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Look at any contemporary map of Bermuda and you can see that the Spittal Pond Nature Reserve is a reassuringly large green blob. That’s because it’s legally protected green space jointly owned by the Bermuda Government and the Bermuda National Trust. But this was not always so. In Euphemia Bell’s Beautiful Bermuda map of 1929, for example, Spencer’s Point, Spittal Pond, Spanish Rock and North’s Point are all marked (as indeed they are on today’s map), but they exist as privately owned separate entities. There’s no indication that they could be part of a park. Indeed, not one park is marked on her map because none existed.
Yet appropriately, the whole of Bermuda’s land on Bell’s map is coloured green. Eminent conservationist Dr. David Wingate has the explanation for this. In Held in Trust, published by the Bermuda National Trust in 2008, he writes, “When I was growing up in the 1940s, the whole of Bermuda was like one big national park with the people living in it so it is hardly surprising there were no formally established parks or reserves before the 1950s.”
Of course, with increasing economic growth from the 1960s onward, the island no longer resembles a huge park. Much of what was once farmland has been consumed by hotel and housing expansion, so that active conservation has become more and more crucial and our parks particularly precious. Spittal Pond is arguably the most popular.
According to Held in Trust, Spittal Pond originally consisted of 10 strips (north to south) of privately owned land. So how did they escape development? One reason was that part of the land contained one of Bermuda’s few salt marshes, which made it unsuitable for development. But Spittal Pond’s transition into a fully recognised nature reserve starts back in 1946 when Dr. Henry Wilkinson, medical doctor and historian, bought the first segment. In fact, he was also a conservationist, being the founder of the Bermuda Historical Monuments Trust. So his generosity in 1973 is not so surprising; that was the year he conveyed his eastern 4.2 acres to the recently formed Bermuda National Trust. Now they are part of the Trust’s near 24-acre Spittal Pond Bird Sanctuary.
In 1956, the Bermuda Government bought the North’s Point headland for a national park and subsequently bought additional land as it became available. On the western end, it leased some of the land to a dairy farmer. The first deliberately created nature trail appeared in 1966 to provide a balance between allowing the public a view of the whole pond and restricting entrance to protected areas. It wasn’t until 1986, however, that Spittal Pond became legally protected under the National Parks Act like other parks and reserves on the island. Consisting of 64 acres jointly owned by Government and the Trust, Spittal Pond is now Bermuda’s largest nature reserve and wildlife sanctuary. One trail, rocky and steep in some places, hugs the ponds on one side and the coastline on the other, while a second twists through woodland on the northern perimeter.
What makes this stretch of land so loved by countless Bermuda residents? Of course, for families, it’s a scenic place to go for a reasonably lengthy ramble with children and dogs, and a favourite venue for fishing off the coastline as well. Everybody, including flora and fauna, relishes the diverse range of habitats at Spittal Pond: a dramatic coastline, constantly hammered by magnificent seas, seasonal mudflats, brackish and freshwater ponds, a dairy farm visited by cattle egrets, mangrove swamps and a spillover salt marsh flooded by the sea during storms, as well as extensive areas of woodland.
It’s this diversity of habitat that makes Spittal Pond the bird-watching jewel of the island. According to Wingate, “Twenty bird species regularly winter at Spittal Pond while a total of 200 species have been recorded as visitors there.” In 1999 the pond was designated a Ramsar site because it is “Bermuda’s most important wetland for wintering waterfowl.”
Andrew Dobson, president of the Bermuda Audubon Society and author of A Birdwatching Guide to Bermuda, explains that on the pond itself “mallards and common moorhens regularly breed and yellow-crowned night-herons and green herons have recently bred.” During the year, accidental tourists, such as avocets, black-necked stilts and northern pintails, may also drop by, while all sorts of waders, herons (including great blue, green and tricoloured) and ducks are regular visitors to the ponds. Egrets are commonly seen roosting on trees by the pond or on its shoreline, while sandpipers of different varieties like to come here as well. Every spring the longtails, or white-tailed tropic birds, return to their rocky burrows on the coast and can be seen swooping gracefully in and out of the cliffs. From spring to summer, shearwaters can be seen offshore on their northern migration. Woodland areas are home to great kiskadees, European gold finches, common ground and mourning doves, white-eyed vireos and northern cardinals. But again visitors abound and include many kinds of warblers, swallows, swifts, hawks and belted kingfishers.
Spittal Pond is also a major attraction for those who may not be particularly interested in birds but who appreciate its variety of trees, shrubs and wildflowers. Overall, the reserve wears green, but after a severe storm such as Hurricane Igor in September 2010, the salt wind can burn the trees to autumnal bronze. Bermuda’s own palmetto is plentiful here as are bay grapes, whose round hardy leaves are resistant to salt and turn red as they age.
On the eastern end, pittosporum trees dot the grassy slope, as do Bermuda olivewoods. Casuarinas, planted to replace the endemic cedars decimated in the 1946 cedar blight, are now also abundant, although hurricanes often uproot them. (Since Hurricane Fabian wreaked havoc in 2003, cedars and palmetto have replaced many invasive species.) Added to the mix are spice trees and the invasive fiddlewood and Brazilian or Mexican pepper on the woodland trail.
Shrubs include the ubiquitous lantana, spiky Spanish bayonet and fluorescent green flopper, which does indeed flop. As for wildflowers, Jamaican wireweed, a pest to farmers but aesthetically pleasing because of its tiny pale apricot flowers, is prevalent, as is rouge plant, a clever little shrub that manages to produce small white flowers and bright red berries all at the same time. Goldenrod, sea ox-eye and occasionally seaside evening primrose are additional species. Tangles of nasturtiums and morning glory offer a blaze of colour from spring through summer, while widgeon grass flourishes in the pond and marshland. Expanses of milkweed, particularly on the western end, support resident monarch butterflies.
The limestone formations are dramatic, especially against the blue backdrop of sky and sea and white-crested waves, and for geologists they act as a kind of code. Embedded within them are fossilised palmetto stumps and fronds, ghostly reminders of Bermuda’s original forests.
Chequerboard (sometimes spelled Checkerboard), on the western end, is of particular interest to geologists as well. It can be reached on the right (going west to east) just before the gate to the sanctuary. Hidden by limestone rocks whose slatelike layers resemble millefeuille pastry, it’s a flat rocky floor, scored into distinct squares and surrounded by dramatic limestone crags overlooking the South Shore. It would make a wonderful stage setting. But to be practical, Held in Trust tells us it “effectively provides a record of sea level recession from the time of the last interglacial high sea stand around 120,000 years ago.” Apparently, during the eighteenth century the platform was the location used to strip whales of their blubber after they had been hauled to shore. Even on calm days, waves come crashing in, so it’s difficult to imagine how whalers managed this feat.
Jeffrey’s Hole, a cave formation, might also interest geologists, while those intrigued by Bermudian history will learn that according to local lore, it is named after an escaped slave who once hid there for several weeks. Sadly, he was caught and what happened to him after that nobody knows.
Another historically significant rock nearby has undergone a name change as part of Bermuda’s 400th anniversary celebrations. Once called Spanish Rock and transferred to the National Trust by the Government in 1976, it carries the initials of a sailor and the date 1543. These initials were once thought to be TFC, attributed to the sailor Theodore Fernando Camelo. (In 1829, English visitor Susette Harriet Lloyd went in search of what she calls “these Spanish inscriptions.” But as she rather plaintively recounts in her Sketches of Bermuda, she was unable to find them. “We were directed to the vicinity of a small bay, on the south coast, defended by an old rusty cannon. Beating about prickly pear and sage bushes, climbing over piles of rocks, and opening paths where I suppose no European had been since the days of the Spaniards, we were obliged to give up the search.”)
However, more recent research suggests the initials stand for Rex Portugalis (King of Portugal) and were carved by a marooned Portuguese sailor watching out for a ship from the cliff top. Perhaps he intended to claim Bermuda for Portugal. And so the new name, Portuguese Rock. In any case, the initials are the earliest physical evidence of human presence on the island. Whatever the name, the rock offers just as good a vantage point as it did in 1543 for watching the shearwaters and the humpbacked whales on their spring northern migrations.
Why “Spittal” Pond?
Spittal Pond has had other names in the past: Brackish Pond, for obvious reasons, and Peniston’s Pond, named after the Peniston family who owned it and surrounding property. Stark’s Illustrated Bermuda Guide 1890 refers to it as Peniston’s Pond and says that in the centre of the southern shore “within a few paces of the water are wells used for the purpose of watering cattle.” By 1911, William Hayward calls it Spittal Pond in his Bermuda Past and Present. The name could be an abbreviation of “hospital,” since apparently it was used as a hospital for sick animals and as grazing grounds for cattle. | <urn:uuid:f22a838d-86fd-4608-8547-b7746c19a6af> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.thebermudian.com/home-a-garden/nature/spittal-pond/ | 2024-02-21T21:46:42Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.966681 | 2,268 | 3.15625 | 3 | [
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Portrait of Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey (date unknown)
Frances Oldham was born in Cobble Hill on Vancouver Island, the daughter of a retired British army officer. She received a Bachelor of Science (1934) and a Master of Science (1935) from McGill University. Following graduation, she continued working with her supervisor, pharmacology professor Dr. Stehle.
In 1936, Stehle encouraged her to apply for a research assistantship or PhD position with Dr. E.M.K. Geiling at the University of Chicago. Geiling, who was setting up a new pharmacology department, wrote back to “Mr. Oldham,” offering a research assistantship and scholarship in the PhD program. His mistake troubled her: years later, she remarked that
[t]here was just one thing that bothered me a little about that letter. It started out, "Dear Mr. Oldham," and here my conscience tweaked me a bit. I knew that men were the preferred commodity in those days. Should I write and explain that Frances with an "e" is female and with an "i" is male? Dr. Stehle said, "Don't be ridiculous. Accept the job, sign your name, put Miss in brackets afterwards, and go!" That is what I did, and, to this day, I do not know if my name had been Elizabeth or Mary Jane, whether I would have gotten that first big step up. My professor at Chicago to his dying day would never admit one way or the other.
Oldham began her studies at the University of Chicago in March 1936. While working with Geiling, she was involved in the study of Sulfanilamide, a drug that had been very successful in treating pneumonia and streptococcus and staphylococcus infections. In order to make the drug easier to take and more palatable for children, one manufacturer decided to make a liquid solution. As sulfanilamide is not soluble in water or alcohol, the company used diethylene glycol (antifreeze); the solution was put on the market without testing. Fatalities were soon reported and the FDA seized as much of the product as they could find.
As the FDA did not have the necessary scientific expertise or facilities at the time, they requested Geiling’s help in determining whether sulfanilamide or the solvent was to blame for the deaths. As Geiling’s student, Oldham was tasked with monitoring animal studies, which quickly showed that diethylene glycol was to blame. The case led to passage of the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
The same year, Oldham received her PhD in pharmacology from the University of Chicago.
Frances Oldham continued postgraduate work with the pharmacology department at the University of Chicago. During the Second World War, she was part of a research team tasked with finding and testing new antimalarial drugs. She also met Dr. Fremont Ellis Kelsey, a fellow faculty member, whom she married in 1943. However, the university had a policy that no department could employ two members of the same family. Frances Oldham Kelsey therefore decided to begin medical studies in 1946. She gave birth to two daughters while in medical school and received her MD in 1950.
Kelsey had little interest in practising medicine, and upon graduation became an editorial associate at the Journal of the American Medical Association. In 1952, her husband was offered a position as head of the pharmacology department at the University of South Dakota Medical School in Vermillion. Like the University of Chicago, South Dakota policy was that no two family members could teach in the same department. Kelsey therefore began a medical internship at a nearby hospital, followed by a three-year teaching fellowship paid for by a large drug firm. This external funding allowed her to be involved in teaching and research at the university from 1954 to 1957. After her fellowship ran out, she continued research on a voluntary basis, and on occasion filled in for medical doctors who were on vacation or at conference.
In 1960, Kelsey and her family moved to Washington, DC, to take up a position with the Food and Drug Administration; her husband secured a position with the National Institutes of Health.
A month after she started working for the FDA, Frances Oldham Kelsey was assigned to the Bureau of Medicine as a reviewing officer for new drug applications. One of her first reviews was an application by the Merrell Company to sell thalidomide in the United States. Thalidomide, an immunomodulatory drug, was developed in Germany in the 1950s. It was originally prescribed as a sedative, but was soon given to pregnant women to alleviate nausea. By 1960, it was widely used in Europe and across the world (including Canada).
However, Kelsey and two of her colleagues at the FDA (a chemist and a pharmacologist) had questions about thalidomide’s safety and felt that studies had been both insufficient and inconclusive. Kelsey was also concerned by a report in the British Medical Journal of side effects in patients who regularly took the drug. She also suspected that thalidomide could harm fetuses. Kelsey therefore withheld approval of thalidomide, effectively blocking the sale of the drug, which had already been given to some American patients during clinical trials.
Kelsey’s concerns were validated in November 1961, when reports emerged from Germany and the United Kingdom that mothers who had taken thalidomide during pregnancy were having babies with severe birth defects. The most striking was the limb malformation known as phocomelia, in which the hands or feet (or both) start from the main joint (that is, the shoulder or the hip). Babies were also born with cleft palate, abnormal or missing ears, kidney problems, heart problems, digestive system disorders, and defects of the spinal cord. By the end of December 1961, the drug had been withdrawn from the markets in both West Germany and the United Kingdom.
Dr. Helen Taussig, an American pediatric cardiologist, travelled to Germany to investigate these reports and concluded that thalidomide was indeed to blame for the outbreak of congenital deformities there. In 1962, she wrote an article titled “A Study of the German Outbreak of Phocomelia” in the Journal of the American Medical Association. This article, and her testimony before Congress, was instrumental in helping Kelsey to permanently ban the sale of thalidomide in the United States. (In 1998, the FDA approved thalidomide for the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum, a complication of leprosy.)
Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey, pictured with a set of scales.
Career in the FDA
Frances Oldham Kelsey’s involvement in the thalidomide case contributed to improved drug regulations in the United States. In 1962, the government enacted the Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, which required that 1) drugs had to be shown to be both safe and effective; 2) adverse reactions had to be reported to the FDA; and 3) informed consent had to be obtained from patients involved in clinical trials.
Kelsey continued her work with the FDA until 2005, when she was over 90 years old. Throughout her decades of service, she worked tirelessly to protect American patients. In 1967, the FDA created the Division of Scientific Investigations, which was responsible for inspecting clinical investigators, animal studies, and institutional review boards involved in drug trials. Kelsey was the division’s first director and remained in that post until 1995. That year, at 81 years of age, she became deputy for scientific and medical affairs in the Office of Compliance (part of the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research).
Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey, pictured here in the 1960s, spent most of her career at FDA overseeing scientific investigations of drugs.
On 7 August 1962, Frances Oldham Kelsey received the President’s Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service from President John F. Kennedy. During the presentation, she was commended for
her exceptional judgment in evaluating a new drug for safety for human use [that] prevented a major tragedy of birth deformities in the United States. Through high ability and steadfast confidence in her professional decision, she made an outstanding contribution to the protection of the health of the American people.
Kelsey received many other honours in the United States: in 2000, she was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame, and in 2001, she became a virtual mentor for the American Medical Association. In 2006, she was given the Foremother Award by the National Research Center for Women and Families. In 2010, 50 years after Kelsey received the thalidomide application, the FDA created an annual award in her honour. She is less well-known in Canada, although the town of Mill Bay, British Columbia, named a secondary school after her in the 1990s. On 6 August 2015, Kelsey was invested into the Order of Canada; she died the following day. Asteroid (6260) Kelsey was named in her honour.
Dr. Frances Kathleen Oldham Kelsey receiving the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service from President John F. Kennedy, in 1962.
Frances Oldham Kelsey’s professionalism, insight and strength of character likely saved thousands of American children from severe deformities and disabilities. It is estimated that over 10,000 children in 46 countries were born with deformities because of thalidomide (it is unknown how many babies died, were stillborn, or miscarried because of the drug).
Thalidomide in Canada
In Canada, over 100 children were born with severe defects caused by thalidomide. The drug became available as a sample in late 1959, and as a prescription medication in April 1961 after it was approved for sale by the Department of Health and Welfare. It continued to be sold on the Canadian market until March 1962, three months after it was pulled from the shelves in West Germany and the United Kingdom. According to the Thalidomide Victims Association of Canada (TVAC), it was still available in some pharmacies until the middle of May 1962.
In the 1990s, 109 Canadian thalidomide victims received lump-sum payments of between $52,000 and $82,000 from the federal government. However, these funds have proven insufficient to cover the medical needs of survivors. Therefore, in 2014, the TVAC requested additional government compensation: a $250,000 lump-sum payment followed by annual payments of between $75,000 and $150,000. In March 2015, the federal government announced a $125,000 lump-sum settlement each for eligible thalidomide survivors under the Thalidomide Survivors Contribution Program (TSCP). Two months later, in May 2015, survivors learned that they would receive an annual pension from the government of up to $100,000 a year, depending on their disability. Eligible thalidomide survivors could also access an Extraordinary Medical Assistance Fund (EMAF), which would help pay for medical expenses that are not covered by provincial and territorial health plans, such as specialized surgery, or adjustments to homes and vehicles.
However, thalidomide survivors argued that this funding was inadequate. In December 2017, a new organization, the Thalidomide Survivors’ Task Group, demanded that the federal government double the compensation that it provided under the TSCP. In January 2019, federal minister of health Ginette Petitpas Taylor announced that the government would launch a new program in the spring of 2019. The Canadian Thalidomide Survivors Support Program (CTSSP) will replace the existing program (TSCP) and provide a tax-free lump-sum payment of $250,000, as well as ongoing tax-free payments, to eligible survivors. The government also recognized that some survivors may have been excluded due to the TSCP’s eligibility criteria and indicated that the new CTSSP would “provide a fair and comprehensive approach to identifying thalidomide survivors that is based on international best practices.” Finally, more funds would be available through the EMAF, which was increased from $500,000 to $1,000,000 per year. | <urn:uuid:6006811d-c5cd-4881-a7da-c729342a848a> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/frances-kelsey | 2024-02-21T23:05:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.980275 | 2,547 | 2.5625 | 3 | [
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] |
Companion Planting for Pest Control
Companion planting has a long tradition in organic gardening practice. The principle behind companion planting is that certain plants either enhance each other’s growth or help control pests when planted close together. There are also plants that enrich the soil. In addition, companion planting increases bio-diversity in our gardens, by encouraging bees and butterflies.
There are many elements to companion planting. The starting point is usually the cultivation of plants that enhance or stimulate one another’s growth. The following plants have long been regarded as good companions.
Plants that enhance or stimulate growth:
- Chamomile (known as the plant doctor) Lovage, Marjoram, Parsley, Amaranth (morogo), Pennyroyal, oats and legumes (beans/peas) all enhance the growth of nearby plants.
- Basil is a good companion for tomatoes, cucumber, lettuce and spinach.
- Borage sweetens strawberries and tomatoes
- Celery benefits leeks, tomatoes and beans.
- Plant Dill close to lettuce, mealies, cucumber, carrot and tomatoes.
- Flax (Linseed) improves the flavour and size of carrots and potatoes.
- Morning glory (annual) stimulates melon seed, beans and grapes.
- Nasturtiums improve the flavour of most vegetables.
- Chervil complements radishes and carrots.
- Chives are best with carrots, parsley, apples, melon, beans, cucumbers, beetroot, lettuce and gooseberries.
- Caraway grows best with peas.
- Mint is an excellent companion to cabbage and peas.
Some bad companions:
- Don’t plant brassica’s near strawberries, beans or tomatoes
- Keep carrots apart from potatoes, fennel and cabbages.
- Fennel is harmful to tomatoes, caraway, beans, dill and coriander.
- Don’t mix strawberries and garlic or mint and parsley
Plants that condition or enrich the soil:
- Legumes i.e. peas, beans, Lucerne, Petunias, and Nettle add nitrogen to the soil
- Amaranth (Morogo), Salad Burnet, Comfrey and Golden Rod are good compost makers, also improve the soil.
- Mustard is useful to rebuild tired soil
- Grow celery and dandelions to encourage earthworms.
- Comfrey is rich in nitrates and phosphorus; add to compost or line trenches with leaves.
- Flax (Linseed) makes clay soil friable
- For green manure use oats and mustard.
Controlling pests and diseases organically:
Controlling pests in the veggie garden is very important if you want a good harvest. Going the organic route is quite complex because you shouldn’t assume that all natural remedies are safe. Some, like tobacco dust, can be toxic. Even when organic formulations claim to be safe to use, it is best to read the labels very carefully.
here are many plants that also assist in repelling insects. Some gardeners rely solely on companion planting for pest control. You need to see what works for you. But it is certainly not a problem to complement your companion planting with organic pesticides or insect repellent sprays.
Companion planting for pest control:
Plants with strongly aromatic leaves generally repel insects and can be interplanted with veggies or flowers. These include Elder, Feverfew, Lavender, Mugwort, Nasturtium, Pyrethrum, Rue, Santolina, Winter Savory, and Garlic.
Other plants release chemicals from their roots that suppress or repel pests and protect neighbouring plants. For example, Marigolds release thiopene, a nematode repellent.
And then there are plants that provide a beneficial habitat for predators like ladybirds, praying mantis and spiders that help keep pest populations in check.
Insect repelling plants for specific pests:
- Ants – bay, tansy
- Aphids – catmint, marigolds,
- Beetles – rose scented geranium
- Cabbage fly – celery, rose scented geranium,
- Eelworm/nematodes – marigolds
- Fruit fly – khakibos, tansy and marigolds
- Flies – basil, catmint, lemon verbena
- Fleas – catmint, fennel, Khakibos
- Mosquitoes – lemon verbena.
- Snails and cutworms – mustard, oak leaves
Herbs are nature’s most beneficial plants. Not only do they work their magic on food and the body, but they are hard-working garden plants as well. They are an organic gardener’s greatest ally in repelling insects, attracting pollinators, conditioning the soil, aiding composting and enhancing the flavour of some vegetables.
Best insect-repelling herbs:
The strongly aromatic foliage of these herbs deters pests or masks the odour of other plants that are sought after by pests.
Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) is a very effective insect repellent. It is a perennial, growing 1.2 m high and 1 m wide, with fern-like foliage and clusters of yellow button flowers. It needs good drainage and room to spread.
Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium) is known for repelling ants and can be planted around wormeries to keep them ant-free. It grows in full sun or shade and the leaves release a strong peppermint fragrance when crushed.
Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) is a medium-high (60 cm) annual with strong-smelling and bitter-tasting foliage that repels any insect that comes into contact with it. The white daisy-like flowers attract butterflies and bees. It is a very attractive garden flower.
Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) keep aphids away from roses, grapes, tomatoes, carrots and fruit trees.
Herbs for making natural insecticides:
Fresh or dried leaves or flowers from these herbs can be used in natural insecticides. Steep the herb material in hot water, strain when it has cooled, add a tiny amount of liquid soap for spreading, and spray onto plants affected by pests.
Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) is a compact, sun-loving perennial (30 cm high and wide) with white daisy flowers in summer. Even the dried flowers can be used as an insect repellent.
The passion fruit daisy (Tagetes spp.) is a medium-sized perennial shrub (1.5 m by 1 m) with golden-yellow flowers, and foliage with a strong passion fruit fragrance that repels white fly on tomatoes, Mexican bean bug on beans and nematodes in the soil.
Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) and southernwood (Artemisia abrotanum) have pungent grey-green leaves that deter insects. A spray made from the leaves is reputed to repel thrips, snails, slugs, spider mites, and mealybug. Both species produce yellow flowers in summer.
Best herbs for diverting pests:
These are herbs that attract pests to them and away from the veggies. Often referred to as ‘trap crops’, they make it easy to eradicate pests.
Nasturtiums (Tropaeolum majus) and garlic chives (Allium tuberosum) attract black aphids in droves. Pull out the infested nasturtiums and throw them away. Cut garlic chive leaves to ground level and dispose of them. The plants will quickly resprout. Snails love marigolds (Tagetes erecta) and are easily picked off the foliage.
Best herbs for beneficial bugs and bees:
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in all its forms, both annual and perennial, produces spikes of flowers that attract bees. They particularly like perennial pink basil, which becomes a lovely garden shrub of 60 cm high and 50 cm wide in summer.
Bergamot (Monarda didyma) is a tall annual (80 cm high and wide) that bears beautiful pink-red flowers in summer that attract bees. Grow it in rich soil and water it well.
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is also known as bee balm because the bees love its small white flowers. It has bright-green serrated leaves and dies down in winter.
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) that is allowed to flower will attract butterflies and bees, while its strong-tasting leaves are loathed by aphids. This annual grows best in autumn and spring.
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is a low-growing perennial with feathery leaves and heads of pink flowers. The flowers attract parasitic wasps and hover flies, which are beneficial predators.
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), with its large heads of yellow flowers in summer, acts as a trap crop for beetles and aphids but also attracts ladybirds.
Best compost herbs:
Borage’s (Borago officinalis) hairy leaves are rich in minerals, making it a good green manure for adding to compost or making into a liquid ‘green tea’ fertiliser. It is an annual that dies down in winter but re-seeds easily.
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) leaves are a natural compost activator and can also be infused as a liquid fertiliser. It is a clump-forming perennial that dies down in winter.
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) has to also be included because its leaves help to break down compost and can also be infused to make a liquid fertiliser.
The information in this article is supplied by Healthy Living Herbs. | <urn:uuid:40618718-7cfb-4ecd-8da5-e0d2fed091a6> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.thegardener.co.za/grow-to-eat/diy-food/companion-planting-pest-control/ | 2024-02-21T21:26:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.913985 | 2,101 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
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(By Caixin journalists Yang Min, Wen Simin, Ying Chuyan and Bonnie Cao)
A silver-bodied high-speed train decorated with a flash of red rolled slowly out of the Tegalluar station in Bandung, Indonesia’s West Java province, last month, and everyone applauded.
The spectators included Chinese President Xi Jinping and Indonesian President Joko Widodo. They witnessed the operational trial of the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed train on 16 November on the sidelines of a bilateral meeting following the G20 Summit in Bali.
The Jakarta-Bandung railway is a landmark project under China’s Belt and Road Initiative as the country expands its presence in Southeast Asia. It also represents a key step in the Indonesian government’s infrastructure push. The line connects Indonesia’s capital Jakarta and Bandung, the nation’s fourth-largest city.
The 142.3 kilometre (88.2 mile) railway is set to begin commercial operation in June 2023. It will make Indonesia the first country in Southeast Asia with a high-speed railway and will cut travel time between Jakarta and Bandung to around 40 minutes from more than three hours.
The line is the first overseas rail project to fully use Chinese railway systems, technology and industrial components. From the railway design and engineering construction to operating management, the Jakarta-Bandung railway deploys Chinese technology. The key equipment was manufactured by Chinese enterprises.
Indonesia, a nation of a thousand islands, has yet to build a fully integrated national transportation network, especially railroads and waterways, creating a bottleneck for economic development and for attracting foreign investment.
Jakarta and Bandung are on Indonesia’s most-populated island of Java, home to 150 million people, or nearly 60% of the country’s population. More than 30 million people live in greater Jakarta.
In 2008, the Indonesian government set out to build a 700 kilometre high-speed rail line between Jakarta and the country’s second-largest city, Surabaya, also on Java. The Jakarta-to-Bandung section is the first phase.
The stability of China’s government was an important reason that Indonesia eventually selected the Chinese proposal because high-speed railways take years to complete...
Bandung is a popular tourist destination and a center of Indonesia’s textile industry. Completion of the high-speed railway will directly improve communication and logistics between Bandung and the financial centre of Jakarta and drive the construction of light rail and other supporting transportation facilities, alleviating urban traffic congestion.
Since he took office in 2014, Widodo has pursued ambitious infrastructure plans. His government planned to build 2,659 kilometres of roads, 1,000 kilometres of highways, 3,258 kilometres of railroads, and 24 large ports, requiring US$424.5 billion in capital. The government introduced public-private partnership regulations to provide a more flexible legal framework for attracting private investment in infrastructure.
Such a grand scheme with enormous market potential attracted interest from Japan and China. Japan submitted a bid for the Jakarta-Bandung railway, China’s Vice Foreign Minister Xie Feng told the press when he was still China’s ambassador to Indonesia.
In its final bid, China promised to produce and hire locally while maximising the use of local raw materials and machinery. It also agreed on technology transfers to support the long-term development of Indonesia’s railroads.
The stability of China’s government was an important reason that Indonesia eventually selected the Chinese proposal because high-speed railways take years to complete, a person familiar with the bidding process told Caixin at the time.
Disputes involving land acquisition were the main holdup, reflecting complex government and private land ownership in the densely populated island.
A project with challenges
PT Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC), the consortium building the railway, was established as a joint venture of four Indonesian state-owned companies and China Railway International, a subsidiary of China Railway Group.
Construction was scheduled to begin at the end of 2015, and the project was originally expected to be complete by 2018 and start operation in 2019, Xie said upon signing the investment agreement in 2015. KCIC will hold the operation rights for 50 years. However, the project was delayed because of higher land acquisition costs, budget overruns and the Covid-19 pandemic.
Disputes involving land acquisition were the main holdup, reflecting complex government and private land ownership in the densely populated island. Multiple rounds of negotiation among the government, local companies and residents slowed the project.
Construction is also difficult on Java amid volcanoes and earthquakes. The high-speed rail line, equipped with an earthquake monitoring and an early warning system, adopts intelligent sensing technology, a person involved in the construction told Caixin in Indonesia.
“We have learned the rules of the game, technical standards and culture of the local Indonesian market through this project,” the person said. “The practical experience we gathered will be helpful for our future projects.”
Construction came to a halt in March 2020 amid the pandemic. With about US$2 billion of overruns, the total cost is estimated to reach US$7.36 billion. - PT Kereta Cepat Indonesia China
China Railway opened a factory in Indonesia, hired 2,000 to 3,000 local workers, and taught them building skills step-by-step, from tying steel bars to erecting beams. It will also train the local operating and management company after the railway goes into service. “The build-up of the ecosystem will be beneficial for Indonesia’s sustainable development,” the person said.
Construction came to a halt in March 2020 amid the pandemic. With about US$2 billion of overruns, the total cost is estimated to reach US$7.36 billion, according to KCIC.
“Simply providing masks and other pandemic-related supplies increased the expenses of Chinese suppliers a lot,” said a person close to the project.
In June 2022, all 13 tunnels of the rail line were completed. In September, an initial set of Chinese-made train cars reached Jakarta. A test of a trial section was conducted on 9 November.
Southeast Asia has become a battleground for major powers trying to build influence through infrastructure investments.
With the Belt and Road Initiative, China has become one of the most important infrastructure investment forces in Southeast Asia. China’s investments have expanded from traditional projects into digital, telecommunications and smart city infrastructure.
Several major China-led projects have been completed in recent years, including a China-Laos railway, Myanmar’s Kyaukpyu port and a China-Myanmar gas pipeline. A China-Thailand high-speed rail line and a China-Myanmar railway are also underway.
China’s Belt and Road Initiative is gradually altering that balance, making it inevitable that the US would seek to bolster its influence in the region. - Liang Haiming, chairman and chief economist, China Silk Road iValley Research Institute
To counter China’s growing influence in the region, the Group of Seven advanced countries proposed a Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment in June 2022. The plan aims to raise US$600 billion over five years for infrastructure projects in developing countries. The US will raise US$200 billion, mainly from federal funds and private investment. The EU will raise 300 billion euros (US$317 billion) over the next seven years for sustainable global infrastructure and health facilities, according to European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen.
Southeast Asia has long balanced economic dependence on China and security dependence on the US, said Liang Haiming, chairman and chief economist of the China Silk Road iValley Research Institute. China’s Belt and Road Initiative is gradually altering that balance, making it inevitable that the US would seek to bolster its influence in the region, Liang said.
The US invested a large amount in building infrastructure overseas during the Cold War, and its investments today aim to compete with China, said Chong Ja Ian, an associate professor at the National University of Singapore.
This article was first published by Caixin Global as "In Depth: How China Helped Build Indonesia’s High-Speed Rail". Caixin Global is one of the most respected sources for macroeconomic, financial and business news and information about China.
Related: Winning Indonesia over: US and China seek Indonesia's support in Southeast Asia | Is Indonesia's foreign policy tilting towards Beijing? | Jokowi's plan for Indonesia's new capital: Who benefits? | Will China invest in Indonesia's new capital 'Nusantara'? | <urn:uuid:c65fbe41-81d9-4183-9995-ef357f65959e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.thinkchina.sg/how-china-helped-build-indonesias-high-speed-rail | 2024-02-21T22:40:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473558.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221202132-20240221232132-00685.warc.gz | en | 0.942618 | 1,797 | 2.515625 | 3 | [
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Money Issues - Personal Finances
By the end of this Unit you will be able to:
- Describe and discuss the difference between essential and luxury items
- Understand why we need to budget
- Draw up your own personal budget
- Essentials and luxuries
- Drawing up your own budget
Topic 1: Essentials and Luxuries
In terms of the Constitution of our country which was adopted after the first democratically elected government in 1994, all people in South Africa are entitled to the basics of life. These are defined as the right to education, health, food security and housing. We would probably all agree that these are essential for life in a modern society.Constitution: the document that lays down the rules
and laws about how our country should be run, and describes
all people’s basic rights
Essential: absolutely necessary
Luxury: something we do not absolutely need but may wish to have
There is great variety of wealth in South Africa. There are some extremely rich people who can afford many luxuries. On the other hand we have the poorest of the poor – street people who live on hand-outs and sleep on pavements at night. In other words, these people do not even have enough for the most basic essentials.
More than 4 million South Africans live in poverty in South Africa according to government figures in 2008. In terms of money per person per month, this is below R431 in terms of 2006 figures.
The South African government is concerned about poverty and the ANC has committed itself to waging war on poverty. Nonetheless many people live on very small amounts of money and really struggle to survive.
In your pairs, look at the list of items below. On a piece of paper draw two columns. Label one “Essentials” and the other “Luxuries”. Now place each item in one of the columns.
When you have completed this, compare your list to those of the other pairs in the class.
Were all the lists identical? If there were differences discuss these.
Do you think we all have the same opinion about what makes something a luxury or an essential?
If there are differences why do you think these arise?
Luxury or essential?
Clean water | Flushing toilet | Running hot water |
Fresh meat | School uniform | Sweets |
Vegetables | Fruit | Clothes |
New shoes | Jewellery | Razors |
Shampoo | Soap | Toilet paper |
School fees | Car | Educational books |
Newspapers | Radio | TV |
You can probably see from this Activity that our ideas about what is a luxury item differ. This is often because we are used to a certain life style in which we take things for granted that some people would see as luxuries. A reasonably wealthy person may well see having a car as an essential whereas someone who earns very little will have to spend most of his or her money on basic items such as food and basic clothing and may only be able to afford public transport if there is money left over.
Sipho gets R100 a month pocket money that he can spend as he wishes. One day he really wants the latest 50 Cents hit CD. It costs R149. He decides to steal it because he cannot afford it. He is caught by the police and is sentenced to six months in jail.
Ms Nzenge has a family of four young children. She works as a domestic worker and earns R2 000 per month. One day her baby, Fikile is very ill and needs medicine. She cannot afford to buy it. She sees her employer’s purse on the table and takes R200 from it to buy the medicine. She is caught and handed over to the police and sentenced to six months in jail.
- Do you think both people should be punished equally?
- Why or why not?
- Which person wanted a luxury item?
By now you should be able to see that money is a complicated issue. Poverty can lead to desperation and many social ills. Many studies link poverty to crime and other social problems like gangsterism and alcohol and drug abuse.
Not all people can find work and unemployment in South Africa is a great social problem. Very poor people sometimes cannot even afford education and this means that they leave school with few qualifications which makes them even less likely to be able to find a job – this leads to a cycle of poverty which can be difficult to break.
Unemployment in South Africa is at least 20%. This means that more than 20% of people of an age to work (18 to 60) are unemployed.
Topic 2: Drawing up your own budget
As we have already seen, money is limited and most people have to work according to a budget – a set amount of money. This means making decisions about money, a topic which we have also looked at. Now we are going to look at drawing up a personal budget.
Read what a Financial Expert has to say about why
we should all have a budget:
- A budget helps you reach your goals (and keeps you from getting side-tracked).
- A budget lets you control your money instead of your money controlling you.
- A budget will tell you if you’re living within your means.
- A budget can help you meet your savings goals.
- Following a realistic budget frees up spare cash.
- A budget helps your entire family focus on common goals.
- A budget helps you prepare for emergencies.
- A budget can improve your personal relationships.
- A budget reveals areas where you’re spending too much money.
- A budget can keep you out of debt or help you get out of debt.
- A budget actually creates extra money.
- A budget helps you sleep better at night.
Adapted from :- http://www.getrichslowly.org/blog/2006/05/19/how-budgeting-can-improve-your-life/
All of us have a certain amount of money that we need to make decisions about. For the poorest of the poor this may not even be a regular income, such as from a grant, but they still have to decide on what to spend what little money they do get.
Some religions insist that people give to charities. Do you think we all have a responsibility to give something to people who are worse off than ourselves? Should this be part of all of our budgets? Would it be a part of your budget? Why or why not?
Making decisions about how to spend your money can be very difficult especially if this is limited and many people have to be taken into account. The Activity below will help you with decision making around money.
Activity 2: Decisions, decisions........
Individual and Small Group
Imagine you have an amount of R150 a month to spend as you wish. Your basic needs such as children’s school clothing, food, shelter and travel are taken care of, so this is money to spend as you wish.
1) Draw up a list of what you would spend your money on.
Create an illustrated poster that shows what you would spend your money on.
2) Now imagine that your income is reduced and you only have R75 a month to spend as you wish. Look at the list and poster you have made. What would you cut down on? In order to do this you would need to make certain decisions. Look back at the section on making decisions and see how this can help you to re-budget.
3) When you have completed your revised list compare your budget with those of another two group members. Are there any similar items? Can you explain why your lists may be similar or different? Spend some time discussing this in small groups.
As you can see we all have different ideas about what to spend our money on. Money that is freely available to be spent on whatever you like is known as disposable income. The amount of disposable income each person has will vary enormously. Some parents, who have a great deal of disposable income, may still give their children a limited amount of money to spend. This is because they think that learning to budget carefully from an early age is a good lesson to learn.
Imagine that you work three days a week and earn R150 per day. Your employer calls you in and tells you that she is going to have to reduce your time to two days a week.
In Pairs role play the conversation that might take place between you and the employer.
As the employer you will have to listen carefully and ask questions; as the person working or the employee, you will have to give good reasons as to why you need to keep working three days a week.
Sometimes we place value on things because they are rare or have importance for us because of who gave them to us. Such items that are not necessarily very expensive but that we value are known as having sentimental value.
Sentimental: appealing to our feelings
Imagine that many years ago your grandmother gave your mother her gold wedding ring. When you turned 18 your mother gave it to you and you have worn it every day since then. It has great sentimental value to you. Recently you saved enough money to buy a cellphone. You are extremely proud of the fact that you now own this and worked hard for it. One day while walking home from work you are mugged by a group of youths who demand something of value. What would you give them: - your ring or your cellphone?
How would you make this decision?
Self Assessment Checklist:
- I can now describe and discuss the difference between essential and luxury items
- I can now understand why we need to budget
- I can now draw up my own personal budget
- What did you enjoy most about this Unit?
- What did you enjoy the least about this Unit? | <urn:uuid:7daff3c2-6501-4353-8a56-71f8f2b815b0> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | http://nrgp-gambling-handbook.co.za/my_own_budget.htm | 2024-02-23T04:01:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.974323 | 2,033 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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318,
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225,
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18,
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319,
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18,
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360,
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622,
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18,
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10015,
539,
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288,
2705,
3575,
316,
430,
2144,
731,
7113,
540,
1486,
336,
512,
687,
731,
9,
289,
689,
289,
363,
1722,
292,
716,
421,
3202,
292,
4306,
13,
356,
10612,
1453,
286,
18,
203,
56,
389,
300,
497,
30,
10682,
281,
644,
424,
1044,
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203,
5190,
445,
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2226,
2279,
16,
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316,
3064,
291,
710,
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292,
716,
2310,
292,
261,
5344,
796,
261,
1075,
1944,
289,
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18,
540,
1486,
1355,
3073,
608,
2232,
16,
261,
3800,
518,
445,
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525,
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430,
18,
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2118,
292,
1500,
430,
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644,
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18,
203,
8594,
354,
768,
261,
9033,
5003,
88,
528,
292,
1856,
608,
1768,
203,
2878,
788,
516,
437,
261,
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30,
203,
17,
330,
5344,
1780,
337,
1943,
424,
3002,
421,
481,
7483,
337,
427,
2657,
2031,
17,
322,
583,
286,
802,
203,
17,
330,
5344,
417,
340,
337,
1357,
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2232,
3087,
289,
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2232,
7987,
337,
18,
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17,
330,
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717,
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372,
267,
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330,
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17,
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261,
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440,
470,
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18,
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17,
330,
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330,
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17,
330,
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3559,
18,
203,
17,
330,
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1511,
853,
337,
372,
267,
6148,
1232,
1111,
2232,
18,
203,
17,
330,
5344,
375,
1288,
337,
628,
289,
6306,
361,
617,
337,
886,
628,
289,
6306,
18,
203,
17,
330,
5344,
2545,
4944,
3485,
2232,
18,
203,
17,
330,
5344,
1780,
337,
1954,
1326,
430,
3018,
18,
203,
37,
72,
429,
691,
427,
4880,
17,
6873,
2908,
4442,
18,
369,
322,
477,
87,
693,
325,
18,
3206,
19,
640,
446,
19,
4598,
26,
19,
11968,
19,
1689,
19,
7831,
17,
70,
1327,
1586,
281,
17,
5270,
17,
344,
3012,
317,
17,
93,
455,
17,
3316,
19,
203,
37,
660,
289,
407,
437,
261,
1575,
1944,
289,
2232,
336,
445,
648,
292,
804,
3073,
608,
18,
906,
268,
279,
616,
6666,
289,
268,
2890,
456,
602,
462,
919,
327,
261,
1998,
3871,
16,
659,
352,
427,
261,
8198,
16,
566,
502,
1356,
437,
292,
5841,
341,
768,
292,
4417,
768,
1936,
2232,
502,
565,
886,
18,
203,
55,
436,
2646,
806,
685,
588,
336,
689,
1888,
292,
1160,
647,
18,
2094,
337,
1779,
445,
516,
437,
261,
4593,
292,
1888,
1890,
292,
689,
650,
356,
5950,
1070,
687,
5865,
35,
7637,
456,
327,
923,
289,
516,
289,
662,
4262,
5087,
35,
388,
487,
362,
327,
261,
923,
289,
424,
5344,
35,
2995,
361,
1768,
462,
35,
203,
49,
1634,
3073,
608,
667,
292,
4417,
424,
2232,
375,
327,
1040,
2203,
1803,
717,
456,
316,
3064,
291,
772,
689,
437,
292,
327,
2459,
636,
3060,
18,
365,
2058,
2862,
2321,
513,
617,
337,
360,
2802,
1355,
1149,
2232,
18,
203,
37,
71,
2862,
497,
30,
2968,
2392,
16,
3073,
10520,
10520,
203,
11402,
927,
800,
291,
7997,
6493,
203,
45,
81,
484,
475,
337,
437,
363,
1944,
289,
434,
21,
2520,
261,
1765,
292,
4417,
352,
337,
5648,
18,
2073,
2900,
1470,
659,
352,
1024,
372,
87,
1166,
6099,
16,
934,
16,
9459,
291,
2868,
356,
2459,
1066,
289,
16,
576,
456,
316,
2232,
292,
4417,
352,
337,
5648,
18,
203,
21,
13,
10682,
644,
261,
2455,
289,
768,
337,
830,
4417,
424,
2232,
341,
18,
203,
39,
267,
381,
363,
4346,
488,
754,
345,
336,
2746,
768,
337,
830,
4417,
424,
2232,
341,
18,
203,
22,
13,
3014,
7806,
336,
424,
3871,
316,
3544,
291,
337,
794,
437,
434,
7579,
261,
1765,
292,
4417,
352,
337,
5648,
18,
7035,
430,
268,
2455,
291,
754,
345,
337,
437,
1146,
18,
1021,
830,
337,
2333,
1190,
341,
35,
450,
1544,
292,
565,
456,
337,
830,
648,
292,
804,
1575,
3073,
18,
7035,
1103,
430,
268,
3396,
341,
1355,
3073,
291,
901,
667,
456,
375,
617,
337,
292,
304,
17,
70,
1327,
1586,
18,
203,
23,
13,
1097,
337,
437,
5199,
424,
1658,
1754,
2455,
7104,
424,
5344,
360,
1014,
289,
1515,
881,
1730,
2420,
18,
2987,
686,
723,
1979,
3689,
35,
1680,
337,
4345,
1768,
424,
9655,
602,
327,
1979,
361,
865,
35,
1384,
593,
579,
669,
10122,
456,
288,
1139,
2303,
18,
203,
5190,
337,
375,
901,
445,
516,
437,
865,
2854,
608,
768,
292,
4417,
662,
2232,
341,
18,
383,
1839,
336,
316,
10201,
1608,
292,
327,
5382,
341,
7358,
337,
730,
316,
1261,
352,
460,
2027,
541,
3871,
18,
365,
1944,
289,
460,
2027,
541,
3871,
1011,
959,
528,
513,
3360,
8458,
3343,
18,
1399,
2463,
16,
650,
437,
261,
1312,
3625,
289,
460,
2027,
541,
3871,
16,
602,
1356,
1888,
444,
1024,
261,
3064,
1944,
289,
2232,
292,
4417,
18,
540,
316,
971,
502,
1779,
336,
1217,
292,
5344,
5104,
427,
363,
1568,
1722,
316,
261,
1060,
5511,
292,
1213,
18,
203,
45,
81,
484,
475,
336,
337,
716,
1391,
1962,
261,
2569,
291,
8042,
434,
21,
2520,
574,
1196,
18,
2073,
11787,
6022,
337,
288,
291,
6797,
337,
336,
1353,
316,
2118,
292,
437,
292,
1590,
424,
669,
292,
881,
1962,
261,
2569,
18,
203,
2983,
382,
4276,
1476,
1152,
268,
6450,
336,
1276,
1071,
1349,
858,
337,
291,
268,
11787,
18,
203,
5190,
268,
11787,
337,
513,
437,
292,
3757,
5104,
291,
2379,
2212,
31,
352,
268,
959,
1795,
361,
268,
7341,
16,
337,
513,
437,
292,
1888,
1060,
3218,
352,
292,
1768,
337,
648,
292,
1288,
1795,
1391,
1962,
261,
2569,
18,
203,
55,
436,
2184,
445,
1349,
2003,
341,
1612,
971,
502,
356,
3679,
361,
437,
2557,
331,
407,
971,
289,
650,
4934,
622,
292,
407,
18,
5448,
3689,
336,
356,
462,
6608,
1040,
5016,
566,
336,
445,
2003,
356,
1261,
352,
2054,
10873,
9968,
2003,
18,
203,
55,
560,
9968,
30,
11453,
292,
662,
4197,
203,
45,
81,
484,
475,
336,
772,
935,
3656,
424,
6206,
81,
1099,
4934,
424,
3974,
954,
3906,
276,
11686,
7559,
18,
1097,
337,
5322,
1398,
424,
3974,
4934,
362,
292,
337,
291,
337,
437,
9603,
362,
953,
1196,
1812,
1023,
18,
553,
528,
1312,
10873,
9968,
2003,
292,
337,
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Rules of Syntax
Rules of Syntax :
1. The subject of a verb is in the nominative case.
2. A substantive standing in the predicate, but describing or defining the subject, agrees with the subject in case and is called a predicate nominative.
3. A substantive used for the purpose of addressing a person directly, and not connected with any verb, is called a vocative.
A vocative is in the nominative case, and is often called a nominative by direct address or a vocative nominative.
4. A substantive used as an exclamation is called an exclamatory nominative or a nominative of exclamation.
5. A substantive, with a participle, may express the cause, time, or circumstances of an action.
This is called the absolute construction.
The substantive is in the nominative case and is called a nominative absolute.
6. The possessive case denotes ownership or possession.
7. The object of a verb or preposition is in the objective case.
8. A substantive that completes the meaning of a transitive verb is called its direct object, and is said to be in the objective case.
9. A verb of asking sometimes takes two direct objects, one denoting the person and the other the thing.
10. Verbs of choosing, calling, naming, making, and thinking may take two objects referring to the same person or thing.
The first of these is the direct object, and the second, which completes the sense of the predicate, is called a predicate objective.
11. Some verbs of giving, telling, refusing, and the like, may take two objects, a direct object and an indirect object.
The indirect object denotes the person or thing toward whom or toward which is directed the action expressed by the rest of the predicate.
12. A verb that is regularly intransitive sometimes takes as object a noun whose meaning closely resembles its own.
A noun in this construction is called the cognate object of the verb and is in the objective case.
13. A noun, or a group of words consisting of a noun and its modifiers, may be used adverbially. Such a noun is called an adverbial objective.
14. An appositive is in the same case as the substantive which it limits.
15. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, number, and person.
16. Relative pronouns connect dependent clauses with main clauses by referring directly to a substantive in the main clause.
This substantive is the antecedent of the relative.
A relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gender, number, and person.
The case of a relative pronoun has nothing to do with its antecedent, but depends on the construction of its own clause.
17. A relative pronoun in the objective case is often omitted.
18. The relative pronoun what is equivalent to that which, and has a double construction
(1) the construction of the omitted or implied antecedent that
(2) the construction of the relative which.
19. The compound relative pronouns may include or imply their own antecedents and hence may have a double construction.
The compound relatives are sometimes used without an antecedent expressed or implied.
20. An adjective is said to belong to the substantive which it describes or limits.
21. Adjectives may be classified, according to their position in the sentence, as attributive, appositive and predicate adjectives.
1. An attributive adjective is closely attached to its noun and regularly precedes it.
2. An appositive adjective is added to its noun to explain it, like a noun in apposition.
3. A predicate adjective completes the meaning of the predicate verb, but describes or limits the subject.
22. The comparative degree, not the superlative, is used in comparing two persons or things.
The superlative is used in comparing one person or thing with two or more.
23. Relative adverbs introduce subordinate clauses and are similar in their use to relative pronouns.
24. A verb must agree with its subject in number and person.
25. A compound subject with and usually takes a verb in the plural number.
26. A compound subject with or or nor takes a verb in the singular number if the substantives are singular.
27. Nouns that are plural in form but singular in sense commonly take a verb in the singular number.
28. Collective nouns take sometimes a singular and sometimes a plural verb.
When the persons or things denoted are thought of as individuals, the plural should be used. When the collection is regarded as a unit, the singular should be used.
29. A verb is in the active voice when it represents the subject as the doer of an act.
30. A verb is in the passive voice when it represents the subject as the receiver or the product of an action.
The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive, and the subject of the active verb becomes in the passive an adverbial phrase modifying the predicate verb.
31. When a verb takes both a direct and an indirect object, one of the two is often retained after the passive, the other becoming the subject.
32. The indicative is the mood of simple assertion or interrogation, but it is used in other constructions also.
33. The imperative is the mood of command or request.
34. The subject of an imperative is seldom expressed unless it is emphatic.
The subject, when expressed, may precede the imperative: as,—You go, You read.
35. The subjunctive mood is used in certain special constructions of wish, condition, and the like.
36. An infinitive, with or without a complement or modifiers, may be used as the subject of a sentence, as a predicate nominative or as an appositive.
37. An infinitive may be used as the object of the prepositions but, except, about.
38. The infinitive may be used as a nominative of exclamation.
39. An infinitive may modify a verb by completing its meaning, or by expressing the purpose of the action.
40. An infinitive may be used as an adjective modifier of a noun or as an adverbial modifier of an adjective.
In this use the infinitive is said to depend on the word which it modifies.
41. A kind of clause, consisting of a substantive in the objective case followed by an infinitive, may be used as the object of certain verbs.
Such clauses are called infinitive clauses, and the substantive is said to be the subject of the infinitive.
The subject of an infinitive is in the objective case.
Infinitive clauses are used
(1) after verbs of wishing, commanding, advising and the like
(2) after some verbs of believing, declaring, and perceiving.
An infinitive clause may be the object of the preposition for.
An infinitive clause with for may be used as a subject, as a predicate nominative, or as the object of a preposition.
42. The participle is a verb-form which has no subject, but which partakes of the nature of an adjective and expresses action or state in such a way as to describe or limit a substantive.
43. A participle is said to belong to the substantive which it describes or limits.
44. A participle should not be used without some substantive to which it may belong.
45. An infinitive or a participle, like any other verb-form, may take an object if its meaning allows.
46. Infinitives and participles, like other verb-forms, may be modified by adverbs, adverbial phrases, or adverbial clauses.
47. Verbal (or participial) nouns in -ing have the form of present participles, but the construction of nouns.
48. Verbal nouns in -ing have certain properties of the verb.
1. Verbal nouns in -ing may take a direct or an indirect object if their meaning allows.
2. A verbal noun in -ing may take an adverbial modifier.
But verbal nouns in -ing, like other nouns, may be modified by adjectives.
49. A noun in -ing may be used as an adjective, or as the adjective element in a compound noun.
50. The substantive which follows a preposition is called its object and is in the objective case.
51. A coordinate conjunction connects words or groups of words that are independent of each other.
52. A subordinate conjunction connects a subordinate clause with the clause on which it depends.
53. Interjections usually have no grammatical connection with the phrases or sentences in which they stand.
Sometimes, however, a substantive is connected with an interjection by means of a preposition.
Rules of Syntax :
Rules of Syntax To HOME PAGE
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Welcome to my blog, 19th Century! In this article, we will delve into the captivating world of Raja Deen Dayal, an artist photographer who left an indelible mark on 19th century India. Discover the exquisite artistry and vibrancy captured through Dayal’s lens, as we explore his contributions to the art of photography.
The Artistic Brilliance of Raja Deen Dayal: A Pioneer Photographer in 19th Century India
In the context of the 19th century, the artistic brilliance of Raja Deen Dayal shines through as he emerges as a pioneer photographer in India. Dayal’s work beautifully captures the essence of the era with his meticulous attention to detail and exquisite compositions. His photographs not only showcase the cultural diversity and architectural grandeur of 19th century India but also provide a glimpse into the lives of its people.
Dayal’s mastery of the medium is evident in his use of light and shadow, which adds depth and dimension to his images. His photographs often reflect the natural beauty and unique characteristics of the landscapes, monuments, and cities he documented. Whether it was capturing the majestic beauty of the Taj Mahal or portraying the daily life of commoners, Dayal’s dedication to his craft is clearly reflected in his work.
Moreover, Dayal’s technical expertise is remarkable for the time period. He skillfully employed various printing techniques, including albumen and carbon printing, to enhance the quality and longevity of his photographs. This not only ensured the preservation of his work but also allowed his images to retain their vibrancy and richness even after decades.
In addition to his technical and artistic prowess, Dayal’s entrepreneurial spirit played a significant role in his success. Recognizing the potential of photography as a lucrative business venture, he established studios in several cities across India, making his work accessible to a wider audience. His clientele ranged from the British colonial officials to Indian royalty, all of whom appreciated the beauty and authenticity of his photographs.
Raja Deen Dayal’s contribution to the art of photography in 19th century India cannot be overstated. His innovative approach, technical skills, and business acumen established him as a trailblazer in the field. Today, his photographs serve as valuable historical documents that allow us to explore and appreciate the beauty and diversity of 19th century India.
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Who was the most significant photographer in India during the 19th century?
The most significant photographer in India during the 19th century was Felice Beato. Beato was an Italian-British photographer who documented various historical events and landscapes in India during that time. His photographs provided a valuable visual record of important Indian landmarks, such as the Taj Mahal and the Ellora Caves. Beato’s work also captured the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, providing a unique perspective on the conflict. His photographs not only showcased the diverse beauty of India but also played a role in shaping Western perceptions of the country during that era.
What was Lala Deen Dayal’s contribution in the field of photography?
Lala Deen Dayal was an Indian photographer during the late 19th century. He is widely recognized for his significant contributions to the field of photography in India.
Dayal, a native of Uttar Pradesh, started his career as a surveyor before venturing into the realm of photography. He was among the first Indian photographers to master the art of large-format photography and use it to capture landscapes, architectural structures, and portraits.
His work primarily focused on capturing the essence of Indian culture and heritage. Dayal’s photographs often showcased the grandeur of palaces, historic monuments, and religious sites across India. His ability to capture the intricate details and architectural beauty of these structures made him highly regarded in his field.
One of his notable achievements was being appointed as the official photographer to the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, in 1902. This recognition further elevated his reputation and brought him international acclaim.
Dayal’s photographs were not only admired for their technical proficiency but also for their artistic composition. He had a keen eye for capturing unique perspectives and moments that showcased the rich diversity of Indian society during that period.
In addition to his artistic pursuits, Dayal played a crucial role in documenting historical events. He photographed major events such as the Delhi Durbar of 1903, which marked the coronation of King Edward VII as Emperor of India. These photographs serve as valuable visual records, providing insights into the history and culture of that era.
Lala Deen Dayal’s contribution to the field of photography was not only limited to his remarkable body of work but also in his efforts to establish photography as a respected profession in India. He opened several studios across the country and mentored numerous aspiring photographers, leaving a lasting impact on the development of photography in India.
Overall, Lala Deen Dayal’s achievements as a pioneering photographer in 19th-century India make him a revered figure in the history of photography, with his work continuing to inspire and influence generations of photographers in India and beyond.
Who was the author of Indian photography in the 19th century?
The author of Indian photography in the 19th century is John Falconer. He is a renowned scholar and curator specializing in the history of photography in South Asia. Falconer has written extensively on the subject, with his expertise ranging from early Indian photography to contemporary practices. His publications include “India: A Photographic Journey 1850-1950” and “India Modern: The Photography of Ragu Rai.” Falconer’s work sheds light on the significant role of photography in capturing the cultural, social, and historical aspects of India during the 19th century.
Who was India’s first photographer?
The first photographer in India during the 19th century was John Murray. He established his photographic studio in Kolkata (then known as Calcutta) in 1840. Murray became renowned for his portraits and landscapes, capturing the essence of colonial India. His work showcased a blend of British and Indian cultural elements, making him a pioneer in documenting India’s diverse society through photography.
Frequently Asked Questions
Who was Raja Deen Dayal and what were his major contributions as an artist and photographer in 19th century India?
Raja Deen Dayal was a renowned artist and photographer in 19th century India. He was born in Sardhana, Uttar Pradesh, in 1844. Dayal is best known for his contribution to the field of photography during the colonial period.
Dayal’s major contributions as an artist and photographer include his mastery of the wet collodion process, which was the dominant photographic technique of the time. He established his own studio in Indore in 1875, which became popular among the British colonial officials and Indian aristocracy.
His work primarily focused on documenting the architectural heritage of India, capturing the beauty of historic buildings, palaces, and temples. Dayal was particularly skilled at capturing elaborate architectural details and intricate carvings through his lens. His photographs were widely acclaimed for their technical excellence and aesthetic appeal.
In addition to his architectural photography, Dayal also documented the landscapes, people, and cultural practices of India. His images provided a valuable visual record of the country during that era. Notably, he was commissioned by the British government to photograph the Delhi Durbar of 1903, a grand event held to commemorate the coronation of King Edward VII as Emperor of India.
Dayal’s work played a significant role in promoting Indian art and culture, both within the country and abroad. His photographs were exhibited internationally, and he received numerous awards and accolades throughout his career. Today, his photographs are considered valuable historical artifacts, providing a glimpse into the rich cultural heritage of 19th century India.
What subjects did Raja Deen Dayal focus on in his photographs and how did they reflect the socio-cultural landscape of 19th century India?
Raja Deen Dayal was a prominent Indian photographer who rose to fame in the late 19th century. His photographs depicted a wide range of subjects that reflected the socio-cultural landscape of India during that time.
One of the primary subjects of Dayal’s photography was architecture. He captured stunning images of historical monuments, palaces, and temples, showcasing their intricate designs and architectural marvels. These photographs not only highlighted the grandeur of Indian architecture but also provided a glimpse into the rich cultural heritage of the country.
Dayal also focused on capturing portraits of royalty, nobility, and prominent figures of the time. These portraits showcased the opulence and grandeur of the ruling class in India during the 19th century. Additionally, he documented the lifestyles and traditions of various communities, including musicians, dancers, artisans, and religious leaders. These portraits provided insights into the diverse cultural practices prevalent in different regions of India.
Furthermore, Dayal’s photographs documented landscapes, street scenes, and daily life activities. By capturing these mundane aspects, he offered a window into the socio-economic realities of ordinary people during that era. From busy marketplaces to rural landscapes, his photographs shed light on the diversity of lifestyles and occupations in 19th century India.
The photographs of Raja Deen Dayal reflect not only the visual aesthetics of the time but also provide valuable historical documentation. They showcase the socio-cultural fabric of 19th century India, capturing elements of tradition, religion, royalty, and everyday life. His work contributes to our understanding of the evolution of Indian society during this pivotal period in history.
How did Raja Deen Dayal’s work as an artist and photographer impact the development of visual arts in 19th century India, particularly in regards to the representation of Indian culture and history?
Raja Deen Dayal was an influential artist and photographer in 19th century India. His work had a significant impact on the development of visual arts in India, particularly in regards to the representation of Indian culture and history.
Dayal’s artistic skills and technical proficiency as a photographer allowed him to capture the essence of Indian culture and history through his photographs. He traveled extensively throughout India, documenting various aspects of Indian life, architecture, landscapes, and historical sites. His photographs not only served as visual records but also showcased the richness and diversity of Indian culture.
Furthermore, Dayal’s photographs played a crucial role in challenging prevailing European stereotypes and misconceptions about India. Through his lens, he presented a more accurate and nuanced portrayal of Indian society, breaking away from the Orientalist gaze that was prevalent at the time. His images highlighted the complexity and depth of Indian culture, showcasing its vibrant traditions, customs, and people.
Dayal’s work also contributed to the preservation and documentation of Indian history. His photographs captured ancient monuments, temples, and palaces, serving as invaluable historical records. His images provide important visual documentation of historical events and architectural heritage, allowing future generations to connect with and understand India’s rich past.
In addition to his contributions as a photographer, Dayal was also an accomplished artist. He excelled in creating hand-painted photographs, adding intricate details and vibrant colors to his black and white prints. This blending of photography and painting techniques created a unique visual style that further enhanced the representation of Indian culture and history in his works.
Overall, Raja Deen Dayal’s work as an artist and photographer played a pivotal role in shaping the visual arts landscape in 19th century India. His meticulous documentation of Indian culture and historical sites challenged stereotypes, preserved India’s rich heritage, and showcased the country’s diverse traditions. His legacy as a pioneering Indian photographer continues to inspire artists and photographers to this day.
In conclusion, Raja Deen Dayal truly exemplified the spirit of artistic exploration and photography during the 19th century in India. As a pioneer in the field, his work showcased the rich cultural heritage and diverse landscapes of the country. Through his keen eye for detail and artistic composition, Raja Deen Dayal left an indelible mark on the art world of his time. His photographs not only captured moments in history but also served as a visual documentation of the socio-cultural fabric of 19th century India. His legacy continues to inspire and influence both photographers and historians today. Raja Deen Dayal’s dedication to his craft and his pioneering spirit make him a revered figure in Indian art history, solidifying his rightful place as one of the most significant photographers of the 19th century. | <urn:uuid:8da7d593-7184-41bc-a673-560a9557c5fc> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://19thcentury.us/raja-deen-dayal-artist-photographer-in-19th-century-india/ | 2024-02-23T03:01:39Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.9725 | 2,612 | 2.71875 | 3 | [
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] |
An electric vehicle battery (EVB) which is also called a traction battery, is a type of battery that can be recharged and used to power the electric motor (as a means of propulsion) of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) or hybrid electric vehicle. (HEV).
EV batteries are usually rechargeable(secondary) batteries and are typically lithium-ion (Li-ion) bases; they are specifically designed for high electric charge or energy capacity.
Since the late 1990s, there has been the development of lithium-ion battery technology, this is due to the demand for portable electronics, laptops, computer mobile phones, and power tools.
Electric vehicle (EV) batteries are different from SLI (starting, lighting, and ignition) batteries as they are designed to give power over sustained periods of time and are deep-recycle batteries.
Checkout: The Top Solid-State Battery Companies
As EV batteries continue to grow as a power source for transportation, its sector is experiencing rapid growth, making the manufacturers develop more innovative designs and material solutions that offer extended autonomy and flexibility for EV batteries.
Batteries for electric vehicles are characterized by their relatively high power-to-weight ratio, specific energy, and energy density: smaller, lighter batteries are desirable because they reduce the weight of the vehicle and therefore improve its performance.
Also Checkout: Top 12 Lidar Companies for the Self-driving Revolution
The most common battery type in modern electric vehicles is lithium-ion and lithium-polymer, because of their high energy density compared to their weight.
Here are the heavy names and the top 12 companies manufacturing EV batteries:
#1 CONTEMPORARY AMPEREX TECHNOLOGY CO. LIMITED (CATL)
This is a Chinese-based technology company (a spinoff of ATL) and the top EV battery manufacturer in the world was founded in 2011. It has Robin Zeng, a 52-year-old man as its chairman. The company is headquartered in Ningde, Fujian China with other offices in Germany, the United States, Yibin, Sichuan, Xining, Liyang, and Shanghai which is still under construction.
CATL specializes in the manufacturing of lithium-ion phosphate(LFP) batteries for electric vehicles and supplies to Tesla, Peugeot, Hyundai, Honda, BMW, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo, Nio, Daimler’s Mercedes-Benz, Stellantis, Dongfeng Motor Corp, and SAIC Motor Corp.
It was the world’s biggest electric car batteries maker, for the sixth year running, in 2022. CATL occupied a 32.6% share of the world’s auto lithium-ion battery market in 2021 and 3,400% growth from 2016-to 2020.
Recently, CATL acquired shares from Jinchuan Group International Resources and Vancouver, a Canada-based millennia lithium company to secure supplies of key battery materials. On the 18th of January 2022, CATL had the first online launch of its new swap brand battery solution EVOGO and an app.
#2 LG ENERGY SOLUTION (LGES)
LGES is a South Korean-based energy major, headquartered in Seoul, South Korea and currently has battery production sites in the United States, China, Poland, Indonesia and South Korea.
South Korea’s second-largest listed firm recently. LGES was second in terms of installed capacity worldwide. With the IPO proceeds, LG Energy plans to increase its production capacity in the global markets.
Spun out of LG Chem in December 2020, LG Energy has more than 30,000 employees and develops lithium-ion batteries for EVs, mobility, drones, ships, IT applications, and energy storage systems. After the listing, its parent company LG Chem will hold an 81.8% stake in LG Energy.
In order to take on its global competitors, the firm formed additional strategic partnerships with carmakers in the U.S., Europe, and China. LG Energy has approximately 22% of the global EV battery market, with customers including Tesla, General Motors, Jaguar, Hyundai Motor Co, Audi, Porsche, Groupe Renault, Stellantis, Volvo, and Volkswagen.
In June last year, the Seoul-based firm suspended its IPO process on the heels of a series of recalls from General Motors’ Chevrolet Bolt electric vehicles due to possible battery cell defects that could increase fire risk but in July, the company declared its plan is to invest $5.2 billion in battery materials by 2025.
LG Energy announced earlier this week its plan to build a $2.6 billion EV battery plant in the U.S with General Motors. South Korean battery giant LG Energy Solution Ltd (LGES) made known its plans to invest $1.5 billion to set up a joint venture with Stellantis NV in Canada; LGES owns 51% of the joint venture, tentatively named “LGES-STLA JV” and Stellantis owns 49%.
In October 2021, LGES and Stellantis NV struck an electric vehicle (EV) battery production joint venture, targeting to start production by the first quarter of 2024 and aiming to have an annual production capacity of 40-gigawatt hours of batteries.
And in a separate regulatory filing, LGES said it plans to acquire a stake worth $542 million in ES America to respond to demand from EV startups in the United States.
LGES is considering building a factory in Arizona to meet the demand for batteries in the United States, but the plant is expected to primarily produce cylindrical battery cells.
LGES has a factory in Lansing Michigan worth $2.5 billion and other two battery joint ventures with General Motors Co in Ohio and Tennessee manufacturing 70GWh of batteries which could power over 1 million Es by 2024.
LG Energy Solution (LGES) plans to spend $2.1 billion with General Motors to build two U.S. electric vehicle (EV) battery plants. LGES and GM are expected to fund the project equally via Ultium Cells, their U.S.-based battery joint venture, for what will be their third joint battery plant in the United States
Panasonic is a major Japanese multinational conglomerate company, headquartered in Kadoma, Osaka. The multinational is a worldwide leader in the development of diverse electronics technologies and solutions for consumers in consumer electronics including rechargeable batteries, automotive and avionic systems, industrial systems as well as home renovation and construction.
It supplies battery cells for hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and full-electric vehicles, and is a leading player in the market.
Panasonic’s advanced Lithium-ion battery technology is designed to provide improved energy density, lower costs, easier charge, and improved driving range, all intended to reduce the vehicle’s environmental impact.
In 2020, Panasonic and Toyota have formed the second EV battery joint venture named Prime Planet Energy & Solutions (PPES) which would focus on the development and manufacturing of Li-ion batteries and a solid-state battery.
The Japanese powerhouse has in pipeline plans to produce a new lithium-ion battery for Tesla from as early as 2023. It likewise looks to invest about 80 billion yen ($705 million) in production facilities in Japan.
Panasonic supplies EV batteries to Tesla, and Toyota but is the sole maker of the more advanced Tesla battery, ensuring it remains a key supplier to the U.S. company. Panasonic ranked third with an installed capacity of 36.1 GWh and a 14% market share.
In October 2021, Panasonic also disclosed the 4680 formats (46 millimeters wide and 80 millimeters tall) battery. It plans to produce 10 gigawatt-hours of the 4680 batteries at its Wakayama plant, a year, equivalent to around 150,000 vehicles.
#4 SAMSUNG SDI:
Samsung SDI is a battery and electronic materials manufacturer; it is a full-service supplier of lithium-ion cells, battery modules, and battery packs for all-electric vehicles as well as all types of hybrid vehicles.
With its know-how and experience in the battery business for mobile devices, Samsung SDI is leading the charge to open a new era of eco-friendly electric vehicles by developing batteries with high efficiency and high energy density.
Samsung SDI exhibited its high energy density battery cell with the 20-minute fast charging capability that extends EV driving range to six hundred kilometers, as well as an expandable battery module with 10% fewer parts and weight, at Detroit Motor Show 2017.
Batteries are the enabler for electromobility. The vision of Samsung SDI is to support the growth of electrified vehicles by using unique and outstanding technologies.
At their main site at Premstaetten near Graz, battery packs for all kinds of electromobility are developed and produced. The portfolio includes lithium-ion battery packs for 48V micro-hybrid vehicles, lithium-ion battery packs for plug-in-hybrid (PHEV) vehicles, as well as lithium-ion battery packs for battery-electric vehicles (BEV).
There’s quite a battle between Chinese and South Korean firms for the hegemony in the sector with BYD rising in the list, second in China. This is a Chinese–based company that was founded in 1995.
It is focused on lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery production and introduced a new blade technology which makes the application reasonable in mid-to long-range term electric vehicles. Apparently, BYD was the fourth largest EV battery producer in 2021. It had a capacity of 26.3 GWh or 8.8 percent market share in 2021.
In 2020, BYD officially launched the Revolutionary Blade battery, using LFP technology. LFP batteries have a lower energy density than most other lithium-ion cells but are cheaper, have a longer shelf-life, are less prone to overheating, and don’t use cobalt or nickel.
BYD supplies to Ford, Nio, and Xiaomi Auto but still negotiating a deal with Tesla, and Volkswagen.
#6 SK ON
SK ON is an offshoot of SK Innovation, which focus on developing LFP batteries for electric vehicles. It is headquartered in Seoul South Korea and has Jee Dong-Seob as the co-CEO.
The company supplies EV batteries to Daimler, Ford, Hyundai, Volkswagen, and Kai.
SK On makes prismatic battery packs for electric vehicles but unlike its competitors such as LG Energy Solution (cylindrical/pouch), Samsung SDI (cylindrical/prismatic), and Panasonic (cylindrical/prismatic), SK On only produced pouch battery packs.
This is a strategic response to the recent global auto industry trend of adopting prismatic battery packs like Volkswagen Group is doing. The company has completed a survey on prismatic pre-and post-process equipment estimates and line design for domestic battery process equipment manufacturers.
SK On plans to eventuate its commercialization, such as mass production, after establishing a prismatic pilot production in 2022.
#7 CHINA AVIATION LITHIUM BATTERY (CALB):
China Aviation Lithium Battery (CALB) is a state-owned company that produces high-quality lithium iron phosphate battery cells for all kinds of lithium cells applications.
It is a leading company in designing and manufacturing batteries and power systems with advanced technology for various applications, enabling utility and industry customers to improve performance while lowering environmental impact around the world.
CALB is ranked among the top in the field of EV models, energy storage, and lithium battery exporter of China, and it entered the USA, EU, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and other markets worldwide.
The company supplies EV batteries to GAC Motors and Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co. It offers products that have passed many authoritative quality system certifications, such as IATF16949, and obtains international certifications including CE, UL, TUV, RoHS, and so on.
#8 AUTOMATIC ENERGY SUPPLY CORP (AESC):
This is a manufacturer of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles established in 2007 as a joint venture between Nissan Motor Corporation, NEC Corporation, and Tokin Corporation; to develop and produce high-performance lithium-ion batteries for cars.
Automotive Energy Supply Corporation researches, develops, produces, and sells battery products for automotive use. The firm has Groupe Renault and Nissan as its customer.
In 2010 the Nissan Leaf electric vehicle began production, using batteries from AESC. AESC was ranked the second-largest electric vehicle battery manufacturer worldwide (after Panasonic ) in 2014, with 21% of the market, but in 2016, Nissan decided to sell its 51% stake in AESC, preferring external suppliers.
In Aug 2018, Nissan announced the sale of its electric car battery unit to the Chinese renewable group, Envision Group, while retaining a 25% stake.
The sale included AESC as well as battery manufacturing plants in the USA (Tennessee) and England (Sunderland). NEC’s 49% stake was also sold to Envision.
In April 2019 the company announced plans to open a new 20GWh capacity battery plant in Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, roughly to triple its production capacity of 7.5GWh/pa. A new EV 9 GWh Gigafactory will be built in Sunderland by Envision AESC.
In June 2021, Renault and Envision AESC certified the plan to set up a €2 billion ($2.4 billion) gigafactory in Douai Northern France, close to Renault ElectriCity which would supply Renault Group with 9 GWh of EV batteries by 2024 and 24 GWh of batteries by 2030.
The 9GWh-capacity Gigafactory, with state-of-the-art battery technology, will form part of a £1bn partnership with Nissan UK and Sunderland City Council to create an electric vehicle hub supporting next generation EV production and accelerating the transition to net-zero carbon mobility.
The company’s existing Sunderland plant has been supplying batteries to Nissan for the LEAF electric vehicle for the last nine years. The new scaled-up Gigafactory will produce batteries to power more than 100,000 EVs annually. AESC announced in 2019 the use of its battery packs for golf cars made by Yamaha Motors.
#9 GUOXUAN HIGH-TECH CO. LTD:
Guoxuan High-tech Co., Ltd. a China-based company and a subsidiary of Gotion High Tech Co. Ltd., operates in the research and development, manufacture, and sale of power lithium batteries. It produces transmission and distribution equipment.
It also specializes in power lithium-ion batteries, monolithic lithium-ion batteries and cells, and powerful lithium battery cathode material. Its products are used in new energy vehicles, storage power stations, communication base stations, scenery complementary, and mobile power.
#10 PRIME EARTH EV ENERGY:
Primearth EV Energy Co., Ltd. ( PEVE) is a Japanese-based manufacturer founded on 11th December 1996 as a joint venture between Toyota and Panasonic.
It is headquartered in Okasaki Kosai, Japan and it manufactures prismatic nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery packs for hybrid electric vehicles.
PEVE was focused on the production of products NiMH until early 2011 when the company has started mass production of Li-ion batteries. PEVE has supplied battery packs for HEVs and PHEVs mainly of Toyota, including the Toyota Prius, but also of Honda.
#11 RUIPU ENERGY:
Founded in 2017, Ruipu Energy is backed by Tsingshan Industry. Ruipu Energy is mainly engaged in the R&D, production, and sales of the cell-to-system applications of power or energy storage lithium-ion batteries for NEV power and smart electricity storage systems. The firm supplies EV batteries to Dongfeng and Yudo Auto.
Ruipu Energy will provide power lithium-ion batteries for Geely’s multi-brand models with a scale of more than 10GWh. As one of the top companies in the EV battery field, Ruipu Energy strives to become a strategic partner of global new energy vehicle companies, providing first-class products and services.
GEM and Ruipu Energy formed a strategic partnership to jointly establish an entire battery industry chain in order to realize the safe recycling, storage, and green disposal of lithium-ion batteries.
According to GGII data, with the support of SAIC-GM-Wuling, Weimar, Yundu, and other passenger car companies, Ruipu Energy’s installed capacity exceeded 100 MWh in July and September, and it entered the industry’s top 12 installed capacity.
Ruipu Energy’s layout in the field of energy storage has also begun to show results. At this stage, the company’s energy storage products have been upgraded from 50Ah to 100Ah, which is in line with the needs of the 5G era and the high-end overseas energy storage market.
Ruipu Energy’s 100Ah product has passed the IEC certification and has become another explosive product created by the company. In terms of production planning, the second-phase power and energy storage lithium-ion battery and system project of Ruipu Energy’s Wenzhou manufacturing base started in October.
Now is the best time to be an EV battery manufacturer because, in just five months of 2021, the total auto battery capacity deployed on the world’s roads was greater than all of 2018.
With many new start-ups sprouting up in countries across the globe, and the EV segment taking on the mobility market with a storm, the batteries will further rise in demand, and the market shares are set to go higher. | <urn:uuid:45dafa6b-8508-4cdb-9c7d-2cfdc3b0f2ad> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://ai4beginners.com/12-top-electric-vehicle-ev-battery-manufacturers/ | 2024-02-23T03:24:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.946155 | 3,712 | 2.984375 | 3 | [
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Common Astronomy Terms and Definitions
1.)Absorption Spectrums – Also called a “dark-line” Spectrum, this occurs when certain energies of light (colors) are absorbed by atoms.
2.)Achromatic Lens – A color corrected lens formed by cementing together two different glass lenses
3.)Aperture – The effective diameter of the objective telescope lens
4.)Aphelion – The farthest point in the orbit of a planet about the sun
5.)Azimuth Telescope Mount – This telescope mount moves the telescope in elevation and azimuth
6.)Celestial Equator – The projection of the Earth’s equator on the celestial sphere
7.)Celestial Sphere – All the fixed stars in the sky
8.)Charge-Coupled Device or CCD – A modern light detector capable of detecting faint light sources and when connected to a computer, this system can capture images and store them in the computer memory
9.)Chromatic Aberration – This occurs in a simple lens where different colors of light are focused at different places
10.)Constructive Interference – This occurs when the crest of one wave meets the crest of a second wave in time and space so that a larger wave is generated from the sum of the two original waves
11.)Continuous Spectra – When the light from a heated source passes through a prism or diffraction grating, the light is spread out into a beautiful band of all colors from red through blue
12.)Convex Lens – A simple glass lens that is thick in the center and thin at the edges
13.)Counter Weights – Sliding adjustable weights attached to the main body of the telescope to aid in the balance of the telescope as it is driven across the sky following a celestial object
14.)Cryogenics – The science of low temperatures
15.)Days in the Week – The days of the week were named after the five planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn plus the Sun and the Moon
16.)Declination – A measure in degrees north and south of the celestial equator on the celestial sphere
17.)Deferent – The name for the perfect circular path, centered on the Earth, on which the Sun, Moon and other planets orbited the Earth in the Geocentric solar system
18.)Destructive Interference – Where the crest of one wave meets the trough of a second wave
19.)Diffraction – The bending of waves around corners or obstacles
20.)Dispersion – The breaking-up of white light into the spectrum of colors
21.)Doppler Effect – The change of wavelength due to the relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer of the wave
22.)Ecliptic – The apparent path of the Sun on the Celestial Sphere
23.)Electromagnetic Spectrum – Know the six major regions of this spectrum. In the order of increasing energy, they are named: Radio, Infared, Visible Lighe, Ultraviolet, X-rays and Gamma Rays
24.)Emission Spectrum – Also called the bright line spectrum, it looks like a series of bright colored lines
25.)Epicycle – Small perfect circles centered on the deferent where planets would move in the geocentric model of the solar system
26.)Equatorial Telescope Mount – A useful mount for a telescope having two reference circles, the declination circle and the right-ascension circle
27.)Extended Objects – Objects that have a discernible area or disk when viewed through a telescope and may benefit from magnification
28.)Finder Telescope – It is usually the shortest accessory telescope, having a wide field of view, low magnificaiotn, and cross hairs
29.)Galileo Galilei – Born in 1564, at Pisa, he was one of the first to make detailed observations of the Moon, new stars, the moons of Jupiter, Saturn, the phases of Venus, sunspots and comets
30.)Geocentric Model – the earth centered model of the solar system
31.)Gravity Wave Telescope – A large aluminum cylinder that vibrates or “rings” when a gravity wave excites it
32.)Guide Telescope – Often a “middle-sized” accessory telescope, usually pointed “off-axis” at a nearby star. The nearby star is used as a reference for position checks during timed exposure photography taken through the main telescope. One looks through the guide telescope to check the reference position of the star and if corrections are needed, then slow-motion corrections to the right ascension and declination dricers are applied to the drive mode.
33.)Heliacal Rising – Occurs on the first day each year when the star can be seen just before dawn.
34.)Heliacal Setting – Occurs on the last day of the year when the star can be seen at dusk.
35.)Heliocentric Model – The Sun-centered model of the solar system. Copernicus wrote of this model in his work, DE REVOLUTIONIBUS ORBIUM COELESTIUM.
36.)Isaac Newton – Born on Jan. 4, 1643, at Woolstrhorpe in Lincolnshire we admire him for sharing insight into the Physics of motion and the law of gravity. His interests included astronomy, pure mathematics, optics, chemistry, heat, chronology, and theology.
37.)John Kepler – Born in 1571, at Weil in Wurtemberg, he studied Tycho’s data in a attempt to understand the truemotions of the planets. He developed three laws of motion that we admire today; 1) Planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus, 2) An imaginary line connecting the planets to the sun will “sweep out” equal times, or in another way to express it, a planet moves faster in its orbit when closest to the sun and slower when farther away, #0 the square of the orbital of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the average distance from the sun: The third law points out that the planets are larger orbits move more slowly around the sun, a fact implying that the sun-planet force decreases with distance.
39.)Light – Gathering Ability – The amount of light energy a telescope can collect. The larger the aperture of the telescope the more light is collected and the brighter the image. Since the area of a circle is proportional to the square of the lens or mirror diameter, doubling the telescope diameter allows the telescope to gather four times the light energy.
40.)Light Velocity – The velocity of an electromagnetic wave in a vacuum is 300,000,000 meters per second or 186,000 miles per second.
41.)Local Meridian – A line drawn on the celestial sphere, starting at the north celestial pole, passing through the observers zenith point, and continuing down to the southern horizon. When the sun is located on your local meridian, it is noon.
42.)Lunar Cycle – The length of time taken by the Moon to go through its phases. For example; full phase to the next phase. This takes 29 ½ days.
43.)Magnification – The number of times larger an object appears to be when viewed through a telescope as compared to the unaided eye. We can calculate this number by dividing the focal length of the large objective lens (or mirror) by the focal of the eyepiece. The more we magnify an object, the smaller the field of views becomes and the dimmer the field of view becomes.
44.)Mayan Astronomy – Examples of astronomical connections are; angled stonework, color-coded walls, building alignments, stone glyphs, window alignments, number and accurate calendar, etc.
45.)Medicine Wheel – Located in the Bighorn Mountains in Wyoming and used by the Blackfoot, it is a seasonal calendar and sun watching station. A large stone cairn marks the central hub of a wheel formed by the alignment of stones as spoke and rim. The alignment of the solstices and prominent helical risings and settings of stars is accomplished by additional stone cairs located around the rim of the wheel.
46.)Month – The year is divided into the 12 lunar months because of the 12 lunar cycles that occur in approximately one year.
47.)Newton’s Law of Gravity – The gravitational force of attraction between two masses is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their center of masses. The key ideas here are that the gravitational force is attractive, increases with mass and decreases with distance squared.
48.)Newton’s Laws of Motion – 1) An object at rest, or object moving in a straight line at constant speed, will continue to do so unless acted upon by a external force. 2) The net force acting on an object is equal to the object’s mass times its acceleration. 3) For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction between two objects.
49.)Nicholas Copernicus – Born on Feb. 19, 1473 in Prussia, he wrote Commentariolus and De Revolutionibus, expressing his ideas on the Sun- centered of Heliocentric solar system. He thought the motions of the planets in the sky could be explained better by moving the Earth and leaving the Sun stationary.
50.)North Celestial Pole – The intersection of the Earth’s spin axis with the celestial sphere in the northern celestial hemisphere.
51.)Parabola (Paraboloid) – This term describes the curved shape of a telescopic mirror (optical or radio) that focuses all of the light incident on it to one focal point, thus avoiding spherical aberration.
52.)Perihelion – The closest point, between the sun and the planet, in the planets elliptical orbit revolving around the sun.
53.)Photoelectric Effect – Where light of a critical energy (color of wavelength) can force free electrons out of a metal. Increasing the intensity of the light increases the number of free electrons but not their individual energy.
54.)Photons – A wave-packet model of light that can address the wave- particle duality of light.
55.)Point Sources – Astronomical objects that show no disk at high telescope magnification. Examples are most stars, quasars and other objects below the resolution limit of the telescope.
56.)Polaris – The north star today. It is the star closest to the north celestial pole at the current position on the precession circle.
57.)Polarization – This is where the electric waves (for electromagnetic waves) are aligned in one direction after passing through a suitable material.
58.)Precession – The “wobble” of the Earth’s spin axis of rotation in a 26,000 year cycle.
59.)Prograde Motion – The “forward” or eastward motion of the planets against the stars of the celestial sphere as observed from Earth.
60.)Ptolemy – He lived around 150AD when he wrote the Almagest, which in turn was largely based on the work of Hipparchus. He describes the Geocentric (earth centered) solar system in this work.
61.)Radial Velocity – The relative velocity along the line of sight between the source of the light and the observer. This is the velocity referred to in the Doppler effect.
62.)Radio Telescope – The main parts of this telescope are; a) reflecting dish antenna, b) low noise receiver, c) amplifier, d) noise standard, and e) recorder. This telescope is used to study the microwave emissions from low energy processes in space. Examples are: molecular masers, star birth, and hydrogen mapping.
63.)Radio Inrerferometer – When two or more radio telescopes are connected together electronically, improving the resolution of the radio source.
64.)Reflection – Light “”bounces” off a mirror at the same angle that it entered it, independent of the color of the light.
65.)Refracting Telescope – Basically, a telescope that uses a glass lens as the primary objective element.
66.)Refraction – The bending, in the direction of propagation of the light wave, as it passes from one transparent optical material into another transparent material. The speed of light slows when it is traveling in glass.
67.)Resolution – The ability to discern fine detail in an image. The larger the diameter of the lens or mirror, the better the resolution will be
68.)Retrograde Motion – The “backwards” or westward motion of the planets with respect to the celestial sphere as seen from the Earth.
69.)Revolution – The orbital motion of a planet around the sun. For the Earth, this takes 365.26 days.
70.)Right Ascension – This is a measurement of time along the celestial equator and is one of the coordinate lines used to find a position on the celestial sphere. Once around the equator would take 24 hours. The reference beginning point for right ascension is where the celestial equator crosses the ecliptic in spring.
71.)Rotation – The daily spin on the Earth (or any other planet) on its axis.
72.)Scattering – The absorption and re-emission, diffraction, refraction, and reflection of light as light passes through a planetary atmosphere. Short (blue) waves are scattered more that the longer (red) waves producing a blue sky and red sunsets on Earth.
73.)Schmidt Camera – A sky survey telescopic camera having low magnification, a wide field of view and excellent resolution.
74.)Seeing – A term describing the quality of the night sky for optically observing the stars. Good seeing would generally mean that the sky is clear, steady and dark.
75.)Slow Motion Controls – Mechanical, electrical or electronic correction of the declination and right ascension drives on the telescope. Correction is needed because of misalignment, friction, imbalance and voltage variations in the telescope system.
76.)Spectroscope – An instrument that disperses the light from a source into a spectrum of color. This can be studied to discover the chemical composition of the light source.
77.)Spherical Aberration – A geometrical defect in the shape of a mirror or glass lens that causes the light to come to a “smeared” or fuzzy focal point.
78.)Supernova of 1054 – Today the remnant of this spectacular stellar explosion is called the Crab Nebulae. The “Ancient Ones” recorded this event in Chaco Canyon, and we investigated this in class with the aid of astronomy software on the computer.
79.)Telescope Design – Be able to identify the Prime Focus, Newtonian, Schmidt and Cassegranian telescope design for the first exam.
80.)Tycho (Tyge) Brahe – Tycho was born in 1546 at Knedstrup in the Danish province of Scania. The King of Denmark gave him the island of Hveen where he built Uraniborg and Stjerneborg. The made careful observations of the sky with elaborate sighting instruments including a large quadrant and recorded his observations faithfully.
81.)Wave Amplitude – The vertical height of a wave, from the bottom of the wave through to the top of the wave crest. For light, this is related to the brightness or intensity of the light.
82.)Wavelength – The distance between adjacent wave crests. The shorter the wavelength, the bluer the light and the longer the wavelength, the redder the light. The shorter electromagnetic waves also carry more energy per wave than the longer wavelength light waves.
83.)Year – The length of the year can be found by observing the Heliacal risings and setting of stars and by observing the rising and setting points of the sun on the horizon. As the days grow longer, the sun rises further north each morning.
84.)Zenith – The point on the celestial sphere directly above the observers head and opposite the center of the Earth.
85.)Zodiac – The region of the celestial sphere within eighteen degree’s of the ecliptic. This area was special because the wandering stars only traveled in this part of the sky. | <urn:uuid:89c10b4d-f610-4044-8f92-1ba2d92908a1> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://freeonlineresearchpapers.com/common-astronomy-terms-definitions/ | 2024-02-23T02:44:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.894434 | 3,378 | 4.09375 | 4 | [
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Other Factor Deficiencies
FACTOR I (FIBRINOGEN)
1 in 1,000,000
Afibrinogenemia is the complete absence of fibrinogen. Hypofibrinogenemia is a low level of fibrinogen—less than 100mg in 1dL of blood. Both conditions are inherited in an autosomal fashion and can affect males and females.
The severity of the disorder is related to the amount of fibrinogen. Afibrinogenemia is usually discovered in newborns and can cause bleeding from the umbilical cord, genitourinary tract, or central nervous system. People with hypofibrinogenemia may have little, moderate, or severe bleeding.
FACTOR II (PROTHROMBIN)
1 in 1,000,000
Prothrombin is a vitamin K-dependent proenzyme that functions in coagulation. There are two types of this deficiency, a congenital version called hypoprothrombinemia, and an acquired version called dyspothrombinemia.
A life-long bleeding disorder when congenital, it’s extremely rare. In fact, only 30 cases of this hereditary clotting factor defect have been identified in the whole world.
Acquired factor II deficiency is more common. It results from vitamin K deficiency, severe liver disease, and therapeutic use of anticoagulant drugs. Risk factors for vitamin K deficiency are prolonged use of antibiotics, bile duct obstruction, and intestinal malabsorption (inadequate absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract) disorders. Some newborns are born with vitamin K deficiency.
If it is caused by liver disease, the outcome depends on the control of the liver problem. Vitamin K administration will correct vitamin K deficiency.
Either form may lead to severe bruising, excessive menstrual bleeding, postoperative hemorrhage, or occasionally muscle bleeds.
A congenital factor II deficiency is a very rare inherited disorder that results in deficient blood clotting. The disorder is not sex-linked as is hemophilia. It affects both males and females with equal frequency. It is autosomal recessive, which means if the clotting defect is inherited from a parent, the child will be a genetic carrier of the condition, but may or may not have symptoms. A family history of bleeding disorder is a risk factor.
FACTOR V (LABILE FACTOR)
LESS THAN 1 in 1,000,000
This deficit was identified in Norway in 1943. Since then, about 150 cases have been reported, occurring in both men and women. The exact frequency of this rare disorder is unknown, but is estimated to be one per million.
The role of factor V is to accelerate the activity of thrombin. When levels of factor V are low, blood clotting is delayed or it progresses slowly. People with this deficiency may have occasional nosebleeds, excessive menstrual bleeding, and bruising, although many have no symptoms. The first sign of this condition may be bleeding following surgery.
In this disorder, bleeding ranges from mild to severe. The disease is similar to hemophilia, except bleeding into joints is uncommon. Bleeding can occur almost anywhere in the body, and death from hemorrhage has occurred with this disorder. Excessive bleeding with menstrual periods and postpartum hemorrhage occurs frequently.
A family history of a bleeding disorder is a risk factor. Men and women are affected equally.
The probable outcome is good with proper diagnosis and treatment.
FACTOR VII (STABLE FACTOR)
1 in 500,000
This extremely rare disorder can be inherited or acquired by persons without hemophilia who take Coumadin, a drug used to inhibit blood clotting.
In this disorder, bleeding can vary from mild to severe within the same person over time. Bleeding doesn’t always correspond with the severity of the deficiency shown in blood tests. A history of bleeding may occur in infancy or childhood.
Gastrointestinal and central nervous system bleeding can also occur. This disorder occurs in one in 500,000 males and females. Congenital factor VII deficiency should be distinguished from acquired factor VII deficiency that may result from liver disease, vitamin K deficiency, or other malabsorption conditions.
When levels of the factor are less than 1% of normal, bleeding can be severe. The trauma of birth may cause bleeding in the head of a newborn. Circumcision may cause prolonged bleeding. Children and adults may suffer bleeding from nose, gums, or gastrointestinal tract, and women may suffer excessive menstrual bleeding. The probable outcome is good with proper treatment.
FACTOR X (Stuart-Prower Factor) DEFICIENCY
1 in 500,000 to 1 in a million people.
Factor X (FX), or Stuart-Prower factor, deficiency was first identified in the 1950s in the US and England in two patients: Rufus Stuart and Audrey Prower. The incidence of FX deficiency is estimated at 1 in 500,000 to 1 in a million. Inheritance is autosomal recessive, meaning females and males can equally be affected. The factor X protein plays an important role in activating the enzymes that help to form a clot. It needs vitamin K for synthesis, which is produced by the liver.
People with mild FX deficiency experience easy bruising, nose or mouth bleeds, and bleeding after trauma or surgery. Symptoms for patients with severe FX deficiency include excessive umbilical cord bleeding, joint bleeds, intramuscular bleeds, and a high risk of intracranial hemorrhage in the first weeks of life.
Women with FX deficiency may additionally exhibit menorrhagia, or heavy menstrual bleeding. Pregnant women with FX may experience first trimester miscarriage or post-partum hemorrhage and should receive consultation by a hematologist and obstetrician prior to delivery.
Diagnosis is made through family history, prothrombin time (PT) test, partial thromboplastin time (PTT) or activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) test. Diagnosis can be confirmed by a FX assay.
In October 2015, the U.S. FDA approved Coagadex®, a coagulation Factor X (Human) product, manufactured by BioProdcuts (BPL). Coagadex®, a plasma derived concentrate, is indicated for individuals (aged 12 and older) with hereditary Factor X deficiency for on-demand treatment and control of bleeding episodes, and for the perioperative management of bleeding in patients with mild hereditary Factor X deficiency.
Prior to this product becoming available, fresh-frozen plasma (FPP) or plasma-derived prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) were the only options for treatment of bleeds. However, the amount of FX varies between PCCs (and from lot to lot). Treatment with PCCs should be used cautiously because at higher volumes they can produce blood clots.
Antifibrinolytic agents, such as aminocaproic acid or tranexamic acid, or topical therapies, such as nosebleed powders or fibrin glue, may relieve bleeding symptoms in patients with mild symptoms.
Factor XI (11) Deficiency (Hemophilia C)
1 in 100,000 people.
FACTOR XI DEFICIENCY (Hemophilia C, Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent (PTA) Deficiency, Rosenthal Syndrome)
Factor XI (FXI) deficiency, also called hemophilia C, plasma thromboplastin antecedent deficiency and Rosenthal syndrome, was first recognized in 1953 in patients who experienced severe bleeding after dental extractions. Its incidence is estimated at 1 in 100,000 in the general population.
Severe FXI deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning both parents must carry the mutated gene in order for their children to be affected. In some cases, FXI deficiency can also be inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning children with only one affected parent may inherit the condition. However, people with only one copy of the mutated gene rarely exhibit severe symptoms. Men and women are affected by FXI deficiency equally.
FXI plays an important role in the clotting cascade, which leads to a clot. It helps generate more thrombin, a protein that converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which traps platelets and helps hold a clot in place.
FXI levels in the blood do not necessarily correlate with bleeding symptoms. People with low levels may bleed less than those with higher levels. Although some patients experience frequent nosebleeds or soft tissue bleeds, others first experience hemorrhaging only after tooth extraction, such as for wisdom teeth, surgery or trauma. Further, bleeding may be delayed after these procedures. Women may not know they have FXI deficiency until they experience menorrhagia, or heavy menstrual periods, and postpartum bleeding. Joint and muscle bleeds are uncommon.
Diagnosis is made through a bleeding time test, platelet function tests, and prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) tests. A FXI assay helps confirm the diagnosis.
In the US there are no FXI concentrates available. However, there are two FXI concentrates manufactured in Europe, one by Bioproducts Laboratories (BPL) in the UK, the other by LFB in France, but only for limited patient use.
Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is normally used for treatment. However, because FXI is not concentrated in FFP, large amounts of it may be needed. This can lead to blood clots, so FFP must be administered carefully.
Fibrin glue works well to maintain clots after mouth bleeds. When combined with FFP, it arrests bleeding after circumcision and hernia repair. Antifibrinolytics, such as aminocaproic acid, help control nosebleeds and bleeding after tooth extraction.
FACTOR XII (Hageman Factor) DEFICIENCY
Factor XII (FXII) deficiency, also called Hageman factor deficiency, was first identified in 1955 in John Hageman. Its incidence is estimated at 1 in a million. FXII deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, meaning both parents must carry the gene to pass it on to their children; it affects men and women equally. It is more common in Asians than other ethnic groups.
FXII interacts with the activation of FXI to FXIa to generate thrombin, a protein that converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which traps platelets and helps hold a clot in place.
Some people with FXII deficiency experience poor wound healing. However, most do not display bleeding manifestations, even after major surgery.
Since bleeding time is usually normal, diagnosis is made by a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) test. A factor XII assay helps confirm the diagnosis.
No treatment is required.
FACTOR XIII (Fibrin Stabilizing Factor) DEFICIENCY
Factor XIII (13) Deficiency
Factor XIII deficiency is estimated to occur in 1 in 5 million people. It is the rarest of the rare factor deficiencies.
Factor XIII (FXIII), or fibrin stabilizing factor, deficiency was first reported in the literature in 1960. It is the rarest factor deficiency, occurring in 1 per 5 million births. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion, meaning that both parents must carry the gene to pass it on to their children; it affects men and women equally.
FXIII protein stabilizes the formation of a blood clot. Without it, a clot will still develop, but will then break down and cause recurrent bleeds. Umbilical cord bleeding is common in factor XIII deficiency, reported in almost 80% of cases. Up to 30% of patients sustain a spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage, a brain bleed, which is the leading cause of mortality. Other symptoms of FXIII deficiency include bruising, nose and mouth bleeds, muscle bleeds and delayed bleeding after surgery.
Women can experience menorrhagia, long, heavy menstrual periods, and repeat miscarriages. Men with FXIII deficiency may show signs of infertility.
Because patients with FXIII deficiency form a clot, clotting tests come back normal. Instead, diagnosis is made using FXIII assays and a clot solubility test.
In February 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Corifact®, a product manufactured by CSL Behring to prevent bleeding in people with congenital FXIII deficiency. In 2013, the FDA expanded the use to include peri-operative management of surgical bleeding in adults and children. Corifact is given via intravenous infusion.
Corifact is made from the pooled plasma of healthy donors. It can be used for patients lacking FXIII or who have reduced levels of it. People receiving Corifact may develop antibodies against FXIII, making the product ineffective. If higher than recommended doses are given, there is a risk of clot formation.
In December 2013, the FDA approved Tretten®, manufactured by Novo Nordisk, for routine prophylaxis in people with congenital FXIII A-subunit deficiency. It is an intravenous infusion product for children and adults; 95% of patients with FXIII deficiency have the A-subunit deficiency. Tretten is the only recombinant product approved to treat these patients. Common side effects include headache, and pain in the extremities and at the injection site.
Cryoprecipitate should not be used to treat patients with FXIII deficiency except in life- and limb-threatening emergencies when FXIII concentrate is not available. | <urn:uuid:59913455-8ed7-4cea-9bbe-df5e4df2a4ec> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hemosocal.org/other-factor-deficiencies/ | 2024-02-23T03:16:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.925068 | 2,872 | 3.140625 | 3 | [
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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects not only adults but also teenagers. Understanding and addressing PCOS in adolescence is crucial for long-term health and well-being. In this article, we’ll explore the nuances of PCOS in teenagers and PCOS teenager treatment options along with practical tips for managing symptoms.
- 1 Understanding PCOS In Teenagers
- 2 Impact Of PCOS On Mental Health Of Teenagers
- 3 Diagnosis And Medical Intervention
- 4 Alternative Therapies And Natural Remedies
- 5 Conclusion
Understanding PCOS In Teenagers
PCOS, or Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, can also affect teenagers. PCOS is a hormonal disorder that affects individuals with ovaries, causing an imbalance in reproductive hormones. In teenagers, PCOS may manifest differently than in adults, but it shares common features.
Key characteristics of PCOS in teenagers may include:
- Irregular Menstrual Cycles: Teenagers with PCOS often experience irregular periods or may even skip them altogether. This is due to the hormonal imbalances affecting the normal menstrual cycle.
- Ovulatory Dysfunction: PCOS can lead to difficulties with ovulation, the process in which an egg is released from the ovary. This can impact fertility and menstrual regularity.
- Hyperandrogenism: Elevated levels of androgens, such as testosterone, may be present in teenagers with PCOS. This can lead to symptoms like acne, excess facial and body hair (hirsutism), and male-pattern baldness.
- Polycystic Ovaries: Despite the name, not all individuals with PCOS have cysts on their ovaries. In the context of PCOS, the term “cysts” refers to small, immature follicles that may accumulate in the ovaries.
- Insulin Resistance: Many individuals with PCOS, including teenagers, may experience insulin resistance. This can contribute to weight gain and may increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
It’s essential for teenagers with suspected PCOS to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and management. Lifestyle modifications, such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, may be recommended. In some cases, hormonal medications may be prescribed to regulate menstrual cycles and manage symptoms. Early detection and intervention can help mitigate long-term complications associated with PCOS.
Impact Of PCOS On Mental Health Of Teenagers
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) can have a significant impact on the mental health of teenagers. The hormonal and physical changes associated with PCOS, along with potential societal pressures and self-esteem issues, can contribute to various mental health challenges. Here are some aspects to consider:
- Body Image Concerns: Teenagers with PCOS may experience symptoms such as weight gain, acne, and excess hair growth, which can affect body image. These physical changes may lead to feelings of self-consciousness and contribute to a negative self-image.
- Emotional Distress: Coping with the symptoms and uncertainties of PCOS, including irregular menstrual cycles and potential fertility concerns, can cause emotional distress. Anxiety and worry about the future may be heightened in teenagers who are navigating the challenges of adolescence.
- Impact on Self-Esteem: PCOS-related physical changes, especially those affecting appearance, can impact self-esteem. Teenagers may feel different or isolated from their peers, leading to a negative perception of themselves.
- Social Challenges: Managing PCOS symptoms can interfere with social activities and relationships. Teenagers may feel hesitant to participate in certain activities or events due to concerns about their appearance or unpredictable menstrual cycles.
- Stress and Coping Mechanisms: Dealing with the chronic nature of PCOS and its potential long-term implications can be stressful. Teenagers may develop coping mechanisms, and in some cases, these might not be healthy, such as engaging in disordered eating or avoidance behaviours.
- Depression: The combination of hormonal changes, physical symptoms, and societal pressures may contribute to symptoms of depression in teenagers with PCOS. Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and low energy can affect daily functioning.
- Impact on Relationships: PCOS can impact relationships with family and friends. Communication about the condition and its effects may be challenging, and the emotional toll it takes on the teenager may influence their interactions with others.
Diagnosis And Medical Intervention
Diagnosing and managing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in teenagers involves a comprehensive approach, typically carried out by healthcare professionals. Here are the key aspects of the diagnosis and medical intervention for PCOS in teenagers:
Medical History and Physical Examination
- The healthcare provider will gather a detailed medical history, including information about menstrual cycles, symptoms, and family history of PCOS or related conditions.
- A physical examination may be conducted to assess signs of PCOS, such as hirsutism (excess hair growth), acne, and abdominal obesity.
- Hormonal blood tests are often performed to measure levels of various hormones, including testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH).
- Blood tests may also include checking insulin levels, as insulin resistance is common in PCOS.
- A pelvic ultrasound may be conducted to visualize the ovaries. In PCOS, the ovaries may show multiple small follicles, giving them a characteristic appearance described as “polycystic.”
- Diagnosis is often based on criteria established by organizations such as the Rotterdam criteria, which include the presence of irregular menstrual cycles, clinical or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound.
- Lifestyle modifications are a key component of PCOS management in teenagers. This includes promoting a healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight management to address insulin resistance and improve overall well-being.
- Hormonal contraceptives (birth control pills) may be prescribed to regulate menstrual cycles and reduce symptoms like acne and hirsutism.
- Anti-androgen medications, such as spironolactone, may be used to address symptoms related to elevated androgen levels.
- Metformin, an insulin-sensitizing medication, may be prescribed to manage insulin resistance, especially in cases where there is a risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Fertility Treatment (if needed)
- For teenagers concerned about fertility or facing challenges due to anovulation, fertility medications may be considered under the guidance of a reproductive endocrinologist.
- Mental health support is essential. Teenagers with PCOS may benefit from counseling or support groups to address the emotional impact of the condition.
It’s crucial for teenagers with PCOS to have ongoing follow-up appointments with their healthcare provider to monitor symptoms, adjust treatment plans as needed, and address any concerns or new developments. An individualized and holistic approach is key to managing PCOS in teenagers effectively.
Alternative Therapies And Natural Remedies
While medical interventions are often recommended for the management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in teenagers, some individuals may explore alternative therapies and natural remedies to complement conventional treatments. Here are some alternative and natural strategies that some people with PCOS consider:
- Dietary Changes
- Balanced Diet: Adopting a balanced and nutritious diet may help manage symptoms associated with PCOS. Focus on whole foods, fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. Limit processed foods and added sugars.
- Low-Glycemic Diet: Some individuals find benefits in following a low-glycemic diet to help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.
- Regular Exercise
- Physical activity can help with weight management, improve insulin sensitivity, and regulate menstrual cycles. A combination of aerobic exercises and strength training may be beneficial.
- Herbal Supplements
- Some herbal supplements are believed to have potential benefits for PCOS symptoms. Examples include spearmint tea (thought to have anti-androgenic properties) and supplements like inositol, which may help improve insulin sensitivity.
- Mind-Body Practices
- Stress management techniques such as yoga, meditation, and deep breathing exercises can support overall well-being. Chronic stress may exacerbate symptoms of PCOS.
- Acupuncture is an alternative therapy that involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body. Some studies suggest that acupuncture may help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce symptoms associated with PCOS.
- Adequate Sleep
- Prioritize getting enough quality sleep. Lack of sleep can contribute to hormonal imbalances and insulin resistance, potentially worsening PCOS symptoms.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids
- Foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as fatty fish (salmon, mackerel), flaxseeds, and walnuts, may have anti-inflammatory effects and could be beneficial for managing PCOS.
- Vitamin D Supplementation
- Adequate levels of vitamin D are essential for overall health. Some studies suggest that vitamin D supplementation may have a positive impact on insulin sensitivity in women with PCOS.
In conclusion, addressing PCOS in teenagers involves a holistic approach encompassing medical, lifestyle, and emotional components. By providing support, and education, and fostering resilience, we can empower teenagers to navigate the challenges of PCOS successfully. | <urn:uuid:14b2154d-ae84-4656-aa11-0865cbaf6dd7> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hermantra.co/pcos/treatment/pcos-teenager-treatment/ | 2024-02-23T04:43:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.914737 | 1,934 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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] |
Jannah - Paradise - Jannat
Jannah Firdous - Definition of Jannah in Islam - Doors of Jannah - levels of Jannah - Description of Jannah in Quran - Jannah and Jahannam
Jannah Firdaus - Ways to Enter Jannah (Paradise) - Life in Jannah
Jannah, also known as Paradise, is a central concept in Islam and is believed to be the ultimate goal for all Muslims. It is described in the Quran as a place of eternal peace, happiness, and beauty, where believers will be reunited with their loved ones and will live in the presence of God.
Jannah is a physical place that is located in the afterlife, and it is believed to be located in the heavens. It is said to be a garden filled with lush greenery, flowing rivers, and beautiful buildings. The inhabitants of Jannah will live in peace and harmony and will not experience any pain, suffering, or hardship. They will be free from the worries and troubles of this world, and will be able to enjoy the blessings of God in a perfect environment.
The Quran describes Jannah as a place of physical and spiritual pleasure, where believers will be able to eat delicious food, drink from crystal clear rivers, and wear fine clothing. They will also be able to enjoy the company of other believers and will be able to engage in meaningful conversation with one another.
In Jannah, believers will also have access to the knowledge and wisdom of God, and will be able to learn and grow in their understanding of the faith. They will be able to witness the miracles of God and will be able to understand the true nature of the universe.
Jannah is also described as a place of spiritual and emotional fulfillment, where believers will be able to experience true happiness and joy in the presence of God. They will be able to understand the true meaning of life and will be able to find ultimate satisfaction in the love and grace of God.
To enter Jannah, one must have faith in God and must follow the commandments of Islam. The Quran mentions that the people who will enter Jannah are those who have faith in God, do good deeds, and avoid sins. The good deeds include providing for the poor, helping the needy, being kind to others and spreading peace and love.
It is also believed that the actions of a person in this life will have a direct impact on their status in Jannah. Those who have lived a righteous and virtuous life will be rewarded with a higher status in Jannah, while those who have committed sins will be punished.
Jannah is not only a place of physical and spiritual pleasure, but it is also a place of spiritual growth and development. It is a place where believers will be able to deepen their understanding of the faith and to grow closer to God. It is also a place where believers will be able to experience the ultimate fulfillment of their spiritual desires and to find true happiness and contentment in the presence of God.
In conclusion, Jannah is a central concept in Islam and is believed to be the ultimate goal for all Muslims. It is a physical place that is located in the afterlife, and it is described in the Quran as a place of eternal peace, happiness, and beauty. To enter Jannah, one must have faith in God and must follow the commandments of Islam. Jannah is a place of physical and spiritual pleasure, where believers will be able to eat delicious food, drink from crystal clear rivers, and wear fine clothing. It is also a place of spiritual growth and development, where believers will be able to deepen their understanding of the faith and to grow closer to God.
Jannah is a vast and beautiful place.
– Its walls have been made of bricks of gold and silver, and its cement is made of musk.
– The ground is made of saffron and ambergris (a wax-like substance).
– Instead of gravel, there will be diamonds and pearls.
– There are huge mansions made of pearls, diamonds and beautiful jewellery.
– There will be various types of fruits, milk, wine (sweet smelling, non-alcoholic), honey and other delicious types of food for the Jannaties.
– No one will suffer any trouble, difficulty, hardships or suffering but will receive all kinds of comfort in Jannah.
– Every wish, request and desire will be fulfilled in Jannah.
– There are 100 ranks in Jannah.
– Each rank is as significant in breadth as the sky to the ground.
– Its doors are so broad that a fast horse would have to run seventy years to get from one side to another.
– The greatest Ne’mat (blessing) in Jannah is to make Didaar (See) of Allah (S.W.T).
Allah (S.W.T) says in the Quran that “Therein will be thrones raised on high, goblets placed (ready), cushions set in rows and rich carpets spread out.
Prophet (S.A.W) has said, “If anyone among you performs the ablution (wuzu), completes it well and then recites the Kalima, then all eight gates of Paradise will be opened for him and he may enter by whichever of them he wishes”.
25 Ways to Enter Jannah (Paradise) in Islam:
We all want to enter Jannah, but are we sincerely striving for it? There are multiple ways to attain the pleasure of Allah SWT and enter His Jannah. Allah SWT has made it easy for us to enter His Jannah, but some of us forget this due to an ‘attachment’ to this temporary worldly life!
Following are some hadiths which will show us 25 ways or good deeds to enter the Jannah. Remember, these are not the ‘only’ 25 ways, and there should be ‘sincerity’ and ‘consistency’ in these acts to get Jannat-ul-Firdaus (the highest level in Jannah) InshaAllah!
1) Whoever meets Allah without ascribing anything to Him will enter Jannah. (Sahih al-Bukhari)
2) Whoever believes (has Imaan) in Allah and His Messenger (peace be upon him) and establishes the prayer and fasts in the month of Ramadan, it is incumbent upon Allah that He enters him in Jannah. (Sahih al-Bukhari)
3) Whoever says: “I am pleased with Allah as my Rabb, and with Islam as my Deen, and with Muhammad (peace be upon him) as my Prophet, Jannah would be mandatory for him. (Sunan Abu Dawud)
4) Whoever asks Allah for Jannah three times, Jannah will say: “O Allah, enter him into Jannah.” (Jami` at-Tirmidhi)
5) Whoever says “SubhanAllah al-Adthim wa Bihamdihi (Glorified and Exalted is Allah, The Great, and with His Praise), a date-palm tree will plant for him in Jannah. (Jami` at-Tirmidhi)
6) Allah has Ninety Nine Names, one hundred minus one, and whoever believes in their meanings and acts accordingly will enter Jannah. (Sahih al-Bukhari)
7) Truthfulness leads to righteousness, and righteousness leads to Jannah. (Sahih al-Bukhari)
8) Whoever builds a Masjid seeking by it the Pleasure of Allah, Allah will make a similar place in Jannah for him. (Sahih al-Bukhari)
9) Whoever repeats after the Mu’adthin (the caller to prayer) from his heart (i.e., sincerely) will enter Jannah. (Sunan an-Nasa’i)
10) Whoever calls the Adhan for 12 years, Jannah will become mandatory for him. (Sunan Ibn Majah)
11) Whoever prays the two excellent prayers (Asr and Fajr) will go to Paradise. (Sahih al-Bukhari)
12) Allah will prepare for him who goes to the mosque (every) morning and in the afternoon (for the congregational prayer) an honourable place in Paradise with good hospitality for (what he has done) every morning and afternoon goings. (Sahih al-Bukhari)
13) Anyone performs the ablution perfectly and then offers two rak’ahs of prayers, concentrating on them with his heart and face; Paradise will necessarily fall to his lot. (Sunan Abu Dawud)
14) Whoever prays 12 Rak’ah in the day and night, a house in Jannah will be built for him. (Sunan an-Nasa’i)
Two before Fajr
Four before Zohar & 2 after Zohar
Two after Maghrib
Two after Isha
15) Whoever takes a path in search of knowledge, Allah will make the path to Jannah easy for him. (Jami` at-Tirmidhi)
16) I saw a man going about in Jannah (and enjoying himself) as a reward for cutting from the middle of the road a tree which was causing inconvenience to the Muslims. (Muslim)
17) Whoever can guarantee (the chastity of) what is between his two jaw-bones and what is between his two legs (i.e. his tongue and his private parts), I guarantee Paradise for him. (Sahih al-Bukhari)
18) Anyone whose soul leaves his body and is free of three things will enter Jannah: Arrogance, stealing from the spoils of war, and debt. (Sunan Ibn Majah)
19) Whoever raises two girls, then I and he will enter Jannah like these two (Prophet indicated with his two fingers). (Jami` at-Tirmidhi)
20) Whoever visits an ailing person or a brother of his to seek the Pleasure of Allah, an announcer (angel) calls out: “May you be happy, may your walking be blessed, and may you be awarded a dignified position in Jannah”. (Jami` at-Tirmidhi)
21) Allah guarantees him who strives in His Cause and whose motivation for going out is nothing but Jihad in His Cause and belief in His Word that He will admit him into Jannah. (Sahih al-Bukhari)
22) O people, spread the Salaam (greetings), feed the hungry, and pray while the people are asleep; you will enter Jannah in peace. (Sunan Ibn Majah)
23) (The performance of) Umrah is an expiation for the sins committed between it and the previous Umrah, and the reward of Hajj Mabrur (i.e., one accepted) is nothing but Jannah. (Sahih al-Bukhari)
24) Whosoever last words are:
LA ILAHA ILLALLAH
will enter Paradise. (Sunan Abu Dawud)
25) Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) said: If somebody recites this invocation (given below) during the day, and if he should die then, he will be from the people of Jannah. And if he recites it in the night, and if he should die on the same day, he will be from the people of Jannah.” (Jami` at-Tirmidhi)
8 Doors Of Jannah
The details of the 8 gates are as follows:
1. Baab As-Salaat
This gate will allow those people to enter Paradise who were punctual and attentive in their prayers. Allah promised great rewards for those who prayed with sincerity and faith and this gate will be the fulfillment of this promise:
“Indeed, those who believe and do righteous deeds and establish prayer and give zakah will have their reward with their Lord, and there will be no fear concerning them, nor will they grieve” (Quran 2:277).
2. Baab Al-Jihad
“Fight them until there is no [more] fitnah and [until] worship is [acknowledged to be] for Allah . But if they cease, then there is to be no aggression except against the oppressors” (Quran 2:193).
Those Muslims who sacrificed their lives in the way of Islam through Jihad will enter Heaven from this gate.
3. Baab As-Sadaqah
This gate allows only those believers to enter who were charitable and gave Sadaqah in the way of Allah.
4. Baab Ar-Rayyaan
The people who kept their fast with sincerity and to attain the blessings of Allah will be allowed to the Heaven through this gate.
Sahl (RA) reported that the Holy Prophet (PBUH) said:
“In Paradise there is a gate called Al-Rayyaan, through which those who used to fast will enter on the Day of Resurrection, and no one but they will enter it. It will be said, ‘Where are those who fasted?’ They will get up, and none will enter it but them. When they have entered, it will be locked, and no one else will enter” (Bukhari 1763).
5. Baab Al-Hajj
Entry through this gate is reserved for those who observe the Hajj Pilgrimage.
6. Baab Al-Kaazimeen Al-Ghaiz Wal Aafina Anin Naas
The people who were able to control and suppress their anger and were forgiving towards their brethren will be lucky enough to enter Paradise through this door.
7. Baab Al-Iman
Entry through this door is for those people who were steadfast in their faith in Allah and trusted His decisions for them and lived a life that was a fulfillment of His commands.
8. Baab Al-Dhikr
The believers who constantly remembered Allah and did Dhikr will be allowed to enter Heaven through Baab Al-Dhikr.
“Gardens of perpetual residence; they will enter them with whoever were righteous among their fathers, their spouses and their descendants. And the angels will enter upon them from every gate, [saying], “Peace be upon you for what you patiently endured. And excellent is the final home”” (Quran 13:23-24)
Allah Almighty has given us many signs and there is no doubt that if we act upon His commandments and live our lives with a firm belief in Allah and His mercy then there is no stopping us from entering the gates of Heaven unless He wills otherwise. So remain steadfast for there are many rewards waiting for those who are true to Allah, His Messenger, and His one true religion. | <urn:uuid:4d7efa1e-e7a8-4707-a5f7-1b0d1c9106be> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://hifzquran.com/paradise-jannah/ | 2024-02-23T03:45:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.955488 | 3,134 | 2.5625 | 3 | [
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The Bayes Theorem is a mathematical tool utilized for calculating conditional probabilities in cases where intuition may not provide accurate results. Developed by Reverend Thomas Bayes, an 18th-century statistician, this theorem allows you to update your beliefs based on new evidence, enhancing the accuracy and reliability of the models. This post aims to introduce the Bayes Theorem, which is employed for computing conditional probabilities. It also explores its utilization in the field of machine learning.
Table of Contents
Watch this video on Machine Learning Tutorial from intellipaat:
What is Bayes Theorem?
The Bayes Theorem is a fundamental concept in probability theory and statistics. At its core, the Bayes Theorem combines prior knowledge or beliefs (prior probability) with observed data to obtain a more accurate estimate (posterior probability).
This theorem is particularly relevant in Machine Learning, enabling one to make predictions and decisions by incorporating prior knowledge and empirical evidence.
Why is Bayes Theorem Used in Machine Learning?
Bayes Theorem is a fundamental concept in Machine Learning because it provides a moral framework for reasoning under uncertainty. It lets you update your beliefs or predictions based on new evidence or data.
In Machine Learning, you often encounter situations where you need to make decisions or predictions based on incomplete or noisy information. Bayes Theorem allows calculating the probability of a hypothesis or event given the observed data. You can make more accurate predictions or decisions by incorporating prior knowledge and updating it with new evidence.
The theorem is based on the concept of conditional probability. This is the probability of an event occurring, given that another event has already happened.
Bayes Theorem mathematically formalizes this relationship and can be stated as follows:
P(A|B) = (P(B|A) * P(A)) / P(B)
P(A|B) is the posterior probability of event A given event B
P(B|A) is the likelihood of event B given event A
P(A) is the prior probability of event A
P(B) is the prior probability of event B
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How is Bayes Theorem Applied in Machine Learning?
In Machine Learning, the Bayes Theorem is often applied in the context of Bayesian inference. This allows you to make predictions or estimate unknown quantities based on observed data. To understand how the Bayes Theorem is classified in Machine Learning, let’s consider an example involving spam email classification.
Imagine you have a dataset of emails, where each email is labeled as either “spam” or “not spam.” The objective is to construct a Machine Learning model that can autonomously classify incoming emails as either spam or non-spam, relying on the content of the messages as the basis for classification.
To apply Bayes Theorem in this scenario, you make certain assumptions. You assume that the words occurring in the emails are independent of each other. This means that the presence or absence of one word does not affect the presence or absence of another word. While this assumption may not hold true, it simplifies the problem and allows you to apply it effectively.
Let’s define some terms for better understanding:
- P(Spam) represents the prior probability of an email being spam.
- P(Not Spam) represents the prior probability that an email is not spam.
- P(Word|Spam) is the probability of a word occurring in a spam email.
- P(Word|Not Spam) is the probability of a word appearing in a non-spam email.
To classify a new email as spam or not, you can use the Bayes Theorem as follows:
P(Spam|Word) = (P(Word|Spam) * P(Spam)) / P(Word)
Here, P(Spam|Word) is the posterior probability of an email being spam, given the occurrence of a particular word. You aim to compute this probability for each word in the email and compare it with the probability of the email not being spam.
To calculate the posterior probability, you need to compute the prior probability (P(Spam)), the likelihood (P(Word|Spam)), and the evidence (P(Word)).
- P(Spam) is the overall probability of an email being spam. You can estimate it from the training dataset by counting the number of spam emails and dividing it by the total number of emails.
- P(Word|Spam) is the probability of a word occurring in a spam email. You can estimate it by counting the number of times a word appears in spam emails and dividing it by the total number of words in spam emails.
- P(Word) is the probability of observing the word in any email, regardless of its spam or non-spam label. You can calculate it as the sum of (P(Word|Spam) * P(Spam)) and (P(Word|Not Spam) * P(Not Spam)).
Finally, you compare the posterior probability of an email being spam with the posterior probability of it not being spam. If the posterior probability of spam is higher, you classify the email as spam; otherwise, you classify it as not spam.
This example demonstrates using the Bayes Theorem in Machine Learning to classify spam emails.
Is it Useful to Use Bayes Theorem in Machine Learning?
The deployment of the Bayes Theorem in machine learning offers numerous advantages, making it a valuable tool for various applications. Some of the key benefits are mentioned further:
- Incorporating Prior Knowledge- Bayes Theorem allows you to incorporate prior knowledge or beliefs into your models. This is particularly useful when you have domain expertise or existing information about the problem you are trying to solve. By incorporating prior knowledge, you can make more informed predictions and improve the accuracy of your models.
- Handling Uncertainty– Machine learning often deals with uncertainty, especially when working with limited data or noisy inputs. Bayes Theorem provides a principled way to reason under uncertainty by updating beliefs based on observed evidence. It allows you to quantify and propagate uncertainty throughout the model, resulting in more robust and reliable predictions.
- Flexibility in Model Updating- Based on Bayes Theorem, Bayesian inference lets you update your models as new data becomes available continuously. This is particularly useful in scenarios where the underlying data distribution may change over time. You can adapt your models and maintain their relevance and accuracy by updating the prior probabilities with new evidence.
- Handling Small Data Sets- Bayesian methods can be advantageous when data is insufficient. By incorporating prior beliefs, you can leverage existing knowledge to overcome the limitations of small datasets. The prior probabilities act as a regularization term, helping to avoid overfitting and providing more stable predictions.
- Transparent Decision Making- Bayes Theorem provides a transparent framework for decision-making. It allows you to express and update your beliefs based on observed evidence. This transparency is valuable for understanding model behavior, diagnosing issues, and explaining the reasoning behind predictions to stakeholders or end-users.
- Flexibility in Model Selection- Bayesian inference facilitates model comparison and selection. By evaluating the posterior probabilities of different models, you can quantify their relative performance and choose the most suitable one. This flexibility allows you to compare complex models and select the one that best fits the data and problem.
To get a better understanding go through the Machine Learning Tutorial!
Categories of Machine Learning Problems in Bayes Theorem
When applying Bayes Theorem in machine learning, we can categorize the problems into three main categories: classification, regression, and anomaly detection.
Classification problems involve assigning input data into predefined categories or classes. Bayes Theorem can be utilized to calculate the conditional probabilities of each class given the input features. It allows us to classify new data instances based on their likelihood of belonging to each class. Common applications include spam detection, sentiment analysis, and image/object recognition.
Regression problems focus on predicting continuous or numerical values. By employing Bayes Theorem, we can estimate the conditional probability distribution of the target variable given the input features. It enables us to make predictions based on the likelihood of different outcomes. Regression problems are frequently used in forecasting, stock market prediction, and housing price estimation.
- Anomaly Detection:
Anomaly detection aims to identify rare or unusual instances that deviate significantly from the norm. Bayes Theorem can be employed to estimate the probability distribution of expected data patterns. Any data instance that falls outside a certain probability threshold is considered an anomaly. Anomaly detection is valuable in fraud detection, network intrusion detection, and fault diagnosis.
The Bayes Theorem is a valuable tool, offering immense potential for enhancing the accuracy and reliability of Machine Learning systems. The benefit of the Bayes Theorem cannot be overstated, offering endless possibilities for enhancing ML systems. By following best practices and considering prior probabilities, we can unlock the true potential of the Bayes Theorem and revolutionize the world of Machine Learning.
Come to the Machine Learning Community if you have more queries on Machine Learning! | <urn:uuid:498ed518-1033-4413-9c89-26ded180604c> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://intellipaat.com/blog/bayes-theorem-in-machine-learning/ | 2024-02-23T04:43:05Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.909229 | 1,902 | 4.125 | 4 | [
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The Role of Shielding in Data Cables
In today’s hyper-connected world, where data flows constantly through the digital highways of our lives, ensuring the integrity and security of that data is of paramount importance. Whether it’s transmitting sensitive information in corporate networks or delivering high-definition video streams to our homes, data cables play a vital role in maintaining reliable connections.
But did you know that there’s more to these humble cables than meets the eye? Shielding, an often overlooked aspect, plays a crucial role in safeguarding against signal interference and protecting your valuable data from potential threats. In this blog post, we will delve into the fascinating world of shielding and explore its significance in ensuring both data integrity and security. So buckle up as we unravel the secrets behind this unsung hero of connectivity!
What is Shielding?
Shielding is a crucial component in data cables that helps ensure the integrity and security of transmitted information. But what exactly is shielding? In simple terms, it refers to a conductive material or layer that surrounds the internal wires of a cable, acting as a barrier against external electromagnetic interference.
When data cables are exposed to various sources of electromagnetic fields, such as power lines or radio frequencies, they can experience signal interference. This interference can lead to data loss, corruption, or even unauthorized access to sensitive information. Shielding acts as a protective shield by absorbing and redirecting these external electromagnetic fields away from the internal wires.
There are different types of cable shielding available on the market today. The most common ones include braided shields and foil shields. Braided shields consist of woven strands of metal (typically copper) that provide excellent flexibility and durability while offering high levels of protection against both low-frequency and high-frequency noise. On the other hand, foil shields consist of thin layers of metallic foil (such as aluminum) wrapped around the internal wires for superior protection against higher-frequency interferences.
By using shielded cables in your data transmission systems, you can significantly reduce the risk of signal degradation caused by external factors like electrical noise or crosstalk between adjacent cables. This ensures that your data remains intact throughout its journey from one end of the cable to another.
Moreover, shielding also plays an essential role in maintaining data security. Unshielded cables are more vulnerable to eavesdropping due to their susceptibility to electromagnetic radiation leakage or interception by nearby devices. Moreover, Shielded cables minimize this risk by confining signals within their designated paths while hindering any attempts at unauthorized access.
Shielded Cable Applications
Shielded cables play a crucial role in various industries and applications where data integrity is paramount. From telecommunications to industrial automation. Shielded cables are used to ensure reliable transmission of signals while minimizing the impact of external interference.
In the realm of telecommunications, shielded cables are commonly employed to carry high-speed data signals across long distances. These cables protect against electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by nearby power lines or other electronic devices. By shielding the cable with a conductive material such as aluminum or copper foil, signal quality is preserved and potential disruptions are minimized.
In industrial settings, shielded cables find extensive use in equipment and machinery that operate in harsh environments. These robust cables provide protection against electrical noise generated by heavy machinery or other sources present on factory floors. Shielding prevents signal degradation and ensures accurate communication between different components.
Another area where shielded cables excel is in audiovisual installations. Whether it’s professional sound systems or home theater setups, these cables eliminate unwanted noise and deliver clear audio/video signals without any distortion.
Furthermore, medical facilities rely on shielded cabling solutions for critical applications like MRI machines and patient monitoring systems. The sensitive nature of these instruments necessitates shielding to prevent interference from adjacent equipment. Or radiofrequency emissions that could compromise accuracy.
Even in residential settings, shielded Ethernet cables have become increasingly popular due to their ability to reduce network lag caused by EMI from nearby electronics or appliances.
The widespread applications of shielding demonstrate its effectiveness not only in maintaining data integrity. But also ensuring optimal performance across various industries ranging from telecommunications to healthcare. With technology becoming increasingly integral to our daily lives, it’s essential to prioritize the use of shielded cables wherever necessary for enhanced reliability and security.
IV. Understanding Signal Interference
Signal interference is a common problem when it comes to data cables. It refers to the disruption or degradation of electrical signals that can occur during transmission. This interference can be caused by various factors, such as electromagnetic fields, radio frequency interference, and crosstalk.
Electromagnetic fields are generated by electronic devices and power sources. They can interfere with the signals being transmitted through nearby cables, leading to errors or loss of data. Radiofrequency interference occurs when external radio waves interfere with the cable’s signals, causing distortion or signal loss.
Crosstalk is another form of signal interference that happens when signals from different cables overlap and affect each other. This can result in data corruption or misinterpretation.
To mitigate these issues, shielding plays a crucial role. Shielding involves covering the cable with a conductive material that helps block out external electromagnetic fields and prevents them from interfering with the signals inside the cable.
There are different types of cable shielding available, including foil shielding, braided shielding, and combination shielding. Foil shielding uses aluminum foil wrapped around individual pairs or groups of wires for protection against high-frequency noise. Braided shielding consists of woven strands of wire used to provide better coverage against low-frequency noise.
By using shielded cables in your network infrastructure, you can ensure better data integrity by minimizing signal interference. Shielding helps maintain clear communication between devices without any disruptions caused by external factors.
In addition to ensuring data integrity, proper cable shielding also contributes to enhanced data security. Shielded cables help prevent unauthorized access and interception of sensitive information through electromagnetic radiation leakage.
Types of Cable Shielding
When it comes to ensuring data integrity and security, understanding the different types of cable shielding is crucial. Shielding plays a significant role in protecting data cables from external interference, thereby safeguarding the transmission of information.
One common type of cable shielding is foil shielding. This involves wrapping a thin layer of aluminum or copper foil around the individual conductors within the cable. The foil acts as a barrier against electromagnetic interference (EMI) by creating an electrically conductive enclosure that helps block out unwanted signals.
Another type is braided shielding, which consists of woven wires made from tin-plated copper or other alloys. The braiding provides excellent flexibility while offering high levels of EMI protection. It works by absorbing and redirecting any interfering signals away from the inner conductor, effectively minimizing signal loss and distortion.
In addition to these two main types, there are also combination shields that utilize both foil and braid for enhanced performance. These hybrid shields provide double-layered protection against EMI and are commonly used in high-speed data transmission applications where reliability is paramount.
Each type has its advantages depending on specific requirements such as frequency range, level of noise immunity needed, and physical durability. By selecting the appropriate cable with suitable shielding, businesses can ensure reliable communication without compromising data integrity.
Remember, when choosing between different types of cable shielding for your application needs, it’s essential to consider factors such as cost-effectiveness, installation ease, and compatibility with existing systems. Consulting with experts in this field can help you make informed decisions tailored to your unique circumstances
Ensuring Data Integrity with Shielded Cables
Shielded cables play a crucial role in ensuring data integrity, which is vital for businesses and individuals alike. In today’s interconnected world, where data is constantly being transmitted across networks, it is essential to protect that data from external interference. Signal interference can lead to errors or corruption of the data being transmitted, resulting in unreliable communication and compromised security.
By using shielded cables, organizations can significantly reduce the risk of signal interference. These cables are designed with an additional layer of shielding material around the conductors to block out electromagnetic radiation and other sources of interference. This shielding acts as a barrier between the sensitive signals within the cable and any external factors that could disrupt them.
One common type of shielding used in cables is known as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. This type of shielding consists of a metal foil or braided wire wrapped around the cable conductors, creating a protective barrier against EMI sources such as power lines or electronic devices. EMI shielding helps prevent unwanted signals from entering or escaping the cable, ensuring that only the intended signals are transmitted.
Another type of shielding commonly used is called radio frequency interference (RFI) shielding. RFI refers to unwanted electromagnetic noise generated by wireless devices or radio transmitters nearby. By incorporating RFI shielding into cables, these unwanted frequencies can be blocked before they have a chance to interfere with the desired signals.
In addition to protecting against signal interference, shielded cables also help enhance data security by minimizing opportunities for eavesdropping or hacking attempts. The physical barriers provided by shielded cables make it more difficult for unauthorized parties to access sensitive information being transmitted through those channels.
The Role of Shielding in Data Security
Data security is a critical concern in today’s digital landscape. With the ever-increasing reliance on data transmission and storage, protecting sensitive information has become paramount. One often overlooked aspect of data security is the role of shielding in data cables.
Shielding plays a crucial role in ensuring the integrity and security of transmitted data. It acts as a barrier that protects against external interference, such as electromagnetic radiation or electrical noise. Without proper shielding, these external factors can corrupt or compromise the accuracy of transmitted data.
There are various types of cable shielding available, each designed to address specific needs and requirements. For example, foil shielding involves wrapping a thin layer of conductive material around the cable to create an effective shield against external interference. Another common type is braided shielding. Which consists of interwoven strands that provide excellent protection against both high-frequency and low-frequency interference.
Using shielded cables can significantly reduce signal degradation caused by environmental factors like power lines or radio frequencies nearby. This ensures that the transmitted data maintains its integrity throughout its journey from one point to another.
In addition to maintaining data integrity, shielding also plays an important role in safeguarding sensitive information from unauthorized access or interception. Shielded cables make it more difficult for potential attackers to tap into the transmission line and intercept valuable data packets.
When considering whether to use shielded cables for your network infrastructure, it’s essential to assess your specific needs and environment. If you operate in an environment with high levels of electromagnetic interference (EMI), such as industrial settings or areas near power lines. Then using shielded cables would be highly recommended.
VIII. When to Use Shielded Cables
When it comes to data cables, one of the crucial decisions you need to make is whether to use shielded cables or not. Shielded cables are designed to provide protection against electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI). But when exactly should you opt for shielded cables?
One scenario where shielding becomes essential is in environments with high levels of electrical noise. If your data transmission system operates near sources of EMI or RFI. Such as power lines, motors, or radio transmitters, then using shielded cables can help prevent signal degradation and maintain data integrity.
Another factor to consider is the length of your cable runs. Longer cable lengths are more susceptible to signal loss due to external interference. In these cases, shielded cables can minimize the impact of EMI and RFI on your data transmission.
Moreover, if you’re dealing with sensitive information that requires a high level of security. Shielded cables offer an added layer of protection against potential eavesdropping and unauthorized access. The shielding helps contain the signals within the cable itself and reduces the risk of interception.
Additionally, industries such as healthcare, finance, and government agencies often deal with confidential data that needs safeguarding from potential threats. By using shielded cables in these sectors, organizations can enhance their overall data security measures.
deciding when to use shielded cables depends on various factors like environmental conditions and security requirements. Shielding plays a crucial role in ensuring reliable data transmission by minimizing interferences caused by EMI and RFI. So before installing any network infrastructure or connecting critical equipment together,
consider evaluating whether employing
shielded cabling solutions would be beneficial for your specific application
Understanding the role of shielding in data cables is crucial in today’s technology-driven world. Shielding not only ensures data integrity but also plays a significant role in maintaining data security. By protecting signal transmissions from external interference, shielding helps prevent signal degradation and loss, ultimately leading to reliable and secure data transmission.
In this article, we explored what shielding is and its importance in various applications. We discussed different types of cable shielding options available and how they can effectively safeguard against signal interference. Additionally, we highlighted the correlation between shielding and data security, emphasizing the need for robust protection measures to prevent unauthorized access or tampering with sensitive information.
When it comes to choosing whether to use shielded cables, understanding the unique requirements of your specific application is key. In environments where electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radio frequency interference (RFI) are prevalent, opting for shielded cables can significantly enhance performance and maintain data integrity.
By implementing proper shielding techniques, businesses can ensure their critical systems remain functional without being compromised by external factors that could potentially disrupt operations or compromise sensitive information.
The role of shielding in data cables cannot be overstated when it comes to ensuring both data integrity and security. Whether you’re setting up a network infrastructure or connecting vital equipment within your organization’s premises, investing in high-quality shielded cables will undoubtedly provide peace of mind knowing that your valuable data is protected from potential threats posed by unwanted signals or malicious intent. | <urn:uuid:e1bdf3eb-bf95-4475-9b8b-61ce54f9e98e> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://johnnyholland.org/2023/08/the-role-of-shielding-in-data-cables/ | 2024-02-23T03:36:23Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.926708 | 2,830 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
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Martial arts, a practice deeply rooted in history and culture, encompasses a diverse range of disciplines that emphasize physical skill, mental focus, and spiritual growth. As martial artists embark on their journey, they rely on a variety of specialized gear designed to enhance their performance, ensure safety, and uphold the spirit of the art. From protective equipment to training aids and attire, martial arts gear plays a crucial role in the practice and development of this ancient discipline.
The significance of martial arts gear cannot be overstated. In the pursuit of martial arts mastery, practitioners engage in rigorous training sessions, sparring sessions, and sometimes even competitive matches. During these intense physical activities, the risk of injury is inherent. Therefore, protective equipment serves as a vital safeguard, providing practitioners with the necessary confidence and security to focus on honing their skills.
Protective gear forms the foundation of martial arts gear, catering to the specific needs of different disciplines. For instance, mouthguards are essential for safeguarding the teeth and jaw during strikes or potential impacts to the face. Headgear not only protects the skull but also minimizes the risk of concussions and brain injuries. Shin guards provide vital protection for the shins and lower legs, shielding them from powerful kicks and impacts. By wearing these protective pieces, martial artists can engage in training and sparring with reduced fear of injuries.
Beyond protection, the martial arts uniform, commonly known as a gi, holds immense symbolic value. The gi represents discipline, respect, and unity among martial artists. Its loose-fitting design and breathable fabric allow for freedom of movement, enabling practitioners to execute techniques with fluidity and precision. The uniform serves as a visual reminder of the practitioner’s commitment to the art and fosters a sense of tradition and camaraderie among fellow martial artists.
In addition to protective equipment and attire, training aids play a crucial role in martial arts development. These tools assist practitioners in refining their techniques, improving their speed, accuracy, and power. Focus pads, punching bags, and kicking targets allow martial artists to practice strikes and kicks with precision, honing their skills for real-life combat situations. Grappling dummies and wooden dummies provide the means to simulate opponents, helping martial artists develop their grappling and striking techniques effectively.
As technology continues to advance, it has also made its way into martial arts gear. Smart wearables, such as fitness trackers and performance monitors, offer valuable insights into training sessions, measuring heart rate, calories burned, and analyzing the effectiveness of movements. By leveraging technology, martial artists can track their progress, set goals, and optimize their training routines for better results.
In conclusion, martial arts gear is an integral part of the practice and development of martial arts. Protective equipment ensures the safety of practitioners, allowing them to train with confidence. The gi symbolizes discipline and tradition while providing freedom of movement. Training aids assist in refining techniques, and technological advancements enhance performance tracking and analysis. As martial arts continue to evolve and attract practitioners from around the world, the gear will undoubtedly continue to advance, incorporating new technologies and innovations to further enhance the training experience.
II. Protective Equipment
Protective equipment is a fundamental aspect of martial arts gear, prioritizing the safety and well-being of practitioners during training and competitions. The nature of martial arts involves physical contact and dynamic movements, making the use of protective gear essential in minimizing the risk of injuries and allowing practitioners to train with confidence.
One of the most commonly used pieces of protective equipment in martial arts is the mouthguard. Designed to protect the teeth, gums, and jaw, mouthguards serve as a barrier against impact and prevent dental injuries. They are especially crucial in combat sports such as boxing, kickboxing, and mixed martial arts (MMA), where strikes to the face are prevalent. Mouthguards not only cushion the force of blows but also help to stabilize the jaw and reduce the likelihood of concussions.
Headgear is another vital component of protective gear in martial arts. It offers protection to the head, including the skull, temples, and ears. Headgear is particularly important in disciplines such as boxing, taekwondo, and Muay Thai, where strikes to the head are common. It helps to absorb and distribute the impact of punches and kicks, reducing the risk of head trauma, cuts, and concussions. Additionally, headgear often features padding around the ears, providing some protection against cauliflower ear, a common condition in combat sports.
Shin guards are essential for martial artists who engage in striking techniques involving the lower legs, such as Muay Thai, kickboxing, and certain forms of karate. These guards cover the shinbone and offer protection against direct impacts and strikes. They are typically made of durable materials such as synthetic leather or foam padding, which absorb and disperse the force of kicks. Shin guards not only reduce the risk of painful contusions but also minimize the likelihood of fractures or other serious injuries to the shin.
In some martial arts disciplines, additional protective gear may be required based on the specific training or competition rules. This can include items such as groin protectors, chest protectors, and padded vests. Groin protectors are commonly used in male combat sports to safeguard the genital area, while chest protectors are often worn in taekwondo and other striking arts to shield the torso from strikes and impacts. Padded vests may be utilized in training scenarios where controlled contact or grappling techniques are involved, offering extra cushioning and protection.
The use of protective equipment in martial arts is not solely limited to competition settings. It is equally important during training sessions, where practitioners are constantly pushing their limits and refining their techniques. By wearing protective gear, martial artists can focus on executing their moves with full intensity, knowing that they are minimizing the risk of serious injuries. This aspect of training also promotes longevity in the practice, allowing practitioners to continue their martial arts journey without significant interruptions due to preventable injuries.
In conclusion, protective equipment is a crucial component of martial arts gear, prioritizing the safety and well-being of practitioners. Mouthguards, headgear, shin guards, and other protective gear play a vital role in minimizing the risk of injuries during training and competitions. By providing cushioning, stabilization, and impact absorption, these gear items allow martial artists to train and compete with confidence, fully immersing themselves in the art while minimizing the potential risks associated with physical contact.
III. The Martial Arts Uniform (Gi)
The martial arts uniform, commonly referred to as a gi, holds significant cultural and symbolic importance in martial arts disciplines worldwide. Beyond its traditional aesthetics, the gi serves multiple practical purposes and contributes to the overall practice and experience of martial arts.
The gi consists of two main components: the jacket (uwagi) and the pants (zubon). Typically, these components are constructed from a durable, breathable fabric such as cotton or a cotton blend. The loose-fitting design of the gi allows for freedom of movement, enabling martial artists to execute techniques with fluidity and ease. This unrestricted range of motion is particularly crucial in martial arts styles that emphasize dynamic kicks, strikes, and grappling techniques.
The gi’s design is not merely a matter of convenience; it is deeply rooted in tradition and symbolism. The uniform’s origins can be traced back to the traditional clothing worn by Japanese samurai, adapting over time to suit the needs of martial arts practice. Wearing a gi signifies discipline, respect, and unity among martial artists, emphasizing the values and principles upheld within the art. It fosters a sense of camaraderie and mutual respect among practitioners, regardless of their skill levels or backgrounds.
The uniform’s aesthetics are often characterized by its simple, minimalist style. The gi is typically plain and devoid of extravagant decorations, aligning with the philosophy of humility and focus that martial arts promote. However, variations in color and design may exist depending on the specific martial arts style or the practitioner’s rank. For example, some styles incorporate colored belts to indicate different levels of mastery, while others rely on embroidered patches or insignias to signify achievements and affiliations.
The gi also serves as a functional tool during training and practice. The loose fit allows for ventilation, preventing overheating and promoting airflow, which is particularly advantageous during intense physical exertion. Moreover, the fabric’s durability ensures that the gi can withstand the demands of regular training sessions and maintain its quality over time.
The uniform’s practicality extends beyond the training hall or dojo. It provides practitioners with a sense of identity and connection to the martial arts community. Donning a gi is a visual representation of one’s commitment to the art and the journey of self-improvement it entails. It is a tangible reminder of the dedication and perseverance required to excel in martial arts.
In addition to its symbolic and functional aspects, the gi also plays a role in promoting discipline and self-awareness. The process of putting on the uniform, tying the belt, and preparing for training or competition fosters a mental transition from daily life to the focused mindset required in martial arts practice. It serves as a ritualistic reminder to leave outside distractions behind and immerse oneself fully in the present moment, ready to learn and grow.
In conclusion, the martial arts uniform, or gi, is an integral component of martial arts gear. Its loose-fitting design, breathable fabric, and minimalist aesthetics contribute to the practicality, tradition, and symbolism of martial arts practice. Beyond its physical aspects, the gi represents discipline, respect, and unity among practitioners, fostering a sense of community and a dedication to personal growth. The gi is not merely a piece of clothing; it is a tangible embodiment of the art and its values, creating a profound connection between the martial artist and the practice.
IV. Training Aids
Training aids are essential components of martial arts gear, serving as valuable tools to enhance skills, improve technique, and develop physical attributes. These aids provide practitioners with targeted training opportunities, allowing them to refine their abilities and optimize their performance in various martial arts disciplines.
One commonly used training aid in martial arts is the focus pad. These handheld targets, usually made of padded materials, are held by training partners or coaches to simulate striking targets. Focus pads enable practitioners to practice punches, elbows, kicks, and knee strikes with precision and accuracy. By using focus pads, martial artists can enhance their speed, timing, and coordination, as well as develop their striking power. The interaction between the striker and the pad holder also helps to simulate realistic combat scenarios and improves the practitioner’s ability to react and adapt quickly.
Punching bags are another valuable training aid that martial artists utilize to refine their striking techniques. These heavy bags, typically filled with dense materials like sand or fabric, provide a stable and resistant surface for punches, kicks, and other strikes. Practitioners can practice combinations, work on their footwork, and improve their striking power and accuracy. The consistent feedback from the punching bag allows martial artists to develop proper technique, timing, and control while building strength and endurance.
Kicking targets, such as pads or shields, are specific aids used to focus on developing kicking techniques. These targets provide a designated area for practitioners to aim their kicks and perform repetitive drills to improve their kicking speed, precision, and power. Kicking targets can be held by training partners or positioned on stands, allowing martial artists to practice a wide range of kicks, including front kicks, roundhouse kicks, and side kicks, with proper form and impact.
Grappling dummies and wooden dummies are training aids commonly used in disciplines that involve close-quarters combat, such as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Wing Chun. Grappling dummies are life-sized, humanoid-shaped training partners made of dense padding or durable materials. They allow practitioners to practice takedowns, joint locks, and ground fighting techniques without the need for a live training partner. Wooden dummies, on the other hand, are specialized training aids used in Wing Chun and other martial arts styles. They feature wooden arms and legs arranged in specific positions to simulate an opponent. Wooden dummies help martial artists improve their striking accuracy, positioning, and flow of techniques.
These training aids not only facilitate skill development but also provide martial artists with an opportunity to train independently. They allow practitioners to focus on specific techniques, repeat drills, and refine movements at their own pace. This independence enhances self-discipline, mental focus, and perseverance in martial arts training.
Moreover, the use of training aids promotes versatility in training environments. Whether in a dedicated training facility, a martial arts gym, or even at home, martial artists can utilize training aids to create dynamic and effective training sessions. The adaptability of these aids allows practitioners to tailor their training routines to suit their individual goals, whether it’s improving speed, power, precision, or transitioning between different martial arts techniques.
In conclusion, training aids play a vital role in martial arts practice, enabling practitioners to refine their skills, improve technique, and develop physical attributes. From focus pads and punching bags to kicking targets and grappling dummies, these aids provide opportunities for targeted training, enhance striking and grappling abilities, and facilitate independent practice. By incorporating training aids into their training routines, martial artists can optimize their progress and elevate their performance in their chosen martial arts disciplines.
V. Technological Advancements in Martial Arts Gear
In the ever-evolving world of technology, martial arts gear has also seen significant advancements, incorporating innovative features to enhance performance, track progress, and improve overall training experiences. These technological advancements bring a new dimension to martial arts training, providing practitioners with valuable insights and tools to optimize their practice.
One area where technology has made a notable impact is in the development of smart wearables for martial arts. Fitness trackers, smartwatches, and performance monitors have become popular among martial artists. These devices offer features such as heart rate monitoring, calorie tracking, and activity analysis, providing practitioners with real-time data about their training sessions. By monitoring their heart rate and exertion levels, martial artists can gauge their effort and adjust their intensity accordingly. They can also track their progress over time, set goals, and optimize their training routines to achieve better results.
Motion-capture technology has also found its way into martial arts gear. Sensors and motion-tracking devices can be attached to various parts of the body or integrated into training equipment to capture and analyze movement patterns. This technology allows martial artists to receive feedback on their techniques, detect flaws in their form, and make adjustments to improve their performance. It can also be used in virtual training environments, where practitioners can engage in interactive simulations and receive real-time coaching.
Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) have started to impact martial arts training as well. VR training programs offer immersive experiences, allowing practitioners to practice their techniques in virtual environments that replicate real-life scenarios. This technology enhances mental focus, reaction time, and decision-making abilities. AR applications, on the other hand, overlay digital information onto the real world, enabling martial artists to visualize and analyze their movements in real-time. They can receive instant feedback, learn new techniques, and explore various training scenarios.
Another technological advancement in martial arts gear is the development of impact-absorbing materials. Traditionally, protective gear was made from foam padding and synthetic materials. However, advancements in materials science have led to the creation of more advanced and efficient protective gear. High-density foam, gel inserts, and shock-absorbing polymers are now used to enhance the protective capabilities of gear such as headgear, shin guards, and body protectors. These materials can absorb and disperse impact forces more effectively, minimizing the risk of injuries and improving overall safety.
Video analysis software and applications have also become valuable tools for martial artists. By recording and analyzing training sessions or competitive fights, practitioners can review their techniques, identify strengths and weaknesses, and make adjustments to their training programs. Slow-motion playback, frame-by-frame analysis, and side-by-side comparisons allow for a detailed examination of movements and form. Coaches and trainers can provide targeted feedback based on these recordings, further facilitating skill development.
As technology continues to advance, it is likely that more innovations will emerge in the realm of martial arts gear. From intelligent training equipment to biometric tracking devices, the integration of technology in martial arts training holds tremendous potential for enhancing performance, promoting safety, and expanding the boundaries of the art.
In conclusion, technological advancements have revolutionized martial arts gear, offering practitioners a range of innovative tools to optimize their training experiences. Smart wearables, motion-capture technology, virtual reality, impact-absorbing materials, video analysis software, and other technological advancements have become invaluable resources for martial artists. By leveraging these advancements, practitioners can track their progress, receive real-time feedback, analyze their techniques, and create more effective training routines. As technology continues to evolve, it is clear that the fusion of technology and martial arts will continue to shape the future of the discipline, providing new avenues for growth, learning, and performance optimization.
VI. Specialized Gear for Different Martial Arts Styles
Different martial arts styles have unique techniques, training methods, and requirements, leading to the development of specialized gear tailored to each discipline. From the striking arts to grappling-based styles, specialized gear enhances performance, ensures safety, and aligns with the specific needs of practitioners in their respective martial arts practices.
Boxing and Kickboxing
Boxing and kickboxing rely heavily on striking techniques, emphasizing punches, kicks, and combinations. The gear commonly used in these disciplines includes boxing gloves, hand wraps, mouthguards, and shin guards. Boxing gloves provide hand protection and support while distributing the impact of punches. Hand wraps secure the wrists and provide additional cushioning. Mouthguards protect the teeth and jaw, while shin guards shield the shins from powerful kicks and blocks.
Muay Thai, also known as the “Art of Eight Limbs,” incorporates punches, kicks, knee strikes, and elbow strikes. The gear used in Muay Thai includes heavier boxing gloves, hand wraps, mouthguards, shin guards, and elbow pads. The heavier gloves offer additional protection due to the intensity of strikes, while elbow pads minimize the risk of injuries during clinch work and elbow strikes.
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) focuses on grappling and ground fighting techniques. The primary gear used in BJJ includes a gi (kimono) and a belt. The gi provides grip for various holds and submissions, and the belt signifies rank and progression. Some practitioners also use rash guards, spats, and grappling shorts for added comfort and protection against mat burns.
Wrestling involves takedowns, throws, and grappling techniques. Wrestlers typically wear a singlet, a form-fitting one-piece garment that allows for ease of movement and prevents opponents from gaining leverage. Wrestling shoes with a non-slip sole are worn to provide traction and stability on the mat.
Taekwondo emphasizes high kicks, fast footwork, and precision strikes. The gear used in Taekwondo includes a dobok (uniform), which often features a V-neck and pants with an elastic waistband. The dobok represents the practitioner’s level and affiliation. Additionally, practitioners wear a colored belt that signifies their rank. Taekwondo practitioners also use instep and forearm guards for protection during sparring sessions.
Mixed Martial Arts
MMA combines various martial arts styles, incorporating striking, grappling, and ground fighting techniques. The gear used in MMA includes MMA gloves, which offer finger flexibility and protection, mouthguards, shin guards, and groin protectors. Additionally, some practitioners may use rash guards or shorts for comfort and mobility.
It’s important to note that while certain gear is specific to each martial arts style, there are also common elements shared among different disciplines. For instance, mouthguards and groin protectors are widely used in various combat sports to ensure safety during training and competition.
Specialized gear for different martial arts styles not only enhances performance and safety but also adds to the aesthetic and cultural aspects of the respective disciplines. By using gear tailored to their specific martial arts style, practitioners can fully immerse themselves in their practice and optimize their training experiences.
Martial arts gear plays a crucial role in enhancing performance, ensuring safety, and enriching the overall experience of martial arts practitioners. From protective equipment to specialized gear for different styles, the evolution of martial arts gear has continually pushed the boundaries of training and performance optimization.
Protective equipment such as helmets, mouthguards, shin guards, and gloves are essential in safeguarding practitioners during training and competition. These gear items minimize the risk of injuries and allow martial artists to push their limits with confidence. By providing necessary protection, practitioners can focus on skill development and technique execution without compromising their well-being.
The martial arts uniform, commonly known as the gi, holds deep cultural and symbolic significance. Beyond its practicality, the gi represents discipline, respect, and unity among practitioners. It serves as a visual representation of commitment to the art and fosters a sense of identity and belonging within the martial arts community.
Training aids, including focus pads, punching bags, and grappling dummies, offer valuable tools for targeted training and skill development. These aids help practitioners refine their techniques, improve their physical attributes, and create dynamic and effective training sessions. Technological advancements have further revolutionized martial arts gear, introducing smart wearables, motion-capture technology, virtual reality, and video analysis software. These innovations provide practitioners with real-time data, enhanced feedback, and immersive training experiences, pushing the boundaries of performance and learning.
Moreover, specialized gear tailored to different martial arts styles meets the specific needs of practitioners in each discipline. Whether it’s boxing gloves, gi uniforms, singlets, or doboks, specialized gear enhances performance, aligns with the stylistic requirements of the art, and contributes to the cultural and aesthetic aspects of martial arts.
In conclusion, martial arts gear is an integral part of the martial arts journey. It encompasses protective equipment, training aids, uniforms, and specialized gear, all designed to enhance performance, ensure safety, and enrich the overall experience of practitioners. As martial arts continue to evolve, so will the gear that accompanies it, further enabling practitioners to push their limits, refine their skills, and embark on a path of self-improvement and personal growth. With the right gear by their side, martial artists can embrace the essence of their chosen discipline and unlock their full potential.
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] |
Alagille syndrome treatment
There is currently no cure for Alagille syndrome, but a range of treatment options, including medications and surgical procedures, are available for managing Alagille syndrome symptoms and improving quality of life for patients. Resources such as support groups also can help patients and their families navigate life with Alagille.
Alagille syndrome is a rare genetic disorder mostly caused by mutations in the JAG1 gene, although mutations in another gene called NOTCH2 contribute to a minority of cases. The condition is marked by abnormalities in development, which usually include liver problems, heart defects, and a characteristic facial shape, among other symptoms.
Alagille syndrome can cause a range of symptoms, and each person has a different experience with the disease — even people within the same family can have very different signs and symptoms. As such, care is highly personalized, depending on the patient’s individual needs.
Virtually all people with Alagille have liver disease. In particular, a characteristic feature of the disorder is intrahepatic bile duct paucity, wherein the liver has fewer bile ducts than normal.
Bile is a fluid produced by the liver that helps break down certain fatty molecules and proteins during digestion, and also helps with disposing of certain waste products. Bile ducts are a series of tubes that normally carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder, an organ under the liver where bile is stored, and to the small intestine, where it’s used to help digest foods.
In Alagille syndrome, the lower number of bile ducts can reduce or obstruct the flow of bile from the liver, a condition known as cholestasis. This may cause bile to build up in the liver, which can result in liver damage, as well as symptoms such as itching due to excess bile in the bloodstream. These symptoms are often similar to those in another liver disease called biliary atresia.
Heart problems are also a common feature of Alagille syndrome. Most patients have pulmonary artery stenosis, which is an abnormal narrowing of the pulmonary artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs. More severe cardiac defects, including pulmonary atresia, where the valve that connects the heart to the pulmonary artery is absent, and a complex heart defect called tetralogy of Fallot, also can occur with Alagille syndrome.
Other symptoms of Alagille may include distinctive differences in the shape of the face, abnormalities in eyes and bone development, and problems with the kidneys and blood vessels.
Because Alagille syndrome usually affects multiple systems throughout the body, a multidisciplinary approach is typically required for optimal care, with different specialists helping to address specific disease manifestations.
No Alagille syndrome treatments are available that can cure the disease or address its underlying cause. A number of medications, supplements, and other approaches can ease certain disease manifestations, including the buildup of bile and itching, and nutritional deficiencies.
In recent years, two medications have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifically to treat itching in Alagille syndrome. They are:
- Livmarli (maralixibat), sold by Mirum Pharmaceuticals, is approved in the U.S. for Alagille patients 3 months and older and in Europe for those ages 2 months and older
- Bylvay (odevixibat), sold by Ipsen, is approved in the U.S. for patients 1 year and older, and the company has plans to seek its approval in Europe.
Both of these oral therapies work to block an enzyme that carries bile acids from the intestine back to the blood and liver, increasing the amount of bile acids that are excreted in stool. Itching in Alagille syndrome is mostly caused by the buildup of bile acids in the blood. By reducing bile acid levels, the therapies can ease this symptom.
In addition to these two approved medications, a few other therapies may be used off-label to help manage pruritus and related liver symptoms in Alagille patients:
- ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), sold as Urso and Actigall among other brand names, helps reduce the buildup of bile in the liver by making it more soluble in water, thereby boosting bile flow
- cholestyramine, sold under the brand names Prevalite and Locholest, with several generics also available, helps lower bile acid levels by increasing their excretion in feces
- rifampicin, an antibiotic sold under the brand name Rifadin among others, is believed to prompt a modification in bile acids that reduces the sensation of itch and increases their ability to be excreted by the kidneys
- naltrexone, sold as Vivitrol and several generics, works by blocking opioid receptors in the body, which are believed to mediate how the brain senses the feeling of itch.
Other medications may be given as adjunctive, or add-on, treatment to help manage itch in Alagille syndrome patients, including antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (sold as Benadryl, among others) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as sertraline (sold as Zoloft, among others).
Liver dysfunction in people with Alagille syndrome frequently leads to malabsorption, wherein the body isn’t able to digest and absorb certain nutrients properly, which can contribute to growth deficiencies.
Malabsorption in Alagille syndrome commonly makes it harder for the body to absorb certain fat-soluble nutrients, including vitamins A, D, E, and K. As such, supplements of these vitamins are often given to ensure patients can get enough into their systems.
To ensure patients are getting enough nutrients to thrive, it’s generally recommended that people with Alagille syndrome eat a high-calorie diet, with at least 25% more daily calories than is recommended for someone in the general population.
Food or formula containing medium chain triglycerides — a type of fat molecule that can typically be digested well in people with the condition — is also recommended. These fat molecules are naturally found in coconut oil, milk fat, and palm kernel oil; synthetic versions of these fats are also present in some specialty medical food formulations.
If children with Alagille are not ingesting enough calories and nutrients to support their growth, a healthcare provider may recommend a feeding tube. This can be either inserted through the nose into the stomach — called a nasogastric tube — or placed directly into the stomach through a small opening in the abdomen, known as a gastrostomy tube.
Other treatments may be used to manage specific manifestations of Alagille syndrome, similar to how those manifestations would be treated for people without the condition.
For example, if pancreas function is reduced, patients may be given supplements of pancreatic enzymes to aid in digestion, while patients with renal tubular acidosis (abnormal acidity in the kidneys) may receive therapies to reduce blood acidity levels.
Eye abnormalities in Alagille syndrome normally don’t cause notable problems with vision that require treatment, but if problems o occur, specialized ophthalmological care may be given to address the issue.
Takeda is developing an experimental Alagille syndrome treatment, dubbed TAK-625, that contains a formulation of maralixibat, the same active agent in Livmarli. The once-daily oral therapy is being tested in a Phase 3 trial (NCT05543174), the main goal of which is to evaluate how TAK-625 affects levels of bile acids in the blood. Other measures, including the treatment’s effect on itching, will also be assessed.
The Mayo Clinic is running a Phase 2 study (NCT04256759) testing the anti-inflammatory therapy dupilumab in people with moderate to severe chronic itching due to liver diseases such as Alagille syndrome. Dupilumab blocks the activity of an inflammatory signaling molecule called interleukin-4. It’s approved in the U.S. to treat a chronic skin condition marked by intense itch, called prurigo nodularis, and is marketed under the name Dupixent.
Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, China is conducting a Phase 4 clinical trial (NCT05488067) to test whether atorvastatin, a medication approved to lower cholesterol, may help reduce the formation of xanthomas in people with Alagille syndrome. These are waxy skin lesions that develop due to the abnormal buildup of cholesterol and fats underneath the skin.
Theoretical approaches to target the root cause of Alagille syndrome, such as gene therapies, RNA-based treatments, or gene editing treatments, have been proposed by scientists, but so far none of these strategies has been tested in people.
In some cases, medications alone may not adequately control the symptoms of Alagille syndrome and doctors may recommend certain surgeries to help patients regain some quality of life. These may include procedures such as biliary diversion, which diverts the flow of bile, or a liver transplant in severe cases when the liver is no longer functioning properly.
Surgeries may also be recommended to correct certain heart defects, as well as other organ or blood vessel abnormalities in people with Alagille.
When itching in Alagille syndrome cannot be managed with medication alone, a surgical procedure called biliary diversion may be performed. The basic aim of biliary diversion is to redirect the flow of bile to help prevent the buildup of bile acids that drive itching.
The most common type of biliary diversion in Alagille syndrome is known as partial external biliary diversion, or PEBD. In PEBD, an opening is formed from the gallbladder to the outside of the abdomen, which can then be used to drain bile out of the body.
Less commonly, internal biliary diversion, where bile flow is redirected within the body, or ileal exclusion, which involves shortening the small intestine to promote the excretion of bile, also may help remove bile in Alagille syndrome.
If liver disease in Alagille syndrome becomes serious and leads to organ failure, a liver transplantation is frequently required. Liver transplant is a surgical procedure wherein a person’s diseased liver is replaced with a healthy liver, either a whole liver from a deceased donor or part of one from a live donor.
It’s estimated that up to a third of Alagille syndrome patients will require a liver transplant, mostly due to complications of cholestasis such as severe itching. In most cases, the procedure is required before the patient reaches adulthood.
When heart problems in Alagille syndrome require intervention, surgery is typically used to correct the heart defects.
The specific type of cardiac surgery will depend on the patient’s condition and the kind of defect. For instance, pulmonary artery stenosis may be treated with balloon angioplasty, wherein a balloon is inserted to help open the narrowed artery. Invasive open-heart surgeries are often needed to repair more complex defects such as tetralogy of Fallot, however.
Liver Disease News is strictly a news and information website about the disease. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.
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- Metamorphic rocks form when heat, pressure, or chemically reactive fluids cause changes in preexisting rocks (protoliths) with no melting involved.
- Metamorphic protoliths, can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks of any sort.
- The composition of the protolith is most important factor determining the kinds of metamorphic rocks that form.
- Rocks are chemical systems defined by their compositions, and the systems follow the Laws of Thermodynamics.
- Metamorphism may involve changes in a rock’s texture, mineralogy, or composition.
- Metamorphic heat is transferred by a combination of conduction and convection.
- Most metamorphic rocks form at temperatures of 200-850 oC.
- At high temperatures, metamorphic rocks may undergo partial melting and thus become igneous rock. But some can be heated to temperatures greater than 900 or 1,000 oC before they begin to melt.
- Metamorphic pressure is generally due to burial and the weight of overlying rocks. Most metamorphic rocks form at pressures less than 10 kbar.
- Metamorphism often involves fluids that promote chemical reaction. Most metamorphic fluids are H2O-rich.
- Major kinds of metamorphism include burial metamorphism, regional metamorphism, contact metamorphism, dynamic metamorphism, hydrothermal metamorphism, and impact metamorphism.
- Metamorphism may occur in response to temperature increase (prograde metamorphism) or in response to temperature decrease (retrograde metamorphism).
- Rocks may follow complex pressure-temperature paths as they are metamorphosed.
9.1 What Is Metamorphism?
Metamorphic rocks form when heat, pressure, or chemically reactive fluids cause changes in preexisting rocks (Figure 9.1). The preexisting (parent) rocks, called protoliths, can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic rocks of any sort. The changes that occur may involve changes in rock texture, in the minerals present, and in overall rock composition. So, metamorphic rocks, and the processes that create them, are key parts of the rock cycle that also includes igneous and sedimentary rocks and processes. Thus, metamorphic rocks record Earth history, and metamorphic petrologists try to interpret the rocks to interpret the history.
In Chapter 8 we introduced the Laws of Thermodynamics. In that chapter we were considering mostly melting reactions, but below the solidus, where melt is absent and metamorphism occurs, the principles of thermodynamics also apply. The fundamental principle is that chemical systems will react in ways that minimize the system’s overall chemical energy, called the Gibbs free energy (ΔG). When energy is minimized, the system is at chemical equilibrium and the phases present are the stable phases.
Rocks are chemical systems defined by their compositions, and they follow the rules of thermodynamics like any other kind of system. Thus, for any rock at some specific pressure and temperature there is only one equilibrium mineral assemblage, and for solid-solution minerals, only a single mineral composition is stable. If the pressure or temperature change, a different assemblage and different compositions may become stable, and chemical reactions may occur to regain stability. Changes in the minerals present, or changes in their compositions are kinds of chemical processes called phase changes.
Besides phase changes, however, metamorphism commonly causes physical changes. Such changes occur to minimize physical energy – just as phase changes occur to minimize chemical energy. Rocks may develop textures, called metamorphic fabrics. Some common fabrics involve separation of minerals into layers of different compositions or alignment of mineral grains. For example, Figure 9.2 is a photo of a gneiss with a foliation (a striped or layered appearance) due to parallel layers of different compositions. And, within each layer, black biotite crystals are aligned parallel to the foliation. Other kinds of physical changes include recrystallization when many small grains combine to produce larger grains.
Overall, the changes that occur during metamorphism vary depending on rock composition and metamorphic conditions. Sometimes chemical changes dominate, and sometimes physical changes dominate. So, metamorphic rocks may be characterized by metamorphic minerals or by metamorphic fabrics, or by both.
9.2 Conditions of Metamorphism
Although metamorphic changes can occur in response to either heat, pressure, or reactive fluids, petrologists often think of temperature as most important. Part of this perspective is because heat often promotes metamorphic reactions more than pressure or fluids do. This is because adding heat to a system improves reaction kinetics. So, petrologists commonly talk about metamorphic grade, which is a relative scale of metamorphic intensity based on temperatures of metamorphism. Low-grade rocks -rocks metamorphosed at low temperature – may change only very slowly, and some changes may not go to equilibrium. High-grade rocks -rocks metamorphosed at high temperature – generally do not have the same problems. However, there are many kinds of metamorphic rocks, and some of them are more chemically reactive than others.
Low-grade metamorphic rocks typically form at temperatures between 200 and 450 °C. They mostly form at low pressures, too. Most low-grade metamorphism involves minerals in a protolith reacting with water to produce hydrous minerals such as chlorite. The photo in Figure 9.3 is an example of a low-grade mafic metamorphic rock, a gold-bearing greenschist from the Homestake Mine in South Dakota. The rock contains mostly chlorite but, if you enlarge the photo, two small flecks of native gold (Au) are visible near the center of the bottom edge. Low-grade rocks can be difficult to study due to fine grain sizes, and the minerals in them frequently do not represent chemical equilibrium. For these reasons, many metamorphic petrologists prefer to study higher-grade rocks.
Medium-grade metamorphism, generally occurring at temperatures between 400 and about 600 oC, often produces rocks containing metamorphic minerals we can easily see and identify. Many schists are medium-grade rocks.
High-grade metamorphic rocks, which normally form at temperatures greater than about 600 °C, are usually quite coarse-grained and contain minerals easily identified in hand specimens. Most form at high pressures. Many high-grade rocks develop gneissic textures, like the texture seen in Figure 9.1. Others, like the high-grade garnet granulite in Figure 9.4, lack foliation. This granulite contains conspicuous centimeter-sized red garnet, black hornblende, and white plagioclase feldspar.
Metamorphism occurs over a wide range of pressure and temperature. Most rocks will begin to show metamorphic changes when heated to 150-200 oC, and some can be heated to temperatures greater than 900 or 1,000 oC before they begin to melt and enter the realm of igneous rocks. Some metamorphic rocks form at Earth’s surface, at 1 atm, but others come from deep in Earth where pressure is greater. During regional metamorphism, high temperatures and thus high-grade rocks, are associated with high pressures. During contact, or other kinds of metamorphism, this may not be the case.
● Box 9.1 Extremes of MetamorphismMost of the metamorphic rocks we see are in mountain belts or Precambrian shield areas. For the most part, these rocks equilibrated at pressures less than 10 kbar (Figure 9.5). Rocks called blueschist or eclogite form at higher pressures. And very rare metamorphic rocks, including whiteschists from the Dora Maira Massif in Italy, contain coesite or diamond – minerals that require pressures greater than 30 kbar to be stable. Some mantle xenoliths, carried to the surface from deep in Earth, equilibrated at pressures greater than 100 kbar – off scale in Figure 9.5. But mantle xenoliths contain rocks that formed at high pressure and temperature, not metamorphic rocks that started out at low pressure and temperature and subsequently became high-grade rocks during metamorphism. Metamorphic temperatures rarely exceed 800 or 900 oC because most rocks melt, at least partially, at those temperatures. But rare rocks, such as some from Antarctica’s Napier Complex, equilibrated at more than 1,000 oC. To reach such temperatures without melting requires that the rocks were exceptionally dry during metamorphism, meaning they contained almost no H2O or CO2. |
9.3 The Distinctions Between Sedimentary, Metamorphic, and Igneous Processes
When exposed at the surface, rocks that originally formed at higher temperature and pressure may be unstable at Earth-surface conditions. Often, they weather to produce clays, zeolites, or other minerals that are more stable. And after a sedimentary rock forms, diagenetic reactions may take place that produce new minerals. These events (weathering and diagenesis) are, in a sense, kinds of metamorphism. But weathering and diagenesis are considered low-temperature sedimentary processes. Petrologists reserve the term metamorphism for changes that occur between conditions of weathering/diagenesis and melting.
The temperature boundary between sedimentary processes and metamorphic processes occurs, perhaps, at 200 – 300 oC, but is blurred because the two kinds of processes form a continuum (Figure 9.6). Adding more complications – many minerals created by alteration or diagenesis also form during low-temperature metamorphism. Sometimes we identify metamorphic rocks by their fabrics, but metamorphic fabrics develop slowly and incipiently at low temperatures and may be difficult to distinguish from sedimentary textures.
At high temperatures, the boundary between metamorphic and igneous processes can also be blurry. Depending on its composition, with more heating, a high-grade metamorphic rock may undergo partial melting, also called anatexis, so both metamorphic and igneous processes contribute to its evolution. When this happens, the rock becomes a kind of rock that, strictly speaking, is no longer a metamorphic rock. However, some rocks melt below 700 oC, and others do not melt until temperatures are much greater, perhaps 1,100 oC. So the upper temperature of metamorphism varies with rock composition. Some high-temperature rocks, called migmatites, develop textures that appear to be part way between metamorphism and melting. Figure 9.7 shows an example. The name migmatite comes a Greek word for mixed rock.
9.4 Agents of Metamorphism
9.4.1 Heat and Temperature
Heat is thermal energy that can move (flow) from one place to another or from one substance – such as rock, magma, or water – to another. Thermal energy is high for substances at high temperature and low for substances at low temperature, and heat natural flows from high-temperature to low-temperature materials. Three processes can transfer heat: conduction, convection, and radiation; but within Earth, heat transfer by radiation is insignificant (Figure 9.8).
Conductive heat transfer occurs when heat flows naturally through solid material from a place of high temperature to one of low temperature with no associated movement of matter. Thus, for example, heat is always flowing from Earth’s hot interior to the cooler surface by conduction. And if a (hot) magma intrudes the (cooler) crust, the magma will cool as heat is conducted grain-by-grain into the surrounding rock, causing the rock to warm. This warming initially occurs only next to the pluton, but, over time, heat is conducted farther away and warming can affect a large area.
Convective heat transfer is the transfer of heat due to the flow of material, such as the flow of water, of hot magma and, occasionally rock. It is more efficient than conductive heat transfer. Within Earth, convection occurs mostly because of flowing magmas or flowing asthenosphere that moves like a very viscous liquid. Heat carried by convecting magmas can be much more significant than conducted heat alone, and can warm huge regions of the crust. And in Earth’s mantle, the slow creep of solid rock due to plate tectonics also moves heat by convection. Heat transfer by water can have a significant, although generally quite local, effect near Earth’s surface.
Heat flows naturally from Earth’s interior toward the surface, but different places get their heat flow by different combinations of conduction and convection. Earth’s geothermal gradient, also called its geotherm, is the rate at which temperature increases with depth. It averages about 25 to 35 oC/km near the surface in most places (black line in Figure 9.9). This normal gradient is due solely to conductive heat flow. In some places, however, rising rock or magma provide additional heat. For example, at mid-ocean ridges, rising mantle and magma mean that temperature increases rapidly with depth compared to average (red line in Figure 9.9). In mountain belts and other places where volcanic activity occurs, convective heat flow due to rising magmas contributes much more heat than normal conduction. Consequently, temperature increases faster with depth than is normal (orange line in Figure 9.9). In some places, next to large igneous intrusions, contact metamorphism occurs and extremely high temperatures may persist for short times before the intrusions cool. In subduction zones, the opposite occurs. Descending slabs of cool oceanic lithosphere cool the crust and upper mantle below, causing a decrease in heat flow. So, the rate of temperature increase with depth is less than normal (blue line in Figure 9.9).
9.4.2 Pressure and Depth
Burial causes rocks to experience lithostatic pressure, also called confining pressure. Lithostatic pressure is the same in all directions, and thus can cause an object to become smaller without altering its overall shape (Figure 9.10). This kind of pressure is equivalent to the pressure that swimmers feel on their ears when they go to the bottom of the deep end of a swimming pool. The pressure on a swimmer’s ears accrues because of the weight of water pushing down from above. Within Earth, the weight of rock, which is commonly three times denser than water, causes lithostatic pressure to increase quickly with depth. As seen in Figure 9.9, pressures reach around 12 kbar at 40 km depth.
Typical metamorphic rocks form at pressures less than 10 kbar, but as noted earlier in this chapter, we find higher-pressure rocks in some places. They are rare because to be metamorphosed at very high pressure requires that rocks are at great depth. Subsequently, getting the rocks back to the surface so we can see them is very problematic.
9.4.3 Directed Stress
Directed stress, sometimes called differential pressure, is a force that is not the same in all directions, applied to a volume of material (Figure 9.11). For example, when we squeeze a lemon, we are applying directed stress. When we stretch a rubber band, we are also applying directed stress. Within Earth, directed stress is common due to plate tectonic processes that push large pieces of lithosphere together or pull them apart. However, rocks cannot sustain high levels of directed stress for long because rocks deform to reduce the stress. Directed stress, thus, is commonly associated with places where rock folding, faulting, or other deformation is actively occurring.
Directed stress can cause new minerals to form within a rock, but much more commonly it produces metamorphism involving deformation, fracturing, or textural changes only. Mineral grains may rotate, align, become distorted, or disintegrate. Directed stress may also cause recrystallization as grains dissolve and regrow in other places, or combine to produce larger crystals.
Sometimes, directed stress causes shearing, which means that different parts of a rock slide past each other. During shearing mineral grains can become stretched in one direction, and fractures can develop, giving a rock a foliated texture. Figure 9.12 shows an example of a sheared rock – a mylonite from Norway’s Western Gneiss Region that contains recrystallized sheared material. Directed stress, parallel to the layering in this rock, caused feldspar (white) and biotite (black) grains to become elongated as shearing took place. While this was occurring, metamorphism produced wine-red garnet crystals – a single large one is near the left side of the photo, and many small garnets are also present. The 1 euro coin is 2.3 cm across, for scale.
9.4.4 Metamorphic Fluids
Metamorphism often involves fluids, which may be liquids or gases. But most metamorphism occurs at conditions above the critical point where liquids and gases are indistinguishable. The most common metamorphic fluids are H2O-rich, but sometimes CO2, sulfur, or other components are present in small or large amounts. Fluids are important because they may promote metamorphic reactions. They also act as fluxes that lead to large crystal growth.
Fluids involved in metamorphism may be magmatic (expelled by magmas as they crystallize) or meteoric (derived from precipitation that infiltrates the ground). They may also be released during subduction of wet lithosphere, or they may be products of reactions that release H2O or CO2 from minerals. During metamorphism, these fluids occupy small spaces between mineral grains.
Most fluids escape after metamorphism ceases. Sometimes, however, we can look at metamorphic fluid samples because mineral crystals may trap small droplets of the fluids present at the time of metamorphism. Figure 9.13 is a photo showing examples of fluid inclusions in quartz.
9.5 Different Kinds of Metamorphism
There is some debate about how best to classify different kinds of metamorphism, but at a fundamental level, most petrologists distinguish five or six main types. We will discuss most of these in more detail later in this and subsequent chapters. For now, we will give brief introductions. All these kinds of metamorphism result from some combination of pressure, heat, shear stress, and chemical reactions involving water or other metamorphic fluids. Because regional and contact metamorphism account for most metamorphic rocks, they are the focus of most of the rest of this book.
9.5.1 Burial Metamorphism
Burial metamorphism is the lowest-energy kind of metamorphism. It is the precursor to regional metamorphism and occurs when rocks undergoing diagenesis are buried to significant depth. Eventually, as the weight of overlying sediments increases, and temperatures increase due to burial, diagenetic processes give way to metamorphic processes. This change happens most commonly in sedimentary basins where thick layers of sediment accumulate. The transition between diagenesis and burial metamorphism occurs at temperatures of 200 to 300 oC and depths of several kilometers, but the processes overlap. During burial metamorphism, heat and pressure cause minerals to recrystallize, clay minerals to turn into different clay minerals, and new minerals – most typically zeolites – grow. Sandstone may become quartzite, and shale may become slate but, commonly, some bedding and other sedimentary structures persist and rocks may show very little outward signs of metamorphism. Burial metamorphism rarely leads to any significant development of metamorphic fabric because pressure is generally lithostatic (the same in all directions) at the shallow depths where burial metamorphism occurs.
9.5.2 Regional Metamorphism
Burial metamorphism grades into regional metamorphism as temperature and pressure increase. Regional metamorphism, which occurs over millions of years, is not generally due to overlying layers of sediment being deposited and compressing rocks below. It is caused by burial and heating associated with mountain building events (orogenies). This kind of metamorphism occurs because both pressure and temperature increase with depth in Earth. The deeper the rocks, the greater the temperature, pressure, and grade of metamorphism (Figure 9.14).
Regional metamorphism is associated with continental collisions and subduction zones. It can affect very large areas and typically creates large metamorphic terranes, regions characterized by distinctive metamorphic rocks. After tectonism ceases, uplift and erosion may expose rocks from different depths. Thus, many examples of regional metamorphism are found in mountain belts, for example the outcrop of schist in Vermont’s Green Mountains seen in Figure 9.15. Generally, the greatest uplift occurs near the centers of orogenic belts. Consequently, we typically find high pressure-temperature (P-T) metamorphic rocks in the centers of mountain ranges, with lower P-T rocks near the range margins.
However, we also find vast areas of regionally metamorphosed rocks in places that are not mountain ranges today. During orogenies, when the crust thickens, it naturally moves upward due to buoyancy, creating topographic highs (mountains). Eventually, given enough time, the mountains completely erode, thus uncovering underlying igneous and metamorphic rocks that were once at great depth. Because, upward movement and erosion are not the same everywhere in an orogenic belt, rocks coming from different depths become exposed, most significantly in regions called shields.
All of the world’s continents contain Precambrian shields, areas where erosion has completely removed once present mountains. Exposed shield rocks may once have been part of mountain roots 10s of kilometers beneath the surface. The gneiss in Figure 9.16 is an example. It is a high-grade metamorphic rock from the Canadian Shield in central Ontario, north of Lake Huron. The degree of metamorphism and lateral variations in metamorphism that typify shield areas tell us about the size and formation of mountains that are no longer present. Additionally, Precambrian shields are particularly important because they host many important mineral deposits.
Orange and red colors in Figure 9.17, which circle Hudson Bay, show the extent of North America’s Canadian Shield. The Shield, a large generally flat area, contains most of the metamorphic rock outcrops in North America, as well as many different kinds of igneous and sedimentary rocks. The darker red colors show regions where rocks that are more than 3 billion years old can be found. Adjacent lighter orange colors show regions of 1-billion-year-old rocks. Green, blue, and purple colors, mostly within the United States, are areas where surface rocks are of Phanerozoic age (younger than 541 million years ago). This pattern – ancient Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks flanked by much younger sedimentary rocks – is present on every continent.
9.5.3 Contact Metamorphism
Although regional metamorphism, which accounts for most metamorphism, occurs at moderate to deep levels within Earth, metamorphism can also occur at shallow levels or even at Earth’s surface. Sometimes magma that intrudes the crust may rise close to, or all the way to, the surface. In such cases, heat from the intrusion can cause contact metamorphism that affects shallow or surficial surrounding rocks, which we call country rocks. The effects of such metamorphism may be profound because of the high temperature contrast between magma temperatures and country rock temperatures. Contact metamorphism of limestone, for example, can produce white marble, such as the marble seen in Figure 9.18.
Contact metamorphism typically leads to the development of metamorphic zones parallel to the contact between the intrusion and the country rock. These zones comprise a contact aureole (Figure 9.19). Sometimes aureoles wrap around a pluton and consist of concentric zones that contain different mineral assemblages. The number of zones that form, and the minerals they contain, depend on several things, including the composition of the country rock. Additionally, the size and temperature of the intruding igneous rock has a profound effect. If metamorphism is caused by intrusion of a thin dike or sill, the surrounding aureole may be quite thin. If it is caused by a large intrusion, the aureole will be thicker because it takes longer for large intrusions to cool, and more country rock will be heated. Although much larger ones are known, most contact aureoles have thicknesses between a few centimeters and a few 10s of meters.
The formation of a contact aureole frequently involves metasomatism, a change in country rock composition due to flowing metamorphic fluids that add or remove elemental components. Minerals in the different zones of an aureole, and zone thicknesses, not only reflect the composition of the country rock and the metamorphic temperature, but also the amount of metasomatism that occurs. Metasomatism can be especially significant when the country rock is a carbonate (limestone or dolostone), because a large number of different metamorphic minerals may develop that would not be found in carbonate rocks otherwise. We will see some spectacular examples when we look at skarns, later in Chapter 15 (Section 15.8.3). Figure 9.26, later in this chapter, shows one example.
Magmas that intrude the crust generally are at temperatures of 900 oC or greater – most greater than 1,000 oC. But, they intrude slowly and cool relatively quickly. Rocks closest to the contact between the intrusion and the country rock will be heated to the highest temperature. In most cases, this maximum temperature is the average of the intrusion temperature and the country rock temperature. Red dots in Figure 9.20 depict peak metamorphic conditions for a number of different contact aureoles, plotted on top of the P-T field for most metamorphic rocks (blue) that we saw in Figure 9.5. Typically, the highest-grade rocks in a contact aureole equilibrated at temperatures of 500 to 800 oC and pressures of 4 kbar or less. There are, however, exceptions. Additionally, contact metamorphism that occurs at significant depth in Earth may be indistinguishable from regional metamorphism.
9.5.4 Dynamic Metamorphism
High shear stresses associated with fault zones can cause dynamic metamorphism (also called fault-zone metamorphism). This kind of metamorphism involves a localized low-temperature process that produces physical, but often no mineralogical changes. Unlike other kinds of metamorphism, metamorphic temperatures may not exceed 100-200 oC.
Products of dynamic metamorphism, called cataclastic rocks, include ground-up and deformed rocks such as those seen in the fault zone above the knapsack in Figure 9.21. Dynamic metamorphism also sometimes produces fault breccia made of broken up rock fragments (Figure 9.22), or mylonites made of long stretched out mineral crystals (Figures 9.23). The effects of directed stress on the rock in Figure 9.23 are profound. We saw a somewhat similar rock earlier in this chapter in Figure 9.12.
Some metamorphism occurs when water flows through a rock without significant changes in temperature or pressure. This kind of metamorphism, hydrothermal metamorphism often produces low-temperature alteration of country rocks. For example, Figure 9.24 is a photo of a serpentinite from near the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, and Figure 9.25 shows an altered outcrop of serpentinite. Serpentinites form by low-temperature hydrothermal metamorphism of ultramafic rocks.
At higher temperatures, hydrothermal metamorphism may affect large areas and be part of regional metamorphism, or it can be localized and part of contact metamorphism. In either case, the metamorphism involves hot, generally water-rich fluids that flow through cracks and along grain boundaries. The fluids act as catalysts and fluxes that promote reactions and sometimes large crystal growth. More important, the fluids may cause metasomatism that changes the composition by adding or removing specific elements. So, the resulting rock may be of a much different composition than its parent.
Hydrothermal metamorphism creates many different products. It can, for example, produce ore deposits by concentrating ore minerals (most commonly copper, iron, or lead sulfides) in host rocks where they did not exist previously. Hydrothermal metamorphism also may create skarns, a type of high-temperature contact metamorphic rock that develops when a great deal of metasomatism occurs. Figure 9.26, for example, is a photo of a skarn formed by metamorphism of a siliceous dolomite. The rock contains recrystallized blue calcite, red-grown garnet, and green pyroxene.
9.5.6 Impact Metamorphism
Impact metamorphism, also called shock metamorphism, occurs when a meteorite or other extraterrestrial body impacts Earth. The effects include rock shattering, mineral grain deformation, the formation of high-pressure minerals such as coesite and stishovite, and sometimes melting or vaporization of crustal rocks. Figure 9.27 is a photo of shatter cones created by a meteorite impact in Quebec. Shatter cones are akin to the damage that a pebble does when it strikes the windshield of your car.
9.6 Paths of Metamorphism
9.6.1 Prograde and Retrograde Metamorphism
Figure 9.28 compares paths of prograde and retrograde regional metamorphism. Prograde metamorphism occurs when low-grade or unmetamorphosed rocks change mineralogy or texture in response to a temperature increase. This occurs, for example, during burial and heating associated with regional metamorphism. Regional prograde metamorphism involves both increasing temperature and pressure; contact metamorphism usually does not. Retrograde metamorphism is the opposite – it occurs when high-temperature metamorphic rocks or minerals reequilibrate at lower temperatures. Often this occurs during uplift (which lowers pressure) and cooling (which lowers temperature) associated with tectonism.
Most metamorphic rocks that we see are products of prograde metamorphism. During prograde metamorphism, rocks equilibrate at elevated temperature, and generally elevated pressure. Commonly, the rocks retain high-temperature minerals and fabrics after they cool and pressure decreases. Sometimes, however, retrogression occurs during cooling, or even after a rock has completely cooled, when the high-temperature minerals become metastable. Retrogression is especially likely when water is present leading to the formation of low-grade hydrous minerals such as chlorite, talc, or serpentine.
Retrograde reactions may change rock mineralogy or texture, or both. The amount of retrogression may be minor or quite significant. Some rocks contain both prograde and retrograde features, making interpretation problematic. Yet, we can often identify retrograde reactions and minerals. For example, original high-temperature minerals may exist in grain centers and be mantled by rims of lower-temperature minerals that formed during retrogression.
The rock seen in Figure 9.29 is an amphibolite that contains prograde garnets (red). Most of the rock is black hornblende and whitish plagioclase. Figure 9.30 also shows a garnet, or what was once a garnet, but it completely reacted to green chlorite during retrogression. We call this kind of replacement – when an original crystal maintains its shape but is now completely made of a replacement mineral – a pseudomorph.
Basalts and other high-temperature volcanic rocks initially equilibrate at high (solidus) temperature when they form. If subsequently metamorphosed at low-grade, the original high-temperature minerals will be replaced by low-temperature minerals. For example, the serpentinites seen in Figures 9.24 and 9.25 formed at low temperatures – but the protoliths were high-temperature basalts. So, low-grade metamorphism of igneous rocks is, in some ways, akin to retrograde metamorphism. But, by definition, retrograde metamorphism involves reequilibration of originally high-grade metamorphic rocks. It is different from low-temperature metamorphism of igneous rocks.
9.6.2 Progressive Metamorphism
If the metamorphism is gradual and predictable, with one mineral assemblage giving way to another as metamorphism occurs, we call it progressive metamorphism. During progressive metamorphism, reactions occur sequentially as temperature rises and the degree of metamorphism increases (Figure 9.31). Rock mineralogy and texture, and mineral compositions, change in steps, or sometimes continuously, before reaching stable equilibrium at high-temperature conditions. Sometimes we find metastable relics of lower-grade minerals in a high-grade rock, testifying to the progressive nature of the metamorphism that occurred. We never, however, find evidence of an entire progressive metamorphic path.
While the idea of progressive metamorphism makes a convenient conceptual model, it may not be correct for all metamorphic rocks. For example, many metamorphic rocks formed deep in Earth where pressure and temperature are great. They were never unmetamorphosed rocks at low pressure and temperature and so never experienced progressive metamorphism. Other rocks go from low temperature to high temperature (perhaps because of rapid intrusion of a pluton that causes contact metamorphism) so quickly that they probably skip intermediate stages. Still other rocks may only partially equilibrate as temperature increases. Nonetheless, progressive metamorphism works as a good model in most cases.
Figure 9.28 is a simple diagram suggesting that P-T paths followed during retrograde metamorphism are just the opposite of those followed during prograde metamorphism. During the past several decades, petrologists have found that this is often not so. Figure 9.32 shows a common kind of P-T-t path (pressure-temperature-time path) followed during regional metamorphism. Burial and heating caused prograde metamorphism, but burial occurred faster than heating, so the maximum pressure and temperature conditions were at different times. After the peak of metamorphism, uplift and decompression were more rapid than cooling. So, overall, the metamorphism follows what petrologists call a clockwise P-T-t path. A standard assumption, which seems to be correct in most instances, is that mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks reflect the conditions of maximum temperature that the rock experienced. This, in large part, is because reaction rates (prograde and retrograde) increase exponentially with temperature, so the highest temperature assemblages are most likely to develop and persist during cooling.
Figure 9.32 is only one example of a possible P-T-t path. Many metamorphic rocks have been shown to follow different paths. Using various isotope dating systems, petrologists have sometimes been able to determine how long it takes a rock to complete a P-T-t path like the one seen in Figure 9.32. The times are highly variable depending on tectonic settings and rock type, but typically are on the order of 100 million years. anchor
9.6.4 Metamorphic Field Gradients
Mineral assemblages and metamorphic grade often vary across a regional metamorphic terrane. Consider, for instance, a hypothetical terrane where mineral assemblages are different in metapelites (metamorphosed shales) of the western, central, and eastern regions. All the metapelites contain muscovite and quartz, but andalusite, chloritoid and chlorite are also present in the western region. Garnet, staurolite, sillimanite, and chlorite are present in the central region, and garnet, biotite, and sillimanite are in rocks of the eastern region. As we will see in Chapter 14, the assemblages tell us that the rocks equilibrated in the general P-T ranges shown in blue in Figure 9.33.
We can draw an arrow (red in Figure 9.33) through the metamorphic conditions to get a metamorphic field gradient. Field gradients show the range of metamorphic conditions recorded by rocks across a terrane (in the field). A field gradient is not the same as a geothermal gradient, however, because the different metamorphic conditions were reached at different times in different places. Additionally the rocks in the different regions may have followed different P-T-t paths. Thus, field gradients reflect many things, including maximum metamorphic conditions, P-T-t paths, and the amount of uplift and exhumation that exposed the rocks.
● Box 9.2 Why do we have any high-grade rocks to study?One of the most intriguing questions about metamorphic rocks is: Why do we find high-grade rocks and minerals at the surface of Earth where they are unstable? The Laws of Thermodynamics say that rocks will change mineralogy in response to increasing temperature (prograde metamorphism). So why don’t they undergo opposite (retrograde metamorphism) changes when temperature decreases as the rock reaches Earth’s surface? If rocks always went to equilibrium, we should have no samples of high-temperature and high-pressure rocks or minerals to study. Yet, we do. We have many. For example, we have samples of diamond-bearing kimberlite, like the specimen seen in Figure 9.34. But diamonds are metastable and should react to carbon at Earth’s surface. Several considerations help answer these questions: |
9.7 The Role of the Protolith
Metamorphic rocks may contain all the minerals common in sedimentary and igneous rocks, plus many minerals exclusive to metamorphic rocks. The two most important factors controlling mineralogy are the composition of the rock and the pressure-temperature conditions of metamorphism. During metamorphism, most rocks change little in composition. The exceptions, when substantial metasomatism occurs, are relatively rare. So, for convenience, we divide the most common rock types into general compositional classes. Table 9.1 lists the most important classes considered by petrologists.
Table 9.1. Some Different Kinds of Metamorphic Rocks and Their Protoliths | |
rock class | protolith |
metapelites | shale and related sediments |
metasandstones | sandstones |
metacarbonates | limestone or dolostone |
metamorphosed iron formations | iron-rich sediments |
metabasites | basaltic rocks |
metgranites | granitic rocks or arkosic sandstone |
metamorphosed peridotites | ultramafic rocks |
The composition of a metamorphic rock, which is the composition of the protolith, is the most important key controlling the metamorphic minerals that may be present. Metamorphic minerals in metapelites, metacarbonates, metabasites, metagranites, etc., are all different because of major differences in rock chemistry. Metapelites typically contain micas and may also contain staurolite, garnet, and other aluminous minerals. Besides containing calcite or dolomite, metacarbonates may contain Ca-Mg silicates. Metabasites may contain pyroxenes and amphiboles. And, metagranites usually contain the minerals that unmetamorphosed granites contain. In later chapters, we look at the minerals common in some rocks of different compositions. We focus mostly on prograde minerals, but rocks of any composition may undergo retrograde metamorphism or alteration that produce a variety of low-temperature minerals.
Some kinds of rocks change greatly when metamorphosed; others do not. Granite, for example, undergoes few mineralogical changes during metamorphism. Granites are mostly quartz and K-feldspar, and these two minerals are stable at just about all metamorphic conditions. However, if a granite contains mica (muscovite or biotite), or hornblende as accessory minerals, some new metamorphic minerals can form. The new minerals, however, will always be present in small amounts. Consequently, the biggest changes that occur when granite is metamorphosed are textural. Thus, granites may evolve to become gneisses if feldspar and quartz concentrate in different layers. And, with increasing metamorphism, the overall grain size of all minerals may increase. Figure 9.35 is a photo of a granite gneiss from the Minnesota River Valley. The large amount of pink K-feldspar and quartz in the rock suggest it was a granite before metamorphism.
Like granite, sandstones made only of quartz, and limestones made only of calcite or dolomite, may recrystallize during metamorphism as they become quartzite or marble, but no new metamorphic minerals can form. Yet, if the sandstone contains some clay, or the limestone contains some quartz or clay, new metamorphic minerals can form. Thus, the mineralogical composition of the protolith is very important.
In contrast with granites, shales (pelitic rocks) change greatly during metamorphism. The primary minerals in shales have limited stability fields and react to produce a series of different metamorphic minerals that vary with metamorphic conditions. For example, Figure 9.36 shows a 13-cm wide sample of kyanite schist from Glen Clova, between Edinbugh and Aberdeen, Scotland. Quartz and red garnet accompany the blue kyanite. And Figure 9.37 is a photo of a 15-cm wide rock containing brown staurolite crystals in a fine-grained matrix that is mostly muscovite. Both kyanite and staurolite are very aluminous, and shale is the only composition protolith that could react to create these rocks. Metapelites also develop different metamorphic fabrics depending on the degree of metamorphism.
Other composition protliths develop various and distinctive metamorphic minerals. Metamorphosed basalts may contain chlorite, actinolite, epidote, hornblende, and pyroxene. Low-grade metamorphosed ultramafic rocks often contain new hydrous minerals (including brucite, talc, and serpentine discussed earlier in this chapter) and new textures when metamorphosed. Iron formations, too, undergo significant changes during metamorphism because several different iron oxides, amphiboles, pyroxenes, and olivine will form depending on metamorphic conditions. And metamorphosed carbonates may contain any of a dozen different minerals, provided the protolith contained some quartz or clay.
Sometimes we want to avoid jargon, and sometimes metamorphic rocks do not fit easily into any of the categories listed in Table 9.1. If the protolith is obvious, however, we may simplify by adding the prefix meta to the protolith names. So, a metabasalt is a metamorphosed basalt, a metagranite is a metamorphosed granite, a metasandstone is a metamorphosed sandstone, and a metaconglomerate is a metamorphosed conglomerate.
The discussions of regional metamorphism later in this book focuses mostly on pelites and mafic rocks, and the discussion of contact metamorphism focuses on pelites and carbonates. But pelites, mafic rocks, and carbonates are only examples. The principles introduced apply equally to all compositions.
● Figure CreditsUncredited graphics/photos came from the authors and other primary contributors to this book. 9.0 (opening photo) Kyanite schist, Ethan Baxter, Twitter |
- 9.1 What Is Metamorphism?
- 9.2 Conditions of Metamorphism
- ● Box 9.1 Extremes of Metamorphism
- 9.3 The Distinctions Between Sedimentary, Metamorphic, and Igneous Processes
- 9.4 Agents of Metamorphism
- 9.5 Different Kinds of Metamorphism
- 9.6 Paths of Metamorphism
- ● Box 9.2 Why do we have any high-grade rocks to study?
- 9.7 The Role of the Protolith
- ● Figure Credits | <urn:uuid:d0141c10-89b2-49b2-bf53-0008fb557918> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://opengeology.org/petrology/9-intro-to-metamorphism/ | 2024-02-23T04:17:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.925693 | 9,430 | 4.25 | 4 | [
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Understanding the Role of Supervision in the Digital Age
The digital age has brought about a plethora of opportunities and challenges when it comes to parenting and supervision. With the rise of smartphones, social media, and internet access, it becomes crucial for parents to understand the role of supervision in ensuring their child’s safety and well-being online.
Supervision in the digital age goes beyond simply monitoring a child’s activities. It involves staying informed about the latest technological advancements and understanding the risks associated with internet usage. By staying actively involved in their child’s digital lives, parents can help prevent cyberbullying, exposure to inappropriate content, and online predators. It is essential to strike a balance between allowing independence and ensuring safety, fostering open communication and trust, and guiding children towards responsible digital behavior.
The Impact of Technology on Parenting Styles
As technology continues to advance and become more integrated into our daily lives, it inevitably influences the way we parent. The impact of technology on parenting styles can be seen in various aspects of our children’s lives, from communication and education to entertainment and socialization.
One significant effect of technology on parenting is the increased emphasis on digital supervision. Parents now have to navigate the complex world of digital platforms and devices, ensuring that their children are using technology in a safe and responsible manner. This has led to a shift in parenting styles, where parents must strike a balance between providing their children with the freedom to explore and learn online, while also monitoring their activities and setting appropriate boundaries. As a result, the role of supervision has become more crucial than ever, as parents strive to protect their children from potential online dangers.
Recognizing the Signs of Helicopter Parenting
Helicopter parenting, a term coined to describe overprotective parenting styles, has become increasingly prevalent in the digital age. This type of parenting is characterized by excessive control and constant monitoring of children’s activities, particularly in the online realm. One sign of helicopter parenting is when parents find it difficult to let their children navigate the digital world independently, constantly checking their online activities and dictating how they should use technology. These parents may closely monitor their child’s social media profiles, regularly check their browsing history, and even read their private messages. While it is natural for parents to be concerned about their child’s safety, helicopter parenting can limit a child’s autonomy and hinder their ability to develop independent decision-making skills.
Another sign of helicopter parenting is the tendency to excessively hover over a child’s online interactions, often intervening in their friendships or relationships. These parents may closely monitor who their child communicates with, steer them away from certain friends or online communities, and intervene in conflicts or disagreements their child encounters. This level of intervention may stem from a desire to protect their child from potential harm or negative influences. However, this constant interference can prevent children from developing healthy relationship skills and the ability to resolve conflicts on their own, potentially leading to difficulties in forming strong connections in the future. Recognizing these signs of helicopter parenting is crucial in order to foster a healthy balance between supervision and allowing children to explore and learn in the digital world.
The Importance of Setting Boundaries and Limits in the Digital World
Setting boundaries and limits in the digital world is crucial for maintaining a healthy and balanced relationship with technology. As our lives become increasingly reliant on digital platforms, it becomes essential to establish guidelines that promote responsible and mindful usage. By defining clear boundaries, we can create a sense of structure and routine, helping both parents and children to navigate the digital landscape in a way that is safe and beneficial.
One effective way to set boundaries is by establishing designated time frames for technology usage. This can be done by creating schedules that allocate specific periods for activities like schoolwork, family time, and recreational screen time. By adhering to these schedules, children learn to balance their online and offline activities, ensuring that excessive screen time does not encroach upon other important aspects of their lives. Additionally, having set time frames for technology use helps to prevent the development of addictive behaviors and encourages the exploration of other hobbies and interests.
Balancing Independence and Safety in the Digital Age
In today’s digital age, it’s important for parents to find the right balance between allowing their children to explore their independence online while also ensuring their safety. It can be a challenging task, as the Internet is filled with potential dangers and risks. However, by implementing certain strategies and guidelines, parents can help their children navigate the online world responsibly.
One effective approach is to establish clear boundaries and limits when it comes to online activities. This can involve setting specific time limits for screen time and establishing rules for which websites and apps are appropriate and safe for your child to use. By doing so, you are giving your child a sense of independence and autonomy while still maintaining a level of control and ensuring their safety. It’s also important to have open and honest conversations with your child about the potential risks and dangers they may encounter online. By educating them about these risks, you empower them to make responsible decisions and develop critical thinking skills regarding their online behaviors.
Nurturing Healthy Relationships with Technology
As technology becomes increasingly intertwined with our daily lives, nurturing healthy relationships with it becomes paramount. It is important to set a positive example by demonstrating responsible digital behavior ourselves. This can include using technology in moderation, being mindful of our online presence, and treating others with respect and kindness in virtual spaces. By modeling these behaviors, we can show our children the importance of fostering healthy relationships with technology.
In addition to setting an example, open communication is key to nurturing healthy relationships with technology. Regularly discussing the benefits and challenges of technology with our children establishes trust, encourages them to ask questions, and allows for mutual learning. It is essential to create a safe and non-judgmental environment for these conversations, where our children feel comfortable expressing their thoughts and concerns. By engaging in open discussions, we can better understand their experiences and help guide them towards making informed decisions online.
Developing Trust and Communication with Your Child
In the digital age, developing trust and communication with your child is crucial. With technology constantly evolving and providing them with instant access to information and social networks, it is important to establish open lines of communication to ensure their safety and wellbeing.
One way to foster trust and communication with your child is by creating a safe and non-judgmental space where they feel comfortable discussing their online experiences. Encourage them to share any concerns or questions they may have about their interactions on digital platforms. By actively listening and providing guidance without judgment, you can build a foundation of trust and open communication with your child. Additionally, regularly checking in with them about their online activities and experiences can help you stay informed and address any potential issues proactively.
Educating Yourself on Digital Platforms and Risks
In today’s digital age, it is crucial for parents to educate themselves on digital platforms and the associated risks. With the rapid advancement of technology, children are exposed to various online platforms, social media, and apps at an early age. Understanding how these platforms work and the potential dangers they present is essential in keeping our children safe.
One important aspect of educating yourself on digital platforms is staying informed about the latest trends and developments in the online world. This includes familiarizing yourself with popular social media platforms, gaming apps, and messaging apps that your child may be using. Knowing the features and functionalities of these platforms will enable you to have informed conversations and address any concerns or issues that may arise. Additionally, learning about the potential risks such as cyberbullying, online predators, and exposure to inappropriate content will help you take proactive measures to protect your child’s safety online.
Encouraging Responsible Digital Behavior
As parents in the digital age, it is crucial for us to encourage responsible digital behavior in our children. One way to do this is by setting clear expectations and guidelines for their online activities. Establishing rules such as time limits for screen usage, appropriate content choices, and sharing personal information can help shape their behavior and promote responsible digital citizenship.
Furthermore, actively engaging in conversations about digital safety and ethics can also play a significant role in encouraging responsible behavior. By discussing topics like cyberbullying, online privacy, and the impact of their online actions on themselves and others, we can equip our children with the knowledge and understanding needed to make informed and responsible choices online. This ongoing dialogue not only fosters trust and open communication but also empowers our children to navigate the digital world responsibly.
Empowering Your Child to Make Smart Choices Online
In today’s digital age, it is crucial for parents to empower their children to make smart choices online. The internet is a vast and ever-expanding place filled with opportunities and risks. By equipping our children with the necessary knowledge and skills, we can help them navigate the online world safely and responsibly.
One way to empower your child is by educating them about the potential risks and dangers they may encounter online. Talk to them about the importance of protecting their personal information, being cautious of strangers, and avoiding harmful or inappropriate content. Encourage them to think critically and question the legitimacy of websites and sources before sharing or engaging with them. By providing them with the tools to evaluate and make informed decisions, you can instill a sense of responsibility and self-awareness in your child.
How can I supervise my child’s online activities?
You can supervise your child’s online activities by regularly checking their browsing history, setting up parental controls on their devices, and having open conversations about their online experiences.
How does technology affect parenting styles?
Technology has changed parenting styles by introducing new challenges and concerns, such as the need for digital supervision and the potential for helicopter parenting.
What are the signs of helicopter parenting?
Signs of helicopter parenting include constantly monitoring and controlling your child’s online activities, not allowing them to make their own choices, and being overly involved in their online interactions.
Why is it important to set boundaries and limits in the digital world?
Setting boundaries and limits in the digital world helps protect your child from potential dangers and teaches them responsible digital behavior.
How can I balance my child’s independence and safety online?
You can balance your child’s independence and safety online by gradually increasing their freedom as they demonstrate responsible digital behavior and by regularly discussing online safety with them.
How can I nurture a healthy relationship with technology for my child?
You can nurture a healthy relationship with technology for your child by encouraging a balanced approach, promoting offline activities and face-to-face interactions, and teaching responsible digital behavior.
How can I develop trust and communication with my child regarding their online activities?
You can develop trust and communication with your child by creating an open and non-judgmental environment, listening to their concerns, and involving them in setting rules and boundaries.
How can I educate myself about digital platforms and risks?
You can educate yourself about digital platforms and risks by staying updated on the latest trends and technologies, attending workshops or webinars on online safety, and using reputable online resources.
How can I encourage responsible digital behavior in my child?
You can encourage responsible digital behavior in your child by leading by example, teaching them about privacy and security, and discussing the potential consequences of their online actions.
How can I empower my child to make smart choices online?
You can empower your child to make smart choices online by providing them with the necessary knowledge and skills, fostering critical thinking, and teaching them to seek guidance when needed. | <urn:uuid:c8ca32ee-4098-4dd0-bd58-8c8bfce9f7b2> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://parentalcontrolsoftware.mobi/2023/08/27/distinguishing-between-necessary-supervision-and-helicopter-parenting-in-the-digital-age/ | 2024-02-23T04:30:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474360.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223021632-20240223051632-00585.warc.gz | en | 0.946379 | 2,378 | 3.03125 | 3 | [
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] |
Subsets and Splits