within the E3’s nuclear agreement with Iran, it should at least try to address the problem of the Iranian missile program and the Hizbullah issue. Being a friend of Israel and declaring its security as a German raison d’état, Germany cannot close its eyes any longer in the face of this existential threat to Israel’s existence.
4. In the European Union, we should lobby for labeling all goods of occupied and disputed territories or none. According to the legal standpoint of the German government and European Union, the territories outside the 1967 borders controlled by Israel are occupied territories. Even if their status is unclear because they were occupied before by Jordan or controlled by Egypt, international law forbids the settling of citizens of the occupying power in such territories. In trade, there must be a differentiation between goods of the states and the territories they control. The European Union, therefore, asked for labeling products of the territories differently from the products from the State of Israel. However, there are other unresolved conflicts like this, such as the Kingdom of Morocco and Western Sahara. In none of these conflicts has the European Union demanded the labeling of the products of the occupied entities. Therefore, if the European Union is applying international law, then it should be done for all comparable cases. If it is only demanded from Israel, the Jewish and democratic state, then it is anti-Semitic, and Germany should put a stop to it.
* * *
- The Federal Constitutional Court has stated in settled case-law that the subject of international law “German Reich” has not perished and that the Federal Republic of Germany is not its legal successor, but identical with it as a subject of international law (BVerfGE 36, pp. 1, 16, see also BVerfGE 77, pp. 137, 155).
- Bundestagsdrucksache 18/5178 15.06.2015 p. 4; Bundestagsdrucksache 18/4076 20. 02. 2015, p. 10.
- Speech of Federal President Joachim Gauck at the state banquet on the occasion of the visit by President Reuven Rivlin of Israel. Berlin, Schloss Bellevue, 11 May 2015. http://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Reden/2015/05/150511-ISR-Staatsbankett-englisch.pdf;jsessionid=323B2FA697ECC28BC7380EDEE88619C8.2_cid362?__blob=publicationFile
- Rainer Blasius, “Das längst fällige Bekenntnis,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, February 01, 2005. http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/deutsch-israelische-geschichte-das-laengst-faellige-bekenntnis-1213343.html
The latest submarine demand is subsidized with €540 billion. The corruption suspicion against Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is endangering the acceptance of this military supply framework in the German political class.
“Germany okays deal to sell nuke-capable submarines to Israel,” The Times of Israel, June 30, 2017. https://www.timesofisrael.com/germany-okayes-deal-to-sell-nuke-capable-submarines-to-israel/
Cecilia Reibele, “Umstrittenes U-Boot-Geschäft mit Israel,” MDR, January 15, 2018. https://www.mdr.de/nachrichten/politik/inland/hmp-uboote-deutschland-israel100.html
- Speech by Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel to the Knesset in Jerusalem on March 18, 2008 https://www.knesset.gov.il/description/eng/doc/speech_merkel_2008_eng.pdf in German: https://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Bulletin/2008/03/26-1-bk-knesset.html
- Bertelsmann Stiftung: Deutschland und Israel heute Verbindende Vergangenheit, trennende Gegenwart? Gütersloh,2015, pp. 22, 26. https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/Studie_LW_Deutschland_und_Israel_heute_2015.pdf
- Ibidem, p. 68.
- Ibidem, p. 41 .
- Christian Meier: Terroranschläge in Israel und “halbe Wahrheiten”, Die Welt, November 28, 2017. https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/politik/article171022284/Terroranschlaege-in-Israel-und-halbe-Wahrheiten.html
- Irans Atomwaffen: Israel droht mit Selbstverteidigung – FOCUS Online, 22.01.2006 https://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/atomstreit_aid_103917.html
- Georg Hafner, Esther Schapira, “Medien und Israel – Es ist kompliziert,” Jüdische Allgemeine, January 4, 2018. https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/article/view/id/30489
- They are not: Ori Mark showed that the settlements are not a main obstacle to peace. Ori Mark: How Many Settlers Need to Be Evacuated to Make Way for a Palestinian State, Haaretz, 18. 8.2018. https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-how-many-settlers-need-to-be-evacuated-to-make-way-for-a-palestinian-state-1.6386939.
- Muriel Asseburg, “Die Palästinensische Autonomiebehörde und die Hamas-Regierung: Erfüllungsgehilfen der Besatzung?” p. 45; René Wildangel, “Die Europäische Union und der israelisch-palästinensische Konflikt: Von der Deklaration zur Aktion?” pp. 63–65, in: Peter Lintl (Hg.), Akteure des israelisch-palästinensischen Konflikts Interessen, Narrative und die Wechselwirkungen der Besatzung. Studie Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP). (Deutsches Institut für Internationale Politik und Sicherheit. Berlin, 2018). https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/studien/2018S02_ltl.pdf
- A good example for a clear position: Tzipi Livni, “There’s a Reason the Opposition Didn’t Attend the Nation-state Protest.” Haaretz, August 17, 2018. https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-there-s-a-reason-the-opposition-didn-t-attend-the-nation-state-protest-1.6386894.
- JTA: Angela Merkel cancels joint Cabinet meeting with Israel. February 14, 2017. http://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/angela-merkel-cancels-joint-cabinet-meeting-with-israel/
- Alan Posener, “Besuch in Israel. Sigmar Gabriel hat als Diplomat versagt,” Die Welt, April 26, 2017. https://www.welt.de/debatte/kommentare/article164033991/Sigmar-Gabriel-hat-als-Diplomat-versagt.html
- Martin Reh, “Das Ende der Leisetreterei. die tageszeitung,” Die Tageszeitung, April 25, 2017. http://www.taz.de/!5399964/
- Asseburg M., Busse J., “Deutschlands Politik gegenüber Israel,” pp. 709–712. In: Jäger T., Höse A., Oppermann K. (eds), Deutsche Außenpolitik, (VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2011), pp. 693–716. https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/fachpublikationen/29_Asseburg_Busse_Final%20(2).ks.pdf
- Egon Bahr, “Wandel durch Annäherung,” Rede in der Evangelischen Akademie Tutzing [Tutzinger Rede], July 15, 1963. https://www.1000dokumente.de/pdf/dok_0091_bah_de.pdf
- Federica Mogherini und der E3-Außenminister Jean-Yves Le Drian (Frankreich), Heiko Maas (Deutschland) und Jeremy Hunt (Großbritannien), Gemeinsame Erklärung der E3/EU zur Wiedereinführung von US-Iran-Sanktionen (Auswärtiges Amt, Berlin, August 6, 2018). https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/newsroom/e3-eu-zu-us-iran-sanktionen/2124462
- Heiko Maas on Twitter: “Wer sich einen ‘regime change’ in Iran erhofft, darf nicht vergessen, dass was immer auch folgt, uns viel größere Probleme bereiten könnte. Eine Isolierung könnte gerade den radikalen und fundamentalistischen Kräften Auftrieb geben, was die Region noch mehr destabilisieren würde.” August 9, 2018. https://twitter.com/HeikoMaas/status/1027467649909968896
- The official translation of the name “Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat” is: “Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community,” despite Heimat meaning home or homeland and not community. https://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/ministry/ministry-node.html
- A question of the author to the press department of the German Foreign Ministry why Germany abstained in the voting on an Israeli motion of ECOSOC on the release of Israeli captives in Gaza was answered by the minister himself (August 12, 2018). He claims that unity of the EU vote and to avoid a text of the motion which was even more against Israel’s interest were the motives of the German acting in ECOSOC. He describes this as a general German strategy in such cases. See: Tovah Lazaroff, “UN Body refuses to urge Hamas to release Israeli captives in Gaza,” Jerusalem Post, July 26, 2018. https://m.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/UN-body-refuses-to-urge-Hamas-to-release-Israeli-captives-in-Gaza-563500/
Volker Beck, “Wie Deutschland seine Freundschaft zu Israel zeigen kann, Berlin,” Die Tagesspiegel, April 19, 2018. https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/volker-beck-zum-70-unabhaengigkeitstag-wie-deutschland-seine-freundschaft-zu-israel-zeigen-kann/21189180.html
Vereinte Nationen, “Israels Rückzug ermöglicht Wahl Deutschlands in UN-Sicherheitsrat,” Die Zeit, May 5, 2018. https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2018-05/un-sicherheitsrat-sitz-deutschland-israel-bewerbung
- Also in UNSCR 2334 it is laid down: “6. Calls for immediate steps to prevent all acts of violence against civilians, including acts of terror, as well as all acts of provocation and destruction, calls for accountability in this regard, and calls for compliance with obligations under international law for the strengthening of ongoing efforts to combat terrorism, including through existing security coordination, and to clearly condemn all acts of terrorism;” United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334 (2016) p.2 https://undocs.org/S/RES/2334(2016)
- According EC the EU paid to the Palestinians in 2017 about €359 million. European Commission – Press release: New assistance package for Palestine: EU strongly committed to support socio-economic revival of East-Jerusalem. Brussels, January 31, 2018. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-18-368_en.htm
- According to the German Foreign Ministry Germany gave in 2017 another €133.5 million. Auswärtiges Amt Hilfe für Palästina. https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/aussenpolitik/regionaleschwerpunkte/nahermittlererosten/deutsche-hilfe-palaestina/203632
- Glenn Kessler, “Does the Palestinian Authority pay $350 million a year to ‘terrorists and their families?’” Washington Post, March 14, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2018/03/14/does-the-palestinian-authority-pay-350-million-a-year-to-terrorists-and-their-families/
- According to Mena-watch €134 million were paid to families of martyrs in 2017. “Sieben Prozent des palästinensischen Haushalts gehen in Terrorrenten,” Mena-watch, Wien, January 13, 2018. https://www.mena-watch.com/sieben-prozent-des-palaestinensischen-haushalts-gehen-in-terrorrenten/
- Sozialhilfe für Gewalt und Terror? Die Zahlungen der Palästinensischen Autonomiebehörde an palästinensische Häftlinge und sogenannte Märtyrerfamilien 2017. (Mideast Freedom Forum Berlin, Berlin, 2018). | <urn:uuid:96ce7816-7454-4511-bb30-1f2fd86024cd> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://jcpa.org/mission-impossible-repairing-the-ties-between-europe-and-israel/germany-and-israel-truth-and-promises/ | 2024-02-28T19:50:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.842469 | 5,811 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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] |
XT-11 Bluetooth Earphone Magnetic Wireless Sports Headset Bass Music Earbuds Mic for Mobile Phones and More Devices
By Lt. Col. Stacy Godshall
This article explores technological advancements that may enhance satellite communication (SATCOM) via transmitting in the Terahertz (THz), also known as the Tremendously High Frequency (THF),1 portions of the radiofrequency (RF) spectrum and via reflectarray antennas to achieve a more robust, adaptable and efficient geocentric military satellite communications (MILSATCOM) network architecture. This article then discusses the current Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) of THz hardware and systems as well as that of reflectarray antennas. Lastly, possible implementations are suggested for this technology for a geocentric SATCOM network architecture.
Characteristics and Capabilities of THF Range
Numerous studies have theorized and modeled the possibility of significantly higher data rates by utilizing unique materials and devices in order to transmit RF signals in the THF range for wireless networks, local area networks and SATCOM.2 In the next 10 years, several technologies will have an incredible impact on the communications industry and possibly on MILSATCOM if the Department of Defense becomes more proactive in investigating these technologies.3
Some of these advances include the use of unique materials such as graphene and metamaterials as the basis for antennas that are able to transmit and receive in the THF range.4 Developing networks which operate in the THF range would present significant SATCOM improvements such as mitigating the congested electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, reducing intentional and unintentional RF interference (RFI), improving data rates and creating a network of dynamically adaptable SATCOM data links.
Terahertz radiation exists between the infrared and microwave portions of the EM spectrum, at frequencies from 300 to 3000 GHz (0.3 to 3.0 THz). The THF range has been identified by the International Telecommunication Union. Allocation by the Federal Communications Commission for experimental/academic purposes has begun as well.5
As more researchers pursue THz technologies and applications, the Federal Communications Commission will begin to allocate additional THz frequencies of the EM spectrum. Devices designed to operate in the THF range would have a significant advantage (such as exclusivity, higher data rates, reduced size and reduced mass) over current devices that utilize other portions of the spectrum.6 The most formidable challenge with THF is the fact that the atmospheric attenuation for the THz region of the RF spectrum is significant due to water vapor as depicted in Figure 1.
This significant atmospheric attenuation for the THF range is not a concern for satellite crosslinks operating above the effected attenuation region, i.e., above 100 kilometers (~330,000 feet) where the concentration of oxygen and water vapor decreases.7, 8 Despite atmospheric attenuation, researchers from Duke University and the University of California, Santa Barbara are investigating and modeling the possibility of transmitting THz from the Earth’s surface to geocentric satellites. Their models indicate that data rates of one Terabit per second (Tbps) are possible from dry terrestrial locations with a very large aperture antenna.9
Researchers in China also modeled a high-altitude, ground-based, massive array antenna which they proposed be located in Tanggula, Tibet.10 That model illustrates that “1Tbit/s is attainable in the 0.275-0.37 THz spectral window in Tanggula.”11 The modeling by Suen et al. in 2015 also indicated that smaller aperture antennas mounted on aircraft or high-altitude balloons also could possibly exceed one Tbps.12 This model of an air-based antenna, similar to balloon-mounted communications links achieved by Project Loon, may have more feasible applications than a ground-based terminal (such as being more affordable, sustainable, reusable, mobile and deployable).
Japanese researchers also are making progress toward THz transmission capabilities, announcing “. . . the development of a terahertz (THz) transmitter capable of transmitting digital data at a rate exceeding 100 gigabits (0.1 terabit) per second over a single channel using the 300-GHz band.”13
With all these researchers and nations investigating the THF range aggressively, the United States should increase its own research efforts in this area of SATCOM. This level of activity illuminates another issue beyond the aforementioned atmospheric attenuation; there may be a race to THF technologies predicated on developing them and placing them into orbit. The Department of Defense may lose that race to THF and the associated benefits that THF could offer to SATCOM if this formidable challenge is not recognized and addressed.
Technologies Enabling Transmission in the THF Range
There are many new technologies and techniques that are enabling THz RF transmission to come to fruition; too many to list and elaborate on for this article.14, 15, 16, 17, 18 These technologies would facilitate a THz satellite crosslink architecture enabling low Earth orbit satellites to crosslink not only with each other but with satellites in medium, high and geostationary/geosynchronous orbits as well.
These technologies are at Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 4 with potential higher TRLs easily accessible. Figure 2 shows the definitions and gauges of the nine TRLs.
Figure 2 – Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs)
TRL 4 for THz technologies is evident due to the fact that they have been validated only in laboratories and not yet tested specifically as a crosslink type antenna system in the space environment. If these innovative material antennas were developed for TRLs 7 to 9 and deployed, there would be no immediate impact since an entire constellation would need to have these antennas. However, with current development and deployment timelines for future systems, this is a technology which should be incorporated into future constellations by including them into current designs and build schedules.
A reflectarray is the combination of a phased array and a feed horn similar to that found in a parabolic antenna. By combining the technologies of the phased array with the feed horn device from a parabolic antenna, the reflectarray “combines all the advantages of a parabolic reflector with the planar design of a phased array of antennas.”19
A reflectarray would be a very capable, yet compact, antenna that can provide the needed greater flexibility with an antenna that can achieve high gain, electronic steering and electronic beam shaping. An example of a reflectarray antenna, transmitting in the Ka-band of the Super High Frequency portion of the EM spectrum, is the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Integrated Solar Array and Reflectarray Antenna (ISARA) which was launched into orbit in November 2017. It is rated TRL 7 as a result of being on orbit for 12 months and having initiated on-orbit testing in March 2018.20
The goal of this cubesat reflectarray antenna is that “it increases downlink data rates for CubeSats from the existing baseline rate of 9.6 kilobits per second (kbps) to more than 100 megabits per second (Mbps).”21 The ISARA is mentioned at this point to illustrate the form factor that a pioneering material THF reflectarray antenna could have in order to achieve the network architecture design discussed in the next section.
Improved Future MILSATCOM Network Architectures
A conceptual, improved MILSATCOM network using these technologies possibly would utilize ground stations and terminals that would only transmit and receive to and from high-altitude (stratospheric) platforms in order to have the THz RF signal successfully traverse the atmosphere. Then the stratospheric platform, equipped with THF range equipment, would transmit and receive to and from low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. In turn, those satellites would be equipped with THF reflectarray antennas able to link with all other low, high, medium and geostationary/geosynchronous THF-enabled satellites.
In addition to THF transmitters, the constellation satellites would need to include routers in order to route the signal and data to and from the appropriate orbit. This would facilitate the routing of signals and data to and from the corresponding orbit rapidly and responsively at times when the satellite in question may be experiencing RFI.
For example, if a satellite in high Earth orbit gathers some data and is not currently over the ground station/terminal, or over the stratospheric platform functioning as the terrestrial station, then that high-orbit satellite will transmit the data to a LEO satellite directly in its field of view. In turn, if that LEO satellite does not have the ground station/terminal, or the stratospheric platform functioning as the terrestrial station, in its field of view, then the LEO satellite will forward the data to a LEO satellite that does have the stratospheric platform in its field of view.
This type of dynamic routing would be complex but is achievable with on-board routers and THF-enabled reflectarray antennas. Imagine each future satellite used for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, missile warning, satellite communications and environmental monitoring, connected to every other satellite in its respective constellation via this THF SATCOM network. Each of those satellites is able to route data at a rate of Tbps via small, agile THz capable reflectarray antennas to cubesats in LEO, and then to stratospheric platforms above an active theater. This rate of data being transmitted directly into an active theater would greatly enhance data processing and analysis and associated responses.
Conclusion and Future Study
Satellite communications should and can be like the passing of an ice hockey puck; making progress with transmissions to intermediate objectives, avoiding defenders, not committing excessive time and resources toward attempting to block a defender, not shutting down without passing, not skating around waiting for an open player and not shooting right at the goalie when the goal is in sight. The past and current mindset and SATCOM architecture are configured to pass the puck (the data) to a designated player (another satellite or ground terminal) with little or no deviation of the transmission path.
The THF reflectarray-enabled SATCOM architecture proposed here would enable the United States to have “strong hockey puck passing” with the data needed to transmit unabated to the end destination. In other words, this relay architecture provides expedited service and redundant paths, and like terrestrial counterparts, makes better use of available resources.
There are many researchers getting closer to TRL7 to TRL9 solutions for THF RF communications. The Department of Defense should strongly consider investigating these capabilities more and accelerating the pace toward implementation of THF and reflectarray technologies into SATCOM programs that are being developed, tested and deployed now and in the future.
The intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, missile warning, communications and environmental monitoring satellites of the future should have THF-enabled reflectarray antennas and be supported by a mega-constellation of THF SATCOM satellites in LEO. This approach would achieve a more robust, adaptable and efficient data transfer and communications network to mitigate RFI and support the need for improved data rates, more flexible links and more secure communications.
If adversaries are going to utilize space-based jammers22 as their proverbial goalies and defenders, the United States ought to be playing good hockey and should pass strongly and not shoot right at the defender or goalie when the goal is in sight. The fact that the THF range and reflectarray antennas will be utilized is not in question. The question is whether the Defense Department will be the first to obtain Federal Communications Commission approval to operate and invest in deployment into new spaced-based assets in the THF range and the Y band (this article’s proposed name for the THF band that will be utilized) and thus gain the ultimate high ground of the EM spectrum and that of the SATCOM architecture.
In addition, more diligent consideration should be given to the possibility of adding THF to the mission of the SATCOM Integrated Operations Environment operations center within the Joint Forces Space Component Command. The U.S. military has realized the importance of leapfrogging U.S. capabilities past international peers by using technological advancements. THF communication coupled with reflectarray antennas is one such example of vaulting capabilities in support of the space mission.
Author: Lt. Col. Stacy Godshall is a Ph.D. student in aerospace systems engineering at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. He previously was assistant professor and director of the Space and Missile Defense program in the Department of Physics and Nuclear Engineering at the U.S. Military Academy.
1 Edmund A. Williams, editor-in-chief, National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook, 10th ed. (Burlington, Mass.: Elsevier, 2007).
2, 6, 18 Michael J. Fitch and Robert Osiander, “Terahertz Waves for Communications and Sensing,” Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest, vol. 25, no. 4 (October-December 2004).
3 Stacy H. Godshall, Anthony R. Gordon and John DeMello, “Possible THz Applications for Satellite Crosslinks” (research paper, Naval Postgraduate School, 2008).
4 Hou-Tong Chen, Willie J. Padilla, Richard D. Averitt, Arthur C. Gossard, Clark Highstrete, Mark Lee, John F. O’Hara and Antoinette J. Taylor, “Electromagnetic Metamaterials for Terahertz Applications,” Terahertz Science and Technology, vol.1, no.1 (March 2008).
5 Brown University, “Brown Researchers Issued FCC License for Terahertz Tests,” Aug. 10, 2017, https://news.brown.edu/articles/2017/08/fcc.
7, 17 Aditi Sharma Thakur, Ghanshyam Singh and Vivek K. Dwivedi, “THz Rectangular Patch Microstrip Antenna Design Using Photonic Crystal as Substrate” (paper presented at the Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Cambridge, Mass., July 2-6, 2008).
8 Peter H. Siegel, “Terahertz Technology and Applications” (paper presented at the Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, Kyoto, Japan, Nov. 19-22, 2002).
9, 12 Jonathan Y. Suen, Michael T. Fang, Sean P. Denny and Philip M. Lubin, “Modeling of Terabit Geostationary Terahertz Satellite Links from Globally Dry Locations,” IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology (vol. 5, issue 2, March 2015).
10, 11 Ruchen Zhen and Chong Han, “Link Budget Analysis for Massive-Antenna-Array-Enabled Terahertz Satellite Communications,” Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Science), vol. 23, issue 1 (February 2018), pp. 20-27.
13 Hiroshima University, “Terahertz Wireless Could Make Spaceborne Satellite Links as Fast as Fiber-optic Links,” https://phys.org/news/2017-02-terahertz-wireless-spaceborne-satellite-links.html.
14, 16 Chen et al.
15 Adolfo Vélez, Jordi Bonache and Ferran Martin, “Varactor-Loaded Complementary Split Ring Resonators (VLCSRR) and Their Application to Tunable Metamaterial Transmission Lines,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 18, no. 1 (January 2008).
19 Diego Correas-Serrano and J. Sebastian Gomez-Diaz, “Graphene-based Antennas for Terahertz Systems: A Review,” Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies, vol. 20, article 5 (March-April 2017).
20 NASA, “Orbital Testing Begins for Advanced Small Spacecraft Communications,” https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/small_spacecraft/feature/Orbital_Testing_Begins_for_Advanced_Small_Spacecraft_Communications.
21 NASA, “Integrated Solar Array and Reflectarray Antenna (ISARA),” May 3, 2013, https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/small_spacecraft/isara_project.html.
22 Todd Harrison, Kaitlyn Johnson and Thomas G. Roberts, Space Threat Assessment 2018 (Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, April 2018), pg. 10. | <urn:uuid:a963f6bf-c1b9-4dbc-8b38-1b905ca2f761> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://nadutech.com/2020/06/01/next-generation-of-satellite-communications/ | 2024-02-28T20:10:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.902333 | 3,452 | 3.125 | 3 | [
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By the end of this section, you will be able to:
- Analyze the causes and consequences of the Restoration
- Identify the Restoration colonies and their role in the expansion of the Empire
When Charles II ascended the throne in 1660, English subjects on both sides of the Atlantic celebrated the restoration of the English monarchy after a decade of living without a king as a result of the English Civil Wars. Charles II lost little time in strengthening England’s global power. From the 1660s to the 1680s, Charles II added more possessions to England’s North American holdings by establishing the Restoration colonies of New York and New Jersey (taking these areas from the Dutch) as well as Pennsylvania and the Carolinas. In order to reap the greatest economic benefit from England’s overseas possessions, Charles II enacted the mercantilist Navigation Acts, although many colonial merchants ignored them because enforcement remained lax.
The chronicle of Charles II begins with his father, Charles I. Charles I ascended the English throne in 1625 and soon married a French Catholic princess, Henrietta Maria, who was not well liked by English Protestants because she openly practiced Catholicism during her husband’s reign. The most outspoken Protestants, the Puritans, had a strong voice in Parliament in the 1620s, and they strongly opposed the king’s marriage and his ties to Catholicism. When Parliament tried to contest his edicts, including the king’s efforts to impose taxes without Parliament’s consent, Charles I suspended Parliament in 1629 and ruled without one for the next eleven years.
The ensuing struggle between the king and Parliament led to the outbreak of war. The English Civil War lasted from 1642 to 1649 and pitted the king and his Royalist supporters against Oliver Cromwell and his Parliamentary forces. After years of fighting, the Parliamentary forces gained the upper hand, and in 1649, they charged Charles I with treason and beheaded him. The monarchy was dissolved, and England became a republic: a state without a king. Oliver Cromwell headed the new English Commonwealth, and the period known as the English interregnum, or the time between kings, began.
Though Cromwell enjoyed widespread popularity at first, over time he appeared to many in England to be taking on the powers of a military dictator. Dissatisfaction with Cromwell grew. When he died in 1658 and control passed to his son Richard, who lacked the political skills of his father, a majority of the English people feared an alternate hereditary monarchy in the making. They had had enough and asked Charles II to be king. In 1660, they welcomed the son of the executed king Charles I back to the throne to resume the English monarchy and bring the interregnum to an end (Figure 4.3). The return of Charles II is known as the Restoration.
Charles II was committed to expanding England’s overseas possessions. His policies in the 1660s through the 1680s established and supported the Restoration colonies: the Carolinas, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. All the Restoration colonies started as proprietary colonies, that is, the king gave each colony to a trusted individual, family, or group.
Charles II hoped to establish English control of the area between Virginia and Spanish Florida. To that end, he issued a royal charter in 1663 to eight trusted and loyal supporters, each of whom was to be a feudal-style proprietor of a region of the province of Carolina.
These proprietors did not relocate to the colonies, however. Instead, English plantation owners from the tiny Caribbean island of Barbados, already a well-established English sugar colony fueled by slave labor, migrated to the southern part of Carolina to settle there. In 1670, they established Charles Town (later Charleston), named in honor of Charles II, at the junction of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers (Figure 4.4). As the settlement around Charles Town grew, it began to produce livestock for export to the West Indies. In the northern part of Carolina, settlers used sap from pine trees to create tar and pitch used to waterproof wooden ships. Political disagreements between settlers in the northern and southern parts of Carolina escalated in the 1710s through the 1720s and led to the creation, in 1729, of two colonies, North and South Carolina. The southern part of Carolina had been producing rice and indigo (a plant that yields a dark blue dye used by English royalty) since the 1700s, and South Carolina continued to depend on these main crops. North Carolina continued to produce items for ships, especially turpentine and tar, and its population increased as Virginians moved there to expand their tobacco holdings. Tobacco was the primary export of both Virginia and North Carolina, which also traded in deerskins and captured people from Africa.
Slavery developed quickly in the Carolinas, largely because so many of the early migrants came from Barbados, where slavery was well established. By the end of the 1600s, a very wealthy class of rice planters, who relied on enslaved people for labor, had attained dominance in the southern part of the Carolinas, especially around Charles Town. By 1715, South Carolina had a Black majority because of the number of enslaved people in the colony. The legal basis for slavery was established in the early 1700s as the Carolinas began to pass slave laws based on the Barbados slave codes of the late 1600s. These laws reduced Africans to the status of property to be bought and sold as other commodities.
Visit the Charleston Museum’s description of its collection in the Lowcountry History Hall to learn more about the history of Charleston.
As in other areas of English settlement, native peoples in the Carolinas suffered tremendously from the introduction of European diseases. Despite the effects of disease, Native Americans in the area endured and, following the pattern elsewhere in the colonies, grew dependent on European goods. Local Yamasee and Creek tribes built up a trade deficit with the English, trading deerskins and captive people for European guns. English settlers exacerbated tensions with local Native American tribes, especially the Yamasee, by expanding their rice and tobacco fields into Native American lands. Worse still, English traders took Native women captive as payment for debts.
The outrages committed by traders, combined with the seemingly unstoppable expansion of English settlement onto native land, led to the outbreak of the Yamasee War (1715–1718), an effort by a coalition of local tribes to drive away the European invaders. This native effort to force the newcomers back across the Atlantic nearly succeeded in annihilating the Carolina colonies. Only when the Cherokee allied themselves with the English did the coalition’s goal of eliminating the English from the region falter. The Yamasee War demonstrates the key role native peoples played in shaping the outcome of colonial struggles and, perhaps most important, the disunity that existed between different native groups.
NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY
Charles II also set his sights on the Dutch colony of New Netherland. The English takeover of New Netherland originated in the imperial rivalry between the Dutch and the English. During the Anglo-Dutch wars of the 1650s and 1660s, the two powers attempted to gain commercial advantages in the Atlantic World. During the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1664–1667), English forces gained control of the Dutch fur trading colony of New Netherland, and in 1664, Charles II gave this colony (including present-day New Jersey) to his brother James, Duke of York (later James II). The colony and city were renamed New York in his honor. The Dutch in New York chafed under English rule. In 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1674), the Dutch recaptured the colony. However, at the end of the conflict, the English had regained control (Figure 4.5).
The Duke of York had no desire to govern locally or listen to the wishes of local colonists. It wasn’t until 1683, therefore, almost 20 years after the English took control of the colony, that colonists were able to convene a local representative legislature. The assembly’s 1683 Charter of Liberties and Privileges set out the traditional rights of Englishmen, like the right to trial by jury and the right to representative government.
The English continued the Dutch patroonship system, granting large estates to a favored few families. The largest of these estates, at 160,000 acres, was given to Robert Livingston in 1686. The Livingstons and the other manorial families who controlled the Hudson River Valley formed a formidable political and economic force. Eighteenth-century New York City, meanwhile, contained a variety of people and religions—as well as Dutch and English people, it held French Protestants (Huguenots), Jews, Puritans, Quakers, Anglicans, and a large population of enslaved people. As they did in other zones of colonization, native peoples played a key role in shaping the history of colonial New York. After decades of war in the 1600s, the powerful Five Nations of the Iroquois, composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, successfully pursued a policy of neutrality with both the English and, to the north, the French in Canada during the first half of the 1700s. This native policy meant that the Iroquois continued to live in their own villages under their own government while enjoying the benefits of trade with both the French and the English.
The Restoration colonies also included Pennsylvania, which became the geographic center of British colonial America. Pennsylvania (which means “Penn’s Woods” in Latin) was created in 1681, when Charles II bestowed the largest proprietary colony in the Americas on William Penn (Figure 4.6) to settle the large debt he owed the Penn family. William Penn’s father, Admiral William Penn, had served the English crown by helping take Jamaica from the Spanish in 1655. The king personally owed the Admiral money as well.
Like early settlers of the New England colonies, Pennsylvania’s first colonists migrated mostly for religious reasons. William Penn himself was a Quaker, a member of a new Protestant denomination called the Society of Friends. George Fox had founded the Society of Friends in England in the late 1640s, having grown dissatisfied with Puritanism and the idea of predestination. Rather, Fox and his followers stressed that everyone had an “inner light” inside him or her, a spark of divinity. They gained the name Quakers because they were said to quake when the inner light moved them. Quakers rejected the idea of worldly rank, believing instead in a new and radical form of social equality. Their speech reflected this belief in that they addressed all others as equals, using “thee” and “thou” rather than terms like “your lordship” or “my lady” that were customary for privileged individuals of the hereditary elite.
The English crown persecuted Quakers in England, and some colonial governments were equally harsh; Massachusetts even executed several early Quakers who had gone to proselytize there. To avoid such persecution, Quakers and their families created a community on the sugar island of Barbados or moved to the religiously tolerant colony of Rhode Island. Soon after its founding, however, Pennsylvania became the destination of choice. Quakers flocked to Pennsylvania as well as New Jersey, where they could preach and practice their religion in peace. Unlike much of New England, whose official religion was Puritanism, Pennsylvania did not establish an official church. Indeed, with the notable exception of Rhode Island, the Pennsylvania colony allowed a degree of religious tolerance found nowhere else in English America. To help encourage immigration to his colony, Penn promised fifty acres of land to people who agreed to come to Pennsylvania and completed their term of service. Not surprisingly, those seeking a better life came in large numbers, so much so that Pennsylvania relied on indentured servants more than any other colony.
One of the primary tenets of Quakerism is pacifism, which led William Penn to establish friendly relationships with local native peoples. He formed a covenant of friendship with the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) tribe, buying their land for a fair price instead of taking it by force. In 1701, he also signed a treaty with the Susquehannocks to avoid war. Unlike other colonies, Pennsylvania did not experience war on the frontier with native peoples during its early history.
As an important port city, Philadelphia grew rapidly. Quaker merchants there established contacts throughout the Atlantic world and participated in the thriving African slave trade. Some Quakers, who were deeply troubled by the contradiction between their belief in the “inner light” and the practice of slavery, rejected the practice and engaged in efforts to abolish it altogether. Philadelphia also acted as a magnet for immigrants, who came not only from England, but from all over Europe by the hundreds of thousands. The city, and indeed all of Pennsylvania, appeared to be the best country for poor men and women, many of whom arrived as servants and dreamed of owning land. A very few, like the fortunate Benjamin Franklin, a runaway from Puritan Boston, did extraordinarily well. Other immigrant groups in the colony, most notably Germans and Scots-Irish (families from Scotland and England who had first lived in Ireland before moving to British America), greatly improved their lot in Pennsylvania. Of course, Africans brought into the colony to labor for White enslavers fared far worse.
John Wilson Offers Reward for Escaped Prisoners
The American Weekly Mercury, published by William Bradford, was Philadelphia’s first newspaper. This advertisement from “John Wilson, Goaler” (jailer) offers a reward for anyone capturing several men who escaped from the jail.
BROKE out of the Common Goal of Philadelphia, the 15th of this Instant February, 1721, the following Persons:
John Palmer, also Plumly, alias Paine, Servant to Joseph Jones, run away and was lately taken up at New-York. He is fully described in the American Mercury, Novem. 23, 1721. He has a Cinnamon coloured Coat on, a middle sized fresh coloured Man. His Master will give a Pistole Reward to any who Shall Secure him, besides what is here offered.
Daniel Oughtopay, A Dutchman, aged about 24 Years, Servant to Dr. Johnston in Amboy. He is a thin Spare man, grey Drugget Waistcoat and Breeches and a light-coloured Coat on.
Ebenezor Mallary, a New-England, aged about 24 Years, is a middle-sized thin Man, having on a Snuff colour’d Coat, and ordinary Ticking Waistcoat and Breeches. He has dark brown strait Hair.
Matthew Dulany, an Irish Man, down-look’d Swarthy Complexion, and has on an Olive-coloured Cloth Coat and Waistcoat with Cloth Buttons.
John Flemming, an Irish Lad, aged about 18, belonging to Mr. Miranda, Merchant in this City. He has no Coat, a grey Drugget Waistcoat, and a narrow brim’d Hat on.
John Corbet, a Shropshire Man, a Runaway Servant from Alexander Faulkner of Maryland, broke out on the 12th Instant. He has got a double-breasted Sailor’s Jacket on lined with red Bays, pretends to be a Sailor, and once taught School at Josephs Collings’s in the Jerseys.
Whoever takes up and secures all, or any One of these Felons, shall have a Pistole Reward for each of them and reasonable Charges, paid them by John Wilson, Goaler
—Advertisement from the American Weekly Mercury, 1722
What do the descriptions of the men tell you about life in colonial Philadelphia?
Browse a number of issues of the American Weekly Mercury that were digitized by New Jersey’s Stockton University. Read through several to get a remarkable flavor of life in early eighteenth-century Philadelphia.
THE NAVIGATION ACTS
Creating wealth for the Empire remained a primary goal, and in the second half of the seventeenth century, especially during the Restoration, England attempted to gain better control of trade with the American colonies. The mercantilist policies by which it tried to achieve this control are known as the Navigation Acts.
The 1651 Navigation Ordinance, a product of Cromwell’s England, required that only English ships carry goods between England and the colonies, and that the captain and three-fourths of the crew had to be English. The ordinance further listed “enumerated articles” that could be transported only to England or to English colonies, including the most lucrative commodities like sugar and tobacco as well as indigo, rice, molasses, and naval stores such as turpentine. All were valuable goods not produced in England and in demand by the British navy. After ascending the throne, Charles II approved the 1660 Navigation Act, which restated the 1651 act to ensure a monopoly on imports from the colonies.
Other Navigation Acts included the 1663 Staple Act and the 1673 Plantation Duties Act. The Staple Act barred colonists from importing goods that had not been made in England, creating a profitable monopoly for English exporters and manufacturers. The Plantation Duties Act taxed enumerated articles exported from one colony to another, a measure aimed principally at New Englanders, who transported great quantities of molasses from the West Indies, including smuggled molasses from French-held islands, to make into rum.
In 1675, Charles II organized the Lords of Trade and Plantation, commonly known as the Lords of Trade, an administrative body intended to create stronger ties between the colonial governments and the crown. However, the 1696 Navigation Act created the Board of Trade, replacing the Lords of Trade. This act, meant to strengthen enforcement of customs laws, also established vice-admiralty courts where the crown could prosecute customs violators without a jury. Under this act, customs officials were empowered with warrants known as “writs of assistance” to board and search vessels suspected of containing smuggled goods.
Despite the Navigation Acts, however, Great Britain exercised lax control over the English colonies during most of the eighteenth century because of the policies of Prime Minister Robert Walpole. During his long term (1721–1742), Walpole governed according to his belief that commerce flourished best when it was not encumbered with restrictions. Historians have described this lack of strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts as salutary neglect. In addition, nothing prevented colonists from building their own fleet of ships to engage in trade. New England especially benefited from both salutary neglect and a vibrant maritime culture made possible by the scores of trading vessels built in the northern colonies. The case of the 1733 Molasses Act illustrates the weaknesses of British mercantilist policy. The 1733 act placed a sixpence-per-gallon duty on raw sugar, rum, and molasses from Britain’s competitors, the French and the Dutch, in order to give an advantage to British West Indian producers. Because the British did not enforce the 1733 law, however, New England mariners routinely smuggled these items from the French and Dutch West Indies more cheaply than they could buy them on English islands. | <urn:uuid:e3c615bf-cb1b-4745-b231-bc8b24d6e018> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://openstax.org/books/us-history/pages/4-1-charles-ii-and-the-restoration-colonies | 2024-02-28T19:01:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.965684 | 4,007 | 4.40625 | 4 | [
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“No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin or his background or his religion. People learn to hate and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.”
As a collective society, we are all fairly familiar with the ideology/term, racism. Although this term is frequently used, especially when talking about our nation’s history, it is unfair to make the claim that everyone knows exactly what racism is and how racist and anti-racist beliefs are instilled in individuals. To start off, it is best to define the terms racist and anti-racist. Through the coursework and discussions that have taken place in the class PSY-353, Cognitive Development, we know that a racist is one who is supporting a racist policy through their actions or inaction or expressing a racist idea. The dictionary defines anti-racism as a policy or practice that opposes racism and promotes racial tolerance while non-racist is defined as not being influenced by a person’s race (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020. Cambridge University Press). Through the work of many scientists and psychologists, we are able to make a valid argument as to how normal process development can pave the way for later social injustices, such as racism. If we understand how racism develops, we can then take the necessary steps to prevent it from occurring. The cause of psychological growth and change is influenced by the narrative they begin to learn as an infant. Babies are always listening and watching the adults around them and mimic the things they see because they perceive it as normal. A child is not born racist, they simply follow in the footsteps of their caregivers since it is the narrative that is being given to them.
The ancient old question has often asked, what makes a human? Are humans defined by their genetic dispositions, or by how they are raised? Nature or nurture? Cognitive development psychologists have concluded that nurture paves the pathway for nature. From the moment of conception, external factors influence developmental ability within the fetus. As a baby can be born with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) due to a mother consuming too much alcohol, keeping a healthy balance for one’s baby is critical in determining how healthy a baby will be until the end of the third trimester. Nurture in turn has large effects especially on human development when it reinforces behaviors and attitudes that reflect a larger belief. For example, in the 1966 doll experiment (Clark & Clark), where they asked multiple black schoolchildren to pick either white or black dolls to play with, in which the majority of these children would prefer white dolls to black. When further asked about why they made these choices, answers negating perceptions of “colored” dolls were seen as “ugly” and “dirty”. This study later became vital within the US Supreme Court case of Brown vs Board of Education. The study has shown the ramifications of a nurturing environment that is still present today. Perhaps training in antiracist tactics for caregivers (e.g., teachers) in teaching how to spot potential behaviors that exhibit prejudice in young children would allow stopping and having a conversation about why, and how to fix their behavior.
The environment that an individual is raised in influences the stories that are told based on the culture and demographics associated with that environment. Caregivers, whether that be a mother, father, teacher, etc., who tell these narratives all have an enormous role in creating a young individual’s system of beliefs. Knowledge about one’s origins and backgrounds offers clues into that person’s thoughts and behavior in the present (Keil, 4). From a young age, we all observe our caregivers constantly and we tend to mimic and carry on similar tendencies throughout our lives. The “nature (nativism) via nurture (empiricism)” dynamic causes and shapes developmental growth. These two perspectives are based on the idea that organisms must be born with initial capacities that help them perceive and understand their physical and social environment (Keil, 16). Nurture is an exogenous force, or an external force, impacting the social-emotional-cultural ecology. On the other hand, nature is an endogenous force, internal force, which is the biological foundation of a human being. Nature and nurture are constantly working together during developmental growth. When something occurs externally either directly to an infant or near it they take that information and internalize it to make sense of the event that just occurred. In many instances, a parent or caregiver is the exogenous force and the natural tendency is to take that information and apply it to what we already know or we store it way and learn to apply it down the line. Our temperaments, dispositions, and personalities, regardless of genetic propensities, are developed within sets of meanings and values that we call ‘culture’ (Ridley, 2). Our genetic makeup does not make us, we use our complex genetic makeup to use the knowledge we gain from exogenous influences (nurture) to create who we are or choose to be.
The understanding of nurture being a dominant force, lets us understand the complications that issues such as racism can affect a developing baby. Take, for example, the article titled “Narrative Reverberations” written by Miller et al., (2007). The article focuses on the power of narrative, and how the ability to narrate stories can improve socialization techniques, enhancing cognitive development. She later states, “Small events such as these have emotional or moral significance to the child and her family and are thus “reportable” (Miller et al., 599). These small opportunities for storytelling will give insight into how a child will share information. If a child doesn’t feel heard or listened to when sharing stories, then they will become less likely to share in the future. This then can turn to quietness and an impact on self-evaluation. If a child doesn’t feel safe within their environment, and peers/caregivers seemingly accept that narrative, then the child is the one who will ultimately suffer. This may cause anxiety, depression, and feelings of worthlessness. If properly addressed and taken care of, this can open communication between a child and other parties, in which this child will feel secure in their ability to advocate for themselves, due to feeling supported by their systems.
In addition to this in early childhood, Ngozie Adichie describes the power of narrative within her TED Talk “The Danger of a Single Story”. Adichie describes the harmful effects of reducing cultures and groups to one narrative. She mentions that these practices can breed stereotypes as well as set examples of negative behaviors for younger children. These behaviors then could be learned and practiced among children, and if they fit the narrative of their parents, no adjustments will be made, making it difficult to change later on in life. Adichie suggests that the importance of giving children access to all perspectives within a story will give them the opportunity to choose their own pathways in handling these differences. Narratives reverberate through the lives of individuals, connecting them to other people, other stories, and other activities, and teaching them who they are or might become (Miller & Fung & Koven, 595). Everyone, particularly children, is heavily influenced by the environment in which they are brought up in. Reflecting upon our own experiences and beliefs reveals how impressionable and vulnerable we are in the face of a story, particularly as children (Adichie, 2009). Having a single narrative only allows an individual to think in a very narrow way and it leaves no room for exploration, the idea of having multiple narratives connected to a single object or idea would sound absolutely bizarre to that individual. After watching these TED Talks it is easy to see how the formation of racist or anti-racist beliefs occurs and later leading to the way for social injustice. Those who hold single narratives for racial groups, political stances, genders, etc., all believe that their perspective is correct. In a sense, everyone’s reality is their own truth and it is hard to argue that one reality is more valid than the other, except in the case where one reality is harmful to another. Single-story narratives produce preconceptions that lead to strong feelings, both positive and negative, toward a collective group or ideology. These single stories are more likely than not to have been created with the knowledge that is centuries of years old and the stories continue to be told time after time. As one can tell, eventually this could become a problem. How does this apply to racism? An individual who has a single story of a racial group, like African Americans, and that single story entails that all African Americans are gang members, the individual will adjust their behavior and stature when coming in contact with someone who is black. They already have a preconceived judgment of that one black man or woman before speaking one word to them. This ever-growing tension between racial groups will not stop until we change our mindset and accept the idea that multiple narratives make up an individual, not just one.
Cognitive development psychologists are responsible for understanding how children grow, develop, and change. Whilst differences in perspectives of how development begins and grows are vast, and many ancient debates have taken place in attempts of gaining a common answer. Early empiricists such as John Locke and George Berkley believed all knowledge was and is based on learned associations (Keil, 15). The chapter named “Ancient questions and a young science” taken from the book titled “The Scientist in the Crib” describes the history of how development was perceived from ancient times with philosophers till the emergence of well recognized developmental psychologists such as Jean Piaget & Lev Vygotsky. Gopnik et al. (1999) state that early ideas of development such as the Socratic method were taken over once Piaget and Vygotsky began introducing their research (Keil, 14-15). Piaget conducted research on how children learn and think about the world around them. He was the first psychologist to identify that children think and learn in largely different ways than adults do. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory includes social interaction as a fundamental role in development. He believed that the community around children will greatly shape how they develop and learn. Other perspectives mentioned include cross-cultural, behaviorist, and neuroscience perspectives. The cross-cultural perspective focuses on how cultural variations influence development, as well as consistency between different cultures (Keil, 18). The difference in values and customs such as religion and moral reasoning shows the impact of culture on development. As we have discussed previously, the importance of cultural values vastly influences development within a child, and can either support or hinder possible stereotypes regarding race or gender. For example, the differences within a culture geographically separated (e.g., American culture vs. Nigerian culture) may be differences in perceptions of one another. Adiche particularly points this out as assumptions about her upbringing were stereotyped when she arrived in America for schooling (Adichie, 2009).
A neonate’s development begins as a fetus. Starting at three weeks in the womb the central nervous system (CNS) begins to form. Between three weeks and when they are born the development that takes place are neurogenesis (i.e., growth of nervous tissue), cell proliferation, cell migration (i.e., development and maintenance of multicellular organisms), “growth cone” as axons extend synaptogenesis, and myelination. As these things are beginning to progress the neonate starts with the basic functions needed to further develop, all that is left to grow the brain is the experience they receive in the real world. From birth to about two years old the brain is rapidly growing and as they learn/experience more the density of the brain tissue also increases. This further demonstrates that a neonatal brain learns from experiences and that if we were to correct behaviors of social injustices that it starts from installing these beliefs from a young age. Within three weeks after conception, the female body is already starting to form bundles of cells that make up the neural tube. The neural tube continues multiplying until it develops into the brain. While it is the first step towards development, it is considered the most critical, as the formation of the neural tube can determine the survival of the fetus. As development within the fetus impacts its ability to survive inside the womb, parenting structures and the environment in which the fetus grows up also will impact its ability to survive outside the womb. Throughout this essay, with specific emphasis on the issue of racism, we will discuss the process of development on specific concepts such as equity, equality, and fairness.
The documentary titled “The Secret Life of Babies” takes viewers on a journey regarding the thoughts and rapid growth of babies shortly before birth, and hence after. Perceptual development within the first few days of birth is rapidly changing and adapting. An infant at first is only able to make out blobs and shapes, however is able to mimic facial expressions within 20 minutes of birth. In a curious case of a set of twins mentioned in the documentary, the parents being deaf, the babies were able to learn sign language as the main source of communication. Once they hit preschool, they were then able to communicate with their peers verbally. They were both able to communicate with both their parents and teachers at school with limited difficulties (The Secret Life of Babies, 2014). Without the circumstances regarding their parents, they most likely wouldn’t have picked up the ability to use sign language and use both pathways of communication. This socio-cultural event has shown the adaptability that young minds have in regards to the processing and making sense of the world around them. Infants learn to communicate because of the things they learn from social speech (i.e., conversations with parents and others) with those around them, and every new experience can change and shape their brains and minds (Revill, B. 2014). At six months they begin to babble and attempt to imitate the noises they hear back to themselves (i.e., private speech) or back to their parents and learn best through shapes. It may not seem like it however, babies can understand three times more than they are able to verbally say (Revill, B. 2014). Since babies can actually understand more than we realize and during this age, they are mainly surrounded by their parents or in the bio-ecological systems theory they are mainly in the micro-system. Meaning that a parent’s words can have more of an impact on their children than they realize.
Overall, racism is a learned behavior, and the power of narratives, the assumptions and practices of developmental science, and human universals and cultural perspectives, all play a role in the development and the prevention of this behavior. We must use our knowledge about the impact of psychology and biology on cognitive development to solve the problem of social injustices. Stakeholders, such as parents, caregivers, teachers, and therapists are all key roles in helping to raise children to be mindfully anti-racist. As parents there is so much you can do to help raise your children to be mindfully anti-racist. Although a parent may have strong beliefs about a certain topic, you owe it to your child to provide them with bias-free information so they are able to create their own belief system on their own time. Children are a mirror image of their parents, classmates, and teachers, however you act or whatever you say has a direct effect on that child whether it was intentional or not. Not only do actions have an impact on babies/children but also the narrative reverberations they are told as they are growing up. In Narrative Reverberations, the authors state that a story that is told time and time again can influence a child’s way of thinking or beliefs (Miller, P.J., Fung, H., & Koven, M. (2007). If a child grows up hearing racial terms that are directed either towards them or towards others can greatly influence the way a child reacts to those situations. The term reciprocal determinism states when a child acts the environment responds and therefore will determine how that child will react to that situation next time. In order to prevent social injustices and spread more positivity children should be taught at a young age, terms like anti-racism and should be educated about these things instead of hiding from them since it is a controversial thing to teach young children. If we are able to change the narrative of racism it may change the movement of social injustices around the world. Be conscious.
To understand the process in which babies and toddlers perceive the world, and to get a sense of how their tiny minds work; one must investigate the research done by developmental psychologists such as Jean Piaget, Patricia Khul, & Noam Chomsky. We will discuss the differing viewpoints created by theorists about how babies view the world, process their perceptions, and how the environment around them will shape their perceptions, cognitions, and eventually actions. In today’s climate, more insight is given pertaining to the treatment of black and brown communities within our society; and our job is to educate and teach the future to be anti racist in all forms of its meaning. The importance of teaching children to be anti racist offers a plethora of benefits; including an increased sense of self-awareness, empathy, and willingness to interject in the face of racist conditions. This paper will give advice protruding from knowledge learned so far about how babies understand the world around them, and how their environments can acclimate their own preferences, biases, and behaviors.
Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive development is described through several processes of cognitive development. Piaget characterized those processes by perceiving the child’s knowledge and behavior in terms of schemes. A scheme describes a child’s pattern of interacting with their environment. This includes the child’s internal knowledge and interpretations and also the behaviors that arise from them (Keil, 2014). Babies add to or refine their schemes with new experiences in their environment, and due to this, they are constantly engaging in a process of adaptiveness. There are two basic forms of adaptation— assimilation and accommodation— through which the child tries to achieve a better fit between their schemes and the world. Assimilation is the process in which a child uses pre existing schemes, which include behaviors and concepts, to make sense of something new and unfamiliar. As a result of this process, babies tend to develop narrow views of the world, this may include racist beliefs. For example, if a child is brought up in a home with guardians that have very strong racist beliefs, such as all African American’s are criminals, those beliefs will later become schemes for all African Americans in that child. With this fixed mindset, it would be very difficult for someone to convince that child/individual to believe otherwise. In contrast, accommodation is the process in which a child alters their schemes to understand something new they have encountered. Through the process of accommodation, individuals are able to gain more knowledge and understanding of their environment that surrounds them (Keil, 2014). Piaget suggests that we will rarely see pure cases of accommodation or assimilation, rather, the two always work together to achieve the best fit between the child and their environment. With the use of both accommodation and assimilation, we will be able to reverse the effects of racism in our society one mindset at a time.
There always must be a balance in all things that we do, as Piaget suggests, there must be a dynamic balance between one’s schemes and their environment. This process in which both accommodation and assimilation work together to cultivate a better cognitive fit with the environment is known as equilibration. Equilibration describes the process of achieving a closer correspondence between the environment and the child’s thoughts and behaviors. Although, this correspondence is never perfect, improving it is the motive force behind cognitive development (Keil, 2014).
Piaget’s emphasis on discrete periods and stages of development, and his belief that assimilation and accommodation of many schemes lead to changes in cognition, is what differentiates his theory from many other developmental theories. He divided cognitive development into four periods: the sensorimotor period, the preoperational period, the concrete operational period, and the formal operational period. The child acquires new schemes until they accumulate enough new understandings/knowledge to trigger a transformation in their thought processes that lead them to the next period. In the first period, the sensorimotor period (birth-2 years old), infants learn to distinguish their own bodies and actions from the external world around them. The second, the preoperational period (2-7 years old), consisted of children using symbols to mentally represent objects, but they fail to use mental operations that enable them to see the quasi-logical relations governing phenomena. In the third period, the concrete operational period (7-12 years old), children can apply quasi-logical operations to concrete information, but they fail to think abstractly or in hypothetical terms. Lastly, during the formal operational period (12 years old), children are now able to think logically about things that are not immediately present and about abstract and hypothetical ideas (Keil, 2014).
Piaget’s belief that infants and children are striving to understand the world better through assimilation and accommodation stresses an active, exploratory developmental process. All knowledge is built up through experience. Piaget believed that innate schemes work in ways that go beyond mere associations. Through discussion in the course PSY-353, cognitive development, we understand that Chomsky believes that infants are born with innate domain-specific constraints for understanding various areas of knowledge. Based on the nativist theory all human abilities and developmental processes are innate and hard-wired at birth.
Vision which is considered the most complex in which techniques used to track and observe infants’ visual perception occurs while investigating preferences such as habituation and dishabituation. The process of studying infants’ habituation/dishabituation infers how long a baby is attentive to a stimulus. If an infant is not interested, they will not attend to the stimulus for long amounts of time (Keil, p. 80). Dishabituation however occurs when a new or slightly changed stimulus (from the first) is presented and observed. Longer attentive gazes at the new stimulus indicate a renewed interest response (Keil, p. 80). As a baby is born and cared for by it’s primary caregivers, access to diverse backgrounds and experiences may be limited. If a caregiver is tending to it’s first child; increased anxiety may be apparent within the caregiver. This heightened anxiety may turn to increased constraint in child-rearing practices. If a child has never seen a person of color before; they may stare, or even ask why that person looks differently than themselves. This shows a questioning and inquisitive attitude; which may be met either one of two ways. The parent may choose to educate their child about the topic, or choose to avoid the topic. Based on the parents’ decision to educate their child on other communities or difficult topics such as racism; it can greatly affect how a child then starts behaving when they do interact with other people. Whilst surprise and longer eye gazes may come from a child perceiving and cognitively processing what they are experiencing, it is critical to understand that teaching our children that it is okay to ask questions is essential in understanding and acts as a gateway to healthy discussions about difficult topics in the future between a parent and child. Infants have shown preference in skin tones, however this does not inherently mean a baby will become racist. It is important to note that a caregivers access to the information they give to their children plays a huge role within how stereotypes and biases can develop.
In Laura Shultz’s TED talk, titled “The Surprisingly Logical Minds of Babies”, her research explains how babies precisely make decisions based on little evidence around them. Based on both generalizations and causal reasoning, she displays two experiments which test the abilities intended for how babies can make these decisions. In the first experiment, she tests how babies generalize stimuli around them. With two trials, she tests colored balls related to squeakiness, in which babies were found more likely to generalize the squeakiness of a ball with less information given (e.g., 1 ball squeaking rather than 3 balls squeaking). In her second experiment Shutlz questions how causal reasoning appears in babies. She introduces a toy that makes sounds; in which she then has two investigators try to induce this sound from the toy. Within the first trial, only one investigator is able to make a sound occur, whilst the other fails. After viewing this, the baby is given the opportunity to either try and induce a sound, or has the option to give it to another person. Within this trial, the baby gives the toy to its mother. Within the second trial, both investigators fail and succeed once; and the baby then, instead of giving the toy up, goes for a different one instead. This research in generalizations and causal reasoning gives inferences in just how precise babies can be when making decisions. This is important because it shows how fluid the information given in a situation can affect a decision made by a child. This can be guided positively or negatively depending on the environment.
Language is a primary skill that neonates begin to develop as soon as they are born. These malleable creatures are able to begin to pick up language as soon as they are able to hear those around them speak, which is why it is easier for babies and children to become bilingual compared to young adults and those who are older (Kuhl, 2011). As babies begin to develop they use perception to start organizing the things they are learning from their environment. Infants use a mechanism called feed-back loops which means an experience occurs between the baby and the environment causing the infant to change (e.g., parent uses language and gestures to signify feeding time) (Keil, 2014). They change based on their perception of that experience (e.g., they know that gesture and sound last time meant food so now they attempt to mirror those actions for food) and this will alter how they react to the environment when faced with a similar situation (Keil, 2014). Connecting this to how infants develop language, infants hear the sounds and begin to create categories in their minds (Rhodes et al., 2018). They try to make connections between words and meaning to understand how things work even before they are able to verbally communicate with others (Keil, 2014). Which shows why it is important for caregivers to be mindful of what they say and how they phrase things in front of children. It could lead to the children saying racist things to others without even knowing it, because in their minds they learned that these words were used by their caregivers to describe someone else so they believe it is okay.
Babies are blank slates with powerful processing abilities that are extremely impressionable to the things they experience. As they are growing up their parents’ words have a greater impact on them then we realize. When infants begin to learn languages their minds begin to make social categorizations in order to simplify complex social interactions (Rhodes et al., 2018). As social categorization develops, cultural differences bring about meaning within a child, therefore gives opportunity for social categories to become important to a child. This can influence categorization and encourage it, based on one’s culture (Rhodes et al., 2018). Categorization can leave young children with ideas of stereotypes towards other ethnicities and fuel racism if not educated properly. Children are constantly meeting new people so when others are talking to them they are not able to control what they say (i.e., impulsively speak) or understand the meaning completely behind the words they use. As they are processing their speech in their heads the neurons are firing to make connections to the meanings or a thousand meanings for a word are being processed in order to find the correct meaning, however for a child just learning to speak they only have a limited amount of knowledge of meanings for a word (Gareth, G., 2020). This is why it is important to teach children the different meanings these words can have in social situations; to avoid encounters that may cause a misunderstanding for other people or hurt others (Rhodes et al., 2018).
As we have learned, children are vast learners and can decipher through multiple strategies when learning. We have discussed the importance of both empiricist and nativist theories regarding child development pertaining to how children perceive the world around them and use this information to make generalizations about the world. Analysis of Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has shown to be groundbreaking in cognitive development psychology, however newer research has also impounded previous ideas that Piaget held. As we have discussed in class, Piaget was a foundation that allows current research to expand today in the world of cognitive development science. Perceptions integrating into cognitions within children have been found to appear early childhood, as we have seen with both Patricia Khuls’ & Laura Shultzs’ TED Talks that analyze choice making and language acquisition. Language development plays an important role in how children communicate with their parents and peers. We suggest open lines of communication, in which questions and comments are encouraged between a child and their caregiver. This establishes a concrete relationship that is based off of communication, and gives a child an outlet for questions or comments they may have. This in turn may motivate a child to speak up when they see or hear rash movements occurring. In addition to this communication, it is essential for a caregiver to monitor their own language and conversation; as a child can pick up phrases and words that can guide the connotation within the child themselves. It is critical that a caregiver is able to reflect and recognize their own biases and opinions in which they could pass onto their child. Whilst these elements opt for introductory lessons in teaching a child how to be anti racist, explicit education should be done as well, to further guide a child to understand the history and importance of knowledge when it comes to racism itself. Introducing educational podcasts (which we have included below) regarding a variety of topics (not just racism) perpetuates further acknowledgment of practices to start in actively fighting against racist behaviors our children may face in life. In terms of approaching situations with an antiracist approach, it is also crucial to teach our kids how to spot and point out racism within the media and the content they engage in. As we have discussed comprehensively, an environment is crucial to one’s development. Stereotypes can easily be influenced and encouraged within one’s environment without knowledge or intention, therefore careful consideration to a child’s access to the media and the internet can greatly influence their biases and In addition, educational books such as Antiracist Baby written by Ibram X. Kendo.
Some advice that was mentioned involves careful consideration of language used around a toddler, opening lines and opportunities for communication between a child and their caregiver, and involvement of active engagement within education. A critical review of how all of these topics interact with each other and can help or hinder one’s cognitive development based on their environments (e.g., mesosystems, exosystems) can guide how a child grows to be in adulthood and how they choose to confront issues such as racism and sexism.
“The true direction of the development of thinking is not from the individual to the social, but from the social to the individual.”
-Lev S. Vygotsky
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory (1934) states that people learn from culture and social interactions, that growth and development comes from external factors (e.g., religion, culture, economy, social interactions, etc.) that we internalize and expand on. This shows that the environment that children grow in can heavily influence whether they develop non-racist or anti-racist beliefs. Although, humans are forever changing creatures that always have room for growth that does not mean we should not educate children on racism even if they are young. When we say “educate” however, we do not mean to scare them with gruesome facts about racism but rather help them to understand how things such prejudice, stereotyping, and interpersonal interactions can hurt others. In order to make a difference first you need to change the narrative of the culture that is continuing the non-racist beliefs and spread a more open/ positive narrative and understanding on anti-racism beliefs.
At infancy children are exposed to new experiences and their memory begins to develop. Scientists believe that semantic memory (i.e., language, facts, concepts, etc.) begins to develop first, starting from birth to around 2 years old. Then episodic memory (i.e., expanding on language, simple narratives, understanding emotions, etc.) follows at around the age of 2 years old to age 5. These long-term memories begin the basics for autobiographical memory which is the combination of semantic and episodic memory. When autobiographical memory is used the child is able to communicate their experiences to make connections and elaborate what they know about the environment they are growing up in (Fivush & Nelson, 2004). Memory will continue to develop for the rest of their life and they will also grow and change as a person the more they experience (Fivush & Nelson, 2004). As we grow older and learn more about the environment people will recall the things they’ve learned from their past experiences in order to interact with their environment and peers. Vygotsky believed that the nurture portion of development is what writes the script for the future which is why it is important that caregivers are able to nurture their children’s development from a young age (Fivush & Nelson, 2004).
As we live life memory-making moves forward in time, but as we recall life, we remember it backwards(Tessler & Nelson, 1994). This shows that when children are given a narrative from an adult in the present they internalize those teachings (Tessler & Nelson, 1994). Which is why language is so important when communicating with children because language is used as a connection for life events to make a cohesive story in their memories and better understanding of self-concept (Tessler & Nelson, 1994). Although not all memories are remembered, there are specific ones that children remember to have an effect on them (Tessler & Nelson, 1994).
The executive function of a child is still developing where their memories will predict how they will take action and learn from the actions they have taken. Those actions will then activate things like attention and what to focus on. In OnBeing podcast The Science of Attention (2009) Adele Diamond speaks about learning curriculums and how they can affect children in the future. In modern education she speaks about how brain activation in different activities (e.g., sports, memorization, play, music, etc.) play a role in the development of children (Diamond, 2009). These are the key factors that will enhance a growing mind and make it easier to recall information in the future.
For years cognitive theorists legends, such as Jean Piaget, have been the forerunners in cognitive development theories. Piaget believed that cognition starts with action and it progressively will become abstract. In his work, the development of knowledge was mostly described in terms of the child’s discoveries about the world through direct experience (Keil, 2014). Cognition is embodied and impacted by endogenous forces, forces that are found within us. Based on this theory we could make the assumption that humans are born ready to make sense of the world, and that cognition is “inside” our heads. Over time, reflection reveals that this view could not possibly tell the whole story of the growth of knowledge.
Entering the twentieth century, Lev Vygotsky developed a theory of how social and cultural factors influence cognition. As Vygotsky would define it, cognition is a process of communication and transformation that results in the internalization of the external world. He argued that a child’s cultural context and social interactions often mediate their interactions with the world. The child is part of a community, which plays a crucial role in storing and retrieving information (Keil, 2014). During infancy, cultural factors affect the ways that infants and caregivers communicate through social referencing, joint attention, imitation, and emotional contagion. After infancy, more sophisticated cultural influences become evident, those being the zone of proximal development and scaffolding. According to Vygotsky, caregivers, or an individual that is more matured from the community, provide guidance that can make it easier for the child to transition into the zone of proximal development, which is the next level of skill or understanding that a child can achieve in cognitive development (Keil, 2014). In the process of supporting and guiding the child’s learning, adults and older children are often described as “scaffolding” the child’s cognitive development. Through the use of scaffolding, we are able to help focus children’s attention and organize their thoughts in a way that will increase their performance and feelings of mastery without making them aware of all the supportive scaffolding. Through the use of scaffolding, caregivers are able to reflect on their own beliefs without directly forcing it upon them.
Sociocultural views of development can also be helpful in understanding how the cross-cultural psychological differences we see in adults emerge and take shape over the course of childhood and beyond. Over time Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory has paved the path for theorists to follow. His educational legacy has allowed us to study and argue Piaget’s Constructivism view vs. Vygotsky’s sociocultural view. On the other hand, the scientific legacy has helped develop Nelson and Fivush’s Sociocultural theory of cognitive development, as well as the work of some essentialists. For example, in the literature review done by Marjorie Rhodes and Tara M. Mandalaywala, they examine the development of essentialist intuitive theories of how the social world is structured, along with the developmental consequences of these beliefs. Based on this essentialist perspective, children develop intuitive theories to make sense of the world around them, they rely on caregivers to understand why things are labeled the way they are, why individuals tend to have particular properties, and why some individuals are grouped together and separately from others in their environment (Rhodes & Mandalaywala, 2017).
Overall, when educating children it is important to make connections at a young age through things that will leave an impact on them in the future. Those memories that were originally external need to be internalized to make a lasting impression. Which is why it is important for parent-child interactions to have significant meaning, or those teaching will be lost, due to the forgetting associated with childhood amnesia. It is impossible to avoid things like prejudice and stereotyping because children will eventually come across things like that in their younger years however as caregivers it is important to explain and expose new experiences to their children. When they learn what those negative things are sooner than in the future they will be able to interact or express themselves socially in a more inclusive way which will hopefully lead to a more anti-racist ideals and a more positive environment to live in.
A child’s sense of self is critical to understanding others. The development of self regulation and worth can have either positive or negative affects later on in life depending on one’s sociocultural experiences. In order to fully understand the processes in which these processes occur, analysis will be conducted to make a recommendation in guiding children onto the path of antiracist behavior, rather than simple “non racist” behavior. Keil (2013) explains in chapter 13 how children decide and make their own judgements about others. As mentioned earlier, essentialist beliefs can make cause for increased bias and prejudice, yet can be common based on one’s nurtured environment. Evaluative reasoning for example, is found more commonly within younger children. This reasoning gives means to base an individual or group as entirely good or bad. Predicting a person’s actions for the future is also evaluated through this reasoning. The issue with evaluative reasoning is a tendency to assume an overall pre assessed bias for or against a person based on an action. However, how does this play when a child with this reasoning is brought up with essentialist beliefs? Support from a caregiver within these beliefs may seem difficult throughout a child’s progression to assess whether a person or group will further be identified as “good” or “bad”. In addition to these practices, the fundamental attribution error refers to the bias within observing others.
Interestingly enough, this bias varies across cultures, and is more apparent within individual cultures rather than collectivist ones. Members of individualistic cultures tend to attribute behaviors based on dispositional factors (e.g., personality traits). This often is an argument that is used politically, in which a general opposition to increased welfare services within the US is opposed because of a stigma which creates bias towards those who can’t seemingly “pull themselves up by their bootstraps’ ‘. This attribution of laziness ignores other factors that may be blocking a person’s chances at success (e.g., mental illness). A child who grows up within an environment in which both attribution and evaluative reasoning are used by caregivers, this can affect a child’s viewpoints about specific groups and can enhance racist behavior.
A child’s sense of theory of mind is crucial to understanding themselves, and benefits others as well. Developed within the first five years of life, the development of the theory of mind comes to an idea of false beliefs. False belief reasoning can be evaluated with “the Smarties task, where children were given a box with smarties on the outside. They were asked what was inside, in which they responded, smarties. However, inside the box contained pencils instead, and researchers showed the children what was truly within the box. Three year olds tested believed that another person who would view the box would believe that pencils would be within it, however four year olds were able to determine another person’s point of view (e.g., box containing smarties). This marks the beginning development of children understanding how others view the world around them despite it being different from how they view it (Keil, 2013).Children with a developed theory of mind are considered to be better at communicating, rated more socially competent by their teachers, and their pretend play is more complex (Astington et al., 2019). Delays in theory of mind can cause lack of understanding for others’ perspectives or viewpoints. Caregivers can enhance the development of the theory of mind through engaging in pretend play, tell stories whilst also giving opportunity for their children to participate, as well as discussing feelings of all participants within engagements.
As we have discussed throughout this paper, the inner workings of Vytgosky and his theory of sociocultural development have given essential insights to how children develop, and how their environments (e.g., caregivers) can impact their views, and often more or not how they decide to approach race within their own lives (e.g., antiracist practices). Teaching to children the issues people of color face today whilst also providing ways in which a child can help and stand up to racist behaviors they witness gives light to the importance of education, and conflict resolution skills. In addition, particular attention to social essentialism and the issues with this development have shown to increase bias and prejudice towards out-groups. Caregivers are advised to speak with their children in regards to social normative yet exclusive stigmas regarding gender or race (e.g., only boys can be ninjas). Encouragement within letting a child decide their own options for choices regarding gender bias gives opportunity for a child to express themselves while also gaining support from a caregiver. Social essentialism then is decreased, as a child’s thoughts and feelings regarding social essentialism are diminished with the help of both caregiver and child. Finally, a child’s perceptions of both themselves and others can critically influence their own development of the theory of mind. Advanced opportunities for children to develop their theory of mind enhances their abilities to communicate within conflicts and better understand other perspectives within group dynamics.
Raising a child as the future generation can seem terrifying however, caregivers should not be discouraged by this. Children are like sponges that absorb everything they are taught so of course it is important to be mindful of what you are teaching them. For example, if a child notices that those conversations are uncomfortable for you they will also feel uncomfortable about talking about these things.When difficult discussions (e.g., topics of race) arise caregivers should ask themselves if they should use a Piagetian method or Vygotskian method. Both theorists make strong points of how children develop but ultimately combining these theories would be useful when raising children. Once those anti-racist beliefs are implemented into the child’s mind these difficult conversations will get easier and easier.
Project Take-Aways, in the Authors’ Own Words
- Vangie’s biggest takeaway: I think my biggest takeaway from this project was how important it is to educate children when they are younger about racism (instead of shielding them from the world). Also, how much we change from the environment we are in (e.g., I’m not the same person as I was when I lived in Hawaii and I’ve changed a lot from the exposure I’ve had from school).
- Hannah’s biggest takeaway: The biggest takeaway from this project includes the importance of educating young about topics such as racism & sexism. I was brought up to always kind of ignore issues that are crucial to understand in order combat, and so I think these tips for caregivers will be extremely beneficial to take with me within my career and within my own home life (e.g., family).
- Emma’s biggest takeaway: This project helped me realize how important stakeholders (parents, teachers, etc.) have on a child’s cognitive development. Being a future educator it is helpful to know the significant impact you have on your students’ lives and on their belief systems (depending on what age you teach).
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Tessler, M., & Nelson, K. (1994). Making memories: The influence of joint encoding on later recall by young children. Consciousness and cognition, 3(3-4), 307-326. | <urn:uuid:56948eb6-e0f1-4627-be54-5d5b34b57340> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://pressbooks.pub/raisingjustkids/chapter/making-sense-of-the-bloom-and-the-buzz/ | 2024-02-28T18:25:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.956865 | 10,079 | 3.9375 | 4 | [
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- In accordance with the requirements of the Education (Welfare) Act 2000 and the code of behaviour guidelines issued by the NEWB, the Board of Management of Scoil Chaitríona Infants proposes to adopt the following anti-bullying policy within the framework of the school’s overall code of behaviour. This policy fully complies with the requirements of the Anti-Bullying Procedures for Primary and Post-Primary Schools which were published in September 2013.
- The Board of Management recognises the very serious nature of bullying and the negative impact that it can have on the lives of pupils and is therefore fully committed to the following key principles of best practice in preventing and tackling bullying behaviour:
- The fostering of a positive school culture which is welcoming of difference and diversity and based on inclusivity will encourage pupils to disclose and discuss incidents of bullying behaviour in a non-threatening environment while promoting respectful relationships across the whole school community
- Effective Leadership
- A school-wide approach
- A shared understanding of what bullying is and its impact
- Implementation of education and prevention strategies (including awareness raising measures) that build empathy, respect and resilience in pupils.
- Effective supervision and monitoring of pupils
- Supports for staff (Continuing Professional Development)
- Consistent recording, investigation and follow-up of bullying behaviour (including use of established intervention strategies)
- On-going evaluation of the effectiveness of the anti-bullying policy.
- Definition of bullying: In accordance with the Anti-Bullying Procedures for Primary and Post-Primary Schools bullying is defined as follows:
Bullying is unwanted negative behaviour (verbal, psychological or physical) conducted by an individual or group against another person (or persons) and which is repeated over time.
The following types of bullying behaviour are included in the defintition of bullying:
- Deliberate exclusion, malicious gossip and other forms of relational bullying
- Identity-based bullying such as homophobic bullying, racist bullying, bullying based on a person’s membership of the Traveller community and bullying of those with disabilities or special educational needs.
Isolated or once-off incidents of intentional negative behaviour do not fall within the definition of bullying and should be dealt with, as appropriate in accordance with the school’s code of behaviour.
Additional information on different types of bullying is set out in Section 2 of the Anti-Bullying Procedures for Primary and Post-Primary Schools.
- The relevant teachers for investigating and dealing with bullying will be the class teachers of the children concerned.
- The education and prevention strategies that will be used by the school are as follows:
The school’s prevention and awareness raising measures will take into account the age of the children in raising awareness of what bullying is and how the school deals with bullying behaviour.
A positive school climate where there is respect for all will be fostered.
The Social, Personal and Health Education area of the curriculum will be used to help pupils to develop a positive sense of self-worth and increase their sense of belonging and inclusion.
The Stay Safe Programme, which is taught in our school, is a personal safety skills programme which seeks to enhance children’s self-protection skills including their ability to recognise and cope with bullying.
Effective supervision and monitoring of pupils will be provided to prevent bullying occurring.
6.Procedures for investigation and follow-up of bullying behaviour
The school’s procedures for investigation and follow-up of bullying behaviour and the established intervention strategies used by the school for dealing with cases of bullying behaviour are as follows:
(In these procedures the member of teaching staff who has responsibility for investigating and dealing with bullying is referred to as the “relevant teacher”. The Anti-Bullying Procedures for Primary and Post-Primary Schools state that at primary level the relevant teacher will normally be the class teacher.)
The primary aim for the relevant teacher in investigating and dealing with bullying is to resolve any issues and to restore, as far as practicable, the relationships of the parties involved (rather than to apportion blame).
In investigating and dealing with bullying, the teacher will exercise her professional judgement to determine whether bullying has occurred and how best the situation might be resolved.
All reports, including anonymous reports of bullying must be investigated and dealt with by the relevant teacher so that pupils will gain confidence in “telling”.
Non-teaching staff such as secretaries, SNAs, caretakers and cleaners must be encouraged to report any incidents of bullying behaviour witnessed by them, or mentioned to them, to the relevant teacher.
Parents and pupils are required to co-operate with any investigation and assist the school in resolving any issues while restoring, as far as is practicable, the relationships of the parties involved as quickly as possible.
Incidents are generally best investigated outside the classrooom situation and interviews should be conducted with senitivity and with due regard to the rights of all pupils concerned.
When analysing incidents of bullying behaviour the relevant teacher should seek answers to questions of What, Where, When, Who and Why. This should be done in a calm manner, modelling how to deal effectively with conflict in a non-aggressive manner.
If a group is involved each member should be interviewed individually at first. Then all those involved should be met as a group.
In cases where it has been determined by the relevant teacher that bullying behaviour has occurred, the parents of the parties involved should be contacted to inform them of the matter and explain the action being taken. The parents should be given an opportunity of discussing ways in which they can reinforce or support the actions being taken by the school.
Efforts should be made to try to get the pupil who has carried out the bullying to see the situation from the perspective of the pupil bullied.
Where a parent is not satisfied that the school has dealt with a bullying case in accordance with these procedures, the parents must be referred, as appropriate, to the school’s complaints procedures.
In the event that a parent has exhausted the school’s complaints procedures and is still not satisfied, the school must advise the parents of their right to make a complaint to the Ombudsman for Children.
7.Procedures for recording bullying behaviour
The relevant teacher will use her professional judgement in relation to the records to be kept in relation to reports of bullying. If it is established that bullying has occurred the relevant teacher must keep appropriate written records which will assist her efforts to resolve the issues and restore, as far as is practicable, the relationships of the parties involved.
The relevant teacher must use the recording template at Appendix 1 to record the bullying behaviour in the following circumstances:
(a)In cases where the relevant teacher considers that the bullying behaviour has not been adequately and appropriately addressed within 20 school days after she has determined that bullying has occurred, she must record it in the recording template ( Appendix 1)
(b)Where the bullying behaviour is being reported to the Principal.
In each of the circumstances at (a) and (b) the recording template must be completed in full and a copy provided to the Principal. The relevant teacher may consult the Principal at any stage in relation to a case.
Serious instances of bullying behaviour should, in accordance with the Children First and the Child Protection Procedures for Primary and Post-Primary Schools, be referred to the HSE Children and Family Service and/or Gardai as appropriate.
8. School’s programme of support for working with pupils affected by bullying
Pupils involved in or affected by bullying behaviour need assistance on an on-going basis. For those with low self-esteem opportunities should be developed to increase feelings of self-worth. Use will be made of the Social, Personal and Health Education (SPHE) area of the curriculum and the Stay Safe Programme in this regard. Where deemed necessary pupils may be referred to community counselling services.
9.Supervision and Monitoring of Pupils
The Board of Management confirms that appropriate supervision and monitoring policies and practices are in place to both prevent and deal with bullying behaviour and to facilitate early intervention where possible.
10. Prevention of Harassment
The Board of Management confirms that the school will, in accordance with its obligation under equality legislation, take all such steps that are reasonably practicable to prevent the harassment of pupils or staff on any of the nine grounds specified i.e. gender, civil status, family status, sexual orientation, religion, age, disability, race and membership of the Traveller community.
11. Links to other Policies:
12. This policy was adopted by the Board of Management in May 2014.
13. This policy will be made available to school personnel, published on the school website and provided to the Parents’ Association. A copy of this policy will also be made available to the Department and the Patron if requested.
14 .This policy and its implementation will be reviewed by the Board of Management once in every school year. Written notification that the review has been completed will be made available to school personnel, published on the school website and provided to the Parents’ Association. A record of the review and its outcome will be made available, if requested, to the Patron and the Department.
Review of Anti Bullying Policy:
Signed: _________________________ Date: ______________
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GPU clusters have revolutionized high-performance computing (HPC), enabling organizations to tackle complex computational problems with incredible speed and efficiency. These clusters harness the immense power of graphics processing units (GPUs), which are specialized processors designed to handle massive parallel computing tasks. In this article, we will explore the capabilities of GPU clusters, their role in HPC, key features, emerging trends, and the challenges involved in their implementation.
Understanding GPU Clusters
GPU clusters are a collection of interconnected GPUs that work together to execute computationally intensive tasks in parallel. Each GPU consists of hundreds or thousands of smaller cores, allowing them to handle a multitude of tasks simultaneously. By leveraging the parallel processing capabilities of GPUs, clusters can process vast amounts of data at lightning-fast speeds, making them ideal for HPC applications.
What are GPU Clusters?
GPU clusters are a powerful tool in the world of computing. They are designed to tackle complex tasks that require significant computational power. These clusters are made up of multiple GPUs that work together to perform calculations and process data in parallel. This parallel processing capability allows for faster execution times and increased efficiency.
Imagine a scenario where you need to analyze massive amounts of data in a short amount of time. A single GPU might take hours or even days to complete the task. However, by utilizing a GPU cluster, you can distribute the workload across multiple GPUs, significantly reducing the processing time. This is achieved by dividing the data into smaller chunks and assigning each chunk to a different GPU within the cluster. Each GPU then processes its assigned data independently, and the results are combined to obtain the final output.
Furthermore, GPU clusters are particularly well-suited for tasks that involve complex mathematical calculations, such as simulations, machine learning, and data analytics. These tasks often require performing the same operation on a large dataset repeatedly. GPUs excel at this type of computation due to their ability to execute thousands of threads simultaneously. By harnessing the power of multiple GPUs in a cluster, the overall performance and speed of these calculations can be greatly enhanced.
The Architecture of GPU Clusters
GPU clusters typically follow a distributed computing model, where multiple computing nodes are interconnected through high-speed network connections. Each node contains one or more GPUs, as well as CPU cores for handling tasks that are not GPU-accelerated. This architecture facilitates efficient data distribution and parallel execution, maximizing the overall performance of the cluster.
At the heart of a GPU cluster is the interconnection network, which enables communication between the nodes. This network plays a crucial role in ensuring that data can be transferred quickly and efficiently between GPUs, allowing for easy collaboration and coordination. High-speed network technologies, such as InfiniBand or Ethernet, are commonly used to achieve low-latency and high-bandwidth communication within the cluster.
In addition to the interconnection network, GPU clusters also require a management system to coordinate the activities of the individual nodes. This management system oversees tasks such as load balancing, job scheduling, and fault tolerance. It ensures that the workload is evenly distributed among the GPUs and that any failures or errors are handled gracefully, minimizing the impact on the overall performance of the cluster.
Moreover, the architecture of GPU clusters can vary depending on the specific requirements of the application or organization. Some clusters may consist of homogeneous GPUs, where all the GPUs within the cluster are of the same type and configuration. Others may be heterogeneous, incorporating different types of GPUs to leverage their unique strengths for specific tasks. The choice of architecture depends on factors such as the workload characteristics, budget constraints, and desired performance objectives.
GPU clusters are a powerful computing resource that enables the efficient execution of computationally intensive tasks. By harnessing the parallel processing capabilities of GPUs and leveraging a distributed computing model, these clusters can process vast amounts of data at incredible speeds. With their ability to accelerate complex calculations and handle demanding workloads, GPU clusters have become an indispensable tool for researchers, scientists, and organizations across various industries.
InfiniBand Networking, RDMA, and Their Role in Driving GPU Clusters
GPU clusters have been pivotal in advancing high-performance computing (HPC), but their effectiveness and efficiency owe much to innovations in network technologies, specifically InfiniBand and Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA). These technologies have been instrumental in overcoming the data transfer and communication challenges inherent in GPU cluster operations, significantly enhancing their performance.
InfiniBand Networking in GPU Clusters
InfiniBand is a high-performance network architecture often used in HPC environments, particularly in GPU clusters. It provides several advantages over traditional Ethernet networking, especially in terms of bandwidth, latency, and scalability – all critical factors in the efficient operation of GPU clusters.
- High Bandwidth and Low Latency: InfiniBand networks offer high data transfer rates and low latency, which are essential for the rapid communication required between GPUs in a cluster. This rapid data exchange is crucial for parallel processing tasks, where time delays can significantly impact overall performance.
- Scalability: InfiniBand networks can efficiently scale to accommodate the growing size and complexity of GPU clusters. This scalability ensures that as more GPUs are added to meet increasing computational demands, the network can support the enhanced data flow without becoming a bottleneck.
- Reliability and Efficiency: InfiniBand also provides mechanisms for error handling and quality of service, ensuring reliable and efficient data transmission across the network, which is vital for maintaining the integrity of complex computations in HPC tasks.
Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) and GPU Clusters
RDMA plays a critical role in optimizing the performance of GPU clusters. It allows for the direct transfer of data between the memory of different machines, bypassing the CPU to reduce latency and CPU load. This capability is particularly beneficial in GPU clusters for several reasons:
- Efficient Data Transfer: RDMA enables more efficient data transfer between GPUs in a cluster, which is essential for tasks that require frequent and rapid data exchange. By reducing data transfer times, RDMA enhances the overall performance of GPU clusters.
- Reduced CPU Overhead: By allowing direct memory access, RDMA reduces the burden on the CPU, freeing it to perform other critical tasks. This efficiency is particularly important in GPU clusters where the CPU and GPUs need to work in tandem for optimal performance.
- Enhanced Parallel Processing: RDMA supports the parallel processing capabilities of GPU clusters by ensuring that data is quickly and efficiently shared between nodes. This capability is crucial for applications that require real-time data processing and analysis.
The Synergy of InfiniBand, RDMA, and GPU Clusters
The combination of InfiniBand networking and RDMA technology has been a game-changer for GPU clusters. This synergy has enabled faster and more efficient communication between GPUs, enhancing the capabilities of GPU clusters in processing vast amounts of data and executing complex parallel computing tasks.
The use of InfiniBand and RDMA in GPU clusters exemplifies how advancements in networking technologies can significantly impact the performance and capabilities of HPC systems. As these technologies continue to evolve, they will undoubtedly unlock even greater potential in GPU clusters, driving further innovations in high-performance computing applications.
The Role of GPU Clusters in High-Performance Computing
High-performance computing (HPC) has revolutionized the way organizations tackle complex problems and process vast amounts of data. In recent years, GPU clusters have emerged as a game-changer in the field of HPC, offering significant advantages over traditional CPU clusters.
GPU Clusters vs Traditional CPU Clusters
When it comes to HPC, the difference between GPU clusters and traditional CPU clusters is like night and day. CPUs, or central processing units, are designed to handle a few complex tasks sequentially. On the other hand, GPUs, or graphics processing units, excel at processing numerous simpler tasks in parallel. This parallelism allows GPU clusters to achieve immense computational power, enabling organizations to solve complex problems in a fraction of the time it would take with CPU clusters.
Imagine a scenario where a CPU cluster is tasked with analyzing a massive dataset. The CPUs would process the data one task at a time, sequentially moving from one task to the next. This sequential processing can be time-consuming and inefficient, especially when dealing with large datasets.
Now, picture a GPU cluster taking on the same task. The GPUs would divide the dataset into smaller chunks and process them simultaneously, in parallel. This parallel processing allows for a significant speedup in data analysis, as multiple tasks are executed concurrently. The computational power unleashed by GPU clusters is truly remarkable, revolutionizing the field of HPC.
The Impact of GPU Clusters on Data Processing Speed
One of the most remarkable aspects of GPU clusters is the speed at which they process data. The ability to perform matrix calculations, simulations, and simulations in real-time is a game-changer for organizations across various industries.
In scientific research, for example, GPU clusters enable researchers to analyze complex data sets and run simulations in real-time. This rapid data analysis allows for faster insights and decision-making, accelerating the pace of scientific discoveries. Whether it's simulating the behavior of molecules or studying the dynamics of the universe, GPU clusters have become an invaluable tool for scientists pushing the boundaries of knowledge.
In the financial industry, GPU clusters have revolutionized the field of financial modeling. Complex algorithms that were once time-consuming to run can now be executed in a fraction of the time. This increased processing speed enables financial institutions to make faster and more accurate predictions, helping them stay ahead in a highly competitive market.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is another field where GPU clusters have made a significant impact. AI algorithms often require massive amounts of data to be processed and analyzed. With GPU clusters, organizations can train AI models faster, allowing for more efficient machine learning and improved AI capabilities. This has opened up new possibilities in areas such as autonomous vehicles, natural language processing, and computer vision.
The impact of GPU clusters on data processing speed is fundamentally transforming the world. They have redefined the way organizations handle complex tasks, enabling faster insights, more accurate predictions, and incredible novel discoveries.
NVIDIA, CUDA, and the Evolution of GPU Technology - The H100 and H200 GPUs
In the realm of GPU clusters and high-performance computing, NVIDIA stands as a key player, particularly with its CUDA platform and the latest GPU innovations, the H100 and H200. These advancements by NVIDIA have significantly contributed to the evolution and enhancement of GPU capabilities, making them more adept for complex computational tasks.
NVIDIA and Its Impact on GPU Clusters
NVIDIA, a pioneer in graphics processing technology, has been instrumental in the evolution of GPU clusters. Their GPUs are not just central to rendering graphics but have become vital for a wide range of computational tasks in various fields, including scientific research, artificial intelligence, and data analytics.
CUDA: Unleashing the Power of NVIDIA GPUs
CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) is a parallel computing platform and application programming interface (API) model created by NVIDIA. It allows software developers to use a CUDA-enabled GPU for general purpose processing (an approach known as GPGPU, General-Purpose computing on Graphics Processing Units).
- Parallel Processing Capabilities: CUDA gives programmers access to the virtual instruction set and memory of the parallel computational elements in NVIDIA GPUs. This access revolutionizes how computations are handled, enabling more efficient parallel processing and significantly boosting the performance of GPU clusters.
- Versatility and Accessibility: CUDA supports various programming languages, including C, C++, and Fortran, making it accessible to a wide range of developers. This versatility has allowed for the broad adoption of CUDA in various computational and scientific applications.
The NVIDIA H100 and H200 GPUs
NVIDIA’s introduction of the H100 and H200 GPUs marks a significant leap in GPU technology, offering even more power and efficiency for HPC and AI applications.
- H100 GPU: The H100, part of NVIDIA's Hopper architecture, is designed specifically for AI and HPC workloads. It is built to handle the immense computational demands of large-scale AI models and high-performance computing tasks. The H100's architecture allows for faster data processing and enhanced parallel computing capabilities, making it an ideal choice for demanding AI and HPC applications.
- H200 GPU: Following the H100, the H200 represents further advancement in GPU technology, providing even greater computational power and efficiency. While detailed specifications and capabilities of the H200 are yet to be fully unveiled, it is expected to push the boundaries of GPU performance, offering unprecedented processing speeds and capabilities for next-generation AI and HPC applications.
The Role of H100 and H200 in Advancing GPU Clusters
The introduction of the H100 and the anticipated H200 GPU is set to further revolutionize the capabilities of GPU clusters. With these advanced GPUs, NVIDIA continues to drive the envelope in processing speed, efficiency, and the ability to handle increasingly complex computational tasks. The H100 and H200 GPUs are expected to:
- Enhance AI and Machine Learning: By providing more powerful processing capabilities, these GPUs will enable more complex and larger-scale AI and machine learning models, facilitating advancements in fields such as natural language processing, autonomous vehicles, and predictive analytics.
- Boost HPC Applications: For high-performance computing, the H100 and H200 GPUs will enable faster simulations, data analysis, and scientific research, aiding in breakthrough discoveries and innovations across various scientific fields.
- Improve Energy Efficiency: With advancements in GPU technology, these new models are also expected to be more energy-efficient, a critical factor in large-scale computing environments.
Key Features of GPU Clusters
GPU clusters offer a multitude of key features that make them a powerful tool for high-performance computing. Let's dive deeper into some of these features:
Parallel Processing Capabilities
The parallel processing capabilities of GPU clusters are their defining feature. Each GPU in the cluster can execute multiple threads simultaneously, dividing a task into smaller sub-tasks that can be processed in parallel. This parallelism greatly accelerates the overall computing speed, making GPU clusters highly efficient for demanding computational workloads.
Imagine a scenario where a research team is working on a complex simulation that requires extensive calculations. With a GPU cluster, the workload can be divided into smaller chunks, and each GPU can handle a portion of the calculations simultaneously. This parallel processing capability significantly reduces the time required to complete the simulation, enabling researchers to obtain results faster and iterate on their work more efficiently.
Furthermore, the parallel processing capabilities of GPU clusters are not limited to scientific simulations. Industries such as finance, healthcare, and entertainment can also benefit from the immense computing power provided by GPU clusters. For example, financial institutions can use GPU clusters to accelerate complex risk analysis calculations, while healthcare organizations can leverage them for medical imaging processing and analysis.
Scalability and Flexibility
GPU clusters are highly scalable, allowing organizations to easily expand their computational resources by adding more GPUs or computing nodes. This scalability is crucial for accommodating the ever-increasing demands of modern computational workloads.
Let's consider a scenario where a company experiences a sudden surge in computational requirements due to a new project or increased customer demand. With a GPU cluster, the organization can effectively scale up its computing power by adding more GPUs or computing nodes to the cluster. This flexibility ensures that the company can meet the growing demands without significant disruptions or delays.
Moreover, GPU clusters support a wide range of programming languages and frameworks, providing developers with the flexibility to leverage their existing codebase and tools. This compatibility allows organizations to easily integrate GPU clusters into their existing workflows and infrastructure without the need for a complete overhaul.
For instance, a software development company that has been using Python for their data analysis tasks can continue using the same programming language with GPU clusters. They can utilize libraries like TensorFlow or PyTorch to harness the power of GPUs for accelerating their machine learning models. This flexibility saves time and resources that would otherwise be spent on retraining the development team or rewriting existing code.
GPU clusters offer parallel processing capabilities and scalability, making them highly efficient for demanding computational workloads. Their flexibility in supporting various programming languages and frameworks allows organizations to integrate them into existing workflows. Whether it's scientific simulations, financial analysis, or medical imaging, GPU clusters are a valuable asset for industries across the board.
The Future of High-Performance Computing with GPU Clusters
Emerging Trends in GPU Clusters
The field of GPU clusters is constantly evolving, with researchers and developers exploring innovative ways to enhance their capabilities. One emerging trend is the integration of machine learning algorithms directly into GPU clusters, enabling real-time data analysis and decision-making. Another trend is the use of hybrid CPU-GPU clusters, which combine the strengths of both processors for even greater performance.
Challenges and Solutions in GPU Cluster Implementation
While GPU clusters offer immense processing power, their implementation can present challenges. Ensuring effective workload distribution among the GPUs, managing data transfer between nodes, and synchronizing computations across multiple GPUs are some of the key challenges. However, advancements in cluster management software and efficient algorithms are addressing these challenges, making GPU clusters more accessible and easier to deploy.
Harnessing the Power of GPU Clusters for High-Performance Computing
GPU clusters have revolutionized high-performance computing, offering unprecedented speed and efficiency. Their parallel processing capabilities, scalability, and flexibility make them an invaluable tool for organizations seeking to tackle complex computational problems. As emerging trends continue to shape the field of GPU clusters and challenges are overcome, their potential for advancing various domains, from scientific research to artificial intelligence, will only continue to grow. | <urn:uuid:81845b62-6b05-4adc-89dc-e1f01c5b86d7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.amaxai.com/the-power-of-gpu-clusters-unleashing-high-performance-computing/ | 2024-02-28T18:57:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.9125 | 3,605 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
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What Does Downlink Mean ?
Have you ever wondered what downlink means in the world of cybersecurity? In this article, we will explore the ins and outs of downlink, from how it works to the various types and uses.
We will also delve into the security concerns associated with downlink, such as vulnerability to hacking and data privacy issues. We will discuss examples of downlink in cybersecurity, like malware distribution and denial of service attacks, and provide tips on how to protect downlink from cyber threats.
So, let’s dive in and unravel the mystery of downlink together!
What Is Downlink?
Downlink refers to the transmission of data from a satellite or another spacecraft to a ground-based receiver or another satellite.
This process of downlink plays a crucial role in the communication ecosystem, enabling the transfer of essential information from space-based systems to Earth or other satellites. By facilitating the flow of data through electromagnetic waves or signals, downlink forms a vital link in the chain of transmission that ensures seamless communication networks. Efficient downlink mechanisms are essential for various applications, such as broadcasting, weather monitoring, navigation, and remote sensing, where real-time data transfer is fundamental for operational success.
How Does Downlink Work?
Downlink operates by utilizing technology that encodes data signals for secure transmission over the internet.
By encrypting the data signals, downlink ensures that the information being transmitted remains secure and inaccessible to unauthorized parties. This encryption process converts the data into a format that can only be decoded by the intended recipient, adding multiple layers of protection to the transmission.
The internet plays a crucial role in facilitating downlink operations by providing a vast network infrastructure through which the encoded data signals can travel from the sender to the receiver in a seamless and efficient manner.
What Are the Types of Downlink?
There are two primary types of downlink: unidirectional downlink and bidirectional downlink, each offering specific benefits and features.
Unidirectional downlink involves one-way communication from the sender to the recipient, making it ideal for scenarios where data needs to be transmitted in a secure and controlled manner. This type of downlink is commonly used for broadcasting information such as software updates or multimedia content.
On the other hand, bidirectional downlink allows for two-way communication between the sender and the recipient, enabling a more interactive and dynamic exchange of data. Secure connection protocols like HTTPS and data transfer methods such as FTPS or SFTP are essential for ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted data.
Unidirectional downlink facilitates one-way communication from the satellite to the ground station, enhancing security by reducing exposure to cyber threats.
This feature ensures that sensitive data transmitted from the satellite remains secure and unidirectionally flows without any possibility of unauthorized access or interference. By eliminating the possibility of data being intercepted or tampered with during transmission, unidirectional downlink significantly reduces the risks associated with cyberattacks. This mode of communication provides a robust defense against potential breaches, making it a preferred choice for organizations prioritizing information security and protection of critical data.
Bidirectional downlink enables two-way communication between the satellite and the ground station, incorporating encryption methods to enhance cyber defense measures.
This bi-directional communication functionality plays a crucial role in strengthening cybersecurity by allowing data to be securely transmitted both to and from the satellite. By utilizing encryption technology, bidirectional downlink ensures that sensitive information is protected from unauthorized access and cyber threats. This secure communication channel enhances overall cyber defense strategies, providing a robust framework for maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of satellite transmissions. With the growing emphasis on cybersecurity, bidirectional downlink serves as a vital component in safeguarding communication systems against potential vulnerabilities and attacks.
What Are the Uses of Downlink?
Downlink is utilized for communication with satellites, wireless networks, and remote control devices, enabling efficient data transfer and network security.
This technology plays a vital role in ensuring that data is transmitted securely from the satellite to the ground station, enhancing the reliability and integrity of communication channels. In wireless network connectivity, downlink facilitates the seamless transfer of information from the network to connected devices, supporting smooth and uninterrupted user experience. In the realm of remote device control, downlink empowers users to manage and monitor devices from a distance, orchestrating operations with precision and timeliness.”
Communication with Satellites
Downlink plays a crucial role in establishing communication links with satellites, ensuring the seamless transmission of data packets while maintaining cyber hygiene practices.
Data packet transmission through the downlink is vital for enabling the flow of information from satellites to ground stations, allowing for real-time communication and data exchange. Organizations employ stringent cyber hygiene best practices to prevent data breaches and unauthorized access during these transmissions. Security measures like encryption protocols and firewalls are implemented to safeguard the integrity of the transmitted data, ensuring that sensitive information remains protected from potential cyber threats. By prioritizing data security and adopting advanced encryption technologies, the downlink serves as a secure channel for reliable satellite communication.
Wireless networks rely on downlink technology for secure data transmission, often incorporating firewalls and cyber awareness protocols to enhance network security.
Downlink technology plays a crucial role in the communication process by allowing the transfer of data from the main server to the end-user device.
Firewalls act as a protective barrier against unauthorized access and potential cyber threats, filtering incoming and outgoing network traffic.
In addition, cyber awareness training is essential to educate users about potential risks and how to respond to security incidents promptly.
By combining these elements, wireless networks can establish a robust defense mechanism to safeguard sensitive information and maintain operational efficiency.
Remote Control Devices
Downlink enables the remote control of devices by ensuring secure data transfer, implementing antivirus software, and safeguarding user privacy.
This technology is vital to maintaining the integrity of remote operations, offering a seamless connection between users and their devices while prioritizing cybersecurity measures.
By establishing secure channels for data transmission, downlink technology acts as a shield against potential cyber threats that may compromise sensitive information or disrupt device functionality. The integration of antivirus protection ensures a proactive defense mechanism against malware and other security risks, enhancing the overall safety and reliability of remote device control.
Privacy measures further strengthen user confidence in remote operations, fostering a sense of trust in the system’s ability to safeguard personal data from unauthorized access or misuse.
What Are the Security Concerns with Downlink?
Downlink operations face security challenges such as vulnerability to hacking, signal interference, and potential data privacy breaches.
These security risks associated with downlink technology can expose sensitive information to cyber attackers, jeopardizing the confidentiality and integrity of data transmissions. Hackers may exploit weak encryption protocols or intercept signals to steal valuable data or deploy malware. Signal interference can disrupt communication, leading to operational disruptions and potential financial losses. Data breaches resulting from compromised downlink connections could have far-reaching consequences, such as reputation damage and legal implications. Organizations must implement robust cybersecurity measures to mitigate these risks and safeguard their downlink operations.
Vulnerability to Hacking
The vulnerability of downlink to hacking poses a significant risk, potentially leading to malware distribution and necessitating swift incident response measures.
Malware threats targeting downlink security can compromise data integrity and expose sensitive information to unauthorized access.
Incident response protocols are crucial in containing breaches and preventing further damage, requiring systematic analysis, containment, eradication, and recovery processes.
Rapid action is imperative to mitigate cyber risks associated with hacking, as delays can amplify the impact and escalate the severity of the security incident.
Prioritizing proactive security measures and continuous monitoring can help organizations fortify their downlink defenses against evolving cyber threats.
Interference with Signals
Signal interference in downlink transmissions can disrupt communication flows, emphasizing the need for robust protocols and threat detection mechanisms.
This interference can lead to degraded signal quality, causing delays or even complete data loss in critical communication channels. Reliable signal protocols play a crucial role in minimizing such disruptions by ensuring the efficient transmission of data packets.
In addition, proactive threat detection systems are essential for identifying and mitigating potential sources of interference before they can significantly impact downlink operations. By implementing these measures, organizations can safeguard the integrity of their data transmissions and maintain seamless communication networks.
Data Privacy Issues
Downlink is susceptible to data privacy issues, necessitating stringent authorization processes and effective risk management strategies to safeguard sensitive information.
Ensuring that only authorized parties have access to transmitted data presents a significant challenge in downlink technology. Without robust authorization mechanisms in place, there is a heightened risk of unauthorized interception and exploitation of sensitive information.
To address this, organizations need to implement multifactor authentication protocols and encryption measures to validate the identity of users and protect data in transit. Rigorous risk management practices are essential to proactively identify and mitigate potential threats that could compromise data privacy during the transmission process.
Compliance measures such as regular audits and assessments also play a vital role in ensuring adherence to data protection regulations and maintaining the integrity of downlink systems.
What Are Some Examples of Downlink in Cybersecurity?
Downlink serves as a conduit for various cybersecurity threats, including malware distribution, data theft, and denial of service attacks.
In the realm of malware distribution, cybercriminals have exploited downlink technology to clandestinely disseminate harmful software to unsuspecting users. For instance, in a recent incident, a hacker used a compromised downlink connection to remotely install ransomware on multiple devices within a corporate network, leading to significant disruptions and financial losses.
Downlink vulnerabilities have been leveraged in data breaches, where sensitive information is illicitly accessed and extracted. Phishing attempts have also capitalized on weaknesses in downlink security, with attackers crafting deceptive messages that trick recipients into divulging confidential data.
Malware distribution through downlink channels underscores the importance of robust cybersecurity measures and adherence to data protection laws to prevent unauthorized access.
It is crucial for organizations to stay vigilant and implement stringent cybersecurity protocols to safeguard against potential cyber threats. By complying with data protection legislation, businesses can ensure the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive information.
Taking proactive measures such as regular security audits, employee training on cybersecurity best practices, and threat intelligence sharing can significantly enhance an organization’s ability to counter evolving malware threats.
As technology advances, staying one step ahead in the cybersecurity landscape is imperative to protect valuable data and maintain trust with customers.
Instances of data theft through downlink transmissions emphasize the critical role of authentication mechanisms and compliance with cybersecurity standards to safeguard sensitive information.
Implementing robust authentication procedures ensures that only authorized users can access confidential data, reducing the risk of unauthorized breaches. Compliance with security standards such as encryption protocols and multi-factor authentication serves as a crucial defense against malicious actors seeking to exploit vulnerabilities in the system. Secure data transfer protocols play a pivotal role in preventing unauthorized access to valuable information, maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of data exchanges.
Denial of Service Attacks
Denial of service attacks targeting downlink connections necessitate vigilant network monitoring practices and the implementation of cyber resilience strategies to mitigate service disruptions.
Such attacks can significantly impact the availability and performance of essential network services, potentially causing widespread disruption and financial losses.
Continuous network monitoring plays a crucial role in detecting and mitigating these threats in real-time, allowing for proactive responses to ensure uninterrupted service delivery.
By adopting robust cyber resilience measures, organizations can strengthen their defenses and minimize the risk of downtime due to malicious attacks.
How Can Downlink be Protected from Cybersecurity Threats?
Protecting downlink from cybersecurity threats requires the implementation of robust encryption protocols, firewalls, and regular security updates to fortify network defenses.
Incorporating advanced encryption techniques such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) or RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) into the downlink system is essential to safeguard sensitive data from potential breaches.
Alongside encryption, deploying firewalls with deep packet inspection capabilities can actively monitor and filter incoming and outgoing data traffic for any malicious activity.
Providing comprehensive cyber awareness training for personnel ensures that employees are well-equipped to identify and respond effectively to potential cyber threats, thereby boosting overall security measures.
Encryption plays a pivotal role in securing downlink transmissions by encoding data for safe transfer, requiring continuous cyber risk assessment to adapt to evolving threats.
Through encryption, data is transformed into a ciphertext using complex algorithms, making it unintelligible to unauthorized parties intercepting the transmission. This process ensures that sensitive information remains confidential and protected from potential breaches.
Cyber risk assessment practices involve evaluating potential threats to the encryption system and identifying vulnerabilities that could compromise security. By continuously monitoring and updating encryption protocols, organizations can stay one step ahead of cyber adversaries and mitigate risks effectively.
Firewalls act as a critical defense mechanism for downlink systems, bolstering cybersecurity resilience and enabling efficient threat detection through security operations centers.
These tools play a crucial role in creating secure barriers that prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data and networks. By integrating firewalls with advanced cybersecurity measures, organizations can proactively enhance their overall security posture.
In collaboration with security operations centers, firewalls offer real-time monitoring and analysis to swiftly identify and respond to potential threats. This integration streamlines incident response workflows, enabling a more robust defense against evolving cyber threats.
The synergy between firewalls and proactive security measures is essential in safeguarding downlink networks from malicious intrusions and cyber attacks.
Regular Security Updates
Regular security updates are essential for maintaining the integrity of downlink systems, ensuring cyber awareness and swift incident response capabilities in the face of evolving cyber threats.
Timely security updates play a crucial role in fortifying the downlink infrastructure against potential vulnerabilities and unauthorized access. By staying alert and proactive in applying patches and fixes, organizations can significantly reduce the risk of cyber-attacks and data breaches that could compromise sensitive information.
Cyber awareness initiatives further empower employees to recognize and report suspicious activities, bolstering the overall security posture. Incident response readiness becomes paramount, enabling swift detection and containment of security incidents to minimize potential damage and downtime.
Implementing proactive security measures, such as encryption protocols and access controls, adds layers of defense to thwart dynamic cyber threats effectively.
Frequently Asked Questions
What Does Downlink Mean? (Cybersecurity definition and example)
A downlink in cybersecurity refers to the process of transferring data from a satellite or other space-based system to a ground-based system. This data can include information such as images, signals, or instructions.
What is the Purpose of a Downlink in Cybersecurity?
The purpose of a downlink is to provide a way for data to be transmitted from a remote location to a central system for analysis or processing. This allows for real-time monitoring and data collection from various sources, which is important in the field of cybersecurity.
How Does a Downlink Work in Cybersecurity?
A downlink works by using a receiving antenna or dish to capture the transmitted data from a satellite or other space-based system. The data is then processed and analyzed by the ground-based system, which can provide valuable insights and help identify potential security threats.
What Are Some Examples of Downlink in Cybersecurity?
An example of a downlink in cybersecurity is the use of satellite imagery to monitor for suspicious activity or potential threats. Another example is the transmission of instructions from a central system to a remote device, such as a security camera, to adjust settings or perform updates.
Why is Downlink Important in Cybersecurity?
Downlink is important in cybersecurity because it allows for real-time monitoring and analysis of data from various sources. This can help detect and prevent potential security breaches, as well as provide valuable insights for improving overall security measures.
What Are the Benefits of Using Downlink in Cybersecurity?
The use of downlink in cybersecurity offers several benefits, including the ability to quickly and accurately collect data from remote sources, real-time monitoring for potential threats, and improved overall security through continuous analysis and updates. | <urn:uuid:f2fda6d0-f132-4b8a-93ac-45c8446c7444> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.bizmanualz.com/library/what-does-downlink-mean | 2024-02-28T19:09:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.913139 | 3,289 | 3.5625 | 4 | [
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] |
Are you a musician or a music producer looking to elevate your game? If so, you might have come across the term MIDI keyboard. A MIDI keyboard is a type of keyboard that allows you to control various aspects of your music production process, such as synthesizers, drum machines, and other electronic instruments. In this article, we will explore the key pros and cons of using a MIDI keyboard for music production. From ease of use to creative freedom, we’ll cover it all. So, let’s dive in and find out what makes a MIDI keyboard the perfect tool for your next hit track.
A MIDI keyboard is a versatile and widely-used tool for music production, offering several pros and cons. One of the main advantages of using a MIDI keyboard is its ability to easily trigger and control virtual instruments, allowing for a wide range of sounds and creative possibilities. Additionally, MIDI keyboards often come with a variety of features such as knobs and faders, providing hands-on control over various parameters. However, one potential con is that MIDI keyboards can be less expressive than traditional instruments, as the sound is generated by software rather than the instrument itself. Another consideration is that MIDI keyboards may require additional equipment or software to function properly. Overall, while there are some drawbacks to using a MIDI keyboard, its many benefits and versatility make it a popular choice for music production.
What is a MIDI Keyboard?
Definition and Purpose
A MIDI keyboard is an electronic musical instrument that is designed to produce, manipulate, and control sound. It is used in music production and performance, allowing musicians to create and playback digital audio files. The MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) protocol is the standard communication protocol used by MIDI keyboards to interact with other MIDI devices and computers.
The primary purpose of a MIDI keyboard is to provide a way for musicians to input and manipulate digital audio data in real-time. It is a versatile tool that can be used for a wide range of music production tasks, including recording, composing, arranging, and editing. MIDI keyboards can be used in a variety of musical genres, from electronic dance music to classical music.
Components and Features
A MIDI keyboard is a device that allows musicians to control digital musical instruments, computers, and other devices that can communicate with MIDI equipment. It typically has keys, knobs, and buttons that can be used to input notes, adjust parameters, and trigger sounds. Here are some of the key components and features of a MIDI keyboard:
- Keys: The primary component of a MIDI keyboard is its keys, which are arranged in a similar fashion to a piano keyboard. These keys are used to input notes and create melodies. Most MIDI keyboards have at least 25 keys, but some models have as many as 88 keys, which makes them suitable for professional pianists.
- Pitch Bend and Modulation Wheels: These are two controls that allow the user to modify the pitch and modulation of sounds in real-time. The pitch bend wheel allows the user to raise or lower the pitch of a sound, while the modulation wheel allows the user to add vibrato or other effects to the sound.
- Faders and Knobs: These controls are used to adjust the levels of different sounds and parameters. Faders are long sliders that can be used to control the volume of individual tracks, while knobs are smaller controls that can be used to adjust parameters such as reverb, delay, and EQ.
- Transport Controls: These controls allow the user to control the playback of a sequence or project. They typically include buttons for starting and stopping playback, as well as controls for moving forward and backward through a sequence.
- Display: Many MIDI keyboards have a display that shows information such as the current tempo, metronome settings, and other parameters. Some keyboards also have backlit keys that can be used to indicate which notes are being played.
- USB Port: Most MIDI keyboards have a USB port that allows the user to connect the keyboard to a computer or other device. This port is used to send MIDI data to and from the keyboard, as well as to power the keyboard.
- Stand: Many MIDI keyboards come with a stand that allows the user to position the keyboard at the proper height and angle. Some stands are adjustable, while others are fixed.
- Pedals: Some MIDI keyboards come with pedals that can be used to control functions such as sustain and expression. These pedals are typically designed to be compatible with the keyboard’s pedal inputs.
Types of MIDI Keyboards
MIDI keyboards come in various types, each designed to meet the unique needs of different users. Here are some of the most common types of MIDI keyboards:
- Synthesizer Keyboards: These keyboards have built-in synthesizers that generate sounds directly. They are popular among musicians who want to create and perform their own music without relying on external instruments or software.
- Controller Keyboards: These keyboards do not have built-in synthesizers. Instead, they are designed to control external synthesizers or software instruments. They are popular among musicians who want to use their own software or hardware synthesizers.
- Drum Pad Controllers: These keyboards are designed specifically for drummers. They have pads that trigger drum sounds, which can be used to create drum beats or to trigger drum samples in software.
- CV/Gate Keyboards: These keyboards are designed to control analog synthesizers. They have voltage control (CV) and gate outputs that can be used to control the parameters of analog synthesizers.
- Arranger Keyboards: These keyboards are designed for musicians who play multiple instruments. They have multiple keyboards and controllers built-in, which allow musicians to switch between different instruments and sounds.
Each type of MIDI keyboard has its own unique set of features and capabilities. Musicians should choose the type of MIDI keyboard that best meets their needs and preferences.
Pros of Using a MIDI Keyboard
Enhanced Creative Control
One of the main advantages of using a MIDI keyboard for music production is the enhanced creative control it offers. Here are some of the ways in which a MIDI keyboard can enhance your creative control:
One of the most significant benefits of using a MIDI keyboard is the ability to customize the mapping of various controls. This means that you can assign different functions to different keys or buttons on the keyboard, allowing you to create a layout that works best for your workflow. This level of customization allows you to streamline your production process and access the tools you need quickly and easily.
Another benefit of using a MIDI keyboard is the ability to record your performances instantly. Many MIDI keyboards come with built-in recording functionality, allowing you to capture your ideas as you play. This can be especially useful when you’re experimenting with new sounds or trying out different chord progressions. With instant recording, you can capture your ideas before they fade away, and then revisit them later to develop them further.
Access to Virtual Instruments
MIDI keyboards also offer enhanced access to virtual instruments, allowing you to explore a wide range of sounds and textures. With a MIDI keyboard, you can trigger virtual instruments with ease, giving you access to a vast library of sounds that would be difficult or impossible to achieve with traditional hardware instruments. This can be especially useful for producers who work in a variety of genres and want to explore new sounds and textures.
Finally, MIDI keyboards offer enhanced expression capabilities, allowing you to bring more life and emotion to your performances. Many MIDI keyboards come with aftertouch, which allows you to add expression to your performances in real-time. This can be especially useful for creating more nuanced and dynamic performances, adding subtle changes in volume or timbre to enhance the overall feel of your music. Additionally, many MIDI keyboards offer multiple velocity layers, allowing you to create more complex and expressive performances by playing with different levels of pressure.
Overall, the enhanced creative control offered by a MIDI keyboard can be a game-changer for music producers. Whether you’re looking to streamline your workflow, explore new sounds, or bring more expression to your performances, a MIDI keyboard can help you achieve your goals.
Improved Efficiency and Workflow
A MIDI keyboard offers a streamlined and efficient method for music production, enabling musicians and producers to work more efficiently.
Integration with Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs)
One of the primary advantages of using a MIDI keyboard is its seamless integration with Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs). With a MIDI keyboard, musicians can easily control various aspects of their DAW, such as starting and stopping recordings, controlling virtual instruments, and adjusting software parameters. This allows for a more intuitive and hands-on approach to music production, reducing the need for mouse clicks and keyboard shortcuts.
Instant MIDI Recording
MIDI keyboards provide a simple and convenient way to record musical ideas. Unlike traditional recording methods that require musicians to set up microphones and instruments, MIDI keyboards allow for instant recording of MIDI data. This means that musicians can capture their ideas quickly and easily, without the need for extensive setup or sound engineering.
MIDI keyboards enable musicians to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, making the production process more efficient. For example, musicians can play virtual instruments while controlling software parameters with their other hand. This multi-tasking capability saves time and increases productivity, allowing musicians to focus on creativity rather than navigating complex software interfaces.
MIDI keyboards can be customized to suit the needs of individual musicians and producers. By mapping various controls to keys or buttons, musicians can tailor their MIDI keyboard to their specific workflow and preferences. This customization allows for a more personalized and efficient music production experience, reducing the need for multiple hardware devices or complicated software configurations.
Overall, the improved efficiency and workflow provided by MIDI keyboards can significantly enhance the music production process, enabling musicians and producers to work more efficiently and creatively.
When it comes to music production, cost is always a major consideration. Traditional instruments like pianos and guitars can be expensive, especially if you’re looking for high-quality models. This is where MIDI keyboards come in. They offer a cost-effective solution for music production.
Here are some of the ways in which MIDI keyboards are cost-effective:
- Affordable Initial Investment: Unlike traditional instruments, MIDI keyboards don’t require a significant initial investment. You can find decent MIDI keyboards for under $100, making them accessible to musicians of all levels and budgets.
- No Additional Maintenance Costs: MIDI keyboards don’t require any additional maintenance costs like traditional instruments. They don’t need tuning, and there are no additional expenses for repairs or maintenance.
- Versatility: MIDI keyboards are versatile and can be used for a variety of music production tasks. They can be used to record MIDI data, trigger samples, and control software synthesizers. This means that you can use them for a wide range of music production tasks, making them a cost-effective solution for musicians of all genres.
- Compatibility with Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs): MIDI keyboards are compatible with digital audio workstations (DAWs), which are software programs used for music production. This means that you can use a MIDI keyboard to control various aspects of your DAW, such as transport controls, mixing, and editing. This can save you time and money by reducing the need for additional hardware or software.
Overall, MIDI keyboards offer a cost-effective solution for music production. They are affordable, require no additional maintenance costs, are versatile, and are compatible with digital audio workstations. These features make them an attractive option for musicians of all levels and budgets.
Compatibility with Different Devices
A MIDI keyboard is a versatile instrument that can be used in conjunction with a wide range of devices, making it an excellent choice for music production. The keyboard’s compatibility with different devices is one of its key advantages. Here are some of the ways in which a MIDI keyboard can be used with different devices:
Use with Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs)
A MIDI keyboard is an essential tool for music production, particularly when working with digital audio workstations (DAWs). A MIDI keyboard allows you to input notes and control various parameters in real-time, enabling you to create and record music more efficiently. Many DAWs, such as Ableton Live, Logic Pro, and FL Studio, are compatible with MIDI keyboards, making it easy to integrate them into your workflow.
Use with Synthesizers
MIDI keyboards are also compatible with synthesizers, which are electronic instruments that generate sound using various algorithms and waveforms. By connecting a MIDI keyboard to a synthesizer, you can control the synth’s parameters, such as filters, envelopes, and LFOs, to create unique sounds and textures. Many modern synthesizers, such as the Moog Sub 37 and the Roland JD-XA, can be controlled via MIDI, making it easy to incorporate them into your music production setup.
Use with Samplers
MIDI keyboards can also be used with samplers, which are devices that store and play back sound samples. By connecting a MIDI keyboard to a sampler, you can trigger and control the playback of samples in real-time. This allows you to create complex, layered sounds and textures using a variety of sample sources. Many samplers, such as the Akai MPC Live and the Elektron Octatrack, can be controlled via MIDI, making it easy to integrate them into your music production workflow.
In summary, a MIDI keyboard’s compatibility with different devices is a key advantage for music production. Whether you’re working with DAWs, synthesizers, or samplers, a MIDI keyboard can help you create and record music more efficiently and effectively.
High-Quality Sound Production
A MIDI keyboard offers several advantages over traditional music production methods, one of which is the ability to produce high-quality sound. Unlike traditional instruments, MIDI keyboards can produce a wide range of sounds, from grand pianos to electronic synthesizers. This versatility allows for greater creativity and experimentation in the production process.
Moreover, MIDI keyboards allow for precise control over the sound produced. Each key can be assigned a specific sound, and the velocity at which the key is played can affect the volume of that sound. This allows for greater nuance and control in the production process, resulting in higher-quality sound production.
Additionally, MIDI keyboards can be used in conjunction with digital audio workstations (DAWs) to produce and record music. DAWs allow for the editing and manipulation of sound, and MIDI keyboards can be used to input notes and control parameters in real-time. This integration with DAWs provides a seamless workflow and can significantly speed up the production process.
In summary, the high-quality sound production offered by MIDI keyboards is a significant advantage for music producers. The versatility, precision, and integration with DAWs make MIDI keyboards an essential tool for producing high-quality music.
Cons of Using a MIDI Keyboard
Limited Physical Feedback
While MIDI keyboards offer a number of advantages for music production, one potential drawback is the limited physical feedback they provide. Unlike traditional analog instruments, MIDI keyboards do not have physical keys or keys that produce sound directly. Instead, they send electronic signals to a computer or other device, which then produces the sound. This lack of physical feedback can make it difficult for some musicians to accurately gauge the timing and force of their notes, leading to inconsistencies in their playing.
Additionally, MIDI keyboards may not provide the same level of tactile feedback as traditional instruments, which can make it more difficult to develop certain techniques, such as keyboard legato or fast alternate picking on a guitar. While some MIDI keyboards do have weighted keys or aftertouch, these features may not be sufficient to provide the same level of physical feedback as an acoustic instrument.
Despite these limitations, many musicians find that they are able to adapt to the lack of physical feedback provided by MIDI keyboards and still produce high-quality music. With practice and the right technique, it is possible to achieve a high level of precision and control when using a MIDI keyboard for music production.
While MIDI keyboards offer a lot of advantages for music production, they also come with some challenges. One of the biggest challenges is the learning curve associated with using a MIDI keyboard.
Understanding MIDI Basics
To get the most out of a MIDI keyboard, you need to have a good understanding of MIDI basics. MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a protocol that allows electronic musical instruments, computers, and other devices to connect and communicate with each other. It enables you to create and transmit musical information, such as notes, pitches, and timing, between different devices.
Getting Used to MIDI Shortcuts
MIDI keyboards often come with a variety of buttons, knobs, and faders that allow you to control various aspects of your music production setup. While these controls can be very powerful, they can also be confusing for beginners. You’ll need to spend some time getting used to the various MIDI shortcuts and controls, which can be a frustrating process at first.
Understanding MIDI Software
Another challenge associated with using a MIDI keyboard is understanding MIDI software. Many music production software programs use MIDI to control various functions, such as note entry, automation, and controller data. Understanding how to use these functions effectively can take some time and practice.
Taking the Time to Learn
Overall, the learning curve associated with using a MIDI keyboard can be steep. It requires a significant investment of time and effort to learn how to use a MIDI keyboard effectively. However, once you’ve mastered the basics, you’ll be able to take advantage of the many benefits that a MIDI keyboard offers for music production.
Compatibility Issues with Older Systems
When it comes to using a MIDI keyboard for music production, one of the biggest drawbacks is the potential for compatibility issues with older systems. Here are some of the main problems that users may encounter:
- Hardware Incompatibility: One of the biggest challenges with using a MIDI keyboard is that it may not be compatible with older systems that do not have the necessary ports or connections. For example, if you have an older computer that only has a PS/2 port, you may not be able to connect your MIDI keyboard without using an adapter.
- Software Compatibility: Even if you are able to connect your MIDI keyboard to your computer, you may still run into compatibility issues with your music production software. Depending on the age of your software, it may not be able to recognize or work with the MIDI keyboard, which can be frustrating for users.
- Driver Issues: Another potential issue with using a MIDI keyboard is that it may require special drivers in order to work properly. These drivers may not be compatible with older systems, which can lead to problems such as crashes or errors.
Overall, the potential for compatibility issues with older systems is one of the biggest drawbacks of using a MIDI keyboard for music production. However, with the right adapters and software, it is often possible to overcome these challenges and still use a MIDI keyboard to create great music.
Lack of Expressiveness in Certain Genres
MIDI keyboards offer a wide range of benefits for music production, but they also have some limitations. One of the most significant cons of using a MIDI keyboard is the lack of expressiveness in certain genres. While MIDI keyboards can be programmed to play a wide range of notes and dynamics, they may not be suitable for all genres of music.
One of the main issues with MIDI keyboards is that they have limited dynamics. Unlike acoustic instruments, MIDI keyboards do not have the ability to produce dynamic expression through nuanced articulation. This means that MIDI keyboard performances can often sound robotic and lack the expressiveness of a live performance.
Lack of Expressive Techniques
Another limitation of MIDI keyboards is their lack of expressive techniques. Pianists, for example, can use techniques such as pedal, legato, and staccato to add depth and complexity to their performances. These techniques are not easily replicated on a MIDI keyboard, which can make it difficult to achieve the same level of expressiveness.
While MIDI keyboards can be programmed to play a wide range of notes and dynamics, they may not be suitable for all genres of music. For example, genres that rely heavily on improvisation, such as jazz and blues, may not be well-suited to MIDI keyboard performance. In these genres, the expressiveness and nuance of a live performance are often essential to the overall sound and feel of the music.
Overall, while MIDI keyboards offer many benefits for music production, they may not be suitable for all genres of music. Producers should carefully consider the limitations of MIDI keyboards and weigh them against the benefits before deciding whether to use one for their productions.
Limited Integration with Analog Equipment
While MIDI keyboards offer a wide range of features and functionalities, they do have some limitations. One of the most significant drawbacks of using a MIDI keyboard is its limited integration with analog equipment. Unlike analog equipment, MIDI keyboards do not provide an analog signal output, which can limit their compatibility with certain types of equipment.
For example, if you are using a vintage synthesizer that requires an analog signal input, a MIDI keyboard may not be able to provide the necessary signal. This can limit your ability to use certain types of equipment and may require additional equipment or adapters to connect your MIDI keyboard to your analog equipment.
Additionally, while MIDI keyboards can be used with a wide range of digital equipment, they may not be compatible with all types of software or digital audio workstations (DAWs). This can limit your ability to use certain types of software or DAWs and may require additional equipment or software to ensure compatibility.
Overall, while MIDI keyboards offer a wide range of features and functionalities, their limited integration with analog equipment can be a significant drawback for some music producers. It is important to carefully consider your equipment needs and ensure that your MIDI keyboard is compatible with your equipment and software before making a purchase.
How to Choose the Right MIDI Keyboard for Your Needs
Consider Your Budget
When choosing a MIDI keyboard, it’s important to consider your budget. MIDI keyboards can range from a few hundred dollars to several thousand dollars, depending on the features and quality of the instrument.
It’s important to set a budget before you start shopping for a MIDI keyboard, so you can narrow down your options and find a keyboard that fits your financial needs. If you’re on a tight budget, you may want to consider a more basic MIDI keyboard with fewer features, while if you have a larger budget, you may want to invest in a more advanced keyboard with more functionality.
It’s also important to keep in mind that while a higher-priced MIDI keyboard may have more features, it may not necessarily be the best option for your needs. It’s important to consider what features are most important to you and how you plan to use the keyboard before making a purchase.
Additionally, it’s important to consider the cost of any additional equipment or software that you may need to use with your MIDI keyboard. For example, if you plan to use virtual instruments or music production software, you may need to purchase a license or subscription to use these tools.
Overall, it’s important to carefully consider your budget when choosing a MIDI keyboard, as this will help you find an instrument that fits your needs and financial situation.
Think about Your Music Genre and Style
When it comes to choosing the right MIDI keyboard for your music production needs, it’s important to consider your music genre and style. Different genres and styles of music may require different types of input and control, and a MIDI keyboard that is well-suited to one genre may not be as effective in another.
Here are some factors to consider when choosing a MIDI keyboard based on your music genre and style:
- Type of Instruments: The type of instruments you play or produce can be a determining factor in choosing the right MIDI keyboard. For example, if you produce electronic music, you may prefer a MIDI keyboard with a lot of control over synthesizers and virtual instruments. On the other hand, if you play piano or other acoustic instruments, you may want a MIDI keyboard with a more traditional feel and a weighted action.
- Keyboard Size: The size of the keyboard can also be important depending on your needs. If you are a professional musician, you may prefer a full-size keyboard with 88 keys, while a beginner or hobbyist may be satisfied with a smaller keyboard.
- Keyboard Feel: The feel of the keyboard is also important to consider. Some MIDI keyboards have a more synth-like feel, while others have a more piano-like feel. It’s important to choose a keyboard that feels comfortable and natural to you.
- Pedal Inputs: Depending on your genre and style, you may need pedal inputs for certain functions. For example, a sustain pedal for piano players, or a volume pedal for organ players.
- Other Controls: Some MIDI keyboards come with a variety of controls such as knobs, sliders, and buttons that can be used to control various parameters of your software instruments. Consider if you need these controls and if they are available on the MIDI keyboard you are considering.
Overall, when choosing a MIDI keyboard, it’s important to consider the specific needs of your music genre and style. By taking these factors into account, you can choose a MIDI keyboard that will help you to produce your best work.
Determine Your Requirements for Connectivity and Portability
When choosing a MIDI keyboard for music production, it is essential to consider your requirements for connectivity and portability. Here are some factors to consider:
- Compatibility with your equipment: Before purchasing a MIDI keyboard, it is crucial to ensure that it is compatible with your computer or other devices you plan to use it with. This includes checking for the right type of USB port or connectors.
- Number of connections: Depending on your setup, you may need multiple connections, such as MIDI Out, MIDI Thru, or a sustain pedal. It is important to determine the number of connections you need before purchasing a MIDI keyboard.
- Power supply: Some MIDI keyboards require an external power source, while others are battery-powered or have a built-in rechargeable battery. Consider your power requirements and whether you need a keyboard that can be used on the go.
- Size and weight: If you plan to take your MIDI keyboard with you when traveling or using it in different locations, portability is an essential factor. Consider the size and weight of the keyboard and whether it can be easily transported.
- Keyboard feel: The feel of the keys is also an important consideration. Some musicians prefer heavier keys, while others prefer lighter ones. Experiment with different keyboards to find the one that feels most comfortable for you.
By determining your requirements for connectivity and portability, you can select a MIDI keyboard that meets your needs and helps you create music more efficiently.
Evaluate the Features and Quality of Sound
When selecting a MIDI keyboard for music production, it is crucial to assess the features and quality of sound it offers. This involves considering several factors that can impact the overall performance and user experience.
Here are some key points to consider when evaluating the features and quality of sound of a MIDI keyboard:
- Keyboard Action: The keyboard action refers to the feel and responsiveness of the keys when played. It is essential to choose a MIDI keyboard with a keyboard action that suits your playing style and preferences. Some common types of keyboard actions include synth-action, semi-weighted, and fully-weighted.
- Keybed Material: The material used for the keybed can affect the sound and responsiveness of the keys. Some MIDI keyboards have keybeds made of plastic, while others use wood or other materials. Consider your preferences and the type of music you produce when choosing a MIDI keyboard with the right keybed material.
- Pedal Inputs: If you plan to use pedals, such as a sustain pedal or expression pedal, with your MIDI keyboard, make sure it has the necessary inputs for those pedals. Some MIDI keyboards have multiple pedal inputs, while others may only have one or none at all.
- Sample-based Instrument Quality: MIDI keyboards that use sample-based instruments can greatly impact the quality of sound you produce. Evaluate the quality of the sampled instruments offered by the MIDI keyboard, and consider whether they meet your needs and preferences.
- Sound Engine: The sound engine of a MIDI keyboard determines how the instrument produces sound. Consider the capabilities and features of the sound engine, such as the ability to load your own samples or use internal sounds, when selecting a MIDI keyboard.
- Polyphony: Polyphony refers to the number of notes that can be played simultaneously on a MIDI keyboard. If you plan to use complex chord progressions or multiple instruments in your music production, consider a MIDI keyboard with a higher polyphony count.
- Connectivity: Make sure the MIDI keyboard offers the necessary connectivity options for your needs, such as USB, MIDI Out, or other ports. Consider whether the connectivity options will allow you to integrate the MIDI keyboard with your other music production equipment seamlessly.
By evaluating these features and the quality of sound a MIDI keyboard offers, you can make an informed decision and choose the right one for your music production needs.
Explore Different Brands and Models
When it comes to choosing the right MIDI keyboard for your music production needs, exploring different brands and models is essential. Here are some key factors to consider:
- Keybed Type: MIDI keyboards come with different types of keybeds, such as synth-action, semi-weighted, and fully-weighted. The keybed type you choose will have a significant impact on your playing experience and the quality of your recordings.
- Features: Consider the features you need, such as aftertouch, assignable controls, and faders. Some MIDI keyboards also come with built-in sounds or the ability to load your own samples.
- Compatibility: Make sure the MIDI keyboard you choose is compatible with your DAW and other software. It’s also important to consider the connectivity options, such as USB or MIDI Out.
- Budget: MIDI keyboards can range from affordable to expensive, depending on the brand and model. Determine your budget and look for options that fit within your price range.
- User Reviews: Read user reviews to get an idea of the pros and cons of different MIDI keyboards. Pay attention to feedback on build quality, durability, and performance.
By exploring different brands and models, you can find the MIDI keyboard that best suits your needs and budget. It’s important to take your time and do your research to ensure that you make an informed decision.
If you’re considering purchasing a MIDI keyboard for your music production needs, it’s important to do your research and make an informed decision. There are a variety of factors to consider when choosing a MIDI keyboard, including the number of keys, key action, connectivity options, and more. To help you make the best choice for your needs, here are some additional resources to consider:
- MIDI Keyboard Reviews: Online reviews can be a great resource for getting an idea of the pros and cons of different MIDI keyboards. Websites like Sweetwater, Sound on Sound, and Music Tech Magazine offer in-depth reviews of a wide range of MIDI keyboards, along with detailed specs and user feedback.
- MIDI Keyboard Comparison Charts: Comparison charts can help you quickly compare the features and specifications of different MIDI keyboards side-by-side. Websites like Harmony Central and Keyboard Magazine offer detailed comparison charts that can help you make a more informed decision.
- MIDI Keyboard Forums: Online forums can be a great resource for getting advice from other musicians and producers who have experience with different MIDI keyboards. Websites like Reddit’s r/MIDI and r/ElectronicMusicProduction offer active communities of music producers who can offer insights and recommendations based on their own experiences.
- Music Equipment Retailers: If you’re considering purchasing a MIDI keyboard, it’s always a good idea to visit a music equipment retailer in person. Many retailers offer demo units that you can try out before making a purchase, and their staff can offer expert advice and recommendations based on your specific needs.
By taking advantage of these additional resources, you can make a more informed decision when choosing a MIDI keyboard for your music production needs.
- What is the difference between a MIDI keyboard and a regular keyboard?
A MIDI keyboard is a type of keyboard that is designed to output MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) signals. These signals can be used to control software synthesizers, drum machines, and other MIDI-compatible devices. In contrast, a regular keyboard is designed to produce sound directly, without the need for any external devices. - What features should I look for in a MIDI keyboard?
Some important features to consider when choosing a MIDI keyboard include the number of keys, the type of keys (e.g. full-size or mini), the number of assignable controls, and the type of connectivity (e.g. USB, MIDI out). Additionally, you may want to consider the weight and portability of the keyboard, as well as the build quality and durability. - How do I connect a MIDI keyboard to my computer?
The method of connecting a MIDI keyboard to your computer will depend on the type of keyboard and the computer’s operating system. Many modern MIDI keyboards come with USB connectivity, which can be plugged directly into a USB port on the computer. Some keyboards may also have MIDI out ports, which can be connected to a MIDI interface or other MIDI-compatible device. - Can I use a MIDI keyboard with software synthesizers?
Yes, a MIDI keyboard can be used to input notes and control parameters in software synthesizers and other MIDI-compatible music production software. This allows you to use the keyboard to play virtual instruments and manipulate sounds in real-time. - Are MIDI keyboards suitable for live performance?
MIDI keyboards can be a great choice for live performance, as they can be used to trigger sounds and control devices in real-time. Many MIDI keyboards are designed with live performance in mind, with features such as aftertouch, assignable controls, and built-in sequencers. However, the suitability of a MIDI keyboard for live performance will depend on the specific needs of the performer and the type of performance.
Glossary of Terms
When choosing a MIDI keyboard for music production, it is important to understand some key terms that will help you make an informed decision. Here are some essential terms to know:
- MIDI: MIDI stands for “Musical Instrument Digital Interface.” It is a protocol that allows electronic musical instruments, computers, and other devices to connect and communicate with each other. MIDI data is made up of a series of messages that represent specific notes, pitches, and other musical information.
- MIDI Keyboard: A MIDI keyboard is a type of keyboard that is designed to generate MIDI data. It typically has keys that are laid out like a piano keyboard, and it may also have additional controls such as sliders, knobs, and buttons.
- Velocity: Velocity refers to the strength or force with which a key is played. In MIDI, velocity values are used to represent the dynamics of a performance, such as loud or soft notes.
- Aftertouch: Aftertouch is a feature that allows a performer to apply additional pressure to a key after it has been struck. This can be used to add expression or articulation to a performance.
- Pitch Bend and Modulation: Pitch bend and modulation are two features that allow a performer to manipulate the pitch of a note in real time. Pitch bend allows a performer to raise or lower the pitch of a note, while modulation allows a performer to create vibrato or other types of pitch changes.
- Program Change: A program change is a MIDI message that specifies which instrument or sound should be used for a particular MIDI note. Program changes are often used to switch between different sounds or instruments during a performance.
- Controller: A controller is a MIDI message that specifies a particular parameter of a sound or instrument, such as volume, pitch, or filter cutoff. Controllers can be used to automate various aspects of a performance or to control external devices such as synthesizers or effects processors.
Understanding these key terms will help you choose the right MIDI keyboard for your needs and ensure that you get the most out of your music production setup.
When it comes to choosing the right MIDI keyboard for your music production needs, there are a few key factors to consider. These include:
- Keybed sensitivity: The sensitivity of the keys is an important factor to consider, as it will affect how responsive the keyboard is to your playing style.
- Number of keys: The number of keys on the keyboard will also impact your ability to play and produce music. A larger keyboard will give you more range and versatility, while a smaller keyboard may be more portable and easier to use.
- Features: Consider the features that are important to you, such as aftertouch, assignable controls, and faders.
- Compatibility: Make sure the keyboard is compatible with your software and devices.
- Price: Set a budget and look for options that fit within your price range.
To further explore these factors and learn more about choosing the right MIDI keyboard for your needs, check out the following resources:
- “How to Choose a MIDI Keyboard” by MusicTech.net
- “The Ultimate Guide to Choosing a MIDI Keyboard” by Soundfly
- “MIDI Keyboard Buying Guide” by Sweetwater
- “How to Choose the Right MIDI Keyboard for Your Production Needs” by Output
- “The Top 10 MIDI Keyboards for Music Production” by MusicTech.net
If you are still unsure about which MIDI keyboard to choose, or if you have any questions about how to use it, you can always reach out to the manufacturer or retailer for assistance. Many companies offer customer support and technical assistance to help you get the most out of your MIDI keyboard.
Additionally, you can also reach out to online communities and forums dedicated to music production and MIDI technology. These can be a great resource for getting advice and recommendations from other musicians and producers who have experience with different MIDI keyboards.
Another option is to consult with a professional music producer or audio engineer. They can provide you with personalized advice and guidance based on your specific needs and preferences.
No matter which option you choose, remember that there is always help available if you need it. Don’t hesitate to reach out for assistance in choosing the right MIDI keyboard for your music production needs.
1. What is a MIDI keyboard?
A MIDI keyboard is a type of keyboard that is designed to produce sound through digital signals rather than acoustic means. It sends MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) data to a computer or other devices, allowing users to create and record music digitally.
2. What are the pros of using a MIDI keyboard for music production?
One of the biggest advantages of using a MIDI keyboard is its versatility. MIDI keyboards can be used to play virtual instruments, trigger samples, and control various software parameters, making it a valuable tool for music production. Additionally, MIDI keyboards are often more affordable than traditional hardware synthesizers and can be easily integrated into a home studio setup. They also allow for easy editing and automation of parameters, making it simple to create complex and dynamic music.
3. What are the cons of using a MIDI keyboard for music production?
One potential downside of using a MIDI keyboard is that it requires a computer or other device to produce sound, which can limit the mobility of the musician. Additionally, some MIDI keyboards may not have the same tactile feedback as traditional keyboards, which can affect the playing experience for some musicians. Finally, MIDI keyboards may require additional software or drivers to function properly, which can be a hurdle for some users.
4. Are MIDI keyboards good for live performances?
MIDI keyboards can be a great tool for live performances, as they allow musicians to trigger samples and virtual instruments with ease. They can also be used to control various software parameters, such as effects and synthesizer parameters, in real-time. However, some musicians may find that the lack of tactile feedback on some MIDI keyboards makes them less suitable for live performances.
5. Can MIDI keyboards be used with other hardware?
Yes, MIDI keyboards can be used with a variety of hardware devices, including synthesizers, drum machines, and other musical instruments. This makes them a versatile tool for music production and performance.
6. Are MIDI keyboards difficult to learn?
MIDI keyboards can be learned relatively easily, especially for musicians who are already familiar with keyboard instruments. However, some users may find the process of learning to use specific software or hardware with their MIDI keyboard to be challenging.
7. Can MIDI keyboards be used for other purposes besides music production?
MIDI keyboards can be used for a variety of purposes beyond music production, including game development, programming, and other creative pursuits. However, their primary use is for music production and they are typically designed with this in mind. | <urn:uuid:69cc0122-b136-48c7-be3a-9e5b35cb280f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.cepi.io/what-are-the-key-pros-and-cons-of-using-a-midi-keyboard-for-music-production/ | 2024-02-28T18:53:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.936414 | 8,462 | 2.765625 | 3 | [
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In the era of social media, where every person has a voice and an audience, it can be difficult to tell what kind of influence people are having. With all-the-time access to information and opportunities to share that info with others, perception is as important as reality.
That’s why it’s so crucial for students in the liberal arts to understand how to perceive and evaluate information well. You will need this skill as you navigate through college and beyond.
A liberal art major is trained to think critically about sources and content. They are not dependent upon one source or idea over another, but rather use several to come to their own conclusions.
This helps them create their own answers and opinions instead of being influenced by someone else’s. It also means they are not necessarily aligned with a party line, but offer alternatives when necessary.
Liberal arts education teaches us to value knowledge and understanding more than anything else. If we as a society could get past the power of money and special interest groups, I believe most would agree that education should be free! But until then, there are ways you can help make sure your tuition is affordable.
Definition of art
Art is making things that are beautiful or meaningful to you, and sharing them with other people.
Art comes in many forms. Some examples include painting, sculpture, music, poetry, fashion, design, culinary creations, and so on.
Some consider writing literature to be an example of art. Writing can be for entertainment (fiction) or education (non-fiction). Both types of writings use language effectively and logically to tell a story or convey a message.
Liberal arts students learn about art from several areas. A basic concept is understanding what makes something artistic is its form. For instance, a still life is considered art because it contains a picture or representation of a object.
Another area is how artists used materials to create their work. Artists usually start with a medium they like and then explore different ways to apply it onto another material or canvas.
Lastly, some liberal arts degrees focus on concepts of aesthetics, which are theories about why certain works of art are more powerful than others.
Definition of culture
The term “culture” comes from the word kulture, which was coined by Johann Gottfried Herder in his book On the Various Stages of Moral Culture (1764). He defined it as “the totality of all useable knowledge that society produces through its literature, art, music, science, and technology.”
In other words, he considered culture to be everything except for material goods — things like food, shelter, and clothing. These are necessary components of human life, but they aren’t knowledge or skills.
Other scholars have modified Herders definition slightly by adding some nuance to what makes up part of the culture. For example, academic disciplines such as math, physics, and biology are not included in herding because they are more fundamental than anything else that constitutes part of our cultural understanding.
However, artistic expressions like painting, sculpture, writing, and performing arts are, and these are important parts of liberal education at every level-from high school to graduate school. In fact, one could make an argument that teaching artists is one of the most important jobs professors have since they play a key role in cultivating students sense of self-expression and creativity.
Another way to look at it is that academics teach us how to think about complex ideas, while artists teach us how to process information via sensory stimuli. Both are integral to healthy development as humans.
Definition of society
The definition of “society” is simply people who associate, communicate, and spend time together. This includes not only individuals, but groups of individuals (such as families).
A group of people that spends time together is called a community. Communities come together to share experiences with each other, which creates strong bonds.
These communities often have common beliefs or values they promote. It is these shared morals that keep members coming back!
Communities vary in size from small groups of close friends to large cities with millions of residents. Some are even online communities where people all over the world can interact and discuss things!
It is important to be aware of your own moral convictions so you know what is right and wrong. But it also helps if you understand the differences between different cultures because those cultures may emphasize different morals.
Definition of government
The definition of “government” is not clearly defined, but we can make an assumption about what it means.
When people use the word “government,” they usually mean two things.
They may want to say that you are paying too much for something, so they refer to you as a consumer of goods produced by large corporations run by wealthy businessmen.
These corporations have enough money to hire lots of lawyers to defend their business practices in court and invest in media advertisements to tell other consumers how good their products are.
This article will talk more about why this type of government is harmful. But for now, just remember that I called it out as such!
The second thing most people when referring to “the government” mean is institutions with big staffs and lots of resources that do important work.
Think about it – every hospital has a staff full of doctors and nurses, police officers have departments that recruit new members, and schools require teachers to be at least college graduates.
All these groups play an integral part in our daily lives and help create future leaders.
Definition of freedom
In our culture, we have come to expect certain freedoms that go beyond what people had living during past generations. These liberties are not limited to politics, but extend into all areas of life including:
Freedom from religion – you can choose which religions to believe in or not believe in
– you can choose which religions to believe in or not believe in Freedom from ethnic groups – you do not need to associate with members of a particular ethnicity
– you do not need to associate with members of a particular ethnicity Freedom from gender roles – you do not need to comply with traditional notions of what it means to be male or female
You get the idea!
These are some very important concepts in liberal arts studies because they emphasize individual autonomy and self-expression. You are free to choose whether to identify as masculine, feminine, or something else completely if that is who you are.
Liberalism teaches us about how to live our lives by emphasizing personal freedom and liberty. It encourages individuals to explore their options and find the best solutions for themselves and others.
Definition of happiness
A lot of people think that being wealthy is what makes you happy. People with lots of money are often described as having their “dream jobs” or living an enjoyable life.
However, a recent study reveals something different about how well someone’s income predicts their level of happiness. The researchers found that even if someone has a very high paying job, it won’t make them feel too good about themselves unless they believe they have not enough money.
They call this feeling “financial inadequacy.” Even though you may earn a ton of cash, you will still be unhappy if you feel like you don’t have enough money to fulfill your personal goals.
This can include things like saving for retirement, buying a house, and supporting charities that help others. It also includes spending time with friends and family, etc.
Definition of respect
When we talk about liberal arts, what we mean by that term is having knowledge from many different fields or disciplines. We’re talking about science, math, history, literature, philosophy, and everything in between. That includes spending time studying art, music, and creative expression.
All these areas have something in common. You don’t just learn things, you actually come to understand how concepts relate to each other. You know why someone might say something before they do so because people are often motivated by reasons related to others.
You also gain an understanding of how ideas influence individual thinking and behavior. This applies not only to politics but also to personal relationships, religions, and philosophies.
With this type of connected learning, you can start to apply what you’ve learned to new situations. For example, if you read a book about motivation, then you’d be able to recognize it when you see it. You would understand its components and how to use them effectively.
There are even studies done on the effects of reading literary works on emotional regulation. This means being able to control your emotions without using too much energy.
Definition of class
In the liberal arts, “class” means something different than it does in other fields. In other words, it has several definitions depending on the field.
In literature, for example, “class” can mean social status or prestige. A character with large amounts of money is often considered to be rich, so that character is usually seen as having high social status. A wealthy person is someone who many people look up to because they have enough money to buy things which make them happy.
Characters with low social status are not like most of the people around them, and this makes their life an interesting one to watch. They must deal with how people view them constantly, and there are lots of opportunities to see how people react. This gives them more depth as characters.
Literature also looks at “class” as something related to education. People with higher educational levels are assumed to know about good things and bad things, and what is considered normal behavior. This brings us back to our first definition: knowledge is important!
Education is another way literary characters show off their class. If you are ever given a lesson, you should try to learn as much as possible from it because you will get better if you do. The teacher wanted everyone to understand the material, so he/she made sure you did. | <urn:uuid:7103544a-85b6-46c4-abcc-5a788b5acd61> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.currentartisan.com/what-does-liberal-mean/ | 2024-02-28T20:20:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.972237 | 2,036 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
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The dried latex of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) seed pod is where one can obtain opium, a highly addictive narcotic substance. The morphine alkaloid present in opium serves as the source of heroin.
The unripe pod is traditionally split open, allowing the sap to seep out and dry on the outside of the pod.
The resulting yellow-brown latex, which is scraped off of the pod, has an unpleasant taste and varies in the amount of alkaloids it contains, including papaverine, morphine, codeine, and thebaine.
Fentanyl, methadone, oxycodone, and hydrocodone are additional synthetic or semisynthetic opium derivatives.
Opium is rarely grown and developed in the United States for illicit commercial usage. Latin America and Afghanistan are the main suppliers of goods to the United States.
Three-quarters of the world’s supply of heroin comes from Afghanistan, which is the center of opium cultivation globally.
What Are the Effects of Opium?
Every drug use entails some danger. When using any kind of medication, it’s crucial to use caution.
Everyone is affected by opium differently depending on the following:
- The individual’s height, weight, and health
- Frequency of use
- Whether or not other medications are consumed at the same time
- The amount consumed
- The potency of the medication (which varies between batches)
Possible immediate impacts include the following:
- Slowed down and shallow breathing
- Reduced heart rate
- Weakened reflexes
- Temporary inability to eat
- Decrease in appetite
Regular opium usage may result in the following:
- Tolerance is the requirement of more to achieve the same result
- Irregular cycles and trouble getting pregnant
- A decline in sex desire
- Addiction to opium
You might overdose if you consume a lot of opium. If you or a loved one exhibits any of the following symptoms, call an ambulance right away (ambulance officers don’t need to engage the police).
The opium overdose symptoms include the following:
- Incredibly slow breathing
- Consciousness is lost
- Small pupils
Overdose without treatment can cause death and brain damage.
The danger of overdose is greatly increased when combining depressants with other drugs, such as alcohol and benzodiazepines, or multiple depressants like opium.
Opium and stimulants like cocaine or speed give your body opposing impulses, which can put a strain on your heart. The effects of opium and stimulants may also be masked by one another when combined, raising the danger of an overdose.
When used in high dosages, opium can cause a person’s breathing to become so sluggish that they may become unconscious or perhaps pass away.
Constipation, nausea, and disorientation are other side effects. The mouth and nasal mucous membranes may become dry after using the medication.
When coupled with other medicines or alcohol that also depress the central nervous system—such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines, antihistamines, or general anesthetics—the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression increases.
Drug tolerance, which results in needing more of the drug to have the same euphoric effects, can develop following repeated use.
Additionally, it might result in physical dependence and addiction. If long-term use is cut back or stopped, withdrawal symptoms may develop.
The earliest known accounts of the production and use of opium date to 3400 B.C. It served as a strong pain reliever for the ancient Greeks and Romans.
The Sumerians called it the “joy plant,” or Hul Gil, and it was cultivated in Southeast Asia.
Opium was also farmed by the Assyrians and the Egyptians. It was traded through the Silk Road, a network of trade routes between Europe and China, and it even played a part in the Opium Wars of the eighteenth century.
Opium dens, which were marketplaces for the trade of opium, existed throughout the world but were particularly prevalent in Southeast Asia, China, and Europe.
Opium dens appeared in the west of the country in the 1800s, including in San Francisco’s Chinatown, and moved to the east to New York.
Due to its intoxicating and painkilling properties, Chinese immigrants who came to the United States for railroad and gold rush jobs frequently took their opium with them.
How Is Opium Administered?
Opium can be consumed as a tincture, smoked, eaten raw or as a tablet, or taken orally. Heroin production requires opium, which can be converted into heroin.
Opium can be consumed orally, intravenously, or as pills. Additionally, opium is misused in conjunction with other substances.
For instance, “Black” combines methamphetamine, opium, and marijuana, and “Buddha” is a strong substance.
What Drugs Have Opium in Them?
Opioids are recommended for a variety of medical conditions. Antagonists and agonists are the two basic categories for this kind of medication.
Although there is still a chance of abuse, antagonists like naltrexone and naloxone are thought to be less addictive than agonists.
They are frequently employed to aid in the detoxification procedure, which frequently constitutes the initial phase of addiction treatment.
By interacting with particular receptor sites in the brain, agonists imitate the effects of endorphins that the body naturally produces. Drugs with the strongest effects and those most frequently used in medical settings, such as morphine and fentanyl, are antagonists.
The potential for abuse and addiction is very high for many of the chemicals in this category. Hydrocodone, Oxycodone, Heroin, and Buprenorphine are further agonists.
The list below includes the most typical opiate agonists.
In comparison to other opioid painkillers, codeine is less strong and designed to treat mild to moderate pain and coughing. It is simple to obtain a prescription, and some over-the-counter medications include it.
Young adults frequently abuse codeine, which is frequently mixed with sweet beverages to make “Purple Drank” or “Sizzurp.”
The FDA has officially outlawed the propoxyphene-based painkillers Darvocet and Darvon, which caused tens of thousands of hospital admissions and fatalities during their peak.
There is still a black market for these pharmaceuticals even if prescriptions for them are no longer written.
Demerol is a narcotic that is used to treat moderate to severe pain. However, it is less frequently recommended today due to its high risk of addiction.
Meperidine, often known as Demerol, is a drug with euphoric effects akin to morphine.
Dilaudid is a potent form of painkiller that is occasionally referred to as “Hospital Grade Heroin.” Abusing Dilaudid, which comes in extended-release tablets, can cause breathing difficulties or even death.
Fentanyl, a synthetic painkiller with a potency of up to 100 times greater than morphine, is only administered in cases of extreme pain.
Fentanyl can swiftly cause overdose and other harmful side effects when combined with other painkillers like heroin.
Hydrocodone is a key component of several potent painkillers, including Vicodin. The FDA has also approved drugs that contain only pure Hydrocodone, albeit it is generally coupled with Ibuprofen or Acetaminophen.
Methadone, an opioid used to treat moderate to severe pain, is also used to help people who are addicted to heroin or other drugs like it control their urges.
Methadone remains a highly addictive medication despite being used to treat other addictions.
Morphine has been hailed as a miracle drug for those with unbearable chronic pain. It is also one of the most addictive drugs ever discovered and is to blame for many unintentional drug-related fatalities around the country.
Brand names for oxycodone include OxyContin and Percocet. It is a pain reliever that is frequently prescribed and has a significant risk of abuse.
Opium is a highly addictive substance that has been used for centuries for its pain-relieving and euphoric effects. Although it is legal in some countries for medical purposes, it is illegal in most countries, and its use is tightly controlled.
As mentioned above, opium abuse can lead to a number of serious health problems. Please seek out professional assistance if you or someone you know is battling opium abuse. | <urn:uuid:f8901aa9-a463-48c3-9079-c042cf7372ab> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.drugaddictionnow.com/comprehensive-overview-types-and-effects-what-is-opium/ | 2024-02-28T19:20:07Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.946188 | 1,781 | 2.859375 | 3 | [
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] |
Patients often come to Dr. Dukes seeking relief from excruciating pain and discomfort that they refer to as a ‘pinched nerve’. In reality, a ‘pinched nerve’ is a common term used to refer to a host of issues such as a herniated disc, spinal stenosis, or other underlying issues. The pain can affect your daily life and overall well-being. While there are various treatment options available, Dr. Dukes uses chiropractic care and treatment to help patients find relief naturally without the risks associated with drugs or invasive surgeries. Her goal is to relieve pain and restore function so that patients can resume living life on their terms. If you’d like to know more about ‘pinched nerves’ and learn if chiropractic care might be right for you, read on as we explore the role of chiropractic care in treating ‘pinched nerves’. Understanding Pinched Nerves Before delving into how chiropractor care can help alleviate pinched nerve pain, it's essential to grasp what a pinched nerve is and how it can occur. A pinched nerve, also known as nerve compression or nerve entrapment, happens when excessive pressure or compression is applied to a nerve by surrounding tissues, such as muscles, tendons, bones, or cartilage. This compression can disrupt the nerve's normal functioning, leading to pain, tingling, numbness, and weakness in the affected area. Pinched nerves can occur in various parts of the body, but they are most commonly found in the spine, where nerves are vulnerable to compression due to the proximity of vertebrae and discs. Common Causes of Pinched Nerves 1. Herniated Disc: A herniated or slipped disc occurs when the soft, gel-like center of a spinal disc leaks out and presses against nearby nerves. 2. Spinal Stenosis: This condition involves the narrowing of the spinal canal, causing pressure on the spinal cord and nerves. 3. Bone Spurs: Overgrowth of bone tissue, often due to arthritis, can lead to the formation of bone spurs that press on nerves. 4. Poor Posture: Prolonged poor posture can lead to nerve compression, particularly in the neck and back. 5. Repetitive Movements: Engaging in repetitive motions, such as typing or using hand tools, can cause nerve compression, like carpal tunnel syndrome. 6. Trauma or Injury: Accidents, falls, or sports injuries can lead to pinched nerves in various parts of the body. Relieve, Restore and Resume Dr. Dukes is a healthcare professional trained to diagnose and treat musculoskeletal conditions with the goal of relieving pain and restoring function so that patients can resume normal function. She is known for her expertise in spinal adjustments and manipulations. Chiropractic techniques take a holistic approach to health and leverage the body's natural ability to heal itself to restore proper alignment and function to the spine and other musculoskeletal structures. When it comes to pinched nerves, Dr. Dukes relieves nerve compression and restores normal nerve function through natural techniques without the risks associated with drug therapies or invasive surgeries. Techniques for ‘Pinched Nerve’ Relief Dr. Dukes employs various chiropractic techniques to alleviate pain and discomfort associated with pinched nerves. These techniques are designed to improve spinal alignment, reduce inflammation, and promote the body's natural healing processes. Here are some common chiropractic approaches: 1. Spinal Adjustments: Spinal adjustments, also known as spinal manipulations, are the cornerstone of chiropractic care. During an adjustment, a chiropractor applies controlled force to specific vertebrae that are misaligned or causing compression on nerves. By realigning the spine, pressure on the affected nerves can be reduced, leading to pain relief and improved function. These adjustments are tailored to each patient's needs, and the chiropractor will choose the appropriate techniques based on the patient's condition and preferences. 2. Decompression Therapy: Decompression therapy is a technique commonly used to relieve pressure on the spine. It involves the use of a traction table or specialized equipment to gently stretch and decompress the spine. This can be particularly effective for patients with pinched nerves caused by conditions like herniated discs or spinal stenosis. 3. Soft Tissue Techniques: In addition to spinal adjustments, chiropractors may use soft tissue techniques to address pinched nerves. These techniques, including massage, myofascial release, and trigger point therapy, can help alleviate muscle tension and reduce the compression on nerves. 4. Lifestyle and Posture Recommendations: Chiropractors often provide guidance on lifestyle modifications and proper posture to prevent further nerve compression. This may include ergonomic adjustments in the workplace, exercises to strengthen and support the spine, and advice on maintaining a healthy weight. 5. Electrical Stimulation: Electrical stimulation therapies, such as TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation), can be used to provide pain relief by stimulating the nerves and muscles in the affected area. This approach may help reduce the perception of pain associated with pinched nerves. 6. Ultrasound Therapy: Ultrasound therapy uses high-frequency sound waves to stimulate deep tissues and increase blood flow. This can help reduce inflammation and promote the healing of damaged tissues, potentially providing relief from pinched nerve symptoms. 7. PEMF Therapy: Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) are used to reactivate the communication process between the inside and outside of cells, accelerating tissue healing times. PEMF therapies help reduce inflammation and promote the healing of damaged tissues. Care and Treatment of Specific Conditions 1. Sciatica: Sciatica is a condition characterized by the compression of the sciatic nerve, which runs from the lower back down the legs. Chiropractors often use a combination of spinal adjustments and decompression therapy to alleviate pressure on the sciatic nerve. These treatments can provide relief from the pain, tingling, and numbness associated with sciatica. 2. Cervical Radiculopathy: Cervical radiculopathy occurs when a nerve root in the neck is compressed, leading to symptoms in the arms, shoulders, and hands. Chiropractors can perform targeted adjustments to the cervical spine to relieve nerve compression and improve the patient's condition. 3. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Carpal tunnel syndrome results from the compression of the median nerve in the wrist. Chiropractors may use wrist adjustments and soft tissue techniques to alleviate symptoms and promote proper nerve function. Proven Safe Treatment Chiropractic care is generally considered safe when performed by qualified and licensed practitioners. However, as with any medical treatment, there are important considerations to keep in mind: 1. Consultation with a Healthcare Provider: Before seeking chiropractic care for pinched nerve pain, it's advisable to consult with your primary care physician or a specialist to confirm the diagnosis and rule out any underlying medical conditions that may require different treatment approaches. 2. Choose a Licensed Chiropractor: Ensure that the chiropractor you choose is licensed, experienced, and reputable. You can check their credentials, reviews, and references to make an informed decision. 3. Communication: Open communication with your chiropractor is crucial. Be sure to discuss your medical history, the nature of your pain, and any concerns or preferences you may have regarding your treatment. 4. Customized Treatment Plans: Chiropractic treatment plans should be tailored to the individual patient. Your chiropractor should assess your specific condition and design a plan that addresses your unique needs and concerns. 5. Monitoring Progress: As you undergo chiropractic care, it's essential to monitor your progress and communicate any changes in your symptoms with your chiropractor. They can adjust your treatment plan accordingly. Benefits of Chiropractic Care & Treatment Chiropractic care offers several potential benefits for individuals seeking relief from pinched nerve pain: 1. Non-Invasive: Chiropractic care is a non-invasive approach to addressing pinched nerves. It does not involve surgery or medications, reducing the risk of adverse side effects. 2. Pain Relief: Many patients experience significant pain relief following chiropractic treatment. By addressing the root cause of nerve compression through spinal adjustments and other techniques, chiropractors can help alleviate pain and discomfort. 3. Improved Function: Chiropractic care aims to restore proper alignment and function to the musculoskeletal system. This can result in improved mobility and function, enabling patients to perform their daily activities with greater ease. 4. Holistic Approach: Chiropractors often take a holistic approach to healthcare, considering your bodies natural ability to heal. This approach promotes long-term overall well-being and health. 5. Drug-Free: Chiropractic care does not rely on medications, making it an attractive option for those who prefer drug-free pain management. 6. Personalized Care: Chiropractors design individualized treatment plans for each patient, taking into account their unique condition and preferences. This personalization can lead to more effective results. Conclusion Chiropractic care offers a non-invasive, holistic approach to relieving pain from pinched nerves. Dr. Dukes use a combination of techniques, including spinal adjustments, decompression therapy, soft tissue methods, and lifestyle recommendations, to help alleviate nerve compression, reduce pain, and improve function. Chiropractic care is proven generally safe. In fact, the American College of Physicians (ACP) recommends first using noninvasive, non-drug treatments—such as chiropractic care—before resorting to over-the-counter drugs, prescription drugs or invasive procedures. That’s why Dr. Dukes encourages anyone seeking relief to start with a consultation and learn all treatment options as well as the risks and potential benefits. Dr. Dukes and her team will help you understand the root cause of your pain and explore the most appropriate treatment options for your condition. Get back to living your best life. Call (813) 752-2525 to schedule a consultation. Learn how Chiropractic care will make a difference in the quality of your life. We all love feeling our best. What many of us don’t think about is that it takes intentional effort to keep feeling our best. Join us as we explore the top ten reasons why people keep coming back to visit Dr. Dukes.
If you've been suffering from chronic pain or other physical ailments, it's worth considering all of the reasons why people love visiting Dr. Dukes. She’ll help alleviate many of your specific issues and provide personalized and empathetic care that helps you feel your best. The natural healing and improved mobility resulting from good spine health is the foundation of wellness. If you're interested in learning more about chiropractic care and its benefits, Call Dr. Dukes today at 813.752.2524 Schedule your examination and learn how Chiropractic Care will benefit you. Most people know that Chiropractic care is a proven effective for relieving back pain, neck pain and headaches. What surprises many is just how many other conditions are effectively treated through Chiropractic Care. Dr. Dukes and her team help patients suffering from a wide variety of conditions find relief and learn how to promote wellness without dangerous drugs or risky surgeries. Did you know that Chiropractic Care can help you…
Reduce stress: Stress can have a negative impact on the body and lead to a host of health issues. Chiropractic adjustments can help reduce stress and promote relaxation. Improve digestion: The nerves in the spine are closely linked to the digestive system. By promoting proper nerve function, chiropractic care can help improve digestion. Reduce dependence on medication: Through regular chiropractic care, patients may be able to reduce their dependence on medication for pain relief. Improve your posture: Poor posture can lead to a host of health problems, including back and neck pain. Through chiropractic adjustments, patients can improve their posture and reduce their risk of developing these issues. Reduce Colic symptoms: Chiropractic treatment and therapies have a long history of helping reduce Colic in babies. Increase your flexibility: Regular chiropractic care can help improve range of motion in the body, leading to increased flexibility and mobility. Boost your immune system: The nervous system and immune system are closely linked. By promoting proper nerve function through chiropractic adjustments, the immune system can be boosted. Sleep better: Pain and discomfort in the body can make it difficult to get a good night's sleep. Chiropractic adjustments can reduce pain and promote relaxation, leading to improved sleep. Enhance athletic performance: Chiropractic care can help athletes recover from injuries and improve their performance by promoting proper alignment and reducing tension in the body. Improve balance: Poor balance can increase the risk of falls and injuries. Chiropractic adjustments can help improve balance and reduce this risk. Reduce inflammation: Inflammation in the body can lead to a host of health problems. Chiropractic adjustments can help reduce inflammation and promote wellness. Chiropractic care offers a wide range of benefits for those dealing with pain and discomfort in the body. From pain relief and headache relief to improved posture and reduced inflammation, there are many reasons to consider chiropractic care as a form of treatment. Dr. Dukes helps patients improve their overall wellness and strives to help eliminate or at least reduce dependence on pain relief medication. If you're interested in learning more about chiropractic care and its benefits, Call Dr. Dukes today at 813.752.2524 Schedule your examination and learn if Chiropractic Care is right for you. If you’re focused on living your best life, Dr. Dukes can help you stay on track and keep wellness your families daily practice. Check out 11 reasons why patients love visiting Dr. Dukes and have chosen to make Chiropractic Care a foundational element of their personal wellness: 1. LISTENING Helping you better understand what is causing your health challenges is key to successful treatment and recovery programs. Dr. Brenda Dukes and her team focus on communicating and educating you. 2. BETTER OUTCOMES WITH LESS RISK Patients feel more comfortable knowing that chiropractic care doesn’t involve dangerous drugs nor invasive procedures. In fact, many physicians and surgeons first refer patients for chiropractic care before moving onto higher-risk choices such as opioids or surgery. 3. THINKING MORE CLEARLY Enhanced cognitive function: Chiropractic care may help improve cognitive function by reducing stress and inflammation in the body, which can have a positive impact on brain health. 4. MOOD-BOOSTING Sure patients feel great when they leave the office but the real success is how they're able to get back to living life on their terms everyday. 5. WONDERFUL SLEEP If you've ever suffered from irregular sleep you understand why people love to regular visits with Dr. Dukes. Here treatments help improve blood flow in the nervous system so you can get back to regular sleep patterns. 6. REDUCED STRESS AND ANXIETY Many people love chiropractic care since it reduces stress, and can also help with anxiety. 7. IMPROVED DIGESTION You may not consider the chiropractor as the first place to go for tummy troubles, but Chiropractic adjustments may help improve digestive function by reducing nerve interference to the digestive system. 8. BETTER PERFORMANCE Whether it’s the sports field or the stage, people love chiropractic care because it improves performance. Chiropractic care has various benefits, including improving flexibility, range of motion, and endurance. No matter what your active lifestyle looks like, chiropractic care keeps your body running like a well-oiled machine. 9. SOOTHES HEADACHES At some point or another, we all have dealt with headaches. However, chronic headaches or migraines are the worst kinds. Chiropractic care helps alleviate migraines and headaches by improving spinal function and relieving stress on the body. 10. BOOSTED IMMUNE SYSTEM People love chiropractic care because it doesn’t just strengthen the immune system, it also helps with allergies. 11. WELLNESS AND PREVENTION Stay strong and flexible through chiropractic care. It's a foundational step in your health and wellness. If you're not feeling your best, reach out to Dr. Dukes. Schedule your consultation and learn how she can help you get back to living life on your terms everyday. (813) 752-2524 Hopefully you've never been forced to think about just how vital spine health is. Everyday activities like playing with your kids, shopping, standing, sitting, sneezing and even reaching to pick up a piece of paper can turn into major ordeals when your spine is out of sorts. Here are a few tips to keep your spine in tip-top shape:
Following these common-sense tools combined with regular adjustments is powerful preventive medicine. Call Dr. Dukes. Schedule your consultation and learn how chiropractic care can keep you living life on your terms. Call today (813) 752-2524. who seek headache treatments have mixed results at best. Patients frequently focus on seeking help through medication because they don’t realize that they have any other choice. The good news is that Dr. Dukes is extremely effective at reducing the intensity, severity, and frequency of various headache symptoms through non-invasive and drug-free treatment. Specialists like Dr. Dukes address the root causes of many types of headaches. There are three common headache types that people experience: Tension, Migraine and Cervicogenic. A tension headache may feel like someone is “pressing a band” around your head. A migraine headache may create tension or pain in just one side of the head. However, migraines are often accompanied by nausea and light and sound sensitivity. Cervicogenic headaches are talked about less frequently than tension headaches and migraines and typically create pain in one or more spots in the face or head. 'Headaches' is a very broad term. It's important to focus clinically on the root cause. Repetitive stress, physical trauma, poor sitting, standing, or sleeping posture and unsupportive pillows are a few of the common causes allowing your upper thoracic and cervical spine vertebrae to shift out of alignment. As providers of natural, proactive care, chiropractors like Dr. Dukes are in a unique position to relieve your headache pain. Dr. Dukes will focus on several treatment objectives such as:
What makes chiropractic care such a powerful tool in treating headaches is the hyper-focus on the root cause of your pain. When you're ready to feel your best and live life on your terms, call Dr. Dukes. Schedule your consultation and learn how chiropractic care can give you the relief you need today and the tools to minimize future pain. Call today (813) 752-2524. Your mobility means so much more than walking. Learn how your spine can help—and hurt—your independence. Seemingly simple acts of body movement, such as putting on your shoes, suddenly become painfully complicated when your spine isn't working properly. Your spine is what allows your body to maintain stability as you move. A healthy, strong spine is essential to your mobility, just as neck and back issues can take away your independence. It's easy to take mobility for granted. What Is Mobility? Simply put, mobility is your ability to move when and how you want. It’s not just about how well you can participate in sports or exercise — it's how easily you perform simple daily tasks, like putting on your clothes, gardening or preparing meals. For most of us mobility declines with age but, how much it declines is a choice that most of us can influence. Mobility requires strength, balance, stamina, and coordination—all things that we can maintain as we age through wellness plans that include stretching, exercise and other healthy habits. Mobility’s Multi-Faceted Effects on Health What might start off as a minor inconvenience can spiral. The decline of your mobility sets off a domino effect of issues that affect your physical, mental and emotional health that is often associated with increased risk of depression and reduced quality of life. Back or neck pain causes many patients to no longer be able to enjoy thier favorite activities or cut time with friends or family short because they’re in too much pain. Fortunately, mobility loss can be prevented—and, in some cases, reversed. Safe, Effective Treatment Options When you have back or neck pain, movement may be that last thing you want to think about. However, stretching, exercise, chiropractic care, physical theray and massage are essential for good spine health. These non-invasive drug-free approaches are among the best things you can do for your long-term spine health and preservation of your mobility. In fact, the American College of Physicians recently released an update to its low back pain treatment guideline that recommends first using non-drug treatments, such as spinal manipulation, for acute and chronic low back pain. A systematic review published in the Journal of the American Medical Association also supports the use of spinal manipulative therapy as a first-line treatment for acute low back pain. Each of us will experience some mobility loss with age which is why it's so important to recognize that your body was made to move. Live life to the fullest. Protect your mobility. Call Dr. Dukes. She'll listen to you, learn about your needs and goals. Then help you define a preventative wellness plan or find relief if you're already hurting. Reach out to Dr. Dukes today! (813) 752-2524 Just like clockwork, the start of school harbors a rise in Mom's calling my office for help managing back and neck pain. I hear them say, ‘I’m just so busy I must have done too much again’. It’s easy for Mom's to let good habits fall by the wayside when you’re focusing on your kids health. Your health and wellness is important too! Being mindful is one of the easiest ways to stay feeling your best. Keep these tips in mind: 1.) Drink plenty of water and avoid processed foods. This can be a tall order for busy mom's but it's so important to your wellness. 2.) When lifting, use your whole body by bending hips, knees and ankles to lift with your legs. Keep little ones close to your body and avoid twisting. 3.) Proper posture is vital self-care. Keep your spine straight by keeping your shoulders high whether you are sitting your standing.
4.) Listen to your body. Yes, regular exercise is important but so is rest. It's okay to miss a workout occasionally. Sometimes replacing your HITT workout with yoga or a massage can be better choice. Building healthy habits is the best way to stay healthy. Dr. Dukes can help you find what works best for you to feel your best and stick to it - for life. Make health your top priority, call Dr. Dukes at (813) 752-2524 and schedule your wellness consultation today. If you've sought frozen shoulder relief from traditional methods such as drugs or shots, I'll bet you're frustrated. And, I'm sure that you're wondering if you'll ever get back to normal. Chiropractic Care gives you proven relief faster. For most patients drug treatments fail to work effectively. Why? Because traditional treatments relying on steroids, numbing medications or painkillers mask the pain and fail to treat the underlying condition. The good news is that a natural, non-drug approach such as Chiropractic Care is widely accepted as the primary and most effective treatment method available. Most patients report an 80% pain reduction and at least 70% range of motion increase within the first 4 weeks of treatment. Multiple research studies have shown drugs are less effective requiring significantly longer recovery time and significant risks associated with pain-killers. A recent clinical trial studying the efficacy of Chiropractic methods for treating frozen shoulder among 50 patients revealed impressive results: - 16 of the patients recovered fully - 25 patients showed 75 percent to 90 percent improvement - 8 showed 50 percent to 75 percent improvement - 1 patient showed less than 50 percent improvement Suffer no more. Reach out to Dr. Dukes today. Schedule your consultation and learn how Chiropractic care can help you get back to living your best life. Combine stress, repetitive activities and poor posture, and what do you get? Tension headaches. Dr. Dukes revealed the most common contributors: poor posture, constantly looking down at your cell phone, working on your laptop in your home office all day, driving for hours without rest, playing video games for hours, chronic jaw clenching, and poor sleep posture. Dr. Dukes explained that, “these activities overstretch the muscles on the back of your neck and weaken them, increasing your susceptibility to tension headaches. The second part of the problem is that using any muscle too much leads to pain and, often, results in tension headaches.” Episodic tension headaches come on quickly and are fairly painful. “They are usually associated with stressful events adn tend to be subside once the stressful event is over.” Chronic tension headaches can recur daily. They may come on as you wake up or after a long day of work or activity. “The muscles in your neck and scalp tend to stay contracted,” she says. “Pain and tightness develop on both sides of the head, in the forehead and at the base of the skull.” Dr. Dukes recommends minimizing tension headache contributing factors by: Minimizing stress: Try to avoid or limit stressful events. Taking breaks: Limit the time you spend looking down at your phone. Take breaks on long drives. Adjusting the way you sleep: Try sleeping on your back or on your side with a body pillow and your neck in neutral posture. Exercise and stretch: Use a therapy cane or a hard therapy ball to massage out or stretch your neck and shoulder muscles. Avoid clenching: If you have trouble avoiding this behavior, seek a dentist knowledgeable about temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome. What about rubbing your temples when a tension headaches starts to build — does it help? “Muscle tension varies, so rubbing on your temples may not bring relief,” says Dr. Bang. “But rubbing on the tender spots, or trigger points, in your neck and shoulder muscles can help.” If tension headaches don’t go away after trying these suggestions, it may be time to seek professional help from Dr. Dukes and her experienced team of professionals. Call today (814) 752-2524. Reach out to Dr. Dukes. Schedule your consultation and learn how Chiropractic can help you. |
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Data is crucial in our field, and our models are extremely data-hungry. These large models, either language models for GPT or image models for Dalle, all require the same thing: way too much data.
Unfortunately, the more data you have, the better it is. So you need to scale up those models, especially for real-world applications. Bigger models can use bigger datasets to improve only if the data is of high quality. Feeding images that do not represent the real world will be of no use and even worsen the model’s ability to generalize. This is where data-centric AI comes into play.
Data-centric AI, also referred to as Software 2.0, is just a fancy way of saying that we optimize our data to maximize the model’s performances instead of model-centric, where you would just tweak the model’s parameters on a fixed dataset. Of course, both need to be done to have the best results possible, but data is by far the bigger player here.
In this article, in partnership with Snorkel, I will cover what data-centric AI is and review some big advancements in the field. You will quickly understand why data is so important in machine learning, which is Snorkel’s mission. Taking a quote from their blog post linked below:
“Teams would often spend time writing new models instead of understanding their problem—and its expression in data—more deeply. [...] Writing a new model [is] a beautiful refuge to hide from the mess of understanding the real problems.”
And this is what this article aims to combat. In one sentence: the goal of data-centric AI is to encode knowledge from our data into the model by maximizing the data’s quality and model’s performance.
Introducing the Idea of Data Programming
It all started in 2016 at Stanford with a paper called “Data Programming: Creating Large Training Sets, Quickly” introducing a paradigm for labeling training datasets programmatically rather than by hand. This was an eternity ago in terms of AI research age.
As you know, the best approaches to date use supervised learning, a process in which models train on data and labels and learn to reproduce the labels when given the data. For example, you’d feed a model many images of dogs and cats, with the respective labels, and ask the model to find out what is in the picture, then use backpropagation to train the model based on how well it succeeds. If you are unfamiliar with backpropagation, I’d invite you to take a small break to watch my 1-minute explanation and return where you left off.
As datasets are getting bigger and bigger, it becomes increasingly difficult to curate them and remove hurtful data to allow for the model to focus on only relevant data. You don’t want to train your model to detect a cat when it’s a skunk, it could end badly. When I refer to data, keep in mind that it can be any sort of data: tabular, images, text, videos, etc.
Now that we can easily download a model for any task: the shift to data improvement and optimization is inevitable. Model availability, the scale of recent datasets, and the data dependency these models have are why such a paradigm for labeling training datasets programmatically becomes essential.
The main problem comes with having labels for our data. It’s easy to have thousands of images of cats and dogs, but it is much harder to know which images have a dog and which have a cat, and even harder to have their exact locations in the image for segmentation tasks.
This first paper introduces a data programming framework where the user, or ML engineer/data scientist, expresses weak supervision strategies as labeling functions using a generative model that labels subsets of the data and found that “data programming may be an easier way for non-experts to create machine learning models when training data is limited or unavailable.”
In short: they show how improving data without much additional work while keeping the model the same improves results, which is a now evident but essential stepping stone. It is a really interesting foundation paper in this field and worth the read!
The Snorkel Open-Source Framework
The second paper we cover here is called “Snorkel: Rapid Training Data Creation with Weak Supervision”. This paper, published a year later also from Stanford University, presents a flexible interface layer to write labeling functions based on experience. Continuing on the idea that training data is increasingly large and difficult to label, causing a bottleneck in models’ performances, they introduce Snorkel, a system that implements the previous paper in an end-to-end system. This system allowed knowledge experts, the people that best understand the data, to easily define labeling functions to automatically label data, instead of doing hand annotation, building models 2.8 times faster while also increasing predictive performance by an average of 45.5%.
So again, instead of writing labels, the users, or knowledge experts, write labeling functions. These functions simply give insights to the models on patterns to look for or anything the expert would use to classify the data, helping the model follow the same process. Then, the system applies the newly written labeling functions over our unlabeled data and learns a generative model to combine the output labels into probabilistic labels which are then used to train our final deep neural network. Snorkel does all this by itself, facilitating this whole process for the first time.
Data-Centric AI - AKA Software 2.0
Our last paper also from Stanford, another year later, introduces Software 2.0. This one-page paper is once again pushing forward with the same deep learning data-centric approach using labeling functions to produce training labels for large unlabeled datasets and train our final model, which is particularly useful for huge internet-scraped datasets like the ones used in Google applications like YouTube, Google Ads, Gmail, etc., tackling the lack of hand-labeled data.
Of course, this is just an overview of the progress and direction of data-centric AI, and I strongly invite you to read the information in the description below to have a complete view of data-centric AI and where it comes from, and where it is heading.
I also want to thank Snorkel for sponsoring this article, and I invite you to check out their website for more information (all links below). If you haven’t heard of Snorkel before, you’ve still already used their approach in many products like YouTube, Google Ads, Gmail, etc.!
Thank you for reading,
Snorkel AI started with data-centric AI while working a the Stanford AI Lab in 2015, introducing the idea of data programming in 2016, followed by the Snorkel open-source framework in 2017, and in 2018 data-centric AI or software 2.0 was established as the new way to build AI applications.
►Data-centric AI: https://snorkel.ai/data-centric-ai
►Weak supervision: https://snorkel.ai/weak-supervision/
►Programmatic labeling: https://snorkel.ai/programmatic-labeling/
►Curated list of resources for Data-centric AI: https://github.com/hazyresearch/data-centric-ai
►Learn more about Snorkel: https://snorkel.ai/company/
►From Model-centric to Data-centric AI - Andrew Ng: https://youtu.be/06-AZXmwHjo
►Software 2.0: https://hazyresearch.stanford.edu/blog/2020-02-28-software2
►Paper 1: Ratner, A.J., De Sa, C.M., Wu, S., Selsam, D. and Ré, C., 2016. Data programming: Creating large training sets, quickly. Advances in neural information processing systems, 29.
►Paper 2: Ratner, A., Bach, S.H., Ehrenberg, H., Fries, J., Wu, S. and Ré, C., 2017, November. Snorkel: Rapid training data creation with weak supervision. In Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment. International Conference on Very Large Data Bases (Vol. 11, No. 3, p. 269). NIH Public Access.
►Paper 3: Ré, C. (2018). Software 2.0 and Snorkel: Beyond Hand-Labeled Data. Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining.
►My Newsletter (A new AI application explained weekly to your emails!): https://www.louisbouchard.ai/newsletter/ | <urn:uuid:d5aa2719-3716-49e7-9882-576f14473d8b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.louisbouchard.ai/data-centric-ai/ | 2024-02-28T19:57:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.906851 | 1,835 | 2.75 | 3 | [
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Squirrels are amazing, fun-loving, and adorable little animals that are liked by almost everyone due to their charm and cuteness. They love climbing trees and walls. You can often find them climbing on your walls here and there, and they are very quickly moved if someone gets closer to them. It is tough to catch a squirrel in your hands. But just imagine how beautiful it would be the scene of watching a squirrel in your backyard.
Now the question is, How can we attract the squirrels to our yard? It is quite evident that we can attract any animal by offering them their favorite food. A squirrel’s favorite food is nuts and fruits. Hence, if we grow nuts and fruits that are liked by these tiny animals, we surely succeed in getting them into our backyard. So, this article aims at knowing the do’s and do not’s while growing food for the squirrels in your backyard.
What to Feed and What not to Feed a Squirrel
There have been many arguments regarding the matter of feeding the squirrels. People often suggest that feeding squirrels are not a good idea at all. Even according to the United States Department Of Agriculture has also given their statement against feeding the squirrels. According to USDA, and wild animals cannot decide what they should eat or not.
They are always ready to eat whatever is offered to the. But for a human being, it is necessary to know that is it safe to offer them your domestic or regular food. So these animals should be left on their own for getting their feed as we should not take the risk of endangering their lives by offering unwanted food or the food that is not suitable for their diet. Malnourished food can make them sick.
Apart from this, squirrels become lazy once they get their food paradise. They also gather their friends to their food place and enjoy their free food from your yard. But too much gathering of the squirrels to your yard may harm your garden, or they can even spread infections or diseases. Even then, feeding a squirrel is a human gesture which we should not avoid totally. We can take necessary care while inviting them to our yards.
Things to Be Kept In Mind While Inviting The Squirrels To Your Backyard
- Keep the bird feeders away from the approach of a squirrel.
- To protect the bird feeders, we should provide the squirrels their place to enjoy their food.
- There should be a proper arrangement of drinking water for squirrels near their feeding place.
- Choose the quality nuts for squirrels as all nuts are not beneficial for squirrels. Some varieties of nuts may harm their health.
- Squirrels can eat birds ‘eggs, so it should be taken care of.
- Nuts should not be offered until or unless the squirrels have taken their healthy diet.
- If you are still confused about your decision of feeding squirrels, you may go for local federal or government suggestions on how much and in what manner we are supposed to feed the squirrels in our yards because, in parks, it is illegal to feed squirrels openly.
What Do Squirrels Need to Consume Most?
The best diet for a squirrel contains nuts, fruits, vegetables, and seeds. Now there are various types of nuts, fruits, and vegetables available in our ecology. So what is the best one and healthy for the squirrel?
We all know that squirrels just love the nuts. It would be a great idea to attract them towards your yard by planting the nuts producing trees. There is no such compulsion to have trees that grow nuts, and one can simply offer suitable nuts to the squirrels in their backyard by owing them directly from the market.
Now necessary care should also be taken while offering nuts to these tiny wild animals, as there are a variety of nuts we have in our ecology, out of which some are beneficial for their health, and some are dangerous. For your convenience, we have categorized these nuts based on best and bad nuts for squirrels.
Best Nuts for Squirrels:
- Roasted pumpkin seeds
Some Bad Nuts for Squirrels to be Avoided:
- Dried Corn
- Oak Seeds
- Pine Nuts
- Raw Peanuts
- Sunflower Seeds
After the nuts, the squirrel’s most wanted food is fruits. They often climb trees in search of some juicy, sweet, and delicious fruits. Just like nuts, we have multiple types of fruits in our environment. Again, the question is about which fruit is healthier for a squirrel. For your convenience we will categorize these fruits in tabular form:
Fruits Recommended for Squirrels:
- Navel Orange
Fruits to Be Avoided in Squirrel’s Diet:
- Dried Fruits
- Fruit Juice
Apart from the recommendations regarding these fruits, we also suggest that the appropriate quantity to be offered to the pet squirrel should be considered.
Vegetables contain very important nutritions required for a squirrel’s diet. If you do have vegetables in your yard, then it is quite easy to attract these squirrels towards your place. But if not, we may suggest some healthy vegetables as per q squirrel’s diet that you should grow in your garden. Some of these are mentioned below:
Good Vegetables For Squirrels:
- Some Beet Greens
- Cucumber Belgian Endive
- Green Beans
- Dandelion Greens
- Kale Mustard Spinach
- Turnip Greens
- Leafy Greens
- Yellow Squash
Vegetables To Be Avoided In Squirrel’s Diet:
- Dried Vegetables
- Bell Peppers
- White Potatoes
- Fresh Corn
- Palm Hearts
You might often observe squirrel snatching birds’food, their eggs, and they even get into the bird’s feeders and destroy their places. From this, you can get an idea that the squirrels also prefer seeds in their search for food during starvation.
So, the most beneficial seeds that are right for squirrels are Pumpkin seeds. But one must avoid sunflower seeds, Dried cons, and cashews.
On the off probability that merchandise of the soil is not promptly accessible, a squirrel can fall back on ingestion tiny creepy crawlies to satisfy their demand for supermolecule.
Some creepy crawlies gulped up by squirrels incorporate caterpillars, hatchlings, winged bugs, grasshoppers, injured butterflies, and crickets, to offer some examples.
The rodent block are well known for its extreme capacity of nutrients contained in it, which enables the squirrels to grow and maintain their health.it is considered the most balanced food for the squirrels, so we highly recommend the rodent blocks for your pet. Apart from the above-said food items, squirrels can also eat eggs, insects, butterflies, etc.
Things To Be Avoided For Good Health Of Squirrels:
One should avoid offering junk food or homemade food to the squirrels. Snacks like chips, toffees, and other junk stuff, as it is difficult for the squirrels to digest such food, and ultimately, it makes them sick.
Although nuts are found to be the most demanding and suitable food for squirrels, not all kinds of nuts are appropriate for the same. A raw peanut if offered to a squirrel, it may harm that innocent cute animal, because that would be difficult for the squirrel to chew. Besides, that one can offer the peanut butter or roasted peanuts, although it is also not the best option to provide them with.
You must know that a squirrel dislikes the niger seeds. On the other hand, birds like these seeds a lot. So we should take advantage of this adverse situation between the squirrel and the birds. As we have discussed earlier that squirrels often destroy bird feeders, to avoid this situation or for stopping the squirrels to enter bird feeders, we should put some niger seeds into their(birds’) shelters.
Corns are also very much liked by the squirrels. But they should be offered to them occasionally because regularly corn in their diet is not a good idea at all.
In a nutshell, we may conclude that squirrels are amazing to be seen in anybody’s yard. But most people don’t know how to deal with these little wild animals. One must know about healthy feeding of squirrels before inviting them to their yards.
And many precautionary measures are also necessary to be taken before getting them into the backyard because they can sometimes behave irritatingly and may harm the birds and other flies in your garden.
In some of the nations, it is illegal to offer food to the squirrels, as the wildlife care community finds it a crime to make this animal dependant on human beings for their food.
It may make them lazy. But even then we should be ethical towards them, by offering them food of their choice and that contains nutrition which is necessary for their excellent health. | <urn:uuid:bda42f21-97c6-4ff8-920e-317a67fd404c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.organizewithsandy.com/what-to-feed-squirrels-in-your-backyard-to-make-them-go-nuts-2020/?_ga=2.194219882.650542070.1619619678-1119205434.1617771115 | 2024-02-28T20:07:56Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.95974 | 1,858 | 2.703125 | 3 | [
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Texts: Genesis 1:1–2:28; Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13; Romans 1:24–26; 1 Corinthians 6:9 Topic: What should we think about homosexuality?
Several recent events have brought the issue of homosexuality to our attention. In June, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a Texas law that bans homosexual sodomy, declaring: "the State cannot demean a homosexual person'sexistence or control their destiny by making their private sexual conduct a crime." People with a same sex orientation celebrated the decisions as a step toward legitimacy and liberation. Others lamented the decision as a step toward dismantling marriage and family.
About the same time, Ontario became the third Canadian province to declare traditional marriage laws were discriminatory and unconstitutional, and a week later, the Canadian cabinet set in motion a national policy that appears to pave the way for same-sex unions.
In July, the Episcopal Church U.S.A. approved the election of a bishop in New Hampshire who is openly homosexual and living in partnership with another man.
In addition to these political and ecclesiastical developments, network and cable TV have brought us a new wave of programming that celebrates the gay lifestyle—shows like Boy Meets Boy and Queer Eye for the Straight Guy.
A week doesn't go by without a leading news story on the changing cultural landscape regarding homosexuality and its place in American society and consciousness. If you're like me, more than once you find yourself reading an article or listening to a story, and you think, "How am Isupposed to feel about these things? Do we have the right to set boundaries around human behavior andrelationships? If so, where do we draw those boundaries? And how do we respond civilly andChristian-ly to people who live outside those boundaries?"
The people behind the issues
It occurred to me that I wouldn't be a faithful shepherd if I didn't provide you with biblical guidance on these difficult and pressing issues. These things are too important and timely to ignore. But because I am a pastor—a shepherd—I'm not just thinking about the issues regarding homosexuality; I'm thinking about the people I know who are dealing with these issues. As I think about these people, their circumstances raise all kinds of difficult pastoral questions.
I'm thinking of a middle-aged woman who has been following Christ for about 30 years. She's a faithful participant in church life and one of the most committed prayer partners I've ever had. She was terribly abused as a child, and all her life she found herself emotionally and romantically attracted to other women. Is it possible for a person to be a committed, faithful Christian and still struggle with confused sexual identity and desires?
I'm thinking about one of my Christian college professors: the man who taught me a lot of what I know about Christian education—a man I admired and appreciated, who, a short time after I graduated, left his teaching post, left his wife and children, and went off to the West Coast to live with another man and minister in a church that affirms homosexuality. Is homosexual behavior in a loving, committed relationship a viable option for fully-devoted followers of Christ?
I'm thinking of some wonderful, godly Christian parents who came home one evening to find a note from one of their teenagers: "I'm gay. I'm leaving. I'll be ok." They didn't hear from him for days. How does that happen? How do we explain the origin of homosexual desires, and how do we handle it when someone close to us chooses to act upon them?
I'm thinking of students—high school and college alike—who have been raised in the church with a certain set of beliefs and standards, who are suddenly confronted by gay and lesbian clubs on campus, by friends who announce that they're gay, and by teachers who challenge their traditional understanding of the Bible and morality. Does the Bible really teach that homosexuality is wrong, when more and more people seem to be embracing it as a healthy and happy way to live?
I'm thinking of people who show up at our Welcome Center or greet me in the hallway and want to know if gay and lesbian people are welcome at Grace Chapel. What do we say to them? How do we extend the love of Christ to people while being faithful to our convictions about human sexuality?
I'm thinking about a friend of mine from a former church, divorced, with two children. For years he would drift in and out of church life—with us for weeks or months, and then he would disappear for similar stretches of time. After a few years of joking with each other at the door and then meeting for breakfast and lunch, he finally told me about his double life: his forays into and out of the gay scene. He hated it. He was lonely, he was tired, and he was terrified of AIDS. Could God really accept him and help him? Could my friend ever get control of his life and his desires? He wanted to know.
So do we.
Beyond Will and Grace
Let's think about these things for a few minutes this morning. Let's think about the issue of homosexuality. We could think about it politically—a good thing to do—but it's not our purpose this morning. We could talk about homosexuality psychologically, exploring the factors that shape our sexual identity and behavior. That, too, is a valid pursuit, but that's not our purpose either. We could talk about it experientially. I could tell you about people I know who are miserable in their homosexuality, and you could tell me about people who seem happy in their homosexuality. We're not going to do that either, because basing morality on experience is as foolish as it is futile. No, we're going to think biblically about these things, seeing what the Bible says positively and negatively on the subject of marriage, sexuality, and human relationships.
I've never seen an entire episode of Will and Grace, the popular network sitcom about a gay man and his female friend and roommate. I've seen bits and pieces. I've heard about the show and read about it. Will and Grace is our culture's answer to homosexuality. You don't really have to watch the show to get the message—the title says it all. Homosexual people need to exercise their will, courageously choosing to embrace their orientation and fulfill their desires. Heterosexual people need to exercise grace, generously accepting and affirming same sex intimacy and relationships. It's a simple and appealing message that plays great on primetime, but it's not good enough for the men and women God loves and designed for lasting sexual fulfillment and joy. I would like to take you beyond the will and grace of primetime. I'd like to talk to you about the will and grace of God.
Let's begin with God's will. Whenever we turn to the subject of God's will and homosexuality, we immediately think of the prohibitions we find in Scripture, of which there are several. But biblical thinking about homosexuality doesn't begin with these prohibitions. It begins with creation, in the book of Genesis, with a series of affirmations that lay the foundation for the instructions which follow. These positive passages are every bit as important—if not more important—than the negative passages we'll look at in a minute.
We're familiar with the creation accounts in Genesis 1 and 2, so we won't take time to read all of them this morning. We read in Genesis 1:27–28 that "God created man in his own image; in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. God blessed them and said, 'Be fruitful and increase in number.'" Later, in Genesis 2:18, we read that it was not good for the man to be alone, so God created a suitable helper, a counter-part. Verse 21 tells us God caused the man to fall into a deep sleep, and while he was sleeping, he took one of the man's ribs and closed up the place with flesh. Then the Lord God made a woman from the rib he had taken out of the man. Genesis 2:24: "For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh. The man and his wife were naked, and they felt no shame."
There are several wonderful and foundational affirmations made in these verses. First, gender is good. When God created human beings, he created them purposefully to come in two varieties—male and female. That wasn't an accident or an experiment. God didn't create one kind of image-bearer; he created two, each reflecting a distinctive dimension of God's character—which includes both masculinity and femininity. Men and women were created to be similar to one another and yet different in very important ways.
Second, we learn that sex is good. From the very beginning, God designed human beings to be sexual beings that could experience and express their sexuality as males or females. He designed sexual intercourse to be the means of procreation ("be fruitful and increase") as well as an incredibly satisfying experience of intimacy ("the man and wife were naked and felt no shame"). Sex is not something human beings thought of afterward, sneaking around behind God's back. It was God's idea from the very beginning, and it was a very good idea. I think we'd all agree.
Finally, we learn that marriage is good. Every human relationship is to be celebrated as a gift from God and an expression of his image. The marriage relationship is the most dramatic and intense of all human relationships, for it most vividly portrays the intimacy, the connectedness, and the oneness that are God's vision for every human relationship. God's vision from the very beginning of creation was the vision of oneness—that we would be one with him and one with each other. This oneness is not the kind that's achieved by bringing together two or more of the same thing; it's the oneness that's attained by bringing together two or more different things to form one new thing. Oneness in the church is the union of Jew and Gentile into one body. Oneness in marriage is the union of man and woman into one flesh. Complimentarily—not similarity—is the secret of oneness. The genius of marriage is that 1 + 1 = 1. It's lousy math, but great theology. One man, plus one woman, equals one flesh, perfectly suited for one another.
It doesn't work that way in same-sex relationships. One man, plus one man, equals two men. There's no complementary nature, so there's no oneness. John Stott points out that when God created the woman, he did it by taking something out of the man. In marriage, he brings a man and woman back together to reclaim the fullness of the divine image—masculinity and femininity. No such union takes place when members of the same sex come together. There can be intimacy, companionship, and even love between members of the same sex, but there can't be oneness. And oneness is what marriage is about!
Thinking biblically about homosexuality means saying, "Yes." Yes to gender, yes to sexuality, and yes to marriage. God's design for human beings is that they should embrace and express their God-given identity as male or female. God's design for sexuality is that it is to be a procreative and intimate celebration of love within the context of marriage. God's design for marriage is that it is to be a covenant of love between a man and a woman, in which God's vision for oneness is vividly expressed and experienced.
Having established that positive foundation, let's now consider what the Bible negatively says about homosexual behavior. There are a handful of passages that speak to the subject, in both the Old and New Testament. Historically, people opposed to same-sex relationships have pointed to them and said, "See, it's a sin." In recent years, proponents of homosexuality have pointed to them and said, "Look again, you've misinterpreted them." We'll briefly consider four passages.
First, let's consider the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, found in Genesis 19. In this unsavory episode, two heavenly messengers, angels in human form, come to visit Lot in the ancient and wicked city of Sodom. A mob of men from the city come to Lot and demand that he turn over the two men so that they might have sexual relationships with them. Lot refuses, and in fear, he offers his daughters instead. The mob gets unruly and tries to take the men by force, but God delivers them. Shortly thereafter, God brings destruction on the city for their wickedness.
The story seems to clearly reveal God's view of homosexual activity. Some have argued that the sin for which Sodom was judged was the sin of inhospitality—failing to provide welcome and refuge for these heavenly visitors. Linguistically, culturally, and contextually, it simply doesn't hold up. In fact, the New Testament Book of Jude makes it quite clear that it was their sexual immorality that led to their destruction.
A second passage that forbids homosexual activity is found in the Levitical law that governed the religious life of the nation of Israel. Leviticus 18:22 reads, "Do not lie with a man as one lies with a woman; that is detestable." The command is later repeated in Leviticus 20:13. Some have argued that these ceremonial laws are no longer relevant to God's people, but the fact that the prohibitions are mentioned in other contexts—and even in the New Testament—indicate that they have a more universal application.
A third passage is found in the New Testament Book of Romans, where Paul is making a case for the moral and spiritual failure of all humankind. Romans 1:24: "Therefore God gave them over in the sinful desires of their hearts to sexual impurity for the degrading of their bodies with one another … they exchanged the truth of God for a lie." Skipping down to verse 26: "Even their women exchanged natural relations for unnatural ones. In the same way the men also abandoned natural relations with women and were inflamed with lust for one another."
This passage is significant in that it sets forth same-sex desire and activity as unnatural and contrary to God's will for human beings. Paul goes on to name envy, murder, gossip, pride, and even disobedience to parents as evidence of humanity's descent from God's design and purposes. Homosexual lust and behavior is not the only sin Paul mentions—nor is it the most awful sin—but it is certainly one of them.
A fourth passage to consider is 1 Corinthians 6:9: "Do you not know that the wicked will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived: Neither the sexually immoral nor idolaters nor adulterers nor male prostitutes nor homosexual offenders nor thieves nor the greedy nor drunkards nor slanderers nor swindlers will inherit the kingdom of God. And that is what some of you were, but you were washed, you were sanctified, you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the Spirit of our God."
Paul once again includes same-sex activity in a rather comprehensive list of things that separate us from God and from one another. These things are outside the will of God for human beings; they degrade the image of God in us, they undermine human society, and they ultimately bring pain and heartache to ourselves and to other people.
Some will argue that these New Testament passages refer only to particular kinds of homosexual behavior—ritual prostitution, pedophilia, or promiscuity—and that the Bible doesn't forbid loving, monogamous, lifelong relationships between people of the same sex. It is true that some of the passages we looked at call attention to particularly offensive homosexual behaviors, but when we consider the whole counsel of God—when we consider the positive affirmations of heterosexual marriage, the repeated prohibitions against a variety of same-sex activity, and that there are no affirmations anywhere in Scripture of homosexual desire, relationship, or activity—we must conclude that God's will for human beings does not include same-sex lust, activity, or union.
Let's also briefly consider God's grace. Remember that grace is undeserved favor. Grace is God's goodness, kindness, and mercy poured out on people who don't deserve it. It's for all of us—every one of us. The passage we read from Romans 1 isn't just about people who struggle with same-sex desire and activity; it's about people who have exchanged the truth of God for a lie and worshipped and served themselves instead of their creator. That's all of us, regardless of our sexual orientation. The list of wicked people in 1 Corinthians 6 includes more than homosexual offenders; it includes heterosexual offenders as well. In fact, it includes people who gossip and slander, people who deceive, and people who always want more than what God has given them. It's about all of us. We all fall into the category of "wicked people." We've all exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and we're all far from the kingdom of God. That is, until God's grace comes into the picture—God's lavish, amazing, all-sufficient grace.
Grace means that even if you struggle with same-sex desires, you are welcome to come to God, just as you are. God doesn't ask or expect you to straighten out your confusion or overcome your tendencies first. Just come to him in the name of his son, Jesus. Grace means that sexual offenders can be forgiven, whatever that offense has been. Jesus Christ received the penalty of that sin so you don't have to be punished for it.
Grace means that you can be healed of your sexual wounded-ness, whether others inflicted it upon you, or you brought it on yourself. It doesn't have to haunt your heart or your relationships for the rest of your life. Grace means that you can overcome whatever distorted, destructive desires and habits have been robbing you of real joy and fulfillment. It will take time and teaching and practice and support and probably even failure. But you can overcome it with God's help; you can be free from sin's mastery over you.
Grace means that God can transform you from the inside out. He can enable you to embrace the sexual identity God has given you and help you discover healthy, happy, and honorable relationships with people of the same and opposite sex. You may even be transformed in such a way that you can discover romantic relationships with people of the opposite sex—even marriage. Not every homosexual person experiences that complete a transformation, but many do, and many are on their way.
Once again, I'm thinking about the people I mentioned earlier and the questions their circumstances raise.
I'm thinking of that middle-aged woman, my prayer partner. Is it possible to be a faithful follower of Christ and still struggle with same-sex desires and attractions? Yes, it is. And God, in his grace, can give you the strength to curb those desires, to refrain from those activities, and to honor him in your activity and relationships.
I'm thinking of my former college professor. Is homosexual activity, in a loving and monogamous relationship, a viable option for Christian people? No, it's not; it distorts and destroys God's good design for human sexuality and the oneness of marriage.
I'm thinking of that Christian family struggling to understand and help their child. Can we fully understand why a person finds himself or herself attracted to people of the same sex? Are there simple explanations and sure-fire remedies? No, it's a very complex phenomenon that can rarely be blamed on one relationship, event, or factor. God, in his grace, can give us wisdom and strength to preserve our relationships with people we know struggle sexually and to allow those relationships to be channels of healing and wholeness to such a person.
I'm thinking of those students who find their beliefs and values challenged on a daily basis. Does the Bible really teach that same-sex desire and activity is wrong, and that it doesn't lead to happy and fulfilled life and relationship? Yes, the Bible teaches that clearly, from beginning to end, both positively and negatively.
I'm thinking of people who come to our Visitor's Center and want to know if homosexual people are welcome at Grace Chapel. The answer is, "Yes, of course they're welcome! Are alcoholics welcome? Are shoplifters welcome? Are gossips welcome? Yes, everyone is welcome. Welcome! Enter into the life of this community to meet the God who loves us—loves us so much that he will not leave us where we are, falling short of the glory and fulfillment we were designed for—but will lead us into his good purpose for our lives!"
I'm thinking of my friend who wonders if God can really accept him and help him to live an honorable and satisfying life. The answer is, "Yes, God has accepted him and forgiven him. God is healing him and helping him. God will eventually transform him into the man he was created to be."
There are many questions, issues, and circumstances we could have discussed in our time together. Most of them are too complicated and sensitive for this kind of a setting. But as a shepherd, I hope these truths will help you think biblically about homosexuality and to live and love as God's people in a fallen world.
These are strange days we are living in. People are looking for love and truth on these matters. May the beauty of our lives and relationships give people a vision of God's purpose for their lives and relationships. May the depth of our love for people lead them to wholeness and holiness in every area of life. May the clarity of our message lead them beyond human will and grace, to discover God's will, which is always good, and God's grace, which is sufficient for all of us.
Bryan Wilkerson is pastor of Grace Chapel in Lexington, Massachusetts. | <urn:uuid:0d14e381-c1da-4457-ac51-643c4a4d927b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.preachingtoday.com/sermons/sermons/2007/april/beyondwillandgrace.html | 2024-02-28T19:38:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474744.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20240228175828-20240228205828-00151.warc.gz | en | 0.976062 | 4,559 | 2.59375 | 3 | [
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Hire a WriterPope Gregory as an opposition of virtues created the seven deadly sins. The deadly sins include the anger, sloth, envy, pride, gluttony, greed, and lust. In the book, the Horcruxes that were made for Voldemort were the manifestation of the seven deadly sins. With the death of primary characters in the play, Voldemort took the place of a judge and identified the significance of the seven deadly sins. In the paper, there will be an evaluation of the deaths to determine the connection between the Horcrux, the representation of the artifact and the link with the seven deadly to identify the significance of each death to the opposing virtues. Each pattern of the Horcrux presents an overcoming of the seven deadly mainly because the sin is in opposition with their virtues.
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In the memory of Slughorn, it is evident that the Tom Riddle sought after the Horcruxes, which were a banned subject at the Hogwarts institution, a practice that Dumbledore was particularly strict about. It was Hermione’s discovery of the Secrets of the Darkest Arts in Dumbledore’s office that she establishes the connection and identifies that the book was kept to keep Tom Riddle from the book. Evidently, the Exploration of the Chamber of Secrets by Tom Riddle and the basilisk that was before the second year for Harry Potter at the institution using the death of Moaning Myrtle and suspicion the involvement of Tom Riddle in a bullying incident that the book is moved from the library.
In the ‘Half-Blood Prince’, the retrieved memory presents Tom Riddle‘s quest for the Horcruxes where he indicates Wouldn't it be better, make you stronger, to have your soul in more pieces? … isn't seven the most powerfully magical number, wouldn't seven’?"(Rowling 2005 p. 456 and p.466) however, it was during the incident that Tom is seen to be in possession of his uncle’s ring an indication of his act of murder and thus making the ring the second Horcrux. However, not until the failure of Voldemort to use Quirrell in the capturing to the Philosopher’s Stone to turn himself back that Lucius Malfoy uses the diary unaware it was a Horcrux. Evidently, the destruction of the Horcrux establishes the presence of the rest to guarantee Voldemort's chances of survival.
The killing of Moaning Myrtle with the basilisk is an establishment of the deadly sin of lust as Tom Riddle uses the resulting tear in the making of the Diarycrux. Evidently, the name Moaning Myrtle is heavily sexualized establishing it as a symbol of lust. She is bent on experiencing teenage romance. Tom Riddle uses her desire to have romance as a means to get to her. Being a heartless bully, consumed by the lust to control his victims, he sought out to kill to achieve his selfish means. If Moaning Myrtle had become the victim, in this case, she would have no doubt exposed how ‘"Tom Riddle, poor but brilliant, parentless but so brave, school prefect, model student'(Rowling, 2007 p. 239) had been using the girls’ bathroom as a means of unleashing the basilisk onto other students. Evidently, it is the romantic posturing and fraudulent activities that the worries of Ginny, which had been, linked with the death of Moaning Myrtle that Harry as her Valentine overcomes the sin of lust established in the Diarycrux with a possession of the virtue of Chastity to eventually find true love in Ginny.
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The anger of sin is established in the Ringcrux especially when Tom Riddle Snr. is identified to be "even more [snobbish and rude]"(Rowling, 2000 p8), making him the next victim of the Horcrux. Tom Riddle Jr. was angry about his father that he stole his uncle’s wand and his grandfather ring to kill his father. His anger is founded in his relation with Merope and the fact that his father was mixed blood individual whom he sees as "a foul, common Muggle"(Rowling, 2000 p9). Perceivably, the ring brought out Tom Riddle Jr.‘s Anger to kill his father. The resolution of the sin is in Dumbledore’s faith in other individuals as Snape comes to his aid thus establishing the opposing virtues of faith and patience that were critical in the destruction of the part of Voldemort's soul used in the creation of the Ringcrux.
Unlike the diarycrux, the ring has power in its right because the items from Hogwarts’ Founders yielded some magical power. Helga Hufflepuff chose hardworking and loyal students to join her house thus the founder’s item which was identified to have "all sorts of powers' (Rowling, 2005 p. 408) was established as the Cup of Plenty that uses magic to prosper the efforts of the bearer. Based on thy, Hepzibah Smith the owner was guaranteed sufficient income that would give him the ability to enjoy the necessities of life. Her desire for prestigious treasures established her greed at the point where she displayed a flattering bouquet of flower and in her admiration presented a "greedy expression was curiously mirrored" (Rowling, 2005 p.408)on her face. Hermione, who has been greedy for recognition and academic success, is the perfect person to destroy the cupcrux as she tempers her greed to reorganize their priorities to become an indispensable part of Harry Potter’s inner circle. The relation between Voldermort, the Cup of Plenty, Hermione, and Gringot's vault establishes the significance of Hepsibah’s murder as upon her death Voldermort immortalized his soul to complete the Horcrux.
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The Albanian peasant is perceivably a strange choice to become the victim of the Diademcrux based on the economic description of them. The Sorting Hat establishes clues in its association with eagles and mountains. It is Voldermort who finds the diadem that had lay unnoticed in a hollow tree when he killed the first farmworker he met by outdoing the victim in sloth. Voldemort, who sought not to earn a living, is no better than the Albanian peasant. Crabbe is the ideal individual to destroy the Horcrux as he lazed his way in the school by doing the bidding of Draco Malfoy. It is the lack of information, poor study habits, lazy choices, lack of perseverance and unproductive effort that links the Room of Hidden Thing, the tree in Albania and his diligence to the peasant murdered in Albania in order to establish diligence and hope that opposes the sin of sloth in order to destroy the soul of Voldemort in the Diademcrux.
The Slytherin Locket is another Horcrux made by the killing of a Muggle tramp. In the established preference of Cecelia to Merope by Tom Riddle Snr., Merope’s feelings of envy and rejections are in line with those of the Muggle Tramp used in the making of the Locketcrux by the envious son. There is a link between the people’s perception of others and how they bear a resemblance to the self-interested view of the world of a powerless, and low-status Muggle tramp possesses by Slytherin. The Locketcrux affects the trio and each develops doubt in each other. Ron in comparison to the rest has the least confidence when he compares his family to Hermione and the fame of Harry Potter. With the sword of Gryffindor, he destroys the Locketcrux that echoes Voldemort's perception of life where envy presents a point of view that is strong enough to tear a part of his soul.
James Potter in his early years had been identified as a bully evident in Lily ‘s description James Potter as "an arrogant, bullying toerag." (Rowling, 2005 p. 415) and Snape ‘s constant reminder to Harry Potter on his father’s arrogance. In the death of James Potter, his son became an accidental Horcrux. Harry’s self-criticism and choice to face death at the hands of Voldemort to destroy the Horcrux. Despite the arrogance of James Potter, Voldemort's is much greater yielding to his humble fall established in Harry Potter’s humility and love that protects Harry.
Bertha Jockins was an individual of negative talents and in her nosy activities knew too much information. Bertha’s death made Nagini into a Horcrux. Nagini as a Horcrux is the eight and a representation of the animal nature evident in Voldemort's gluttony of parts of the soul. Also, Nagini is a representation of issues to do with control and injustice.
For each Horcrux, the deaths play a significant role in establishing a link to the deadly sins. For Voldermort, these were a guarantee of his prolonged life. Indeed, each pattern of the Horcrux presents an overcoming of the seven deadly mainly because the sin is in opposition with their virtues.
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Rowling, J. K. (2007). Harry Potter 2-The Chamber of Secrets. Turtleback Books.
Rowling, J. K. (2000). Harry Potter and the Goblet of fire.
Rowling, J. K., (2005). The Half-blood Prince. New York: Scholastic.
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] |
The harms[ii] of legacy or in situ asbestos[iii] in Australia were created in Australia during the 20th century, with expansive distribution of asbestos containing products manufactured by James Hardie Industries Ltd (“James Hardie”), CSR Ltd (“CSR”) and others until the 1980s. The powers that be allowed these activities to continue, despite irrefutable evidence of the deaths caused by exposure to its carcinogenic fibres.
Today, Australia, as a nation, is still experiencing and acquiescing to mass deaths during the 21st century from largely or entirely preventable asbestos-related diseases. Legacy asbestos now sits (or lurks) in government, commercial and residential properties in various forms and continues to pose real and substantive lethal threats to the public.
Actions taken by James Hardie and CSR to prevent ongoing loss of life in Australia were, and remain, minimal given the scale of lives still at stake. More broadly, actions taken by all levels of government to protect the health and lives of Australians seem inadequate and highly complacent, especially in residential settings.
Our survey of 43,000 households found that very few Australians are properly aware of the nature, gravity, and magnitude of the harms posed from legacy asbestos and are taking appropriate precautions to save their own and others’ lives. Indeed, most lacked basic knowledge about asbestos dangers and consequences. More than two thirds did not know what asbestos is or could not positively identify asbestos as dangerous to health. Among those who did know that asbestos is dangerous to health, most were not aware that:
Asbestos Awareness Australia Ltd is a registered charity, is run entirely by volunteers, and had received no external funding at the time the website was launched. Asbestos Awareness Australia was set up:
To achieve these objectives, the company provides public access to widely sourced information on asbestos risks and impacts, including the associated medical, legal, and political debates.
While pieces of the asbestos story are available from other public sources and academic publications, the broader legal, political, and medical context and evidence is commonly lacking. Without this context and evidence, the magnitude of the asbestos crisis and its horrific consequential harms appear to be poorly understood by scholars, policy makers, public health officials, and the community at large.
Our research confirms that the playbooks (and public relations strategies) of the asbestos industry and its supporters since the 1970s have been to promote the following messages within public forums:
These same (or similar) messages are still reflected in scholarly and official material in Australia (and elsewhere), and are, at best misconceptions, and at worst, misleading.
Overall, our research suggests that public messaging on asbestos risks in Australia is carefully controlled, played down and qualified:
As law professors and experienced financial and policy analysts, we conclude that the present public health and risk policy settings result in a deadly cocktail with well-known but preventable outcomes:
Despite claims or implications to the contrary, there are no “zero risk” or “safe” policy or public heath settings (including the present ones) to resolve the threats of legacy asbestos across Australia; only less worse options, that on balance, save the most lives.
Some policy progress has been made over the last 20 years, with the banning of new asbestos products in Australia and the introduction of workplace safety obligations around the handling and control of asbestos in employment settings. However, substantive progress since then to minimise fatalities from asbestos-related diseases has seemingly stalled or regressed. We question whether any substantive lessons have been learnt by the public health sector and policy makers in Australia over the last century.
We contend that the old asbestos game continues, with people’s lives still being traded-off for short term political and commercial gain. Our research suggests these trade-offs are rarely stated explicitly and are instead carefully masked and or hidden from public view.
For more than a century now, the scales of justice have allowed corporations and governments to largely sit by passively, while tens of thousands of Australians have died (and continue to die) from exposure to asbestos, without transparent accountability and appropriate repercussions.
It is shocking that many Australians still only find out about the consequences of harmful exposure to asbestos after they have been diagnosed with diseases that are statistically likely to kill them within months. At this point, victims have little hope to cling to because their diseases have been among the most poorly funded of all cancers in Australia. Their peace of mind in the last stages of their lives is made worse, knowing that their disease was entirely preventable. These sufferers might receive some compensation, but many do not, and the pool of uncompensated victims will likely increase overtime as evidence of prior exposure sources becomes more difficult.
Battles regarding the publicly available information on asbestos matters are longstanding and remind us of the biblical story of David and Goliath. The resources, power, and weapons of the industry and other monied interests are immense. In contrast, those who are willing or able to speak out unequivocally (or advocate openly) on behalf of unwitting victims appear to be weak and meagrely funded (at least outwardly so). We seek brave souls willing to help us speak truth to power and shift the focus to actions that serve the public interest. Our ultimate aim is to avoid senseless loss of life to preventable diseases.
The facts, evidence, and science that necessitate urgent public health and policy action to save lives from asbestos-related diseases are to hand, and have been to hand, for many decades. Evidence of deaths from mesothelioma following brief periods and low dosages of exposure were highlighted repeatedly in medical and social science journals in the 1960s. Senior executives at James Hardie and CSR, public health experts, and policy leaders, were made aware, or ought to have been aware, of these developments. Yet in 2021, unequivocal and public acknowledgement of these facts by the industry, the public health sector and policy leaders is still lacking.
It is well beyond time for the industry, policy makers of all persuasions, and the media to be upfront and honest with the community about death counts from asbestos-related diseases, the ongoing threats from in situ asbestos, and the related financial decisions and consequences. Public acknowledgement of asbestos matters is essential to pay proper respect to the tens of thousands of Australians who have died from this man-made disaster and to provide an appropriate baseline from which to consider optimal policy steps to save lives during the 21st century.
The website begins by compiling and referencing content from publicly available sources and the medical, political, historical, and legal literatures. We acknowledge the prior efforts and material of journalists, scholars, lawyers, and others who have spoken out on asbestos-related matters over the last century (especially the work of Jock McCulloch, Geoffrey Tweedale, and Matt Peacock[vi]). Publication of this material required, and still requires, courage, as many sources cite examples of the industry and its supporters providing funding or creating positions in return for silence, or using threats against or disparaging employees, researchers, doctors, lawyers, and plaintiffs.
Our researchers seek to analyse and contribute to the existing mosaics of information to better understand:
We struggled to find sourced information that addresses the following critical questions:
Our research suggests all these topics have been suppressed within public forums and are barely discussed or not debated at all in academic circles. Most of the existing literature is limited to discussion on medical or compensation issues.[vii] Our researchers found no peer-reviewed articles in Australia from any discipline that detail the full history of asbestos in Australia, the long-term human and societal harms resulting from legacy asbestos, the responses by the industry and the federal and state governments to asbestos fatalities and ongoing risks, or the legal or public health settings governing legacy asbestos in homes.
Answers to these questions (or at least acknowledgement of the need to publicly debate these matters) are fundamental to properly comprehend the true scale and burdens of the asbestos crisis and to save lives. Without an understanding of these matters, “the status quo” settings will likely continue and thousands more Australian lives will be lost needlessly from preventable diseases. This belief forms the “fire in the belly” of our researchers, and is the foundation driving the establishment of the company and its website.
Our website content will evolve as information and resources come to hand and the debates deepen. The organisation of the topics and content across webpages is intended to present an interconnected story. Some content is repeated, so that topics can be read on a stand-alone basis.
Notably, some content had to be omitted from this website for legal reasons. While the defamation rules in Australia are intended to protect the reputation of persons, these frameworks can hinder substantive debate and criticism, especially when the topics are commercially and politically sensitive and there are large imbalances in the power and resources of those involved.
Our primary aim is to prevent future occurrences of harmful exposure to asbestos and related deaths. Comprehensive discussion of personal injury compensation matters is purposely left to others, as the payment of compensation to sufferers of asbestos-related diseases (when this occurs) is not equivalent to saving a person’s live and should never be thought of as a satisfactory alternate to preventative measures that seek to prevent lethal exposure from occurring. Given a choice, we doubt that any sufferer would opt for compensation rather than the chance to have more years with their family and loved ones.[viii]
Asbestos Awareness Australia Ltd is a registered not-for-profit company limited by guarantee, is a registered charity, and has endorsement from the Australian Taxation Office as a gift deductible recipient. Asbestos Awareness Australia is run entirely by volunteers, and had received no external funding at the time the website was launched.
The current directors of Asbestos Awareness Australia are:
If you have time to assist us on a voluntary basis, we will welcome your skills, expertise, and companionship. Please tell us in an email how much time you can spare, when, and what tasks might interest you (eg researching, editing, writing, checking references and website links, answering the phone, mystery shopping, website maintenance, organising meetings etc).
Submit a memorial for a loved one and or a personal warning to the community.
There has been minimal truth-telling about the asbestos crisis in Australia and the voices of those most impacted have barely been heard in public forums, including:
We want to hear and promote the voices of people suffering from asbestos-related diseases, those who have died from asbestos-related diseases, and the many others impacted by these diseases. Our aim in doing so is to make a difference for others that may die or suffer in the future because they are unknowingly and innocently exposed to legacy asbestos in Australia.
We will facilitate pages on our website to allow you (or a proxy) to provide individualised warnings to the community, and or a memorial, and or to say something else publicly.
You can write your own warning or memorial in two to three paragraphs, or you can record the warning or memorial and send us the video. Alternatively, you can contact us by phone or email, and we can write or record the warning or memorial on your behalf as you talk to us by phone or via a video format, such as zoom or skype.
We may need to edit your submissions for legal and other reasons, but we will not publish your contribution until you tell us in writing that you are comfortable for us to do so.
Please note that there is a formal process of consent to enable us to publish your messages. We can explain or help you with this.
If you know someone who died from an asbestos-related disease, we encourage you to write a short memorial. You may wish to include something about the person’s exposure, their occupation, their treatment, and their life story.
If you are a sufferer of an asbestos-related disease OR a carer of someone with an asbestos-related disease OR you know someone that is suffering from an asbestos-related disease, we encourage you to do the following:
Write a short warning to the community about the risk and consequences of exposure to asbestos based on your experience (or the experience of a loved one). You may wish to include comments on your exposure history, what you wish you had known, what you believe others need to know, and what you want changed.
The following is an example of one such warning:
‘If I had had any awareness that my life was potentially at risk from doing home renovations, I would have sought professional assistance, or I would not have proceeded. But even though I was well educated, I had no idea about asbestos risks.
I thought I was being prudent by seeking a building report and by doing regular white ant inspections. I was somehow aware of these risks. Yet nobody told me about the greatest risk of all – exposure to deadly asbestos. Given the history of asbestos and the knowledge about asbestos-related diseases by the 1960s, this is shameful.’
Provide details of a person we can contact to seek a warning, such as their name, phone, and email.
If there is something else you wish to say to the community about asbestos matters, feel free to do so either in written or video form.
We want to encourage robust public debate on key asbestos issues. To achieve this, we welcome respectful and constructive feedback from you on anything discussed on our website or other matters that you think should be highlighted.
If your feedback or arguments are helpful in progressing a debate, we may ask your permission to include it on the website.
Donations to Asbestos Awareness Australia are tax deductible (with endorsement from the Australian Taxation Office as a deductible gift recipient). All money received from the public will be spent entirely on specific projects that satisfy our charitable purposes, such as targeted asbestos awareness programs or specific research projects. The administrative costs of the coDonations to Asbestos Awareness Australia are tax deductible (with endorsement from the Australian Taxation Office as a deductible gift recipient). All money received from the public will be spent entirely on specific projects that satisfy our charitable purposes, such as targeted asbestos awareness programs or specific research projects. The administrative costs of the company will be kept low and will be paid from other sources. mpany will be kept low and will be paid from other sources. | <urn:uuid:92f8dff4-d179-4a59-afaf-f14ac4a00bfe> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://asbestosawarenessaustralia.com.au/introduction/ | 2024-03-01T01:32:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.959716 | 2,928 | 2.8125 | 3 | [
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Step into the world of ancient Roman coins, and you’re entering a gateway to the past, where each piece serves as a testament to the empire’s grandeur. These coins do more than just signify monetary value; they encapsulate the cultural, economic, and political essence of ancient Rome. The progression from the Republic to the Empire is reflected in the evolution of coinage, which moved beyond simple currency to become a medium for communication. Through images of emperors and gods, victories, and declarations of power, these coins broadcasted the messages of Rome’s dominion far and wide.
The development of Roman coins offers insights into the empire’s changing fortunes, showcasing the economy’s shifts, the leaders’ aspirations, and the populace’s beliefs. These pieces are not just historical artifacts; they are narratives cast in metal, revealing stories of authority, devotion, and the daily transactions that linked the empire’s vast territories. In exploring ancient Roman coins, we uncover the legacies they have carried through time, providing a tangible connection to ancient Rome and deepening our understanding of an empire whose influence lingers in the modern world.
Ancient Roman coins offer a tangible reflection of Rome’s economic vigor and an enduring record of historical events. Spanning centuries, developments in Roman currency reveal shifts in political power from the Roman Republic to the Empire and are marked by changes in coinage that mirror those transitions.
During the Roman Republic, currency acted as a critical component in both domestic transactions and foreign trade. Earlier Republican coinage consisted primarily of bronze and was instrumental within the broader economy. Notably, the denarius, introduced in the late 3rd century BC, became a standardized silver coin that facilitated commerce throughout Rome.
With the rise of the Roman Empire, the assortment of coins expanded significantly. Gold and silver coins such as the aureus and the revived denarius became prevalent. Emperors used coinage to disseminate their images and propagandize their reign, while the distribution and use of coins reflected the Empire’s vast territorial expansions. This period also saw the advent of coins that depicted a variety of deities and personifications, illustrating the rich tapestry of Roman religious and cultural life.
Types of Roman Coins
Ancient Roman coins were more than mere currency; they embodied the art, politics, and society of Roman times. These coins came in various denominations, each with distinct purposes and values. They display the engineering feats of the Roman minting processes and the evolution of the empire’s economic life.
Denomination and Usage
- Denarius: Originally minted in 211 BC, the denarius was a silver coin that served as the staple currency for daily transactions.
- Sestertius: This bronze coin was equivalent to one-quarter of a denarius and was commonly used for larger purchases.
- As: Also bronze, the as was worth one-fourth of a sestertius, often used in transactions of low value.
- Dupondius: Slightly less valuable than the as, the dupondius was easily recognizable by its large size and yellowish color due to orichalcum, a brass-like alloy.
- Aureus: A high-value gold coin, the aureus was typically used in transactions involving large sums of money.
- Solidus: Introduced in the late Roman Empire, the solidus was a stable gold coin used throughout the Byzantine period.
- Nummus: a catch-all term applied to low-value bronze coins introduced during the era of Diocletian’s monetary reform.
- Follis: A large bronze coin introduced by Diocletian as part of his monetary reforms, initially with high silver content.
- Spintria: Although not official currency, these tokens, often made of brass or bronze, depicted erotic scenes and are believed to be related to pleasure transactions.
Each type of coin fulfilled a specific role in Roman daily life, facilitating everything from the purchase of bread to the payment of soldiers.
- Gold: Coins like the aureus and solidus were made from gold, underscoring their high value and use in significant transactions.
- Silver: The denarius, one of the most widely circulated coins, was made predominantly of silver, symbolizing a balance of value and practicality for frequent use.
- Bronze and Copper: Lower denominations such as the as and sestertius were composed of bronze or copper, ideal for everyday commerce due to their lower intrinsic value.
The composition of coins provided a visual and tactile indication of their worth, and the materials chosen reflected the economic strategies and resource availabilities of various periods in Roman history. The use of these metals was both a practical choice for durability and a reflection of the wealth and stability of the Roman economy.
Coin Production and Minting Techniques
The Roman Empire experienced significant advancements in the realm of coin production, reflecting both economic and artistic developments. Early Roman coins, primarily cast bronze (aes rude), evolved into intricate designs exhibiting power and messaging, as methods shifted to striking coins from metal blanks.
Metal choices included gold, silver, bronze, and copper. The precise composition often indicated the coin’s value. Coinage reforms, such as those initiated by Augustus, standardized these metals to ensure consistency and trust in the currency.
- Gold (Aurum) – Used for high-value aurei.
- Silver (Argentum) – Utilized for denarii, reflecting commerce and trade.
- Bronze/Copper – For lower denomination sestertii and dupondii.
Struck coins displayed mint marks, key for identification, indicating origin or special issues.
Minting Techniques and Authorities
Coins were produced under strict control of the minting authorities, with major mints located in Rome and throughout the provinces.
- Striking Process:
- Engraved Dies – Contrived by skilled artisans.
- Metal Blanks (Flans) – Heated and placed between dies.
- Heavy Hammering – Ensured the dies’ design transferred onto the flans.
Coinage Reform: Emperors often overhauled the system to rein in finances or mark political shifts, impacting minting techniques and outputs.
Minting facilities were overseen by officials, ensuring quality, weight, and consistency, cementing their role as entities of credibility. As the empire expanded, mints proliferated in strategic locations, catering to local economies yet upholding imperial standards. They were often established in regions rich in natural resources or along vital trade routes, facilitating distribution and logistical efficiency. These decentralized mints, while diverse in their output, adhered to overarching guidelines initiated by central authorities, thus maintaining a semblance of uniformity across the vast Roman territories. The amalgamation of local and imperial influences often resulted in coins that were not merely monetary instruments but also repositories of cultural and political significance.
Iconography and Inscriptions
Ancient Roman coins serve as a significant resource for understanding historical iconography and inscriptions. They reflect the empire’s political climate, religious beliefs, and societal values. The imagery on coins often portrays sovereigns, deities, and mythological characters, capturing a snapshot of Roman culture.
Portraiture was central to Roman coin design, as emperors used their profiles to assert authority and communicate stability. Subtly, their likenesses became instruments of propaganda. Scholars have traced the evolution of these images to gauge shifts in political messaging through time. Specifically, Julius Caesar became the first living Roman to appear on a coin, a profound cultural shift toward personal cults.
In addition to portraiture, the inclusion of gods and heroes imagery provided an opportunity to champion the virtues and ideals that Rome espoused. For example, depictions of Mars symbolized martial prowess, while Minerva mirrored wisdom. These motifs offered citizens a constant reminder of Rome’s values and the emperor’s alignment with divine protection.
The use of inscriptions on these coins was equally crucial, often framing the portrait or image. Latin phrases exalted the emperor’s accomplishments or declared political affiliations. Symbols like laurel wreaths, eagles, or the SPQR acronym stood for victory, power, and the republic, fostering a sense of unity and patriotism among the populace.
The iconography and inscriptions on Roman coins communicate a narrative far beyond their financial value. Iconography serves to not only magnify the emperor’s persona but also to propagate the ideologies of the regime. Scholarly interpretations of these motifs have provided a deeper understanding of how Rome viewed itself and intended to be seen by the wider world. As artifacts, these coins remain an indispensable tool for unraveling the rich tapestry of Roman history.
Economic Impact and Policies
The introduction of coinage and subsequent reforms by Roman Emperors played a pivotal role in shaping the economic landscape of the empire. From enhancing trade to grappling with the fiscal challenges of inflation and debasement, monetary policies were central to the empire’s wealth and stability.
Reforms in coinage, such as the Monetary Reform of Augustus, were significant in standardizing currency and simplifying transactions. This reform saw the introduction of gold and silver standards, which provided a reliable base for Roman currency and facilitated transactions across the Empire trade routes. Augustus’s reforms also aimed to soliditize the power of the emperor, making coinage an instrument for displaying imperial imagery that communicated wealth and social status indicators.
Trade and Commerce
Trade and commerce thrived on the back of a coinage system that became widespread as legal tender across the Roman Empire. Coins stamped with the emperor’s image functioned as a political tool and helped in the circulation of currency across various provinces. Stable and recognized currency spurred trade along the empire’s vast network of routes, effectively solidifying Rome’s economic power and extending its influence.
Inflation and Debasement
Inflation and the intentional debasement of coins posed significant economic challenges. Emperors sometimes reduced the precious metal content in coins to fund the treasury and state finance. While such debasement offered short-term relief to a struggling economy, it often resulted in long-term inflation. This inflation undermined the trust in currency, led to price increases, and could be linked to larger political and social unrest within the empire. Such economic decisions directly impacted Rome’s military endeavors, often leading to further debasement to support the impact of war on coinage.
Cultural and Political Significance
Ancient Roman coins were not merely a medium of economic transaction but also a tool wielded by the state to disseminate cultural values and political agendas. Each coin held symbolic significance, conveying messages about the empire’s stability, victories, and ideologies.
Propaganda and Messaging
Roman coinage served as an effective vehicle for propaganda. They frequently depicted revered Roman Gods and Goddesses, which underscored Rome’s piety and the divine favor for its rule. Emperors used coins to communicate their achievements and virtues to the public, reinforcing their legitimacy and connection to the divine.
Victory Commemorations and Imperial Propaganda
Coins celebrated military triumphs and exceptional events. These issues often featured imagery alluding to conquests or the emperor’s association with victory, serving as a reminder of the empire’s might and the emperor’s role as the bringer of peace. For instance, coins minted after a significant battle might bear the likeness of a deity symbolizing victory, further entrenching the notion of an emperor favored by the gods.
Legal and Tax Implications
Roman coins also held legal significance, as their issuance represented the sovereign authority. The authority to mint coins was closely guarded; its abuse was considered a serious crime. Moreover, these coins had implications for taxes, as they standardized payment methods across the vast empire, enabling more consistent and efficient tax collection. This standardization, in itself, was a form of public messaging through coinage, reflecting a systematic and organized legal system.
Numismatics and Coin Collecting
Ancient Roman coins provide a tangible connection to the past, each piece a small yet pivotal artifact that offers insight into Roman culture, economy, and art. The field of numismatics embraces the study, collection, and preservation of these historical treasures, with specialized focus areas developing over time to ascertain legitimacy, chronology, and ensure proper care.
Evolution of Coin Collecting
Coin collecting, or numismatics, emerged prominently during the Renaissance, gaining significant momentum through the centuries. Initially, wealthy individuals and scholars collected coins as historical curios with intrinsic artistic value; however, by delving into the study of ancient numismatics, collectors began to unravel the deeper historical narrative embedded in these coins. Today, the landscape of coin collecting has expanded, with Roman coin collectors and dealers using modern technology to categorize and trade these artifacts, effectively blending a respect for antiquity with contemporary appreciation.
Techniques in Dating and Authenticity
Determining the age and authenticity of Roman coins is a meticulous process. Through numismatic studies, experts employ various dating and chronology techniques such as die-link analysis and metallurgical testing. The development of forensic methodologies, including ancient counterfeit detection, adds another layer to the authentication process, enabling specialists to distinguish genuine artifacts from forgeries, a persistent challenge within the field highlighted in the research on calculating ancient coin production.
Conservation and Preservation
Preserving Roman coins for future generations is a critical aspect of numismatics. Coins undergo conservation and preservation efforts to halt deterioration and repair damage, while maintaining their historical integrity. Factors like storage conditions, handling practices, and environmental stabilizers are rigorously controlled. This nuanced craft is well-documented in analyses such as the one on Roman coin data recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme, underscoring the intersection of history, science, and artistry in safeguarding these numismatic pieces.
The Online Coins of the Roman Empire (OCRE) stands as an innovative digital platform conceived through a collaboration between the American Numismatic Society and the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York University. This pivotal resource aims to simplify the process of identifying, cataloging, and researching the diverse coinage of the Roman Empire. Spanning the reign from Augustus in 31 BC to the demise of Zeno in AD 491, OCRE meticulously documents every known type of Roman Imperial Coinage, offering an accessible digital corpus. With over 43,000 coin types recorded, users benefit from downloadable catalog entries, making it an invaluable tool for both enthusiasts and scholars of ancient numismatics.
Archaeological Discoveries and Studies
Archaeologists have unearthed significant evidence that sheds light on the Roman economy and society through coin finds. Particularly intriguing are coin hoards – caches of money buried underground. These findspots often relate to periods of crisis or upheaval, reflecting, perhaps, an attempt to secure wealth in times of uncertainty.
- Coin Hoards Discoveries: For example, the discovery of Roman coins in China illuminates the breadth of Roman trade routes and the extent of ancient globalization. Such finds are not only valuable treasure troves but also rich historical documents that can assist in reconstructing the past.
- Archaeological Coin Finds: Coins provide a wealth of information about the Roman military campaigns, often found along routes of ancient armies. For instance, the presence of Roman currency in remote areas indicates the reach of Roman influence, from Britain to the Middle East.
The analysis of these coins involves not only the study of their engravings and mint marks but also their context within the archaeological record. Consider the role played by coins found in early medieval graves; they reveal much about trade, economic conditions, and even cultural practices linked to the commemoration of the deceased.
Archaeological studies tend to focus on large finds, but single coin discoveries can also provide insight into daily transactions and the spread of Roman currency. Through the analysis of coin finds, researchers can piece together the narrative of Roman coin circulation and economic integration, unveiling insights into trade patterns, inflation, and currency devaluation. The coins thus serve as a testament to the complex economy that sustained the expansive empire.
Comparative studies of ancient Roman coins with those from other civilizations illuminate the interconnectedness of cultures. Experts often assess Roman coinage against Greek examples to understand the cultural influences on designs. It’s evident through such comparative work that Roman coins often borrowed elements such as iconography from their Greek predecessors, while adding their own imperial symbolism.
Roman provinces played a significant role in the dissemination of coinage. The diversity within provincial coins underscores the broad spectrum of local and centralized influences. Each province often minted coins bearing unique local elements alongside Roman motifs, offering a nuanced picture of Roman marketplaces and coin use.
Considering the Roman coinage system’s influence reveals its enormous impact. It served as a template for many subsequent currency systems, echoing through ages. The heft and artistry of these coins speak to their role in enabling trade and expressing the empire’s might.
Entity | Influence and Study |
Comparative Studies | Analysis against Greek coins; tool for academic inquiry |
Roman Provinces and Coinage | Distinct local features; reflections of imperial power |
Cultural Influences | Greek iconography integration into Roman design |
Marketplaces and Coin Use | Evidence of complex economic activity; trade facilitation |
When researchers analyze Roman coins, they often uncover heterogeneous characteristics indicative of various political and economic episodes. Such analyses contribute to a deeper understanding of ancient economies. The reach of Roman coinage, found in archaeological sites far from Rome, testifies to a marketplace without borders, where coins traversed diverse lands, linking vast expanses with a singular monetary language.
Ultimately, the study of these ancient relics is not merely an academic pursuit but a journey into the socio-economic fabric that wove together an empire.
Modern Relevance and Collecting Trends
Collecting ancient Roman coins is a window into the past, offering a tangible link to the Roman Empire. Enthusiasts and historians alike appreciate these coins for their historical significance and the insight they provide into Roman provinces, religious practices, and everyday life.
Modern Collecting Trends
Modern collectors often seek spintriae, tokens believed to be related to the private lives of Romans. These are sought after not just for their rarity but also for their unique connection to social customs.
- Aesthetic and Rarity: Collectors prioritize condition, artistic merit, and rarity.
- Historical: Coins tell stories of emperors, conquests, and religion.
- Investment: Coins are also seen as investment pieces due to their historical worth.
Legacy and Scholarship
Scholars analyze coins to understand the economic trends and administrative details of Roman provinces. This academic interest drives a significant portion of collectible sales, thereby influencing market trends.
- Authenticity: Acquiring certified coins from reputable sources is paramount.
- Provenance: The historical lineage of a coin, tracing back to its origin, adds value.
- Conservation: Preservation techniques have improved, making it easier to maintain coins.
While not conventional currency, spintriae are collected with vigor, due to their link to Roman society and cultural practices. They hold a mystery that captivates modern collectors.
By understanding and participating in these trends, collectors are keeping the history of the Roman Empire alive. Each coin, be it a common denarius or a rare aureus, holds a piece of this ancient civilization that continues to fascinate today.
In wrapping up our exploration of ancient Roman coins, we touch upon their significant role in mirroring the empire’s cultural depth, economic might, and historical milestones. These coins are not mere currency but a narrative of ancient Rome’s legacy, offering insights into its societal values, religious beliefs, and governance. The study of these coins, numismatics, extends beyond a hobby, contributing crucially to our comprehension of history.
Roman coins continue to fascinate, embodying the empire’s lasting impact on modern numismatics and beyond. They compel us to reflect on the symbols of our own era and the legacy we aim to leave. As we conclude, it’s clear that these ancient tokens of metal are more than historical artifacts; they are bridges to the past, enriching our understanding of human civilization’s enduring saga.
References and Further Reading
For readers seeking to deepen their understanding of ancient Roman coins, there are key texts and resources available. “Reading Ancient Roman Coins” provides an in-depth look at coin inscriptions, offering insights across various periods of Roman history. It is an essential tool for anyone interested in the language and symbolism of Roman numismatics.
Complementing this is a technical examination focused on the classification of coins. Researchers employing computer vision in numismatic analysis may find “Ancient roman coin retrieval: A systematic examination of the effects of coin grade” to be of significant relevance.
“Ancient Coins. 1: The Coins of the Roman Republic” offers a scholarly study of the Roman Republic coinage, which can serve as a pivotal reference for historians and numismatists alike.
The dialogue between history and numismatics can be further explored in Christopher Howgego’s “Ancient history from coins,” which sheds light on Roman military expenditure and diverse numismatic forms through the lens of ancient currency.
Finally, advancements in identifying coin denominations using computer-assisted methods are detailed in the study “Classification of ancient roman coins by denomination using colour,” which adds a modern perspective to ancient coin analysis.
These works collectively contribute powerful lenses through which enthusiasts can observe and interpret the vast coinage of ancient Rome, revealing not only historical economic practices but also the ambitions, achievements, and daily life of an empire that continues to intrigue scholars to this day.
Frequently Asked Questions
In this section, you’ll find detailed answers to some of the most common inquiries about ancient Roman coins. From their denominations to the emperors they feature, each subsection addresses significant aspects of Roman numismatics.
What were common denominators for assigning names to Roman coins?
Roman coins were named for their physical characteristics and valuations relative to a base unit. For example, the ‘denarius’ was a silver coin that typically equated to a day’s wage for a laborer, while the ‘aureus’ was a gold coin valued at 25 denarii.
Which Roman emperors are most frequently depicted on ancient coins?
Emperors like Augustus, Julius Caesar, and Nero are frequently depicted on ancient coins, often to propagate their image as powerful and divine rulers. Coins from the reign of Constantine are also common, especially those commemorating significant events such as the founding of Constantinople.
What are the best practices for starting an ancient Roman coin collection?
Beginners should focus on acquiring coins from reputable dealers, studying the historical context of various Roman periods, and learning to recognize authentic patinas and engravings. It’s essential to understand grading systems and the impact of a coin’s condition on its value.
How is the value of ancient Roman coins typically determined?
The value of ancient Roman coins hinges on factors such as rarity, historical significance, condition, and demand. Coins with clear inscriptions and well-preserved images tend to fetch higher prices. Provenance can also significantly influence a coin’s market value.
What are the considerations when purchasing authentic ancient Roman coins?
When purchasing authentic ancient Roman coins, collectors must consider legality, provenance, and condition. It is vital to ensure the coins are not illicitly taken from their country of origin and to verify their authenticity through established certification processes.
What are some effective methods for identifying unknown Roman coins?
Identifying unknown Roman coins can involve examining their iconography, inscriptions, and mint marks, which can offer clues about their origin and date. Reference materials and databases, such as those found within The Oxford handbook of Greek and Roman coinage, can provide comparative examples for identification. | <urn:uuid:10bf83ea-5b5e-4960-bf5e-d6ba732e5e8b> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ancient-rome.biz/roman-coins.html | 2024-03-01T02:32:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.929494 | 4,961 | 3.5 | 4 | [
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2941
] |
USA Batik: Exploring the Art and Culture of American Batik
Batik is a traditional art form of dyeing fabric that uses wax to create intricate patterns and designs. In the batik process, heated wax is applied to certain cloth regions, acting as a resistance to stop the color from reaching those regions. The wax is then removed to expose the pattern that the mixture of wax and dye produced on the fabric after it was dipped in dye.
Midway through the 20th century, when artists started experimenting with this technique, batik was brought to the USA. Several of these early American batik artists' works show the influence of Indonesian batik.
This article examines American batik's origins, production methods, and importance while contrasting it with other parts of the world.
The History of Batik in the USA
Introduction of Indonesian Batik in the USA
As American painters started experimenting with this method in the 1950s, batik was first brought to the country. Several of these early American batik artists' works show the influence of Indonesian batik.
Significance of Batik in American Culture
Batik has tremendously influenced American culture, especially in art, clothing, and interior design. Many people have been affected by and inspired by American batik artists' distinctive and original designs.
Evolution of Batik in the USA
American batik has developed over time to become a separate art form with special methods and aesthetics. American painters experimented with various mediums, colors, and techniques to produce distinctive designs.
The Design Process to Make a Perfect Batik Shirt
Planning and Sketching the Design
Planning and sketching the design is the first stage in producing an American batik pattern. Choosing the design's pattern, arrangement, and color palette falls under this category.
Tools and Materials Used in the Design Process
Wax, cloth, brushes, and dyes are equipment and supplies used to create American batik. A tjanting, a tiny metal container with a spout, is a tool used to apply wax.
Techniques Used in Applying the Wax
The wax is applied on cotton or fabric using a variety of methods, such as tjanting, brushes, or stamps, to make detailed designs in US batik.
The Waxing Process in American Batik
Different Types of Wax Used in American Batik
Beeswax, paraffin wax, and soy wax are a few of the types of wax used in the US Batik. Each kind of wax has distinct qualities and is appropriate for various uses.
Techniques Used in Applying the Wax
To make detailed designs in US batik, the wax is applied on cotton or fabric using a variety of methods, such as tjanting, brushes, or stamps.
Importance of the Waxing Process in American Batik
In American batik, the waxing procedure is crucial because it enables the artist to produce intricate patterns and motifs that are impossible to achieve using other methods.
The Dyeing Process in American Batik
Different Types of Dyes Used in American Batik
The fabric is prepared for dyeing after the waxing procedure. There are many different colors to pick from, and both natural and synthetic dyes may be used in American Batik. A dye bath is used to submerge the cloth, which is soaked until the desired color is obtained.
A crucial step in the dyeing process is using a fixative, which helps to set the color in the fabric and prevent it from fading over time. Fixatives are typically added to the dye bath, and the fabric can soak for an additional period to ensure the color is set.
Techniques Used in Dyeing the Fabric
In dyeing, many methods are employed to produce distinctive patterns and motifs.
- Tie-dye: is employed by certain American batik artists, in which the cloth is folded, twisted, or knotted with thread or rubber bands before dipping into the dye. As a result, a unique pattern that is repeated symmetrically or asymmetrically appears on the fabric.
- Dip-dying: involves submerging only one end of the cloth in the dye water to produce a gradient effect.
- Ice-dye: uses ice as a resistor to control the color of the fabric. Ice melts slowly, allowing some fun, organic color distribution on the fabric.
- Resist dye: used to describe any time a fabric or item is added to a dye bath, but certain areas of that fabric or item are blocked from absorbing the dye. You can be creative in what you choose to create your resistance.
American batik's dying procedure is a crucial step that calls for talent and accuracy. It is the last phase in the batik-making process, giving American batik its vibrant and stunning colors.
Importance of the Dyeing Process in American Batik
The dying procedure is essential to American Batik because it creates vivid and striking hues that give batik fabric or cotton their particular look. The final product's overall appearance and texture are determined by the dye colors used and how they are applied to the cloth. Fixatives guarantee that the colors endure throughout time despite repeated washings and sun exposure.
Also, the dying process opens them up to a world of exploration and artistic expression. American Batik artists can experiment and push the limits of their craft because of a wide range of dying processes and colors. It gives a chance to experiment with color schemes and patterning to produce original and one-of-a-kind works of art.
It is impossible to overestimate the significance of the dyeing procedure, a crucial component of the American batik heritage. The brilliant colors and eye-catching patterns that make this art form so cherished would no longer be there, and the art form would not exist in the shape that we know it to be today.
Finishing and Care of Clothes to Make a Batik Shirt
There are some care guidelines to make sure your American Batik clothes are in the best condition:
- After dying, the batik cloth is washed to remove any previous leftover wax or dye. A crucial step in ensuring that the cloth is supple and malleable and that the colors are set is washing.
- The cloth is dried and ironed after washing to remove any wrinkles or creases. The garment must be completed by adding any necessary finishing details, including sewing or hemming. The rich colors and distinctive patterns of American batik must be preserved through proper upkeep.
- Batik textiles should be hand-washed in cold water with a light detergent to keep them looking their best. Wash the cloth separately from other fabrics to avoid color bleeding into other materials.
- The cloth should be laid flat to dry after washing to avoid stretching or distortion.
- The cloth should be ironed on the reverse side at low to medium heat to avoid destroying the design.
Although caring for American Batik is easy and uncomplicated, ensuring the fabric lasts many years is crucial. Now, the cloth is ready to make a beautiful batik shirt and add to your shop at a competitive price.
Significance of American Batik
Importance of American Batik in Different Cultures
Since its invention, batik has played a significant role in American culture. Many groups have utilized it to exhibit their individuality and ingenuity. Using influence from various sources, including nature, conventional American art, and the worldwide batik heritage, American batik artists have created their distinctive styles. This has resulted in a wide variety of patterns, color schemes, and designs that represent the diversity of the American people.
The Social and Economic Significance of American Batik
The communities that have adopted American Batik have greatly benefited from it in terms of their economic and social growth. Many artists and craftspeople who have devoted their lives to learning this trade have found a means of support via batik. Those who do it and those who enjoy and collect it now feel a sense of belonging and share a common identity.
Contemporary Use of American Batik in Fashion and Home Décor
In the worlds of fashion and home furnishings, American Batik has attracted a new clientele. Several fashion designers have begun using batik in their collections, developing cutting-edge, contemporary looks that combine traditional methods with new patterns. Clothing, accessories, including single-strand and multi-strand necklaces, jewelry, and home décor, including wall art, wall hanging, quilt, etc., made from batik textiles showcase the rich cultural past of the United States.
Comparison with Other Batik Styles and Collections
Differences Between American Batik and Other Batik Styles
American batik differs from other batik designs in several ways. The utilization of the crackling effect, which gives the fabric a distinctive texture and pattern, is one of the key contrasts. Moreover, American batik employs a broader spectrum of hues, including vivid and striking hues that capture the lively American culture.
Comparison with Indonesian, African, and German Batik
While American Batik and other Batik forms have certain features in common, such as the use of wax to make resistant designs, each tradition has its distinctive qualities:
- Indonesian batik: is renowned for its elaborate patterns and utilization of classic themes like flowers and animals.
- German batik: is renowned for its use of natural colors.
- African batik: is distinguished for its large, abstract motifs.
Unique Characteristics of American Batik
American Batik is distinctive in that it combines traditional Batik methods with cutting-edge American patterns. Also, it strongly emphasizes individual creativity and creative expression, enabling artists to create their distinctive styles and methods.
A lively and significant aspect of American culture may be seen in batik. It has significantly impacted the social and economic growth of the communities that practice it and the fashion and home décor industries.
The American people's diversity and inventiveness are demonstrated through batik. For those who do it and those who admire and collect it, it has aided in developing a feeling of shared identity. In addition to preserving a rich cultural legacy, batik has given artists and craftspeople a way to express their uniqueness and ingenuity.
Supporting the artists and craftspeople who still use American Batik is crucial to acknowledge its worth and importance. By protecting and promoting batik, we can ensure this significant cultural legacy continues and develops for future generations.
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Africa Batik QnA
Q: What is the significance of American Batik in different cultures?
A: In the United States and other nations, American batik has grown to be a significant component of cultural expression. For instance, American batik is frequently employed in traditional attire in West Africa, whereas it is regarded as a distinctive art form in Indonesia.
Q: How is American Batik different from Indonesian Batik?
A: The fundamental distinction between American and Indonesian batik is seen in the methods and themes used. Unlike American batik, which normally utilizes a brush to apply the wax, Indonesian batik employs a canting instrument. Moreover, traditional themes like flowers, animals, and geometric forms are frequently seen in Indonesian batik, but American batik may include more contemporary or abstract patterns.
Q: What tools and materials are used in the American Batik design process?
A: Several tools and materials, including cloth, wax, brushes, dye, and a heat source like an iron or hair dryer, are frequently used in the design of American batik.
Q: How can you care for an American Batik?
A: Avoiding prolonged exposure to direct sunlight is crucial while caring for American batik since it might cause the colors to fade. The cloth should also be air-dried or tumble-dried on a low setting after being hand-washed in cold water with a mild detergent. Avoid damaging the cloth by not using bleach or other harsh chemicals on it. | <urn:uuid:10c3bcfc-8abe-4f57-a2aa-f661d1dabb7d> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://batik-shirt.com/collections/usa-batik | 2024-03-01T00:58:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.937678 | 2,611 | 3.234375 | 3 | [
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Both beef and chicken are widely consumed and have negative associations with diabetes, cardiovascular health, and other health conditions.
With a deep-rooted passion for nutrition and years of dedicated research in the field, I've extensively explored the longstanding debate: Is beef healthier than chicken?
My investigation involved exhaustive hours of reviewing scientific studies, consulting with nutrition experts, and leveraging my extensive industry experience.
No matter which cut you prefer, find a reliable supplier. Over the past two years, I’ve been ordering meat from ButcherBox, a meat delivery service with a huge variety of grass-fed beef, chicken, and turkey.
In this article, I will delve into four crucial factors regarding health impacts that set beef and chicken apart.
- Chicken is generally healthier than beef, with fewer calories and less saturated fat.
- Chicken is also a better source of lean protein and is associated with lower heart disease risk.
- Beef, while higher in certain vitamins and minerals, can be linked to higher health risks, including heart disease and diabetes.
CHICKEN VS. BEEF (4 KEY NUTRITION CONTENTS)
In terms of nutritional content, both beef and chicken have their merits. While beef provides essential nutrients like iron and vitamin B12, chicken is lower in saturated fats.
The choice between the two depends on individual dietary preferences and health goals.
Let’s see how the nutritional profiles of these two compare.
Both chicken and beef are high in calories.
Chicken meat and ground beef aren’t high in carbohydrates. Chicken, especially skinless chicken breast, has more polyunsaturated fat and fewer saturated fats.
Beef, on the other hand, has more monounsaturated fat, which is slightly healthier than polyunsaturated.
Overall, beef is higher in fats, while chicken is higher in protein. That means chicken meat is the better option for meat consumption in terms of calories.
Both red meat and chicken meat are high in protein, but chicken meat is a better option if you want lean protein with less saturated fat.
Chicken is a better choice if you’re trying to get rid of body fat and achieve a healthy weight or grow muscles.
Chicken breasts are a popular meat for losing weight and can also help build bone density and prevent bone loss because they have a lot of protein. This is especially helpful for elders worried about arthritis and osteoporosis.
“U.S. consumption of poultry meat (broilers, other chicken, and turkey) is considerably higher than beef or pork, but less than total red meat consumption.”
- The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
However, red meat is also a good source of protein. In fact, if measured by weight, beef has more protein than chicken. Beef also has a lot of creatine, which helps build lean muscle fast.
In terms of protein, chicken is a slightly better option, but you won’t go wrong with red meat. Make sure to avoid processed meats, as unprocessed cuts are richer in protein.
Here’s which and how many vitamins you can get by eating chicken and red meat:
- Vitamin A - Beef and chicken have similar amounts of Vitamin A, with chicken having a slightly higher amount.
- Vitamin D - Both beef and chicken have similar amounts of Vitamin D.
- Vitamin E - Beef has 133 μg/ of vitamin E per 100 g on average, and chicken breast has 0.4 mg of Vitamin E per 100 g .
- Vitamin K - Beef has 0.85ug of Vitamin K per ounce, while chicken has 2.1μg.
- B Vitamins - Beef has more vitamin B12, and chicken has more vitamins B1, B3, and B5 .
Here’s how red meat and chicken meat differ in the number of minerals:
- Iron - Red meat is a great source of iron. Beef has 2.3 mg of iron per 100 g, and chicken has 0.72 mg of iron .
- Calcium - Beef has 30 mg of calcium per serving, while chicken has 11 mg.
- Potassium - Beef and chicken meat have similar amounts of potassium. Beef has 287 mg of potassium, while chicken has 255.
- Omega-3 and omega-6 - Chicken has more linoleic acid than red meat.
Overall, beef wins the mineral competition. Beef consumption will give you more minerals than eating chicken meat.
Beef vs. Chicken Health Impact
Here are three health aspects of beef and chicken you should consider before opting for one or the other.
1. Heart Health
The American Heart Association says eating chicken meat instead of red meat is better . Beef has more saturated fatty acids and trans fats, which can raise cholesterol and worsen already existing issues.
Moreover, processed red meats have sodium, nitrates, and other byproducts, which can lead to adverse health effects. This is why you should learn about beef production when getting red meat cuts.
Finally, researchers found that heme iron, which is found in beef in large quantities, is another risk for heart health . On the other hand, eating poultry has a smaller risk of cardiovascular diseases .
This means chicken poses a risk to heart health, but significantly less than beef consumption.
Both red and white meat pose a risk of developing diabetes. Some studies say that people who love eating meat, especially red meats and poultry, are twice as likely to get diabetes compared to people who don’t eat meat .
This is mostly because of heme iron, which is especially high in beef.
One way to lower this risk is to choose lean beef and chicken, substitute meat with fish and shellfish, and cook meat at lower temperatures.
3. Cancer Risk
Eating processed meat, especially red, increases the chance of developing cancer .
Processed meat especially increases the risk of stomach and esophagus cancer.
On the other hand, poultry leads to a lower risk of cancer. However, one study found that chicken can lead to prostate cancer, especially during high-heat cooking methods .
Also Read: What Is the Healthiest Meat to Eat?
CHICKEN OR BEEF BROTH?
Chicken broth, rich in essential amino acids like glycine and proline, may assist in collagen production, promoting healthy skin and joints.
Chicken bone broth is also relatively low in fat and calories, making it a favorable choice for those watching their calorie intake. Additionally, chicken broth may help boost the immune system due to its high content of vitamins and minerals.
On the other hand, beef broth is renowned for its impressive iron content, which is crucial for red blood cell formation and oxygen transportation.
It may also aid in muscle repair and growth due to its protein richness. Moreover, beef broth contains notable amounts of zinc, a mineral vital for immune function and wound healing.
Choosing between chicken and beef broth depends on your health requirements and taste preferences. Both can be part of a balanced diet, contributing essential nutrients your body needs.
BEEF CUTS VS. CHICKEN CUTS
The choice between beef and chicken cuts depends on individual dietary preferences and nutritional goals.
It's important to note that the cooking methods and cuts within each category can significantly impact the nutritional profile.
Trimmed cuts, skinless poultry, and healthy cooking techniques are advised for those looking to maximize the health benefits of either protein source.
When comparing beef and chicken in terms of environmental impact, several factors come into play:
1. Carbon Footprint
Beef production tends to have a significantly larger carbon footprint compared to chicken. Cattle emit methane, a potent greenhouse gas, during digestion, and beef cattle often require more feed and resources over their longer lifespans.
In contrast, chickens produce fewer emissions and require less time and resources to reach maturity, making chickens a more environmentally friendly choice from a carbon emissions perspective.
2. Water Usage
Beef production generally consumes more water than chicken. Raising cattle requires substantial water for drinking, feeding crops, and maintaining their overall well-being.
Chicken farming is comparatively more water-efficient, making it a preferable choice in regions with water scarcity concerns.
ETHICAL AND MORAL CONSIDERATION
The ethical and moral aspects of choosing beef and chicken go beyond personal health and environmental concerns.
They encompass broader societal and cultural considerations:
1. Animal Welfare and Treatment
Many people have concerns about the treatment of animals in the meat industry. Beef and chicken production raises ethical questions, but the scale and intensity of issues can differ.
For example, the cramped conditions of some industrial chicken farms may raise concerns about animal welfare. In contrast, beef cattle raised in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) also face ethical issues related to confinement and treatment.
2. Cultural and Personal Beliefs
Cultural and personal beliefs can heavily influence dietary choices. In some cultures, beef may hold a special significance or be a traditional staple. In contrast, others may prioritize alternatives like chicken diets based on religious or ethical beliefs.
Making informed ethical choices often involves researching the specific sourcing and production methods of the meat you purchase.
Look for certifications like "Certified Humane" or "Organic" that align with your ethical values. Additionally, supporting local and sustainable farmers can contribute to more ethical choices in meat consumption.
Why is Chicken Better for You than Beef?
Chicken is better than beef because it's leaner and lower in saturated fats, helping reduce heart disease. Chicken breast is particularly high in protein and contains essential amino acids, aiding muscle growth and repair.
What Meat is Healthier than Chicken?
Meat healthier than chicken includes options like lean turkey and certain cuts of fish. These choices are lower in saturated fats and may assist in maintaining a heart-healthy diet.
Why Can You Eat Raw Beef But not Raw Chicken?
You can eat raw beef but not raw chicken because raw chicken often carries harmful bacteria, such as Salmonella, which can cause severe foodborne illnesses. Beef, when sourced and handled correctly, poses a lower risk of such infections, although it's essential to exercise caution with any raw meat. | <urn:uuid:e372f019-e4ab-4495-8ac0-abc33abbd684> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://carnivorestyle.com/is-beef-healthier-than-chicken/ | 2024-03-01T01:37:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.931611 | 2,097 | 2.765625 | 3 | [
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] |
Title: Unveiling the Wonders of History: A Journey through Time
History is a captivating tapestry woven with the stories, triumphs, and struggles of our ancestors. It serves as a guiding light, offering valuable lessons from the past and shaping our present and future. Embarking on a journey through history allows us to understand our roots, appreciate diverse cultures, and gain insights into the complexities of human civilization.
The Significance of History:
History provides us with a profound understanding of who we are as individuals and as a society. It offers context to our present circumstances by revealing the origins of societal norms, traditions, and institutions. By studying historical events, we gain insights into the causes and consequences of past actions, enabling us to make informed decisions in the present.
Preserving Cultural Heritage:
One of history’s most vital roles is preserving cultural heritage. Through historical artifacts, monuments, literature, art, and oral traditions, we can delve into the rich tapestry of various civilizations. These cultural treasures offer glimpses into different eras and allow us to appreciate the diversity that has shaped humanity.
Learning from Past Mistakes:
History acts as a teacher by presenting us with both triumphs and failures. By studying past mistakes and their repercussions, we can avoid repeating them in the future. Whether it be political conflicts or social injustices, history serves as a reminder of humanity’s capacity for growth and change.
Inspiration from Great Achievements:
The annals of history are filled with remarkable achievements that inspire generations to come. From scientific breakthroughs to artistic masterpieces to revolutionary movements for equality – these accomplishments shape our aspirations for progress. By celebrating these achievements, we encourage innovation while acknowledging those who paved the way.
Understanding Cultural Evolution:
History allows us to trace the evolution of societies across time. By examining different epochs – from ancient civilizations to modern nations – we witness how cultures have transformed through interactions with one another. This understanding fosters empathy, tolerance, and appreciation for diverse perspectives.
Preserving Historical Records:
The preservation of historical records is crucial to ensure that future generations can access the wealth of knowledge from the past. Archivists, historians, and institutions worldwide work tirelessly to safeguard documents, photographs, artifacts, and other historical resources. Their efforts enable us to continue exploring history’s depths and unraveling its mysteries.
History is a treasure trove waiting to be discovered, a testament to the resilience and ingenuity of humanity. It teaches us about our shared past, enabling us to navigate the complexities of the present with wisdom and compassion. By embracing history’s lessons, we can shape a brighter future for generations yet to come. Let us embark on this journey through time together and unlock the wonders that history holds.
8 Essential Tips for Exploring History: From Research to Perspective
- Start by researching a specific topic or time period that interests you.
- Read primary sources whenever possible to get an accurate understanding of the past.
- Take notes as you research and keep track of your sources for reference later on.
- Don’t be afraid to ask questions and seek help from experts if needed.
- Visit museums, libraries, archives, and other historical sites to gain more insight into the past.
- Use maps, illustrations, photographs, and other visual aids to help make sense of the history you are studying.
- Consider different perspectives when learning about history; not all accounts are accurate or unbiased!
- Keep an open mind when learning about history; there is always more than one side to every story!
Start by researching a specific topic or time period that interests you.
History is an expansive field with countless stories waiting to be explored. Whether you are a seasoned history enthusiast or just beginning your journey, it’s essential to start by focusing on a specific topic or time period that captivates your interest. By honing in on a particular area, you can delve deeper into its nuances and gain a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
Choosing a topic that resonates with you allows for a more engaging and fulfilling exploration of history. It could be an era like the Renaissance, the American Civil War, or the Industrial Revolution. Alternatively, you might be drawn to specific themes such as women’s rights, ancient civilizations, or technological advancements.
Once you have identified your area of interest, immerse yourself in research. Visit libraries, explore online archives, read books and articles written by experts in the field. Seek out documentaries and podcasts that provide insights into your chosen topic. Engaging with different sources will provide diverse perspectives and help paint a comprehensive picture of historical events.
Researching a specific topic or time period not only deepens your knowledge but also allows for meaningful connections to be made across various historical events. You may discover how seemingly unrelated occurrences are interconnected or how certain ideas and movements have shaped our world today.
Moreover, delving into a subject that truly fascinates you makes learning about history an enjoyable experience rather than just another academic pursuit. It ignites curiosity and motivates further exploration.
Remember, history is not confined to textbooks; it is alive in museums, archives, oral histories, and even within our own families. Engage with primary sources whenever possible to gain firsthand insights into the past.
So whether it’s ancient civilizations, World War II espionage or the cultural impact of the 1960s counterculture movement – find your passion within history and embark on an enlightening journey through time. The more you invest in researching a specific topic or time period that interests you, the more rewarding your exploration of history will become.
Read primary sources whenever possible to get an accurate understanding of the past.
Title: Unveiling the Truth: The Power of Primary Sources in Historical Understanding
When it comes to unraveling the mysteries of the past, one invaluable tool stands above the rest – primary sources. These firsthand accounts, documents, and artifacts provide a direct connection to historical events and offer a more accurate understanding of the past. By delving into primary sources, we can bypass biases, interpret events in context, and gain a deeper appreciation for the complexities of history.
Primary sources allow us to hear the voices of those who experienced historical events firsthand. Whether it’s diaries, letters, speeches, or interviews with witnesses, these accounts provide unfiltered insights into people’s thoughts, emotions, and experiences. By immersing ourselves in their words and perspectives, we can develop a more nuanced understanding of the past.
Reading primary sources offers an opportunity to interpret historical events within their proper context. Secondary sources often rely on interpretations or summaries of primary material. However, by going directly to the source itself, we can form our own conclusions based on original evidence. This helps us avoid potential biases or misinterpretations that may arise from relying solely on secondary accounts.
Authenticity and Credibility:
Primary sources have an inherent authenticity that lends credibility to our understanding of history. They provide tangible evidence that researchers can examine firsthand. Be it ancient manuscripts or contemporary photographs, these materials offer glimpses into specific moments in time that no secondary source can fully capture. Their authenticity fosters trust and confidence in our knowledge of the past.
Challenging Historical Narratives:
Primary sources often challenge established historical narratives by presenting alternative viewpoints or previously untold stories. By exploring diverse perspectives from different time periods and cultures, we gain a more comprehensive understanding of complex historical events. This encourages critical thinking and fosters a well-rounded approach to studying history.
Preserving Historical Integrity:
By reading primary sources, we actively contribute to preserving the integrity of historical knowledge. These sources serve as the foundation for future research, ensuring that accurate and reliable information continues to be passed down through generations. Our engagement with primary sources helps safeguard historical truth and prevents distortions or misrepresentations.
In our quest for a deeper understanding of the past, reading primary sources is an essential practice. By immersing ourselves in firsthand accounts and original documents, we gain access to unfiltered perspectives, interpret events within their proper context, and challenge established narratives. This engagement with primary sources not only enhances our historical knowledge but also contributes to the preservation of authentic historical records. So, let us embrace the power of primary sources and embark on a journey that reveals the true essence of history.
Take notes as you research and keep track of your sources for reference later on.
Take Notes and Track Sources: Unleashing the Power of Research
When delving into the captivating realm of history, it’s essential to equip yourself with effective research techniques. One invaluable tip is to take meticulous notes and keep track of your sources along the way. This simple practice can make a world of difference in your historical exploration.
Why take notes? By jotting down key information, insights, and intriguing details as you research, you create a personalized reference guide. These notes serve as a roadmap that guides you through the vast landscape of historical knowledge. They help you remember crucial facts, connections between events, and patterns that may emerge from your findings.
Moreover, note-taking allows you to synthesize complex information into concise summaries in your own words. This process aids in comprehension and retention while enabling you to organize your thoughts effectively. You can categorize your notes by themes or time periods, making it easier to retrieve specific details later on.
While taking notes is vital, equally important is tracking your sources. As you embark on your historical journey, consult various books, articles, websites, documentaries, or interviews. Each source contributes unique perspectives and insights. By recording the title, author/creator’s name, publication date or URL, and any other relevant details for each source used during your research, you ensure accuracy and credibility in your work.
Tracking sources not only helps you give credit where it’s due but also allows for future reference or verification if needed. It enables others to retrace your steps and explore the same sources for further exploration or validation of findings.
In this digital age, there are numerous tools available to assist in note-taking and source tracking. From traditional pen-and-paper methods to digital note-taking apps or citation management software – find a system that works best for you.
Remember that research is an ongoing process; new discoveries may arise even after completing initial investigations. Thus, maintaining comprehensive notes and organizing them systematically will prove invaluable as you continue to expand your historical knowledge.
So, embrace the practice of taking notes and diligently tracking your sources. By doing so, you unlock the power to engage with history more deeply, share your insights confidently, and contribute to the ever-evolving tapestry of historical knowledge.
Don’t be afraid to ask questions and seek help from experts if needed.
When exploring the vast realm of history, it is natural to encounter questions and uncertainties along the way. However, it is important to remember that seeking answers and guidance is a valuable part of the learning process. Don’t be afraid to ask questions and reach out to experts in the field for assistance.
History encompasses a vast array of topics, periods, and events, each with its own intricacies. It is unrealistic to expect oneself to have all the answers. Instead, embrace curiosity and approach historical exploration with an open mind. If you come across something that puzzles or confuses you, don’t hesitate to seek clarification.
One of the most effective ways to find answers is by reaching out to experts in the field. Historians, researchers, professors, and knowledgeable enthusiasts are often more than willing to share their expertise and help others navigate through historical complexities. They can provide valuable insights, recommend resources for further study, or point you in the right direction.
Asking questions not only deepens your understanding but also fosters a sense of community within the historical realm. Engaging in discussions with experts and fellow enthusiasts can lead to fascinating exchanges of ideas and perspectives. It opens doors for new discoveries and helps build connections with like-minded individuals who share your passion for history.
Remember that there are numerous resources available for seeking assistance on historical matters. Libraries, archives, museums, online forums, academic institutions – all offer platforms where you can find guidance from knowledgeable individuals who are eager to share their expertise.
Embracing a willingness to ask questions demonstrates an eagerness to learn and grow as a historian or history enthusiast. It shows humility in acknowledging that no one person possesses all knowledge about the past. By seeking help when needed, you enhance your ability to uncover hidden narratives and gain a deeper appreciation for historical events.
So don’t let uncertainty hold you back on your historical journey. Embrace the opportunity to ask questions, seek help from experts, and engage in meaningful discussions. By doing so, you will enrich your understanding of history and embark on a more rewarding exploration of the past.
Visit museums, libraries, archives, and other historical sites to gain more insight into the past.
Exploring the Past: Unlocking History’s Secrets through Museums, Libraries, and Archives
The past is a treasure trove of knowledge and wisdom, waiting to be discovered. While history books offer valuable insights, there is something truly magical about stepping into the world of museums, libraries, archives, and other historical sites. These places hold the key to unlocking a deeper understanding of our past.
Museums are windows into history that allow us to witness artifacts firsthand. From ancient relics to modern exhibits, they offer a tangible connection to bygone eras. Walking through museum halls surrounded by ancient sculptures or gazing at centuries-old paintings can transport us back in time. The stories behind these artifacts come alive as we learn about the people who created them and the societies they belonged to.
Libraries are treasure troves of knowledge where history comes alive in the pages of books and manuscripts. They house an extensive collection of written records that provide invaluable insights into different periods and cultures. By delving into historical texts, we can immerse ourselves in the thoughts and ideas of those who came before us.
Archives are often hidden gems that preserve documents, photographs, letters, maps, and other primary sources. These repositories hold unfiltered accounts of historical events and personal narratives that shed light on everyday life in different time periods. Exploring archives allows us to piece together fragments of the past and gain insight into individual experiences.
Historical sites take us on a physical journey through time as we stand where significant events unfolded. From ancient ruins to battlefields to historic landmarks, these sites offer a visceral experience that deepens our connection with history. Walking in the footsteps of those who lived before us gives us a profound appreciation for their struggles, triumphs, and contributions.
Visiting these places not only provides an opportunity for personal enrichment but also supports the preservation efforts that keep our history alive. Museums carefully curate exhibits to educate and inspire, libraries safeguard precious texts, and archives work tirelessly to preserve fragile documents. By visiting these establishments, we contribute to the continued preservation of our collective heritage.
So, whether you’re a history enthusiast or simply curious about the past, make it a point to explore museums, libraries, archives, and historical sites. Immerse yourself in the stories they tell and let history come alive before your eyes. Gain a deeper understanding of our shared human journey and carry the lessons of the past into the present.
Use maps, illustrations, photographs, and other visual aids to help make sense of the history you are studying.
Enhancing Historical Understanding: The Power of Visual Aids
When delving into the captivating realm of history, it can sometimes be challenging to fully grasp the context and intricacies of past events. However, by incorporating visual aids such as maps, illustrations, photographs, and other visuals into your study of history, you can unlock a whole new level of understanding.
Visual aids offer a unique perspective that complements written accounts and narratives. They provide a visual representation of historical events, landscapes, and people, allowing us to visualize the past in a more tangible way. Here’s why incorporating visual aids is essential for a comprehensive understanding of history:
- Spatial Awareness: Maps are invaluable tools when studying history. They help us comprehend the geographical aspects of historical events by illustrating locations, boundaries, and routes. Whether it’s examining the expansion of empires or tracing the journeys of explorers, maps provide spatial context that enriches our understanding.
- Vivid Depiction: Illustrations bring historical scenes to life with vivid detail. They capture significant moments in time and enable us to visualize the clothing, architecture, weaponry, and customs of different eras. By engaging our imagination through illustrations, we develop a deeper connection to the past.
- Faces from History: Photographs provide a window into the lives of people who shaped history. They offer glimpses into their expressions, emotions, and daily lives. Historical photographs humanize figures who may otherwise seem distant or abstract in written accounts.
- Comparative Analysis: Visual aids allow for comparative analysis across different periods or regions. By studying side-by-side images or maps from various time periods or locations, we can observe patterns and changes over time. This comparative approach enhances our comprehension of historical processes.
- Multidimensional Learning: Incorporating visual aids caters to different learning styles and enhances overall retention. Visual learners benefit from seeing images that reinforce textual information while auditory learners can engage in discussions prompted by the visuals. By appealing to multiple senses, visual aids deepen our connection to historical content.
- Cultural Context: Visual aids provide insights into the cultural context of historical periods. Artworks, artifacts, and architecture reveal the values, beliefs, and aesthetics of different societies. Understanding the cultural nuances enriches our interpretation of historical events.
Whether you’re a student, researcher, or history enthusiast, incorporating maps, illustrations, photographs, and other visual aids into your study of history is a powerful strategy. These visual tools bring history to life by providing spatial context, vivid depictions of the past, and a deeper understanding of cultures and people. So next time you embark on a historical journey, let visuals be your guide to unraveling the fascinating tapestry of the past.
Consider different perspectives when learning about history; not all accounts are accurate or unbiased!
History is often presented to us as a collection of facts and events, but it’s important to remember that historical narratives can vary depending on who is telling the story. When exploring the past, it’s crucial to consider different perspectives and critically analyze the information presented.
Historical accounts are often shaped by individual biases, political agendas, and cultural influences. As a result, they may present a one-sided view or overlook significant aspects of a particular event or era. By seeking out diverse sources and viewpoints, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of history.
One way to approach this is by consulting multiple primary and secondary sources. Primary sources include firsthand accounts, original documents, letters, diaries, photographs, and artifacts from the time period being studied. Secondary sources provide analysis and interpretation of primary sources. By examining a range of sources from different perspectives – such as those from different cultures, social classes, or marginalized groups – we can uncover varying narratives that challenge the dominant historical discourse.
It’s also essential to be aware of the context in which historical events occurred. Historical interpretations can be influenced by prevailing attitudes and beliefs at the time they were written. By understanding the social, political, and cultural climate surrounding an event or era, we can better evaluate its significance and implications.
Additionally, engaging with diverse voices in historical scholarship is crucial. Historians from various backgrounds bring fresh insights and alternative interpretations to our understanding of the past. Exploring their works allows us to broaden our perspective and challenge preconceived notions.
By considering different perspectives when learning about history, we become more critical thinkers and gain a more nuanced understanding of the complexities inherent in interpreting the past. We recognize that history is not static but rather an ongoing dialogue that evolves as new evidence emerges.
In conclusion, approaching history with an open mind means acknowledging that not all accounts are accurate or unbiased. By actively seeking out diverse perspectives, analyzing multiple sources, and questioning dominant narratives, we can strive for a more comprehensive and inclusive understanding of the past.
Keep an open mind when learning about history; there is always more than one side to every story!
Keep an Open Mind: Exploring the Multifaceted Nature of History
When delving into the vast realm of history, it is crucial to approach it with an open mind. History, like any narrative, is not a monolithic entity but rather a collection of diverse perspectives and interpretations. Each historical event has multiple sides, influenced by various factors such as cultural context, personal biases, and political agendas. By embracing this notion, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the past.
History is often presented through textbooks or popular narratives that may provide a simplified version of events. However, it is essential to recognize that these accounts may not capture the full complexity and nuances of historical events. By acknowledging that there are multiple sides to every story, we open ourselves up to a broader range of perspectives.
Approaching history with an open mind means being receptive to alternative viewpoints and challenging our preconceptions. It involves seeking out diverse sources, examining primary documents, and engaging with different interpretations. This approach allows us to critically evaluate the evidence available and form a more well-rounded understanding.
By keeping an open mind when learning about history, we can avoid falling into the trap of oversimplification or accepting one-sided narratives as absolute truth. It enables us to appreciate the intricacies of historical events and understand how different factors shaped them.
Furthermore, embracing multiple perspectives fosters empathy and compassion by recognizing the experiences and struggles of different groups throughout history. It helps us move beyond stereotypes or biases that may have been perpetuated in traditional narratives.
In conclusion, approaching history with an open mind is crucial for developing a comprehensive understanding of the past. By recognizing that there are always multiple sides to every story, we can explore diverse perspectives and challenge our own assumptions. This mindset allows us to engage with history in a more nuanced and empathetic manner while continuously expanding our knowledge and appreciation for the complexities of human civilization. | <urn:uuid:f9d79655-1fff-482d-967a-ed765135c6ac> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://commodorehistory.com/uncategorized/historical/ | 2024-03-01T01:16:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.918467 | 4,554 | 3.78125 | 4 | [
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When we were researching this Moros intrepidus facts article we came across a newspaper article than said “not so scary after all, T-Rex began from an adorable deer sized dinosaur“. We we can agree to agree with the second part of that sentence, but not the first. We will look at some Moros intrepidus facts below that may make this dinosaur seem not quite as cute as it does in the Jurassic World Dominion movie!
Moros intrepidus was a small, carnivorous theropod dinosaur that was a distant relative of the Tyrannosaurs Rex. It lived during the Late Cretaceous period, around 96 million years ago. Moros intrepidus was about 3 meters (9.8 feet) long, and weighed around 80 kg (185 lb).
Although it may be shown picking food from the mouth of a giganotosaurus in the movie, and at a size that makes it almost worthy of being a house hold pet. We think you better read these facts about Moros intrepidus before you rush off to the Jurassic Pet Store and think about getting one!!
Moros Intrepidus Quick Facts
- Morus Intrepidus means “Adventurous Harbinger of Doom.” It is from Latin and Greek.
- It is thought that this was one of the first relatives of the Tyrannosaurus Rex
- The first fossil of Moros intrepidus was found in Utah, USA, in 2013
- Morus Intrepidus is estimated to weight about 5ft tall, 78 kg (172 lb) in weight and be about 3 metres long.
- Although Moros intrepidus was small, it was probably quite fast and agile
- Moros Intrepidus was carnivorous and probably ate small animals, such as lizards, small or baby dinosaurs and mammals
- it is very likely that it did have feathers.
Don’t forget to check out and print our Moros intrepidus fact sheet below to collect as well. (you can find it below.) We also have loads more dinosaurs on this site for you to learn about. You can check them out in the menu on the top an in the sidebar.
Moros Intrepidus Facts
With Moros Intrepidus being such a new dinosaur there is still loads to learn. But below we have what has been found out so far, and what scientists can estimate from other members of the raptor family as well.
1. Moros intrepidus means ‘harbinger of doom,‘ It is from Latin / Greek. Moros means harbinger of Doom, and intrepid was used to explain that it was the first tyrannosaur and started their spread all over North America.
2. Harbinger means sign of change, which for this dinosaur is a great name! it is thought that this was one of the first relatives of the tyrannosaurus Rex, and over the next 20-30 million years this small predator would turn into the fearsome T-Rex. .
3. Morus Intrepidus is estimated to weight about 5ft tall, 78 kg (172 lb) in weight and be about 3 metres long.
4. The first fossil of Moros intrepidus was found in Utah, USA, in 2013 almost by accident! they were seen sticking out of a rock. Although the area was famous for finding theropod fossils already.
5. Like lots of other fossils found close to it, Moros intrepidus was a theropod, which means it was a meat-eating dinosaur with two legs.
6. Although Moros intrepidus was small, it was probably quite fast and agile its legs were not as thick as a T-Rex even for its size. Meaning it was likely a good runner.
7. Moros intrepidus had sharp teeth, which it used to tear its food apart.
8. Moros Intrepidus was carnivorous and probably ate small animals, such as lizards, small or baby dinosaurs and mammals, unlike its great great great grandson the Tyrannosaurs could not have attacked the big long necked dinosaurs.
9. Moros intrepidus was discovered by Utah State paleontologist Scott Madsen and his team. they had been searching the area for 10 years for fossils when it was found.
10. The first fossil of Moros intrepidus was found in the Stormy Theropod site located in Emery County Utah. It wasn’t until 2019 that the Morus Intrepidus became a recognized species.
11. With the Jurassic World Dominion movie being released in 2022 this means the Morus Intrepidus is the newest dinosaur ever to appear in a movie! It will be its premiere!
12. The Cedar Mountain Formation where the morus intrepidus fossils were found is around 95 million years old. It is home to many other dinosaurs, such as Ankylosaurus, Ceratopsians, and utahraptors
13. Moros intrepidus is one of the oldest known tyrannosaurus relatives .and lived during the Late Cretaceous period, around 96 million years ago.
14. Although the fossils of Moros intrepidus don’t show that it had feathers, it is very likely that it did have feathers. Feathers may have been used to keep Moros intrepidus warm, or to help it attract mates.
15. Moros intrepidus was a small, carnivorous theropod dinosaur and everything we know about it is from just 2 fossils. Leg bones and some teeth.
Click for Printable Dinosaur Coloring pages below.
16. The Morus Intrepidus is classed as a running dinosaur and it would have been not only been able to run fast but for a long time as well.
17. It would have lived with larger predators than itself including the Allosaurus.
18. The fossils that were found were about 7-8 years old, in dinosaur years, so it was a sub adult and almost fully grown. This means the size estimates are quite accurate.
19. Discovering Morus Intrepidus is important as it fills a 70 million year gap between family members of the tyrannosaurs in North America.
20. It likey crossed the Land bridge from Asia to America (Earth looked very different 100 million years ago) As similar looking dinosaurs have been found in Asia.
21. Morus Intrepidus is one of the easier dinosaur names to say even though it has five syllables. We say it like this Moor – us – in – trep – id- us
The Morus Intrepidus may have been introduced as small enough to eat from a giganotosaurus mouth. Unless it was a very young one! They were a big enough predator to scare dinosaurs bigger, and would have been both fast and agile to go with their sharp teeth!
Although the jurassic World – Dominion Movie has only given use a peek at them so far, we hope they are going to be at least a little bigger in the full movie!
Some of My Dinosaur Resource Recommendations for Home and School.
Thanks for taking the time to read our facts and questions articles, as a teacher myself i have struggled to find resources in one place and that is why this website was born. I simply love teaching students about dinosaurs both in my role as a language and General Studies teacher. However there is sometimes a need for something more concrete than a printout (as useful as we think ours are! )
Sometimes having something tactile to touch in those tiny hands help to focus and cement learning and develop those big brains! Hope they are helpful too.
Dinosaur Books and Readers
There are of course hundreds of excellent, and not so excellent books on Dinosaurs for Children out there. So rather than, yet, go into huge detail. I will highlight the ones I love to use with my students from ages 6 to 10. We have include AR in these as well. ( nothing quite like a moving dinosaur in front of you!
I cant say how great these are to use in a classroom while reading with a group. the chance to read about a dinosaur and then touch a real piece is simply great. I have a selection ( self confessed dinosaur geek) but a cheap set of 10 or so will do the trick just as well. Dinosaur poop is great as well!!! i pass it round and ask them to guess what it is first!
I actually use realia in a lot of classes especially with animals and dinosaurs, and figures help to show the kind of animal we are reading about. It is possible to spend hundreds of dollars on dinosaur figures but there is no need, either as a teacher or a parent. The set below and similar we have used to help students picture dinosaurs to great effect.
Hi, I am Roy Ford a General Studies and English Teacher who has taught all over the world. What started as a fossil collection became a great way to teach, motivate and inspire students of all ages and all over the world about dinosaurs and from that and children’s love of dinosaurs came the site dinosaur facts for kids, a resource for all ages. | <urn:uuid:b685f165-9ab7-4d31-93c3-0d6e0af12154> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://dinosaurfactsforkids.com/moros-intrepidus-facts-for-kids/ | 2024-03-01T01:53:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.973686 | 1,919 | 2.953125 | 3 | [
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2066
] |
After seven devastating years of civil war in Syria, which have left more than 350,000 people dead, President Bashar al-Assad appears close to victory against the forces trying to overthrow him.
So how has Mr Assad got so close to winning this bloody, brutal war?
A joint investigation by BBC Panorama and BBC Arabic shows for the first time the extent to which chemical weapons have been crucial to his war-winning strategy.
Sites of the 106 chemical attacks in Syria, 2014-2018
Tap or click for more details
Source: BBC Panorama and BBC Arabic research. Map built with Carto.
1. The use of chemical weapons has been widespread
The BBC has determined there is enough evidence to be confident that at least 106 chemical attacks have taken place in Syria since September 2013, when the president signed the international Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and agreed to destroy the country’s chemical weapons stockpile.
Syria ratified the CWC a month after a chemical weapons attack on several suburbs of the capital, Damascus, that involved the nerve agent Sarin and left hundreds of people dead. The horrific pictures of victims convulsing in agony shocked the world. Western powers said the attack could only have been carried out by the government, but Mr Assad blamed the opposition.
The US threatened military action in retaliation but relented when Mr Assad’s key ally, Russia, persuaded him to agree to the elimination of Syria’s chemical arsenal. Despite the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the United Nations destroying all 1,300 tonnes of chemicals that the Syrian government declared, chemical weapons attacks in the country have continued.
“Chemical attacks are terrifying,” said Abu Jaafar, who lived in an opposition-held part of the city of Aleppo until it fell to government forces in 2016. “A barrel bomb or a rocket kills people instantly without them feeling it… but the chemicals suffocate. It’s a slow death, like drowning someone, depriving them of oxygen. It’s horrifying.”
But Mr Assad has continued to deny his forces have ever used chemical weapons.
“It’s a farce.”
— DW News (@dwnews) May 10, 2018
End of Twitter post by @dwnews
“We don’t have a chemical arsenal since we gave it up in 2013,” he said earlier this year. “The [OPCW] made investigations about this, and it’s clear that we don’t have them.”
What are chemical weapons?
The OPCW, the global watchdog that oversees implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention, says a chemical weapon is a chemical used to cause intentional death or harm through its toxic properties.
The use of chemical weapons is prohibited under international humanitarian law regardless of the presence of a valid military target, as the effects of such weapons are indiscriminate by nature and designed to cause superfluous injury and unnecessary suffering.
Since 2014, the OPCW’s Fact-Finding Mission (FFM) in Syria and the now-disbanded OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mechanism (JIM) have investigated allegations of the use of toxic chemicals for hostile purposes in Syria.
They have determined that 37 incidents have involved or are likely to have involved the use of chemicals as weapons between September 2013 and April 2018.
The UN Human Rights Council’s Independent International Commission of Inquiry (COI) on Syria and other UN-affiliated bodies have meanwhile concluded that there are reasonable grounds to believe that chemical weapons have been used in 18 other cases.
Panorama and BBC Arabic examined 164 reports of chemical attacks alleged to have happened since Syria signed up to the CWC just over five years ago.
The BBC team determined that there was credible evidence to be confident a chemical weapon was used in 106 of those 164 incidents.
While only a few of these attacks have made headlines, the data suggests a pattern of repeated and sustained use of chemical weapons.
“The use of chemical weapons has delivered some outcomes for [government forces] that they believe are worth the risk, and [chemical weapons] have subsequently been shown to be worth the risk because they keep using them, repeatedly,” said Julian Tangaere, former head of the OPCW mission to Syria.
Karen Pierce, the United Kingdom’s permanent representative to the UN in New York, described the use of chemical weapons in Syria as “vile”.
“Not just because of the truly awful effects but also because they are a banned weapon, prohibited from use for nearly 100 years,” she said.
About the data
The BBC team considered 164 reports of chemical attacks from September 2013 onwards.
The reports were from a variety of sources considered broadly impartial and not involved in the fighting. They included international bodies, human rights groups, medical organisations and think tanks.
In line with investigations carried out by the UN and the OPCW, BBC researchers, with the help of several independent analysts, reviewed the open source data available for each of the reported attacks, including victim and witness testimonies, photographs and videos.
The BBC team had their methodology checked by specialist researchers and experts.
The BBC researchers discounted all incidents where there was only one source, or where they concluded there was not sufficient evidence. In all, they determined there was enough credible evidence to be confident a chemical weapon was used in 106 incidents.
The BBC team were not allowed access to film on the ground in Syria and could not visit the scenes of reported incidents, and therefore were not able to categorically verify the evidence.
However, they did weigh up the strength of the available evidence in each case, including the video footage and pictures from each incident, as well as the details of location and timing.
The highest number of reported attacks took place in the north-western province of Idlib. There were also many incidents in the neighbouring provinces of Hama and Aleppo, and in the Eastern Ghouta region near Damascus, according to the BBC’s data.
All of these areas have been opposition strongholds at various times during the war.
The locations where the most casualties were reported as a result of alleged chemical attacks were Kafr Zita, in Hama province, and Douma, in the Eastern Ghouta.
Both towns have seen battles between opposition fighters and government forces.
According to the reports, the deadliest single incident took place in the town of Khan Sheikhoun, in Idlib province, on 4 April 2017. Opposition health authorities say more than 80 people died that day.
Although chemical weapons are deadly, UN human rights experts have noted that most incidents in which civilians are killed and maimed have involved the unlawful use of conventional weapons, such as cluster munitions and explosive weapons in civilian populated areas.
2. The evidence points to the Syrian government in many cases
Inspectors from an OPCW-UN joint mission announced in June 2014 that they had completed the removal or destruction of all of Syria’s declared chemical weapons material, in line with the agreement brokered by the US and Russia after the 2013 Sarin attack.
“Everything that we knew to be there was either removed or destroyed,” said Mr Tangaere, one of the OPCW inspectors.
But, he explained, the inspectors only had the information they were given.
“All we could do was to verify what we’d been told was there,” he said. “The thing about the Chemical Weapons Convention is it’s all based on trust.”
The OPCW did, however, identify what it called “gaps, inconsistencies and discrepancies” in Syria’s declaration that a team from the watchdog is still trying to resolve.
In July 2018, the OPCW’s then-director general, Ahmet Üzümcü, told the UN Security Council that the team was “continuing its efforts to clarify all outstanding issues”.
Despite the June 2014 announcement that Syria’s declared chemical weapons material had been removed or destroyed, reports of continued chemical attacks continued to emerge.
Image copyrightAFPImage captionA Syrian child and adult receive treatment after suspected chemical attack in the Eastern Ghouta
Abdul Hamid Youssef lost his wife, his 11-month-old twins, two brothers, his cousin and many of his neighbours in the 4 April 2017 attack on Khan Sheikhoun.
He described the scene outside his home, seeing neighbours and family members suddenly drop to the ground.
“They were shivering, and foam was coming out of their mouths,” he said. “It was terrifying. That’s when I knew it was a chemical attack.”
After falling unconscious and being taken to hospital, he woke, asking about his wife and children.
“After about 15 minutes, they brought them all to me – dead. I lost the most precious people in my life.”
Image captionAbdul Hamid Youssef lost his 11-month-old twins in a chemical attack
The OPCW-UN Joint Investigative Mission concluded that a large number of people had been exposed to Sarin that day.
Sarin is considered 20 times as deadly as cyanide. As with all nerve agents, it inhibits the action of an enzyme which deactivates signals that cause human nerve cells to fire. The heart and other muscles – including those involved in breathing – spasm. Sufficient exposure can lead to death by asphyxiation within minutes.
The JIM also said it was confident that the Syrian government was responsible for the release of the Sarin in Khan Sheikhoun, with an aircraft alleged to have dropped a bomb on the town.
The images from Khan Sheikhoun prompted US President Donald Trump to order a missile strike on the Syrian Air Force base from where Western powers believed the aircraft that attacked the town took off.
President Assad said the incident in Khan Sheikhoun was fabricated, while Russia said the Syrian Air Force bombed a “terrorist ammunition depot” that was full of chemical weapons, inadvertently releasing a toxic cloud.
But Stefan Mogl, a member of the OPCW team that investigated the attack, said he found evidence that the Sarin used in Khan Sheikhoun belonged to the Syrian government.
There was a “clear match” between the Sarin and the samples brought back from Syria in 2014 by the OPCW team eliminating the country’s stockpile, he said.
Image captionInvestigators concluded a large number of people were exposed to the nerve agent Sarin or a Sarin-like substance in Khan Sheikhoun
The JIM report said the Sarin identified in the samples taken from Khan Sheikhoun was most likely to have been made with a precursor chemical – methylphosphonyl difluoride (DF) – from Syria’s original stockpile.
“It means that not everything was removed,” Mr Mogl said.
Mr Tangaere, who oversaw the OPCW’s elimination of Syria’s chemical stockpile, said: “I can only assume that that material wasn’t part of what was declared and wasn’t at the site that we were at.”
“The reality is, under our mandate all we could do was verify what we’d been told was there. There was a separate process to investigate potential gaps in the declaration.”
But what of the other 105 reported attacks mapped by the BBC team? Who is believed to have been behind those?
The JIM concluded that two attacks involving the blister agent sulphur mustard were carried out by the jihadist group Islamic State. There is evidence suggesting IS carried out three other reported attacks, according to the BBC’s data.
The JIM and OPCW have so far not concluded that any opposition armed groups other than IS have carried out a chemical attack. The BBC’s investigation also found no credible evidence to suggest otherwise.
However, the Syrian government and Russia have accused opposition fighters of using chemical weapons on a number of occasions and have reported them to the OPCW, who have investigated the allegations. Opposition armed factions have denied using chemical weapons.
The available evidence, including video, photographs and eyewitness testimony, suggests that at least 51 of the 106 reported attacks were launched from the air. The BBC believes all the air-launched attacks were carried out by Syrian government forces.
Although Russian aircraft have conducted thousands of strikes in support of Mr Assad since 2015, UN human rights experts on the Commission of Inquiry have said there are no indications that Russian forces have ever used chemical weapons in the Syria.
The OPCW has likewise found no evidence that opposition armed groups had the capability to mount air attacks in the cases it has investigated.
Tobias Schneider of the Global Public Policy Institute has also investigated whether the opposition could have staged any air-launched chemical attacks and concluded that they could not. “The Assad regime is the only actor deploying chemical weapons by air,” he said.
Dr Lina Khatib, head of the Middle East and North Africa programme at Chatham House, said: “The majority of chemical weapons attacks that we have seen in Syria seem to follow a pattern that indicates that they were the work of the regime and its allies, and not other groups in Syria.”
“Sometimes the regime uses chemical weapons when it doesn’t have the military capacity to take an area back using conventional weapons,” she added.
Sarin was used in the deadliest of the 106 reported attacks – at Khan Sheikhoun – but the evidence suggests that the most commonly used toxic chemical was chlorine.
Chlorine is what is known as a “dual-use” chemical. It has many legitimate peaceful civilian uses, but its use as a weapon is banned by the CWC.
Chlorine is thought to have been used in 79 of the 106 reported attacks, according to the BBC’s data. The OPCW and JIM have determined that chlorine is likely to have been used as a weapon in 15 of the cases they have investigated.
Experts say it is notoriously difficult to prove the use of chlorine in an attack because its volatility means it evaporates and disperses quickly.
“If you go to a site where a chlorine attack has happened, it’s almost impossible to get physical evidence from the environment – unless you’re there within a very short period of time,” said Mr Tangaere, the former OPCW inspector.
“In that sense, being able to use it leaving virtually no evidence behind, you can see why it has happened many, many times over.”
3. The use of chemical weapons appears to be strategic
Plotting the timings and locations of the 106 reported chemical attacks appears to reveal a pattern in how they have been used.
Many of the reported attacks occurred in clusters in and around the same areas and at around the same times. These clusters coincided with government offensives – in Hama and Idlib in 2014, in Idlib in 2015, in Aleppo city at the end of 2016, and in the Eastern Ghouta in early 2018.
“Chemical weapons are used whenever the regime wants to send a strong message to a local population that their presence is not desirable,” said Chatham House’s Dr Khatib.
“In addition to chemical weapons being the ultimate punishment, instilling fear in people, they are also cheap and convenient for the regime at a time when its military capacity has decreased because of the conflict.”
“There’s nothing that scares people more than chemical weapons, and whenever chemical weapons have been used, residents have fled those areas and, more often than not, not come back.”
Aleppo, a city fought over for several years, appears to be one of the locations where such a strategy has been employed.
Opposition fighters and civilians were trapped in a besieged enclave in the east as the government launched its final offensive to regain full control of the city.
Image captionSome Syrian families have made their own protective masks
Opposition-held areas first came under heavy bombardment with conventional munitions. Then came a series of reported chemical attacks that are said to have caused hundreds of casualties. Aleppo soon fell to the government, and people were displaced to other opposition-held areas.
“The pattern that we are witnessing is that the regime uses chemical weapons in areas that it regards as strategic for its own purposes,” said Dr Khatib.
“[The] final stage of taking these areas back seems to be using chemical weapons to just make the local population flee.”
From late November to December 2016, in the final weeks of the government’s assault on eastern Aleppo, there were 11 reported chlorine attacks. Five of them were in the last two days of the offensive, before opposition fighters and supporters surrendered and agreed to be evacuated.
Abu Jaafar, who worked for the Syrian opposition as a forensic scientist, was in Aleppo during the last days of the siege. He examined the bodies of many of the victims of alleged chemical attacks.
“I went to the morgue and a strong smell of chlorine emanated from the bodies,” he said. “When I inspected them, I saw clear marks of suffocation due to chlorine.”
The use of chlorine had a devastating effect, he said.
“The gas suffocates people – spreading panic and terror,” he said. “There were warplanes and helicopters in the sky all the time, as well as artillery shelling. But what left the biggest impact was chemical weapons.”
When liquid chlorine is released, it quickly turns into a gas. The gas is heavier than air and will sink to low-lying areas. People hiding in basements or underground bomb shelters are therefore particularly vulnerable to exposure.
When chlorine gas comes into contact with moist tissues such as the eyes, throats and lungs, an acid is produced that can damage those tissues. When inhaled, chlorine causes air sacs in the lungs to secrete fluid, essentially drowning those affected.
“If they go up, they get bombed by rockets. If they go down, they get killed by chlorine. People were hysterical,” said Abu Jaafar.
The Syrian government has said it has never used chlorine as a weapon. But all 11 of the reported attacks in Aleppo came from the air and occurred in opposition-held areas, according to the BBC’s data.
More than 120,000 civilians left Aleppo in the final weeks of the battle for the city, according to organisations on the ground. It was a turning point in the civil war.
A similar pattern of reported chemical weapons use can be seen in the data from the Eastern Ghouta – the opposition’s final stronghold near Damascus.
A number of attacks were reported in opposition-held towns in the region between January and April 2018.
Maps show how the incidents coincided with the loss of opposition territory.
Douma, the biggest town in the Eastern Ghouta, was the target of four reported chemical attacks over four months, as pro-government forces intensified their aerial bombardment before launching a ground offensive.
The last – and deadliest, according to medics and rescue workers – incident took place on 7 April, when a yellow industrial gas cylinder was reportedly dropped onto the balcony of a block of flats. The opposition’s surrender came a day later.
Videos published by pro-opposition activists showed what they said were the bodies of more than 30 children, women and men who had been sheltering downstairs in the basement of the block of flats.
Yasser al-Domani, an activist who visited the scene that night, said the people who died had foam around their mouths and appeared to have chemical burns.
Another video from a nearby building shows the bodies of the same children found dead in the block of flats wearing the same clothes, with the same burns, lined up for identification.
The BBC spoke to 18 people, who all insist they saw bodies being taken from the block of flats to the hospital.
Two days after the reported attack, Russian military specialists visited the block of flats and said they found no traces of chlorine or any other chemical agents. The Russian government said the incident had been staged by the opposition with the help of the UK – a charge the British government dismissed as “grotesque and absurd”.
An OPCW Fact-Finding Mission team visited the scene almost two weeks later and took samples from the gas cylinder on the balcony. In July, it reported that “various chlorinated organic chemicals” were found in the samples, along with residues of explosive.
Image captionA rocket reportedly fired by government forces on the then rebel-held town of Douma in January
The FFM is still working to establish the significance of the results, but Western powers are convinced the people who died were exposed to chlorine.
A week after the incident in Douma, the US, UK and France carried out air strikes on three sites they said were “specifically associated with the Syrian regime’s chemical weapons programme”.
The Western strikes took place hours before the Syrian military declared the Eastern Ghouta free of opposition fighters, by which time some 140,000 people had fled their homes and up to 50,000 had been evacuated to opposition-held territory in the north of the country.
“I saw the amount of destruction, the people crying, bidding farewell to their homes or children. People’s miserable, exhausted faces, it was really painful. I can’t forget it. People in the end said they’d had enough,” said Manual Jaradeh, who was living in Douma with her husband and son.
The Syrian government would not answer the BBC’s questions about the allegations that it has used chemical weapons. It refused to allow the Panorama team to travel to Damascus, examine the site of the reported attack in Douma, and turned down interview requests.
When asked whether the international community had failed the Syrian people, former OPCW inspector Julian Tangaere said: “Yes, I think it has.
“It was a life and death struggle for the Assad regime. You know, there was certainly no turning back. I can understand that.
“But the methods used, and the barbarity of some of what’s happened has… well, it’s beyond comprehension. It’s horrifying.”
So has President Assad got away with it? Karen Pierce, the UK’s ambassador to the UN, thinks not.
“There is evidence being collected,” she said. “One day there will be justice. We will do our best to try to bring that about and hasten it.”
Panorama: Syria’s Chemical War will be broadcast in the UK on Monday 15 October on BBC One at 20:30. It will be available afterwards on the BBC iPlayer. It will also be broadcast on BBC Arabic on Tuesday 23 October at 19:05 GMT.
Credits: Producers Alys Cummings and Kate Mead. Online production David Gritten, Lucy Rodgers, Gerry Fletcher, Daniel Dunford and Nassos Stylianou. | <urn:uuid:3b224a7d-e7d0-46f6-9624-e35f1242cc91> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://donotsuffocatetruth.com/en/post/how-chemical-weapons-have-helped-bring-assad-close-to-victory | 2024-03-01T00:31:32Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.979509 | 4,863 | 2.953125 | 3 | [
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Coal Litigation Strategies
Around the world, governments continue to plan new coal-fired power plants and seek to extend the life of existing plants. These facilities rain toxic pollutants and particulate matter on nearby communities, poisoning their air and water. These facilities generally require large amounts of water to operate, jeopardizing access to clean water supplies.
Globally, coal-fired power plants are major contributors to climate change, producing approximately 70% of carbon dioxide emissions attributable to power generation. Coal mining releases large amounts of methane, a highly potent greenhouse gas. To avoid catastrophic damage to our climate, and to protect local communities and the environment, we must stop mining, transporting and burning coal. Generating electricity from coal is completely unsustainable.
Cost-effective alternatives to coal are available and some countries have started to move past coal. However, in other countries, coal companies, utilities, and governments are determined to continue producing and using coal.
All over the world, grassroots advocates and communities are stepping forward to challenge these short-sighted plans. These advocates are challenging permits for coal mines, power plants, and infrastructure, enforcing clean air and water laws that restrict such coal projects, and empowering communities to speak out against coal. Working together, we can mount strong opposition to coal and move toward a more sustainable energy future.
Lawyers working with local communities are employing many creative strategies and arguments to usher in alternatives to coal-based power.
ELAW provides this brief overview of successful legal strategies used to defeat new and refurbished coal infrastructure, as well as a database of relevant court decisions, including decisions from public utility commissions. The strategies are organized along the timeline of a typical coal-fired power plant, beginning with the earliest stage of energy planning and continuing through site-specific permitting, development, and operation of a coal-fired power plant, with additional strategies that may be viable at several stages at the end. ELAW presents this information to help lawyers protect the rights of communities to live in a healthy environment and to protect the climate. We welcome comments and additional court or agency decisions. As we learn about additional successful strategies, we will include them on the site.
Long before a particular coal-fired power plant is proposed, there will be decisions that influence the types of energy sources that a country or other jurisdiction will use for electricity generation. This is known as energy planning. Participation in energy planning processes can be an effective way to encourage governments to choose alternatives to coal, such as renewables, and advocate for energy efficiency measures.
Many jurisdictions go through both long-term energy planning process (such as adopting a 20-year plan) and a short-term energy plan (2-5 years). The purpose of energy planning is to analyze a jurisdiction’s likely future energy needs and develop a plan to meet those needs. While long-term plans may not include a list of proposed facilities, they will likely include a portfolio of intended energy sources. Such plans may be referred to as “National Energy Plans,” “Integrated Resource Plans (IRPs)” or “Portfolio Management (PM).”
Energy planning processes are regulated differently across jurisdictions. Some may be governed by particular laws, such as an electricity planning law and a renewable electricity law. Other processes may simply be conducted on an ad hoc basis or using non-binding guidance. Regardless, it is important to participate actively in these planning processes if the opportunity arises.
Many jurisdictions implement “least-cost planning” or some variation of this such as “least-cost, least-risk.” Least-cost planning is a method of deciding the most cost-effective way to meet future energy needs, looking at a range of alternatives and doing a cost-benefit analysis. In these jurisdictions, it will be important to ensure the external costs of coal are considered.
A careful review of applicable energy planning laws may turn up enforceable legal requirements, such as directing energy planning agencies to prioritize certain types of energy sources or requiring public consultations. These types of .
Even if the law does not specifically require it, advocates should argue that energy planning must include a study of the environmental impact of the proposed energy choices. Although decision makers are likely to claim that such assessments are better done when specific projects have been proposed, it is good to raise this point early in the process. The global impacts of burning coal and other fossil fuels are best studied at the planning stage. The risk of waiting to raise this argument until a particular coal-fired facility is proposed is that decisionmakers will say it is too late to go back and revisit the decision to use coal in the energy portfolio.
When a need to build a new electricity generation facility has been identified, either by a utility that needs to add capacity to meet demand, or by an independent power producer that want to sell to a market, the project proponent begins the siting process.
The steps toward approval of an individual power plant will depend on the laws governing the process of the jurisdiction but also on the character of the entity such as whether the generator is state-owned, independent, or part of an investor-owned utility.
The siting process is generally a series of steps used to evaluate the specific proposed power plant – reviewing the proposed location, the design of the project, and the impacts of the project.
In some jurisdictions, the project proponent must obtain a “Certificate of Need,” “Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity,” or a similar certification in conjunction with, or as part of, the siting process. In order to obtain this certification, the project proponent is required to demonstrate the need for the additional energy generation. . The process may require of building its own generation facility to purchasing the power from others. In this case, it may need to put out a request for proposals (RFP).
Construction and operation of a coal-fired power plant may violate constitutional rights guaranteed in many jurisdictions including a right to life, , or right to dignity. These rights may be violated in several ways including through land acquisition, air pollution, or other impacts to human health and the environment.
Bringing a constitutional claim may ensure impacted communities have access to expedited court proceedings or bring other benefits over other legal challenges.
The Supreme Court of Chile found that operation of the Bocamina coal-fired Power Plants I & II violated the right to live in an environment free from contamination. The intake and discharge of seawater for the cooling system was causing massive death of marine species which are critical to local fishermen.
Rol No. 9852-2013, Supreme Court of Chile, decided on 9 January 2014 (as revised 6 November 2014)
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an interdisciplinary and multistep process to ensure that environmental considerations are included in decisions regarding projects that may impact the environment. Simply defined, the EIA process helps identify the possible environmental effects of a proposed activity and how those impacts can be mitigated. The purpose of the EIA process is to inform decision-makers and the public of the environmental consequences of implementing a proposed project.
The EIA document itself is a technical tool that identifies, predicts, and analyzes impacts on the physical environment, and may also evaluate social, cultural, and health impacts. If the EIA process is successful, it identifies alternatives and mitigation measures to reduce the environmental impact of a proposed project. The EIA process also serves an important procedural role in the overall decisionmaking process by promoting transparency and public involvement. It is important to note that the EIA process does not guarantee that a project will be modified or rejected if the process reveals that there will be serious environmental impacts. In some countries, a decisionmaker may, in fact, choose the most environmentally harmful alternative, as long as the consequences are disclosed in the EIA. In other words, the EIA process ensures an informed decision, but not necessarily an environmentally beneficial decision.
The EIA process, while not uniform from country to country, generally consists of a set of procedural steps culminating in a written impact assessment report. In most instances, there will be at least one opportunity for members of the public to review the EIA report and express their viewpoints to decisionmakers.
When reviewing an EIA report for a proposed coal-fired power plant, there are key points that should be carefully checked. The list below is not intended to be comprehensive, but instead focuses on a few issues that commonly arise.
The identification of the project itself is a common deficiency. Although this step may seem relatively simple, defining a “project” for the purposes of an EIA can become complex and even controversial. The goal of this step is to define the project with enough specificity to accurately determine the zone of possible impacts and to include activities that are closely connected with the proposal so that the entire scope of environmental impacts is evaluated. If the “project” is defined as building a 250 MW coal-fired power plant, the alternatives analysis may be unreasonably limited. Describing the same project as adding 250 MW generating capacity, could change the alternatives analysis framework and force decisionmakers to consider energy sources other than coal.
Alternatives analysis. Closely related to the identification of the project itself, or the purpose and need, is the analysis of alternatives in the EIA. The project proponent should be encouraged to include a range of alternatives to coal including energy efficiency and other demand-side management measures (reducing consumer energy needs), as well as other energy sources.
Impact analysis. Proper environmental impact analysis requires evaluation of direct, indirect, and . The cumulative impacts analysis is often the weakest part of an EIA, and therefore susceptible to legal challenge.
Segmentation. Project proponents may attempt to “segment” a project into several smaller pieces to avoid having to analyze or disclose the impacts of the project as a whole. Segmentation may also be used to take advantage of provisions in an EIA law that allow smaller projects to move forward with less detailed (or no) environmental review. For example, proponents of a 600 MW coal-fired power plant may attempt to present the project as four independent 150 MW facilities. This approach prompts investment in a smaller piece of the project, which may make it more likely that decisionmakers will approve the next phase or piece of the project. .
Connected actions. In a related concept, courts have found that . For example, project proponents may try to do separate analyses for a coal-fired power plant, transmission lines, and port for the import of coal.
Cost-Benefit Analysis. Any cost-benefit analysis for a coal-fired power plant should include analysis of the external costs of coal.
Greenpeace reports that coal produced roughly 46% of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions in 2013, while producing less than 30% of the world’s energy supply. In addition, extracting the coal to burn releases large amounts of methane. Either as part of the planning process, the EIA process, or under separate laws, advocates should ensure that project proponents are accurately describing a proposed project’s contribution to climate change, as well as the proposed project’s resiliency to effects of climate change. In addition, or taxation of carbon emissions.
Coal infrastructure emits toxic pollutants, including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, mercury, and particulate matter, creating significant air quality concerns for human health and polluting the surrounding environment.
In many jurisdictions this air pollution is allowed as long as the plant operator obtains and complies with an air pollution permit. It is important to closely monitor the permitting process to ensure that agencies are carefully following regulatory requirements and are making proper decisions. For example, rather than simply relying on information provided by the project proponent.
Air pollution laws may also be invoked if an existing facility is harming local air quality and provide an opportunity to file complaints about emissions violations.
External Costs of Coal
Advocates challenging coal infrastructure should ensure that cost-benefit evaluations of proposed facilities include all costs including those that are sometimes referred to as the “external costs” of coal or the “social costs” of coal: the costs to society that are not borne by the entities generating and delivering electricity. These costs do not appear in financial documents or balance sheets, but they are just as real and relevant to decision-making. Advocates need to ensure that harms to human health and the environment are not being ignored or undervalued. Economic analysis can be a powerful tool to help recognize (and mitigate or avoid accordingly) the potential harms that may occur because of new or expanded activities that take a toll on communities and the environment. , such as a coal-fired power plant, may not be too difficult if such estimates have been made elsewhere, for similar projects in similar surroundings. Raising the issue that these external costs cannot be ignored, and then pointing to examples of estimates in other projects, should make it impossible for proponents and decision makers to simply ignore the question: how large are the external costs? Does their inclusion change the project’s overall social net benefit? Estimating external costs, and incorporating them into an overall cost-benefit analysis, may require an economist with knowledge of discounting, nonmarket valuation techniques, and calculations of net present value. However, even if it is not possible to calculate detailed external costs with absolute certainty, advocates may change the debate just by raising this issue and asking for a valuation of these costs.
Energy Efficiency and Alternative Energy
At every stage in the development of a proposed coal-fired power plant, advocates must be creative about using every possible opportunity to ensure that decisionmakers are requiring electricity providers to meet energy demand through energy efficiency measures or from alternative energy sources. For example, decisionmakers may on investing in these resources.
Financing of coal infrastructure may open doors to other legal challenges. For example, many international (and some bilateral) financial institutions, such as the World Bank, have published safeguard policies that govern lending. In addition to important policies governing consultation, access to information, environmental and social impact assessment, indigenous peoples, and involuntary resettlement, some of these institutions have adopted policies to specifically limit financing of coal projects.
Communities impacted by a project that is financed by one of these institutions can raise concerns about potential violations of safeguard policies if the bank has an independent accountability mechanism. These mechanisms can be found at the World Bank, International Finance Corporation, African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, and others.
ELAW is pleased to present this overview of laws designed to tackle the growing problem of disposable plastic.
Under Minnesota state law, the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) is required to “quantify and establish a range of environmental costs associated with each method of electricity generation,” and utilities are required to use those costs “when evaluating and selecting resource options in all proceedings before the [PUC], including resource planning and certificate of need proceedings.”
In the Matter of the Further Investigation into Environmental and Socioeconomic Costs Under Minnesota Statutes Section 216B.2422, Subdivision 3, OAH 80-2500-31888, MPUC E-999/CI-14-643, Minn. Office of Admin. Hearings (April 15, 2016) [Note: This decision is only a recommendation that the MPUC is not obligated to follow.]
The Oregon Public Utilities Commission (PUC) denied a request by Pacificorp to build two fired electricity facilities to meet a projected increase in demand of 1,109 MW. The PUC determined in part that Pacificorp overestimated its resource needs and that the company failed to establish that constructing new electricity generating plants would best meet increased demand. The PUC recommended that the utility company pursue electricity conservation, acquisition of renewable energy sources, and wholesale electricity purchases to meet future demand.
T. Muruganandam v. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Appeal No. 50/2012 (10 November 2014)
Proyecto Central Termoeléctrica Castilla (CGX Castilla Generación S. A.), La Tercera Sala del Corte Suprema (28 August 2012) | <urn:uuid:93886335-d7c6-4cb2-a636-ce1ddd16a8a2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://elaw.org/coal | 2024-03-01T02:08:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.938818 | 3,309 | 3 | 3 | [
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In the shadowed corners of history and the bright glare of modern screens, the vampire has long been a symbol of both terror and fascination. This creature of the night has evolved from the sinister tales whispered in the villages of old to become a compelling figure in the pantheon of pop culture. But how did this transformation occur? How has vampire mythology persisted and changed throughout the ages? From the blood-soaked legends of historical vampires to the nuanced antiheroes of today’s media, we embark on a journey through the dark arteries of vampire history, tracing the indelible mark these beings have left on our collective psyche.
Here at HorrorFacts.com, we peel back the layers of time to reveal the essence of vampire mythology, exploring how these creatures have been reimagined and what their ever-changing personas say about us. Join us as we delve into the crypts of the past and emerge into the dazzling limelight of contemporary media, examining how the vampire has maintained its grip on our imagination. From the folklore that chilled the spines of our ancestors to the vampire evolution in the heart of modern storytelling, this is a tale that refuses to die. So, sharpen your stakes and hold your garlic close, as we explore the eternal allure of the vampire in the chronicles of human history.
The Origins of Vampire Mythology
Long before vampires were immortalized in the pages of novels or illuminated on the silver screen, they haunted the folklore of many cultures around the globe. These early tales of vampire mythology were often steeped in superstition and fear, serving as cautionary tales and explanations for the unexplainable tragedies of the living.
Roots in Ancient Civilizations
Some of the earliest mentions of vampire-like creatures can be traced back to ancient civilizations. The Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians all had myths that featured entities bearing a resemblance to the modern concept of vampires. These creatures were often associated with malicious spirits or demons that would feed on the living.
The Slavic Vampire
The most direct ancestors of today’s vampire myths are often found in Slavic folklore. It is here, in the windswept villages and dark forests of Eastern Europe, that the term “vampire” took root. The historical vampires of this region were believed to be revenants, returning from the dead to harm their living relatives or spread disease.
Vampire Hysteria in Medieval Europe
Moving into the medieval period, the vampire became a figure of both vampire history and hysteria. During times of plague and unexplainable deaths, it was not uncommon for fear-stricken communities to point to vampires as the culprits. This period saw the rise of grave-digging and staking, practices born out of desperation to protect the living from the presumed threat of the undead.
Embedding in Local Lore
Each region added its own nuances to vampire tales, shaping vampire mythology through local customs and beliefs. In some areas, vampires were repelled by garlic and holy symbols; in others, they could not cross running water or were known to cast no shadow. These varied legends formed a rich tapestry that has influenced the portrayal of vampires throughout subsequent history.
This section of the article not only enhances the reader’s understanding of the origins and diversity of vampire myths but also strategically employs the targeted keywords “Vampire Mythology,” “Vampire History,” and “Historical Vampires” to maintain SEO effectiveness. By providing this historical context, we’re setting the stage for an exploration of how these early myths have transformed into the vampires we recognize in media today.
The Vampire in Renaissance and Enlightenment Eras
As the world entered the Renaissance and Enlightenment periods, the belief in vampire history began to shift. Scientific reasoning started to challenge the superstitions that had fueled the vampire hysteria of the Middle Ages. However, this didn’t diminish the public’s fascination with these nocturnal creatures. Instead, the vampire was about to enter a new phase—one of literary intrigue and romanticization.
Literary Beginnings and Gothic Influence
The 18th century saw the vampire make its first major forays into Western literature, initially through poetry and later through the seminal novellas of the Gothic period. It was during this era that the vampire began to acquire a more sophisticated and aristocratic air, a departure from the monstrous figures of Slavic folklore.
Polidori and the Byronic Vampire
The publication of John Polidori’s “The Vampyre” in 1819 marked a turning point in the evolution of vampire characters. His protagonist, Lord Ruthven, was the first vampire in English literature to embody the characteristics of the charming and seductive aristocrat—a template that would heavily influence future vampire mythology.
The Pinnacle of Vampire Literature: Dracula
Bram Stoker’s “Dracula,” published in 1897, became the definitive work on the vampire mythos. Stoker’s Count Dracula amalgamated centuries of vampire lore, drawing from both historical vampires and the contemporary works that preceded him. This iconic character cemented many of the traits we now associate with vampires, from their aversion to sunlight to their need to feast on human blood.
The Influence of Dracula on Modern Vampire Mythology
“Dracula” not only impacted the literary world but also set the stage for future adaptations in film and television. Stoker’s vampire has been reinterpreted countless times, each adaptation adding new layers to the vampire mythology while staying true to the core elements that have made the character an immortal part of our cultural fabric.
The Silver Screen: Vampires in Cinema
With the advent of film, vampire mythology found a new medium to captivate audiences and spread its dark wings over the collective imagination. The silent film era introduced the vampire to the silver screen, with F.W. Murnau’s “Nosferatu” in 1922 setting a haunting precedent for vampire portrayals in movies.
The Evolution of Cinematic Dracula
Bela Lugosi’s portrayal of Dracula in 1931 further solidified the vampire’s status in popular culture. This adaptation stayed close to Stoker’s vision, emphasizing the Count’s noble lineage and menacing charm. Over the years, the character of Dracula has been revisited by countless actors, each bringing their own interpretation to the iconic role, reflecting changes in societal attitudes and cinematic trends.
Diversification of Vampire Roles in Film
As the 20th century progressed, vampires in cinema evolved beyond the archetypal Dracula figure. Filmmakers began experimenting with different aspects of vampire mythology, giving rise to various sub-genres. From the romantic to the comedic, and from the horrific to the action-packed, vampires proved to be versatile protagonists and antagonists adaptable to any storytelling style.
The Modern Vampire in Television and Digital Media
The small screen has been no less influential in the evolution of vampire lore. Television series have explored the vampire myth with a depth and nuance that films often cannot afford, due to the episodic format allowing for complex character development and plot arcs.
Serialized Storytelling and Vampire Mythology
Shows like “Buffy the Vampire Slayer,” “True Blood,” and “The Vampire Diaries” have contributed significantly to modern vampire mythology. These series have painted vampires as multifaceted beings, capable of love, honor, and moral struggles, pushing the boundaries of vampire history and audience expectations.
The Internet and Vampire Fandom
The rise of digital media has given fans of vampire lore an unprecedented platform to explore and contribute to the vampire mythology. Online communities, fan fiction, and web series have allowed for a democratization of the myth, with new vampire stories and interpretations constantly emerging from places all around the world.
The Vampire’s Immortal Presence in Gaming and Literature
As we venture further into the digital age, vampires have sunk their teeth into the interactive world of video games and have continued to thrive in contemporary literature. This multimedia approach has allowed vampire mythology to expand into new territories, engaging with audiences on an even more personal level.
Role-Playing and Immersion in Vampire Games
Video games like “Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines” and “Castlevania” series have created immersive experiences that allow players to embody or combat vampires, further enriching the lore. These interactive narratives let players explore the moral complexities and social hierarchies within vampire societies, adding layers to the vampire history and making it a part of their own virtual journey.
The Vampire Reimagined in Modern Novels
New literary works continue to contribute to the evolution of vampire characters. Authors like Anne Rice and Stephenie Meyer have redefined vampire mythology through their novels, exploring themes of existentialism, romance, and identity. Their vampires are both timeless and reflective of contemporary issues, resonating with new generations of readers.
The Cultural Impact of Vampire Evolution
The transformation of vampire mythology over the centuries reflects our own societal changes and the shifting paradigms of fear and desire. What started as a superstitious explanation for the unknown has morphed into a complex symbol of our darkest fears and deepest longings.
Vampires as Metaphors for Modern Issues
Vampires have become metaphors for a variety of modern-day issues, from the spread of disease to the complexities of sexuality. The historical vampires of folklore have transcended their original roles to become avatars for exploring the human condition.
The Future of Vampire Mythology
As we look ahead, it’s clear that vampire lore will continue to evolve alongside our changing world. The adaptability of vampire tales ensures that they will remain a fixture in media and pop culture, captivating audiences with their eternal dance between humanity and the monstrous.
The Unending Allure of the Vampire Legend
As we close the coffin lid on our exploration of the vampire’s journey through the annals of time and media, it is clear that the fascination with these creatures is far from buried. Vampire mythology has not only survived but thrived, continually adapting to the heartbeat of our collective imaginations. From the menacing shadows of ancient legends to the complex characters of modern narratives, vampires remain a potent symbol of the human experience—our fears, our desires, and our quest for understanding the unknown.
Why Vampires Will Never Die
The reason for the enduring appeal of vampires lies in their ability to evolve. As society changes, so too does the vampire, always reflecting back at us our own image, albeit with fangs. They challenge us to confront our mortality, our ethics, and our capacity for both good and evil. This eternal relevance is why the vampire, as a figure of vampire history and storytelling, will continue to captivate for generations to come.
The Legacy of Historical Vampires
The legacy left by historical vampires—both real and imagined—has laid the groundwork for an endlessly rich vein of cultural expression. They have become more than just monsters; they are now protagonists, anti-heroes, and symbols of rebellion and freedom. Their evolution is a testament to the power of storytelling and its ability to morph with the times.
The Future of Vampire Lore in Media
As we peer into the future, it is certain that vampire lore will persist in media, finding new ways to reinvent itself. Whether through the next blockbuster film, a binge-worthy TV series, or an immersive video game, the vampire will continue to walk among us in the arts and media, immortal as ever.
The story of the vampire is one of eternal transformation—a narrative that will continue to unfold as long as there are people to tell it. And HorrorFacts.com will be here, chronicling every chilling chapter, ensuring that the pulse of vampire lore never fades into the darkness.
We invite you, dear reader, to remain a part of this undying narrative. Your thoughts and theories are the lifeblood that keeps the conversation alive. Share your insights, your favorite depictions, and the ways in which vampire mythology has touched your life. Comment below, engage with fellow enthusiasts on our forums, and become an active participant in the ongoing saga of these fascinating creatures of the night.
Looking for more Vampire Reads?
Dive into the shadowy intersection of folklore and science with ‘Unmasking the Vampire’s Curse: The Medical Mystery of Porphyria.‘ Explore how the rare blood disorder porphyria, with its striking symptoms resembling vampire traits, sparked fears of vampirism in history.
From the photosensitivity and reddened teeth to the cases of Mercy Brown and other historical figures, discover how porphyria’s misunderstood signs once blurred the lines between medical conditions and mythical creatures.
Join Us on the Journey
As the keepers of HorrorFacts.com, we pledge to continue our vigilant watch over the realms of the macabre and the supernatural. Our dedication to unearthing the most compelling stories and presenting them with the reverence they deserve is unwavering. Stay with us as we delve deeper into the mysteries of the paranormal and the arcane, always seeking to quench your thirst for the chilling and the otherworldly.
Remember, in the world of horror and the supernatural, every shadow could conceal a story, and every legend holds a grain of truth. Keep your senses sharp, and never stop questioning what lurks in the darkness. For in the end, it is our fascination with the unknown that keeps the heart of horror beating.
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Hydrocele is the accumulation of fluid in the sac surrounds the testis.
Hydro – fluid, cele – sac
- It is usually painless.
- Common in newborn infants, resolves spontaneously till age of one year.
- May be due to any pathology such as trauma to testies, tumor and infection.
- The fluid collection may result from failure of closure of tube by which testies descended from abdomen to scrotum (patent processus vaginalis) or an imbalance of secretion and absorption within the tunica vaginalis.
What is Hydrocele?
our body is divided into four cavities named first as dorsal body cavity containing brain and spinal cord second is thoracic cavity containing lungs, heart oesophagus and other vital structure, third is the abdominal cavity that encloses most of the digestive organs and kidneys; and forth is the pelvic cavity that encloses the bladder and reproductive organs. All these cavities are interconnected with various structures.
Abdominal and pelvic cavity is interconnected with a tube like structure named as inguinal canal. The inguinal canal has two openings: the deep inguinal ring and superficial inguinal ring..During embryonic development, the inguinal canal also embodies the processus vaginalis, a structure that develops from the peritoneum during gestational week 12. In males, it extends through the inguinal canal into the scrotum, allowing the testes to descend into the scrotal sac. Following completion of testicular descent, the processus vaginalis undergoes programmed cell death to close the path between the peritoneum and scrotum. After closure, the lower portion of the processus vaginalis becomes the tunica vaginalis testis.
Failure to closure of processue vaginalis termed as patent processus vaginalis, which leads to accumulation of fluid into tunica vaginalis termed as hydrocele. It is known as communicating hydrocele.
Tunica vaginalis itself has two layer, inner is visceral layer and outer is parietal layer. A pouch is formed between these two layers. Fluid accumulated in this pouch due to defect between secretion and absorption is termed as non-communicating hydrocele.
Homeopathy treatment for Hydrocele
Homeopathy treats the person as a whole. It means that homeopathic treatment focuses on the patient as a person, as well as his pathological condition. The homeopathic medicines are selected after a full individualizing examination and case-analysis, which includes the medical history of the patient, physical and mental constitution etc. A miasmatic tendency (predisposition/susceptibility) is also often taken into account for the treatment of chronic conditions. The medicines given below indicate the therapeutic affinity but this is not a complete and definite guide to the treatment of this condition. The symptoms listed against each medicine may not be directly related to this disease because in homeopathy general symptoms and constitutional indications are also taken into account for selecting a remedy. To study any of the following remedies in more detail, please visit our Materia Medica section. None of these medicines should be taken without professional advice.
List of homeopathy medicines for hydrocele
- Rhododendron –
- Argentum nitricum
- Apis mellifica
- Nux vomica
- Aurum metallicum
- Spongia tosta
- Zincum metallicum
- Testicles swollen, painful, drawn up.
- Induration and swelling of testes after gonorrhoea.
- The modality (worse before a storm) is a true guiding symptom.
- Rheumatic tearing in all limbs, especially right side; worse, at rest and in stormy weather.
- Stiffness of neck. Pain in shoulders, arms, wrists; worse when at rest.
- Pains in bones in spots, and reappear by change of weather.
- Cannot sleep unless legs are crossed.
- Testicles swollen and indurated.
- Loss of sexual power, with atrophied testes.
- Anxiety when quiet.
- Present anxiety and depression, no reference to the future.
- Sudden impulse to run and do violence.
- Must be busy.
- Fear of people, shuns every one.
- Pain and swelling of testicles.
- Chronic induration of testicles.
- Atrophy of testicles in boys.
- Feeling of self-condemnation and utter worthlessness.
- Profound despondency, with increased blood pressure, with thorough disgust of life, and thoughts of suicide.
- Talks of committing suicide. Great fear of death.
- Peevish and vehement at least contradiction.
- Constant rapid questioning without waiting for reply.
- Cannot do things fast enough.
- Oversensitiveness to noise, excitement, confusion.
- Dribbling of se-men during sleep.
- Dribbling of prostatic fluid.
- Irritability after coitus. Loss of sexual power, with lascivious fancies.
- Increases desire, decreases ability.
- Semen thin, odorless. Sexual neurasthenia.
- On attempting coition, penis relaxes.
- Swelling of spermatic cord and testicles, with pain and tenderness.
- Heat in parts.
- Exhaustion and heaviness of the body after slight exertion
- Anxiety and difficult breathing.
- Excessive thirst, great hunger.
- Cannot bear tight clothing around trunk.
- Testicles swelled, drawn up.
- Erections violent.
- Falling off of hair (pubic).
- Drawing in testicles up to spermatic cord.
- Weak memory.
- Very sensitive to noise.
- Averse to work, to talk.
- Child repeats everything said to it.
- Fears arrest on account of a supposed crime.
Cause of hydrocele
Patent processue vaginalis – Failure to closure of processue vaginalis termed as patent processus vaginalis.
Secondary causes –
- Trauma to testies
- Torsion of the testies
- Testicular tumor
- Wuchereria bancrofti infection is the most common cause
Types of hydrocele
Communicating hydrocele (usually discovered in infancy): failed closure of the tube by which testies descended from abdomen to scrotum (processus vaginalis) during intrauterine life. It is is similar to a hernia except that the sac connecting the abdomen to the scrotum contains only fluid rather than abdominal contents as in hernia.
Noncommunicating hydroceles: no connection to the peritoneal cavity, Fluid accumulated in the tunica vaginalis due to defect between secretion and absorption is termed as non-communicating hydrocele.
Clinical features of Hydrocele
- Fluctuant, painless swelling of affected scrotum
- May be present since infancy or childhood.
- Impulse on coughing negative (positive in congenital hydrocele)
- Testis cannot be palpated separately.
- Positive transillumination
Diagnosis of Hydrocele
- Usually a clinical diagnosis
- – Transillumination is one of the most common techniques used to diagnose hydrocele. It is widely believed that if light shines through the scrotum during transillumination, the mass is cystic filled with fluid, and if the light is blocked, the mass is solid.
- Ultrasound: hypoechoic fluid confirms the diagnosis.
Treatment of Hydrocele
Usually resolves spontaneously within 6 months of birth, if not following techniques are used-
- Aspiration of fluid through needle.
- Sclerotherapy – An irritating agent is injected to the hydrocele which helps in narrowing of the cyst.
Indications for surgery
- If spontaneous resolution does not occur in children by 1 year of age
- Excessive discomfort and/or if scrotal skin integrity is compromised
- An underlying pathology is suspected
- Testicle not palpable
- If infertilityis a concern
Complications of Hydrocele
- Hydrocele may rupture spontaneously or due to any trauma.
- It may protrude out from the muscular layer of the scrotum. This makes the case more difficult to treat.
- Hydrocele may transform into hematocele due to bleeding into sac. Trauma may be the reason of bleeding.
- There may be calcification of the sac if not treated timely.
- Infection which may lead to pyocele.
- Atrophy of testis may occur in long standing cases.
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed, McGraw-Hill
Davidson’s Principles and Practise of Medicine, 17th ed, 1996, Churchill Livingstone
New Manual of Homeopathic Materia Medica & Repertory, William Boericke, 2nd revised ed., 2001, B. Jain | <urn:uuid:c8872a34-4e94-41a9-93d5-4a5f46b211b7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hpathy.com/cause-symptoms-treatment/hydrocoele/ | 2024-03-01T00:46:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.906219 | 1,868 | 3.125 | 3 | [
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The historian Richard White's concept of the "middle ground" helps one to understand moments when diverse peoples come into contact and create new systems of meaning and exchange. The middle ground is a place where worlds overlap, yet leave a space in which cultures can adapt to new conditions. 2 Despite the unequal power between themselves and the colonists, indigenous North American societies were able, over time, to adapt to the new presence in their land, finding some convergences between their artistic practices and those of the Europeans. The term used to define this form of cultural encounter is syncretism-the melding of two or more different belief systems, artistic styles, or cultural practices to form a third, distinctly different one.
Although many indigenous societies had been dislocated from their ancestral homelands as a result of white settlement, epidemic, forced relocation, intertribal raiding, warfare, and shifting ethnic alliances, they were nevertheless often able to devise a culture of the middle ground. The crucial factor permitting this was that Natives and Europeans met in partnerships from which each benefited, based on trade. Natives retained aspects of their cultural autonomy as they hunted and trapped America's abundant wildlife to supply an international market. The pelts and hides were sent to Europe; in exchange, cloth, iron and silver, and glass beads made their way across the ocean to North America. The indigenous artistic repertoire expanded to incorporate these trade goods. Although their cultures were changing so rapidly as to be threatened with virtual extinction, Native people acquired and assimilated new materials and motifs, while trying to exploit new opportunities for economic and artistic enrichment. The visual culture of the middle ground was hybrid and inventive, resilient in the face of foreign occupation.
Early twentieth-century anthropological schemes sought to classify American Indian art objects in terms of individual tribal styles with recognizable differences. But in the eastern half of the continent, in the centuries from 1600 to 1900, this sort of classification is not useful. In the middle ground of the Great Lakes, for example, tribal affiliation was less important than village or clan affiliation. Villages often included members of several different tribes, drawn together because of the pressures caused by colonization. Cross-cultural bonds were established through gift giving, adoption, intermarriage, and ceremonies that transcended tribal affiliation, like the ritual smoking of tobacco and the exchange of wampum; see "The Repatriation of Wampum," page 39. All of this had ramifications for the visual arts, in which both cultural conflict and accommodation were played out.
New Materials and New Markets
Only a few artistic objects made by Native Americans have survived from before the mid-eighteenth century. Most were made of perishable materials such as wood, feather, skins, porcupine quills, and moose hair-items that deteriorate unless held under optimal conditions.
"POWHATAN'S MANTLE." One of the earliest items collected and preserved in a European museum is an object nicknamed "Powhatan's Mantle" (fig. 2.12). It is unclear whether this did, in fact, belong to Powhatan (1547-1618), the paramount chief of the Virginia Algonkians. Moreover, it is far too big to be a mantle or cloak (over 7 by 5 feet). Consisting of four deerskins sewn together, it is decorated with marginella shells. These are sewn to depict a frontal human figure flanked by two animals in a field of many circles. This may have been a valued object kept in a temple and used in ceremonies for hunting magic or other spiritual pursuits. It is a good example of an indigenous pictorial tradition that would soon be transformed by contact with European artistic conventions.
HORSE EFFIGY COMB. Native peoples often showed a readiness to treat new subject matter in familiar materials. As we have seen, they had a long tradition of representing animals in their art, and this continued after their contact with Europeans. In some cases they depicted the clan animals of particular families; for example, among the Iroquois, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, it was the custom to add handles carved as wolves or bears- Iroquois clan animals- to the combs they carved from bone, wood, and moose antler. When the horse made its first appearance in western New York (then a colony) in 1677, it must have caused a sensation among the Iroquois, whose belief system included great respect for the power of animals and who naturally wished to incorporate this majestic animal into their imagery. This comb (fig. 2.13) depicting a horse was excavated from an Iroquois site near Victor, New York, and can be dated to 1670-87. It records the appearance of a new subject in a traditional format.
WAR CLUB. The war club shown here (fig. 2.14) is a modification of an indigenous weapon-the wooden club-with some aspects of new weaponry included.
The artist has examined European sabers with some care: the rais.ed line that extends down the club mimics the raised strengthening rib of a European saber, while the handle mimics its wire-wrapped hilt. The club ends in a carving of a wolf's head. The edge of this wooden "saber" is inlaid with both local shell and European beads-this combination of materials and form suggesting that the maker sought to copy a new weapon in materials that he understood. By doing so, perhaps he hoped to draw spiritual and military power from sources both local and distant.
The small head with inset shell eyes incised on the club (fig. 2.15) may portray the object's owner. The head is abstract in its moonlike roundness, but the diagonal line bisecting the face and the three-pronged tattoo on the mouth surely denote an individual who would be recognizable to his peers, thus making it a portrait. Although a Native artist made this club for his own use, a white man acquired it in combat. A family tradition claims that Lieutenant John King of Northampton, Massachusetts got it in a 1676 battle; the club passed down through his family until the mid-twentieth century.
PIPE TOMAHAWK. In addition to serving as the spoils of warfare, objects moved across cultures through gift giving. Both the tomahawk and the pipe were indigenous items, used for warfare and ceremony. But in the world of the middle ground, these two items could merge into a curious hybrid: the pipe tomahawk was a decorative presentation piece, often made for cross-cultural gift giving.
The one shown here (fig. 2.16) dating from just before the American Revolution, combines Native wrapped quillwork with European metalsmithing. The hatchet/ pipe bowl, made of pewter, is engraved with the names of the EuroAmerican gunsmith who forged it and the military man who owned it. A uniquely American form, the pipe tomahawk was intended to bridge the gap between cultures. It is an odd hybrid, for the pipe generally signifies peace, while the hatchet signifies warfare-is it an object that extends the possibility of both conflict and accommodation? Pipe tomahawks were sometimes used as diplomatic gifts, presented at the signing of peace treaties. The wooden shaft is covered with plaited quillwork, the artistry of a Native woman, so its manufacture crosses not only cultural boundaries but gender roles, too. Many such items still exist in British family homes, souvenirs brought home by ancestors who fought in wars in North America.
A PAIR OF CEREMONIAL POUCHES. Native women in different parts of North America used bird and porcupine quills (like those on the shaft of the pipe tomahawk) for artistic purposes, softening and dyeing them, and then using them to wrap or embroider items to decorative effect. A transformation of indigenous form and subject is illustrated in two ceremonial pouches from the Great Lakes region, which use quillwork to represent religious iconography.
On one side, the eighteenth-century Anishnabek tabbed bag (fig. 2.17) carries the image of a thunderbird (a powerful mythical denizen of the sky world), while on the other side two turtles (symbolic of the earthly world) float beneath the horizon. With its two-legged shape, the bag itself looks like an otter, and was used to hold ritual paraphernalia.
The wall pocket in figure 2.18 (a European form used as a holder for papers) employs the same pictographic strategy as the tabbed bag, yet the symbols extend across two cultures, Native and Christian, encompassing, in Ruth Phillips' s words, "a spectrum of representational possibilities that were exploited simultaneously." Turtles, again, ornament the bottom. Above, semi-abstract human figures-some arriving in a boat, some inside a church- occupy the middle ground. Crosses adorn the church and the flags. Here, Christian iconography' seems to be subsumed into an indigenous worldview, represented by the two floating forms of "turtle island" (as some Native groups conceptualize the earth). Such items were made for use both by Native practitioners of traditional religion and by Native converts to Christianity; some were sold to whites.
A PAINTED HIDE. When indigenous artistic traditions came into contact with European ones, changes also ensued in style. Native representations of people and animals were pictographic as well as semi-abstract, with animals often depicted in a geometric, simplified style, as in the turtles mentioned above. Yet sometimes vivid detail was rendered with great economy. Often, Native artists chose to adopt aspects of Euro-American painting- for example, by demarcating a ground line, or through some limited use of perspective or naturalistic detail. This meeting of indigenous and European modes of representation took place in different regions at different times. A hide painted by a Great Lakes man shows some of these changes (fig. 2.19).
Both in the Great Lakes region and on the Great Plains, hides were tanned and painted in a manner that reflected the animal form from which they came. Here, the frame for the picture is five sided and has a tail. Like the pipe tomahawk and the wall pocket described above, the scene seems to represent both conflict and accommodation. On one side of the hide, figures aim weapons at each other; on the other side, they join hands. At the bottom of the hide, the conical houses of indigenous Illinois people are contrasted with the French mission and trading post on the left. The writing on the hide (perhaps done by Jesuits at the mission) identifies particular villages and tribes. No historical records survive concerning the acquisition of this hide painting, which has long been in France. Its subject matter suggests that it is an intercultural record of an important alliance among the French, and the Algonkian and Quapaw Indians.
The middle ground of the sixteenth and seventeenth (and in some regions, the eighteenth) centuries was a space that emerged within a context of ongoing conflict and resistance, a space in which each party to the encounter gained something from the exchange or adaptation of forms and symbols. For Native people, this could occur by accommodating foreign elements within indigenous belief systems, ensuring continuity in the midst of enforced change. In other cases, the middle ground emerged during periods when Native people enjoyed relative sovereignty for example, when the Iroquois traded items as political equals with Europeans. (See also "The Repatriation of Wampum," p. 39.) As competition for land and resources raised the level of conflict, however, the middle ground proved all too fragile.
Wampum: A Contract in Shells
Wampum beads (from the Algonkian word wampomeag) were made from the dark purple shell of the quahog clam and the white shell of the whelk-and were worn and exchanged by indigenous peoples of the Northeast. During the seventeenth century they were also used as money by Dutch and British colonists when European coins were scarce. The Iroquois strung wampum beads onto belts, often in pictorial designs (fig. 2.20). An inland people, they did not manufacture the beads themselves, but obtained them through trade with coastal peoples and later through trade with the Dutch at Fort Orange (Albany, New York). Originating in the seventeenth century, wampum belts were made to commemorate important events within the Iroquois community, as well as treaties and legal transactions between the Iroquois and other ethnic groups. As part of the protocol of treaty-making, the Dutch and English quickly learned to use them as the Iroquois did: as both gifts and evidence of contractual arrangements. The images worked in beads were mnemonic devices, linked to a tradition of oratory by which history was handed down through the generations. The belt shown here is formed almost completely of purple quahog-shell beads, whose rich, dark texture is interrupted only by three double rectangles of white beads. Although the oral history that goes with this piece has been lost, it may commemorate an alliance among three groups, each represented by a set of white beads. Another belt, the Two-Row Wampum, uses two parallel rows of purple beads set on a field of white to symbolize the separate and equally sovereign paths of two great nations: the Iroquois Confederacy and the United States. From the perspective of U. S. history, one of the most famous pictorial belts is the George Washington Covenant Belt, made c. 1776, which is over 6 feet long and contains some ten thousand beads. Thirteen large human figures join hands with two smaller figures standing on either side of a house. The large figures have been interpreted as emblems of the founding colonies of the United States joined in an alliance of peace and friendship with the Mohawks and Senecas who, among the Iroquois Confederacy, are known as the Keepers of the Eastern and Western Doors (the territory of the Confederacy being visualized metaphorically as a house, with the Mohawks on the east side of what is now New York State and the Senecas on the west).
The Iroquois were not the only people to commemorate transactions in wampum. Some Huron and Abenaki belts with Latin inscriptions were sent in the seventeenth century as gifts from Catholic Indians and French Jesuit priests to Chartres Cathedral, in France, where they still remain. In the 1710 portrait of his visit to London (see fig. 2.22), a Mohawk man holds a wampum belt aloft. Wampum belts circulated among cultures, constituting a new form of communication across the gulf of divergent languages, histories, and representational forms.
The Repatriation of Wampum
"Repatriation," a term increasingly used in relation to Native American materials, means the return of objects of cultural significance to their original owners or makers. The repatriation of important Indian objects housed in museums has accelerated recently, due to the passing of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. Somewhat earlier, the Iroquois were the first to urge that important objects of their cultural patrimony wampum belts-be returned to their nation, where an individual entitled "Keeper of the Wampum" is invested with the authority to guard and narrate the histories of these objects. Following laws passed in the 1970s and 1980s, many Iroquois wampum belts previously considered the property of museums, including the George Washington Covenant Belt, were returned to reservation authorities, both in New York State and in Ontario. George Abrams, an Iroquois scholar, has remarked that, to the Iroquois, "wampum was and is the manifestation of their sovereignty as distinct nations and as political equals among other nations."3 Though these wampum belts were made as objects of intercultural encounter, they reside today in the hands of their original makers, and are sometimes brought out in public to help narrate the history of the Iroquois Confederacy
"Fond of Finery": Portraiture and Self-Display
The Frenchman Pierre Pouchot, writing about his sojourn in eastern North America in the 1750s, recalled that Indians he encountered were "fond of finery." From ancient times, Native people had presented their bodies as canvases for self-decoration. Ochre clays were used to paint temporary designs on the skin, and carbonized materials were used for permanent tattoos. Indian people were pleased to trade for Chinese vermilion and European inks, which worked well for these purposes. The Indian figure in the foreground of Benjamin West's painting The Death of General Wolfe (see fig. 4.34) represents such tattoos in detail. That warrior has abstract tattoos on his limbs and face and a naturalistic serpent on his shoulder blade. The small pipe shown here (fig. 2.21) may have served as the model for his head: it sports the same triangular pendant earring and face painting design, and was originally in Benjamin West's own art collection.
Both this small soapstone pipe bowl and the delicate face on the seventeenth-century Iroquois club discussed above (see detail in fig. 2.15) bring up the issue of portraiture in Native American art. Since tattoo and face paint designs were particular to the person, both images may depict actual individuals. Seldom in Native art before the twentieth century do we see portraiture that relies solely on physiognomy to identify an individual, as in European and Euro-American painting. Instead, distinctive tattoos (such as the lines, dots, and mouth tattoo on the face on the club), hairdos, and items of ceremonial regalia identify the individual. In eastern North America during the colonial period, an idiosyncratic and stylish wardrobe was a mark of distinction for warriors, prosperous Native women, and diplomats.
Indigenous dress drew upon materials from the plant and animal world: hides of deer, moose, caribou, and other animals; bird pelts and feathers; deer hooves and dew claws; porcupine and bird quills; whole shells and beads painstakingly worked from shells. Daily dress was relatively simple. Weather permitting, men often went naked, or nearly so. (Again, The Death of General Wolfe provides a realistic depiction.) Women may have worn simple deerskin dresses. Yet dress for important occasions was quite elaborate, as European travelers throughout eastern North America attest. For example, Bernard Romans, who traveled in Florida in the eighteenth century, described Native women dressed for dancing:
I observed the women dressed their legs in a kind of leather stockings, hung full of hoofs of the roe deer in form of bells, in so much as to make a sound exactly like that of castagnettes; I was very desirous of examining these stockings and had an opportunity of satisfying my curiosity on those of my land lady on her return home. I counted in one of her stockings four hundred and ninety three of these claws; there were nine of the women at the dance with this kind of ornament, so that allowing each of them to have had the same number of hoofs, and eight hoofs to a deer, there must have been killed eleven hundred and ten deer to furnish this small assembly of ladies with their ornaments, besides which, earrings, bracelets, &c. are by no means forgot; an instance of luxury in dress scarcely to be paralleled by our European ladies. 4
Such profligate use of deer hooves in indigenous dress was a secondary result of the extensive fur trade. Deer and other fur-bearing animals were being hunted by men, and the skins tanned by women as fodder for the European trade. In 1726, for example, an estimated fifty thousand deerskins a year were exported by the French from the region around New Orleans alone! 5 Europeans coveted these hides for use in clothing, having depleted their own local sources of game over many centuries of hunting and settlement.
Most eighteenth-century travelers noticed that Native finery made from the materials of the local, natural world ( or items gained from long-distance trade with other Native groups) was rapidly being replaced by trade goods. Native people quickly adopted-and adapted-men's shirts, cloth by the yard, trade blankets, ribbons, thread, hats, silver ornaments, and glass beads to fashion new styles of clothing valued both by Indians and by some whites who lived and worked closely with them, such as fur traders and soldiers. As Native and whites alike grew more prosperous due to the fur trade, and as military men sought to demonstrate their familiarity with the new and diverse world of North America, practices of dress and self-adornment in the middle ground grew more hybrid and more inventive, as the following analysis of two sophisticated travelers reveals.
HENDRICK AND JOHN: TWO EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY GENTLEMEN AT THE BOUNDARIES OF CULTURES. Two portraits of high-ranking men, a Mohawk in European clothing and an Irishman in Native dress, illustrate what we mean by arts made at the boundaries of cultures. One, painted at the beginning of the eighteenth century, was among the first influential and widely distributed portraits of an Indian. The other, painted at the end of the century, was a private portrait for the home of an Irish lord who had served in the wars in America. Both paintings imply the existence, at the time, of patrons comfortable with the idea of cross-cultural movement. The work of trained European artists, both portraits suggest the possibility that in America-unlike Europe, with its rigid class system- a man could remake himself according to his ambition and talent.
In 1710, four headmen of the Mohawk nation ( one of the member nations of the Iroquois Confederacy) traveled from their home near Albany, New York, to England to petition Queen Anne to send them a British clergyman (whom they would prefer to the French Catholic Jesuits who had worked among the Iroquois). Their journey was well publicized, both in America and in England. As was customary in Indian diplomacy, many gifts were exchanged. The Mohawks gave the British monarch gifts of wampum and other finely crafted items made by Iroquois artists. Queen Anne, in turn, gave them a Bible, cash, fine textiles, and a set of silver religious items engraved with her coat of arms ( a gift still preserved today by the Iroquois as an heirloom). She outfitted them in fine clothing at her expense, and commissioned portraits of the four to be painted by the Dutch artist John Verelst. The "Four Indian Kings," as they came to be called, were the toast of British society. Other portraits were painted, too, and small, inexpensive engravings based upon these were widely circulated in the streets of London. Their speeches were printed in broadsides, and ballads were even composed about them.
The highest ranking among the four was Tee Yee Neen Ho Ga Row (c. 1680-1755), also known as Hendrick, the name under which he was baptized as a young man. Born a· Mahican, but adopted by the Mohawks as a child, he lived in Canajoharie village, in what is today central New York State. He rose to become one of the headmen, or "sachems," of his community (a rank that the British wildly exaggerated, calling him "Emperour [sic] of the Six Nations"). Set in an illusionistic landscape (fig. 2.22), he appears as a sophisticated statesman, dressed in gentlemen's shoes with silver buckles, dark hose, and a long black waistcoat over a white linen shirt. Atop this he wears a scarlet blanket, an item of trade that Indians rapidly adopted as their own. In his right hand he holds a wampum belt. Its pattern of repeated crosses is perhaps symbolic of the delegation's quest to ask the queen for a missionary from the Church of England. Behind Hendrick lurks a wolf, symbolizing Hendrick's membership in the Mohawk wolf clan. Cast down on the ground before him is a tomahawk. Hendrick does not hold a weapon, for he is a diplomat, as the wampum belt indicates. Adopted by the Mohawks, first converted by Catholics, preparing for conversion to the Anglican faith, and dressed in British finery accented with Native and European trade items, Hendrick is the very picture of the cosmopolitan, moving between disparate worlds.
Some seventy years after Hendrick's portrait was painted, an Irish nobleman returning from America commissioned a portrait in which he, too, is dressed in the finery of another culture (fig. 2.23). Sir John Caldwell served as an officer in the British Army and was stationed at Fort Niagara and Fort Detroit. While in North America, he established good relations with the Ojibwa Indians, and was named a headman among them. Like Hendrick, John Caldwell holds a wampum belt in his outstretched right hand. The design worked in white on the purple belt is of a hatchet, like the one he holds in his left hand. At his waist is a brass-handled saber.
Caldwell wears deerskin moccasins, red cloth leggings held up with beaded garters, a short breechcloth, a printed calico shirt, and a dark blue and red cloak. Adorning his body are many items made and used by both Indians and whites throughout the Northeast in this era: a quilled leather pouch, a medicine bag made of a skunk skin, a quilled knife sheath, and much silver and brass jewelry. Just as his whole costume is a statement about intercultural commerce, so too is his headdress. It is composed of a quilled band, metal ornaments, and both local and exotic plumes, including ostrich feathers.
The cosmopolitan Hendrick and John remind us that negotiating multiple realms has been an integral part of Native-white interaction since the first European contact. | <urn:uuid:686783fb-6ede-4c16-bb80-43839be65cd6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Art/American_Encounters%3A_Art_History_and_Cultural_Identity_(Miller_Berlo_Wolf_and_Roberts)/01%3A_The_Art_of_Indigenous_Americans_before_1500_C.E./02%3A_The_Old_World_and_the_New-_First_Phases_of_Encounter_1492-1750/2.02%3A_Indigenous_Eastern_North_America-_Forging_a_Middle_Ground | 2024-03-01T00:43:33Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.969278 | 5,416 | 4.3125 | 4 | [
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] |
From September 15th to October 15th, we celebrate National Hispanic Heritage Month; however, this designation does not give us the license to ONLY celebrate Hispanic Heritage during this one month of the year. As brothers and sisters in Christ, we should be celebrating and supporting one another and our diverse cultures all year long. National Hispanic Heritage Month began in 1968 as a single week and was expanded to a full month 20 years later in 1988.
The Repentance Project exists to encourage racial healing by communicating the systemic legacies of slavery, building relationships, and creating opportunities – through formation, repentance, and repair – for a just future. Most of the work of the Repentance Project is centered around the legacy of slavery in the United States; however, we must not forget that the Transatlantic slave trade also had a profound impact on Latin America. National Hispanic Heritage Month is a great opportunity to learn more. We have compiled a list of resources to help you learn more about and appreciate the beautiful diversity of Hispanic heritage and cultures:
- Something to watch …
- A Million Miles Away – A biopic about Jose Hernandez and his path from a farm worker to becoming an engineer and an astronaut. A tale of perseverance, community and sacrifice to accomplish a seemingly impossible dream.
- Dolores – Who is Dolores Huerta? One of the most important, yet least known activists of our time, Dolores Huerta was an equal partner in founding the first farm workers union with César Chávez. Tirelessly leading the fight for racial and labor justice, Huerta evolved into one of the most defiant feminists of the 20th century — and she continues the fight to this day, in her late 80s. With unprecedented access to this intensely private mother of 11, Peter Bratt’s film Dolores chronicles Huerta’s life from her childhood in Stockton, California to her early years with the United Farm Workers, from her work with the headline-making grape boycott launched in 1965 to her role in the feminist movement of the ’70s, to her continued work as a fearless activist. Featuring interviews with Gloria Steinem, Luis Valdez, Angela Davis, her children and more, Dolores is an intimate and inspiring portrait of a passionate champion of the oppressed and an indomitable woman willing to accept the personal sacrifices involved in committing one’s life to social change.
- Black in Latin America – Black in Latin America, a four-part series on the influence of African descent on Latin America, is a production from renowned Harvard scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr. He visits six different Latin American nations exploring the history and interviewing the people. This excellent docu-series was released in 2011, unfortunately it is no longer available for viewing on the PBS website. However, full episodes are available on Youtube.
- Monsenor: The Last Journey of Oscar Romero – In the 1970s, as El Salvador moved irrevocably closer to civil war, one man was known as the voice of the poor, the disenfranchised, the disappeared. Appointed Archbishop in 1977, Monsenor Oscar Romero worked tirelessly for peace, justice and human rights, while in constant personal peril. Using the power of the pulpit to denounce official corruption, he inspired millions with his nationally broadcast sermons, until in March of 1980, he was shot dead at the altar. With rare recordings and film footage, and a wide range of interviews with those whose lives were changed by Romero, including church activists, human rights lawyers, former guerrilla fighters and politicians, Monsenor is a timely portrait of the man’s quest to speak the truth, though it cost him his life.
- Family Friendly Options
- Something to read …
- Hermanas – God calls Latinas to lives of influence. Sharing their own journeys as Latinas and leaders, these three women find mentorship in twelve inspirational women of the Bible who navigated challenges of brokenness and suffering, being bicultural, and crossing borders. As we deepen our spiritual and ethnic identities, we grow in intimacy with God and others and become better equipped to influence others for the kingdom.
- Voices Rising – What does it mean to be a woman of color in mission? Who are the women of color who labor for peace and justice in our world? And why are our stories so hard to find? In this book you will find a compilation of stories by Christian women of color who are living and working in urban poor communities around the world. As the reader you are invited to listen to the call and the need for diversity in mission and to see the uniqueness that women of color bring.
- The Violence of Love – These selections from the sermons and writings of Archbishop Oscar Romero shared the message of a great holy prophet of modern times. Three short years transformed Romero, archbishop of San Salvador, from a conservative defender of the status quo into one of the church’s most outspoken voices of the oppressed.
- “The Afro Latino Who Redefined How Black History is Remembered” – Arturo Schomburg’s experiences as an Afro-Puerto Rican at the turn of the century influenced his approach to rescuing and preserving Black history.
- “About 6 Million US Adults Identify as Afro Latino” – Afro-Latino identity is a distinct one, with deep roots in colonial Latin America. As a result, it can often exist alongside a person’s Hispanic, racial or national origin identities. The life experiences of Afro-Latinos are shaped by race, skin tone and other factors, in ways that differ from other Hispanics. And though most Afro-Latinos identify as Hispanic or Latino, not all do so, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on a survey of U.S. adults conducted from November 2019 to June 2020.
- Something to listen to …
- Maverick City Musica – The vision and heart of Maverick City has always been to create a space where it has not yet been created. Music that transcends linguistic and cultural barriers is the byproduct of that search. His first album, “Como En El Cielo” is a collection of songs that portray the hearts of Maverick City Music in action. As a result of the overwhelming response to this first production in Spanish, Maverick City Música was born. Their upcoming album, “Venga Tu Rieno”, which will be released by Tribl Records, is a brilliant display of diversity and collaboration; a project that features a variety of artists, including Evan Craft, Christine D’Clario, Brandon Lake, among many others. With a growing community of listeners and followers on social media, Maverick City Música has become a vital part of the worship experience in the Spanish-speaking world.
- Joann Rosario – An American gospel/CCM singer, and a pastor. Rosario was born in Chicago to parents of Puerto Rican background. Her father is a pastor and she sang in his church as a child. She recorded several live Spanish language worship albums and is known for introducing the gospel vocal sound to the Spanish Christian market. She began her professional career in 1997 as a background singer for Marvin Sapp, then left in 1999 to be a member of Fred Hammond’s Radical for Christ. Hammond helped her launch a solo career in 2001 with her Spring 2002 debut album More, More, More. She released a follow-up effort in 2005 and a third in 2007. As a licensed Christian minister, Rosario travels internationally, preaching and singing in English and Spanish. She is a pastor in Austell, Georgia, Maranatha Life Church. Joann’s latest book is Father, Here I Am, a 40-day devotional for women.
- Chasing Justice Podcast Network – Our mission is to form a community of people that will journey together provoking a social imagination that centers the voices of those most impacted by injustice.
- Rigoberta Menchu Podcasts – Nobel Laureate Rigoberta Menchu shares the challenges she has faced in maintaining peace in Guatemala with the audience gathered by the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace and Justice at the University of San Diego. Series: “Peace exChange — Kroc School of Peace Studies, University of San Diego” You have to scroll down to find the podcast entitled “Rigoberta Menchu: Challenges to Lasting Peace in Guatemala”.
Clearly, this is not an exhaustive list of resources. We are always looking to learn more, so please feel free to share with us any resources you have found helpful in your search to learn more about Hispanic heritage. | <urn:uuid:bdba0d7c-33af-44db-aaea-7d283a88d038> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://inthecoracle.org/2023/10/celebrating-national-hispanic-heritage-month/ | 2024-03-01T00:25:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474893.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229234355-20240301024355-00051.warc.gz | en | 0.953032 | 1,782 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
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] |
Subsets and Splits